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COMMERCIAL

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BISHERIE REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.5 MAY 1961

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States: Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

88

CONTENTS

COVER: Charles M, the first shrimp trawler to be financed under
the new U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries fishing vessel mort-
gage and loan insurance program. The program provides for Fed-
eral Government insurance of mortgages and loans for construction,
reconstruction, and reconditioning of fishing vessels. The insured
loan was closed on March 23, 1961, at St. Petersburg, Fla.

Page
1 ..Application of Steaming and Vacuum to Shucking and Cleaning Scallops, by Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and
,_ Travis D. Love
5 . ‘Red Crab Explorations off the Northeastern Coast of the United States, by Ernest D. McRae, Jr.

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
California: North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
11... Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued Research:
11 .. Preparation for Tuna Study on Pacific Coast 19 .. Underwater TV Aids Studies to Improve Design
12 .. Seaward Migrations of Young King Salmon of Otter Trawls
Studied Oceanography:
12 .. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 1960 [SELON 3 Atlas of North Atlantic Ocean Planned
Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: Oregon:
12... Ocean Conditions and Tuna Schools Near 20 .. Methods of Releasing Hatchery-Reared Silver
Hawaiian Islands Surveyed Salmon Studied
Dams: 21 .. Silver Salmon Reared in Lakes to Help Restore
13... Study Announced of Fish Passage Problem Depleted Stocks
on Middle Snake 22 .. Successful Pond Rearing May Help Rebuild
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Runs of Silver Salmon
14 .. Department of Defense Purchases, 23 .. Preservation:
January-February 1961 Radiation of Foods Safe
Fish and Wildlife Service: Salmon:
14 ,. Former Commissioner Accepts Position as 24 ,. Alaska's Bristol Bay Red Salmon Run Forecast
Fishery Attache to Japan | for 1961
Fish Farming: 24 .. Northwest Pacific States Propose Coordinated
15 .. Experiment on Stocking Alabama Farm Ponds Regulation and Management
with Channel Catfish South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Florida: 24 .,. Fish and Shellfish Resources off North Carolina
TOM ers Fisheries Research, October-December 1960 Coast Surveyed
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Striped Bass:
17... Lake Trout Restocking Program Gains 26 .. #Tagging Returns Reveal Migrations Along
Momentum Atlantic Coast
Gulf Fishery Investigations: Tuna:
17... New Circulating Sea Water Laboratory 26 .. Pacific Tuna Biology Conference
Dedicated 26 .. Sonar Gear Tested as an Aid to Studies on Tuna
Massachusetts: Behavior
17... Marine Fisheries Study Recommends Acceler- 26 .. United States Fishing Fleet Additions,

ated Research and Management Program February 1961

Contents continued pages II and III,

II

Page

27
28

28

29
29

31

33

34
34
35
36
37
38
38
38

39
39

40
40

40
41

41

42
42

42
42

43
43
44

44

45
45

46

46

.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, January 1961
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
Virginia:
Roofing Tile to Trap Oyster Drills ;
Quality of 1960/61 Oyster Harvest Good
Wholesale Prices, March 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
Central America Common Market Treaty
Signed
East Africa:
Meeting on Marine Biology and Fisheries
of Africa's East Coast
Fishing Limits:
Swedish-Norwegian Talks on Fishing Limits
Fish Meal:
Peru and West Germany Sign Agreement on
Marketing of Fish Meal
Food and Agriculture Organization:
International Fish Meal Meeting
International Fish Meal Meeting in Rome
Successful Tests of Fish Meal in Food for
Humans
Fish Meal Meeting Confident of Price
Recovery
Meeting Discusses Role of Fish Meal in
Animal Feed
Meeting on Economic Effects of Fishery
Regulations
Oceanography:
Intergovernmental Conference
Whaling:
Price Higher for 1960/61 Season Antarctic
Whale Oil
Angola;
Subsidy on Fish Meal Exports Ended
Argentina:
Shrimp Landings from the Rawson Area Poor
Australia:
Shrimp Industry
Canned Fish Import Status Changed from
Quota to Replacement Basis
Tuna Landings in New South Wales Set New
Record
Austria:
Fish Meal Market
Belgium:
Fish-Meal Prices, March 1961
British North Borneo:
Shrimp Resources off North Borneo Surveyed
Shrimp Fishery of State of Brunei Undeveloped
Canada:
British Columbia Dogfish Liver Landings as of
March 15
British Columbia Herring Landings and
Products, 1955/56-1960/61
New Brunswick Fish-Meal Prices, Mid-
March 1961
Ceylon:
Motorization of Primitive Craft Raises
Fishermen's Catch
Chile:
Exports of Fish Mealand Oil, 1960 and January-
February 1961
Fishing Fleet Reconstruction Aided by Finnish
Expert
Denmark:
Fish Meal and Solubles Prices, Feb. 26-
Mar. 4, 1961
France:
Fish Meal and Oil Prices, December 1960

Page

46
47
47
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
52
52
52
53
53
53
53

54

54
54
55

55
56

61

.

FOREIGN (Contd.):

German Federal Republic:
Report on World-Wide Fish Meal Production
and Demand
Fish Meal Prices, March 10, 1961
Guatemala:
Japanese-Guatemalan Shrimp Fishery Planned
Iceland:
Fishing Industry Labor Dispute Settled Except
for Westman Islands
Government Resolution to Settle Fishing Limit
Dispute with British
Regulations on Trawling within 12-Mile Fishing
Zone Issued
Trawler Owners Continue Agreement not to
Land Fresh Fish in Britain
Japan:
Construction of Tuna Vessels Continues to Increase
Indian Ocean Bluefin Tuna Fishing Poor
North-Borneo Tuna Fishing Enterprise to
Expand
Japan-Uruguay Tuna Fishing Enterprise
Tuna Fishing Trends in the Atlantic Ocean
Fish-Sausage Makers Ask for More Tuna
Exports of Fishery Products, 1960
Fish-Meal Prices, Nov.-Dec. 1960 and Jan. 1961
Permission to Import Fish Solubles from U.S.
Requested
Overseas Fishery Operations for 1960
Oyster Packing Season Begins
Applications for Trawling South of Alaska
Peninsula Rejected
Plan to Fish Herring and Bottomfish South of
Aleutian Islands
Sardine Pack Quota for 1961 Set
Liberia:
Japanese Firm to Build Fish Storage and
Processing Facilities
Mexico:
Scientists Find Fish Flour Promising as an
Additive to Foods
Shrimp Fishery Trends, January-March 1961
Morocco:
Fish Meal and Oil Export Prices, December
1960
Netherlands: ;
Fish Meal and Oil Industry and Market, 1959-60
Government Aid Planned for Oyster and Mussel
Cultivation
Norway:
Agreement with Britain on Extension of
Norway's Fishing Limits Approved
Government's Proposed Trawler Ban Contested
Prospects for 1961 Winter Herring Fishing
Season
Winter Herring Catch Worst Since 1934
Herring Meal and Oil Supplies Low
Peru:
Export Prices for Fish Meal, February 1961
Fisheries Trends 1960
Philippine Republic:
U. S. Canned Sardines Preferred
Decontrol Has Limited Impact on Canned Sardine
Imports from U.S.
Poland:
Fishing Fleet and Sea Fisheries Increased
Sharply, 1949-59
Portugal:
Canned Fish Exports, January~December
1959-1960
Canned Fish Pack, January-December 1959-1960
Senegal:
Tuna Fishing Trends, Late 1960

Contents continued page III

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Il

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
South-West Africa: Department of Health, Education, and
61 .. Fishing Vessels and Gear, June 1960 Welfare (Contd.):
Spain: Food and Drug Administration (Contd.):
61 .. Shrimp Industry CON. Standards of Identity Proposed for Frozen
Tunisia: Raw Breaded Shrimp
63 .. Exports of Selected Fishery Products to U. S. Tariff Commission:
United States, 1956-60 69 .. Report on Shrimp «
Turkey: Treasury Department:
63 .. Tuna and Bonito Exports Higher in 1960 Bureau of Customs:
Union of South Africa: TAO 6 Import Restrictions on Soviet Canned Crab
63 .. Fishing Vessels and Gear, June 1960 Meat Lifted
WASeisakves iid hres Quota for 1961 Established on Imports of
64 .. Fishing Industry Expanding Canned Tuna
64 .. Floating Drydock for Fishing Vessels En White House:
Route to Pacific Coast 73... North Pacific 1961 Halibut Fishing Regulations
64 ... New Herring Factoryship for Far East Approved by President
65 .. Pacific Salmon Problems Subject of 75 .. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
Conference is FISHERY INDICATORS:
United Kingdom: 82 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
65 .. Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised 83... Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
65 .. Fish Meal Prices, March 1961 84 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
66 .. Supertrawler Launched in Germany of Fishery Products
FEDERAL ACTIONS: 85 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
Committee for Reciprocity Information: of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
67 .. Consultations on Foreign Import Restrictions Centers
Scheduled for 1961 85 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: and Alaska
Food and Drug Administration: 86 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
CE} G6 Effective Date of Regulations for Certain Products
Food Additives Extended | g7 .. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
GE: G10 Proposal to Retain Two of the Labeling RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Requirements Protested in the Standard of 88 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Identity for Canned Tuna 90 .. Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Helen Paretti

slo se ole ke
oe OK 3K Ok ok

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs onpages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover--L. C. Ringhaver, Diesel Engine Sales Co., St. Augustine, Fla.; p. 1--
Florida State News Bureau, Tallahassee; p. 2--E. Winnige; p. 5--Robert
Brigham; pp. 8 & 9--W. F. Rathjen; p. 21 (left)--H. B. Carr; p. 21 (right)--
W. F. Kubichek; p. 22-George B. Kelez; p. 23--Rex G. Schmidt; p. 29--
A. W. Anderson; p. 44--S. Bunnag, FAO.

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

May 1961 Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 23, No. 5

APPLICATION OF STEAMING AND VACUUM TO
SHUCKING AND CLEANING SCALLOPS

By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.* and Travis D. Love**
SUMMARY

A new method has been devised for shucking scallops and removing the viscera from the
muscle by application of heat and vacuum. Heating one shell of the scallop for approximately
20 seconds loosens that shell and releases the remaining portion of the scallop. The viscera
are then removed by applying a vacuum, and the muscle is loosened from the remaining shell
with a second application of heat and then is chilled in ice water, drained, packaged, and fro-
zen, The viscera, drawn into a trap tank in the vacuum line, can be digested, concentrated,
and marketed as solubles or meal supplements. The shells canbe sold either whole or ground.

Commercial application of the processes involved is outlined and discussed.
INTRODUCTION

In recent years, a number of
large beds of calico scallops (Pecten
gibbus) have been found along the
southeastern and Gulf coasts of the
United States. One of these beds, dis-
covered by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory trawl-
er Silver Bay off Cape Canaveral,
Fla., has aroused much commercial
interest.

Among the difficulties in estab-
lishing a fishery for these scallops
is the high cost of hand shucking and
cleaning. Several methods for me-
chanical shucking therefore have
been considered, and one method has
been tested successfully in a pilot
plant. The successful method uti-

lizes two principles: heat and vacu- Fig. 1 - Shucking seallgn, from pew Te Be zeauares Goes eas
of crew of motor vessel Silver Ba . S. Bureau of Commerci isheries

cc opment o the method research trawler which made find. The shells are easy to open, but real

arose from the belief that (1) ifone know-how is needed to quickly separate viscera from meat by hand.

shell of the scallop were heated
briefly, in near-boiling water, the edible muscle (also known as the meat or eye) might pull
loose from that shell and (2) if a vacuum were applied to the viscera surrounding the muscle,

TE a a EI PD
Base Director, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, { Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial

Branch of Exploratory Fishing Fisheries, Pascagoula, Miss.

***Laboratory Director, Fisheries Technological Laboratory

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 618

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

the viscera might be removed, leaving the clean muscle attached to the remaining shell. The
shell could then be separated by a second application of heat, freeing the edible product.

This paper presents the results of experiments designed to test these beliefs and dis-
cusses the results and their application to commercial practice. Also included is a discus-
sion of the handling of the byproducts--viscera and shell.

EXPERIMENTAL SHUCKING

PROCEDURE: The scallops were placed by hand in a flat, shallow pan, where they were
held for 20 minutes in sufficient boiling water (approximately 7 of an inch) to cover the lower
shell. The heated shell was then removed, and the scallops were placed in front of an oper-
ator who vacuumed the viscera from the muscle with a 1-inch-diameter flexible hose attached
to a 2-cylinder jhigh- vacuum pump
powered by a 73 -horsepower electric
motor. Repromeaten 22 inches of
vacuum was used. The remaining
shell, still containing the muscle, was
next placed in boiling water for 15 to
20 seconds. The shell and muscle
were then separated, the muscle being
flipped into an ice-water bath. After
a few minutes of chilling, the accumu-
lated muscles were quickly drained,
packaged, and frozen.

RESULTS: Heating the scallops
for 20 seconds in ? of an inch of boil-
ing or near-boiling water effectively
loosened the shell exposed to the wa-
ter so that it was easily removed
from the muscle by hand. Covering
both shells with hot water, or apply-
ing excessive amounts of heat, loos-
ened both shells and made vacuum re-
Fig. 2 - Removing the scallop viscera by vacuum. Operator is applying moval of the viscera impossible.
vacuum tp the scallop half shell. The viscera will be sucked into the Even moderate exposure to heat, be-

hose and pulled into the cylindrical viscera trap tank. The hose pa ; ; =
leading from the other side of the trap tank is connected to the vacu- yond the 20-second interval, or in wa
um line. ter of too great a depth, loosened the

top shell-muscle connection so that
the muscle pulled off with the viscera and was lost in the vacuum-line trap tank. Slight var-
iations of steaming time therefore were necessary, owing to variations in the size of the
scallops, the tombe nets of the shell, and the time that had elapsed since the scallops were
caught.

SIMULATED COMMERCIAL SHUCKING

PROCEDURE: After experimentation proved that the principles involved inthe new method
were correct, the next step was to determine the economic feasibility of the method. Ac-
cordingly, a series of tests was conducted to obtain figures for time consumed and yield ob-
tained for both hand and vacuum operations so that these operations could be compared.
Since facilities for rapidly heating large quantities of scallops were not available, that part
of the process dependent on heat was handled manually by a shucker who removed one shell
and passed the other shell with the adherent muscle and viscera to a vacuum-hose operator.
A third man completed the shucking by cutting out the muscle after removal of the viscera,
As a control, an expert hand shucker worked on 1-bushel samples.

RESULTS: The following results were obtained:

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

1. The hand shucker averaged about 0.8 of a bushel per hour.
2. The yield from hand shucking averaged 4.25 pints of muscles per bushel.

3. Viscera could be removed with a suction hose at rates varying from 4 to 5.3 bushels
per hour.

4, Yield with the vacuum method was poor until the hose man gained experience. The
first 8 bushels yielded an average of only 3.25 pints of muscles per bushel, and it was noted
that a large number of muscles were being pulled into the tank trap. The subsequent 9 bush-
els yielded an average of 4.75 pints per bushel with loss of muscles down to less than 5 per-
cent.

By use of the same method of hand shucking and vacuum cleaning, with teams of 4 and 7
men working on a mechanical line, the average shucking rate in both cases was 1 bushel per
man per hour compared with 0.8 of a bushel per man per hour by hand--an increase of 20
percent. The men composing the teams were relatively inexperienced. Each team included
one hose man. Yields should be somewhat higher when facilities for heating the scallops be-
come available. In hand shucking, the muscle is cut loose, with a consequent loss of the mus-
cle still attached to the shell, which loss ranges from 5 to 20 percent by weight. When heat
is used, however, the muscle is completely detached.

BYPRODUCT TREATMENT

Viscera from the trap tank underwent enzymatic digestion when held 3 to 4 hours at 130°

to 140° F. The resulting soupy liquid could be evaporated to 50-percent solids or evaporated
to dryness and mixed with cereals for
animal feeds. Composition of the scal- [Table 1 - Proximate Composition of Scallop Viscera and Meats (Muscles)
lop muscles and viscera was deter- Protein | Oil Ash | Moisture
mined by proximate analysis (table 1). (Percent)
Additional byproducts can be obtained
from the shells, which may be ground
for use in poultry feed or may beused
whole as a filler in concrete products.
Whole shells are currently selling (1960) at approximately 3 dollars per cubic yard on
the Gulf Coast.

OUTLINE OF A SUGGESTED COMMERCIAL-SCALE
HEAT-VACUUM SHUCKING OPERATION

The new heat-vacuum method of shucking and cleaning scallops lends itself well to mech-
anization and commercial application. A suggested mechanized set up, designed around two
link-chain belts, is visualized as follows:

1. The whole scallops are received on the first link chain belt, which has been provided
with a raking bar or fingers so that the shells will lie flat and be spread in a single layer.

2. The shells are moved on the belt into a shallow tray of boiling (or near-boiling) wa-
ter, where only the bottom valve is covered.

3. After the shells have been passed through the hot water for a sufficient interval (ap-
proximately 20 seconds), the belt runs to a rotary tumbler, where it dumps the shells.

4, The rotary tumbler should effectively separate the heated, empty shells from the
shells containing the scallop meats.

5. A chain belt, leading from the tumbler, conveys the opened shells to a group of men
handling vacuum viscera extractors.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

6. After the viscera have been removed, the shells are placed on a second link chain
belt and passed into a second hot water bath, where the second valve or shell is removed.

7. Meats (muscles) are thenhand-packedor suctioned ofi the line to a wash bath prior to
sorting, packing, and freezing.

8. The viscera, suctioned off earlier, fall into a trap tank attached to the vacuum line,
where they are digested and concentrated to the desired percentage of moisture.

In view of the success of removal of viscera by vacuum, using a hand-held hose, it seems
possible that further research will yield completely automatic removal of viscera, and the
necessity of handling will be eliminated.

Collecting the viscera in a trap tank off the vacuum line facilitates utilization of the vis-
cera in animal feeds. A trap tank of a size suitable for commercial operation could be used
also as a container for digestion of viscera by merely adding a steam pipe to the bottom of
the tank. The digested product could then be piped into dehydrators or blenders for further
preparation.

PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM SCALLOPS

a

£ =" SCALLOP SHELLS’
2 ae 2 LA sf
Bie ee oe

“SCALLOP MEATS

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

RED CRAB EXPLORATIONS OFF THE
NORTHEASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES
By Ernest D. McRae, Jr.*

SUMMARY

Limited explorations for the deep-water red crab (Geryon quinquedens) were conducted
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the 12 months beginning in July 1959.
A total of 121 drags was made with commercial trawling gear in areas between the Gulf of
Maine and Cape Hatteras. Depths investigated ranged from 50 to 1,040 fathoms and redcrabs
were taken between 60 and 800 fathoms. The best fishing was between 200 and 300 fathoms.

Results of tests indicate that both yield and quality of the red-crab meat is good, but the
quantities of crabs taken are considered insufficient to support profitable commercial-scale
fishing for red crabs alone at the depths where the largest concentrations of crabs were
found.

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the extent and scope of little-known or seldom-utilized marine fishery
resources and to determine whether these resources might be profitably exploited through
commercial fishing are functions of exploratory fishing conducted by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, Gloucester, Mass.
Pursuant to this, a preliminary survey of
the deep-water red crab (Geryon quinque-
dens Smith) resource was made inareas j
along the continental slope and the outer i
edge of the continental shelf bordering Mid-
dle and North Atlantic States. The objec-
tives of this survey were to determine the
magnitude and extent of the resource and
to gather available biological data on this
species of crab.

BACKGROUND

The redcrab (G. quinquedens) was first
described in 1879 (Smith 1879). Since then,
little research effort has been concentrated
specifically on the species and most data
available have resulted from general ex-
plorations. These indicate that the Atlan-
tic range of this crab extends from Nova
Scotia to Cuba in depths from approxi- Fig. 1 - The M/V Delaware, a conventional, steel-hulled North Atlan-

mately 60 to greater than1,000 fathoms. tic otter trawler with a displacement weight of 518 tons and a length
y 8 of 147.5 feet, is rigged for side fishing. The Bureau-owned vessel is

used for exploratory fishing and gearresearch by the Gloucester, Mass.,
A report on the results of exploratory Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base.

cruises made in 1884 by the U. S. Com-

mission of Fish and Fisheries. steamer Albatross (Smith 1887) includes red-crab catch rec-
ords from 2 stations off Chesapeake Bay in 444 and 568 fathoms, 4 stations off Long Island
in 510 to 861 fathoms, and 13 stations off Martha's Vineyard in 353 to 1,043 fathoms. In ref-
erence to the red-crab catches made in the Martha's Vineyard area, Tanner (1886) com-
mented: ''The hauls (4 drags made on Aug. 19, 1884 in 538 to 728 fathoms) were particularly

** Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commer-

cial Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass.
U. S.~ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP, NO. 619

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

rich in the large red crabs (Geryon quinquedens) . . . Several being prepared they were eaten
by the officers, who were unanimous in the opinion that they were very sweet and palatable."

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted experimental deep-water fishing be-
tween Nova Scotia and Virginia from 1948-53. In part, this work resulted in the collection of
about 6,750 red crabs from an approximate depth range of 100 to 730 fathoms. The crabs
were taken during 161 drags that were so generally distributed throughout the area explored
that Schroeder (1955, 1959) felt encouraged to speculate upon the possible future development
of this resource into a commercial fishery.

In the period 1955-57, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries conducted deep-water
lobster explorations from the perimeter of Georges Bank to Hudson Canyon (McRae 1960).
Red-crab catches comparable to those reported by Schroeder were taken incidental to these
explorations. In consequence, additional limited explorations for red crabs were planned.
The work was carried out from the Bureau research vessel Delaware (fig. 1) at intermittent
intervals within the 12 months beginning in July 1959,

Results of the Bureau's first red-crab trawling cruise (Delaware Cruise 59-7) were
promising and an additional cruise (Delaware Cruise 59-10) was made for the specific pur-
pose of gathering data on red-crab abundance from depths exceeding those originally planned
for the explorations, The data resulting from these cruises, augmented by those taken dur-
ing three subsequent cruises (Delaware Cruises 59-11, 60-2, and 60-6), are reported here.

AREA FISHED

Exploratory trawling was conducted in selected areas from the Gulf of Maine to Cape
Hatteras (fig. 2), A total of 121 drags was made in depths ranging from 50 to 1,040 fathoms.
Dragging effort was distributed as follows: 29 drags in less than 100 fathoms; 35 in 100 to
199 fathoms; 38 in 200 to 299 fathoms; and 19 drags in 300 fathoms or more. In order to
minimize variations in depth during individual drags, depth contours were followed as close-
ly as possible. In spite of this, marked irregularities in trawling depth were occasionally
experienced over areas of broken and precipitous bottom.

The submerged edge of the continent off the northeastern United States is characterized
by a succession of transverse submarine canyons. These deeply cut and serrate the slope
and outer edge of the continental shelf and, in some areas, result in extremely broken and
irregular bottom. It would be difficult to find an area more jagged and less conducive to
trawling than that lying to the north of Cape May, N. J., indepths greater than 150 fathoms.

Of the many canyons, the best known (in order from south to north) are: Norfolk, Wash-
ington, Baltimore, Wilmington, Hudson, Block, Atlantis, Veatch, Hydrographer, Welker,
Oceanographer, Gilbert, Lydonia, and Corsair Canyons. The largest of the submarine can-
yons (Hudson Canyon) exceeds the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in magnitude. The area of
red-crab exploration included the canyons lying west and south of Hydrographer Canyon with
supplemental coverage in areas within the Gulf of Maine (fis. 2)).

FISHING GEAR AND METHODS

Standard commercial types of otter-trawl gear were used. The otter boards (doors)
employed varied with the net in use. The nets used included (1) standard No. 36 and No. 41
New England otter-trawl nets (Knake 1956) and (2) 40- and 100-foot Gulf of Mexico shrimp
trawls (Bullis 1951). The New England nets were used during 74 drags--55 drags with the
No. 36 net and 19 with the No. 41 net. The 40-foot Gulf shrimp trawl was used in 44 drags;
the 100-foot shrimp trawl was used in the remaining 3 drags. To facilitate deep trawling
during Delaware Cruise 59-10, a bridle- rigged 40-foot shrimp net was used with a single
dragging warp. The warp was comprised of 47inch cable from both winch drums (joined to-
gether by shackling) supplemented by additional 4-inch wire from one drum. The resulting
single warp was 23 miles (2,200 fathoms) long and allowed trawling to over 1,000 fathoms.

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

yD eT

Oe

Ks,

LEGEND:

1,000 FATHOM CONTOUR
100 FATHOM CONTOUR
C———) AREA OF EXPLORATION

Fig. 2 - Area of explorations.

Roller gear was employed during 15 of the drags made with the No. 41 net to reduce gear
damage when trawling was carried out on areas of hard bottom.

Damage to the nets was minimal. Some trawling difficulties, however, were experienced
occasionally through hang-ups, bogged doors, or snarls.

The latter resulted mainly from the
net turning over when being dragged along steeply-inclined slopes.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

FISHING RESULTS

Uniform seasonal coverage was not accomplished during the limited scope of these in-
vestigations. In the areas exclusive of the Gulf of Maine, 35 percent of the trawling was con-
ducted during wan r and 57 percent dur-
ing the summerl/, All sampling in the
Gulf of Maine was accomplished in Sep-
tember at the end of the summer season.

Eighty-nine of the 121 drags made
during the explorations resulted in catches
containing red crabs. A total of 3,279red
crabs with an aggregate estimated weight
of 4,049 pounds was recorded. Individual
catches varying from 1-to 386 crabs were
made in depths ranging from 60 to 800
fathoms (fig. 3). The record crab catch
taken during the Delaware explorations
resulted from a 70-minute drag ina
depth of 200 to 250 fathoms. This catch
of crabs weighed 558 pounds; the catch-
rate was 478 pounds per hour. Large
numbers of small red crabs resulted
from trawling in the Gulf of Maine but,
as this species was not the primary tar-
get for that cruise (Delaware Cruise
59-11), only limited data were takenfrom
many of those catches.

The most productive depths found
during the explorations were between 200
and 300 fathoms. The only drags result-
ing in catches of 100 (or more) pounds of
red crabs per hour of trawling were made
(1) entirely within the 200- to 300-fathom Fig. 3 - Red-crab catch taken east of Ocean City, Md.
depth range,(2) when trawling into this i
depth from deeper or more shallow water, or (3) whentrawling from this depth into. deeper or
more shallow waters.

The most productive area discovered during the explorations lies approximately east-
to-southeast of Ocean City, Md. (lat. 37940'-38°27' N., long. 73920'-74912' W,), in 200 to 300
fathoms. This may be only one of several
such areas, as corresponding depths a-
long the southern edge of Georges Bank
produced good red-crab catches during
the earlier lobster explorations.

In the course of the explorations, red
crabs ranging in size from large males
weighing approximately 27 pounds apiece
(fig. 4) to small individuals weighing less
than an ounce each were taken. Although
small crabs were numerous in some areas,
they were neither of sufficient size nor

Fig. 4 - Male red crab taken from 250 fathoms depth. taken in sufficient quantities to be utilized
commercially. The largest catches were

taken in depths and areas where only large size males and females were found. The largest
females were smaller than the largest males and seldom exceeded one pound in weight. A

1/The seasons are considered to be defined by the winter solstice (Dec. 21-22), the vernal equinox (March 21), the summer solstice
(June 21-22), and the autumnal equinox (Sept. 23).

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW )

random sample was taken from one of the large catches, and the mean weights of sample in-
dividuals (to the nearest ounce) were determined to be: males, 28 ounces; females, 11 ounces;
and ovigerous females, 16 ounces.

QUALITY, YIELD, AND PRESERVATION

Shipboard and shore tests2/ were conducted to determine quality, texture, and palata-
bility of red-crab meat as well as meat yield and methods for the preparation and preserva-
tion of the meat and the whole crabs. The
results follow:

1. For shipboard handling and ex-
tended preservation of red-crab meat dur-
ing the exploratory cruises, the whole
crabs were steam-cooked (fig. 5) and fro-
zen. No successful technique was devised
to eliminate the occasional breaking off of
the brittle crab claws and legs during the
cooking process or while handling and
storing the prepared crabs.

2. The texture of the meat before and
after freezing is delicate and tender. Pick-
ing is facilitated by the leathery and easily-
broken shell.

3. Ten members of a taste panel rated
the unseasoned, picked meat from steam-
cooked and frozen whole crabs as: 40 per-
cent, very good; 30 percent, good; 30 per-

- cent, fair.

4, A number of steam-cooked and fro-
zen crabs were thawed and the meat care-
fully picked from the shells. The meat
yield was found to vary from 32.5 percent
to 45.7 percent of the unthawed weight of
the frozen whole crab. The average yield
was 36.5 percent.

Fig. 5 - Method of steam cooking crabs during explorations.

DISCUSSION

The red crab resource, in many respects, seems to be adaptable to commercial use. In
the most productive areas, crabs of only the larger and more desirable sizes were caught.
Red-crab shell is thin and leathery in consistency--a factor which facilitates picking. The
meat yield is relatively high, the texture of the meat is tender, and the taste is savory and
palatable. However, for a fishery resource to be profitably utilized, a favorable balance
must exist between the cost of operation and the value of the catch. The best red-crab catch-
es taken during the explorations were not large enough for the profitable operation of even
the smallest-size vessels capable of trawling these depths. At present, commercial fishing
for red crabs would be feasible only if fishing were carried out simultaneously for crabs and
some other commercially-acceptable species (such as deep-water lobsters) found with the
crabs or in the same general areas.

Further explorations may result in the discovery of new areas where larger concentra-
tions of crabs might support commercial red-crab fishing. Advances in basic gear design
or the development of new fishing gear and methods could also make the profitable utilization

.2/Taste panel tests and the determination of meat yield were made by Bureau technologists through the cooperation of the Bureau's
Technological Laboratory, Gloucester, Mass.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of this potential fishery resource possible.

Vol. 23, No. 5

It is felt that the quality of red-crab meat would

encourage commercial fishing if future developments were to offer a prospect for profitable

operations.

LITERATURE CITED

BULLIS, HARVEY R., Jr.
1951. Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Trawl Designs. U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet No. 394 (Sep-
tember), 15 pp.

KNAKE, BORIS O.
1956. Assembly Methods for Otter-Trawl Nets. U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet No. 437 (De-
cember), 29 pp.

McRAE, ERNEST D., Jr.
1960. Lobster Explorations on the Continental Shelf and

Slope off the Northeastern Coast of the United States.

Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, no. 9 (Sep-
tember), pp. 1-8. (Also see Separate No. 598.)

SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C,
1955. - Report on the Results of Exploratory Otter-Trawling
along the Continental Shelf and Slope between Nova
Scotia and Virginia during the Summers of 1952 and
1953. Papers Mar. Biol. and Oceanogr. Deep-Sea
Research, Supplement to vol. 3, pp. 358-372, Per-
gamon Press Ltd., London.

1959. The Lobster, Homarus americanus, and the Red Crab,
Geryon quinquedens, in the Offshore Waters of the

Western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, vol. 5,
no. 4(May), pp. 266-282.

SMITH, SIDNEY I.

1879. The Stalk-Eyed Crustaceans of the Atlantic Coast of
North America North of Cape Cod. Transactions of
the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, vol.
5 yepal Sopnplan9, tigsnd=lbie lem

1887. Report on the Decapod Crustacea of the Albatross
Dredgings off the East Coast of the United States
during the Summer and Autumn of 1884. In: Re-
port of the U. S$. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries,
Pt. XI, Commissioner's, Report for the year
Appendix D, Scientific Investigations, pp. 605 -705,
Washington, DCE

TANNER, Z. I.

1886. Report on the Work of the U. S. Fish Commission
Steamer Albatross for the Year Ending December 31,
1884. In: Report of the U. $. Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries, Pt. XII, Commissioner's Report
for the year 1884. Appendix A, Report of
Steamers and Stations, pp. 3-116, Washington,
Die.

The total number killed, how-
ever, ranged from 2,700 to
3,600 animals, of which ap-
proximately 34 percent were
adult and juvenile males, 42
percent calves. The number
of animals killed and lost or
abandoned and left to die
(calves) exceeds the number
killed and retrieved.

Walrus meat is used as
humanand dogfood. The de-
gree of utilizationdepends
largely onthe size of harvest,

coastal villages.

UTILIZATION OF WALRUS IN ALASKA

Approximately 1,153 to 1,453 adult and juvenile walruses were har-
vested (killedand retrieved) by Alaskan natives during the spring of 1959.

ranging from nearly 100 percent utilization in those villages having a
small harvest to less than 10 percent in those having a large harvest.

Female and young male walrus skins are used as boat coverings, the
degree of utilization depending on harvest size. Income derived from
carved and uncarved walrus tusks forms the basis of the economy in many
(Report from the State of Alaska.)

May 1961

California

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-2-Pelagic Fish:
The inshore area from the United States-
Mexican border to Point Arena, Calif., was
surveyed fromthe air (February 14-17, 1961)
by the California Department of Fish and
Game Cessna ''182"' 9042T to determine the
distribution and abundance of pelagic fish
schools.

Fair weather generally prevailed along
the California coast, but some low clouds
and haze made observations difficult in parts
of southern California and strong northwest
winds were encountered north of Monterey
Bay.

15A/Monterey

Anchovy school group
Number of anchovy schools
Number of unidentified schools.
Number of gray whales.
Number of killer whales.

5A /Morro Bay
2G

Airplane spotting flight 61-2 (Feb. 14-17, 1961.)

A total of 299 fish schools, 277 anchovy,
and 22 unidentified, was tallied during the
survey. Seventy-five of the anchovy schools
were close to shore along the Coronado

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

g!RENDS 3s

= AND

E DEVELOPMENTS &

Strand near San Diego, 22 were off the New-
port Beach pier, 87 (45 on February 14 and
42 on February 17) were about two miles north-
west of the Santa Monica pier, 59 were just
east of Pt. Mugu, 14 at Avila, 5 off Morro
Rock and 15 small fragmentary spots were
located from one to two miles north of Pt.
Pinos in Monterey Bay.

The 22 unidentified schools were between
Oceanside and Laguna Beach.

Only 24 California gray whales were seen
during this flight, all traveling northward be-
tween Point Dume and Point Piedros Blancas.

During the afternoon of February 17, five
large Pacific killer whales (Grampus recti-
pinna) were observed one-half mile offshore
between Rocky Point and Point Vicente.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961, p. 14.

Kok ok ok ok

PREPARATION FOR TUNA STUDY
ON PACIFIC COAST:

M/V Nautilus’ Cruise 61-N-1-Tuna: The
area along the southern aur mainland
from Corona del Mar to Dana Point, and off
Santa Catalina Island (Whites Cove) and San
Clemente Island (windward and leeward sides)
was surveyed (Feb. 1-4, Feb. 7-9, 1961) by
the California Department of Fish and Game's
research vessel Nautilus. Objectives were to
collect blood samples from kelp bass (Para-

labrax clathratus) in order to determine if

<< BNE
California Kelp Bass aa\c Bae oe
(Paralabrax clathratus)~° carter Pe ay Eat?

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

genetic serological differences existed among
the fish from the three areas; and perform a
reciprocal blood study to test one method of
sero.ogical analysis against another, in prep-
aration for tuna work.

Due to a scarcity of biting fish at San
Clemente Island, insufficient blood samples
were obtained for significant testing. Santa
Catalina Island and mainland areas, however,
provided enough fish for a test. The results
showed significant genetic serological differ -
ences between kelp bass from these two
areas, The reciprocal study revealed that
a new method of blood analysis was highly
inaccurate when correlated with the standard
method.

Peet eure nba ey ab 4
SEAWARD MIGRATIONS OF YOUNG
KING SALMON STUDIED:

The California Department of Fish and
Game in March 1961 resumed its attempt to
solve the mystery ;
of what happens to
king salmon on
their downstream
migration to the
sea,

The first step
will be a test of midwater trawl gear which
successfully recovered fingerling salmon
last year just before they entered ocean wa-
ters. The shakedown cruise was scheduled
for the Carquinez Straits, March 13-17.
Once the gear is in working order, cruises
were planned for every other week starting
March 27 and continuing throughout 1961.
The purpose will be to recover previously-
marked fingerling king salmon in the brack-
ish water phase of their migrations. These
numbers, compared to the numbers released,
will give fisheries scientists an indication of
how many fish are lost between spawning
gravels and the ocean,

The first of 10 weekly releases of three
50,000-fish lots at Coleman Hatchery near
Anderson, at Rio Vista and in San Pablo Bay,
began on March 28, Marking at Coleman
Hatchery began on March 20. Included in the
marking experiment was the transportation
of some lots of fish by vessel from Rio Vista
to San Pablo Bay. The first lot was released
at San Pablo on March 31,

Vol. 23, No. 5

Cans- Shipments for Fishery Products, 1960

Total shipments of metal cans for fishery
products in 1960 amounted to 123,907 short
tons of steel (based on
the amount of steel con-
sumed in the manufac-
ture of cans) as com-
pared with 115,4791/
tons in1959, anincrease
of 7.3 percent. Ship-
ments of metal cans in
1958 amounted to
123,602 tons and in 1957 totaled 114,500 tons.

The increase inthe shipment of cans for fish-
ery products from 1959 to 1960 was due prima-
rily to better packs of Alaska salmon, Maine
sardines, shrimp, tuna, and jack mackerel.
The 1960 pack of tuna set another new record.
The over-all pack of principal fishery products
amounted to about 675.0 million pounds, higher
by about 50 million pounds than the 1959 pack.
1/Revised.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to’
be producing metal cans. Reported in bases boxes of steel con-
sumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products
are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base
boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

4
rE «>

Central Pacific Fishery Investigations”

OCEAN CONDITIONS AND TUNA SCHOOLS
NEAR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS SURVEYED:

M/V "Charles H. Gilbert” Cruise ol:
beginning of a large-scale study of ocean cur-
rents around Hawaii, using drift bottles as a
means of tracing the water flow, was the ob-
jective of the six-weeks cruise (January 16-
February 28, 1961) of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessel
Charles H. Gilbert.

Some 2,000 of the bottles were set adrift
during the cruise, both to the east and west

May 1961

of the main Hawaiian Islands. A few of the
bottles released early in the voyage have al-
ready been picked up on the beaches of Maui,
Molokai, and Oahu Islands.

The cruise covered an area greater than
0.5 million square miles, from French Frig-
ate Shoal to Johnston Island. The purpose of
the cruise was to study the temperature, sa-
linity, and currents of the surface waters as
related to the distribution of tuna schools and
plankton organisms, and particularly to seek
clues to the pattern of the annual spring mi-
gration of skipjack tuna (aku) into Hawaiian
waters.

The return of the striped orange and white
cards contained in the bottles will furnish in-
formation of value, not only to fishery scien-
tists, but to all who travel on the ocean, The
indications of currents given by the bottles
can be used in searching for boats or life
rafts drifting at sea, and the information may
also be useful in planning the best locations
for disposing of various types of waste ma-
terials in the ocean, Persons who find these
bottles are urged to fill in the information
called for on the cards and return them to
the Bureau's Biological Laboratory at Hono-
lulu.

The expedition searched at Johnston Is-
land and French Frigate Shoals for the live-
bait necessary for skipjack fishing, but found
suitable bait fish very scarce. The only bait
caught was a small amount of tilapia on Oahu
and a few buckets of aholehole in Pearl Har-
bor. Tuna schools were also scarce in most
of the areas covered by the survey. The on-
ly area in which a large number of schools
were sighted was about 300 miles south of
Honolulu, and those schools were small, fast-
moving, and difficult to fish. The sighting of
59 bird flocks indicated the presence of the
following fish schools: 7 skipjack, 1 yellow-
fin, 2 dolphin, and 49 unidentified.

Two lures trolled during daylight hours
yielded 28 dolphin, 6 yellowfin tuna, 1 wahoo,
and one skipjack tuna.

While at French Frigate Shoal the field
party made a census of turtles and of the
rare Hawaiian monk seals which inhabit that
wildlife sanctuary. Several seal pups still
under their mothers! care were seen, in ad-
dition to a fair number of adults.

OFIRWAD
CE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

Dams

STUDY ANNOUNCED OF FISH PASSAGE
PROBLEM ON MIDDLE SNAKE:

A vigorous short-range attack on the prob-
lem of passing fish downstream at the pro-
posed high dam sites on the Middle Snake
River in Idaho was announced on March 15,
1961, by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L.
Udall.

He said this is the first step in a compre-
hensive review of the Middle Snake develop-
ment potential including power, water storage
for river regulation, recreation, fish, and
other resource uses,

In a letter to the Federal Power Commis-
sion, which currently is holding hearings on
applications for construction of dams at the
Nez Perce and High Mountain Sheep sites,
Secretary Udall recommended that the Com-
mission defer action on the applications until
the Department's accelerated fish-passage
studies have been completed.

Secretary Udall said the Department has
set the end of 1964 as the target date for
completion of a study program. He added,
however, the scope of the studies will depend
on the amount of money made available by the
Congress for this purpose,

Secretary Udall said dams proposed for
construction in the Middle Snake area could
have a disastrous effect on anadromous fish,
especially in the Salmon River which pro-
vides an estimated 50 percent of the Snake
River run unless proven methods are found
to protect the downstream migrants.

"'We intend to learn as much as possible
about which direction a sound development
program should go. We believe that potential
alternative sources of new power make pru-
dent such a delay in further consideration of
projects for the Middle Snake,'' Secretary
Udall said.

He stressed that the Administration favors
comprehensive basin development, but said,
"We can't wait 10 or 15 more years."

Secretary Udall said the Department is
"open minded" on the problem of additional
storage. He said it would be a mistake to
single out one particular dam in the studies,
saying, ''We need to know all we possibly can
in the shortest possible time about full basin
development."

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-

partment of Defense, about 1.7 million pounds

(value $921,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in February 1961
by the Military Subsistence Supply Agency.
This was lower than the quantity purchased
in January by 6.1 percent and 4.1 percent

under the amount purchased in February 1960.

The value of the purchases in February this
year was lower by 0.4 percent as compared -
with January but was 1.0 percent higher than
for February a year ago.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, February 1961
with Comparisons

ANTITY

11961 [ 1960 | 1961 | 1960 | 1961 [1960

ps ceteas fon te Ut yg UW LOSerfie ie ee) a fl far emia) te) a(R eg UU I a. oe nn, 6: Mae

During the first 2 months of 1961, pur-
chases totaled 3.6 million pounds (valued at
$1.8 million)--anincrease of 8.6 percent in
quantity and 11.9 percent in value as com-
pared with the same period in 1960.

OU.
[| February _[ Jan.-Feb. [February [Jan -Feb._ J,

Vol. 23, No. 5

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
February 1961 averaged 52.8 cents a pound,
3.0 cents higher than the 49.8 cents paid in
January and 2.6 cents above the 50.2 cents
paid during February last year.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased
for the use of the Armed Forces during Feb-
ruary this year. In the first two months of

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, February 1961
with Comparisons

1960/1961 | 1960]
($1 Etatars

1961, purchases were up for canned tuna by
34.0 percent and canned sardines by 16.1
percent as compared with the same period
in 1960. No canned salmon was purchased
during the first two months of 1960 and 1961
Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total pur-

chases are higher than indicated because local purchases are

not obtainable.
<SD

Fish and Wildlife Service

FORMER COMMISSIONER ACCEPTS
POSITION AS FISHERY ATTACHE
TO JAPAN:

The resignation of U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service Commissioner Arnie J. Suomela,
effective Febru-
ary 11,1961, has
been accepted by
the President.
Suomela, who has
served as Com-
missioner since
1956, left for
Tokyo in March
to take on his
new duties with
the State Depart-
ment as Fish-
eries Attache in
Japan. Suomela's
new duties with
the U.S. Embas-
sy in Tokyo will
include liaison
between commercial fishing interests in Ja-

Arnie J, Suomela,.

May 1961

pan and those in the United States, and keep-
ing United States interests informed of Japa-
nese fishery trends and developments.

There are at present only three fishery
posts in the United States diplomatic service.
The need for special fishery representation
in Japan is particularly great because of the
importance of fishing in the Japanese econo-
my and because the United States and Japa-
nese fishing industries have many close ties
through trade and common conservation in-
terests.

Suomela has a background of long experi-
ence in fishery administration, beginning with
the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries in 1924, and
was for 9 years Director of the Oregon Fish
Commission, For the past 4 years he has
been Commissioner of the U. 8S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, and in that capacity has rep-

resented the United States on a number of in-
ternational commissions in which Japan also
takes part. He is thus well acquainted with
Japan's international fishery relations and
with the leading figures in Japanese fishery
circles.

git
oe
5 3

IQ

mort

Fish Farming

EXPERIMENT ON STOCKING ALABAMA
FARM PONDS WITH CHANNEL CATFISH:
A channel catfish stocking experiment in-
volving some 120 farm ponds was outlined
by Dr. Homer S,. Swingle of Auburn Univer-
sity at a conference held at the University
to develop a cooperative research project on
channel catfish stocking in farm ponds.

The ponds will be located and checked by
Alabama and U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife biologists. About 800,000 fin-
gerlings will be furnished by the Marion,
Ala., National Fish Hatchery for the proper
‘stocking of the waters. State and Bureau
biologists will examine the fish populations
created to evaluate the result of the stocking.
Dr. Swingle and his staff will coordinate the
work of the various agencies and serve asa

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

collection agency for the data as they are
accumulated.

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH,
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1960:

The Marine Laboratory of the University
of Miami is carrying on research on fish-
eries with funds provided by various sources,
including the Florida State Board of Conser-
vation and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice. The research of interest tocommercial
fisheries which appeared in the Laboratory's
December 1960 Salt Water Fisheries News-
letter follows:

Larval Shrimp: Shrimp is Florida's most
important fishery resource. About 25 mil-
lion pounds of shrimp, worth approximately
$15 million, are caught each year. Almost
one-half of these are pink shrimp from the
Tortugas grounds northwest of Key West.
Landings of Tortugas pink shrimp dropped
from 24.2 million pounds in 1958 to 13.8
million pounds in 1959, This has had seri-
ous consequences for the fishing industry.
Biologists at the Marine Laboratory are
studying the pink shrimp in an effort to un-
derstand the reasons for these sharp fluc-
tuations in the shrimp population.

Pink Shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum)

Questions to be answered include: (1)
At what season of the year is spawning most
successful? (2) Is there any relation be-
tween the number of spawners and the num-
ber of offspring which are produced, or are
other factors of greater importance in de-
termining the number of offspring which
survive? (3) How do the young shrimp reach
the inshore nursery grounds?

The biologists hope eventually to predict
the number of shrimp which will be caught.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

As a first step in this program, the early
life of the pink shrimp is being studied, with
the support of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. Perhaps the most critical stage
in the life of the shrimp is when it hatches
from the egg. For approximately three weeks
after hatching, the baby shrimp drift about in
the water. They are able to swim only feebly
and are at the mercy of currents which may
carry them inshore to the nursery grounds or
offshore to destruction.

The spawning grounds of the Tortugas
shrimp extend about 30 miles north of a line
drawn from Key West to the Dry Tortugas.
The shrimp lay their eggs in water from 50
to 150 feet in depth. In the summer smaller
shrimp, which are in the shallow southern
part of this area, spawn heavily. In the win-
ter, spawning is greater among larger shrimp,
which are in the deeper northern part.

Spotted Sea Trout: In the last quarter of
1960 over 5,000 spotted sea trout were tagged
on the west coast of Florida near Fort Myers,
Cedar Key, and Apalachicola. Fish were
tagged with a green plastic strip placed inthe
body cavity. This tag is found by fishermen
at the time the fish is cleaned. Some tags
carry a yellow plastic streamer which pro-
trudes from the fish's body. This streamer
draws the attention of the fisherman to the
tag within. More than 500 fish with tags have
been caught and returned. Fishermen take
the tag to the nearest fish house where they
are paid a reward of 75 cents.

For the most part spotted sea trout ''stay
at home,'' Some 95 percent were caught
within 30 miles of the place of tagging. This
means that the sea trout fishing in any com-
munity depends on how effectively the local
resource is managed. A few fish wandered
greater distances, One tagged at Apalachi-
cola was caught at Grand Isle, La.

Others moved lesser distances within the
State. No tagged sea trout were returned
from south of Fort Myers or from the east
coast of Florida.

Female sea trout grow faster than males
and also live longer. A three-year-old fe-
male would be 123 inches long but a male is
half an inch shorter. Few males were over
five years old, but females live as long as
eight years.

A tagging experiment has been commenced
at Fort Myers to estimate the number of sea

Vol, 23, No. 5

trout in the area and the rate at which they
die. A reward of 75 cents will be paid for
the return of a trout tag.

Frozen Breaded Shrimp Quality: The
bacteriology of breaded shrimp has pro-
gressed into the final stage of experimenta-
tion, The last portion consisting of inocu-
lating a sample of shrimp with the pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus and another sample
with Streptococcus faecalis. Both these or-
ganisms are of public health significance,
and have been found by many investigators
to be present in frozen food products, after
many months of frozen storage.

The samples of shrimp are permitted to
go through three cycles of alternate thaw-
ings and refreezings. Microbiological anal-
yses are made after each phase, in order to
determine the effect of the fluctuating tem-
peratures.

Use of Okra Powder in Preserving Fresh
and Frozen Fishery Products: An experi-
ment was made to determine the possible
use of okra in fishery products preservation.
Ice containing 300 and 500 parts per million
okra powder was used in the storage offresh
shrimp. The shrimp were stored for 15
days, being subjected to analysis of a taste
panel and bacteriological analysis. Evalua-
tion was made of flavor, odor, and appear-
ance (melanosis),

Further testing was made applying okra
as a glaze to frozen shrimp to prevent
"freezer-burn'' desiccation. Present meth-
ods used in the fishing industry are water
glazing and alginate glazing. The proper-
ties of okra, being similar to that of the
alginates thus may find practical applica-
tion in the preservation of frozen fishery
products. This storage testing will continue
over a period of one year.

Results thus far have shown little differ-
ence between plain ice and okra ice at the
concentrations used, Further tests are be-
ing conducted, Results from the frozen
storage studies are too premature to detect
any differences between the variables being
studied.

Nonutilized Species Incidental to Shrimp
Fishing: Investigations on the utilization of
nonutilized fish caught incidentally in the
shrimp fishery have led to the analysis of
the liquified fish and of the liquid and solid
portions that were separated. The whole

May 1961

liquid fish contained about 14 percent pro-
tein, 3.4 percent minerals, and 78 percent
water. The liquid portion which was skimmed
off the top had 18 percent total dissolved sol-
ids, of which more than half were protein,
This means that a good deal of the proteinhad
become soluble and had concentrated in the
liquid. The solid residue when dried had 52
percent protein.

The economic significance of the process
is that nonutilized fish can be stored in acid
at very nominal cost; in the meantime the fish
autodigests and becomes a slurry, from this
a liquid and solid are separated. The liquid
is a source of readily available proteins which
could be used as a pet-food supplement, pro-
tein concentrate, mink food, flavoring mate-
rial, etc. The solid fraction can be dried into
a commercial-type meal.

Another aspect of this investigation is to
study the process of self digestion and deter-
mine which are the most favorable conditions.

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE TROUT RESTOCKING PROGRAM
GAINS MOMENTUM:

Over one million hatchery-reared lake
trout were planted in Lake Superior during
1960 as part of a cooperative effort on the
part of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, the states bordering on the Great Lakes,
and Canada. By restocking the Great Lakes
with hatchery-reared lake trout the biolog-
ists hope to rebuild the stocks that have been
depleted by the parasitic sea lamprey.

(Christivomer namaycush)

Evidence accumulates to indicate that
survival of some plants of hatchery fish is
little short of sensational. An estimated 40
percent of the 1955 plant of 100,000 lake
trout at Bayfield, Wis., has already been re-
covered by the commercial fishery. The 1959
plant of 30,000 lake trout in Lake Michigan
has already yielded over 200 recoveries.
Many of these fish are about 18 inches in
length--growing more than twice as fast as
lake trout formerly did in Lake Michigan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

Many of these lake trout were recaptured in
perch gill nets in only five feet of water--
something that never happened before.

Ss Ss

Gulf Fishery Investigations

NEW CIRCULATING SEA WATER
LABORATORY DEDICATED:

The new recirculating sea water labora-
tory housed in a remodeled building of the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-
logical Laboratory in Galveston, Texas, was
dedicated in March this year, Two 29,000-
gallon redwood water tanks and a series of
filters, pumps, and plastic plumbing will
supply the laboratory, where studies on the
life history, diseases, and natural enemies
of shrimp and commercial fishes will be

Massachusetts

MARINE FISHERIES

STUDY RECOMMENDS
ACCELERATED RESEARCH AND
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM:

Early in 1960 the Massachusetts Natural Resources Com-
missioner, acting under a directive from the Governor, ap~
pointed a 10-man Marine Fisheries Advisory Commission,
The Commission, broadly representative of sport and com-
mercial fishing, aquatic recreation, and industry interests,
was to make a comprehensive study of the State’s marine
fisheries programs and problems, The Commission (con-
sisted of 10 members) was charged to assist in formulating
a sound, long-range State fisheries policy, to serve asa
clearinghouse for marine proposals, and to submit its re-
port and recommendations to the Governor by year’s end.

A series of public hearings were held during the year,
which served to bring sport and commercial factions to-
gether to discuss mutual as well as divergent interests,
Upshot of the study, embodied in a series of specific rec-
ommendations, was the general proposal to strengthen the
State’s Marine Fisheries Division by expanding both its
responsibilities and budget to permit initiation of a substan-
tial marine fishery research and development program,

The Commissioner of Natural Resources on January 22,
1961, submitted to the Governor of Massachusetts the report
eries Problems by the Marine Fisheries Advisory Com-
mission) of the State’s Advisory Commission on Marine
Fisheries relative to marine fisheries problems in Massa-
chusetts,

The report sums up fisheries problems in 5 different
categories and makes 16 specific recommendations to im-
prove the sport and commercial fisheries in Massachusetts,

‘“‘Unless immediate steps are taken to accelerate the
Commonwealth’s grossly inadequate programs of research
and management, and unless the various fishing factions a-
long the coast learn to successfully coexist, Massachusetts
will be unable to regain her standing as a leader in the ma-
rine fisheries field among States on the Atlantic Coast,’’
the report warns,

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Cited are statistics indicating that some 2,000 miles of
coastline and 1,800 square miles of water fall within the
territorial jurisdiction of the Commonwealth. These waters
have a potential productivity of double their equivalent in
land area, the report continued,

The Commission estimates that 5,000 commercial fisher-
men, 250,000 salt-water anglers, 30,000 boat owners, and
10,000 skin divers derive their sport or livelihood directly
from these waters, and contribute some $50 million annually
to the Commonwealth,

In commenting upon the commercial fishery for finfish,
the Commission notes that some 528 million pounds of fish
were landed in Massachusetts in 1958, but that due to prob-
lems termed both biologic and economic the industry is
currently in ‘‘precarious’’ condition,

Responding to a request to open waters south and east of
Cape Ann and on the east side of Cape Cod to commercial
fishing, the Commission stated: ‘‘Whether or not draggers
are allowed in these areas is not a conservation issue, at
least on the basis of information now available.”’

The report calls attention to the lobster industry as the
State’s most valuable inshore fishery for a single species
(valued at $1.5 million in 1958). It is felt that detailed inves-
tigations are needed, however, to determine if local popula-
tions can withstand additional fishing pressure from skin
divers,,who now constitute one-half of the licensed lobster-
men and who account for 12 percent of the total catch in 1958
(0.5 million pounds),

Massachusetts inshore fisheries for shellfish have wit-
nessed a general decline in over-all production during the
ten-year period prior to 1959, the Advisory Commission re-
port continues, but the Commonwealth is rapidly losing its
position as a leading shellfish producing state for reasons
that need not exist.

The Commission points to inadequate State assistance,
lack of effective management by cities and towns, and the
extent of coastal pollution as the reasons for this decline,

Salt-water sportfishermen now number close to one-
quarter million individuals, the report goes on, with an an-
nual expenditure of nearly $20 million for equipment and
services. Lack of access to coastal areas is cited as the
prime problem confronting this fishery, but the sportfisher-
men’s request to bar all commercial seining within terri-
torial waters is declared ‘‘unjustified from a conservation
point of view.’’

The report also takes note of the 10,000 active skin divers
in Massachusetts and deplores the activities of a few irres~
ponsible individuals who have encouraged criticism towards
the group as a whole. The Commission urges that the talents
and desires of skin-diving groups be utilized more ex-
tensively in programs of marine research and manage-
ment and that their activities receive official recognition
at the State level.

Pollution from boats and boat facilities was recognized
as a growing problem to some local fisheries, but, the re~
port continues, ‘‘pollution from boating is insignificant in
comparison with the discharge of sewerage and industrial
waste from coastal communities.”’

Vol. 23, No. 5

The Commission emphasizes, however, the urgent need
for adequate information on the State’s numerous bays and
estuaries upon which a proper policy could be based,

Among the principal recommendations included in the re-
port were the following:

1, That Massachusetts recognize the expansion of the
marginal sea for fishery purposes as ‘‘inevitable’’ and en-
act legislation which would automatically extend its juris-

diction in the event of international action to this end.

2, That the present Commission be instituted as a per-
manent Advisory Commission on Marine Fisheries repre-
sentative of commercial and recreational interests along
the coast. ‘‘It has become manifestly evident that problems
relating to marine fisheries must constantly occur but can
often be resolved most effectively by a group representing
the various interests involved,’’ the Commission advises.

3. That the Director of Marine Fisheries, subject to
certain restrictions, be given full administrative control
over the fisheries. The Commission sharply criticized
program or policy changes by individual legislative petition
describing this method as ‘‘cumbersome, inequitable, and
costly to the fishery itself.’’

4, That an accelerated program of research and manage-
ment be authorized, particularly in the estuarine waters of
the Commonwealth. The Commission declares that if such
requests are not permitted, '‘Massachusetts may soon wit-
ness its decline as a leading producer of recreational and
commercial products from the sea,”’

5. That the University of Massachusetts, and other in-
stitutions, place on their faculty sufficient personnel to ini-
tiate programs of research, education, and extension in the
broad field of fisheries. The Advisory Commission report
points to the serious shortage of professional marine biolo-
gists, the need for academic teamwork in any state estua-
rine program, and the desirability of effective programs of
extension in order to promote unity among salt-water groups
and provide technological assistance to the industry.

Other recommendations included in the Commission’s
comprehensive report were the following:

Urging that active and progressive measures are re-
quired to insure the future well-being of the Massachusetts
fisheries, the Commission recommended a matching~fund
program at the Federal-state level to assist the states in
building up a competent marine fisheries research and
management program.

As‘‘study projects’’ for the future, the Commission rec-
ommended: Consideration of the State’s coastal wetlands be-
fore they are lost irrevocably to commercial exploitation; the
recodification of the State's complex marine fisheries laws
and an investigation of the need for additional shellfish puri-
fication plants in Massachusetts.

The Commission further recommended, as a part of the
proposed program, the establishment of a Marine Fisheries
Fund, financed by license and other fees, to be expended ex-
clusively for marine fisheries research programs,

It also recommended that cities and towns be authorized
to appoint supervisors of marine fisheries with broad powers
over all salt-water activities within their communities,

Among accelerated programs of research and management,
the Commission suggested: marine research Stations at
Salem and Martha’s Vineyard; a marine research and law en-
forcement vessel to work offshore within territorial waters;
and an intensified program of applied research and manage-
ment relative to all species of importance to commercial and
sport fishermen.

The Commission further recommended that the Common-
wealth undertake ‘‘an immediate program’’ of public access
to the salt water because the rapid development of the coast-
al and shoreline areas ‘‘constitutes a liability to the recrea-
tional boating and sport fishing public.’’

May 1961

The Commission further urged ‘‘an adequate marine fish-
eries budget for administration research and management,’’
citing that $100,000 annually is not enough for a 50-million-
dollar industry.

Finally, the Commission recommended adequate programs
of marine law enforcement saying that research and manage-
ment are only as effective as are the means for effective law
enforcement,

North Atlantic Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

UNDERWATER TV AIDS STUDIES TO IM-
PROVE DESIGN OF OTTER TRAWLS:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-3: In order
to observe the fishing action of a No, 41
standard manila otter trawl fished from the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-
ploratory fishing vessel Delaware, the Bu-
reau's underwater television unit was used
during a one-week period ending March 3,
1961. This was the third in a series of
cruises designed to obtain: data on the otter
trawl during fishing operations in support of
efforts to design improved nets. Operations
were conducted over the 12-to 15-fathom
sand bottom on the southern part of Stell-
wagen Bank (42°13' N., 70°15' W.). Previous
gear observation cruises, in July 1959 and
in June 1960, used this same area atatime
of year when planktonic turbidity severely
curtailed visibility of the net. The winter
schedule, while affording the advantage of
lower turbidity, resulted in restriction of
activity due to decreased light levels and
stormy weather.

As in previous cruises, a 16 mm.
motion picture camera was positioned at
the shipboard television monitor to record
net configurations, movements, and fish
behavior, The television camera was low-
ered from the vessel down a trolley cable
attached at various points on the headrope
to give views of several sections of the
trawl. When attached near the middle a
composite view of the headrope bosom
and footrope bosom was transmitted to
the vessel. Views of the lateral parts of
the trawl were obtained by fastening the
trolley cable to positions on the wings.

A total of 600 feet of film was taken of
the headrope and wing.

Techniques in maneuvering the camera
on the net were considerably improved
over previous operations, Species repre-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

Underwater TV camera unit entering water on cable attached
to headrope of otter trawl. Conductor TV cable is in the
foreground.

sented in the catches consisted of winter
skates, yellowtail and winter flounders,
lumpfish, ocean pout, long-horned sculpins,
and the American lobster,

DG

Oceanography

ATLAS OF NORTH ATLANTIC
OCEAN PLANNED:

Drawing a detailed picture of the North
Atlantic Ocean from top to bottom and from
the equator to the pole will be one of the
American Geographical Society's major
projects in the decade ahead.

The project is a cooperative interna-
tional effort that involves the production
of an atlas embracing the physical, geo-
logical, geographical, and biological as-
pects of the ocean. The first of its kind in
the United States, the project was outlined
in the Society's annual report released
early this year.

Preliminary phases of the program were
begun early in 1960. Since then, a general

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

base map and 16 sectional base maps of the
North Atlantic have been, or soon will be,
completed. These are being distributed to
scientists in a wide range of specialties here
and abroad. The scientists will plot their
own findings--distributions of fish and plant
life, temperatures, depths, winds, currents,
bottom sediments, etc.--and then return the
maps to the Society for evaluation, editing,
and publication. Individual maps and map
series will be published as they are com-
pleted. Now called the Serial Atlas of the
Marine Environment (North Atlantic and
Arctic Basin), it will serve as a model for
atlases covering other oceans.

The President of the Society said the atlas
would provide an essential tool for basic re-
search, ''Information about the oceans is
piling up at such an unprecedented rate that
the individual scientist can't keep up with it,
and much of it goes unpublished or unre-
ported,'' he said, ''The atlas will integrate
this data and point up interrelationships and
variables that otherwise might be undetected.
It will help to indicate the most scientifically
profitable directions that future research
ought to take; at the same time, it will also
help to guide man in wisely exploiting the
seas! resources,"

Financial support for the project is being
sought largely through corporations and
foundations in this country, a number of
which already have contributed substantial
sums, the Society's President stated. ''Long
before it is completed," he said, ''the atlas
should be of fundamental value to many in-
dustries, including the commercial fisheries,
transportation, communications, and oil in-
dustries."

The atlas project, under the general
auspices of the Society, has the guidance of
an advisory panel of the National Academy
of Sciences-National Research Council.

Vol. 23, No. 5

Scientific bodies in Canada, Great Britain,
and Europe have endorsed it, and coopera-
tion is also expected from Soviet scientists.

The American Geographical Society, New
York City, was founded in 1852 and is the
oldest geographical society in the United
States.

Oregon

METHODS OF RELEASING
HATCHERY-REARED
SILVER SALMON STUDIED:

Between late March and early February
1961, 100,000 small silver salmon were
taken by boat on the first step of the usual
yearling silver's exodus down the Columbia
River to the rich feeding grounds of the
Pacific. The salmon were one-third of a
300,000-fish test release originating from
the Oregon Fish Commission's Cascade
Hatchery on Eagle Creek, a short distance
above Bonneville Dam.

In an effort to develop better methods of
releasing hatchery-reared salmon finger-
lings, and to obtain additional information
on the mortality of downstream migrating
salmon fingerlings passing over Bonneville
Dam, the 300,000 silver salmon yearlings
involved were divided into three equal
groups, each of which was handled in a
different manner. Every fish was fin-
clipped in a fashion that will identify it as
to test group.

The first 100,000 fish were trucked
downstream and released near the mouth
of Tanner Creek immediately below Bonne-
ville Dam. The second lot was released
directly into Eagle Creek at Cascade Hatch-
ery, the usual practice. The third lot was

May 1961

transferred via tank truck into a screened-
box barge designed for the purpose, and
towed by boat downriver through the Bonne-
ville locks. These fish were released into
the Columbia just below the big dam.

The yearlings released at the Cascade
Hatchery face the hazards of passing Bonne-

Bonneville Dam fish ladder. (A fish ladder is a series of adjoin-
ing pools to help fish get past dams or falls.)

ville Dam in addition to other dangers of the
downstream trip. The fish will pass the dam
by devious routes. Some will use the regu-
lar fishway designed for adult fish bound for
the spawning grounds upstream. Others will
go through the turbines, over the spillway, or
through the locks while boats are being put
through.

Although some of the males of this re-
lease will return as jacks this coming fall,
it will be the fall of 1962 before the main
body of mature fish returns to Eagle Creek.
The returning adults will be trapped at the
Cascade Hatchery racks during regular egg-
taking operations. The numbers of fish in
each of the three fin-marked test groups will
be recorded at that time. Sampling by Fish
Commission personnel will probably locate
some of the marked fish in the catches of
commercial and sports fishermen prior to
the return to Eagle Creek during the 1962
spawning run.

Se Se

SILVER SALMON REARED IN LAKES TO
HELP RESTORE DEPLETED STOCKS:
Another step toward the rehabilitation of
Oregon's coastal salmon runs was taken re-
cently with the release by the Oregon Fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

Commission of 130,000 silver salmon finger -
lings into the Tenmile Lakes system innorth-
ern Coos County. Hall Lake received 100,000
of the small salmon with the balance going
into Schuttpelz Lake.

Salmon fingerlings.

This is the second Fish Commission
planting of silvers into the coastal lake
chain. In the spring of 1960, 106,000 fin-
gerling silvers were released into Hall
Lake on an experimental basis to deter-
mine the feasibility of using the Tenmile
system as an extensive natural pond rear-
ing facility.

A Fish Commission biologist, in charge
of the Tenmile operation, reported that
fingerlings released into these waters in
1960 grew from about 13 inches in length
to an average of 5 inches within a period
of 11 months. This rate of growth, under
natural conditions and with no supplemental
feeding, is an indication of the good fish-
producing potential of these waters.

The Commission's director of research,
has tabbed the Tenmile system as one of
the bright spots in the current salmon situ-
ation. He pictures the chain as an extensive
series of rich, potentially highly productive
natural rearing ponds where vast numbers
of salmon could be produced at little cost
other than for collecting and incubating the

eggs.

Jack salmon (early maturing males) from
last spring's release are expected to appear
this fall, but it will be the following year be-
fore the main body of surviving adults return
to the outfall below Hall Lake,

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A trap will be constructed by the Com-
mission at the lower end of Hall Lake where
the outlet, flumed by the State Highway De-
partment to stabilize the channel, offers an
obstruction to ready passage. There return-
ing adults will be captured and examined for
identifying fin clips; also eggs will be taken
for incubation to provide a continuous supply
of fingerlings to keep the Tenmile Lakes
stocked.

A screen located at the outlet below Hall
Lake was recently positioned to prevent the
young silvers from escaping until such time
that water levels drop sufficiently to allow
replacement of a downstream migrant trap
damaged by recent floods. This trap is used
to collect for fin clipping for future identifi-
cation the yearling fish moving downstream
to the ocean. It also provides for checking
the rate of growth, physical condition, and
the survival of fingerlings, so that more and
better quality fish can be produced at lower
cost,

se ole se
aK OK OOK

SUCCESSFUL POND REARING MAY HELP
REBUILD RUNS OF SILVER SALMON:

Nearly 80,000 young silver salmon were
making their way down Oregon's Millicoma
and Coos Rivers toward the sea following
their release early in March 1961. The plant
represents the successful climax to the sec-
ond year of cooperative effort between the
Oregon Fish Commission and a private lum-
ber company in pond rearing of salmon at
Millicoma Pond in Coos County.

‘Salmon jumping falls.

-The 10-acre pond was formed when an
oxbow-shaped section of the Millicoma River

Vol. 23, No. 5

was cut off by a logging road fill constructed
by the lumber company. Inlet and outlet
structures were positioned to allow water
control, creating an excellent fish-rearing
pond behind the fill at a minimum of cost.

The Oregon Fish Commission's Director
of Fish Culture indicated that survival of the
fingerlings in the rearing pond was high--
about 80 percent of the 101,000 small silver
salmon placed in the pond during the latter
part of June 1960. Between that time and
the release date in March this year the
young silver salmon had grown from about
3 inches in length to an average of 6 inches.
The fish were reared from eggs taken from
Coos River system silver salmon, The
79,900 fingerlings released were in excellent
physical condition, the natural food supply in
the pond having been supplemented by regu-
lar feeding with the Commission's Oregon
pellet, a nutritionally-complete fish ration
developed in cooperation with Oregon State
College scientists,

This is the second season Millicoma Pond
has been used to rear salmon, Last year
211,000 fingerlings were held in the pond but
a flood-damaged screen at the outlet allowed
many of the fish to escape before they could
be marked and counted. At least 80 jacks
from this first brood of silvers returned to
the pond outlet last fall. Both mature males
and females are expected in numbers this
fall as a result of the first year's release.
Also scheduled to appear are numbers of
jacks from the March 1961 release. Allfish
were fin-clipped for identification.

The Millicoma River is part of the Coos
River system, the confluence of the two
streams being about six miles above the
Coos River's mouth on Coos Bay. By build-
ing up Millicoma River salmon runs, it is
believed that sufficient eggs can be obtained
from a proposed Millicoma fishing rack to
provide adequate numbers of pond-reared
fish to stock both the Millicoma as well as
the South Coos River. Under such circum-
stances it would be possible to remove the
Commission's rack from the South Coos,
allowing natural spawning to take place in
the limited suitable spawning area above the
rack site, thus supplementing the proposed
releases into this stream of yearling silver
salmon reared at Millicoma Pond.

During 1957, splash dams on the South
Coos above the rack were removed by the

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

owners. The company undertook this stream
clearance project not only to give anadromous
fish access to upstream spawning areas but
also to halt the scouring of stream bed spawn-
ing gravels by splashing operations.

Plans for the 1961 season call for placing
0.5 million young silvers into the rearing
pond, the most ambitious rearing project yet
undertaken at this impoundment. This fall
will see the return of mature fish from the
first year's operation plus jacks from this
year's release. There were encouraging re-
turns last fall of jacks from the first brood
reared in Millicoma Pond.

Salmon in hatchery pool.

In addition to increasing the numbers of fish
tobe reared at the Coos County pond this sea-
son, the Commission plans to establish a mod-
ern incubation station in the vicinity. Here
eggs takenfrom adult silvers returning to
Millicoma Pond will be handled to provide suc-
cessive crops of young fish for stocking the
impoundment. Inviewof the success of pond-
rearing efforts at Millicoma, the Commission
plans to concentrate efforts there and restrict
present activities at the Coos Hatchery. This
plan provides for the most productive use of
the available fish and facilities.

The Oregon Fish Commission is fully
aware of the need to rebuild the coastal
salmon runs, its Director emphasized. The
Millicoma development is part of the over-
all plan, Another step that has been taken
in this direction includes the release of
silver salmon in the Hall-Schuttpelz Lakes
section of northern Coos County's Tenmile
Lakes chain. Research has shown this lake

system possesses a high potential, presently
unused, for natural rearing of silver salmon
fry to yearling size at no additional cost.

Restoration of spawning areas through
the removal of log jams from debris-choked
coastal streams and a comprehensive pro-
gram of research involving the use of coast-
al lakes as natural rearing waters are among
other Fish Commission activities directed
toward the restoration of salmon production
in Oregon's coastal waters.

Preservation

RADIATION OF FOODS SAFE:

A Stanford Research Institute team in Menlo Park, Calif.,
searching for hazards inherent in the sterilization of foods
by irradiation, has concluded that radioisotope activation is
not harmful,

The scientists said, ‘‘The quantity of radioactivity in
treated food is small compared with natural environmental
radioactivity, and food preservation can proceed safely.’’

The U. S, Army Quartermaster Food and Container In-
stitute suggested the study.

An Institute spokesman said, ‘‘When food is subjected
to high-energy radiation, radioactive isotopes may be pro-
duced in the food. Some isotopes have a half-life of only a
few seconds; others emit radiation for years,

“It was essential to know if isotopes are produced by
radiation sterilization of foods and in what quantity, and if
they remained radioactive for significant periods,’’ the
spokesman said,

To find the answers, the researchers irradiated a va-
riety of separate elements present in foods and examined
them for induced radioactivity. This was repeated with
whole foods-~beef, bacon, shrimp, chicken, and green
beans,

Container materials were irradiated and measured for
induced radioactivity. A variety of radiation sources was
used in each case, including cobalt-60, cesium-137, spent
reactor fuel elements, X-rays, and high-energy electrons.

The research team pointed out that almost all ‘‘clean’”’
food has trace amounts of radioactivity. This results
from the naturally-occurring isotopes, potassium~40 and
carbon-14.

The object of the project was to find radioactivity above
these traces,

Small quantities of sodium-22 and rubidium-84, pro-
duced by high-energy X-rays and electron irradiations,
were the only induced radioactivity found in the irradiated
samples of whole food.

Many of the irradiated food elements, however, showed
low levels. Almost all were from isotopes that have short
half-lives (minutes to hours) and are not common food ele~
ments.

In no case were levels found above the recommended
limits for drinking water by the team of scientists from
the Institute.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

All forms of containers were tested and found safe by
the research team. (Food Field Reporter, March 13, 1961.)

RR

Salmon

ALASKA'S BRISTOL BAY RED SALMON
RUN FORECAST FOR 1961:

Tt is estimated that the total red salmon
return to Bristol Bay in 1961 will be within
plus or minus 30 percent of a most probable
total of 22 million fish. This estimate as-
sumes no Japanese fishing on the returning
mature salmon in 1961 and average Japanese
fishing on the immature salmon in 1960.

About two-thirds of the return of red
salmon to Bristol Bay in 1961 will have spent
three years in the ocean and thus will be
large fish. The over-all average size will
be about 12 fish to pack a case of 48 one-
pound cans of salmon.

A very poor return of about 1.3 million
fish is indicated for Nushagak district; a
good return of about 15 million fish to the
Naknek-Kvichak; a good return of over 2
million fish to the Egegik, although the cycle
analysis upon which this is based is relative-
ly weak; and an excellent return of over 3
million fish to the Ugashik, although in this
instance, also, the margin of error is con-
siderable and alternative analysis indicates
reason for consideration of a 2-million
figure.

There is a slim chance that the youngfish
which went to sea in the spring of 1959 did
not visit the central Aleutian area in the sum-
mer of 1960. If that is the case, it would be
a behavior pattern not experienced in the
preceding five years of fishing. But it re-
mains a possibility which may be checked by
further fishing near the Aleutian Islands in
the spring of 1961,

This is a forecast prepared jointly by the
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the
Fisheries Research Institute of the Univer-
sity of Washington, Scientists from these
three agencies have exchanged and studied
all pertinent data and believe that the fore-
cast is the best that can be made.

See tes ba Eee Be

Viol. 23.Nowo

NORTHWEST PACIFIC STATES
PROPOSE COORDINATED
REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT:

A “Summit on Salmon” meeting was held
by the Governors of Washington, Oregon,
and Idaho on February 6, 1961, in Boise,
Idaho, Editorial comments in a Pacific
Northwest newspaper indicated agreement
was reached on:

(1) The establishment of a Governors'
Columbia River Fisheries Management Com-
mittee,

(2) The State fisheries agencies have
been directed to develop a joint program of
regulation and management of the fishery
resource.

(3) Putting additional ''pressure on Con-
gress and the Federal agencies for maxi-
mum protection for the fishery. Additional
Federal research money and greater activ-
ity on the part of the states in regulation of
the international deep-sea fishery."

The Governors also took under consid-
eration the proposal for a Columbia River
Interstate Salmon Commission, which ap-
parently would be the outgrowth of an inter-
state compact between the three States for
the purpose of regulating the fisheries as a
unit and to obtain revenues from utilities,
State general funds, foundations and grants,
and from Federal appropriations.

—2t
xX
( 7
= Mave
ie rs)

Soe

South Atlantic
Exploratory Fishery Program

FISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES OFF
NORTH CAROLINA COAST SURVEYED:

M/V “Silver Bay” Cruise 29: On March
22, 1961, the M/V Silver Bay completed a
24-day exploratory fishing cruise along the
Continental Shelf and Slope off North Caro-
lina. A 6-foot tumbler dredge, 14-tooth
Fall River clam dredge, 12-foot larval fish
trawl, 8- and 10-foot modified Georges Bank-
type scallop dredges and shrimp and fish
trawls were used at 176 exploratory sta-
tions,

SCALLOPS: Calico scallops (Pecten
eee) were relocated in 21 to 25 fathoms

off Core Banks where catches of up to 16

May 1961

Legend:

Scallop dredge.
Tumbler dredge.
Larval trawl.
Scallop dredge.

e— 8!
mi GU
—12!
=— 10!

-—40' - Balloon trawl.
—14-tooth clam dredge.

— 6' - Scallop dredge.

-—60'/80' Balloon trawl.
+ —50'/70' Roller trawl.
Oe Dip station.

\

ay

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

SS

Sov @°Lll---=-

a.

deve ds
pores,

Uy

if, 4 : ’ \

5 ~ d
CAPE LOOKOUT

M/V Silver Bay Cruise 29 (Feb, 27-Mar. 22, 1961).

bushels per half hour tow and yielding 43
pints of meats per bushel were made with a
6-foot tumbler dredge. A marker buoy was
placed in the area and direct notification was
made to the North Carolina fleet. These
vessels started fishing within a few days and
later reported catches of up to 400 bushels
per 12 hours of fishing. Dredging was con-
tinued north of Cape Hatteras where calico
scallops disappeared from the catches at
about latitude 35°-47' N. Sea scallops (Pecten
grandis) appeared in the catch at about lati-
tude 36° 30' N., where catches of up to 2}
bushels per 30-minute tow were made. These
scallops averaged 53 inches (greatest diam-
eter) and yielded 4 pints of meats per bushel
(120 count).

HARD CLAMS: Catches of medium-size
hard clams (23 to 44 inches) off the Cape
Fear River ranged up to 44 individuals per
15-minute tow. One live clam and dead
shell were taken north of Cape Lookout
Shoals. Dredging in 4 to 6 fathoms northof
Cape Hatteras produced only dead shells.

FISH: Fish trawling north of Cape Hat-
teras produced small catches of summer
flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) up to 90
pounds per hour tow and a few silver hake
or whiting (Merluccius bilinearis). One
60-minute tow in 23 fathoms with a 40-foot
net produced 5,000 pounds of sea robins
(Prionotus sp.) and one in 44 fathoms pro-
duced 2,785 pounds of spiny dogfish (Squalus

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

acanthias). In Onslow Bay, catches of mixed
fish in 20 fathoms ranged up to 1,966 pounds
per hour tow with puffers (Sphaeroides sp.)

predominant.

Striped Bass

TAGGING RETURNS REVEAL MIGRATIONS
ALONG ATLANTIC COAST:

Results of tagging 478 large fish (from
1955 to 1959) ranging in weight from 6 to 54
pounds and in age from 3 to 18 years reveal
Atlantic Coast migration of large striped
bass. Eighty-one fish were tagged on the
North Carolina coast, in Albemarle Sound,
and Roanoke River, North Carolina, and 300
fish in Chesapeake Bay and tributaries.

Striped Bass
‘(Roccus saxatilis)

Catches by commercial and sport fish-
eries indicated that large striped bass con-
centrated on the coast of North Carolina in
late fall and winter, on or near spawning
areas for striped bass in North Carolina and
Chesapeake Bay in late winter and spring,
and along the coast north of Chesapeake Bay
as far as Massachusetts in the summer and
fall, Recaptures were made of 19 fish tag-
ged on the North Carolina coast; 23 tagged
in Albemarle Sound and the Roanoke River,
North Carolina; 27 tagged in Chesapeake
Bay and its tributaries; and 1 tagged in the
Thames River, Connecticut. Some fish were
recaptured near the tagging location but
most of them migrated along the coast and
were caught in other concentration areas
during the season of greatest fishing pres-
sure, according to U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries biologists,

Tuna

PACIFIC TUNA BIOLOGY CONFERENCE:
An informal conference on the biology of
Pacific tuna will be held at the University of

Vol. 23, No. 5

Hawaii, Honolulu, August 14-19, 1961, im-
mediately preceding the Tenth Pacific Sci-
ence Congress. The subjects for discussion
include (1) distribution, (2) migrations, (3)
subpopulations, (4) behavior, and (5) tuna
oceanography. (Pacific Science Association
Information Bulletin, January 1961.)

Further information may be obtained
from the Director, Honolulu Biological Lab-
oratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, P. O. Box 3830, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Mei este: oak) aig nok

SONAR GEAR TESTED AS AN AID TO
STUDIES ON TUNA BEHAVIOR:

During a cruise aboard the commercial
purse seiner West Point, biologists of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-
logical Laboratory at San Diego evaluated
the possible utility of the Simrad sonar gear
for investigation of tuna behavior, In par-
ticular, the biologists are interested in de-
termining whether or not the thermocline,
or the plane at which the temperature makes
a decided change, is a barrier to their move-
ments.

Staff members have designed and con-
structed an instrument which can be attached
to the ring or lead line of a seine and will
record on a chart the depths reached by the
ring line and the time at which those points
were reached, If tuna eScape by swimming
under the net, it will be possible to deter-
mine the depth they reached. Measurements
with other instruments during fishing oper-
ations show the characteristics of the water
through which they moved.

S

United States Fishing Fleet “Additions

FEBRUARY 1961:

A total of 21 vessels of 5 net tons and
over were issued first documents as fish-
ing craft during February 1961--a drop of
5 vessels as compared with the same month
of 1960. The Gulf area led with 7 vessels;

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft.

May 1961

the New England and Pacific areas followed
with 4 each; the South Atlantic, Puerto Rico,
Chesapeake, and Great Lakes areas accounted
for the remaining 6 vessels.

Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents As Fishing Craft}

By Areas, February 1961 P

Area
1961 1960

home ports.

Fishing craft issued first documents
during the first
two months of
1961 totaled 44--
2 vessels more
than were re-
ported during the
same period of
last year. Ves-
sels documented
in the Gulf area
comprised 41 per-
cent of the total during the 1961 two-months
period.

Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First
Documents as Fishing Craft
By Tonnage, February 1961

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States
during January 1961 increased by 9.3 percent
in quantity and 10.5 percent in value as com-
pared with December 1960. The increase was
due primarily to higher imports of ground-
fish fillets (up 9.4 million pounds) and frozen
albacore (up 3.1 million pounds), and to a
lesser degree, an increase in the imports of
canned sardines in oil, The increase was
partly offset by a 2.9-million-pound decrease
in the imports of frozen tuna other than al-
bacore and a 1,6-million-pound drop in canned
tuna in brine.

Compared with January 1960, the imports
in January this year were up by 4.2 percent
in quantity and 10.5 percent in value due to
higher imports of frozen albacore tuna (up

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

2.9 million pounds), groundfish fillets (up
8.9 million pounds), and frozen shrimp (up
3.7 million pounds). Compensating, in part,
for the increases was a drop of about 7.2
million pounds in the imports of tuna other
than albacore and canned salmon (down 4,5
million pounds).

United States Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
January 1961 with Comparisons

Fish € shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &

1/ 85.1 | 81.7 [1,011.2] 27.4] 24.8 | 304.8
ish © shellfish:
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh &
frozen} rate) 48.7] 1.1] 1.8] 19.2

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice,
specialties.

and other

During 1960, about 1,011 million pounds
(valued at about $305 million) of edible fresh,
frozen, and processed fish were imported.
Imports in 1960 as compared with 1959 were
lower by 5.5 percent in quantity and 1.6 per-
cent in value from the 1,071 million pounds
valued at $310 million imported in 1959.
From 1959 to 1960 imports of groundfish
and other fillets dropped 33.1 million pounds,
all frozen and canned products derived from
tuna and tuna-like fishes were down 10.7
million pounds, and fresh, frozen, and
canned salmon imports were down about
28.3 million pounds. In 1960 an increase in
the imports of fresh and frozen American
and spiny lobsters of 5.0 million pounds and
a 6.8-million-pound increase in the imports
of shrimp partially offset the drop in im-
ports of other fishery products.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in January 1961 were lower by
47.5 percent in quantity and 45.0 percent in
value as compared with December 1960,
Compared with the same month in 1960, the
exports this January were down by 61.7 per-
cent in quantity and 38.9 percent in value.
The lower exports in January this year as
compared with the same month in 1960 were
due mainly to sharply lower exports of Cal-
ifornia sardines and squid. Exports of edi-
ble fishery products in 1960 amounted to
48.7 million pounds valued at $19.2 million,
a drop of 28.4 percent in quantity and 15.8
percent in value as compared with 1959.

mK OOK OK OK Fe

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 123-percent
rate of duty is limited to 57,114,714 pounds.
The quota for 1960 was 53,488,330 pounds,
Any imports in excess of the quota are duti-
able at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-March 4, 1961,
amounted to 7,475,964 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
February 27 amounted to 5,168,179 pounds.

Virginia

ROOFING TILE TO TRAP OYSTER DRILLS:

Roofing tile.commonly used in some parts
of the world to protect houses against weather,
may prove useful in protecting oysters from
screwborers,'' a biologist of the Virginia Fish-
eries Laboratory reported on March 31, 1961.
Screwborers or oyster drills, as they are
sometimes called, have for many years been
considered the number one enemy of oysters
on Eastern Shore's (between Cape Charles
and Maryland State line) vast planting grounds,
Oystermen on that peninsula have spent much
time and money to control this predatory
snail which makes holes through the shells of
small oysters and consumes the meat.

Eastern Shore planters frequently spend
as much as 10 years to build up a good seed
rock. This involves getting a firm crust of
shells to support the seed oysters and to
defend the young oysters against screwborers
and other predatory animals. The most ef-
ficient device for protecting the grounds from
creeping animals has been the drill traps,
made of chicken wire and baited with young
oysters. In recent years the cost of making
these traps, baiting them, and fishing them
has risen so high that many oystermen have
debated whether to give up the whole idea.

Scientists from the Virginia Fisheries
Laboratory are bringing to the Eastern Shore
a new type of trap, which was developed in
England. It is extremely simple and cheap,
consisting merely of roofing tiles spaced at
short intervals around and over the oyster
beds. Planters estimate that wire-bag traps

Vol. 23, No. 5

baited with seed oysters cost about 63 cents
each, and must be fished each week, other-
wise the drills will eat up all of the bait.
Roofing tiles, on the other hand, cost approx-
imately 12 cents each and require no baiting.
Furthermore, it is not necessary to fish tile
traps at such frequent intervals. Although
two-week intervals is recommended, the
oysterman will lose nothing if he finds it
impossible to fish them that frequently. They
also make it easier to destroy more drills.

"The use of tiles for trapping oyster
drills is based on information scientists
have gained about these predators," the bi-
ologist stated. ''They seem to need an ele-
vated, shaded position for depositing their
spawn, and during the spawning period they
tend to gather together in large numbers.
Curved roofing tile is ideal for these pur-
poses, and the drills make good use ofthem.

He pointed out that it is necessary for
the tiles to age in the water several months
before they are most efficient, but they will
begin attracting drills within a few weeks
after placing them on the bottom. Besides
the economy and ease of handling tile drill
traps, they are more efficient than wire-bag
traps because they collect large numbers of
drill egg cases which can also be destroyed.
Since egg cases contain around 12 eggs per
capsule and the capsules are thickly placed
in a small area, the destruction of eggcases
is more effective, actually, than the destruc-
tion of the larger drills.

It will be 2 or 3 years before the success
of using tiles for controlling drills can be
evaluated. They are not considered to be
barriers but rather traps for keeping down
the drill population. The spacing of the tile
around beds of oysters will not prevent some
drills from passing through, but it will at-
tract many which can be removed and, there-
fore, save many thousands of bushels of oys-
ters.

"The screwborer was introduced into the
British Isles about 50 years ago, when Vir-
ginia oysters were shipped to England," the
biologist reported. ''They have not spread
widely from the areas where they were in-
troduced but have increased in number until
they have become a dangerous pest, and the
British have made great efforts to control
them."

These destructive marine snails go by
several names in this country. Eastern

May 1961

Shoremen usually call them ''screwborers.,"'
In some places they are called ''screwdriv-
ers'' and scientists more often refer to them
as “oyster drills.'' The English, on the other
hand, call them ''tingles.'' Their scientific
names are Urosalpinx cinerea and Eupleura
caudata, two different snails, both of which
are destructive of oyster spat and young
oysters.

ok ok ok ok

QUALITY OF 1960/61 OYSTER
HARVEST GOOD:

According to careful records made at the
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory for the past
six years, oysters from tidewater Virginia
have been fatter during the 1960/61 season
than any time since the study began and are
probably the best since 1948,

Oysters are a treasure, with or without the pearl. A nutritive
treasure, that is.

The Laboratory's mollusc physiology unit
began keeping records on the fatness of oys-
ters in 1955. A system has been devised for
measuring the plumpness of oysters and com-
paring the data obtained from year to year,
and from one area to another.

The Laboratory's research is designed to
determine what factors affect the fatness of
oysters. Through carefully controlled ex-
periments, it has been found that oysters will
fatten on vitamin-enriched flour and even on
pure corn starch which contains no vitamins
or minerals. These foods were fed to the
experimental oysters at a rate of about one
pound for every 45,000 gallons of water.

The biologists are interested in finding
out why oysters fattened better than usual in
the York and Rappahannock Rivers this year.
In answering this question it is necessary to
determine what foods oysters eat, whether
they require living food, and whether it is
possible that they get a great deal of their
nourishment from non-living debris on the
bottom and in the water. This willnecessi-
tate a study of the oyster grounds to find out
how they control oyster growth and why they
are more productive at one time than another.

PDE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

‘Wholesale Prices, March 1961

The March 1961 wholesale price index for edible fishery
products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 131.9 percent of the
1947-49 average dropped slightly from the preceding month
(0.8 percent), but was up about 6.9 percent from March 1960,
Between mid-February and mid-March this year lower prices
for shrimp, oysters, frozen haddock fillets, and frozen dressed
salmon more than offset higher prices for fresh drawn had-
dock, fresh haddock fillets, frozen dressed salmon, fresh
‘round whitefish, and canned Maine sardines. From Marcha
year ago to this March, all the fishery products making up the
fishery index were priced higher except for fresh-water fish.

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, and whole finfish sub-
group index for March this year increased less than one per-
cent from the preceding month. Higher prices for haddock
ex-vessel at Boston, frozen dressed Pacific halibut, fresh
round whitefish, and fresh yellow pike just about balanced out
lower prices for dressed king salmon and drawn whitefish,
When compared with March last year, the subgroup index for
this March rose 8,6 percent due to higher prices for frozen
dressed halibut (up 12.0 percent), fresh drawn haddock (up
4.7 percent), and frozen dressed king salmon (up 12.5 percent),
These increases were only partially offset by lower prices
for fresh round and drawn whitefish and yellow pike.

From February to March this year, the fresh processed
fish and shellfish subgroup index declined 3.2 percent due to
a 2.8-percent drop in the fresh shrimp price at New York

Old Fulton Fish Market, New York City (original market).

Remodeled Fulton Fish Market completed in 1939.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, March 1961 With Comparisons

Point of
Pricing

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. ....
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz,
Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz,
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd., fresh
Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd, fresh .

Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-Ib, tins . .
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh. .
Oysters, shucked, standards... ... 2.0

Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb, pkg.. .
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-lb, pkg. .
Ocean perch, skins on, I-lb. pk...

Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg... .

Ganned)Fishery/Productss” (2c: si e' fer alte ia) «=
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. . .
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.),

AQiCans/CSeretie versus. san eicen e. sa cuer Obie. 6
Sardines, Calif., tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 oz.),

ASSCanS/ CSc heures eh enieS eters) ee iemehe sel snr
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn

(3-3/4 02.), 100 cans/cs,

Indexes
(1947-49=100)

Avg. Prices 1/
Unit! ($)

Feb.
1961

133.0

148.9
161.3 162.7

114 117.4

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service 'Fishery

Products Reports" should be referred to for actual prices.

City and a 6.4-percent lower price for fresh shucked oysters
at Norfolk, Va. These decreases were partially offset by a
higher price for fresh small haddock fillets at Boston. In
March this year, the subgroup index rose 5.6 percent from
the same month of 1960, All the subgroup prices were high-
er in March this year as compared with March a year ago.

Wholesale prices this March for frozen processed fish and
shellfish were off about 2.0 percent from the preceding month.
During this period prices dropped for frozen haddock fillets
by 6.9 percent, flounder fillets by 1.3 percent, and frozen
brown shrimp at Chicago by 0.7 percent, Prices for frozen
ocean perch fillets were unchanged from February to March
this year. However, the subgroup index rose 5.5 percent from
March 1960 to this March because of higher prices for frozen
haddock fillets (up 17.5 percent), frozen flounder fillets (up
2.8 percent), and ocean perch fillets (up 7.0 percent), In ad-

dition, frozen shrimp prices at Chicago were up about 2.6 per-
cent.

Wholesale prices for canned fishery products from Febru-
ary to March this year were up Slightly (up 0.3 percent), but
rose 7.1 percent from last March to this March. The only
change in prices for canned fishery products from February
to March 1961 was an increase of 25 cents a case for canned
Maine sardines, Due to the very short supplies of canned
pink salmon and California sardines, primary prices for
those products were purely nominal in March this year.

From March 1960 to March this year the canned fishery prod-
ucts subgroup index rose 7,1 percent due primarily to a 14.3-
percent increase in canned pink salmon prices. During the
period canned tuna prices rose slightly and Maine canned sar-
dine prices were unchanged,

May 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

International

CENTRAL AMERICA COMMON
MARKET TREATY SIGNED:

A General Treaty of Central American
Economic Integration (Tratado General de
Integracion Economica Centroamericana)L 1/
has been signed by Guatemala, El] Salvador,
Honduras, and Nicaragua. The treaty reaf-
firms the intention of the contracting parties
to unify their economies and jointly promote
the development of Central America.

A protocol to the Central American Con-
vention on Equalization of Import Charges to
accelerate the establishment of uniform im-
‘port duties on imports from outside the re-
gion was Signed at the same time, December
13, 1960, A further agreement was signed
creating a Central American Bank for Eco-
nomic Integration to finance regional eco-
nomic integration.

A "common market" is to be established
among the contracting parties within 5 years
of the entry into force of the General Treaty.
Except for the special treatment for certain
commodities described in Annex A of the
treaty, the contracting States grant one an-
other immediate free trade for all natural
and manufactured products originating in
their respective territories.

These commodities are exempted from
import and export duties, including consular
fees, and from all other taxes, surcharges,
and imposts incurred by imports and exports,
or charged by reason thereof, be they nation-
al, municipal, or of any other kind. Normal
1/The General Treaty, which is similar to the Treaty of Eco-

nomic Association signed in February 1960, broadens the

scope and sets up more specific means of financing econom-
ic integration. It incorporates the provisions of the Conven-
tion for the System of Central American Integrated Indus-
tries, to permit the four contracting parties to proceed with
industrial integration. It also retains the provisions in the

"Central American Convention on Equalization of Import

Charges." Provisions of all other regional agreements and

bilateral treaties among the Central American States are

superseded by those of the General Treaty, except where the
treaty does not deal with provisions of those agreements.

handling and storage charges as well as ex-
isting exchange rate differentials continue to
apply to these commodities. Goods originat-
ing in the territory of the signatory nations
will enjoy national treatment in all of them,
except for the usual controls for reasons of
health, safety, or the enforcement of law and
order.

The temporary exceptions provided in An-
nex A apply to specific products which, if
made immediately subject to regional free
trade, would cause injury to existing produc-
ers. With few exceptions the products in An-
nex A are to be incorporated automatically
into the free trade system no later than at
the end of the fifth year in which this treaty
is in effect.

Meanwhile a schedule of duty reductions
is specified for each commodity in the list of
products receiving special treatment. These
items are contained in the series of bilateral
exception lists which constitute Annex A, and
any change in the lists or duty schedules may
be accomplished only through multilateral ne-
gotiation.

Most manufactured products do not achieve
free-trade status until the beginning of the
sixth year.

The signatories further agree that the im-
mediate 20-percent reduction in import duties
on the natural and manufactured products of
the respective participating countries, pro-
vided for in the Protocol to the Central A-
merican Convention on Customs Charges:
Central American Tariff Preference, shall
not be applied to the items receiving special
treatment in Annex A of the General Treaty.

The contracting parties undertake to es-
tablish a customs union among their territo-
ries. For this purpose, they agree to effect
a Central American free-trade zone within 5
years and to adopt a uniform Central Ameri-
can customs tariff under the terms of the Cen-

32

International (Contd.):

tral American Convention on Equalization of
Import Charges signed at San Jose, Costa
Rica, on September 1, 1959.

The second Protocol to the Central Amer-
ican Convention on Equalization of Import
Charges was signed at Managua at the same
time as the new Treaty of Economic Integra-
tion. In order to unify customs and transit
treatment of items free traded in the Com-
mon Market area, and to simplify the appli-
cation of a common external tariff, the sign-
atory nations agree to conclude special pro-
tocols adopting a Standard Central American
Customs Code and necessary transportation
regulations. This is to be done within a year
from the effective date of the General Treaty.

The industrial development laws andreg-
ulations, and other pertinent legislation of
the contracting states, are to be made as
uniform as possible re incentives offered for
industrial development in the respective
countries.

To that end, these nations will sign, with-
in 6 months after the effective date of the
General Treaty, a special protocol setting
forth standard industry classifications, bene-
fits, benefit periods, and administrative pro-
visions to be applied to applicants in the
signatory countries.

As for the ''integrated'' industries, spe-
cial protocols are to be concluded within 6
months of the effective date of the General
Treaty, stipulating the industrial plants that
will be covered by it initially, and the bene-
fits and obligations to which they will be sub-
ject. The provisions of the Convention on
the System of Central American Integrated
Industries is made part of the General Treaty
in order to expedite the "integration" of in-
dustries in the region.

The Central American Bank for Economic
Integration, provided for in the General
Treaty and described in detail in a separate
Protocol, is to serve as an instrument for fi-
nancing and promoting regional economic in-
tegration. Nonetheless, members of the
Bank (governments) may not obtain guaran-
tees or loans from this institution until they
have deposited instruments of ratification to
the following international agreements: The
General Treaty of Economic Integration,
signed December 13, 1960; Multilateral
Treaty of Central American Free Trade and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Volsi2i3iNoayo

Economic Integration, signed June 10, 1958;
Convention on the System of Central Ameri-
can Integrated Industries, signed June 10,
1958; Central American Convention on Equal-
ization of Import Charges, signed September
1, 1959, and the second Protocol signed De-
cember 13, 1960.

Under the new General Treaty, execution
of the resolutions of the Economic Coopera-
tion Committee is made a function of a Cen-
tral American Economic Council. The Eco-
nomic Cooperation Committee, a policy-de-
termining body composed of the Ministers of
Finance of the Central American countries,
was formed in 1952.

In addition, an Executive Council will be
created to apply and administer the General
Treaty and to carry out the actual tasks re-
quired to achieve Central American econom-
ic union. The membership of the Executive
Council will consist of one principal delegate
and an alternate for each of the contracting
parties.

The signatories agree not to conclude uni-
laterally with countries outside Central Amer-
ica any new treaties that affect the princi-
ples of Central American economic integra-
tion. As in previous agreements, they also
agree to maintain the ''Central American Ex-
ception Clause'' in commercial treaties en-
tered into on the basis of most-favored-na-
tion treatment with countries other than the
Central American states. This clause limits
the application of most-favored-nation treat-
ment by permitting the existence of special
benefits to the countries of Central America
which are not extended outside the area.

In other matters affecting third country
interests, reference must be made to earlier
agreements since the General Treaty does
not cover them. Thus, under the Multilateral
Treaty of Central American Free Trade and
Economic Integration, the contracting parties
agree to renegotiate or if this is not possible,
to denounce, any commercial agreements in
effect with third countries which violate the
principles of the Central American Conven-
tion on Equalization of Import Charges. This
is to be done by each party within one year of
its deposit of its instrument of ratification of
that Convention.

The General Treaty will become effective
among the ratifying states eight days after
the third instrument of ratification has been
deposited and for the fourth state on the date

May 1961

International (Contd.):

of deposit of its instrument of ratification.
The ratifying instruments are to be deposited
with the General Secretariat of the Organiza-
tion of Central American States (ODECA) in
San Salvador.

Costa Rica has been invited to join and
may adhere to the treaty at any time. Pana-
ma is also free to adhere to this treaty.

The General Treaty is to remain in force
for 20 years from the initial date of its entry
into force and may be extended indefinitely.
Denunciationby any contracting party may be
made after the 20-year period, to have effect
Syears after suchnotice is given. Thetreaty
remains in force among its adherents, how-
ever, So longas two States continue to apply it.
(Foreign Commerce Weekly, March16, 1961.)

EAST AFRICA

MEETING ON MARINE BIOLOGY AND
FISHERIES OF AFRICA'S EAST COAST:

A Symposium on Marine Biology and Sea
Fisheries of Africa's East Coast was con-
vened in Cape Town, Union of South Africa,
from September 12 to 17, 1960, under the
auspices of the Commission for Technical
Cooperation in Africa, South of the Sahara
(C.C.T.A.). The chairman was Professor

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

J. Millot of the Malagasy Republic and the
General Secretary was Dr. E, Postel who
serves C.C.T.A. as its Inter-African Coordi-
nator for Oceanographic, Marine Biological,
and Sea Fisheries Research.

The Symposium was attended by delegates
from the Malagasy Republic, Portugal, and
the Union of South Africa. A paper from the
East African Marine Fisheries Research
Organization, Zanzibar, East Africa, was al-
so presented, although the East African Ter-
ritories (Kenya and Tanganyika) sent no dele-
gates. Two observers represented the Food
and Agriculture Organization. Some 15 papers
were read to the Symposium,

The Symposium was opened by the South
African Secretary for Commerce and Indus-
tries, who stressed the need for fishing re-
search along Africa's east coast. He pointed
out that, according to FAO statistics, Africa
south of the Sahara accounted for only six
percent of the world's fish catch and of this
share, ''the waters off the west coast of Cen-
tral and Southern Africa are yielding more
than ten times as much fish as the seas along
the eastern seaboard,"' Calling for interna-
tional coordination of research efforts, the
South African Secretary for Commerce and
Industries referred hopefully to the forth-
coming International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion,

List of Working Papers Presented at the Symposium of Marine Biology and Sea Fisheries on the
East Coast of Africa, Cape Town, September 12-17, 1960

Title

1. Agenda

2. Report by the Portuguese Delegation

3. Contribution by Division of Fisheries, Dept. of Commerce and Industries,
Union of South Africa

4. Notes on the Prawn Fishery Potential in Madagascar

Language—

ies]

ine)

Les]
—~—

5. Crawfish Fishing in the Fort Dauphin Region (South-East Madagascar)

6. Nosy
Institute for Scientific Research Issued or in Printing at 1

-Be Station Publications by the Oceanography Branch of the Madagascar
September 1960

7. Campagne d'Oceanographie physique en Canal de Mozambique

8. Marine Fisheries Research in East Africa: A review of the important activities of the

East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization

9. Progress Report on Arrangements for a World Meeting on Tunas and Related Species

10. Essai de palangres "Long Lines" a'Madagascar

11. Resume du travail en cours de publication de P. Fourmanoir concernant les requins

de la Cote Ouest de Madagascar

12. Hydrography of the East and South Coasts of the Union of South Africa and Possible

Effects on Fishery Problems
13. East Coast Thunnidae

14. Notes on Marine Invertebrates of Commercial and Possible Commercial Importance

15. Not listed.

16. Communication provisiore sur la repartition des copepodes planctoniques

marins de 1]'Afrique du sud.

17. Planktonic Polychaeta as Indicators of Ocean Currents Around South Africa

‘|Z/E - English only; F - French only, E 6 F - English and French.

ms E
| avdeDecter |

R. Weber E

ice SCO ANNO
A.

34

International (Contd.):

The Symposium was divided into several
sessions, each on a different aspect of the
East African region of the Indian Ocean,
First, the physical and biological environ-
ment of the area, which for the Symposium!'s
purposes covered the waters from Cape Point
to Somalia, was discussed. The second ses-
sion dealt with the research work done by
the countries represented. Some of the re-
search stations had done interesting experi-
mental fishing, particularly for shrimp. Ef-
forts to develop tuna fishing were discussed.
South Africa's representatives mentioned
their work with midwater trawls in the Un-
ion's east coast waters.

The third and fourth sessions dealt with
fish, lobster, shrimp, and plankton. The fifth
session discussed what is known of the pro-
ductivity of the Indian Ocean, what further
methods of measuring this productivity might
be employed, and the present extent of com-
mercial fisheries in the East African waters
of the ocean,

The sixth session was devoted to an in-
ventory of regional resources for marine
biological and sea-fishery research, the
need for international cooperation, and the
part C.C.T.A. could play in coordinating ef-
forts.

At the final session numerous recom-
mendations were approved. Among them
were recommendations to increase the size
and number of research establishments in
the East African area of the Indian Ocean;
to train more Scientists for work in the area;
to increase scientific exchanges among the
interested countries; to pay special attention
to the study of shrimp in the area for the
better exploitation of the shrimp resource;
to make a coordinated systematic study of
tuna in the area; and to draw up a bibliogra-
phy of all research reports and other scien-
tific information on the area in collaboration
with C.C.T.A. It was also recommended that
closer coordination be effected within the
group and with the International Indian Ocean
Expedition.

The Director of the Union's Fisheries,
when interviewed, made the following com-
ment. He felt, after the Symposium, that
the Malagasy Republic offered interesting
possibilities to overseas fishing interests.
The waters of the Mozambique Channel ap-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

pear to him to have rich enough resources,
but the Malagasy fishery at present lacks
capital, modern equipment, and skills to take
advantage of the resources,

An official from the South African Museum
stated that the subject of a concentrated, sys-
tematic study of tuna was taken up in detail at
another C.C.T.A. symposium he attended,
which was held in Dakar from December 12
to 17, 1960. There it was decided to coordi-
nate both the west coast (Atlantic) and east
coast (Indian Ocean) tuna studies for southern
Africa, but not to centralize control of the
study. (United States Consulate, Cape Town,
January 31, 1961.)

FISHING LIMITS

SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN
TALKS ON FISHING LIMITS:
Swedish-Norwegian negotiations regarding
extension of the Norwegian fishing limits were
held in Oslo, Norway, February 3 and 4, 1961.
(As of April 1, 1961, Norwegian fishing limits
will be extended to 6 miles and from Septem-
ber 1, 1961, to 12 miles). The negotiations
are considered preliminary only and the meet-
ing was arranged for the purpose of establish-
ing the items of discussion at a later meeting
in Stockholm, Sweden.

Swedish fishermen hope that the right to
fish inside the four-mile limit in the Oslo
fiord (mainly for shrimp) will continue. Ac-
cording to a 1955 agreement between Sweden
and Norway, which expires on June 30, 1961,
Swedish fishermen are permitted to fish for
shrimp inside the four-mile limit in the Oslo
fiord and Norwegian fishermen have been per-
mitted to fish inside the Swedish four-mile
limit along the Swedish coast. It is now
claimed by Norwegian fishermen that the
Norwegian fishing along the Swedish coast is
of insignificant value, whereas the Swedish
catches along the Norwegian coast reacha
value of several million crowns. Whether
Swedish fishermen will be permitted to fish
up to the four-mile limit in other areas is,
however, uncertain, but it is hoped in Gote-
borg that Swedish fishermen will be permit-
ted to do so in the Skagerack area. (United
States Consulate, Goteborg, February 10, 1961.)

FISH MEAL
PERU AND WEST GERMANY SIGN AGREE-
MENT ON MARKETING OF FISH MEAL:

The Governments of Peru and the Federal
Republic of Germany in Lima on January 27,

May 1961

International (Contd.):

1961, signed a joint declaration pertaining to
the market for fish meal. The Joint Declara-
tion follows:

"Animated by the common desire to stimu-
late to a greater extent the economic rela-
tions between their
two countries, the
Governments of
the Peruvian Re-
public and of the
Federal Republic _
of Germany agreed, in accordance with the
spirit of the Commercial Agreement of July
20, 1951, to hold conversations regarding the
normalizing of the market for fish meal.
Said conversations were carried on in the
city of Lima between the accredited Delega-
tions of the Governments between January
17 and 27, 1961.

~——"'T, Both Delegations proceeded to a full
exchange of ideas about production, the mar-
ket, and the sale of fish meal in the world
market, examining in detail the exports of
fish meal from Peru to the Federal Republic
of Germany. The Parties agreed that a nor-
malizing of the trade in said product would
be in the interest of both countries.

"II, The Delegation of the Peruvian Re-
public, in the course of the conversations,
made it known that the National Fisheries
Society, with a view to contributing to the
normalizing of the world market for fish
meal, had taken the following measures:

(a) Agreement of the producers of fish
meal of Peru, reached in September 1960,
establishing export regulations which will
permit the equilibrium of the buying markets
and the improvement of prices. This agree-
ment entered into force January 1, 1961,

'(b) Agreement of Paris, among repre-
sentatives of the principal fish-meal produc-
ing and exporting countries--signed October
1, 1960. This agreement fixed the bases for

‘normalizing the conditions of import mar-
kets, indicating world-wide export figures
which are related to the demand of consum-
ing markets, That agreement established .
the Peruvian export figure of approximately
two-thirds of world-wide exports.

"(c) Supreme Decree No. 18 of Decem-
ber 16, 1960, issued by the Government of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Peru, approving the Agreement of Export Reg-
ulations as well as the Agreement of Produc-
ers signed in Paris, giving the National Fish-
eries Society the authority necessary for the
proper functioning of both measures.

"III, The Delegation of the Peruvian Re-
public agrees that, on the basis of Paragraph
II, the National Fisheries Society is in a posi-
tion to declare:

"That exports to the Federal Republic of
Germany will be so channeled as, adjusting
to subsections (a) and (b) of Paragraph II and
possible future agreements, to lead to the
normalizing of the market and prices for fish
meal,

"Likewise, and within this regulation,. the
National Fisheries Society, upon authorizing
export licenses for fish meal to countries
other than the Federal Republic of Germany,
will take appropriate precautions to the end
that such shipments may not be re-exported
to the said Republic, which will take appro-
priate measures to prohibit the importation
of fish meal not originally declared for that
destination.

"IV. Both Governments will continue to
observe carefully the development of the
world market for fish meal and, if it should
become necessary, undertake new negotia-
tions in Bonn.

"In witness whereof, the present Joint Dec-
laration is signed in the city of Lima, Janu-
ary 27, 1961, in four originals, two in Span-
ish and two in German, establishing the valid
text inboth languages.’ (United States Em-
bassy, Lima, February 15, 1961.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

INTERNATIONAL FISH MEAL MEETING:
Market Problems Studied: The tumbling
price of fish meal and the effect it has had on
the incomes of fishermen and producers made

a meeting on the subject advisable, and 23
countries accepted invitations to the Interna-
tional Meeting on Fish Meal, March 20-29,

at the Food and Agriculture Organization
headquarters in Rome. Governments indi-
cating their intention to send representatives
were: Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, Colom-
bia, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Japan,
Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, the
Philippines, Portugal, Somalia, Spain, Sweden,
Tunisia, the Union of South Africa, the United

36

International (Contd.):

Kingdom, the United States, and Yugo-
slavia.

The meeting was convened by FAO at the
request of governments and with the financial
backing of the world's fish-meal industry,
and considered practical steps towards in-
creasing effective demand for fish meal and
ensuring stable conditions in the market.

United States Represented: The U.S. De-
partments of State and Interior and United
States fish meal producers were represented
at the FAO intergovernmental meeting in
Rome, Italy, March 20-29, 1961. The emer-
gency meeting was requested by member fish-
meal producing countries as a result of a rap-
id increase in the world's productive capacity
causing accumulation of stocks and substan-
tial reduction in prices. Less than full use
is being made of this valuable protein mate-
rial which goes directly or indirectly into
feed, and the incomes of fishermen and others
involved in the production of fish meal are
being seriously curtailed.

The meeting was expected to assess the
world's demand for fish meal, both short-
and long-term, in relation to productive ca-
pacity; consider ways and means of increas-
ing the effective demand by action on the
part of government and industry individually
or in concert, such as in the feeding of pro-
tein-undernourished peoples; and explore
possibilities of ensuring stable conditions in
the international market for fish meal with-
out resort to restrictive measures.

The following were the members of the
United States Delegation to the meeting at
Rome, March 20-29,

Chairman: Clarence W. Nichols, Special
Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Eco-
nomic Affairs, Department of State. Vice
Chairman: Donald L. McKernan, Director,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Department
of the Interior.

Advisers: Donald Y. Aska, Chief, Branch
of Marketing, Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, Department of the Interior; Thomas A.
Barber, J. Howard Smith, Incorporated, Port
Monmouth, N. J.; Michael P. Boerner, Office
of International Trade, Department of State;
Charles Butler, Acting Chief, Division of In-
dustrial Research, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Department of the Interior;

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

Charles Carry, Executive Secretary, Califor-
nia Fish Canners Association, Terminal Is-
land, Calif.; W. M. Chapman, Director, The
Resources Committee, San Diego, Calif.;
Lawrence I, Clarke, President, Atlantic Proc-
essing Company, Amagansett, Long Island,

N. Y.; J. Steele Culbertson, Director, Indus-
trial Products Division, National Fisheries
Institute, Incorporated, Washington, D. C.;
Ursula H. Duffus, Economic Officer, Ameri-
can Embassy, Rome; Ammon G, Dunton,
Chairman of the Board, Reedville Oil and
Guano Company, Incorporated, White Stone,
Va.; Allen W. Haynie, President, Reedville
Oil and Guano Company, Incorporated, Balti-
more, Md.; William C. Herrington, Special
Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife, Office
of the Under Secretary of State; Frederick C,
June, Jr., Chief, Menhaden Investigations,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Department
of the Interior, Beaufort, N. C.; Stanley W.
Letson, President, Maine Marine Products,
Incorporated, Portland, Maine; JohnB. Lowry,
Menhaden Vessel Captain, Reedville, Va.;
John Franklin McCammon, Ralston Purina
Company, St. Louis, Mo.; Harry I. McGinnis,
Wallace Menhaden Products, Incorporated,
New Orleans, La.; George R. Wallace, Presi-
dent, Wallace Fisheries Company, Morehead
City, N. C.; Clayton E. Whipple, Agricultural
Attache, American Embassy, Rome.

eK Kk ok ok

INTERNATIONAL FISH MEAL
MEETING IN ROME:

The fullest support of the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation (FAO) for any measure contributing to the more ex-
tensive and profitable use of the world’s fishery resources
was pledged on March 20, 1961, by the FAO Deputy Director-
General, at the opening session of the International Meeting
on Fish Meal, Rome, Italy.

The meeting with 123 participants from 27 nations plus
observers from four international nongovernmental organi-
zations considered measures to assure stability in the fish-
meal market, A sharp increase in the production of fish
meal (up by some 700,000 tons in five years) caused the
price of fish meal to drop from about $130 a ton to $75 a ton.

The participants named Dr. Augusto Assettati, Minister
Plenipotentiary in the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Chairman, Also elected were a chief rapporteur, three
vice-chairmen, and six other chairmen of working commit-
tees, This group of ten constituted the meeting’s Steering
Committee,

The broad aim of the meeting was to assess the world de-
mand for fish meal, now and in the future, and to explore
all possibilities of achieving stability in the industry on the
basis of consolidation and expansion of production and trade,
without recourse to any restrictive measures which could be
avoided by an exchange of information, experience, and views,

The Deputy Director-General pointed out: ‘‘You know that
the expansion and development of the fish~meal industry has
occurred with astonishing rapidity and offers an impressive
demonstration of the results of applying modern technology
and science to the exploitation of natural resources scarcely

May 1961

International (Contd.):

touched by the limited, often primitive, operations of earlier
generations of fishermen.

‘‘At the same time, the suddenness with which the market
for fish meal deteriorated at a certain moment demonstrates
just as impressively how delicate the balance may be between
supply and demand and how powerful has been the incentive to
increase production provided by the strength of the market up
to 1959.”’

The widespread anxiety in the fish-meal industry has un-
derlined the importance of timely international consultation.
This applies with special force to fisheries, for unlike agri-
culture, fisheries are concerned with markets and natural
resources that exist outside national boundaries,

‘‘I must express my gratification that, in the present emer-
gency, the Governments and the industry alike considered it
appropriate to turn to FAO as the agency which could and
should provide an international forum for an objective discus~
sion of their problem,’’ said the Deputy Director-General,
Costs of the meeting were subscribed by the participating
countries and their fish~meal industries, The industry also
arranged for translations at the meeting into Japanese in ad-~
dition to FAO’s three official languages.

Two opportunities involving the use of fish meal and
moving towards relieving hunger and malnutrition and falling
within the scope of FAO’s Freedom-from-Hunger Campaign
were indicated to the meeting by the FAO spokesman,

“One concerns the possibility that the expansion and im-
provement of livestock production in many countries, where
fish meal is scarcely known or unavailable at present, may
eventually promote a much heavier demand for fish meal if
certain problems of cost, foreign exchange, and farmers’
education can be solved.

‘‘The other concerns the possibility of promoting the use
of fish meal and similar products for human consumption, a
possibility which has been explored only very tentatively so
far, A very great deal remains to be done in the way of nu-
tritional-and processing research, consumer education, and
home economics before the significance of this possibility
can be properly assessed,”’

The six working committees were: Group A, production
of fish mealfor animal food; group B, production of fish meal
for human food; group C, research and productive capacity
inthe industry; group D, increasing the demand for fish meal
for animal food; group E, increasing demand for use as hu-
man food; group F, studies towards the stabilization of con-
ditions in the international fish-meal market.

Skjmccnier seis

SUCCESSFUL TESTS OF
FISH MEAL IN FOOD
FOR HUMANS:

A note of optimism over the possibilities of refined fish
meal or fish flour for human feeding was voiced on March 22,
1961, at the International Meeting on Fish Meal by delegations
from countries where mass human feeding of fish flour has
been successful,

The Moroccan delegate told the 27-nation meeting at the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, that cam-
paigns promoting the use of fish flour still needed to be de-
veloped.

‘“‘Our experiments with fish flour started two years ago,”’
said the Moroccan delegate. ‘‘The results have been ex-
tremely satisfying, the acceptability complete. We made the
population realize that it is deficient in protein. During 1959-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

1960, we doubled the human consumption of fish flour in Mo-
rocco. We hope to increase it in 1961. Two plants now man-~
ufacture biscuits that contain 15-percent protein derived
from fish flour. The Government, with the assistance of in-
ternational organizations such as FAO, has undertaken a
mass campaign to increase the demand for fish flour. Our
Government recognizes that 40 percent of the population still
suffers from malnutrition.’’

The Moroccan opinion was seconded by the representative
from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), whose
organization also had been active in the Moroccan fish flour
campaign. ‘‘I do not believe that adequate promotional cam~
paigns have been made in countries where protein malnutri-
tion exists,’’ said the UNICEF representative, ‘‘Experiments
in the Union of South Africa and Sweden were done among a
population that had a wide range of choice among other protein
foods.’’

In discussing the acceptability of fish flour, the Peruvian
delegation, who described his country as the world’s largest
producer of fish meal, said tests began two years ago in Peru.
“The fish flour was put into bread and was accepted very well
by the children,’’ said the Peruvian delegate, ‘'The main dif-
ficulty is to convince the population that this type of food is
food for them to combat protein malnutrition. The introduc~
tion of fish flour into their diets would be of great help.”’

The Swedish delegation reported that in Sweden the use of
fish flour was still in the experimental stage. However, it had
been used with success in rye bread and porridge.

A United States delegate said that fish flour products had
been offered in the United States and that the Government was
testing the products and running feeding tests. Plans called
for studies in the engineering processes needed to manufac-
ture fish flour products more cheaply.

Discussing the production of fish meal, almost every coun~
try said its production could be greatly increased, The Nor-
wegian delegation said its winter herring catch should rise a-
gain in 1964 and so would its fish-meal production. The same
was the case with Iceland.

The Danish delegation reported that with a 10- to 20-per~
cent rise in the world price for fish meal, Danish production
would increase again to 50,000-60,000 metric tons. The dele-
gation said that it did expect such a price rise.

‘Small producers can only continue if prices are good,”’
said the French delegate. ‘‘French producers of fish meal
have had to reduce the price. If fish is already cheap, as it
is in France, we must find means of keeping the price up if
we are to keep the industry growing. In France, the manu~
facture of fish meal is not a primary industry.’’

The Moroccan delegate said that 70 percent of fish proc~
essed within his country went into fish meal. ‘‘Morocco

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

could double its fish-meal production if financial resources
were available,’’ he said. ‘‘The price now is set by the Gov-
ernment and is very low.’’

“Our resources are probably among the greatest of the
world,’’ said the Peruvian delegate, ‘‘However, measures
have been taken to produce only 3 million metric tons of fish
for fish meal during this year in order to preserve these re-
sources, But studies are still under way on the resources to
see what would be the best level of production. We are build-
ing fishing boats up to the 200-ton capacity, Plants and var-
ious operations have been modernized and we are improving
the quality of the product.’’

A United States delegate, representing the second-largest
producer of fish meal, said prices would still be a factor and
would keep its production this year at last year’s level. How-
ever, the delegate said the United States was capable of pro-
ducing 15,000 tons of fish meal per hour if all its plants and
boats were fully utilized. This meant production could be
doubled if the economic situation warranted it.

KK ok ok Ok

FISH MEAL MEETING
CONFIDENT OF
PRICE RECOVERY:

A partial recovery in the world price for fish meal was
declared an ‘‘absolute certainty’’ by an FAO consultant on
fish-meal utilization, speaking at the International Meeting
on Fish Meal in Rome on March 23, The visiting associate
professor of the University of California told a committee
concerned with increasing the demand for fish meal for hu-
man food that the price rise in the past several months will
continue, The price of fish meal, which had dropped from
$130 a ton to $75 a ton, last October began to rise and cur-
rently ranged from $100 to $105 a ton, ‘‘The fish~meal mar-
ket has radically changed in competition with other high pro-
tein feeds,’’ said the associate professor. ‘‘The premium
which fish meal can expect to command over other high=pro-
tein feeds will be a bit lower, But this does not mean that
the price will be at all unfavorable to the industry, I think
that some recovery of price is absolutely certain.’’

The professor went on to sketch some of the ‘‘completely
unfortunate’’ conditions that had combined to depress the
price of fish meal during the past several years, He named
oceanographic factors affecting the supply of raw fish, a drop
in hog and poultry production, a sudden increase in competi-
tion from soyabean feeds, and additional production of fish
meal by Peru. Some of these factors have been overcome,
others are changing, The hog and poultry production is pick-
ing up. The price of fish meal is going to rise within the next
six to nine months,

‘‘With the great increase in supply last year, fish meal
was being pushed into markets where it was already being
used,’’ said the professor. ‘‘It then became valuable only
for its crude protein, Now, supplies are being reallocated,
new markets developed. Fish meal will come to be evalua-
ted in the terms of its plus factors, such as sulphur-contain-
ing amino acids. The general market situation has altered
from what it was several years ago,”’

The professor's optimism was reflected by the adviser to
the delegation from the Union of South Africa, whose country
is the world’s second-largest exporter of fish meal. Although
income from fish meal was 41.5 million less in 1959 in South
Africa than in 1960, the adviser said that optimism prevails
in the South African fish-meal industry, However, he pin-
-pointed continuity of supply as one of the main factors that
lead to market stability. ‘‘We have had a policy of carrying
stocks over a 12-months period,’’ he said, ‘‘where the aver-
age producer only has supplies during the 6 to 7 months when
he is actually producing. Unless exporting countries are pre-
pared to carry stocks over 12 months, so they can give a rea-

Vol. 23, No. 5

sonable spread of supply, they cannot give consumers confi-
dence that stocks will be available during all the year.”’

ek ok ok ok

MEETING DISCUSSES ROLE OF
FISH MEAL IN ANIMAL FEED:

The continued and expanded use of fish meal in feed for
animals will depend on steps being taken by the fish-meal
industry to standardize the quality, supply, and price of its
product, the International Meeting on Fish Meal in Rome
was told on March 22, 1961. A professor of the University
of Maryland told a working group of the meeting that if these
factors are ‘‘relatively constant,’’ and if better use is made
by the industry of scientific and economic information about
its product, ‘‘in most areas the use of fish products for ani-
mal feeding can be increased.”’

The working committee, which was to report to a plenary
session on March 23, was concerned with factors affecting
the demand for fish meal in compounds of animal feed. De-
spite a vastly increased supply in the past year, and a sharp
drop in prices, fish meal had not regained its traditional
place as the high~protein component of compound feeds. One
reason advanced was that feed manufacturers had, in an ear-
lier period of high fish-meal prices and short supply, con-
verted to the use of synthetic amino acids. Improved technol-
ogy and lower prices in the production of synthetics had made
manufacturers reluctant to change back to fish meal,

Other speakers pointed out that, with the assurance of con-
stant supply of high-quality fish meal at a moderate price,
feed manufacturers would adjust their mixtures to include
more fish meal, While competition from other sources of pro-
tein was held to be growing stronger, it was felt that fish meal
was still a ‘‘good buy’’ in terms of its nutritive value.

Die eee eae

MEETING ON ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
FISHERY REGULATIONS:

The economic effects of fishery regula-
tions, a field of study that is rapidly gaining
international importance with the increasing
size and range of fishing fleets and with the
extensive exploitation of the high seas, will
be further evaluated at a meeting of experts
from June 12-17, 1961, at Ottawa, Canada.

Sponsored by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the meeting is the re-
sult of four conferences, beginning in 1956,
on the economic effects of regulations in
selected fisheries, FAO member govern-
ments and interested intergovernmental or-
ganizations have been invited to send partic-
ipants with expert knowledge in this field.

The purpose of the meeting is to add to
the theoretical knowledge of the economic
management of fisheries and to improve the
value of regulation as a means towards at-
taining basic objectives of fishery policy.
Until recently, attention was focussed pri-
marily on regulating fishery resources as a
means of protecting these resources and to
maintain a steady yield. Just before the Sec-
ond World War, it was pointed out that a rate

May 1961

International (Contd.):

of fishing that produces maximum steady
yield may not necessarily be the most eco-
nomical one.

The effects of regulation on the incomes
of those whose livelihood depends on the ex-
ploitation of fishery resources, is of utmost
importance. For example, on certain fishing
grounds, cost factors may be too high for the
economic exploitation of the fishery by a
great number of fishermen. In such cases,
it might be necessary to give consideration
to alternate measures, Such as the exploita-
tion of these grounds by only a limited num~
ber of fishermen so that each could derive
a greater income from the fishery.

The problem of determining and ensuring
an economic level of fishing intensity is rath-
er complex, since it requires not only an
evaluation of biological and economic factors
but also agreement among nations as to the
best exploitation of fish stocks that are often
property common to all,

Regulations have been closely examined
from a theoretical and economic standpoint
in a working paper, ''The Economics of Reg-
ulating Fisheries,'' prepared by Anthony
Scott of the University of British Columbia
(Canada) for the meeting. ''The criterion
against which methods of regulations and
their results are assessed is that of the ef-
ficiency of the whole economy, in which the
fishery is just one industry,' the paper points
out. ''It should be asked of each fishery
regulation whether it assists or retards ef-
forts to make the best joint use of manpow-
er, capital, and natural resources."

Using this criterion, the meeting would
examine and evaluate the economic effects
of the different types of fishery regulations
(e.g. closed areas, closed seasons and
quotas, limitations on technology, gear and
entry) as applied in selected fisheries.

Numerous agreements among countries ~
interested in the protection and exploitation
of certain fishery resources are now in
force. The meeting is to provide an oppor-
tunity for discussion on experience gained
in the Northwest Atlantic lobster and the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Northeast Pacific halibut industries, the
South African pilchard industry, the whaling
industry, and the Japanese trawl fishery.

39

OCEA NOGRA PHY

INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE;

The Intergovernmental Conference on
Oceanographic Research, convened by
UNESCO, met in Copenhagen, Denmark, July
11-16, 1960. The Conference adopted reso-
lutions for the General Conference of UNESCO
in November 1960, concerned with: (a) the
establishment within the framework of that a-
gency ofan International Oceanographic Com-
mission made up of representatives of nations
willing to participate in oceanographic pro-
grams which require concerted action by the
nations; (b) the assistance and strengthening
of national and regional research training
institutions, especially in relation to the In-
ternational Indian Ocean Expedition; (c) the
study of the feasibility and advisability of op-
eration by UNESCO of an international re-
search and training vessel (which study should
be undertaken by the Intergovernmental Oce-
anographic Commission) and the necessary
steps taken to start such an operation if rec-
ommended by the Commission,

In November 1960 the UNESCO Council
authorized establishment of an Office of Oce-
anography as a part of UNESCO. At thesame
time, it set up an Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission, (Pacific Science Asso-
ciation Information Bulletin, January 1961.)

WHALING

PRICE HIGHER FOR 1960/61 SEASON
ANTARCTIC WHALE OIL:

The International Association of Whaling
Companies reports that about 220,000 tons of
whale oil of the 1960/61 season have been
sold by the British, Dutch, Japanese, and
Norwegian whaling companies. About 190,000
tons have been bought by a large Britishfirm
and about 30,000 tons by the three Norwegian
hardening plants. In addition, the British
firm has purchased 10,000 tons of whale oil
from the stocks held by the British Ministry
of Food. The price for the entire quantity is
reported to be £73 10s. (US$205.80) a long
ton or £1 ($2.80) more than the price for oil
produced in the 1959/60 season. It is also
reported the entire Norwegian production of
10,500 tons of sperm oil has been sold,

Although the Norwegian expeditions plan-
ned to continue operations until April 7, the
weather in the Antarctic was reported to be
very unfavorable and it was uncertain wheth-

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

er the Norwegian expeditions would reach the
quota of 5,800 blue-whale units. United
States Embassy, Oslo, March 24, 1961.)

>

Angola

SUBSIDY ON FISH MEAL
EXPORTS ENDED:

With the close of 1960, the Angolan Insti-
tute of Fishing Industries ceased granting
subsidies to exporters of fish meal. The
funds provided for this purpose were suffici-
ent only for the period July 1 to December
31, 1960; the authority governing this ex-
pired and was not renewed. The subsidy has
been withdrawn because of the need for the
Government to economize and divert money
to more important projects and because the
world market price for machine-dried fish
meal has risen to about $85 per metric ton.
That figure roughly approximates the costs
of production of many Angolan producers, ac-
cording to the Fishing Institute. (United
States Consulate, Luanda, February 24, 1961.)

=

SHRIMP LANDINGS FROM THE
RAWSON AREA POOR:

According to the January 4, 1961, issue of
the Argentine newspaper La Prensa, over
half of the 40 fishing vessels that sailed to
the shrimp grounds near Rawson, Province
of Chubut, returned to northern waters be-
cause of a scarcity of shrimp this season,
Returning fishermen attribute the scarcity
to the large catches of the past five years
which supposedly included young and breed-
ing shrimp.

Argentina

Last year also was an extremely poor
year for the Argentine shrimp industry.
However, the fishermen's explanation that
overfishing is creating the scarcities is not
substantiated by scientific investigators.
There is no satisfactory answer for the fluc-
tuations in the shrimp fishery in the Rawson
area, A poor catch in 1961 will seriously
affect those firms which were organized in
the past four years to export shrimp to the
United States. (United States Embassy,
Buenos Aires, January 4, 1961.)

Ke DORO

Vole eZonw Now

Australia

SHRIMP INDUSTRY:

There was a sharp decrease in the amount of Australian
shrimp exports, particularly to the United States in the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1960. Total exports, which had
risen to more than 427,000 pounds in 1958/59, dropped to
only 209,795 pounds in 1959/60 and are estimated to be
running at an annual rate of under 200,000 pounds this
fiscal year, July 1, 1960-June 30, 1961. Even more marked
has been the decrease in exports to the United States (in-
cluding Hawaii) which fell from 385,932 pounds (90 percent
of total shrimp exports) in 1958/59 to 35,330 pounds in
1959/60 (only 27 percent of total shrimp exports). Exports
to the United States for 1960/61 are estimated to be about
26,000 pounds,

ie Table 1- Australian Shrimp Export by Country .

of Destination, 1959/60 and 1960/61

=

1959/60

1960/61

July 1- June 30 July 1-June 30

Destination

{United States
Seances ho Osaki
ew Guinea Area.
{New Caledonia. .
Fiji, New
Hebrides... ..
JOURETS) oie senate: ie

MOtallyouceens
[i/Estimated.

129,100 | 69,200 134,481

The Australian Fisheries Division can offer no explana-
tion for the sharp reduction in shrimp exports to the United
States, which has taken place in spite of the considerable
rise in total heads-on landings from over 6.7 million pounds
in 1958/59 to 7.8 million pounds in 1959/60. Officials are
only able to speculate that a rapid increase in the catch and
availability of large banana shrimp has attracted Australian
consumer attention, and domestic demand and prices for all
kinds of shrimp have risen as a consequence. Coupled with
this is the fact that consumer demand for shrimp in nearby
New Guinea has also risen sharply. With local demand ap-
parently sufficiently high to support profitable prices, fisher-
men have turned away from the distant United States markets
to local and nearby markets,

The main shrimp fishing grounds are located on the east
coast of Australia between Nowra in New South Wales and
Yeppoon in Queensland. Shrimp fishing is not carried out
along the entire length of this coastline, but is concentrated
around ports such as Nowra, Newcastle, Maclean, and Evans
Head in New South Wales, and Southport, Moreton Bay, Tin
Can Bay, Bundaberg, Gladstone, and Yeppoon in Queensland.
Over 90 percent of the Australian shrimp landings come
from that area, The remainder comes from Southern New
South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia.

Shrimp‘are available from the above areas, which run
from tropical to temperate zones, over most months of the
year. In Queensland, banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis)
are obtained in Hervey Bay and off Yeppoon from May to
August. King shrimp (Penaeus plebejus) are taken off
Fraser Island from July to September and off Moreton Island
from November to February. In New South Wales school
shrimp (Metapenaeus macleayi) and king shrimp are taken
during the December-April period.

Although there are 5 plants in New South Wales and 8
in Queensland registered to process shrimp by freezing for
export, they do not all export their production. One firm in
New South Wales, which is registered to can shrimp for ex~

May 1961

Australia (Contd.):

port, has packed less than 20,000 pounds to date, all of which
have been sold on the Australian market. There is very little
trend towards mechanization in the existing plants. In most
plants, sorting, peeling, and heading, etc, are carried out by
female labor, Only one plant uses automatic grading ma-
chines; there are no peeling machines in Australia.

Most vessels built for Australian fisheries are designed
so that with slight modifications they can be used in other
fisheries. Therefore, there is no specific shrimp fleet as
such and there is no specific construction program for
shrimp vessels. All existing shrimp fishing vessels are
owned by Australians or Australian companies.

There are at present no export controls, subsidies, or
taxes levied on shrimp exports by the Australian Government.
The wages paid to employees in Australian processing plants
are: (1) Full-time employees receive the basic wage plus a
margin for skill. The basic wage in New South Wales and
Queensland is £14 14s. (US$ 33.36) and £13 16s. ($31.32) per
week, respectively. The margins range up to approximately
hl 10s. ($3.40) per week. (2) Employees on piece work who
are generally females, are paid on the quantity handled.

The most recent data available (1957) for Queensland is:
grading 1d. (0.9 U.S. cent) a pound; heading and grading 1.5d.
(1.4 cents) a pound to 2d, (1.8 cents) a pound, layer packing
1d. (0.9 cent) to 2d, (1.8 cent) a pound according to grade.
The greater the number of shrimp per pound the higher the
rate.

Payment to the fishermen varies slightly but in all cases
full payment for shrimp delivered is made within one month
of delivery.

No accurate data are available on fishermen’s income,
However, as the majority of shrimp fishermen engage in
other types of fishing it can be assumed that the income from
shrimp fishing alone is insufficient for economic operation of
the fishing vessel.

With further exploratory shrimp trawling in waters adja-
cent to the northern coastline of Australia there is a good
possibility that the Australian shrimp catch will be increased,

Shrimp in Australia probably include the banana, tiger, and
western king shrimp (Penaeus latisulcatus), which are suit-
able for export to most countries.

The banana shrimp which is expected to be found in com-
“mercial quantities in the tropics has already been exported
to the United States where it is classified as a ‘‘white’’
shrimp. The western king shrimp may be suitable for export
to the United States as a ‘‘pink’’ shrimp. (United States
Embassy in Canberra, November 30, 1960.)

Ba ad bes bet ES

CANNED FISH IMPORT STATUS
CHANGED FROM QUOTA TO
REPLACEMENT BASIS:

All Australian canned fish imports were
transferred on January 1 from a quota to a
replacement basis.

Norms will be established on the basis of
twice the value of Category A quotas held by
importers at December 31, 1960. The value
of outstanding licenses will be taken into ac-
count in calculating the amounts initially
available under norms. The replacement
system enables licenses to be granted to
new importers.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

The application, last April, by the Fish
Canners' Association of Australia for a Tar-
iff Board hearing on canned fish has been
granted. The Association will ask for in-
creased import duties.

The Board will report whether assistance
should be given to the Australian fish-canning
industry; if so, what assistance; and, if as-
sistance should be given by Customs tariff,
what the rates of duty should be. (Australian
Fisheries Newsletter, February 1961.)

rigoeat: bi yd a

TUNA LANDINGS IN NEW SOUTH
WALES SET NEW RECORD:

The 1960/61 tuna season in New South
Wales, which began badly with some weeks
of unfavorable weather, by January 10 had
produced record landings of 2,250 short tons.
The fish were delivered to the cannery at
Eden. It was also the first time the Eden de-
liveries had topped the 2,000-ton mark,

Between December 15 (when it seemed
that the season was tapering off)and January
10, the cannery received 300 tons of tuna.
On January 12 some boats were still out look-
ing for more fish.

To the Eden deliveries of 2,250 tons must
be added tuna taken to South Australia by re-
frigerated trucks and fishing boats, the minor
normal buying by a Sydney cannery, and some
tuna used for other purposes. But even at
2,250 tons, the 1960/61 New South Wales tuna
catch is well above the previous record of
1,964 tons in 1959/60,

The tuna were taken this year in bursts,
which sometimes overtaxed the Eden freezer.
The cannery notified the Tuna Boat Owners'
Association of Australia daily of the quantity
of fish it could handle.

In 1953/54, the New South Wales tuna catch
first reached the substantial total of 526 short
tons.

New South Wales tuna landings, in short
tons, 1953/54-1960/61 were as follows:
1960/612/ 2,250; 1959/60, 1,964; 1958/59,
1,945; 1957/58, 965; 1956/57, 841; 1955/56,
327; 1954/55, 460; and 1953/54, 526. (Aus-
tralian Fisheries Newsletter, February 1961)
1/To January 10, 1961...

*

£e

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Austria

FISH MEAL MARKET:

Austria, an inland country, has no marine
fishing industry and no domestic production
of fish meal, The quantity of fish meal con-
sumed is equal to the quantity imported.

Consumption of fish meal is insignificant
when considering that approximately 1.3 mil-
lion metric tons of grains plus large quanti-
ties of hay and other feeds are fed to live-
stock annually, and that only about 12,800
metric tons of fish meal were imported in
1959.

Imports of fish meal and fish waste unfit
for human consumption (tariff #23.01-B) are
duty-free and liberalized from both the dol-
lar and European areas. Imports are ef-
fected by importers and wholesalers of feed-
stuffs and a few large producers of mixed
feeds.

The most important countries of origin of
Austrian fish meal imports are Angola, Nor-
way, and Peru, which supply about 90 per-
cent of the imports.

Austria's Imports of Fish Meal, 1959

fe ens Oe a

12, 823 2 =

Practically all of the imported fish meal
is used for the production of mixed feeds.

Prices range from 2,600 to 3,800 schil-
lings a metric ton (US$100.00-146.15 a met-
ric ton) free on Austrian border, according
to country of origin, quality, protein content,
and world market fluctuations. (United States
Consulate, Vienna, February 20, 1961.)

Note: US$1.00 equals about 26.0 Austrian schillings,

Vol. 23, No. 5

Belgium

FISH-MEAL PRICES, MARCH 1961:

Belgium fish-meal prices early in March
1961 were about unchanged for domestic fish
meals but slightly higher than a month earlier
for imported fish meals. Imported Meal: 65
percent protein, US$80.60 per metric ton or a-
bout $73.12 a short ton, c.&f. Antwerp (80-90
percent digestible). Domestic Whole Meal
(fish solubles added): 62 percent protein
$99.20 a metric ton or about $90.00 a short
ton f.o.b. plant (93-94 percent digestible).
Domestic Regular Meal: 50-55 percent pro-
tein, $69.50-76.45 a metric ton or about
$63.05-69.36 a short ton f.o.b. plant (about
90 percent digestible), (United States Con-
sulate, Antwerp, March 6, 1961.)

British North Borneo

SHRIMP RESOURCES OFF
NORTH BORNEO SURVEYED:

The Kagawa Prefecture Overseas Fisher-
ies Co. in Shikoku has sent four vessels--
the Kagawa Maru No. 1, 215 tons, and Kagawa
Maru No. 2, “75 tons, and two trawlers of the
40-ton r class from Takamatsu, Kagawa Pre-
fecture, to Sandakan (located in the northeast-
ern section of British North Borneo on the
Sulu Sea), to explore the shrimp-fishing poten-
tial in that area,

The contract on the fishing vessels can be
renewed at the end of three months, but wheth-
er or not a joint company may be established
depends upon the results of the exploratory
fishing. Besides the Kagawa Prefecture firm,
two other Japanese fishery firms are also
participating in the enterprise: (The Suisan
Tsushin, January 7, 1961.)

se keok ke
ee RT

SHRIMP FISHERY OF STATE
OF BRUNEI UNDEVELOPED:

According to a statement by the Govern-
ment of the British North Borneo's State of
Brunei, there is no organized shrimp indus-
try in Brunei.

Shrimp are usually caught near the shore.
The fishermen wade into the water, at times
shoulder high, each one pushing a net in front
of him. Little or no shrimp fishing is done
from boats. Therefore, the catch at times is
considerable and at other times negligible.

May 1961

British North Borneo (Contd.):

Catches are seasonal and depend on lo-
calities. It is said that large catches are ob-
tained in Brunei Bay during one short period
in the year, usually about February. From
the open seas the shrimp come inshore in
large numbers, perhaps once every one or
two months.

Shrimp fishing is a village industry.
There are no freezing, canning, or other
plants in Brunei. The catch is normally
made into paste (Belachan) or dried, Such
processing is done by the fisherman and his
family. A small portion of the catch is sold
fresh in the local market.

No statistics are available for the total
annual landings of shrimp, which are made
up of two varieties. Thesmaller and more a-
bundant variety is known locally as "bubok buy-
ah.’ The larger, averaging about 13 inches in
length, is locally known as "bubok tambak.'

There is no export of shrimp or shrimp
products from Brunei. The catch is insuf-
ficient to meet local demand and all shrimp
fishing is a family-type venture.

Any possibility of expanding the industry
is dependent on the discovery of further fish-
ing grounds. However, little or nothing is
known on this aspect and considerable re-
search would be required before a substan-
tial expansion could be attempted. (United
States Consulate, Singapore, February 14,
1961.)

Note: The State of Brunei is west of the San Dakar area where
the Japanese are surveying the shrimp resources of the SuluSea.

British Columbia Herring Landings and Products,

Season Ending:

March 12,
19601/

District No. 3:
Lower East Coast .. .
Middle East Coast
Upper East Coast...
West Coast

1/Limited operations.
2/Less than three companies reporting.
s

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA DOGFISH
LIVER LANDINGS AS OF MARCH 15:

The dogfish liver landings in British
Columbia under the Government Subsidy
Program as of March 29, 1961, totaled
910,711 pounds and the subsidy paid for the
livers amounted to C$109,285.

The subsidy on British Columbia dogfish
livers was raised from 10 cents to 12 cents
a pound in October 1960. The Canadian Gov-
ernment voted C$150,000 for special pay-
ment on dogfish livers, for the season end-
ing March 31, 1961. This represents a 12
cents subsidy on 1,250,000 pounds of dogfish
livers,

In the 1959/60 season, which started in
mid-August 1959 and ended on March 31,
1960, a total of 1,500,000 pounds of livers
were taken under the subsidy plan. The Gov-
ernment spent $150,000 at 10 cents a pound,
Although $250,000 was available for the sub-
sidy in . 1959/60, not enough dogfish were
caught to use all of that amount. (Western
Fisheries, October 1960.)

Sere stemmole ns eae

BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING LANDINGS
AND PRODUCTS, 1955/56-1960/61:

Herring landings in British Columbia dur-
ing the 1960/61 season amounted to 171,941
short tons as compared with 185,153 tons
landed in the 1959/60 season. Fishing activ-
ities in both the 1960/61 and 1959/60 seasons
were curtailed somewhat due to market con-
ditions for fish meal and disputes over ex-
vessel prices. The yield of herring oil in

1960/61 Season with Comparisons

March 14, March 1

1959 195

4,545,845 | 1,900,775 3,452,762
2/ 2/ 2/

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

1960/61 was the lowest per-ton of raw her-
ring in the past six years.

He kk ke ok ok

NEW BRUNSWICK FISH-MEAL
PRICES, MID-MARCH 1961:

Fish-meal prices (60 percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick, Canada, producers
in mid-March this year were C$87-90 ashort
ton (C$1.45-1.50 a protein unit), up about
C$6.00 a ton from the prices of mid-Febru-
ary 1961. Prices in February were C$81-84
a short ton (C$1.35-1.40 a protein unit) for
both domestic and export sales. (United
States Consulate, Saint John, N.B., March14,
1961.)

Ceylon

MOTORIZATION OF PRIMITIVE CRAFT
RAISES FISHERMEN'S CATCH:

In 1951, the Government of Ceylon de-
cided to start mechanizing fishing boats,
using the advice of Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) experts and utilizing
boat designs first developed by FAO naval
architects in India for Indian fishing vessels.
Many hundreds of existing boats were mech-
anized. Then in 1958, an ambitious plan
called for 8,000 mechanized boats to be built
within the next 10 years. An FAO naval ar-
chitect was requested and a Finnish expert
in the mass production of boats, engines,
and tools was sent to Ceylon,

The Finnish expert studied the Ceylonese
methods of boat building and the purpose for
which the boats were needed. Then he de-
signed a boat which introduced many im-
provements and is included among the 600
mechanized boats built in Ceylon during 1959
and 1960,

But the Finnish expert's most interesting
work began when he proved that even the
most primitive rafts (the teppans or sailing
rafts) could be mechanized with outboard
motors, boosting the Ceylonese fishermen's
catch by almost 600 percent and their in-
come by 300 percent. (The teppans are shal-
low craft built of several logs lashed to-
gether.)

Vol. 23, No. 5

He put 5-hp. outboards on big teppans and
recorded the results. Without the engines,
the boats averaged a catch of 358 pounds of
fish monthly valued at 185 rupees (US$38.94).

Teppans or catamarans--fishing craft built of several pieces of
wood put together very simply and a sail--are the type of craft
used by many Ceylonese fishermen.

With the engines enabling the teppans to reach
the distant and deeper fishing grounds, the
mechanized rafts averaged 2,435 pounds of
fish monthly, a catch valued at 1,462 rupees
($307.79). This 580-percent increase incatch
was recorded in August 1960, which is con-
sidered a bad fishing month.

"There is a difference between mecha-
nizing a boat, designing it for an engine plus
net-handling gear, and motorizing a boat by
the use of an outboard motor," said the Fin-
nish expert. He added, ''some 2,500 of the
7,500 large 30-foot teppans used in northern
Ceylon could be motorized. We should try
to use the local craft, with its many advan-
tages such as shallow draft and no need of
harbor facilities as much as possible, espe-
cially until the other mechanized boats and
harbors are built."

The Finnish expert, who has returned to
Ceylon to work with the mechanization pro-
gram there until the end of 1962, plans to
start experimenting with motorizing the
small 16-foot teppans used in southern Ceylon

May 1961

Ceylon (Contd.):

to see if the outboard motors will bring as
good results as they did on the larger tep-
pans in northern Ceylon.

The need for fish in Ceylon is obvious,
for although the island country has 90,000
fishermen, it still has to import fish. The
marketing and distribution system there
needs to be streamlined, said the expert, for
old-fashioned methods of marketing still
keep the price of fish up.

Sy)
Chile

EXPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND OIL,
1960 AND JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1961:

All exports of fish meal and oil during
the first two months of 1961 by Chile orig-
inated with fish meal plants in Arica and
Iquique which operate with a 20-30 percent
subsidy. The export price of fish meal ear-
ly in March was$72-$75 a metric ton ($65,32-
68.04 a short ton). There has been an in-
crease of about $10 a metric ton since the
first of the year. This increase results from
the shortage of Peruvian meal, according to
trade sources.

Table 1 - Chilean Exports of Fish Meal and Oil,
January-February 1961

January Exports
ish Meal:
United States ....
Netherlands

"February Exports —
United States .... 99 9,182
Netherlands 648 Ry Aas)
120 7,440

92.75
86.00
62.00

: El Informativo. Organo oficial de la Camara Central de
Comercio de Chile y de la Camara de Santiago. Official ex-
port figures are published by the Central Bank of Chile.

The Central Bank of Chile has published
revised statistics for the year 1960. These
data showa substantial increase (from 26,433
metric tons valued at US$1,990,690 to 28,155
tons valued at $2,011,600) in the exports of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

fish meal obtained earlier from the same
source. The revised figures, which are still
preliminary, are as follows:

Table 2 - Chilean Exports of Fish Meal and Oil, 1960
S sy

United States .
Netherlands

sive ket feiss ce

Source: Boletin de Embarques, Banco Central de Chile, De-
partamento de Comercio Exterior Seccion Exportaciones, Feb-
ruary 1961.

In March the three modern fishing boats
brought to Chile for experimental fishing
under a U.S. International Cooperation Ad-
ministration contract moved to Iquique to fish
for a fishing company in that port. Each
trawler has about 70 tons capacity and is
equipped with all the modern fishing aids.
(United States Embassy in Santiago, March 7,
OG)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 49.

FISHING FLEET RECONSTRUCTION
AIDED BY FINNISH EXPERT:

A Finnish boat-building expert who has
been aiding the Ceylonese fishing industry
under the auspices of the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization was detailed to Chile for
three months after the earthquakes and tidal
waves struck that country in May 1960, to
aid in rebuilding the southern Chilean fishing
fleet. His task was to organize the building
of 400 small fishing boats and build them bet-
ter than before.

A check of the southern Chilean shipyards
showed that the builders were again building
large rowboats, which are traditionally used
for fishing and transportation among the is-
lands of southern Chile, one of the largest
archipelagos in the world.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Chile (Contd.):

"These boats have room for passengers,
but not for fishing,"’ the Finnish expert
stated, So he modified the boats by design-
ing an 83-meter (27.9 feet) fishing boat, with
a high bow and large open space to take in
nets.

However, still with the idea of proving
what mechanization can do when coupled
with traditional methods of fishing, even us-
ing something as unlikely as a rowboat, the
expert recommended that 30 two-man row-
boats be equipped with outboard engines and
nylon nets and that the results be recorded,

"T estimate that the catch nearly will
double with one nylon net,'' said the Finnish
expert. ''The catch will more than double
when a 5-hp. engine is added and it will go
up 7 times when three nylon nets and a 10-
hp. engine are used, The outboards will en-
able the rowboats to get to better and farther
fishing grounds," he added.

Denmark

FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES PRICES,
FEB. 26-MAR. 4, 1961:

Export prices for Danish herring meal
were being quoted at 725-790 Danish kroner
per metric ton (US$95.37-103.92 a short ton)
f.o.b. Esbjerg, during the week of February
26-March 4, 1961. One large shipment of
fish meal to Poland brought 895 kroner a
ton ($117.74 a short ton).

There were no export sales of fish solu-
bles during the week ending March 4, 1961,
but during the preceding week a substantial
shipment was made to West Germany at an
export price of 520 kroner per ton ($68.40 a
short ton). (United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen, March 20, 1961.)

ALE

France

FISH MEAL AND OIL PRICES,
DECEMBER 1960:

Average fish meal and oil prices re-
ported for December 1960 by the head of
the French Fish Meal Manuafacturers Asso-
ciation were as follows:

Vol, 23, No. 5

US$/Short

Content (4 tree

101.21-104.88
134,33

rench « oil (h (herring, aa
"
1 PERE loaded sel car or truck, 15 metric tons minimum.
2/Loaded aboard carFrench port, customs paid, 15 metric tons
minimum.
Note: Values converted at rate of 4.93 new francs equal US$1.

(United States Embassy, Paris, January 16,
1961.)

German Federal Republic

REPORT ON WORLD-
WIDE FISH MEAL
PRODUCTION AND DEMAND:

A study of world-wide fish-meal production and demand
has been made by the head of the Fisheries Section of the
West German Food Ministry. The study was prompted by
the fact that West Germany is the second largest consumer
of fish meal in the world and that recent developments in the
world market for fish meal have had a detrimental impact on
the West German fishing trade.

After reviewing in his study the significance of fish meal
for feeding purposes and of fish flour for human consumption,
as well as postwar production developments, the head of the
Fisheries Section arrived at the conclusion that until 1959 the
world supply of fish meal was about 100,000-200,000 metric
tons a year short of demand, In his opinion, this shortage
was responsible for the relatively high fish-meal prices which
prevailed until 1959. In spite of the upswing in world produc-
tion of fish meal, caused primarily by expanded production in
Peru beginning in 1959, he believes it is doubtful that there is
actually an oversupply of fish meal in the world market, He
attributes the slump in fish-meal prices which began in early
1960 primarily to ruinous competition among Peruvian ex-
porters, and he believes that increasing demand will probably
cause fish~meal prices to rise again in 1961, although not to
preslump levels.

In his analysis of future developments, the head of the
Fisheries Section states his belief that world fish-meal pro-
duction will continue to rise, not only because countries with
highly developed fisheries will increase the utilization of fish
offal for reduction purposes, but primarily because develop-
ing countries with plans for expanding their fisheries will find
fish-meal production the easiest way of utilizing their catches.
He belieyes that demand for fish meal will increase also, but
that fish meal will have to meet competition from vegetable-
protein feeds (for instance, soya meal), enriched by synthet-
ic amino acids and vitamin concentrates. He states that price
will determine the future sales of fish meal, and quotes ex-
perts as saying that fish meal, delivered c.i.f. European sea-
port, will probably find a price ceiling of about $100-110 per
metric ton.

In his opinion, fish-meal producers should make special
efforts to open up new markets for fish meal (for instance,
in Spain, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Israel) and that the pro~
duction of fish flour should receive more attention, The Ger-
man official is finally of the opinion that the more advanced

May 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

fishery nations, particularly those in Europe, will have to a-
dapt themselves to future developments by utilizing their fish
catches primarily for human consumption and by restricting

fish meal production to the processing of fish offal and what-
ever landings cannot readily be absorbed by the market.

In advancing the opinion that the catching of fish solely for
reduction purposes will eventually cease to be a profitable
business for the more advanced fishery countries, particular-
ly those in Europe, the West German expert apparently be-
lieves that the more developed countries cannot compete in
this field with the developing countries.

Despite the difficulties which prompted this study, West
Germany has so far not taken any measures to cope with the
problems which have arisen for its fishery trade and its fish~
meal industry as a result of the price slump following the ex-
pansion of Peruvian fish-meal production, Although only re-
cently the West German Deep-Sea Trawlers Association again
requested the Government to introduce an import levy for fish
meal to operate in the same manner as the levy for grain, the
German Federal Government, according to trade sources, has
delayed action because it wanted to negotiate first with Peru,
and also because there has been a certain opposition from the
farmers against raising the price of fish meal, (United States
Consulate, Bremen, March 3, 1961.)

Ke ook ok ook

FISH MEAL PRICES,
MARCH 10, 1961:

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of March10, 1961, for fish meal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, orc.&f,
West German sea port (See table).

Fish meal prices on the Hamburg ex-
change on March 10, 1961, were somewhat
lower for both domestic and imported fish

Type of Fish Meal

German fish meal.......
3 ee ¥ eeooeeoee
o> ”

* std, brands
Peruvian fish meal ......

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

Guatemala

JAPANESE-GUATEMALAN
SHRIMP FISHERY PLANNED:

Preparations were being made in mid-
February 1961 for two Japanese companies
to establish a joint Japanese-Guatemalan firm
to fish for shrimp off Central America. Ex-
perimental operations by a Guatemalan fish-
ery company beginning December 1960 proved
extremely satisfactory. Using 10 fishing boats
of the 50-ton class (chartered Panamanian
vessels), the shrimp catch was some 80 tons
per month, several times as much as the yield
of shrimp fishing in the East China Sea area.

The experimental operation was carried
out under Japan's technical guidance and in-
vestment, and the fishing ground at its near-
est point is 5-6 miles offshore where water
is only about 10 meters deep. The cost of
the operation is small. For the present, there
is only a small cold-storage plant at Cham-
perico, and its capacity is not large enough
to take care of landings which have been far
beyond expectation.

The new joint Japanese-Guatemalan fish-
ery company is expected to be established in
April-May 1961 with a capital of $1 million
(49 percent supplied by Japanese and 51 per-
cent by Guatemalan interests), Landings of
300 tons a month, using some 30 fishing
vessels, or 3,500 tons per year are plan-

Protein Content (%) DM/Metric Ton US$/Short Ton

Mar.-May 1961

March 1961
prompt

Apr.-June 1961

Aug.-Oct, 1961

Icelandic cod meal.... ..

Mar, 1961

Danish herring meal .....

Apr.-June 1961

137.21

Note: Values converted at rate of 4,00 deutsche marks equal US$1.

meal on prompt delivery, but trended higher
on futures.
men, March 13, 1961.)

(United States Consulate, Bre-

ned,
1961.)

Note: Champerico is on the Pacific Coast of Guatemala where
shrimp fishing is good year-round.

(The Suisan Tsushin, February 18,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

iceland

FISHING INDUSTRY LABOR
DISPUTE SETTLED EXCEPT
FOR WESTMAN ISLANDS:

The fishermen's unions at Reykjavik,
Hafnarfjordur, and Akranes reached agree-
ment with the motorboat owners on February
19, 1961, regarding wage and share terms
which cover primarily the inshore spring cod
and haddock fisheries. The only remaining
labor trouble as of February 23 in the indus-
try was in the Westman Islands. The settle-
ment conformed to the agreement reached
January 24 as the result of countrywide bar-
gaining, with a few minor adjustments cov-
ering local conditions,

During the month-long labor dispute, many
of the fishermen signed on vessels in other
towns and the vessel owners in the Reykjavik,
Hafnarfjordur, and Akranes areas were un-
able to find sufficient crewmen. (United
States Embassy, Reykjavik, February 23,
1961.)

ste se
piel Foci ie. ee oe

GOVERNMENT RESOLUTION TO SETTLE
FISHING LIMIT DISPUTE WITH BRITISH:

On February 27, 1961, the Icelandic Gov-
ernment submitted for Althing approval a
resolution authorizing the Government to
settle the dispute with the British over fish-
ing limits. The four main points of the reso-
lution are:

(1) Britain recognizes immediately the
12-mile fishery zone of Iceland.

(2) Britain recognizes important changes
in the base lines in four places around the
country which extend the fishery zone by
5,065 square kilometers,

(3) British vessels will be permitted to
fish within specific areas between the 6- and
12-mile limits for a limited length of time
each year during the next three years.

(4) The Government of Iceland declares
that it will continue to work for implemen-
tation of the parliamentary resolution of
May 5, 1959, regarding the extension of the
fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland, and
that any dispute on actions that may be taken
be referred to the International Court of
Justice. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
March 7, 1961.)

3K OK OK OK 3K

Vol. 23, No. 5

REGULATIONS ON TRAWLING
WITHIN 12-MILE FISHING ZONE ISSUED:
The Government of Iceland has issued new
trawling regulations applicable both to for-
eign and Icelandic vessels for the waters off
Iceland, effective March 11, 1961. These
regulations are complicated, but in essence,
where British trawlers have gained advan-
tages, Icelandic trawlers have been given at
least comparable treatment. Trawling by
vessels of all other nations must take place
outside the 12-mile fishing limits. Changes
in base lines, allowed by the British agree-
ment, have pushed the 12-mile limits sea-
ward, embracing an additional 5,065 square
kilometers of fishing grounds,

The Government instructed the Icelandic
Coast Guard to deal leniently with non-Brit-
ish vessels which might engage in trawling
within the new protected area set up by the
bilateral agreement between Iceland and
Great Britain, The Coast Guard charged the
British fishing vessel Othello of Hull with
trawling within the protected area on March
19. The vessel was brought to Reykjavik
and fined the equivalent of over US$6,000.
Its catch and fishing gear also were confis-
cated. However, the trawler captain has ap-
pealed the case to the Icelandic Supreme
Court, the United States Embassy in Reykja-
vik reported on March 24, 1961.

SShusisie oanaereueane

TRAWLER OWNERS CONTINUE
AGREEMENT NOT TO LAND
FRESH FISH IN BRITAIN:

The Icelandic Trawler and Fishing Vessel
Owners continued their voluntary agreement
not to land fresh fish in British ports, de-
spite the settlement on March 11, 1961, of
the fisheries dispute with Great Britain with
reference to Icelandic fishing limits.

The Icelandic press reported that the Brit-
ish Trawler Officers Association has threat-
ened to go on strike if Icelandic vessels be-
gan fresh fish landings. The Association had
demanded that the British Government offer
assurances that Iceland would not further ex-
tend its fishing limits, states a March 24,
1961, dispatch from the United States Embas-
sy in Reykjavik.

May 1961

Japan

CONSTRUCTION OF
TUNA VESSELS
CONTINUE INCREASE:

Japanese construction of pelagic tuna vessels continues
to increase and every shipyard has more orders than they
can handle. The two shipyards in Shimizu, Shizuoka Pre-
fecture, are building more than half of the tuna vessels be-
ing constructed in Japan.

In 1960 one of the shipyards in Shimizu constructed 28
vessels (9,740 tons), of which 26 were tuna vessels. The
second shipyard built 39 vessels (12,450 tons), of which 26
(9,190 tons) were tuna vessels. The construction of tuna
vessels by the two shipyards in 1960 was 60 percent great~
er than the 33 vessels (11,400 tons) built in 1959. These
tuna vessels are of the 300-ton class, and the vessel own-
ers are located in Shizuoka Prefecture, including Yaizu
and Omaezaki, also in Ibaragi and Kanagawa Prefecture.

The construction of tuna vessels after World War II be-
came active in 1947 and 1948 to replace those that became
useless or were sunk during the war. It was called the first
construction boom of tuna vessels. The second boom oc~
curred in 1952 and 1953 when the MacArthur Line was abol-
ished and building of larger fishing vessels became possible
under a new law; and 10,000 tons to 18,000 tons of tuna ves~
sels were built in Japan,

The third boom arrived in 1956 with the development of
the fishing grounds in the Indian Ocean in 1955, and larger
vessels became the rule. The average vessel tonnage rose
from 370 tons in 1953 to 500 tons in 1956 when 18,000 tons

were built.

The present boom began in 1959, reflecting the favorable
conditions of the industry in general and coincided with the
replacement of vessels constructed after the war. In that
year in Japan, a total of 76 tuna vessels (25,000 tons) were
launched. The development of fishing grounds in the Atlan-
tic and a decline in salmon fishing and Antarctic whaling en-
couraged the tuna vessel boom and the increase in the prices
of fishing-vessel rights accelerated it.

Three years have elapsed since the beginning of the last
tuna~vessel building boom, and signs indicate that it will con-
tinue unless there is a business setback.

So far orders for more than 60 vessels have been received
at both Shimizu shipyards this year, and conditions are such
that no space is available for setting up another keel before
the end of the year. How to handle orders that are expected
for the balance of this year is said to be a problem for those
in charge of construction work at the shipyards, (Fisheries
Economic News, March 4, 1961.)

7 OK Ae OK OK

INDIAN OCEAN BLUEFIN
TUNA FISHING POOR:

Concern is being expressed over the un-
expected poor fishing by Japanese tuna ves-
sels for Indian bluefin tuna in the Indian
Ocean and in the waters off the Java coast
and to the west of Australia. This fishery
for Indian bluefin tuna, which is highly
prized on the Japanese market as ''sashimi''
(raw fish cut in thin slices and flavored with
soy sauce), normally starts in October and
extends to April of the following year,

According to reports, poor fishing during
the early part of the current season has com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

pelled many vessels to remain on the fishing
grounds for longer periods, as long as 20 days,
thereby compelling them to miss the profita-
ble New Year's trade. Catches in late Novem-
ber to mid-December are said to have aver-
aged less than three metric tons a day, or a-
bout half of what they were a year ago.

Fishing picked up in late December, with
catches averaging about 6 metric tons a day
per vessel; catches then dropped to about 3
metric tons a day in early January, increased
to 10 metric tons in mid-January, and drop-
ped drastically in late January. Fishermen
believe that this 10-day cyclical change in
fishing conditions may be associated with the
moon-phase. They claim that catches fell
drastically on moonlit periods.

Due to the difficulty in finding good fishing
grounds and fluctuating catches, some of the
larger long-line vessels engaged in this fish-
ery Switched to the big-eyed tuna fishery east
of 100° E. longitude, where catches of 10 met-
ric tons a day of big-eyed tuna were reported.

However, exploratory fishing conducted by
the Shizuoka prefectural research vessel
Daifuji Maru in the area south of 35° S, lati-
tude indicates that catches may fluctuate
periodically but bluefin should be available
over a wide area until April. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, February 13, 1961.)

XK OK IS

NORTH-BORNEO TUNA FISHING
ENTERPRISE TO EXPAND:

The Japanese fishery firm engaged ina
North Borneo-Japanese tuna-fishing enter -
prise is said to have decided to expand the
operations established in cooperation with the
British North Borneo Government in May 1960.

The Japanese-North Borneo enterprise
was established with 100 percent investment
by the Japanese firm at a base on a small is-
land, using the Ginyo Maru, freezer -factory-
ship of the 4,000-ton class, and six skipjack
hook-and-line boats of the 35-ton class. The
catch is processed into dried skipjack sticks
and exported to Ceylon.

The Japanese firm intends to strengthen
operations on land as well as at sea and ear-
ly in 1961 a cold-storage facility was plan-
ned for the base and a new fishing ground
may be developed using a purse-seiner of
the 160-ton class. The cold-storage facility
will have a capacity of 60 tons and ice-making

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

Japan (Contd.):

capacity of 20 tons a day. Since the use of
small skipjack hook-and-line vessels limits
the efficiency of the operation, the skipjack
purse seiner (Taiho Maru) will be added and
experimental fishing will be carried out in the
the Sulu Sea and around the island base. If
successful, the Japanese company intends to
replace the inefficient small vessels with
larger vessels. (Fisheries Economic News,
January 3, 1961.)

le gle se se ok
OR

JAPAN-URUGUAY TUNA
FISHING ENTERPRISE:

The Eikyo Maru, 300 tons, belonging to a
large Japanese fishery firm, left Tokyo for
Uruguay early in 1961 to participate in joint
tuna fishing between another Japanese fish-
ery firm and a Uruguay fishing group. It was
scheduled to arrive at its destination in mid-
February 1961. The vessel was expected to
start tuna fishing with a base at Montevideo
under a 3-year contract and to land some
1,000 metric tons, principally yellowfin and
albacore, per year. (The Suisan Tsushin,
January 4, 1961.)

ORK RK

TUNA FISHING TRENDS IN THE
ATLANTIC OCEAN:

The Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Ex-
perimental Station in Japan reported on tuna
fishing conditions in the Atlantic Ocean as
experienced by Japanese fishing vessels.

According to the report, tuna fishing in
the Atlantic is carried out by an increasing
number of vessels. The Japanese began
fishing in the Atlantic in 1956, In 1959, 36
Japanese vessels operated in the Atlantic
and the number increased to 50 in 1960.

The increase in vessels fishing in the Atlan-
tic is attributed (1) to the fact that tuna fish-
ing, both in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, is
believed to have reached its saturation point
and (2) larger vessels of up to 1,000 tons are
capable of fishing in distant waters.

In 1960, the fishing grounds in the east-
ern section of the Atlantic yielded a catch
rate of 7.5-11.25 tons per trip in the begin-
ning, but the rate dropped to 4.5-4.9 tons.
In the western region of the Atlantic, the
catch rate also started to decline in 1957,
The absolute quantity of tuna decreased

while the number of vessels fishing increased.
In 1961, the Japanese plan to conduct research
in the Atlantic to determine the causes for the
decreasing catch rates and also study the bi-
ology of Atlantic tuna.

The principal landing ports for tuna caught
by Japanese vessels fishing in the Atlantic are
Freetown (Guinea), Montevideo (Uruguay), Las
Palmas (Canary Islands), Venice (Italy), Cris-
tobal (Canal Zone), and others. (Japanese
newspaper, March 3, 1961.)

Se ecimoer reise tere

FISH-SAUSAGE MAKERS ASK
FOR MORE TUNA:

The Japanese Fish Sausage Association
has thrown its support to the Tuna Mother-
ship Council in its bid to obtain a larger tuna
quota. The Association is asking for an in-
crease in the tuna mothership quota and that
the increase be set aside for fish-sausage
production,

According to the Association, production
of fish sausage in 1955 totaled 9,417 metric
tons and in 1959, 71,516 metric tons. Pro-
duction in 1960 will likely be over 85,000
metric tons; in 1961 over 100,000 metric
tons. Use of tuna as an ingredient for fish
sausage has increased from two percent of
total tuna landings in 1954 to over 20 percent
(14,300 metric tons) in 1959, Supplies are
becoming increasingly inadequate. Thus, the
Government should authorize increases in
the tuna mothership quota, and such increases
utilized for fish-sausage production. (Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, February 15, 1961.)

HK OK OK 3K Fe

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1960:

In 1960, Japan exported a total of 175,627
metric tons of fishery products other than
canned, valued at US$58.4 million. The United
States, the greatest single customer for those
products, bought 45 percent of the total, or
79,087 tons valued at US$28.8 million. In ad-
dition, Japan exported 131,074 metric tons of
canned fishery products, valued at US$116.2
million. The United States again was the
most important single buyer and bought 22
percent of the total, followed closely by the
United Kingdom with 17 percent (see table 1).

In 1960, Japan also exported 234 million
pounds of marine oils valued at US$23.7 mil-
lion, The leading buyers were the Nether-

May 1961

Japan (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Japan's Exports of Principal Fishery Products, by Country of Destination, 1960

[Fish and Fish Products, Crustaceans and Molluscs,

Product and Country of Destination

not in Airtight Containers:

51

Metric Tons

1,000 Yen

United’ tates Duman Mies Sueute care Ee eee Ge ah ne 79, 087 10, 387, 483
RyjulyuvlslanGsiecmremieenienaiyaciietenisiccmiacl spre Oia lead a obod G ta ot 6, 842 616, 625
HonghKongM ements ciecsr ai cicero eee Sta ooetah baie ea to aie bee 2,210 856, 196
OTMOSAMMmIMenica Mm Repeal esas mci chon ani ck'e Reriet stented caedic etic cls) ister tle 684 120,915 336
MIAIEWEY 5 G9 uate th aio loc soo 6, Ondo 0 OG ino 826) Bot tao G) Guo 323 45,770 127
SEITEN oo 6-6 Oo Gsduo gfteoolb o> oNo.b.0l6 obp.oueed Old A Cen oeottEOee 1,274 206,774 574
Burma poo G-O.d-0 Oss Hiov5, ONG. 16 ete elieMef eile; \°1 «, i ja/ts je. <6) 2,101 121,819
WnitedtKingdomls ut sci locsa cen ob einee ERO Co aR ae eee 2, 262 884, 158
IESG 6.0 6:@ G6. 0626-00" Gad. o8prorn OF0.d. 6-D0 6-080 "6: 0.080. 6 oudlo Gio GeoG 1,544,216
(Corecky Gos 6 pao Grost te-igsb- O° aieiftsMiotrsWerichtell cts pide 6 aaa 317, 422
BuertopRicomsnen vues eis! sis ce . . . a 706, 211
REMEN GO G55 Cond ics a . . . 546, 855

H : 1, 132, 560

3,552, 184

Fish , Crustaceans and Molluscs, ~ in Airtigh
United States ....
Ryukyuilslands teri. «vesicle sos

Singapore . . 2.0...
Philippines) joi = <\ +s «=
INGEINKEFES Gag poo go OD
Burm ayers
(SORE Gig tio op Gros
SaudivArabiates veuerete! vo
Swedenlger. tcc /eioris) 0) 0) 5
United Kingdom sfueieinsias
lrelandremceemem-ieuieiees +
Netherlands
Belgium -Luxembourg
West Germany
Switzerland ..
talyanenet ists
Canadarye) fois) 6) elie mee
U. A. R. (Egypt Region) jects
Ghanawinuiellehisiieice sincere
South Africa eiladbae eietcelte: Ye selta

°
e: a vetlente
faite wie velco

ol 6 Lelie) wie! ss:
el edie —lewrenetre
°

feet 0 O Ort: GeO. ethed

4) sone eye) Ze

°
Caen sO) FU eet -C ath 0
ee ce © ©

eke (emake: e} jeter ierotre

Bel-
The

Table 2 - Japan's Exports of Marine -Oils,
by Country of Destination, 1960
Product and Country of

lands, West Germany, United Kingdom,
gium, Sweden, in order of importance.

764,759
4,228
88, 618
367, 807
1,715,017
2, 276, 339
1,050,095
269, 108
1, 604, 347

United Kingdom ...
Netherlands . . aieetre
Belgium...
France Wired chiens utenti nisl? We
WestiGermany;<. <2: +310 -
Canadaeeeesouen. 29, 396
Others 319,581
[eine Total eepeeuntsu-wesnen20-0|m2345037mi| G75 1972051] 2976527

in Airtight Container:

10, 392, 174
476,706
140, 648
188, 483
254, 874

1, 873, 038
63, 668
211,768
365, 683
81, 669
195, 320

16,572, 166
206,001
707 , 525

1,463, 577
1,578, 614
362, 837
115, 194
859,011
592,002
450, 837
134,515
1,567, 124

Crete bet eet}
°

131,074 41, 840, 471 116, 159

United States was not as important a buyer
as the countries mentioned (table 2),

Japanese exports of canned fishery prod-
ucts to the United States in 1960 were 31.1
percent below those for 1959, On the other
hand, total exports for the same period were
down only 10.4 percent.

Japan's total shipments of fish and shell-
fish other than canned in 1960 were up 8.4
percent as compared with 1959, but exports
to the United States dropped 4.7 percent
(table 3), On the other hand, exports to coun-
tries other than the United States were up
22.2 percent.

Japan's exports of fish and marine animal
oils to the United States in 1960 were only

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

Japan (Contd.):

Table 3 - Japan's Exports of Principal a“. Products, 1959-60

P aoe 1959
a Gr et ee eee

not in Sanne t Containers:
United States

9.
175, 627 21 039,188 | 58,410 63 046 19,536, 490 54,222

in Airtight Containers: a
United States 295 5a0. 10, 392,174 28, 851 42,568 15,075, 258
101 ae 31, 448, 297 87, 308 103, nou 29. 673,
44

41, 840,471 | 116, 159

Table 4 - Japan's Exports of Marine Oils, 1959-60

Product and: Destination ie ea co 1959 ;
pSusneey fag ate — yee} — a ag a es

Oil from Fish and Marine Animals:
663, 923
TiS 1A 513
228, 356

slightly greater than in 1959, Total exports to import 1,000 tons of fish solubles from the
were up 2.5 percent (table 4). (Monthly Re- United States at a price of $80.55 per metric
turn of the Foreign Trade of Japan, Ministry | tonc.i.f. MITI is studying the proposal care-
of Finance, Tokyo, December 1960 and De- fully since it bears some connection with fish-
cember 1959. mealimports. There is also the problem of
Note: Values converted at rate of 360.2 yen equal ‘US$1 in1960 | dollar allocations, which would have to come
and 360.3 yen equal US$1 in 1959. from the 1961 budget.

ES es Ae ts Fish solubles for animal feed presently
sell for 26,000 yen (US$72.22) a metric ton
FISH-MEAL PRICES, in Japan. This is somewhat cheaper than
NOV.-DEC. 1960 AND JAN. 1961: imports. However, demand for animal feed
Average wholesale and export fish-meal is expected to increase, and it is felt thata
prices for January 1961 and revised whole- profit can be made even after paying higher
sale prices for November and December prices for imports.

ae Fish-Meal Prices, Nov. -Dec.

1960 and\January/1961)) Production of fish solubles in 1960 is re-

ean wa pe ported to be 450 tons from fish-meal factory-
et ae Prices Price (f.0.b. hi 15.000 t f stal i ie
US$ Per | US$ Per US$Per | US$Per sean oli LD) ons irom, coastal mealopera
Metric Ton | Short Ton | Metric Ton | Short Ton | tions, plus an additional 250 tons from mis-
nant Fenty ete cellaneous sources. Domestic animal-feed
oo 2/ producers utilized most of the production but
November 2/157.50 | 2/142.88 138.00 | 5.18 | 19 some quantities were exported to Formosa
December 2/158.06 | 2/143.39 136.80 | 5.18 | 10 and Okinawa. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, Feb-
1/Not available. 2/Revised. ruary 2081 961.)

1960 quoted by the Aquatic Oils Association He HE A OK HE
of Japan are shown in the table. (United
States Embassy, Tokyo, February 27, 1961.) OVERSEAS FISHERY

sy Cee gee OPERATIONS FOR 1960:

According to a list of Japanese overseas

PERMISSION TO IMPORT FISH fishery operations (as of December 1, 1960)

SOLUBLES FROM U.S, REQUESTED: compiled by the Japanese Fisheries Agency,
A Japanese grain company in February the number of such enterprises was the high-

1961 filed an application with the Ministry est recorded since World War II. It is ex-

of International Trade and Industry (MITI) pected that the number reported in 1961

May 1961

Japan (Contd.):

will be even greater. (The Suisan Tsushin,
February 17, 1961.)

The development of fisheries overseas in
1960 was as follows:

Japanese Overseas Fishery Operations as of December 1, 1960

Type of Operation Types of Fishery

. |Joint investment Tuna, whale
- |Sale of fish

. |Fishing labor Tuna, stick-nets, hook]

and line

. .. {Sale of fish Tuna
Malaya .. . |Sale of fish Tuna

Mackerel hook and line

Tuna

Skipjack cold-storage
and processing

Skipjack purse seine

eee al crores vessels
Ryukyu. . . |Chartered vessels

. {Capital investment

. |Chartered vessels,
sale of fish
. |Chartered vessels

Trawling

. |Sale of fish Trawling
italy... . |Fishing labor Purse seine, tuna
foint whaling operation | Freezer-carrier

He oe OK OOK OK

OYSTER PACKING SEASON BEGINS:

The Japanese packing season for canned
oysters in the Hiroshima area began early
in March. This year's pack is expected to
total 8.3 million pounds or 220,000 actual
cases (100,000 cases of ''smoked'' and 120,000
cases of "boiled''), Including 40,000 cases
(10,000 cases of ''smoked'' and 30,000 cases

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

of ''boiled'') planned to be packed in the San-
riku area, the total Japanese pack will be
260,000 cases.

There are 70,000 cases of ''smoked'" on
hand from last year's pack, This means that
the amount available for marketing this year
will be 330,000 actual cases (180,000 cases
of ''smoked' and 150,000 cases of ''boiled''),
(Suisan Tsushin, March 9, 1961.)

He oe oe oe ok
APPLICATIONS FOR TRAWLING SOUTH
OF ALASKA PENINSULA REJECTED:

The Japanese Fishery Agency has rejected
applications for permits to Japanese trawling
firms to fish in waters south of Alaska Pen-
insula. These applications were filed late in
1960 by the leading Japanese fishing firms.
The reason for rejecting the applications was
the possibility of the trawling operations
catching halibut.

PLAN TO FISH HERRING AND
BOTTOMFISH SOUTH OF
ALEUTIAN ISLANDS:

Four large Japanese fishery firms are

| planning to send fleets to fish herring and

bottomfish south of the Aleutian Islands dur-
ing the fishing season beginning in April.

The Japanese industry wants to limit the
participants to the three companies that car-
ried out experimental operations last year.
One of the companies is said to ‘be making
preparations for herring fishing with a freez-
er-mothership of the 2,000-ton class even if
authorities are not inclined to permit bottom-
fish fishing. (Suisan Tsushin, March 9, 1961.)

sk oe Ne OK ook

SARDINE PACK QUOTA FOR 1961 SET:

The Japanese sardine packers association
held its directors meeting in February 1961
and approved 1961 regulations. The regula-
tions are almost identical to those for 1960
and the total pack quota for sardines is
1,005,000 cases--525,000 cases for the fixed
base quota, 225,000 cases for the free-based
quota, 5,000 cases for the newcomers, and
250,000 cases for the reservation quota. The

limit for each member's use of the free-base
and reservation quotas is 10,000 cases. (The
Suisan Tsushin, February 23, 1961.)

54

Liberia

JAPANESE FIRM TO BUILD FISH STORAGE
AND PROCESSING FACILITIES:

ne of the largest Japanese fishing compa-
nies, in combination with European and Libe-
rian interests, is preparing for the establish-
ment of a large fish-processing and storage
facility in Monrovia, Liberia. To be built
for an estimated US$1 million, this facility
will service a fleet of between 17 and 23 tuna
vessels operating in West African waters.

Plans call for construction of a $400,000
processing and freezing plant with a daily
processing capacity of 20 tons of frozen tuna,
and a frozen storage capacity of 2,000 tons,
It will also include an ice-making plant to
supply the vessels. The facility will take 18
months to build and, when completed, will
employ 5 Japanese and 35 or more Liberians.
Eventually it is hoped that the plant will han-
dle as much as 20,000 tons of fish per year
with a commercial value of $4 million or
more,

Pending completion of its new plant, the
Japanese firm has already begun limited op-
erations in Liberia based on use of a mother-
ship now berthed at the Free Port of Monro-
via. This ship is being fed by 4 or 5 vessels
now fishing off the Liberian coast. This fish-
ing fleet will be increased gradually as the
new plant approaches completion, at which
time the mothership will be withdrawn,

The plant will be located on about 2.5
acres of reclaimed land inside the north
breakwater of the Free Port, about a quarter
mile from shore. In addition to the produc-
tion facility, this area will include office and
living quarters for the administrative staff
as well as a 20-bed rest home for the crews
of the fishing fleet, and a Diesel-electric
plant to provide a completely self-contained
operation. Eventually the firm may even
build its own dry-dock for repair of its ves-
sels from the entire West-African Coast.
The Japanese firm for the last three years
has operated this fleet of up to 23 vessels
from a base in Sierra Leone. (United States
Embassy in Monrovia, March 22, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 5

Mexico

SCIENTISTS FIND FISH FLOUR

PROMISING AS AN ADDITIVE TO FOODS:

A group of doctors headed by the Director, Hospital In-
fantil de Mexico, for the past several years, has been ex~
perimenting with deodorized whole fish flour as an additive
to diets for human consumption. Some of their conclusions
to date are:

Metabolic Balance Studies: ‘‘Although it is still neces-
sary to compare a larger number of cases, what has been
observed so far is a clear evidence of the high biological
value of fish flour to enrich a poor quality basal diet.’’

Clinical Studies: ‘‘The results of the clinical study may
be summarized: (1) Adding fish flour complement to the
normal diets we gave to malnourished children did not modi-
fy the satiety index. (2) The expected tendency of the growth
curve was not changed. (3) No allergic manifestations re-
sulted, (4) No toxic manifestations resulted.‘

Dietetic Study: ‘‘So far, 2,800 different assays have been
carried out with the following results:

‘‘We could not find a practical way to add fish flour to in-
fants’ formulas, whatever the mixture used in their prepara-
tion: broths prepared with cereals, vegetables, etc.

‘‘We found it possible to add, in varying percentage, fish
flour to soups, beans, hard biscuits, cereals, tortillas, bread,
pureed vegetables,”’

‘'The percentage we have, so far, found practical are:
corn meal (for tortillas) 5 to 7 percent, bread 10 percent,
beans 5 to 7 percent, noodles 10 to 15 percent, hard biscuits
10 percent, cereals 5 percent, doughnuts 10 percent, and
pastries 10 percent.’’

‘‘Fish flour may be added to corn meal before it is ground,
To hard biscuits, it is easily added at the bakery during the
baking process. To noodles (dry doughs for soups) it may al-
so be added during the process of preparation. The comple-
ment may be added to beans after cooking, or after they are
ground and ready for frying.’’

‘‘The stability of foods treated with fish flour has been
found indefinite for hard biscuits and noodles, The stability
is less for foods of immediate consumption, such as tortillas,
bread, purees, soups, beans, pastries, etc.; but it is suffi-
ciently good to permit the easy and tasteful consumption on
the same day of preparation, or on the next one,’’

“‘As fish flour is not detected in.any of the foods mentioned,
or at the most, there is a slight darkening of the usual color,
the human groups (adults and children) in whom we tested the
acceptancy, did not become aware they were consuming food
with varying percentages of the complement added to it.’’

In another section of the report the doctors state:

‘However, we believe we are on the verge of reaching a
feasible and practical solution with the use of a complement
of high biological value, and great nutrient power, which
would be added to basic foods without changing their taste or
their odor, but that would remarkably reinforce the values of
the diet. We are referring to deodorized fish flour.’’ (United
States Embassy, Mexico, D. F., March 7, 1961.)

Fe baa beng bod bi

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,

JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Excellent shrimp landings by the Salina
Cruz (Pacific Coast) shrimp fleet and con-

May 1961

Mexico (Contd.):

tinued northers in the Gulf of Mexico, which
have hampered operations of the Carmen-
Campeche fleets, have been the highlights on
the Mexican shrimp scene

during January-Febru-
ary 1961.

Salina Cruz trawl-
ers were reported
to be landing from 4
to 6 metric tons of
headless shrimp per
trip. Trips are usu-
ally about 12 days.

Shrimp boat.

At Carmen and Campeche landings aver-
aged about 1,000 and 1,500 pounds of head-
less shrimp each trip with pinks predomi-
nating. A continual succession of northers

Shrimp Ex-Vessel Prices at Carmen and Campeche (All Species),
January 5, 1961, and March 1, 1961

March 1, 1961

slowed down fishing operations. Conditions
were not expected to improve much until
April. Ex-vessel prices at Carmen and
Campeche increased from 1 to 3 U. S. cents
a pound since early January 1961. (United
States Embassy, Mexico, D.F., March 6,
1961.)

Morocco

FISH MEAL AND OIL EXPORT
PRICES, DECEMBER 1960:

Prices for fish meal and oil in Morocco
are not readily available. Some indication
of fish meal and oil prices can be obtained
from the data supplied by the Office Cheri-
fien de Controle et d'Exportation which rep-
resent official customs statistics. Prices
are f.o.b. the Moroccan ports from which the
product was shipped and are those assigned
by the Customs authorities for imposition of
an export tax. They do not necessarily rep-
resent actual prices paid for the product.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Average Moroccan Export Prices for Fish Meal and Oil,
December 1960

Product & Destination Average Export Prices
if /Metri U I

etric Ton $/Short Ton
Fish Meal:

Switzerland 0.0.0) 1/172,000
Mai iireie tele siienss ites 1/170,000
Madagascar...... 71,933

Algeria ....cccce 60, 198

efieive, ye) 9) eh 6,

see oer ee

se ee oo ew

No distinction is made in Customs nomencla-
ture between fish meal and edible fish flour.
(United States Consulate, Casablanca, Febru-

ary 23, 1961.)
EB.

Netherlands

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY
AND MARKET, 1959-60:

The average import price in the Nether-
lands for fish-body oil at the end of October
1960 was $153 per long ton (6.9 cents apound),.
During the same period, fish meal (protein
about 70 percent) prices were about fl. 245
(US$64.93) a metric ton.

A 5.5-percent turnover tax is levied on the
imported value of fish meal, the same tax levy
as on domestically-produced fish meal. There
are no other duties or quantitative restric-
tions on the imports of fish meal and fish oil.

The Netherlands fish meal and oil reduc-
tion industry uses conventional production
methods. The Netherlands fishing fleet does
not catch fish especially for reduction. Re-
duction plants obtain fish when they cannot be
sold for human consumption.

There are three reduction plants in the
Netherlands, located at Ymuiden, Rotterdam,
and Son,

The United States is the largest supplier
of fish oil to the Netherlands. Fish-oil im-

56

Netherlands (Contd.):

ports from the United States in 1959 amounted
to 12,000 metric tons or 57 percent of the to-
tal fish-oil imports of 21,000 tons, and in the
first half of 1960 totaled 7,500 tons or 68 per-
cent of the total imports of 11,000 tons. The
Netherlands margarine and soap industries
are the principal buyers of fish oil. Because
the United States already supplies sucha
large portion of the Netherlands fish-oil re-
quirements, there is nc: :2uch opportunity

for expansion of United Staces fish-oil ex-
ports to the Netherlands. (United States Em-
bassy, The Hague, November 10, 1960.)

Note: Values converted at the rate of one guilder (fl.) equals
US$0. 265.

MK OK OK OK OK

GOVERNMENT AID PLANNED FOR
OYSTER AND MUSSEL CULTIVATION:

The Netherlands Government has decided
to go ahead with plans for a 9-million-guil-
der (US$2,386,000) salt-water basin in the
Veerse Gat, Zeeland estuary, for the culti-
vation of an estimated 10 million oysters a
year to compensate for the loss of existing
oyster-breeding grounds when the giant Delta
Plan reclamation works are carried out in
Zeeland province. Cultivated Dutch oyster
and mussel exports are valued at about 15
million guilders (US$3,977,000) annually.
Production of cultivated oysters averages
about 20-25 million oysters annually. There-
fore, the new program would provide for only
about 50 percent of the current annual crop.

The Dutch Government made its decision
on the recommendation of marine biologists
who recommended the construction of abasin
with a surface area of eighty hectares (197.7
acres).

Construction of the artificial basin will
start next year and it will be 1969 or 1970
before it is known whether the new form of
oyster cultivation will be a commercial suc-
cess. The necessary bills have been sub-
mitted to Parliament.

The musSel cultivation, which is now
located in the same Zeeland area as that
now used for oyster cultivation, will be
moved to the northern part of the Nether-
lands in the Wadden Zee. (United States:
Consulate, Rotterdam, February 20, 1961.)

‘ TONGS
pee |

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

Norway

AGREEMENT WITH BRITAIN ON
EXTENSION OF NORWAY'S
FISHING LIMITS APPROVED:

The Norwegian Parliament, on February
13, unanimously ratified the agreement with
Great Britain on extension of. Norway's fish-
ing zone. Under the pact, British trawlers
will be permitted to fish in a zone between 6
and 12 nautical miles off the Norwegian coast
until October 31, 1970. After that date, they
will have to stay outside the 12-mile limit.

The British-Norwegian agreement is con-
tingent on Parliamentry approval of a Gov-
ernment bill proposing a two-stage extension
of the fishery zone off the Norwegian coast
and the island of Jan Mayen, The bill calls
for extending the limit from 4 to 6 nautical
miles on April 1, 1961, and from 6 to 12 miles
on September 1, 1961. In this connection, the
Government has requested a supplementary
appropriation of Kr. 3,870,000 (US$541,800)
to strengthen Norway's fishery enforcement
service by chartering six whaling vessels.
Equipped with guns, these vessels would be
manned and operated by the Norwegian Navy.
(News of Norway, February 23, 1961.)

7K OK OK OK OK

GOVERNMENT'S PROPOSED
TRAWLER BAN CONTESTED:

Norway's Prime Minister, at a press con-
ference early in March 1961, expressed hope
that the Parliament's expanded Foreign Af-
fairs Committee, which now is examining the
Government bill on extension of the -Norwe-
gian fishery zone, would be able to work out
a compromise on trawling inside the 6-mile
limit. He said it was up to Parliament to
evaluate the conflict of interest involved in
the proposal that only trawlers of less than
300 tons be permitted to fish between 4 and
6 miles.

The proposal is endorsed by Norges
Fiskarlag--the national association of fish-
ermen. But, according to A/S Findus, the
ban on larger trawlers would force a sharp
cut in operations of the firm's big filleting
and freezing plant at Hammerfest, now in the
midst of a major expansion,

The fleet of 11 large trawlers supplying
raw material for the Findus plant, it is as-
serted, get most of their catch inside of the
6-mile limit. The company's Director has
warned that unless Findus trawlers are ex-

May 1961

Norway (Contd.):

empted from the proposed ban on trawlers of
more than 300 tons, the plant would have to
curtail operations radically.

The Government bill calls for a 2-stage
extension of the fishery zone off the Norwe-
gian coast and Jan Mayen. On April 1,1961,
the limit would be extended from 4 to 6 miles,
and on September 1, 1961, from 6 to 12 miles,
subject to Parliament approval (News of Nor-
way, March 9, 1961.)

eK OK OK OK

PROSPECTS FOR 1961
WINTER HERRING
FISHING SEASON:

Norway’s 1961 winter herring season is expected to
yield the smallest catch since 1934 and may be the fourth
successive year that the catch has been extremely small.

Winter herring furnish the raw materials for a large
share of the fish-body oil and fish meal produced by Nor-
way.

The 1961 catch is expected to be about 200,000 short
tons--one-third below the poor catch of 1960 and the
smallest since the near~failure in 1934, Unfavorable
weather and difficulty in locating shoals of herring ac-
count for the expected small catch. In the mid-1950’s,
several winter herring catches exceeded one million tons,

A catch of 200,000 tons will supply but little raw ma-
terial to byproducts processors, From 1955 through 1959
an average of 235,000 tons was used annually for purposes
other than for oil and meal. Most of this tonnage was used
for export as fresh herring and for home consumption aft-
er being salted and canned,

Disposition of Winter Herring in Norway from 1954
Through 1960

——

Used for Other
Purposes

Processed for
Oil and Meal

o fedejielle\is (10 00ShortiGons)acy-hejeieisneysners

1960 (est.).. 155 175
HORE) So diplcn 239 220
NEB loinc 196 185
sissies! 645 232
1,006 257

Diorio uo 791 273

* le sivee 974 230

Oil yield from the winter herring catch is normally
around 10 percent, with fish caught early in the season
usually having a higher oil content than end-of-the-season
catches,

.Norwegian fisheries experts believe that the shoals of
winter herring spawning off the Norwegian coast are small
from natural causes rather than excessive fishing. The ex-
perts also predict a continuation of the small stocks for 1 or
2 more seasons,

In 1956, Norway produced almost 25 percent of the
565,000-ton world output of fish oil. However, in 1960, be-
cause of the small winter herring catch, Norway’s share
of the 490,000-ton world production dropped to less than 10
percent. In 1950-54, Norway’s share averaged 22 percent of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

world production and 17 percent in 1955-59. (Foreign Crops
and Markets, March 13, 1961.)

KK OK Ko

WINTER HERRING CATCH
WORST SINCE 1934:

Norway's important winter herring fish-
ery, so-called because it centers on high-
priced fat herring, was called off at midnight
February 28, 1961. The result was the worst
since 1934, Part of the loss may be recuper-
ated during the spring herring season, which
started March 1. But with prices reduced be-
cause of the lower fat content, prospects for
a substantial improvement are very slim.
Besides, the herring had already begun to
leave their spawning grounds off West Nor-
way.

According to reports from Aalesund, main
port for the herring fleet, only about 42,000
metric tons of fat herring, with a first-hand
value of less than Kr.15 million (US$2.1 mil-
lion), had been landed at the end of the winter
herring season, Last year, when the season
was one week longer, the fat herring catch
totaled some 225,000 tons, worth about Kr, 70
million (US$9.4 million) ex-vessel. This year,
the season had barely started when the drop
in fat content forced the Cooperative Herring
Sales Association to switch to the lower
spring herring price.

The 1961 winter herring catch, smallest
in 27 years, means a raw material loss of
some Kr. 250 million (US$35 million) com-
pared with 1957, which was the last good sea-
son. And, according to experts, the failure
will reduce Norway's gross national product
by approximately Kr. 500 million (US$70 mil-
lion).

The failure did not come as a surprise.
For the past three years there have been
signs that the herring stock was petering out.
Both fishing vessel operators and the fish-
processing industry, therefore, have been
girding for the worst.

On-the-spot reports from Aalesund say
that, in contrast to customary practice, own-
er-operators of herring vessels have not
gone deep into debt prior to the start of the
fishery season, This year their loans have
been cautiously kept within manageable pro-
portions, Thus, few are expected to run into
financial difficulties because of the total fish-
ery failure. Equipment firms, too, would

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

seem able to weather the storm. Worst off
is the herring oil and meal industry, which
so far has received only some 7,000 tons for
processing, as against 700,000 tons at the
same time three years ago. Such a radical
drop in the supply of raw material may prove
disastrous for some firms.

However, according to the Director of the
enterprising Aalesund Project Council, the
fishery failure is not catastrophic for that
port or the Sunnmore district in general,
though individual fishermen and processing
plants will undoubtedly be hard hit. In re-
cent years, the economy has been greatly
strengthened by the growth of new industry.
On the whole, therefore, the district is now
well able to bear the sizable income loss
caused by the poor herring fishery.

Another important factor is that the her-
ring supplied to processing plants is being
utilized far better than even a few years ago,
Pound for pound, the herring yield a much
better profit than formerly. Moreover, the
same quantity of landed herring provides
more jobs at processing plants than in for-
mer years. (News of Norway, March 9, 1961)

He OK Kee

HERRING MEAL AND OIL
SUPPLIES LOW:

Due to the low Norwegian herring catch
this season (about 41,850 metric tons), de-
liveries of raw material to the reduction
plants were negligible this year. The pro-
duction of herring oil and meal is therefore
substantially reduced. The supply of raw
material for the marine-oil hardening in-
dustry will therefore also be reduced and
larger imports will be needed.

A Norwegian trade representative stated
that Norway has purchased 7,500 metric tons
of menhaden oil from the United States so far
this year and further purchases are expected
during the coming months. Also the supply
of herring meal will be substantially reduced
with the result that the demand by Norway
for other protein concentrates, such as soy-
bean products, will increase. (United States
Embassy, Copenhagen, March 13, 1961.)

Vol. 23, No. 5

Peru

EXPORT PRICES FOR FISH MEAL,
FEBRUARY 1961:

The Peruvian National Fisheries Society
(the trade organization for the fisheries in-
dustry) reported that export prices for fish
meal (65-67 percent protein) during Febru-
ary 1961 were US$72.00-75.00 a metric ton
(US$65.32-68.04 a short ton), an increase of
about 2.8 percent over the January 1961 aver-
age of $64.86 a short ton, (United States Em-
bassy in Lima, March 13, 1961.)

FISHERIES TRENDS 1960:

The major development in the Peruvian fishing industry
during the fourth quarter of 1960 was the strenuous effort
of fish meal producers to work out a Solution of the prob-
lems faced by the industry during the year--overproduction,
falling prices, and threatened restrictions against Peruvian
fish meal in foreign markets. This effort showed marked
promise of success at the end of the quarter. An export quo-
ta system, evolved at a meeting in Paris (October 1960) of
fish meal producers from a number of countries, and given
the force of law for Peruvian fish meal exporters by a de-
cree of December 20, 1960, limited Peru's exports of fish
meal during 1961 to 600,000 metric tons. From January 1
this year, the prior approval by the National Fisheries Soci-
ety was required for the issuance of export licenses by the
Ministry of Agriculture. The formula used in assigning quo-
tas to individual producers was not made public, but it is un-
derstood that provision is made for deducting from quotas
for shipments in subsequent quarters made on futures con-
tracts which may be in excess of assigned amounts. Peru’s
actual fish~meal production capacity is considered to be only
slightly above 500,000 tons, despite higher estimates. There-
fore, the 600,000-ton quota may have little meaning beyond
the stabilizing influence of a known, rather than an unknown,
limit on exports.

As a complementary measure, Peruvian fish-meal pro-
ducers undertook to organize a marketing organization
(Consorcio Pesquero del Peru, S. A.), through which all
member-producers are to export, According to the regu-
lations of the organization, between 90 and 95 percent of
Peru’s production had to be represented in the member-
ship before the consortium could become operative. It be-
came a functioning organization February 15, 1961, with
slightly over 90 percent of Peru’s exportable fish~meal
production represented in the membership.

Exports of fish meal are high among Peru’s leading ex-
ports. In latest data showing commodity exports, for the
first nine months of 1960, fish meal ranked third, after cop-
per and cotton. For the full year 1960, the value of fish-
meal exports stood at 1,056.4 million soles (US$38.7 million),

Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal from Peru, 1958-1960

Quantity

Million
Soles

Metric
Tons

507.042
277,600
105,777

1,056.4
860.5
Pica

Exports of other fishery products during the first nine
months of 1960 were lower. There was a 50-percent drop
in the quantity and a 52-percent drop in the value of frozen
tuna exports, and slight reductions in canned bonito and tuna

May 1961

Peru (Contd.):

Table 2 - Peruvian Exports of Fishery Products,
January-September 1959 and 1960
Qty. Valuel: Qty. Valuel
Metric |Million] U Metric] Million] US$

Tons Soles | 1,000} Tons Soles | 1,000

Frozen Fish:
DES GA ated O GG 5,941} 18.0 658; 11,929] 37.7 | 1,378
Skipjacksicrere tc). 6,925} 19,1 699} 4,729) 14.8 541
Swordfish ..... 126 1.6 59 102 1,2 44

Shrimp

('Langostinos'') . 97 2.4 88 51 1e2 44
Total frozenfish 13,089[ 41.1 [1,504] 16,811] 54.9 | 2,007

anned Fish:
BonitoRiee.... 10,777} 107.2 | 3,921} 12,859] 136.8 | 5,000
Tuna......... 360 3.5 128 568 4.5 164
Total canned fish 11,137] 110.7 | 4,049] 13,427| 141.3 | 5,164

Fish Byproducts:

Rishtmealige waists 383,600} 850.2 |31,097]184,090] 583.9 |21,341
LSHGOLGetreirajietleite’’> 23,728) 67.9 | 2,484] 13,814) 36.3 | 1,327
iSpermoil ise = 9,489] 32.5 | 1,189] 7,904] 26.3 961
Whale meal ... 1,513 2.6 95] 2,525 AS} 285
Total byproducts 418,330] 953.2 [34,865/208,333] 654.3 [23,914
442,556/1,105.0 ]40,418]238,571] 850.5 [31,085

27.34 soles equal US$1 for first nine months of 1960

Grand Total
|1/F.o.b. values converted at rate of 27.36 soles equal US$1 for first nine months of 1959 and

Source: Statistical Department, Callao Customhouse. J

for Peruvian Fish Meal
1959 and 1960

Table 3 - Average f.o.b. Prices.
Exports by Quarters,

Metric Ton | Shor ton

1 Prices for fish meal with minimum content of 65 percent. pro-
tein for future delivery.
Source: Fish Meal Producers Association.

exports. It is in the byproducts sector, including fish meal
and fish oil, where unusual increases occurred, In the first
nine months of 1960 as compared with 1959, those exports
increased 46 percent in value, from 654.3 million soles
($23.9 million) to 953.2 million soles ($34.9 million), (United
States Embassy in Lima, March 1, 1961.)

Philippine Republic

U.S. CANNED SARDINES PREFERRED:

Two Philippine trade sources have in-
dicated that the National Marketing Corpo-
ration (NAMARCO) is very likely to give
preference to United States canned sardines
in its next award for this product. Thetime
for the next sardine tender has not yet been
announced, but both businessmen expected
it to be some time in March.

In the past each of the two firms has
represented Japanese sardine suppliers,
but according to their sources at NAMARCO,
the Government agency is so dissatisfied with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Japanese sardines that it will give preference
to United States brands that are popular with
Philippine consumers.

NAMARCO's policy may create an opening
for United States exporters that have not yet
entered the Philippine market. (United States
Embassy, Manila, February 18, 1961.)

OK OK OK 2%

DECONTROL HAS LIMITED IMPACT ON
CANNED SARDINE IMPORTS FROM U.S:.:

An initial assessment of the effect of the
Philippine decontrol program on trade with
the United States, based on a comparison of
the trade in May through November 1960 with
that of the same period of 1959, shows that so
far the impact has been limited.

Most of the severe declines in-imports
from the United States that have occurred
since the decontrol program was instituted
can be explained by factors other than de-
control, which in April 1960 relegated about
25 percent of imports to the more expensive
free market and in November an additional
25 percent. These factors include foreign
competition, increased domestic production,
and stringent regulations imposed by the Na-
tional Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) on
its suppliers.

Among the categories of goods imported
from the United States that declined most in
the first 7 months of decontrol (November
1960 is the latest month for which statistics
are available) were fish products.

Imports of United States fish products in
May through November 1960 amounted to
slightly over $1 million, compared with over
$3 million in the like period of 1959. This
drop occurred despite retention of sardines
in the highest-priority and preferred-rate
category of ''decontrolled items" and can be
attributed primarily to lack of stocks in the
United States and the restrictive import pol-
ices of NAMARCO, which in April 1960 ini-
tiated much more stringent marking and
labeling requirements for the items it im-
ports. This Government organization is by
far the largest importer of fish products.

But only the drop in imports of squid, changed
from ' ‘unclassified items'' to ''nonessential
consumer goods," can be attributed to the de-
control program,

The decontrol program, however, is mov-
ing rapidly from the time when most goods

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Philippine (Contd.):

were imported at the official 2-to-1 rate to
a period in which the largest proportion of
imports will be at the free-market rate.
The most recent changes, which occurred
last November, provided that importers of
"essential producer goods," "essential con-
sumer goods," and special "unclassified
items,'' previously permitted importation at
the preferred rate, must import such items
half at the free-market rate and half at the
official rate. Inasmuch as the selling rate
to exporters has gone up from 2.30 pesos to
2.50 pesos to the dollar while the free-mar-
ket rate has declined from 3.2 to 3 pesos to
the dollar from 4 to 3.6 pesos, including the
margin, a unified rate providing for a mini-
mum distortion of existing patterns of trade
may soon emerge. (Foreign Commerce
Weekly, March 6, 1961.)

ian

\e ye
\e;

eS fa

eae”

Poland

FISHING FLEET AND SEA FISHERIES
INCREASED SHARPLY, 1949-59:

Between 1949 and 1959 the Polish fishing
fleet doubled and the landings from sea fish-
eries rose by 146 percent. The increase in
the number of large ocean-going trawlers
increased from zero in 1949 to 39 vessels in
1959, and the smaller inshore craft (cutters)

Table 1 - Polish Fishing Craftl/ , 1949, 1955, and 1958-59

| Fishing Craft aod 1958 | 1955 | 1949
Gross registered tons . . [58,000 [55,100 [34, 300 [15,250 |

+ ee we ee

ois 0: ve Se ers

Republic, 1960.

jumped from 279 vessels in 1949 to 502 ves-
sels in 1959. The sharp rise in the landings
was due to increases in the landings of her-
ring or herring-like fish. Apparently the

Table 2 - Polish Landings of Fishery Products,
1949, 1955, and 1958-59

Vol. 23, No.5

super-trawlers have concentrated on the her-
ring fishery as the landings of this species
jumped sixfold from 1949 to 1959, The in-
crease in the landings of sprat or sardines
was even more pronounced. Landings of
species other than herring and sprat were
about the same in 1959 as in 1949,

“=

Portugal

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,

JANUARY -DECEMBER 1959-1960:
Portugal's exports of canned fish declined

from 76,985 metric tons or 4.2 million cases

in 1959 to 65,137 tons or 3.6 million cases in

1960. The amount of each product exported

was less in 1960 (see table). West Germany

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-December 1959-1960

i ) i 1,000

ayeeyiey ine
Syieievusi eine

Tuna and tunalike ..

Anchovy fillets.

Others ee Sutlts
Total eeraie we

PoeceT otal Soe easiee
1/1959 data for chinchards probably included with ieee y

remained the principal buyer of Portugal's
canned fish exports in 1960 with 14,631 tons,
followed by Great Britain with:8,139 tons,
the United States with 6,890 tons, and Italy
with 6,417 tons. Exports for those countries
in 1959 were: West Germany 16,899 tons,
Italy 10,199 tons, Great Britain 7,688 tons,
and the United States 7,340 tons. (Conservas
de Peixe, February 1960 and 1961.)

*k oe OK Ook OK

CANNED FISH PACK,
JANUARY -DECEMBER 1959-1960:

The Portuguese pack of canned fish in oil
or sauce increased from 62,459 metric tons
or 3.5 million cases in 1959 to 70,204 tons or
3.8 million cases in 1960. Sardines again
accounted for the bulk of the pack in 1960
with 82.5 percent as against 80.5 percent in
1959; however, tuna and tuna-like fish re-
placed anchovy fillets as Portugal's second
leading canned fish in 1960 (see table).

Matosinhos remained Portugal's leading
sardine port in 1960, accounting for 63.1 per-

May 1961

Portugal (Contd.):

cent of total sardine landings as against 71.3
percent in 1959,

Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-December 1959-1960

anuary ~-December

Product

se ee ew ow

Mackerel icin |. elle.
Tuna and tunalike . .
Anchovy fillets

Tuna landings for January through Octo-
ber 1960 amounted to 1,912 tons and bonito
112 tons as compared with 1,310 tons and
288 tons, respectively, for the same period

in 1959. (Conservas de Peixe, February
1960, January and February 1961.)

Senegal
TUNA FISHING TRENDS, LATE 1960:

Two major events highlighted the tuna
fishing industry in Senegal, West Africa,
during the last quarter of 1960, one being
the start of the 1960/61 fishing season and
the other being a continued and growing in-
terest on the part of United States firms in
commercial aspects of the tuna fishery.

The 1960/61 season started officially on
November 15, 1960, with a total of 57 clip-
pers (24 from France) and 16 freezerships
taking part. Preparations for the new sea-
son had centered around the hope that Sene-
gal could combat the excessively high costs
of the local industry and thereby enter world
markets. However, lack of cooperation on
the part of the fishermen, who raised prices
to 40 percent above world market levels,
vitiated these hopes and any export outside
the franc zone area will be attributable only
to the fact that the Senegalese Government
is forcing local canners to sell 3,500 metric
tons of canned tuna at world prices if they
wish to sell to France the 10,000 tons France
has agreed to purchase at the artificially -
high prices. In addition, 5,000 tons of frozen
tuna outside the agreement will be purchased
by France, and 6,000 tons by United States
firms. The fishermen's attitude has caused
Senegal to start looking for fishermen other

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

than the French to catch and land the fish,
though up to February 14, 1961, no agreement
was reached with anyone,

United States interest in the Senegal tuna
industry has been emphasized by visits of
representatives of United States tuna can-
neries,.

A meeting of fishery scientists took place
in Dakar from December 12 to 17, 1960. It
studied various aspects of tuna life-history,
as well as encouraged increased research on
tuna in African waters. It encouraged the es-
tablishment of an international regulatory
commission to prevent overfishing. (United
States Embassy, Dakar, February 14, 1961.)

South -West Africa

FISHING VESSELS AND GEAR, JUNE 1960:

As of June 1960, the South-West African
fishing fleet consisted of 111 vessels, over
half of which were engaged in the pilchard-
maasbanker (jack mackerel) fishery. Most
of the balance fished for spiny lobsters.

South-West Africa's Motor Fishing Vessels
and Gear as of June 1960

No. of Vessels
67

Lampara purse net (Power Winch). ....

(Lampara purse net and spiny lobster nets
(PowerjWainch) Messe jsevvehlell sitio lents aire

Spiny lobster nets (Power Winch)

Spiny lobster nets

N

se 2 © © © © © © © 8

erie sone ete Velie tease

(1) All vessels are Diesel-powered with hp. ratings from
44 to 230. 1

(2) Vessel sizes range from 43 to 695 feet; most of the
vessels are between SO and 60 teet.

(3) All lampara purse-net (pilchard) vessels are harbored

at Walvis Bay; 19 of the spiny lobster vessels are
stationed at Cape Town (some 400 sea miles from
Luderitz); the remainder at Luderitz.

There are no otter trawlers registered in
South-West Africa, (The South African Fish-

ing Industry Handbook and Buyers' Guide,

ni
in

Spain

SHRIMP INDUSTRY:

The Spanish shrimp industry is concen-
trated in southern Spain in the provinces of
Huelva, Cadiz, and Malaga. Shrimp opera-
tions are carried on throughout the year.

62

Spain (Contd.):

On December 31, 1959, there were 784
fish-processing plants in Spain. These plants
usually process a variety of species rather
than one type, such as shrimp. At present
there are insufficient freezing facilities for
developing a large frozen.fish industry to
supply local supermarkets, and for regulating
the supply of fresh fish to the markets and to
the canning industry. Freezing plants in the
South Atlantic region are located in Cadiz,
Malaga, and Huelva with a total freezing ca-
pacity of 25, 10, and 2 tons of fish per day,
respectively. The National Investment In-
stitute has had a plan for several years for
the development of cold-storage and freez-
ing facilities in every major port in Spain,
Under the plans of the National Freezing Net-
work, plants can be installed directly by Na-
tional Institute of Industry (INI) or by private
companies, but with location and capacity
subject always to INI approval.

In 1959 there were 505 canning plants lo-
cated along the Spanish coast for handling
all kinds of fish. Out of the total, 70 havea
processing capacity of up to 200 metric tons
yearly; 249, up to 600; 148, up to 1,300; 23,
up to 2,000, and 15 for over 2,000 tons. Some
65 of the total are located in the provinces of
Huelva, Cadiz, and Malaga, and most of them
have a medium operating capacity.

The major part of the Spanish-canning in-
dustry is made upof a large number of small,
antiquated units. These units must be ren-
ovated for the industry to meet foreign com-
petition in the domestic market.

Statistics on shrimp landings are not
broken down by the size of shrimp caught.
Landings of heads-on shrimp amounted to
about 13,900 metric tons in 1959, which rep-
resented about 65 percent of the total land-
ings of crustaceans (estimated by the Fish
Syndicate at 20,400 tons in 1959). Approxi-
mately 11,000 of the 13,900 tons were caught
in the areas of Huelva and Cadiz.

Shrimp are caught in trawling operations.
The only available data on the number of ves-

able 1 - Spanish Landings of Shrimp and Spiny Lobster, 1956-59

Langostinos
(Heads-on Large Shrimp
and Spiny Lobsters

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.5

sels devoted to the shrimp fishery is for the
province of Huelva. The Directorate General
of Fishing reports that there are approximate-
ly 204 motor boats of different tonnage in that
area. The largest vessel (142 tons and 400 hp.)
belongs to the port of Huelva. The remainder
average four tons with a power capacity of Some
20 hp. Sail boats and row boats are alsoused
inshrimp catching. Vessels oftenare owned by
local fishermen who carry on private operations.

Due to the multiple exchange rates, export
prices of shrimp and spiny lobsters prior to
June 1959 are difficult to determine. Accord-
ing to official sources in Cadiz, prices of fro-
zen Shrimp in 1960 for export to the United
States average about 83 U.S. cents a pound
for first-grade shrimp and 53 U. S. cents a
pound for second-grade shrimp at official
rate of 60 pesetas to US$1.

Table 2 - Spanish (Cadiz Area) Exports!/ of Frozen Spiny Lobsters
and Shrimp, 1956-59 and January-June 1960

Country of
1,000 Lbs.
79.0

Destination
142.6

25.6
8.6

United States
United States
United States
Great Britain

Denmark 30.4
United States
Germany
Sweden
Great Britain
Denmark a
1/1956-59 data are for frozen lobsters; data for 1960 are for

IDS)

Dai

~ shrimp. In 1960 the lobster catch was small and frozen
Moorish shrimp (similar to crayfish, very large and red)
were substituted for export.

Official sources in Huelva report that the
major Species exported to the United States
were frozen shrimp (Moorish) and frozen
spiny lobster tails. The average quantity of
frozen shrimp and spiny lobster tails exported
to the United States was about 136 metric tons
a year; the average amount of boiled and fro-
zen shrimp exported to France was about 200
metric tons per year.

No export taxes are levied on shrimp be-
cause of the Government's interest in expand-
ing exports. As is true for all products, how-
ever, export licenses must be obtained from
the Ministry of Commerce. The fish indus-
try continues to benefit from the 1959 decree
which increased taxes on petroleum products,
but specifically excluded petroleum products
sold to fishing vessels.

The national labor regulations for the fish-
canning industry which were approved by the
Ministerial Order of October 13, 1958, fixed

May 1960

Spain (Contd.):

wage rates for personnel working in those in-
dustries. The monthly wages for technicians
fluctuate between about 1,500 pesetas and
3,300 pesetas (US$25.00-55.00). Administra-
tive positions are rated between 1,000 and
2,500 pesetas ($16.67-41.67) per month. For
common laborers the hourly rate fluctuates
between 15 and 46 pesetas (25 to 76.7 U.S.
cents). The employee's real income is at
least 40-45 percent higher than his basic sal-
ary because of the payments for overtime,
premiums, and bonuses.

Salaries for fishermen are fixed by the
national labor regulations for the fishing in-
dustry dated October 26, 1956. Rates de-
pend on the type of fishing and on the duties
of the laborer on the vessel. Premiums
given on the total amount of the catch must
be added to the basic salary. Fishermen en-
gaged in the shrimp fishery are usually self-
employed and their income is derived from
the sale of their catches. (United States Em-
bassy, Madrid, March 1, 1961.)

Tunisia

EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY

PRODUCTS TO UNITED STATES, 1956-60:
Tunisia's exports of products usually as-

sociated with fisheries to the United States

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

estimated at 6,800 metric tons valued at

TL 10,725,000 (US$1.2 million), an increase
of 160 percent in quantity and 200 percent in
value over 1959. Prices (f.0.b.) were up an
average of 20 percent. The increased catch
came as a surprise to local experts who ex-
pected that bonito and tuna, which make up

the large majority of Turkish fish exports,
were running "off cycle.'' The fall run, which
is normally heavier than the spring run, was
so productive that fishermen halted operations
on several occasions because cold-storage
facilities were unavailable and local prices
were falling rapidly. Prices on the local mar-
ket varied at times up and down as much as

50 percent from the seasonal average. Ex-
porters enjoyed a substantial premium. Prin-
cipal markets were canneries in Italy and
Yugoslavia.

The fishery cooperative movement gained
new ground during the year as organizations
were able to export on their own account for
the first time.

Trade sources now predict another suc-
cessful year in 1961 when the bonito run is
expected to continue, the United States Con-
sulate in Istanbul reported on February 23,
1961.

Tunisian Exports of Selected Fishery Products to the United States, 1956-60

Products

between 1956 and 1960 were confined largely | Union of South Africa
to cuttlefish bone and land snails, plus small
quantities of marine shells and dried octo-
pus. (United States Embassy, Tunis, Feb-
ruary 20, 1961.)

C8

SS)

Turkey

TUNA AND BONITO EXPORTS
HIGHER IN 1960:

Exports of bonito and tuna caught by the
Istanbul fishing fleet in 1960 were officially

FISHING VESSELS AND GEAR, JUNE 1960:
As of 1960, South Africa's powered fishing
fleet consisted of 549 vessels using purse nets,
spiny lobster nets, and lines, plus 62 otter
trawlers. The fishing fleet other than otter
trawlers was made up of the following: 153
vessels, 30-40 feet long; 165 vessels, 41-50
feet long; 146 vessels, 51-60 feet long; 82 ves-
sels, 61-70 feet long; and 3 vessels over 70
feet in length. The steam-powered otter
trawlers ranged in length from 86.5 to 176

| feet and the Diesel-powered trawlers from 50

to 129 feet in length. Vessels other than otter

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Union of South Africa (Contd.):

South Africa's Motor Fishing Vessels and Gear as of June 1960

Fishing Gear Used by Vessels No. of Vessels
Lampara purse net (power winch) . enisiieive 172
Lampara’purse net 22.5 6%) 06 a,b bn bike 6
Lampara purse net and Spiny, lobster nets

(power winch) ..... eMewegts 6
Lampara purse net and spiny lobster nets elie! va 6
eines pee care ie eel 95

and: lines!(power winch)! elf cl cjyeue gr cle 6
Hinesvand NEtSs opis y ohewewccledeme ites sii ued aie 67
Lines and nets (power winch) ......... 22
Sspinyzlobsternetsi asc. ten ae 42
Spiny lobster nets (power winch) ....... 24
Spiny lobster nets andhand lines ....... 74
Spiny lobster nets and hand lines (power winch) 29
beet trawlers (steam power) .......06. 26

tter trawlers (Diesel power) .........

Stal ewes

trawlers are practically all Diesel-powered.
(The South African Fishing Industry Handbook
and | Buyers! 3" Guide, 1960/61.)

U.S.S.R.

FISHING INDUSTRY EXPANDING:

In 1960 a total Russian fishery catch of over 3 million
metric tons (6.6 billion pounds) was reported from oper-
ations in waters stretching from Kamchatka to Newfound-
land and from Greenland to Takoradi. It seems probable
that the seven-year-plan goal of 4,626,000 tons in 1965
will be reached, according to a report in Fiskets Gang,
(January 26, 1961), a Norwegian fishery periodical.

The constant increase in the Russian catches is due to
centralized planning and leadership, the use of large fleets,
stern trawlers, and large coventional ocean trawlers com-
bined with individual exploratory fishing vessels, and the
exploitation of new fishing grounds, For example, stern
trawlers now sail from Kherson on the Black Sea and
Kalingrad on the Baltic Sea to the West African coast
for sardines,

Fleet expansion and modernization have moved ahead
rapidly. Numerous 230-foot stern trawlers have been built
in Poland, Russia, and East Germany. Sixty of these are
slated for tropical fishing for tuna and sardines, and will be
delivered by East Germany in the period from 1961 to 1965.
Conventional 540-hp. 140-foot fishing trawlers will be re-
powered with 600-800 hp. engines to increase their speed
and all trawlers will be equipped with refrigerated holds,
At the same time the coal-fired trawlers will be converted
to oil to increase the operating range, and old coastal
trawlers will be scrapped and replaced by a smaller number
of vessels equipped with Danish seines. Crews from the
coastal vessels will be transferred to the North Atlantic
ocean trawlers,

The present methods are being changed gradually, and
the tendency is toward complete processing aboard the
vessel, Processing and cargo space has been increased
in the large trawlers, and their capacity for processing
products now is double that of a normal or average trip.
The first full load on a trip is delivered to a transport
vessel while the second is carried directly home.

The older cargo-freezing vessels which were converted
to motherships have*been found to be ineffective, unsatis-
factory, and to have too little refrigerating capacity. Seven

Vol. 23, No. 5

of these are being completely re-equipped and mechanized,
but only one new vessel-~Severdovinsk~--has been built.

The herring fisheries are becoming more and more im-
portant. Before long all of the coventional 140-foot vessels
will fish herring exclusively, using gill nets and midwater
trawls. The herring will be frozen and delivered directly
to the home ports. The midwater trawl appears to have
been perfected for the stern trawlers, and new materials,
such as plastics, make it possible for the stern trawlers to
fish to a depth of 500 fathoms. A new trawl, designed for
rough bottom, is under development and, likewise, steer-
able otter boards. New hydroacoustic equipment is being
installed in all ocean-fishing craft.

Russian consumers have become more particular, and
in the attempts to satisfy them, the Fishery Ministry has
discovered that it is more profitable to deliver good-quality
and well-prepared fishery products in an appealing form.
One result is that the volume of fish fillets in the stores in
1960 was five times that in 1958.

In order to meet the increased supply and increased
demand, the processing plants in Murmansk have been
greatly expanded and a number of refrigerated railroad
cars have been placed at their disposal for the distribution
of fish over the whole of European Russia.

In all, the Russian fishing industry presents a healthy
picture.

sle sles ole oe
wK OK OK 3K ook

FLOATING DRYDOCK FOR
FISHING VESSELS EN
ROUTE TO PACIFIC COAST:

A report from Halsingborg, Sweden, states
that on February 19, 1961, a large Soviet tug-
boat passed through Oresund towing a giant
floating dock, The dock, it is said, was built
in Lithuania. It is being towed to the Soviet
Pacific Ocean coast via the North Sea, Eng-
lish Channel, around Africa and through the
Indian Ocean. The journey, it is estimated,
will take about three and one-half months.
The floating dock, according to reports, will
be stationed in ''Port Pripiski'' where it will
serve as a repair shop for Soviet fishingboats
and trawlers. (United States Consulate in
Goteborg, February 20, 1961.)

le Se ete
kK KK OK

NEW HERRING FACTORYSHIP
FOR FAR EAST:

The newly-constructed vessel Sovjetskij
Sakhalin has arrived at Nevelsk in South Sak-
halin, U.S. a R., according to the Russian
periodical Vodny J. Transport for February
7, 1961 (as renoreeh in February 23 Fiskets
Gan ng, a Norwegian fishery periodical). The
vessel was built ina Polish shipyard for the
U. S. S. R. as a mothership and factoryship
for the herring fleet inthe Far East. The
vessel displaces 17,000 tons,

Kk OK OK OK

May 1961

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

PACIFIC SALMON PROBLEMS
SUBJECT OF CONFERENCE:

It was reported from Petropavlovsk-
Kamchatskiy, U. 5. 5. R., that Soviet scien-
tists and fish industry specialists late in
1960 participated in a conference on prob-

lems of the salmon economy of the Far East.

The conference discussed results of many
years' research on the condition of fish re-
serves, improvement of artificial reproduc-
tion, and improvement of conservation and
regulation of salmon fisheries in the north-
western part of the Pacific Ocean. The re-
ports and speeches noted that in recent
times, despite the measures adopted by
Soviet organizations for improvement of re-
production of Far Eastern salmon, in an
overwhelming majority of fishing regions of
the Far East a rapid fall in the commercial
catch has been observed. This is accompa-
nied not only by destructively subnormal re-
plenishment of basic species, but also a de-
structively low level of fish reproduction.

To prevent a further drop in salmon re-
serves, industry workers took steps to re-
duce the intensity of fishing, closed several
fish combines, canning plants, and consider-
ably reduced the size of the fishing equip-
ment.

But all these steps have not given and
will not give the proper results, since the
basic reason for the sharp reduction in Far
Eastern salmon is the extraordinarily in-
tensive, irrational fishing conducted by the
Japanese fishing industry in the northwest-
ern part of the Pacific Ocean, and primarily
in the southern region of the sea breeding
grounds. Several at the conference spoke
on this subject in particular.

The conference noted the positive role of
the Soviet-Japanese Fishing Convention,
which has somewhat adjusted the salmon
catch in the open sea. But at the same time,
it was deemed necessary to take further ac-
tive steps to regulate fishing conducted by
the Japanese fishing industry, in order to
prevent possible destruction of the fishing
value of Far Eastern salmon.

Decisions and recommendations were
made on further development of scientific
research, improvement of fishing regula-
tions, and strengthening of artificial repro-
duction of salmon. The reserves of Far

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

Eastern salmon, a national resource of the
Soviet Union, must not only be restored, but
increased, according to the conference.
(United States Embassy, Sapporo, Japan,
March 8, 1961.)

qe
United Kingdom

FISHERY LOANS INTEREST
RATES REVISED:

The British White Fish Authority in Feb-
ruary 1961 announced that, as a result of
changes in the rates of interest charged to
them by H. M. Treasury, their own rates of
interest on loans made as from February 20
will be as follows:

Fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet,
new engines, nets, and gear:

: On loans for not more than five years--
1
5% percent; decrease gq percent.

On loans for more than five years but not
more than 10 years--64 percent; increase a
percent.

On loans for more than 10 years but not
more than 15 years--6% percent; decrease }
percent.

On loans for more than 15.years--6% per-
cent; no change.

Processing plants:

On loans for not more than 20 years--7
percent; no change.

The rates on loans made before February
20, 1961, are unchanged, (Fish Trades Ga-
zette, February 25, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1961 p. 84,

Ne gle Sle
te ok ok

FISH MEAL PRICES, MARCH 1961:

Fish meal prices reported by a British
trade periodical between November 19, 1960,
and March 4, 1961 (see table p. 66).

As of March 4, 1961, imported fish meal
prices were up from 2.2-9.7 percent as com-
pared with February 4, 1961. Domestic fish
meal prices on March 4, 1961, were down
about 5.3 percent for white fish meal and
unchanged for herring meal from a month

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

Vol. 23, No. 5

Fe of Protein Date t/s./d, per

Fish Meal Content Quoted Long Ton

i —=> = SS

Imported:
S, Africa (white fish)......... 65 11/19/60 48/15/0 136,50 121.87
Peril (branded)ity. ctetareterstate eters 65 3/4/61 39-40/0/0 109,20-112.00 97.50-100.00
Peru (ave. quality). . t.0. ss0 65 3/4/61 37/0/0 103,60 92,00
Iceland (white cod)... 2. ese 10-73 11/26/60 42/0/0-48/16/0 117.60-136,64 105,00-122.00
Tcelandi(herring) (7..s:s ete sete ee 10 3/4/61 46/7/6 129.85 115,94
Denmark: (Herring) se vei rev evens! ove 13 3/4/61 49/5/6 137.97 123,19

Domestic:
Whitefish tes reuclfeccueteevesteits 66 3/4/61 1/53/10/0 149.80 133,75
HIGEDING: O/h asus todswarevelsows olisus 68-71 3/4/61 50/0/0 140.00 125.00

‘1/In bags, ex-factory Hull or Grimsby.

2/In bags, ex-factory.

Note: Imported fish-meal prices are c.i.f, current shipments, and domestic-meal prices (net cash) are ex-plant, in 6

long-ton lots and bagged, unless otherwise reported,

» earlier. (United States Embassy, London,
March 17, 1961.)

SUPERTRAWLER LAUNCHED IN GERMANY:
The largest and most revolutionary trawl-
er ever built for the British fishing fleet was
launched on January 14, 1961, in Bremer-
haven, Germany. Named the Lord Nelson,
the trawler cost £400,000 (US$1I,122,000).
Besides being Britain's largest and first
distant-water freezing stern-trawler (as
distinguished from the Fairtry-type factory -
trawlers which also fish from the stern).

Specifications are as follows; ton-
nage, 1,200; over-all length, 238 ft. 10 in.
(30 feet longer than the largest existing
‘conventional British trawler); breadth, |
36 ft.; depth (from 2nd deck), 15 ft. 9 in., and
draught, 14 ft. 4 in. Her variable-pitch pro-
peller is stainless steel and controlled from
the bridge. Fittings and auxiliary equipment
will be supplied by the British, such as radio,
radar, radio-telephone, and fish-finding aids.
The all-welded vessel has baths, showers,
cabins, and a modern sick bay. It is expected
to join the fleet out of Hull, England, by May
1961, and will stay out longer than the pres-
ent 21 days for distant-water vessels. Her
turbo-charged six-cylinder engine develops
2,000 hp. at 250 r.p.m., developing a speed
of 15 knots. The Lord Nelson has 2 main
generators of 105 kilowatts each, one driving
the winch and the other for main power sup-
ply. These generators are directly driven
by the shaft--a first for this type vessel, If
the main engine breaks down, the generators
can be coupled to haul in the gear and drive

[the ship at reduced speed. A 40-kilowatt gen-
erator in the engineroom can be used for e-
mergency or in-port lighting.

The vessel's trawl net is hauled up aramp
cut into the stern--the fish then slide below
decks through a hydraulically-operated hatch-
way. Below, on the main fish deck (which is
under cover), the fish are cleaned, thenplaced
on a conveyor belt which takes them through
a washer and into a compartment where they
are prepared for freezing. This compartment
contains 16 freezing units. Trays of frozen
fish are later transferred to an 11,620 cubic-
ft. refrigerated hold. An elevator brings the
fish to the upper deck level for unloading.

Only part of the catch will be frozen at
sea since fish caught near the end of the trip
can be stored in an iced fish hold with a ca-
pacity of 280,000 pounds. The vessel's in-
struments will be contained in a console on
the bridge--dual controls will enable the
skipper to shoot or haul in the trawl net while
handling engineroom controls.

High quality is the goal of the owners--
"fish frozen immediately as it is taken from
the water.'' (The Fishing News, January 20,
1961.)

Note: Values converted at the rate of 1 British pound equals
US$2. 805.

x wets

°

Committee for Reciprocity Information

CONSULTATIONS ON FOREIGN IMPORT
RESTRICTIONS SCHEDULED FOR 1961:

The Committee for Reciprocity Informa-
tion (CRI) on March 1, 1961, issued a notice
inviting the public to submit views in connec-
tion with consultations scheduled during 1961
under the provisions of Articles XII and
XVII:B of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). (The notice appeared in
the March 2, 1961, Federal Register.) The
consultations will be conducted by a panel of
14 countries, including the United States, at
meetings scheduled for April and October and
will relate to the use of import restrictions
for balance-of-payments reasons by the fol-
lowing countries: April: Austria, Burma,
Chile, Indonesia, Turkey, Union of South Af-
rica; October: Denmark, Finland, Japan,
New Zealand, Notway, Israel.

The consultations will afford the opportu-
nity for the panel to review the economic and
financial situation of the consulting countries
individually, to explore in this context the
possibilities for further relaxation of their
import restrictions, and to discuss modera-
tion of particular policies and practices that
have proved unduly burdensome to exporters
in other countries.

United States traders, business firms,
labor organizations, and other individuals or
associations which have an interest in export-
ing to'one or more of the consulting countries
were asked, as a result of their own experi-
ence, to submit information which will beuse-
ful to the United States Government during the
course of the consultations. Especially sought
is a discussion of the possibilities for further
relaxation of the level of import restrictions
by any of the countries listed and the moder-
ation of particular policies and practices
which are burdensome to exporters.

Representations to the Committee in re-
sponse to this invitation, which should con-

@& FEDERAL 4
faa #60 ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

hea La 7 Pe

tain all available supporting information,
might include views along the following lines:

1. Quantitative import restrictions
affecting goods available from the United
States have resulted in unnecessary damage
to the commercial or economic interest of
the United States, its citizens, or organiza-
tions;

2. Not even minimum commercial quan-
tities of imports of specific commodities
from the United States are permitted, to the
impairment of regular channels of trade;

3. Trade is being restrained by complex
or arbitrary licensing procedures, or lack
of adequate information available to traders
regarding import regulations;

4, Reasonable access to a traditional
foreign market has not been restored for a
particular commodity, even though the coun-
try concerned has substantially relaxed its
restrictions on imports in general;

5. The long-standing application of im-
port restrictions by a country on a partic-
ular product has been accompanied by the
growth of uneconomic output of that product
within the country; or

6. Discrimination exists in the treat-
ment of goods available from the United
States as compared with the treatment af-
forded similar goods from other countries
with convertible currencies,

The CRI is an inter-agency group within
the United States Government which receives
views of interested persons regarding pro-
posed or existing trade agreements and ac-
tions related to such agreements. It is pre-
pared to receive at any time statements
from the public regarding import restric -
tions imposed by any contracting party tothe
GATT. oh

a3.

Wshsriz

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

the term ‘‘dark meat." Apparently, it
was for this dark-colored, striated mus-
cular tissue that he urged the change of
the standard to provide for labeling it
by the unmodified word “tuna” though
he sometimes used the designation ‘dark
meat” or “black meat” to mean non-
Striated tissue, which is an entirely
different part of the fish and which the
standard requires to be eliminated
before canning. (R. 18, 33-34, 37, 43,
50, 66)

4. Several kinds of tuna have been

Departme nt of He a Ith, pack tuna the name on the label should

include the words “in water.” By an

order published in the FeperaL REGISTER

; of August 29, 1957 (22 F.R. 6961), notice

E duc atio n t an d We If are was given that no objections had been
filed to the fill of container standard or

to the compositional requirements of the

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION identity standard, and the effective date
for these provisions, as set out in the

order of February 13, 1957 (22 F.R. 892),

as confirmed. In recognition of the ob-

EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGULATIONS FOR jections to the labeling requirements of

the identity standard, these require-

CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES EXTENDED: ments were stayed pending the outcome| caught In the Atlantic waters, but the
SCT 2) ITS SLE RY HERAT LISREG, TOG 0 PATETEEEY T RERUN 1X EEA [ERY EDGR (RIBOSE of the hearing on the issues raised by the} Only color determinations repor' in
The extension of the effective date of reg Sulestione. thei record) arelforstnaventeee ieee

= Pursuant to a notice of hearing pub-} tunny; large blue-fin tuna, exceeding
ulations under the Federal Food, Drug, and shed 1nlthey Pepecaes Reeeee raz (i506 Pounds in weight; and blue-fin tuna
j i ifi i- December 28, 1957 (22 F.R. 10964), aj ranging in weight from 20 pounds to 104
Cosmetic Act for Sarre e 7 a fable hearing was held ta vecee ete |pounda nae coor“ deerminution
i . 5 fete) an dence on the issues raised by the objec- | Show a le tunny an e large
tives was Sent ounced »y ate 1 tors. On the basis of the evidence | blue-fin tuna yield canned tuna of color
Drug Administration in the March 18, 1961, received at the hearing, and pursuant} darker than Munsell $3. The canned
. . to the authority vested in the Secretary | tuna prepare rom ie smaller blue-

Federal Register in two separate orders. of Health, Education, and Welfare by | fin tuna (those not exceeding 104 pounds
Samia SEE ee the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, | in weight) measured lighter than Mun-

and Cosmetic Act (secs. 401, 701(e) (3),] Sell 5.3. (R. 10, 18, 29-30, 54, 58, 60, 74,

i i in- 52 Stat. 1046, 1055 as amended 70 Stat. | 76; Ex. 8)

One of the orders Sane a list of ues aig; 21 USC. 341, 9714) (3)) and dele-| 9. The canned article prepared from

i iti 5 1 gated to the Commissioner of Food and| large blue- una, wher e fis!
dinceredditivies seats PEP ACRAe Secu Drugs by the Secretary (25 F.R. 8625),] Weighed in excess of 500 pounds each,
food- -about 20 substances A Both orders con- and after consideration of written argu-| Not only was of a dark color but it was
. . Lata ments and suggested findings, which are] COarse in texture and had a distinctive
i 1 of certain food additives used as adopted in part and rejected in part as] taste, described as stronger, heartier, and

aine sts Dp Pp j P

more fishy. The opinion was expressed
that this darker colored, stronger fla-
vored article prepared from large blue-
fin tuna would appeal to a limited seg-
ment of consumers. (R. 14, 33-35,
46-47, 58-59)

6. The responses to a questionnaire
answered by more than 4,000 consumers
showed an interest on the part of a sub-
stantial number of consumers in having
labels show whether the meat in the can

direct additives in food. A total of about 50 Ren Hane ir acon rst ton
substances are shown in the two lists, among lowing oilés be lssued: cae
which are included vitamin K5, sodium alkyl pepeaaain ne aeereena TECISTER tj Of
sulfate, stearyl alcohol, mineral oil, benzoic nition and standard of identity for
acid, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, etc. Jections were filed protesting’ those ee
Limits are shown for some of the substances | Sont of (ne order requiring that tuna

< 7 be declared on the label as “dark tuna’ | is light or dark. A consumer survey in

listed. Both orders became effective March sid thatthe ame onthe label of canned Wish Interviewers vised. 252" house
ifi i i tuna packed in water rather than in{ holds in whic e homemaker us

3, 1961. No specific eure dates have Hane necked in water) rather venanitn ceed tuna showed thats percent

ifi i two orders part of the name of the food. Notices|0f these homemakers regarded a color

been specified in the : of the objections, the stay of the labeling} Photograph of a can of tuna meas-

uring 5.3 on the Munsell scale as dark
tuna. Over two-thirds of the home-
makers interviewed were interested in
whether the tuna they serve is light or
dark tuna, and substantially all wanted
the label on the cans to show whether
the tuna is light or dark. (R. 140-141,
162-164, 168, 172, 184-189, 202-204, 210-

requirements, and the announcement of
Seren cy eon RO the public hearing on the objections were
Deg die pana el Published in the FeperaL REGISTER on
August 29, 1957. (22 F.R. 6961), and
December 28, 1957 (22 F.R. 10964). (Ex.

PROP OSAL ant©) RETAIN TWO OF THE oa ths ea issue concerning the color
LABELING REQUIREMENTS PROTESTED of canned tuna to be determined on the

basis of the evidence was raised in the

IN THE STANDARD OF IDENTITY erection: Hie by one DACEEL, me Oper parnetony eaate. 281-282; Ex. 14, 17, 18,
n Maine, who advo- tee 2
FOR CANNED TUNA: cated changing the wording of § 37.1(d) sats households where canned tuna is
om Tr 3) of the standard from: used, one 0: e forms in which it is mos
i he definition :
It is proposed not to change the (3) Dark. This color designation in- Bee ale the clon et Cee
and standard of identity for canned tuna by elades’ au Gre darker than Munsell]¢¢ housewives and they wish to avoid
4 - alue 5.3,

GEese inding (1) the (3) Tuna. This designation includes oar se Or rete eu Bees

. all tuna darker than Munsell value 5.3 : i
requirement that canned from the light meat of tuna. aire prigntrmnier ened A ee
the word dark The objection did not make an issue | These distributors objected to the re-

quirement that the name on the label of
such canned tuna should include the
words “in water.’ They asserted: (a)

4 of whether the method specified in the
be included on the order was appropriate for making the

differentiation between dark and light
label for tuna tuna; of whether the value for such | That showing the words “in water” in
— differentiation was properly set at 5.3|the name would lead consumers to be-
darker than Mun on the Munsell scale; or of whether the | lieve that water would be a Major in-
standard should require the label desig- | gredient of the food and that cans so
sell value 5.3 he nation for tuna darker than Munsell] labeled would contain less fish than
2) the require- value 5.3 to be different from the label | equal-sized cans of oil-pack tuna; (b)
q )
designation for tuna lighter than Mun- | that consumers generally discard the oil
ment that the sell value 5.3. The sole issue was| from oil-pack canned tuna; (c) that by

inference the provision concerning label
declaration of the words ‘in water”. re-
quires that these words must follow the
word ‘tuna’ in the same line on labels.
They declared that these assertions
would be proved by consumer letters and
consumer-survey data that would be
produced at the hearing. (R. 86-87, 91,

5 . whether the standard should require
words, in; water)’ be included in the name of || Signer Shel standard. showld (require

: . eae ll value 5.3 to be labeled “dark tuna”
water-pack or in-brine tuna. The findings Pacheco amply ctuna? (R9, 11-12,

iy 14, 17, 38, 47, 54-55; Ex. 7)
of fact were published by the U. S. Food and 3. The only A Gaecee ol euneatea the

ini i i h31, Federal objection to the label declaration “dark
Drug Administration in the Marc : phic tonitg ie) label deciarstions dark

Register as follows: “light meat of tuna” to mean striated | 98, 101, 106-107, 109, 111-114, 134-135;
muscular tissue, as specified in § 37.1(c) | Ex. 23)

121 CFR Part 37) a notice of a proposal for establishing a of the standard, without regard to the} 9. Historically, it has been conven-

= definition and standard of identity and color shade of such tissue. At other | tional to use vegetable oll as the packing

{Docket No. FDC-64] Satendete ore of container for'capned times, when referring to this same macillin rosieennnd uae Tuna canned

tuna fish. An order was pul striated muscular tissue (as prepared e Uni ates, e exception

CANNED TUNA FISH the FEDERAL REGISTER of February 13, from large blue-fin tuna and from| Of tuna prepared for special dietary us-

Definition and Standard of Identity; abot, Mee SEMPRE ESET MRE RESET Atlantic little tunny), the witness used Bee Oy 108d crag eRe eae peas

Findings of Fact ebjectlons\werelfledinndiatpibiteliser= ‘The citations following each finding of | canned tuna packed in water appeared

In the matter of establishing a defini-} ing was requested on two of the labeling fact refer to the pages of the transcript of }on the United States markets. Since

tion and standard of identity for canned| requirements in the identity standard: testimony and the exhibits received in evi- | then, the volume of imported water-pack

tuna fish: 5 (1) The requirement that tuna darker dence at the hearing. tuna has increased considerably but re-

In the Fepera RecisTeR of August 28,| than a prescribed level be labeled “dark”, mains substantially below the total vol-

1956 (21 F.R. 6492), there was published] and (2) the requirement that for water-

May 1961

ume of oil-pack tuna on the market.
(R. 108, 112, 121, 127, 145-146, 148-149,
173, 249-250; Ex. 15, 16)

10. The assertion that consumers usu-
ally discard the oil from oil-pack tuna
was not supported by the evidence pre-
sented at the hearing. The results of a
questionnaire-type survey submitted by
the Food and Drug Administration
showed that of more than 4,000 consum-
ers who answered the questionnaire, 56.4
percent reported that when using oil-
pack tuna they either always or some-
times use the oil. This percentage agrees
well with data published by the Fish
and Wildlife Service of the United States
Department of the Interior, showing that
of more than 1,900 homemakers inter-
viewed in a 1956 survey, 38.7 percent re-
ported that in using oil-pack tuna they
always use the oil with the fish and 20.4
Percent reported that they sometimes
use the oll. (R. 109, 150, 278-279; Ex.
16, 24-26)

11. Consumers are concerned whether
the canned tuna they purchase is the
conventional oil-pack article or is tuna
Packed in water. Some labels on water-
Pack tuna have shown “no oil added” or
“without added oil,” but, in general, the
declaration that the tuna is packed in
water has been so subordinated on labels
that consumers would be apt to overlook
it under customary conditions of pur-
chase. Housewives serve canned tuna
in various ways; they make salads, sand-
wiches, casserole dishes, tuna-with-
noodles, and use tuna in other cooked
dishes. Generally, recipes for the cooked
dishes, and frequently those for tuna in
salads, call for using the oil from the
can along with the tuna fish. The oil
adds richness and significantly increases
the caloric value of the dishes. When
following such recipes, a housewife using
water-pack tuna needs to add butter,
margarine, or salad oil. It promotes her
interests for the label declaration show-
ing that the tuna is packed in water to
be so displayed that under ordinary con-
ditions of purchase she will note it.

Some distributors of imported water-
pack tuna have sought in their promo-
tions to appeal to those consumers who
wish to avoid high-calorie foods. These
Promotions have emphasized that
canned tuna where water has been sub-
stituted for oil as the packing medium
is lower in caloric value than conven-
tional oil-pack tuna. The interest of
these consumers also is promoted by a
prominent label declaration to show that
the tuna is packed in water. (R. 120, 128,
134, 137, 138, 167-174; Ex. 12)

12. A consumer survey especially de-
signed to elicit evidence from a fair sam-
ple of homemakers on the issues raised
in the objections to the canned tuna or-
der was carried out by an organization
experienced in conducting such con-
sumer interviews. In this survey home-
makers were shown cans of water-pack
tuna under conditions designed to simu-
late those she would experience in mar-
keting for canned foods. For cans with
commercial labels, fairly representative
of the labels that have been used on
water-pack tuna and showing “Packed
in water” on side panels, two-thirds of
the homemakers interviewed mistakenly
thought that the tuna was packed in oil.
(R. 79-83, 178-190, 200-202, 207-210, 219,
221-223, 237, 245, 255, 270-271; Ex.
17-22)

13. The evidence at the hearing did
not support the assertion by the objectors
that including the words ‘in water” in
the name on labels of water-pack tuna
would lead consumers to believe water
to be a majcr ingredient and to believe
that the cans so labeled would contain
less fish than similar cans of oil-pack

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

tuna. In the consumer survey described
in Finding 12, the interviewers showed
homemakers cans of water-pack tuna
with labels specially printed to conform
to the requirements of the standard.
The names on the labels were:

LIGHT TUNA FLAKES
IN WATER
and
SOLID PACK
LIGHT TUNA IN WATER

The homemakers were asked whether
they thought the cans of water-pack
tuna would contain less fish, the same
amount of fish, or more fish than cans
of the same size where the tuna is packed
in oil. Half the homemakers answered
that the amount of fish would be the
same and the others divided about
equally between answering that there
would be less fish or more fish in the
cans of water-pack tuna. Two witnesses
trained in statistically evaluating such
data testified that these results do not
support the claim that showing the words
“in water’ in the names on labels would
lead consumers to believe the cans con-
tain less tuna fish. (R. 87, 106-107, 111-
112, 135, 204, 213-214, 251, 267-269, 274-
275; Ex. 17-22)

14, The objectors to the labeling re-
quirement for water-pack tuna failed
to show that it would promote consumer
interests to rescind the provision that
the words “in water" be included in the
name and to substitute a requirement
that water be named on labels as an
optional ingredient. One witness, sup-
porting the objections, expressed ap-
proval of a suggestion that the words
“in water” be shown on labels in type
half as large, and on a line below, the
other words in the name. A witness,
trained and employed in the field of home
economics, objected to the use of smaller
type for the words “in water."" She ex-
plained that women are accustomed to
getting tuna packed in oil and for that
reason when the tuna is packed in water
the label should declare “in water” in
easily legible type. She made no specific
objection to the suggestion that these
words be shown in a line immediately
below other words in the name. (R. 97,
152, 154, 156, 165-168, 170, 173)

Conclusions. On the basis of the fore-
going findings of fact, and taking into
consideration the substantial evidence of
the entire record, it is concluded that,
for the purpose of promoting honesty
and fair dealing in the interest of con-
sumers, the definition and standard of
identity for canned tuna should not be
changed by rescinding the requirement
that the word “dark” be included in the
label designation of tuna darker than
Munsell value 5.3 or the requirement that
the words “in water” be included in the
name of water-pack canned tuna.

Any interested person whose appear-
ance was filed at the hearing may, with-
in 30 days from the date of publication
of this proposed order in the FEDERAL
REcIsTER, file with tHe Hearing Clerk,
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Room 5440, 330 Independence
Avenue SW., Washington 25, D.C., writ-
ten exceptions thereto. Exceptions shall
point out with particularity the alleged
errors in the proposed order and shafi
contain specific references to the pages of
the transcript of testimony or to the
exhibits on which the exceptions are
based. Exceptions may be accompanied
by briefs in support thereof. Exceptions
and accompanying briefs should be sub-
mitted in quintuplicate.

Dated: March 21, 1961.

(SEAL] Geo. P. Larrick,
Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 42.

2 OOK OK OK OK

STANDARDS OF IDENTITY PROPOSED
FOR FROZEN RAW BREADED SHRIMP:

' A Proposed definition and standard of iden-

tity for frozen raw breaded shrimp was pub-

lished in the March 31, 1961, Federal Register,
by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.
The notice points out that the National Fish-
eries Institute, and the National Shrimp
Breaders Association, representing mem-
bers who are processors of breaded shrimp,
have jointly filed a petition setting forth a
proposed definition and standard of identity
for breaded shrimp.

The Food and Drug Administration pro-
poses to add a new section to Part 36 of its
regulations: ''36.30 Frozen raw breaded
shrimp (prawns); identity; label statement of
optional ingredients."

The standard proposed establishes that
the finished product contain not less than 50
percent by weight of shrimp material as de-
termined by the method described in the pro-
posed regulations. A description of frozen
raw breaded shrimp is included, as well as
the raw material to produce it. Among the
shrimp material listed for breading are:
fantail or butterfly shrimp (deveined and
split); round or round fantail (deveined but
not split); butterfly, tail-off (deveined and
split, tail fin and shell segments removed);
round, tail-off (deveined but not split, tail
and shell segments removed); tidbits (parts
of tail portions, but free of tail fin and shell
segments). The batter and breading are de-
scribed, and the optional ingredients that may
be used in the preparation of the mixtures
are listed. The names of the frozen raw
breaded shrimp product prepared in accord-
ance with proposed regulations are listed
together with several alternatives in each
case. Also, the regulations indicate that the
label is to bear one of the names specified
in the regulations, a statement listing the
optional ingredients employed in the batter
and breading, plus any spice or coloring
used, if any; and if a chemical preservative
has been used, the label is to indicate that
fact.

Interested persons were invited to present
their views in writing regarding the proposed
regulations, prior to May 30, 1961.

U. S. Tariff Commission

REPORT ON SHRIMP:

he Tariff Commission on March 31 issued a report on
its investigation of shrimp, conducted under Section 332 of
the Tariff Act of 1930. The investigation was made pursuant
to a resolution of the Senate Finance Committee, adopted in
August 1960,

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Commission's report to the Senate Finance Commit-
tee describes the domestic shrimp fishery and the process~-
ing of shrimp in the United States; discusses domestic prod-
uction, exports, imports, and consumption of raw shrimp and
shrimp products; gives data on prices, cold-storage holdings,
and wage rates in the United States; provides data on the
shrimp fisheries of foreign countries; considers the interests
of domestic producers, processors, and consumers of shrimp;
and discusses the probable results of the imposition of the
import restrictions set forth in the resolution,

The resolution of the Senate Committee called for an anal-
sis of the possible results of a 35-percent ad valorem duty as
wellas ananalysis of the results of a tariff quota under which
allimports notinexcess of the importsinthe calendar year
1960 shallenter free of duty and allimports in excess of those
in 1960 shall be dutiable at 50- percent ad valorem.

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

Report on Investigation No. 332-40
Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930
Pursuant to a Resolution of the
Committee on Finance of the United States Senate
Adopted in August 1960

TARP,
fs)
a Ig
Nay

Washington
March 1961

“a

The Commission points out that the analysis ‘‘. . .de-
scribes the probable economic effects of the indicated import
restrictions on those segments of the U. S. economy directly
concerned with the production, handling, processing, import-
ing, and marketing of shrimp. No attempt is made to set
forth the possible effects on our foreign relations and other
aspects of the national interest or on the economic welfare
of the numerous foreign countries involved.

‘‘In attempting to forecast the results of the imposition
of a duty on shrimp, the Commission has premised a more
or less constant per capita purchasing power during the next
several years. Should a duty of 35 percent ad valorem be
imposed on imports of shrimp, it is unlikely that the major
foreign suppliers of the U. S. market could reduce their

Vol. 23, No. 5

‘prices sufficiently to absorb most or all of the duty. Nor

would the reduction or elimination of export duties and tax-
es now levied in certain foreign countries have a significant
effect on the ability of foreign suppliers to overcome a U. S.
duty of 35 percent ad valorem, The application of such a
duty, therefore, would result in a substantial reduction of
total U. S. imports of shrimp in all forms; the reduction in
imports would be accompanied by a sharp increase in prices
and a curtailment of consumption in the U. S. market. With
a restricted supply and a continuation of high prices in the
United States, a limited expansion of the domestic catch of
shrimp might be expected within a year or two, This could
be accomplished by an extension of the operations of the U.S.
shrimp fleet to new areas, where fishing costs would be sub-
stantially higher than in the areas now exploited, and by a
somewhat larger catch of shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. If
Mexico’s exports of shrimp to the United States were sharply
reduced by the imposition of a U. S, duty, the Mexican shrimp
fleet presumably would be forced to reduce its operations in
the Gulf of Mexico, thereby permitting the U. S, fleet oper-
ating in the same waters to increase its catch. The extent of
the increase would be limited, however, because the U. S.
fleet probably would not be permitted to fish in Mexico’s ter-
ritorial waters, At present, nearly three-fourths of Mexico’s
total shrimp catch is taken from the Gulf of California and
other west-coast waters near the Mexican shore. If Mexican
fleet operations were curtailed in these waters, it is unlikely
that the U. S. shrimp fleet could extend its operations to the
west coast of Mexico. It appears from the foregoing that on-
ly a small part of the loss of U. S. imports resulting from
the imposition of a 35-percent duty on shrimp could be made
up by an increase in the U. S. production of shrimp from the
Gulf of Mexico and from areas not now being exploited.

‘‘With a net reduction in the total supply of shrimp avail-
able in the U. S. market, prices in all channels of distribu-
tion would increase sharply and undoubtedly would remain
higher than at present. High prices would be especially ben-
eficial to domestic craft owners and fishermen, but not to
processors (including freezers) who must purchase raw
shrimp in the open market. As previously indicated, high
prices would result in a curtailment of total consumption in
the United States, particularly in those areas that are now
dependent on imports partly because of their distance from
domestic landing ports and processing facilities. Many in-
stitutional users throughout the country would replace shrimp
with other food products, and household consumers would re=
duce their purchases of shrimp in favor of other seafoods,
poultry, and meats.

‘‘From the foregoing, it appears that the imposition of a
35-percent duty on shrimp would result in increased financial
returns to the U. S. shrimp fleet as a whole. It would also
result in higher average returns per shrimp craft and per
fisherman at least in the short run. How long individual craft
owners and fishermen would receive the benefit of increased
financial returns is conjectural. High ex-vessel prices and
enhanced profits to craft owners could be expected to encour-
age additions to the domestic shrimp fleet. With more ves-
sels and boats fishing for a limited resource, the average an-
nual catch per craft would eventually decline. As a result of
the smaller catch per craft, the average annual income per
craft and per fisherman also would decline from the high lev-
els attained immediately after the imposition of the duty.

“‘Certain packinghouses and freezers of shrimp are able
to avoid the hazards of price fluctuations by charging a fixed
fee per pound of shrimp for the services they perform, irre-
spective of market prices; the welfare of this group, there-
fore, is determined largely by the quantity of shrimp handl-
ed. Such packinghouses and freezers would benefit from any
increase in domestic landings of shrimp; they would not, how-
ever, benefit from increased prices unless they were able to
raise their fees,

“A duty of 35 percent on all shrimp and shrimp products
undoubtedly would arrest the increasing imports of frozen
peeled and deveined shrimp and frozen breaded shrimp and
reduce the imports of canned shrimp. Domestic breaders,

May 1961

canners, and producers of frozen peeled and deveined shrimp
apparently are concerned about the expansion in recent years
of processing facilities abroad and the possibility of a sub-
stantial increase in imports of the processed products, Wheth-
er imposition of a 35-percent duty would eliminate such im-
ports entirely cannot be determined, but it would certainly
discourage the expansion of facilities abroad to process
shrimp for exportation to the United States. Elimination of
the possibility of more intense competition from imports of
processed shrimp would be of little benefit to domestic proc-
essors Since restrictions of imports of all shrimp would cause
more intense competition among the processors in the pur-
chase of raw material and would arrest the expansion of
shrimp-processing operations in the United States, Certain
processors, particularly breaders, now rely heavily on im-
ports of frozen heads-off, shell-on shrimp for their raw ma-
terial supplies. If such imports were greatly reduced, some
processors outside the South Atlantic and Gulf States might
have to curtail their operations substantially or even discon-
tinue production of processed shrimp, For processors in the
South Atlantic and Gulf States, some of which rely partly on
imported frozen shrimp, increased raw-material costs would
tend to reduce the extent and profitableness of their opera-
tions, A uniform duty on all shrimp, therefore, would be
generally detrimental to shrimp processors,

“A U.S. duty of 35 percent on shrimp, and the resultant
high prices in the U. S, market, would no doubt cause a sub-
stantial reduction of the U. S. exports of shrimp. In terms
of headsvoff, shell-on shrimp, domestic exports were e-
quivalent to 73 percent of total U. S. landings of shrimp in
1960.

“Imposition of the tariff quota specified in the resolution
of the Senate Finance Committee would have a less drastic
effect on the shrimp trade than would a 35-percent duty on
all imports of shrimp. Provision for the annual duty-free
entry of imports equal to the quantity of shrimp imported in
1960 would not reduce the total supply of shrimp available
in the U. S. market and presumably would not immediately
cause a marked upturn in prices. However, should the quota
be stated in terms of pounds--irrespective of the form in
which the shrimp were imported--it might result in a sub-
stantial shift in the composition of imports from frozen heads-
off, shell-on shrimp to more advanced forms of processed
shrimp. On the one hand, such a shift would work to the dis-
advantage of domestic producers of the more advanced forms
of processed shrimp, not only because of increased compe-
tition from imports of the processed products, but also be-
cause of a reduced supply of imported frozen heads-off,
shell-on shrimp, which are used as raw material by many
processors, On the other hand, domestic craft owners, fish-
ermen, and freezers of raw shrimp would benefit from the
shift in imports; because of the smaller supply of imported
frozen heads-off, shell-on shrimp, the demand for domestic
raw shrimp by retail and institutional outlets would be in-
creased,

“‘Should a separate quota be established for each form of
shrimp, based on imports in 1960, it would halt the develop-
ment of facilities abroad to process shrimp for exportation
to the United States. Although domestic processors would
benefit from restrictions of imports of the processed prod-
ucts, the quota on raw shrimp would preclude a continued ex-
pansion of processing operations in the United States because
of a restricted supply of raw material. Craft owners and fish-
ermen would be aided by the assurance that they could expect
no more competition from imports than that encountered in
1960. Restriction of imports of each form of shrimp to the
1960 level presumably would prevent the price-depressing ef-
fects of sudden sharp increases in imports and might provide
a measure of stability to the shrimp market, which would be
beneficial to all segments of the shrimp trade.

“‘A global annual quota on imports of shrimp, without al-
location by country of origin, would affect the supplying coun-
tries in varying degrees. Those countries able to ship to the
United States early in the year could fill the quota and prevent
other countries from sharing in it. Country quotas based sole-
ly on the level of imports in 1960, as implied in the resolution
of the Senate Finance Committee, would be most detrimental

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

to those countries whose shipments to the United States were
smaller in 1960 than in earlier years (e.g., Japan, Costa Rica,
Peru, Australia, Norway, Korea, Argentina, Sweden, West
Germany, Israel, British Honduras, and the United Kingdom).
Moreover, if one or several supplying countries could not fill
their quotas in a particular year, a shortage might develop in
the U. S, market and affect many segments of the shrimp
trade,

“Tt is unlikely that there would be any significant imports
of shrimp at the over-quota rate of 50 percent ad valorem.
Shipments arriving in the United States after the quota was
filled probably would be diverted to other markets or held in
bonded warehouses in the United States for entry at the open-
ing of the new quota year.

“It should be recognized that if the supply of shrimp is
not restricted and if prices thereof do not increase greatly,
the long-run expansion of the total U. S. consumption of
shrimp may be expected to continue. Several factors, in ad-
dition to the growth in population, point to this conclusion.
Potential markets exist in some areas of the United States
where shrimp are regarded as a luxury item and where only
small quantities are now purchased for home use. The nu-
tritional value, the low-calorie content, and the taste appeal
of shrimp are not yet widely known in the mass consumer
market. The increasing acceptance of individually frozen
peeled and deveined shrimp, which can be served in the home
with little preparation, may be expected to continue. The
rising consumption of breaded shrimp has not yet showna
tendency to level off, Of the major processed shrimp prod-
ucts, canned shrimp is the only type that has not grown in
popularity in U. S, consumer markets in the past decade.

“‘The imposition of either of the import restrictions on
shrimp and shrimp products suggested in the resolution of
the Senate Finance Committee would limit the supply of
shrimp available in the U. S. market and thereby arrest the
long-run expansion of shrimp consumption in the United
States. If imports were restricted to the 1960 level or low-
er, any increase in consumption above the present level
would have to be supplied by domestic production. Although
the U, S. catch of shrimp may vary from year to year, there
appears to be little probability of a sustained increase in the
catch, even on the west coast where the large potential sup-
ply consists almost entirely of small-size shrimp suitable
primarily for the production of canned shrimp, a product
which has a relatively stable but limited market in the United
States,"’

Note: Title of report: "Shrimp. Report on Investigation No. 332-40 Under Section 332

of the Tariff Act of 1930 Pursuant to a Resolution of the Committee on Finance of the
United States Senate Adopted in August 1960." U.S. Tariff Commission, Washington,

D.C., March 1961,

Treasury Department
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON SOVIET
CANNED CRAB MEAT LIFTED:

The removal by the United States of a
prohibition on imports of Soviet canned crab-
meat, which has been in effect since January
27, 1951, was announced by the Treasury De-
partment on March 20, 1961, and published in
the Federal Register of March 25, 1961.

The prohibition was placed in force under
Section 307 of the U. S. Tariff Act, which

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

bans imports of goods produced with convict
or forced labor.

The decision to remove the prohibition on
imports of Soviet canned crab meat is in ac-
cordance with United States law, and is based
upon the fact that there is no current evidence
that prison or forced labor is still being used
in connection with Soviet canned crab meat.

A Treasury spokesman said:

"If the removal of this restriction also
helps to promote better relations between the
Soviet Union and the United States, it should
be welcomed by the peoples of both countries.

"This action supports the President's
desire for improved relations between the
Soviet and American peoples and the often-
expressed willingness of the United States
Government to offer the Soviet Union every
opportunity to trade with us in peaceful goods
on normal commercial terms,

"In connection with this action, represent-
atives of the State of Alaska have expressed
concern over possible expanded activities of
foreign fishing fleets in areas of the highseas
near Alaska. We understand that the Depart-
ment of State has long been aware of the prob-
lems which would be posed by the expansion
of foreign fishing activities into new areas of
primary interest to Alaskan fishermen, and
is giving serious consideration to this matter,
which involves complex aspects of conserva-
tion and fisheries policy."

The Treasury Department in answering
questions with regard to their announcement
indicated:

1, The information available indicates
that no forced labor is involved in the Soviet
canning operation, The Secretary of the
Treasury, who administers this law, has
gone over the available evidence and deter-
mined that removing the prohibition is jus-
tified.

2. In 1950 the United States imported
some 2.3 million pounds of canned Soviet
king crab meat with a value of roughly
US$2.3 million.

3. The product involved is the king crab
found only in far northern Pacific waters.
It could compete directly with some one mil-
lion pounds canned in Alaska, with a value of

VOL. 23, INO: 15

roughly US$1.4 million. Indirectly, it could
compete with some 2 million pounds of other
domestic varieties, with a value of roughly
US$2.1 million. It should be pointed out that
Soviet crab meat will be subject to the nor-
mal import duty of 224 percent ad valorem,

4, Total United States production of king
crabs was about 18 million pounds of which
about 4 million was canned, yielding a can-
ned weight of about one million pounds.

The notice as it appeared in the Federal

Register follows:
[T-D. 55342]

PART 12—SPECIAL CLASSES OF
MERCHANDISE

Canned Crabmeat From Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics

I hereby find, pursuant to the provi-
sions of § 12.42, Customs Regulations,
promulgated in accordance with the au-
thority contained in section 307, Tariff
Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1307), that canned
crabmeat manufactured or produced
wholly or in part in the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics does not come with-
in the purview of section 307, Tariff Act
of 1930.

Accordingly, on and after the date of
the publication of this finding in the
FreDERAL Reouster, the finding made in
T.D. 52655 (16 F.R. 776) is no longer in
effect.

Section 12.42(h), Customs Regula-
tions, is amended by deleting from the
list the following:

Canned crabmeat—Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics—52655
(Secs. 807, 624, 46 Stat. 689, 759; 19 U.S.C.
1307, 1624)

[SEAL] D. B. STRUBINGER,

Acting Commissioner of Customs.
Approved: March 20, 1961.
Dovucias DILLON,
Secretary of the Treasury.

3 OK OK OK OK

QUOTA FOR 1961 ESTABLISHED ON
IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine
which may be imported into the United
States during calendar year 1961 at the
123-percent rate of duty is limited to
57,114,714 pounds. This is 6.9 percent
more than the 53,448,330 pounds in 1960,
9.1 percent more than the 52,372,574
pounds in 1959, 27.8 percent more than
the 44,693,874 pounds in 1958, and 25.6
percent more than the 45,460,000-pound
quota for 1957, Any imports in excess of
the 1960 quota will be dutiable at 25 per-
cent ad valorem.

May 1961

Any tuna classifiable under Tariff Act
paragraph 718(b)--fish, prepared or pre-
served in any manner, when packed in air-
tight containers. . .(except fish packed in
oil or in oil and other substances;...)--
which is entered or withdrawn for consump-
tion is included.

A proclamation (No, 3128), issued by the
President on March 16, 1956, gave effect to
an exchange of notes with the Government of
Iceland to withdraw tuna canned in brine from
the 1943 trade agreement and invoked the
right to increase the duty reserved by the
United States in negotiations with Japan and
other countries under the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade. The quota is based on
20 percent of the previous year's United
States pack of canned tuna. The announce-
ment as it appeared in the April 11, 1961,
Federal Register follows:

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Bureau of Customs
(TD. 86360]

TUNA FISH
Tariff-Rate Quota

Apri 5, 1961.

Pursuant to Presidential Proclamation
No. 3128 of March 16, 1956 (T.D. 54051),
it has been determined that 57,114,714
pounds of tuna may be entered for con-
sumption or withdrawn from warehouse
for consumption during the calendar
year 1961 at the rate of 1242 per centum
ad valorem under paragraph 718(b),
Tariff Act of 1930, as modified. Any
tuna classifiable under paragraph 718(b)
of the tariff act which is entered, or with-
drawn, for consumption during the cur-
rent calendar year in excess of this quota
will be dutiable at the full rate of 25 per
centum ad valorem.

The above quota, is based on the United
States pack of canned tuna during the
calendar year 1960, as reported by the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

(szaL) PHILIP NICHOLS, Jr.,
Commissioner of Custom.

White House

NORTH PACIFIC 1961 HALIBUT FISHING
REGULATIONS APPROVED
BY PRESIDENT:

On March 29, 1961, the President of the
United States approved the 1961 North Pacific
halibut fishing regulations as recommended
by the International Pacific Halibut Commis-
sion.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

73

The regulations as published in the April
8, 1961, Federal Register follow:

Title 50—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter Wi—International Regulatory
Agencies (Fishing and Whaling)

PART 301—PACIFIC HALIBUT
FISHERIES

Regulations of the International Pa-
cific Halibut Commission adopted pur-
suant to the Pacific Halibut Fishery
Convention between the United States of
America and Canada, signed March 2,
1953.

Bec.

301.1 Regulatory areas.

3012 Length of halibut fishing seasons

3013 Closed seasons.

801.4 Catch limits in Areas 2 and 3A.

301.5 Size limits.

3016 Licensing of vessels.

301.7 Retention of halibut taken under
permit.

901.8 Conditions limiting validity of per-
mits.

301.9 Statistical return by vessels.

301.10 Statistical return by dealers.

301.11 Dory gear prohibited.

301.12 Nets prohibited.

301.18 Retention of tagged halibut.

301,14 Responsibility of master

301.15 Supervision of unloading and weigh-

Ing.
301.16 Previous regulations superseded.

AUTHORITY: §§ 301.1 to 301.16 Issued under
Art. III, 50 Stat., Part I, 1963.

§ 301.1 Regulatory areas.

(a) Convention waters which include
the territorial waters and the high seas
off the western coasts of Canada and the
United States of America including the
southern as well as the western coasts of
Alaska shall be divided into the follow-
ing ereas, all directions given being mag-
netic unless otherwise stated.

(b) Area 1A (South of Heceta Head)
shall include all convention waters
southeast of a line running northeast and
southwest through Heceta Head Light,
as shown on Chart 5802, published in
July 1947, by the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C.,
which light is approximately latitude
44°08'18’’ N., longitude 124°07'36'’ W.

(c) Area 1B (Heceta Head to Willapa
Bay) shall include all convention waters
between Area 1A and a line running
northeast and southwest through Will-
apa Bay Light on Cape Shoalwater, as
shown on Chart 6185, published in July
1939, by the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, which light is approxi-
mately latitude 46°43'17’’ N., longitude
124°0415'’ W.

(d) Area 2 (Willapa Bay to Cape
Spencer) shall include all convention
waters off the coasts of the United States
of America and of Alaska and of Canada
between Area 1B and a line running
through the most westerly point of Gla-
cier Bay, Alaska, to Cape Spencer Light
as shown on Chart 8304, published in
June 1940, by the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey, which light is ap-
proximately latitude 58°11'57’’ N., longi-
tude 136°38’18’’ W.; thence south one-
quarter east.

(e) Area 3A (Cape Spencer to Shuma-
gin Islands) shall include all the conven-
tion waters off the coast of Alaska that
are between Area 2 and a straight line
running southeast one-half east from
the highest point on Kupreanof Point,
which highest point is approximately
latitude 65°34’08’’ N., longitude 159°36’
00’’ W.; the highest point on Kupreanof
Point shall be determined from Chart
8859 as published May 1954 (2d Edition)
by the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey.

(f) Area 3B South (Shumagin Islands
to Cape Sagak, Umnak Island not in-
cluding Bering Sea) shall include all
convention waters off the coast of Alaska
that are between Area 3A and a straight
line running southwest by west from
Cape Sagak, the southwestern extremity
of Umnak Island, at a point approxi-
mately latitude 52°49’20’’ N., longitude
169°07'00’" W., and that are south of

straight lines running from Cape Kabuch
Light at the head of Ikatan Bay, which
light is approximately latitude 54°49’00’’
N., longitude 163°21'36’’ W.; thence to
Scotch Cap Light at the western end of
Unimak Island, which light is approxi-
mately latitude 54°23'48’’ N., longitude
164°44'30'' W.; thence to Brundage Head
on Unalaska Island, which head is ap-
proximately latitude 53°56’00’’ N., longi-
tude 166°12'36’’ W.; thence to Cape Aiak
on Unalaska Island, which cape is ap-
proximately latitude 53°15'45'’ N., longi-
tude 167°29'30’’ W-.; thence to Cape
Sagak. The positions of Cape Kabuch
Light, Scotch Cap Light and Brundage
Head were determined from Chart 8860,
published 1942 (12th Edition), and the
positions of Cape Sagak and Cape Alak
were determined from Chart 8861, pub-
lished in May 1942, revised April 1959,
both charts as published by the US.
Coast and Geodetic Survey.

(g) Area 3B North (Bering Sea and
Aleutian Islands west of Cape Sagak)
shall include all convention waters which
are not included in Areas 1A, 1B, 2, 3A,
and 3B South.

§ 301.2 Length of halibut fishing sea-

sons.

(a) In Area 1A, the halibut fishing
season shall commence at 6:00 a.m. of
the 10th day of May and terminate at
6:00 a.m. of the Ist day of October, or
at the time of termination of the halibut
fishing season in Area 3A, whichever is
later.

(b) In Area 1B, the halibut fishing
season shall commence and terminate at
the same time as the halibut fishing
season in Area 2 shall commence and
terminate.

(c) In Area 2, the halibut fishing sea-
son shall commence at 6:00 a.m. on the
10th day of May and terminate at 6:00
a.m. on a date to be determined and
announced under paragraph (b) of
§ 301.4.

(d) In Area 3A, the halibut fishing
season shall commence at 6:00 a.m. of the
10th day of May and terminate at 6:00
a.m. on a date to be determined and an-
nounced under paragraph (b) of § 301.4.

(e) In Area 3B South, the halibut
fishing season shall commence at 6:00
a.m. of the 25th day of April and termi-
nate at 6:00 a.m. of the Ist day of Oc-
tober, or at the time of termination of
the halibut fishing season in Area 3A,
whichever is later.

(f) In Area 3B North, the halibut
fishing season shall commence at 6:00
a.m, of the 10th day of April and termi-
nate at 6:00 am. of the 1st day of Oc-
tober, or at the time of termination of
the halibut fishing season in Area 3A,
whichever is later.

(g) All hours of opening and closing
of areas in this section and other sec-
tions of these regulations shall be Pacific
standard time.

§ 301.3 Closed seasons.

(a) Under paragraph 1 of Article I
of the Convention, all convention waters
shall be closed to halibut fishing ex-
cept as provided in § 301.2.

(b) All convention waters, if not al-
ready closed under other provisions of
these regulations, shall be closed to hali-
but fishing at 6:00 a.m. of the Ist day
of December and shall remain closed
until reopened as provided in § 301.2, and
the retention and landing of any hali-
but caught during this closed period shall
be prohibited.

(c) Nothing contained in these regu-
lations shall prohibit the fishing for
species of fish other than halibut during
the closed halibut seasons, provided that
it shall be unlawful for a vessel to have
halibut aboard, or for any person to
have halibut in his possession while so
engaged except as provided for in § 301.7.
Nor shall anything in these regulations

| prohibit the International Pacific Halibut

Commission, hereafter in these regula-
tions referred to as “the Commission”,
from conducting or authorizing fishing
operations for investigation purposes as

74

provided for in paragraph 3 of Article I
of the Convention.
§ 301.4 Catch limits in Areas 2 and 3A.

(a) The quantity of halibut to be
taken during the halibut fishing season
in Area 2 and during the halibut fishing
season in Area 3A in 1961 shall be lim-
ited to 28,000,000 pounds and 33,000,000
pounds respectively of salable halibut,
the weights in each limit to be computed
as with heads off and entrails removed.

(b) The Commission shall as early in
the said year as is practicable determine
and announce the date on which it deems
each limit of catch defined in paragraph
(a) of this section will be attained, and
the limit of each such catch shall then
be that which shall be taken prior to
said date, and fishing for halibut in the
area to which each limit applies shall
at that date be prohibited until each
area is reopened to halibut fishing as
provided in § 301.2, and provided that
if it shall at any time become evident to
the Commission that the limit will not
be reached by such date, it may substi-
tute another date.

(c) Catch limits shall apply only to
the halibut fishing season in Area 2 and
to the halibut fishing season in Area 3A.

§ 301.5 Size limits.

The catch of halibut to be taken
from all areas shall be limited to halibut
which with head on are 26 inches or
more in length as measured from the tip
of the lower jaw to the extreme end of
the middle of the tail or to halibut which
with the head off and entrails removed
are 5 pounds or more in weight, and
the possession of any halibut of less
than the above length, or the above
weight, according to whether the head is
on or off, by any vessel or by any master
or operator of any vessel or by any per-
son, firm or corporation, !s prohibited.

§ 301.6 Licemsing of veseels.

(a) All vessels of any tonnage which
shall fish for halibut in any manner or
hold halibut in possession in any area,
or which shall transport halibut other-
wise than as a common carrier docu-
mented by the Government of the United
States or of Canada for the carriage of
freight, must be licensed by the Com-
mission, provided that vessels of less
than five net tons or vessels which do not
use set lines need not be licensed unless
they shall require a permit as provided
in § 301.7.

(b) Each vessel licensed by the Com-
mission shall carry on board at all times
while at sea the halibut license thus
secured whether it is validated for
halibut fishing or endorsed with a permit
as provided in § 301.8, and this license
shall at all times be subject to inspection
by authorized officers of the Govern-
ments of Canada or the United States
or by representatives of the Commission.

(c) The halibut license shall be issued
without fee by the customs officers of
the Governments of Canada or the
United States or by representatives of
the Commission or by fishery officers of
the Governments of Canada or the
United States at places where there are
neither customs officers nor represent-
atives of the Commission. A new li-
cense may be issued by the officer accept-
ing statistical return at any time to
vessels which have furnished proof of
loss of the license form previously issued,
or when there shall be no further space
for record thereon, providing the receipt
of statistical return shall be shown on
the new form for any halibut or other
species taken during or after the voyage
upon which loss occurred.

(d) The halibut license of any vessel
shall be validated before departure from
port for each halibut fishing operation
for which statistical return is required.
This validation of a license shall be by
customs officers or by fishery officers of
the Governments of Canada or the
United States when available at places
where there are no customs officers and
shall not be made unless the area in
which the vessel will fish is entered on
the license form and unless the provi-
sions of § 301.9 have Seen complied with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

for all landings and all fishing opera-
tions since issue of the license, provided
that if the master or operator of any
vessel shall fail to comply with the pro-
visions of § 301.9, the halibut license of
such vessel may be validated by customs
officers or by fishery officers upon evi-
dence elther that there has been a judi-
cial determination of the offense or that
the laws prescribing penalties therefor
have been complied with, or that the
said master or operator is no longer re-
sponsible for, nor sharing in, the opera-
tions of said vessel.

(e) The halibut license of any vessel
fishing for halibut in Area 1A as defined
in § 301.1 must be validated at a port or
place within Area 1A prior to each such
fishing operation when Areas 1B and 2
are closed to halibut fishing.

(f) The halibut license of any vessel
fishing for halibut in Area 3B South or
Area 3B North when Area 3A 1s closed
to halibut fishing must be validated at
a port or place within Area 3B South
prior to such fishing, except as provided
in paragraph (g) of this section.

(g) Any vessel already fishing in Area
3B South or in Area 3B North prior to
the date of closure of Area 3A may con-
tinue to fish in said areas until first entry
at a port or place with a validating offi-
cer or until any halibut is unloaded.
The vessel must comply with paragraph
(h) of this section when it departs from
Areas 3B North and 3B South.

(h) The halibut license of any vessel
departing from Areas 3B South and 3B
North with any halibut on board when
Area 3A is closed to halibut fishing, must
be vaildated at a port or place in Area
3B South subsequent to fishing and prior
to such departure.

(1) A halibut license shall not be vali-
dated for departure for halibut fishing
in Areas 1A or 1B or 2 more than 48 hours
prior to the commencement of any hall-
but fishing season in said areas.

({) A halibut license shall not be vall-
dated for departure for halibut fishing
in Areas 3A or 3B South or 3B North
from any port or place inside sald areas
more than 48 hours prior to the com-
mencement of the halibut fishing season
in each of said areas, except that a hali-
but license validated for fishing In Area
3B North prior to the opening of Area
3B South may at the same time be vali-
dated for halibut fishing in Area 3B
South when the latter area is opened;
nor shall a halibut license be validated
for departure for halibut fishing in Area
3A from any port or place outside said
area more than 5 days prior to com-
mencement of the halibut fishing season
in said area.

(k) A halibut license shall not be valid
for halibut fishing in more than one of
Areas 1A, 1B, 2, or 3A, as defined in
§ 301.1, during any one trip nor shall it
be revalidated for halibut fishing in
another of said areas while the vessel
has any halibut on board.

() A halibut license may be validated
for halibut fishing in more than one of
Areas 3A, 3B South or 3B North except
that when Area 3A is closed such valida-
tion shall be subject to the conditions
contained in paragraphs (f), (g), and
(h) of this section and to any other ap-
plicable provisions of these regulations.

(m) A halibut license shall not be
valid for halibut fishing in any area
closed to halibut fishing nor for the pos-
session of halibut in any area closed to
halibut fishing except while in actual
transit to or within a port of sale. The
said license shall become invalid for the
possession of halibut if the licensed ves-
sel is fishing or attempting to fish for
any species of fish in any area closed
to halibut fishing.

(n) Any vessel which is not required
to be licensed for halibut fishing under
paragraph (a) of this section shall not
Possess any halibut of any origin in any
area closed to halibut fishing except
while in actual transit to or within a
port of sale.

(o) A halibut Ucense shall not be
valid for halibut fishing in any area
while a permit endorsed thereon is in
effect, nor shall it be validated while
halibut taken under such permit is on
board.

Vol. 23, No. 5

if it shall retain, land or sell any halibut
caught Incidentally to such fishing or
possess any halibut of any origin during
such fishing, as provided in § 301.7.

(b) The permit shall be shown by
endorsement of the issuing officer on the
face of the halibut license form held by
said vessel and shall show the area or
areas for which the permit is issued.

(c) The permit shall terminate at the
time of the first landing thereafter of
fish of any species and a new permit
shall be secured before any subsequent
fishing operation for which a permit is
required. Pe

(d) A permit shall not be issued to any
vessel which shall have halibut on board
taken while said vessel was licensed to
fish in an open area unless such halibut
shall be considered as taken under the
issued permit and shall thereby be sub-
ject to forfeiture when landed if in
excess of the proportion permitted in
Paragraph (a) of § 301.7.

(e) A permit shall not be issued to, or
be valid if held by, any vessel which shall
fish with other than set lines of the type
commonly used in the Pacific Coast hali-
but fishery.

(f) The permit of any vessel shall not
be valid unless the permit 1s granted be-
fore departure from port for each fish-
ing operation for which statistical re-
turns are required. This granting of a
permit shall be by customs officers or by
fishery officers of the Governments of
Canada or the United States when avall-
able at places where there are no cus-
toms officers and shall not be made unless
the area or areas in which the vessel will
fish is entered on the halibut license
form and unless the provisions of § 301.9
have been complied with for all landings
and all fishing operations since issue of
the license or permit, provided that if
the master or operator of any vessel shall
fail to comply with the provisions of
§ 301.9, the permit of such vessel may be
granted by customs or fishery officers
upon evidence either that there has been
a judicial determination of the offense or
that the laws prescribing penalties there-
for have been complied with, or that the
said master or operator is no longer re-
sponsible for, nor sharing in, the opera-
tions of said vessel.

(g) The permit of any vessel shall
not be valid if said vessel shall have
in its possession at any time halibut in
excess of the amount allowed under par-
agraph (a) of § 301.7.

(h) No person shall retain, land or
sell any halibut caught incidentally to
fishing for other species in any area
closed to halibut fishing under § 301.2
or § 301.4, or shall have halibut of any
origin in his possession during such fish-
ing, unless such person is a member of
the crew of and is upon a vessel with a
halibut license and with a valid permit
issued and in force in conformity with
the provisions of §§ 301.7 and 301.8.

§ 301.9 Statistical return by vessels.

(a) Statistical return as to the
amount of halibut taken during fishing
operations must be made by the master
or operator of any vessel licensed under
these regulations and as to the amount
of halibut and other species by the mas-
ter or operator of any vessel operating
under permit as provided for in §§ 301.7
and 301.8, within 96 hours of landing,
sale or transfer of halibut or of first
entry thereafter into a port where there
is an officer authorized to receive such
return.

(b) The statistical return must state
the port of landing and the amount of
each species taken within the area or
areas defined in these regulations, for
which the vessel's license is validated for
halibut fishing or within the area or
areas for which the vessel's license is
endorsed as a permit.

(c) The statistical return must in-
clude all halibut landed or transferred
to other vessels and all halibut held in
Possession on board and must be full,
true and correct in all respects herein
required.

(d) The master or operator or any
person engaged on shares in the opera-

‘p) A halibut Hcense when validated
for halibut fishing in Area 3A shall not
be valid for the possession of any hali-
but in Area 2 if said vessel is in posses-
sion of baited gear more than 25 miles
from Cape Spencer Light, Alaska; and
a halibut license when validated for
hahbut fishing in Area 3B South or in
Area 3B South and Area 3B North shall
not be valid for the possession of any
halibut in Area 3A, when Area 3A is
closed to halibut fishing, if sald vessel
is in possession of baited gear more than
20 miles by navigable water route from
the boundary between Areas 3A and 3B
South.

(q) No person on any vessel which ts
required to have a halibut license under
Paragraph (a) of this section shall fish
for halibut or have halibut in his posses-
sion, unless said vessel has a valid license
issued and in force in conformity with
the provisions of this section.

§ 301.7 Ketention of halibut taken under
permit.

(a) There may be retained for sale on
any vessel which shall have a permit as
provided in § 301.8 such halibut as is
caught incidentally to fishing by that
vessel in any area after it has been closed
to halibut fishing under § 301.2 or § 301.4
with set lines (of the type commonly used
in the Pacific Coast halibut fishery) for
other species, not to exceed at any time
one pound of halibut for each seven
pounds of salable fish, actually utilized,
of other species not including salmon or
tuna; and such halibut may be sold as
the catch of said vessel, the weight of all
fish to be computed as with heads off and
entrails removed, provided that it shall
not be a violation of this regulation for
any such vessel to have in possession
halibut in additon to the amount herein
allowed to be sold if such additional hali-
but shall not exceed thirty percent of
such amount and shall be forfeited and
surrendered at the time of landing as
provided in paragraph (d) of this sec-
tion.

(b) Halibut retained under such per-
mit shall not be filleted, flitched, steaked
or butchered beyond the removal of the
head and entrails while on the catching
vessel

(c) Halibut retained under such per-
mit shall not be landed or otherwise re-
moved or be received by any person, firm
or corporation from the catching vessel
until all halibut on board shall have been
reported to a customs, fishery or other
authorized enforcement officer of the
Governments of Canada or the United
States by the captain or operator of sald
vessel and also by the person, firm or
corporation receiving the halibut, and
no halibut or other fish shall be landed
or removed or be received from the
catching vessel, except with the permis-
sion of sald officer and under such super-
vision as the said officer may deem ad-
visable.

(d) Halibut retained under such per-
mit shall not be purchased or held in
possession by any person other than the
master, operator or crew of the catching
vessel in excess of the proportion al-
lowed in paragraph (a) of this section
until such excess, whatever its origin,
shall have been forfeited and surrendered
to the customs, fishery or other author-
ized officers of the Governments of
Canada or the United States. In for-
feiting such excess, the vessel shall be
permitted to surrender any part of its
catch of halibut: Provided, That the
amount retained shall not exceed the
proportion herein allowed.

(e) Permits for the retention and
landing of halibut caught in all conven-
tion waters in the year 1961 shall be-
come invalid at 6:00 a.m. of the 16th day
of November of said year or at such
earlier date as the Commission shall
determine.

§ 301.8 Conditions limiting validity of
permits.

(a) Any vessel which shall be used in
fishing for other species than halibut in
any area after it has been closed to
halibut fishing under §§ 301.2 or 301.4
must have a halibut license and a permit

May 1961

tion of any vessel licensed or holding a
permit under these regulations may be
required by the Commission or by any
officer of the Governments of Canada
or the United States authorized to re-
ceive such return to certify to its cor-
rectness to the best of his information
and belief and to support the certificate
by a sworn statement. Validation of a
halibut license or issuance of a permit
after such sworn return is made shall be
provisional and shall not render the li-
cense or permit, valid in case the return
shall later be shown to be false or fraud-
ulently made.

(e) The master or operator of any
vessel holding a license or permit under
these regulations shall keep an accurate
log of all fishing operations including
therein date, locality, amount of gear
used, and amount of halibut taken daily
in each such locality. This log record
shall be retained for a period of two
years and shall be open to inspection by
representatives of the Commission au-
thorized for this purpose.

(f) The master, operator or any other
Person engaged on shares in the opera-
tion of any vessel licensed under these
regulations may be required by the Com-
mission or by any officer of the Govern-
ments of Canada or the United States
to certify to the correctness of such log
record to the best of his information
and belief and to support the certificate
by a sworn statement.

§ 301.10 Statistical return by dealers.

(a) All persons, firms or corporations
that shall buy halibut or receive halibut
for any purpose from fishing or trans-
porting vessels or other carrier shall
keep and on request furnish to ‘customs
officers or to any enforcing officer of the
Governments of Canada or the United
States or to representatives of the Com-
mission, records of each purchase or
receipt of halibut, showing date, locality,
name of vessel, person, firm or corpora-
tion purchased or received from and the
amount in pounds according to trade
categories of the halibut and other spe-
cies landed with the halibut.

(b) All persons, firms or corporations
receiving fish from a vessel fishing under
permit as provided in § 301.7 shall with-
in 48 hours make to an authorized en-
forcement officer of the Governments of
Canada or the United States a signed
Statistical return showing the date, lo-
cality, name of vessel received from and
the amount of halibut and of other
species landed with the halibut and cer-
tifying that permission to receive such
fish was secured in accordance with
paragraph (c) of § 301.7. Such persons,
firms or corporations may be required
by any officer of the Governments of
Canada or the United States to support
the accuracy of the above signed statis-
tical return with a sworn statement.

(c) All records of all persons, firms or
corporations concerning the landing,
purchase, receipt and sale of halibut and
other species landed therewith shall be
retained for a period of two years and
shall be open at all times to inspection
by any enforcement officer of the Gov-
ernments of Canada or the United States
or by any authorized representative of
the Commission. Such persons, firms
or corporations may be required to cer-
tify to the correctness of such records
and to support the certificate by a sworn
statement.

(d) The possession by any person,
firm or corporation of halibut which
such person, firm or corporation knows
to have been taken by a vessel without
8 valid halibut license or a vessel without
® permit when such license or permit is
Tequired, is prohibited.

(e) No person, firm or corporation
shall unload any halibut from any vessel
that has fished for halibut in Area 3B
South or in Area 3B North after the clo-
sure of Area 3A unless the license of said
vessel has been validated at a port or
Place in Area 3B South as required in
Paragraphs (f) and (h) of § 301.6 or un-
less permission to unload such halibut
has been secured fram an enforcement
officer of the Governments of Canada or
the United States.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

§ 301.11 Dory gear prohibited.

The use of any hand gurdy or other
appliance in hauling halibut gear by
hand power in any dory or small boat
operated from a vessel licensed under
the provisions of these regulations is
prohibited in all convention waters.

§ 301.12 Nets prohibited.

It is prohibited to retain halibut taken
in any convention waters with a net of
any kind or to have in possession any
halibut in said areas while using any
net or nets other than bait nets for the
capture of other species of fish, nor shall
any license or permit validated for sald
areas under these regulations be valid
during the use or possession on board
of any net or nets other than bait nets,
provided that the character and the use
of sald bait nets conform to the laws and
regulations of the country where they
may be utilized and that said bait nets
are utilized for no other purpose than
the capture of bait for sald vessel.

§ 301.13 Retention of tagged halibas.

Nothing contained in these regulations
shall prohibit any vessel at any time from
retaining and landing any halibut which
bears a Commission tag at the time of
capture, provided that such halibut with
the tag still attached is reported at the
time of landing to representatives of the
Commission or to enforcement officers
of the Governments of Canada or the
United States and ‘s made available to
them for examination.

§ 301.14 Responsibility of master.

Wherever in these regulations any
duty is laid upon any vessel, it shall be
the personal responsibility of the mas-
ter or operator of sald veasel to see
that sald duty is performed and he shall
personally be responsible for the per-
formance of said duty. This provision
shall not be construed to relieve any
member of the crew of any responsibility
with which he would otherwise be
ehargeable.

§ 301.15 Supervision of unloading and
weighing.

The unloading and weighing of the
halibut of any vessel Mcensed under
these regulations and the unloading and
weighing of halibut and other species of
any vessel holding a permit under these
regulations shall be under such super-
vision as the customs or other author-
ized officer may deem advisable in order
to assure the fulfillment of the provi-
sions of these regulations.

§ 301.16 Previous regulations super-
sedi

These regulations shall supersede all
previous regulations adopted pursuant
to the Convention between Canada and
the United States of America for the
Preservation of the halibut fishery of
the Northern Pacific Ocean and Bering
Sea, signed March 2, 1953, except as to
offenses occurring prior to the approval
of these regulations. These regulations
shall be effective as to each succeeding
year, with the dates herein specified
changed accordingly, until superseded
by subsequently approved regulations.
Any determination made by the Commis-
sion pursuant to these regulations shall
become effective immediately.

WILLuaM M. SpRULEs,
Chairman,

ANDREW W. ANDERSON,
Vice Chairman,

WILLuM A. BaTEs.

Haron 8, HELLAND.

MAarTrTias MADsEn.

RicHaRD NELSON,

WILLiaM M. SPRULES, |
Chairman.
H. A. Duntop,
Secretary.

Approved: March 29, 1961.
Joun F, KENNEDY.

~GAFISS-

Eighty -Seventh Congress

(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly affect fisheries and

allied industries are reported. Introduction,
referral to committees, pertinent legislative
actions, hearings, and other actions by the
House and Senate, as well as signature into
law or other final disposition are covered.

ATLANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMIS-
SION: On April 12, the Senate received a letter from
the Secretary-Treasurer, Atlantic States Marine Fish-
eries Commission, Mount Vernon, N. Y., transmitting,
pursuant to law, a report of that Commission, dated
March 1961 (with accompanying report); to the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

CATCH TRANSFER AT SEA: H.R. 5929 (Wilson of
California), introduced in House Mar. 24, to Commit-
tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Identical to a
number of bills introduced previously on same subject.
Would legalize the transfer of catch of one fishing ves-
sel to another on the high seas and transporting it with-
out charge to a port of the United States.

DEPRESSED AREAS: H.R, 5943 (Widnall), intro-
duced in House Mar. 24; to Committee on Banking and
Currency.

On Mar. 27, the House Committee on Rules granted
an open rule, waiving points of order, with 3 hours
debate on S. 1, to establish an effective program to
alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent un-
employment and underemployment in certain economi-
cally-distressed areas (H. Rept. No. 201). Bill was
referred to House Calendar. On Mar. 28, the House by
a voice vote adopted H. Res. 237. On Mar. 29, by a
vote of 250 yeas to 166 nays the House passed S. 1.
Prior to passage a recommital motion designed to re-
place the text of the bill with the provisions of H.R,
5943 (Widnall), had been rejected by a vote of 125 yeas
to 292 nays. Before the committee substitute amend-
ment was adopted, several amendments were added,
including one to authorize vocational training for cer-
tain seasonal agricultural workers; also one to require

76

the Secretary of Commerce to study and report to
Congress of the impact on the economy where Gov-
ernment installations are deactivated in areas where
at least 6-percent unemployment exists.

On Mar. 30 the Senate disagreed to House amend-
ments to S. 1, Area Redevelopment Act of 1961, asked
for conference with House and appointed conferees.

On April 12, the House insisted on the House amend-
ments and agreed to the conference asked by the Senate
ons. l.

On April 12, a joint resolution of the Legislature of
the State of Wisconsin was received in the Senate,
memorializing Congress to pass §. 1, introduced by
Sen. Paul H. Douglas of Illinois, or like or similar
legislation providing Federal aid for economically-
distressed areas of the United States; to Committee on
Banking and Currency.

EXEMPT RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION FOR
FISH, LIVESTOCK, AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS:
H, R, 6247 (Cunningha m), introduced in House April 12,
a bill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act, as a-
mended, so as to extend to the railroads a conditional
exemption from economic regulation comparable to
that provided for motor carriers engaged in the trans-
portation of ordinary livestock, fish, or agricultural
commodities; to the Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce. Identical to H.R. 1823 (Rostenkowski).

FEDERAL BOATING ACT AMENDMENTS: On Mar.
27, the Senate received a letter from the Acting Secre-
tary of the Treasury, transmitting, pursuant to law,
copy of amendments to the rules and regulations re-
garding ''Numbering of Undocumented Vessels, Statis-
tics on Numbering and Boating Accident Reports and
Accident Statistics,'' to become effective on June 30,
1961 (with accompanying papers); to Committee on In-
terstate and Foreign Commerce,

FISH AND WILDLIFE AID THROUGH EQUIPMENT
TRANSFER: H.R, 6301 (Gray), introduced in House
April 13, a bill to provide that excess personal prop-
erty of the United States may be donated to the States
for the promotion of fish and wildlife management
activities, and for other purposes; to the Committee
on Government Operations. Identical to H.R. 4724
(Barry).

FISH AND WILDLIFE ASSISTANT SECRETARY:
The Senate on Mar. 24, 1961, confirmed the nomina-
tion of Frank P. Briggs to be Assistant Secretary for
Fish and Wildlife, Department of the Interior.

FOOD ADDITIVES: On Mar. 24, the Senate Com-
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare submitted S. Rept.
86 on H.R. 3980, an act to protect the public health by
prohibiting the use of food additives which are not
adequately tested, without amendment.

S. Rept. No. 86, Food Additives Transitional Pro-
visions Amendment of 1961 (March 24, 1961, 87th Con-
gress, lst Session, report of the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare to accompany H.R. 3980), 11 pp.,
printed. Contains letter from Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare recommending enactment of
H.R. 3980 as it passed the House, additional corre-
‘spondence explaining the need for the bill, and an ex-
planation of its provisions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

On Mar. 27, the Senate passed H.R. 3980, without
amendment, and cleared the bill for signature by the
President. On Mar. 28, H.R. 3980 was signed by the
President pro tempore ‘of the Senate.

On April 7, the President signed H.R. 3980, toamend
the transitional provisions of the Food Additives Amend-
ment Act of 1958 (P. L. 87-19).

This bill would extend, from March 5, 1961, until
June 30, 1964, the final effective dates of the Food Ad-
ditives ‘Amendment of 1958 (P.L. 85-929) and the
Nematocide, Plant Regulator, Defoliant, and Desiccant
Amendment of 1959 (P. L.86-139). This extension would
authorize the continued use of certain food additives and
pesticides chemicals not covered by regulations issued
by the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, if the Secretary finds that such continued
use would involve no undue risk to the public health,
that such additives and pesticide chemicals were in
commercial use prior to January 1, 1958, and that sci-
entific investigations to determine safe levels of use
are being pursued with due diligence.

Additional time is required by the Food and Drug
Administration and the affected industries to complete
and evaluate scientific investigations and studies needed
to determine final assurance of safe use for about 30
pesticide chemicals and to determine whether some
3,000 substances are actually additives in or on a food
and, if they are, what if any tolerance limitations or
other conditions should be imposed on their use.

Under the bill, the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare could permit the continued use of the food
additives or pesticide chemicals which have not been
finally cleared for safety only in those instances where
he has received satisfactory evidence, and has either
authorized or has pending a request for authorization
for the continued usage of these chemicals up to March
5, 1961, the limit of this authority, and he finds that the
persons requesting the extensions have taken bona fide
action before March 6, 1960, to investigate the chemi-
cals concerned, that such investigations have continued
with reasonable diligence, and that more time is nec-

essary to complete them.

The Secretary would, at any time, be able to termi-
nate any extension of time granted under this legisla-
tion if he finds that (1) it should not have been granted,
(2) the basis for an extension no longer exists owing to
a change in circumstances, or (3) there has been a
failure to comply with any requirement for the submis-
sion of progress reports or with other conditions at-
tached to the extension.

FOOD ADDITIVES STUDY COMMISSION: H.R, 6011
‘King of Utah), introduced in House on Mar. 28, abillto
establish a commission to conduct an impartial and sci-
entific study and investigation to determine the effects
on the public health of the practice of adding various
chemicals to food products and beverages; to the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H.R, 6150
(Van Zandt) introduced in House April 10, andH-R. 6280
(Bailey), introduced on April 13, bills to regulate the
foreign commerce of the United States by providing for
fair competition between domestic industries operating
under the Fair Labor Standards Act and foreign indus-
tries that supply articles imported into the United States,
and for other purposes; to Committee on Ways and Means.
Identical to H.R. 5635 (Thomson of Wisconsin).

May 1961

INCOME TAX REVISION IN FAVOR OF FISHER-
MEN: H.R, 6413 (King of California), introduced in
House on April 18, a bill to extend to fishermen the
same treatment accorded farmers in relation to esti-
mated income tax; to the Committee on Ways and
Means.

INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS: Department of the
Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1962
(Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-
Seventh Congress, First Session, on appropriations
for the Department of Interior except Bonneville Power
Administration, Bureau of Reclamation, Southeastern
Power Administration, and Southwestern Power Ad-
ministration), 1,482 pp., printed. Includes hearings on
operations of the Fish and Wildlife Service and its two
Bureaus--total funds registered for the Service for
fiscal year 1962--$48,041,000, or $8,063,027 more than
in fiscal year 1961.

For the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of
the Commissioner, the estimate of $364,000 is the
same as for 1961.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: Estimates for
the fiscal year 1962 total $19,339,000. Of this total,
$9,296,000 is for management and investigations of
resources; $1 million is under the special foreign
currency program; $7,561,000 is for construction;
$482,000 is for general administrative expenses; and
$1 million is for assistance in construction of fishing
vessels. An additional $1,981,000, to be derived from
the Pribilof Islands fund, is requested for administra-
tion of the Pribilof Islands.

Increases totaling $455,000 in the estimate for man-
agement and investigations provide $221,000 for pro-
gram expansion in connection with research on fish
migration over dams, $154,000 for operation and main-
tenance of a new vessel and new shore facilities under
construction in the current year, and $80,000 to finance
increased pay costs under P.L. 86-568 for a full year.

Funds requested under the special foreign currency
program are to finance technological and biological
studies in foreign countries, to complement work being
performed in these fields in the United States under the
management and investigations of resources appropria-
tion.

The estimate of $7,561,000 for construction includes
$2,450,000 for a new research laboratory at La Jolla,
Calif; $1,775,000 for a research vessel for. use in the
central Pacific Ocean; $1,250,000 for a vessel to re-
place the Delaware, an obsolete North Atlantic type
trawler constructed in 1938; $200,000 for a research
vessel to be used in the Gulf of Mexico; and $455,000
for service facilities and laboratory improvemenis at
Oxford, Md., Boothbay Harbor, Maine, and Auke Bay,
Alaska. All this construction involves facilities rec-
ommended for the national oceanographic program.
Also included in the $7,561,000 estimate is $1,431,000
for Columbia River fishery facilities, a decrease of
$566,642 compared to the 1961 comparative transfer
for this activity from the Corps of Engineers.

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife: The over-
all estimate for management and investigations of re-
sources is $23,200,000, an increase of $3,947,000 over
fiscal year 1961. For the most part this increase will
be used to place new fish hatcheries and wildlife ref-
uges under operation and to provide funds needed to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

maintain the work in general at 1961 levels. Construc-
tion estimate is $4,067,000, a reduction of $718,000
when compared with 1961. The estimate includes funds
for a new fish hatchery on the Jordan River, Antrim
County, Mich., for the purpose of restoring lake trout

in the Great Lakes. Funds are also provided for initial
work at the Navajo and Vernal units of the Colorado
River storage project. General Administrative expenses
total $1,071,000 or $55,000 more than in fiscal year 1961.
Grand total for Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
is $28,338,000 or $3,284,000 more than in 1961.

On April 13 the House Committee on Appropriations
was granted permission to file by midnight April 14a
report on a bill making appropriations for the Depart-
ment of the Interior and related agencies for fiscal year
1962,

H.R. 6345 (Kirwin) was reported out of committee on
April 14 (H. Rept. No. 233).

The appropriations include funds for the Fish and
Wildlife Service, Office of the Commissioner, The Com-
mittee recommends the budget estimate of $364,000,
the same as the amount available for the current fiscal
year.

For the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Manage-
ment and Investigations of Resources, the Committee
recommended $11,700,000 an increase of $3,774,000 in
the 1961 appropriation and a decrease of $96,000 in the
budget estimate. On an available funds basis, the in-
crease over the current year is only $1,769,669 due to
the transfer in the estimates to this item of $2,004,331
for the operation and maintenance costs of Columbia
River fishery facilities heretofore appropriated for under
the Corps of Engineers, Increases allowed include
$1,000,000 for additional work in the field of oceano-
graphy; $500,000 for continuation of emergency re-
search program for Alaska salmon; $131,000 for opera-
tion of the new facilities being constructed in 1961;
$221,000 for expansion of the research program on fish
migration over dams, and $23,000 for operation of the
new exploratory fishing vessel being constructed in 1961.

The amount allowed reflects a decrease of $89,331 in
the level of the Columbia River fishery facilities pro-
gram, and Committee reductions of $96,000 consisting
of disallowance of the request of $80,000 to restore that
portion of the pay act cost being absorbed during the
current year, and $16,000 to round off the estimate.

The Committee recommends $300,000, a reduction
of $700,000 in the budget request, to initiate a new re-
search program to be conducted in foreign countries
with foreign currencies.

The Committee has approved the budget request of
$7,561,000 for construction, an increase of $5,161,000
in the 1961 appropriation, Actual increase provided
over 1961 is $3,730,000 due to the transfer in the esti-
mates to this item of $1,431,000 for the construction of
the Columbia River fisheries facilities heretofore ap-
propriated to the Corps of Engineers. The amount pro-
vided includes: $1,775,000 for the construction of an
oceanic research vessel for the Central Pacific Ocean;
$1,240,000 for construction of an experimental fishing
vessel for use in the North Atlantic as a replacement
for the Delaware; $200,000 for the construction of a re-
search vessel for use of the Galveston laboratory inthe
Gulf of Mexico; $2,450,000 for construction of a biolog-
ical research laboratory at La Jolla, California;
$170,000 for additional construction at the Oxford,

78

Maryland, laboratory; $85,000 for improvements at
Boothbay Harbor, Maine, laboratory; and $200,000 for
additional facilities at the Auke Bay, Alaska, laboratory.

For subsidies for the construction of fishing vessels,
the Committee has allowed an appropriation of $750,000,
the same as the appropriation for the current year, and
a decrease of $250,000 in the budget estimate.

For general administrative expenses the Committee
has allowed the budget request of $482,000, an increase
of $97,000 in the 1961 appropriation.

For administration of Pribilof Islands, the Com-
mittee recommends the budget request of $1,981,000,
a decrease of $89,000 in the amount provided for the
current fiscal year.

For the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Management and Investigations of Resources, the Com-
mittee recommends an appropriation of $23,000,000, an
increase of $3,692,000 in the 1961 appropriation, and a
decrease of $200,000 in the budget request. Increases
included $554,100 for operatien of new hatchery facil-
ities and for more adequate equipment replacement;
$253,400 for additional fishery research.

For construction the Committee recommends an
appropriation of $3,770,000, a decrease of $1,365,000
in the 1961 appropriation, and a decrease of $297,000
in the budget estimate.

For general administrative expenses the Committee
recommends an appropriation of $1,016,000, the same
as the amount available for the current fiscal year, and
a reduction of $55,000 in the budget request.

On April 18 the House, by a voice vote, passed H.R.
6345. Appropriations for commercial and sport fish-
eries and wildlife amount to $48.9 million, anincrease
of $8.2 million for additional research in oceanography,
salmon, and wildlife, construction of research vessels
and laboratories, and cooperation and maintenance of
hatcheries and wildlife refuges. Included are funds to
initiate a new research program to be conducted in
foreign countries with foreign currencies--$300,000,

a reduction from $1 million requested. These funds
are to be used for: (1) a study to determine the nature
and causes of the denaturation of protein in frozen
fish--study to be made in Israel; (2) a study to meas-
ure nutritional contributions of fishery products to the
well-being of humans and animals--the study to be
made in India; (3) a study of ''at-sea processing or
freezing of ocean perch" aboard factory trawlers in
the North Atlantic--the study made by a Polish univer-
sity. Further, a sum of $650,000 was requested for
radioisotope studies--in India--also a biometrics re-
search program in India, a Pakistan study of shrimp
physiology, an Egyptian study of ''food chain studies in
fresh-water lakes,'' and an Israeli study of fish behav-
ior and physiology--sardine.

MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION: Amendments to
the Fair Labor Standards Act (Hearings before the Sub-
committee on Labor of the Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare, United States Senate, Eighty-Seventh

amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as
amended, Feb. 28, Mar. 1, 2, 3, and 6, 1961), 759 pp.,
printed. Contains statements of various Government
officials, union officials, and business officials. Of
interest to the fisheries are statements of the Chair-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

man, Legislative Committee, National Fisheries Insti-
tute, Inc.; National Canners Association; and the Oyster
Institute of North America.

On Mar. 27, the Senate read twice by its title the bill
passed by the House on Mar. 24, H.R. 3925, to amend
the Fair Labor Standards Act.of 1938,-as amended, to
provide coverage for employees of large enterprises
engaged in retail trade or service and of other employ-
ers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods
for commerce, to increase the minimum wage, and for
other purposes; referred to Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare.

S. 1457 (McNamara), introduced in Senate Mar. 28;
to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Bill
contains basic provisions of the administration measure
introduced earlier.

On April 11, the Senate Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare in executive session, ordered favorably
reported with an amendment in the nature of a substi-
tute, H.R. 3935. As approved by the committee, the bill
would (1) extend minimum wage coverage to approxi-
mately 4.1 million workers, the majority of whom are
in the retail trades and services, (2) adopt the $1.25
minimum wage, which amount would be reached in 28
months for presently-covered workers, the latter of
whom would be given overtime protection, reaching the
40-hour maximum workweek in 52 months (until these
points are reached $1.15 minimum wage would be in
effect), and (3) adopt the so-called ''inflow'' test, which
means that retail and service enterprises would be cov-
ered by the bill, only if they met the following test: (a)
the employer must be engaged in commerce or the pro-
duction of goods for commerce, (b) the employer must
receive $250,000 worth of goods for resale, which have
moved across state lines (so-called "inflow" test), and
(c) the employer must have an annual gross volume of
sale of not less than $1 million, exclusive of excise
taxes at the retail level.

Would not affect the existing year-round overtime
exemption for fish canners. It would, however, place
onshore fish processing (other than canning) under the
minimum wage. Thus, fish canning and fish processing
would be placed on the same basis--both subject to
minimum wage provisions; both exempt from overtime
pay requirements. The exemption for offshore fishery
activities would still be retained: ''(5) any employee
employed in the catching, taking, propagating, harvest-
ing, cultivating, or farming of any kind of fish, shellfish,
crustacea, sponges, seaweeds, or other aquatic forms
of animal and vegetable life, or in the first processing,
canning or packing such marine products at sea as an
incident to, or in conjunction with, such fishing opera-
tions, including the going to and returning from work and
loading and unloading when performed by any such em-
ployee."

On April 12, bill was reported by Committee (S. Rept.
No. 145) to the Senate.

The Committee report which accompanied the Senate
bill contained the following language, which is identical
to that in last year's Senate report:

"The present exemptions in sections 13(a)(15) and
13(b)(4) have been judicially interpreted to apply to all
employees employed in the seafood industry including
any employee who participates in activities which are
necessary to the conduct of the operations specifically

May 1961

described in the exemptions (McComb y. Consolidated
Fisheries Company, 174 F. 2nd 74, C.A. 3, 1949).

These interpretations are consistent with the congres-
sional purpose of treating all employees of one estab-
lishment in the same manner under the act and of avoid-
ing segmentation as between different employees of the
same employer engaged in the named operations.

"For the same reasons, there was included in sec-
tion 13(a)(5) as amended by the bill an exemption for
the 'first processing, canning, or packing' of marine
products 'at sea as an incident to or in conjunction with
such fishing operations.' The purpose of this additional
provision is to make certain that the act will be uni-
formly applicable to all employees on the fishing vessel
including those employees on the vessel who may be
engaged in these activities at sea as an incident to the
fishing operations conducted by the vessel."

S. Rept. No. 145, Fair Labor Standards Amendments
of I961 (87th Congress, Ist Session, United States Sen-
ate, Report of Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
to accompany H.R. 3935), 111 pp., printed. Contains
history of legislation, committee objections of House-
passed bill, summary of major provisions of commit-
tee bill including changes in exemptions--which concern
seafood processing in that the-bill covers for minimum
wage, but not for overtime, employees engaged in on-
shore seafood processing. Also contains minority
views.

On April 13 the Senate took up and considered H.R.
3935. Pending at adjournment was Dirksen amend-
ment, identical with House-passed bill of $1.15 mini-
mum wage, except for $1.05 minimum wage for newly
covered employees instead of $1 in House-passed bill.

On April 14 the Senate continued consideration of
H.R. 3935, reaching unanimous-consent agreement that
effective April 18 debate on any amendment, motion, or
appeal (except motion to table) shall be limited to one
hour, equally divided; no nongermane amendment may
be received; and on question of final passage, debate
shall be limited to 4 hours, equally divided.

In addition to limiting further debate on the bill,
Senate adopted Cooper amendment to eliminate language
in committee amendment that would reduce to 10 weeks
the overtime payments exemption in industries engaged
in certain food and agricultural processing. The Com-
mittee bill would remove from exemption the onshore
activities (fish processing, other than canning) and
leave exemption applicable to offshore activities con-
nected with procurement of the aquatic products.
Pending at adjournment was Dirksen amendment (in
nature of a substitute for committee substitute), sim-
ilar to bill as it passed House. Dirksen amendment
would retain the exemptions for onshore fish process-
ing (other than fish canning) as in the House-passed bill.

On April 18 the Senate continued consideration of
H.R. 3935, taking several actions on amendments to
committee amendment (in nature of a substitute), none
of which pertained directly to fisheries.

NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN DISTRICT OF COLUM-
BIA: H.R. 5990 (Olsen), introduced in House on Mar.
28, a bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to
sonstruct a national aquarium in the District of Col-
umbia; to the Committee on the District of Columbia.

NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY: On Mar. 28, Sub-
committee No. 3 of the House Committee on Science

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

and Astronautics began hearings on H.R. 1, to establish
a National Science Academy. Witnesses from the Na-
tional Science Foundation, and various other public
witnesses were heard. On March 29, hearings were
concluded.

H.R. 6138 (Monagan), introduced in House April 10,
a bill to provide for the establishment, under the Na-
tional Science Foundation, of a National Science Acad-
emy; to the Committee on Science and Astronautics.

NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM: On Mar.
29, a communication from the President of the United
States, relating to a proposed national oceanographic
program (with accompanying papers), was received in
the Senate; to Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce. Also, the same message (No. 734) was received
in the House; referred to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries.

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION: On April
13 the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
held and concluded hearings on S. 239 and S. 1415, pro-
posed Resources and Conservation Act of I96I, after
receiving testimony of various Senators, and other
Government witnesses. Bills would declare anational
policy on conservation, development, and utilization of
natural resources.

NEW BEDFORD-MADE FISH FLOUR: On April 18,
the Senate received a resolution of the city council of
New Bedford, Mass., seeking approval for the market-
ing of New Bedford-made fish flour from the Food and
Drug Administration; referred to Committee on Agri-
culture and Forestry.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH: H. Res. 242 (Keith),
H. Res. 245 (Morse), H. Res. 246 (Tupper), H. Res. 247
(Philbin), introduced in House Mar. 28, resolution ex-_
pressing the sense of the House of Representatives with
respect to the expansion of oceanographic research; to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW
COMMISSION: ©; Mar. 29 the President signed S. 449
extending until Jan. 31, 1962, the time within which the
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission shall
submit its final report (P. L. 87-13). Provides that
Commission by date specified shall present a report of
its review, a compilation of its data, and its recommen-
dations on a State by State, region by region, and na-
tional basis to the President and Congress. Commission
will cease to exist after September 1, 1962.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT FUNDS REAPPOR-
TIONMENT: H.R, 6130 (Johnson of Calif.), introduced
in House April 10; H.R. 6252 (Garmatz) and H.R. 6259
(Multer), introduced in House April 12; bills to amend
the act of August 11, 1939, relating to domestically+ pro-
duced fishery products to establish a fund for the ad-
vancement of commercial fisheries; to the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Identical to H.R.
5301 (Rivers). Would allocate funds to State agencies
having immediate responsibility for management of
commercial fishery resources, for fisheries research
and development.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: H,R, 6168 (Boggs) and
H.R. 6212 (Willis), introduced in n House ise April HiSCHAR:
6294 (Fascell), introduced in House April 13; H.R. 6424
(Rivers of Alaska), introduced in House April ‘18; bills”
to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 to impose a duty on
shrimp and to provide for duty free entry of unproc-

80

essed shrimp annually in an amount equal to imports
of shrimp in 1960; to the Committee on Ways and
Means. Also, S. 1571 (Long, Smathers, Talmadge,
Bartlett), introduced in Senate April 13; to the Com-
mittee on Finance; similar to H.R. 6168. Would allow
the duty-free entry of raw headless shrimp up to an
amount equal to 1960 imports, and would impose aduty
of 35 percent, or 35 cents per pound whichever is
higher, on all imports of processed shrimp as well as
on imports of raw headless in excess of the 1960 im-
ports.

SMALL BUSINESS: S. Rept. No. 89, Small Business
Exports and the World Market (87th Congress, Ist
Session, United States Senate, Report of the Select Com74
mittee on Small Business on Encouragement and Ex-
pansion of Exports by Small Business, March 27, 1951),
45 pp., printed. Contains the facts today on U.S. ex-
ports, what Government agencies are doing, areas for
new progress (recommendations), miscellaneous signs
of progress, summary of recommendations, 3 exhibits,
and 5 appendices.

direct the Secretary of the Interior to conduct studies
of the genetics of sport fishes and to carry out selec-
tive breeding of such fishes to develop strains with in-
herent attributes valuable in programs of research, fish
hatchery production, and management of recreational
fishery resources; to the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce.

SUBMERGED LANDS ACT AMENDMENTS: S. 1400
(Long of La., and Ellender), introduced in Senate March
21; to Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Also
H.R. 5792 (Boggs), H.R. 5793 (Colmer), H.R. 5794
(McSween), H.R. 5795 (Hebert), H.R. 5796 (Morrison),
H.R. 5797 (Passman), H.R. 5798 (Thompson of La.),
H.R. 5799 (Willis), introduced in House March 21, to
the Committee on the Judiciary. Bills to amend the
Submerged Lands Act to establish the seaward bound-
aries of the States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Lou-
isiana as extending 3 marine leagues into the Gulf of
Mexico and providing for the ownership and use of the
submerged lands, improvements, minerals, andnatural
resources within said boundaries.

Congressman Willis in the March 21 Congressional
Record reviewed the whole controversy on submerged
lands jurisdiction from the time of decision of the Su-
preme Court in the California case in 1947 to the time
of the Court's decision of May 1960.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS: Third Sup-
plemental Appropriation Bill for 1961 (Hearings before
the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate,
Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 5188,
an act making supplemental appropriations for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, and for other pur-
poses), 762 pp., printed. Contains, among others, for
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife estimates
of supplemental appropriations to cover hurricane
damage and pay raises. No statement presented on
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries supplemental appro-
priations.

On Mar. 24, the Senate Committee on Appropriations
submitted S. Rept. 85 on H.R. 5188, an act making sup-
plemental appropriations for fiscal year ending June 30,
1961. H.R. 5188 passed Senate, amended, on March 27
and on the same date Senate asked for a conference.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

On Mar. 28, the Senate received a message from
the House announcing that the House had disagreed to
the amendments of the Senate on H.R. 5188. House
agreed to the conference asked by the Senate on the
disagreeing votes of the two Houses, and appointed
conferees.

On Mar. 29, the Committee on Conference agreed to
file a report on the differences between the House- and
Senate-passed versions of H.R. 5188, and submitted its
report (H. Rept. No. 211) to the House. On Mar. 29 by
a voice vote the House adopted the conference report on
H.R, 5188, and sent the legislation to the Senate. The
Senate began consideration of conference report. Two
of the amendments considered in Conference were:
Amendment No, 45--Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife: Appropriates $350,000
for construction as proposed by Senate instead of
$200,000 as proposed by House; and Amendment No. 46--
Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries: Appropriates an additional $1,000,000 as pro-
posed by the Senate for North Pacific salmon fisheries
research.

On Mar. 30 the Senate adopted conference report and
cleared for President H.R. 5188, third supplemental
appropriations for fiscal year 1961. Includes additional
funds for Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $1 million
for North Pacific salmon fisheries research (S. Doc. 18)
and funds for pay-raise costs. T funds fox

Also additional funds for
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for construction,
other expenses under management and investigation of
resources, and pay-raise costs. For State Department,
an additional $21,000 is included for international fish-
eries commissions to cover increased pay costs.

On Mar. 30, the Senate's President pro tempore
signed H.R, 5188, which had previously been signed by
the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

On Mar, 31 H.R, 5188, an act making supplemental
appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961,
and for other purposes was signed by the President
(P.L. 87-14).

Both the Senate and House gave $663,000tothe Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for management and in-
vestigation of resources--$55,000 for costs of fire sup-
pression and storm damage on wildlife refuges, and
$608,000 for increased pay costs. The Bureau also
gained $350,000 from the Senate for construction, $150,000
more than the House allowed, and the difference is in-
tended for a trout hatchery at Wytheville, Va. The
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was granted $1,000,000
by the Senate for an emergency research program for
Alaska salmon, an amount not in the bill as passed by
the House. The Senate also added $350,000 to the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers for construction of the Libby
Dam in Montana as part of the recently-approved Co-
lumbia River Treaty, a new item not in the House-
passed version of H.R. 5188. In addition, for increased
pay costs: $22,000 Office of the Commissioner of Fish
and Wildlife; $66,000 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife; and $288,000 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 213 (Baker),
submitted on April 10, a concurrent resolution declar-
ing the sense of the Congress that no further reduc-
tions in tariffs be made during the life of the present
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act; to the Committee on

Ways and Means.

May 1961

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: H.R, 5927 (Perkins),
introduced in House Mar. 24, a bill to amend Federal
Water Pollution Control Act; to Committee on Public
Works.

On Mar. 29, the House Committee on Public Works
concluded hearings on H.R. 4036, and related bills, to
amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, testified
on the measure.

On April 11 and 12, the House Committee on Public
Works met in executive session to consider H.R. 4036,
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961. No
announcements were made; the committee continued on
this subject, in executive session, April 13.

On April 13 the House Committeé on Public Works
continued executive consideration of H.R. 4036. The
Committee continued on this subject, in executive ses-
sion, April 18. On that date Committee ordered a re-
vised version of H.R. 4036 reported to House. :

H.R. 6441 (Blatnik), and H.R. 6446 (Halpern) intro-
duced in House April 18, bills to amend the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act to provide for a more ef-
fective program of water pollution control; to the Com-
mittee on Public Works. Similar to 27 other bills in-
troduced in both Houses. H.R. 6441, a revised version
of H.R. 4036, makes strengthening changes in the Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Act of 1956 (P.L. 660).
Would provide financial assistance to communities,
Federal law enforcement, research, State program

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

grants, and a change in the status of the program.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH LAB-
ORATORY: On April 10, a joint resolution of the 5Ist.
Legislature of the State of Oregon was received in
Senate urging the President and Congress to pass legis~
lation authorizing the establishment of a Pacific North-
west Pollution Control Laboratory, which would conduct
research for the treatment of water, waste waters, at-
mospheric contaminants, and control of water pollu-
tion; to Committee on Public Works. On April 11, the
same memorial was received in the House; to Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ACT OF 1961:
s. 1629 (Anderson, et al), introduced in the Senate
April 14, 1961, a bill to provide financial assistance
to the states for comprehensive water resources plan-
ning; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

WORLD TRADE: Committee Print, The United
States and World Trade, Challenges and Opportunities
(87th Congress, 1st Session, Final report to the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United
States Senate, by special staff on the Study of U. S.
Foreign Commerce, March 14, 1961), 335 pp., printed.
This report presents results of a special staff study of
the foreign commerce of the United States, the domes-
tic and international forces affecting it, and the policies
under which it is carried on. Contains 2 parts: PartI--
World Trade: the challenge to U. S. policy, and Part I--
Essentials of a modern trade policy; two appendices,

45 tables, and 6 charts.

ARTIFICIAL REEFS PROVE SUCCESSFUL

Two reports show encouraging results on artificial ocean reefs.

In California, within a month, several thousand fish were ob-
served schooling around three artificialreefs installed in Santa Mon-

ica Bay.

In Hawaii several species of fish were observed moving in ona
reef made of 43 car bodies placed in Maunalua Bay.

Also in Hawaii, a creelcensus onOahu indicated 4+ million anglers
fished a total of 14 million hours in 1959.

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.5

SS Ee Zz
CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds
MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND |

EESEnDE NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

eee 196)
wenes 1960

es 1959

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961
2 , 1960
12

CUMULATIVE DATA
CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1961 - 14.6
1960 3 mgs. 1961 - 31.5
1960 - 30 3, 1960 25.7
12 1960 041.7

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 MgS. 1961 - 26.7
S 1960 - 26.8
a 1960 - 190.3

CUMULATIVE DATA

0
JAN FEB SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0 S
UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

OREGON

CUMULATIVE DATA

12 MQS. 1960 - 49.1
12 1959 - 51.5

V/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS,

0
1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK LEGEND:
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 ups. 1961 - 14.9
3 MRS: 1360 - 13-7 5 Mas. 1360 - lo:0
12 1960 - 104.5 : c

12 1960 - 142.6] 2

/ SHRIMP
including Florida West Coast)

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961 - -
2 o 1960
12 1960 - 95.7

(Gulf States)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

peers In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961 - 2,5 3 Mgs. 1961 - 4,4
3 MS: 1360 - 3 4 1960 - 19.7
12." 1960 - 99% 12 1960 - 54.9

DEC

PILCHARD
(California)

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MS. 1961 - 42.7
3 ie 1960 -
12 1960 - 1

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

LEGEND:

** 1960/61
——= 1959/60

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC| JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.5

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

ueceno: | |

U. S. HOLDINGS ay U. S, FREEZINGS
eG =196 és
1960

1959 CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1961 - 47.5
6 1960 - 38.1
1960 - 328.7

TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS?!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Z/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. 4/aLA., HISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN. 1

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

1/
RECEIPTS —' AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 gs. 1961 - 39. Z we C ITY

3 1960 -
iy =

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND OIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY,

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET

(Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

3 HGS. 1961 - 19.6
3 4 1960 - 22.6
12 1960 - 87.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA 2.

3 mgs. 1961 - 14.7
* 1960
1960 - 97.6

LEGEND:

———= 196)

FISH OIL
In Millions of Gallons;

CUMULATIVE DATA ot, CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961 - if a 2 MgS. 1961 - 0,1
2 e 1960 - 4 196) 0.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

CHART 6-CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

3 LEGEND: 2/
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA Bere MACKEREL =
teeeaseree 1960 CUMULATIVE DATA

ee | 1959
3 -MQS. 1961 - 2,670.0 2 Mgs. 1961 - 58,5
1960 - 2,557.3 pi

- CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

2 HQS. 1961 - 13.6 1960 SEASON,
2 , 1960 - 11,1 TOTAL - 2,648.8)

12 1960 - 24.9 1959 SEASON,
TOTAL - 1,778.3

ese — ss 0 :
JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES?! (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES
CUMULATIVE DATA
ISSCISEASCAT Sone Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.
lear oritree eric aso.t SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 32 oz.
SHRIMP saree 48 az 5 oz.
TUNA ac PAS ER 48 #3 tuna 6&7 oz.
PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.
SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall 16 oz.
ANCHOVIES... oz.
g JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING,

NO:
SARDINES - CALIFORNIA EG SHRIMP - GULF STATES
eee 1959/60 [280 CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
1960/61 SEASON 1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL 615.9 AUG.-MAR, - 391.4
1959/60 SEASON 1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 754.6 AUG, -MAR. - 342.3
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 612.5

Ob 0 —
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

May 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

na
CUMULATIVE DATA
2 mgs. 1961 - 33,2

g Ocean Perch) FILLETS
OZen

2 4 1960 - 20.8
1960 - 155.6

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA
2 mgs, 1961

2 4 1960
12 1960

87

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961 - 13.8 A mgs. 1961 - 9.5
2 * 1960 - 10.9 1960 - 9.1
12 1960. - 73.6 1960 - 53.7

UAN FEB JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1
Ob TUNA SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
CUMULATIVE DATA

2 + 1961 -
5 Ms 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1961 - 37.0
2 4 1960 - 31.7
12 1960 - 234.6

SER Si Cee

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB WAR APR MAY_JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CANNED SARDINES
(in Oil and in Brine) 5 2 4 .

in Oil and not Qil
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 MgS. 1961 - 8,5
2, 1960-7
12 1960 - 61.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

88

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

row
==

as Fo

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

PUBLICATIONS

Jee RECEN ;
FISHERY PUBLICATIO

Se A LO Pe, SE

Viole 235 INO. 5

"oa

S 3

A ea Cae BES APs a+ v0 0 pawmneere SL bas 1 BST LE

prevailing low prices. This report shows increases

and decreases in production of fish meal and oil,
especially during 1953-1959, the principal markets
ON OF INFORMATION, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH or the products) (and the changes tn supply Soares
iNeroNeSe Ge Ce TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS’ FOLLOWS: in principal markets. The reduction industry, fish
i meal prices and costs, and foreign trade are dis-
CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. cussed for each of 30 countries.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.
SSR. c BERS REC Ta RRC RIESE RCIREDORTE ce TSrERIES SSR-Fish. No. 363 - A Review of Literature on Men-
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION). haden with Special Reference to the Gulf of Mexico
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, Menhaden, by Gordon Gunter and J. Y. Christmas,
35 pp., October 1960.
rete Sno eelsvand Lanlizes, October 1960, 3 pp. SSR-Fish. No. 365 - Study of Food Preference and Rate
CFS-2467 - New Jersey Landings, November 1960, 3pp. eke eds ci ites Cyerer pet eo ;
CFS-2471 - Fish Meal and Oil, November 1960, 2 pp. SHOMICe eae er), by Kenneth K. Chew, 29 pp., illus.,
CFS-2482 - Fish Sticks and Portions, 1960 Annual AS REBT es TEL
Summary, 3 pp. SSR-Fish. No. 367 - Scallop Resource of the United
CFS-2485 - Massachusetts Landings, October 1960, 6 pp. States Passamaquoddy Area, by Robert L. Dow and
CFS-2497 - Frozen Fish Report, January 1961, 8 pp. Frederick T. Baird, Jr., 13 pp., illus., December
CFS-2506 - Maine Landings, December 1960, 3 pp. 1960. A survey of the scallop fishery in the Pas-
CFS-2507 - Louisiana Landings, August 1960, 2 pp. samaquoddy Bay area of Maine was made as part
CFS-2508 - Louisiana Landings, September 1960, 2 pp. of a larger investigation into the past, present, and
CFS-2511 - Louisiana Landings, October 1960, 2 pp. future status of fish and shellfish species that might
CFS-2512 - Texas Landings, November 1960, 3 pp. be affected by the construction of a proposed tidal
CFS-2515 - Massachusetts Landings, November 1960, power plant in that region. The past record of com-
6 pp. mercial production, and the present abundance level
CFS-2516 - North Carolina Landings, 1960 Annual and environmental conditions are described, togeth-
Summary, 6 pp. er with deductions as to the effects on the scallop
CFS-2518 - South Carolina Landings, 1960 Annual fishery of predicted oceanographic changes.
Summary, 4 pp.
CFS-2519 - Georgia Landings, 1960 Annual Summary, SSR-Fish. No. 368 - A Morphometric Study of Silver
4 pp. Hake, by John T. Conover, Raymond L. Fritz, and
CFS-2521 - North Carolina Landings, January 1961, Manuel Vieira, 15 pp., illus., processed, January
3 pp. 1961. Evidence is presented that the whiting or
CFS-2522 - Fish Meal and Oil, January 1961, 2 pp. silver hake population along the Atlantic coast is
CFS-2523 - Mississippi Landings, December 1960, 2 pp. comprised of two separate groups. One group in-
CFS-2524 - Georgia Landings, January 1961, 2 pp. habits the waters off the New England coast and the
CFS-2525 - Maryland Landings, January 1961, 3 pp. other is found off the southern New England, New
CFS-2526 - South Carolina Landings, January 1961, 2 pp. York, and New Jersey coasts. Two characteristics,
CFS-2529 - Florida Landings, January 1961, 8 pp. head length and pelvic fin length, gave consistent
CFS-2537 - Rhode Island Landings, January 1961, 3 pp. differences for separating these groups during two
seasons of the year.
FL-507 - World Production and Trade in Fish Meal and
Oil, by J. Adger Smyth, 94 pp., illus., March 1961. Sep. No. 616 - Experiments Utilizing Electrical Trawl
In 1959, the world market for fish meal suffered a Cables--A Progress Report.
decline in prices because of tremendously increased
production in a number of countries. In many coun- Sep. No. 617 - Inhibition of Mold on Smoked Mullet.
tries, stocks of fish meal, which could be sold only
at a loss, have accumulated. Some reduction plants, Fisheries Loan Fund, Fiscal Year 1957, Fish and Wild-

life Circular 103, 21 pp., processed. Reviews the
credit facilities available to fishing vessel owners
in the United States and gives data on the history,

even the entire reduction industry, have been forced
to close as production costs have been too high for
the fish meal to compete in world markets at the

May 1961

administration, and status of the Fisheries Loan
Fund. Also includes a reprint of the Fish and Wild-
life Act of 1956, which also provided for the fish-
eries loan program; news releases issued when the
fund was established; a copy of the order by the
Secretary of the Interior establishing the loan pro-
cedures; and a copy of the application for loan.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM

THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. Cc.

Number Title
MNL-45 - Mexican Fishery Statistics, 1959.

MNL-46 - Wholesale Prices for Fishery Products

Imported into Liberia.

MNL-47 - Salmon Exporters: Denmark and Greenland,

1961.

THE FOLLOWING TECHNICAL LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM

& BRANCH OF TECHNOLOGY, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

T
U

S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, 0. Cc.

Menhaden Industry, by F. Bruce Sanford and Charles

U.

F. Lee, TL , dl pp., illus., processed, January
1961. The purpose of this leaflet is to show the
wide scope of the industry and the numerous com-
plex operations involved in the manufacture of men-
haden meal, oil, and condensed solubles. Photog-
raphy is used as the most effective medium for pre-
senting the industry. Also includes statistical ta-
bles giving data on availability of amino acids in
menhaden meal; proximate composition and chem-
ical content of menhaden meal; menhaden oil and
certain constituents of the oil; and unsaturated

fatty acids in menhaden oil.

uary 1961. Over 150 samples of fish meals with
authentic processing histories were collected and
tested to determine possible variations innutritive
value. The authors concluded that ''As determined
by practical broiler feeding tests in batteries, the
nutritive value of commercially-produced samples
of fish meal could not be related to species or parts
of fish utilized for production, to proximate compo-
sition of the resultant meals, or to any variables of
commercial processing. That the broiler-feeding
test permitted differences to be determined in the
nutritive quality of fish meals was demonstrated by
the results obtained by feeding an obviously burned
fish meal. When incorporated into diets, all meals
tested, with the exception of the burned meal, per-
mitted normal growth of broilers at economical rates
of feed utilization. Since so few significant differ-
ences were obtained in such an extensive study, we
can conclude that all fish meals of normal commer-
cial production are a more reliable, more constant
source of supplemental animal protein than has been
thought previously."

S. Fish-Reduction Industry, by F. Bruce Sanford and
Charles F. Lee, TL 14, 77 pp., processed, revised
December 1960, This report is intended to give a
broad view of the fish-reduction industry in the
United States. It deals with four topics. The first
three are concerned with harvesting the fish, man-
ufacturing them into products, and then distributing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

the products to the consumer. The last is con-
cerned with some of the problems encountered in
starting a plant for the reduction of fish as a busi-
ness venture. Included is a supplementary list of
references.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE

SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part ll--Fishing Information, February 1961, Top)

illus. (Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological
Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San
Diego 6, Calif.) Includes monthly sea-surface tem-
perature charts for the eastern Pacific, and fishing
and research information of interest to the West
Coast tuna fishing industry and marine scientists.
The temperature charts cover that area of the Pa-
cific from the Aleutians in the north to Peru and
Chile in the south and offshore to 180° W. longitude.
They show for each month the average sea-surface
temperature and the deviations from the 30-year
average and from the previous year. Research and
fishing information indicates that the distribution of
tunas and many other commercial species is direct-
ly affected by sea-surface temperatures.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and

Frozen Fishery Products Receipts an Wholesale
Market Prices, February 1961, I3pp. (Market News
Service, U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and
salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices
for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month
indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of

Fishery Products, February 1961, 8 pp. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab land-
ings; crab meat production; LCL express ship-
ments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish
and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market;
fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville,
Tex., from Mexico; and sponge sales; for the month
indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in

elected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, February 1961, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and
production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads,
Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City;
and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort,
and Morehead City; together with cumulative and
comparative data; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, February
1961, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery
ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and
species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel
prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery
products in New England warehouses; fishery land-
ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachu-
setts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province-
town, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rock-
land), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connect-

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

icut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to
primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and
New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for

fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through

the New England Fish Exchange; for the month indi-
cated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
Summary for January 1961, pp. (Market News
Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) In-
cludes summaries and analyses of receipts and
prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports
entered at New York City, primary wholesaler
prices for frozen products, and marketing trends;
for the month indicated.

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and
Landings of Fishery Products for Selected ea
and Mickeoice Monthly Summary, February 1961,
Tpp. (Market News Service, U. S, Fish and Wild-
life Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) In-
cludes landings and local receipts, with ex-vessel
and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported
by Seattle and Astoria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers;
also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Wash-
ington shrimp landings; for the month indicated.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLE 1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U, S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-

ICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P, 0. BOX 3830, HONOLULU,
HAWAIL.

Underwater Scientific Expeditions on the SEVERYANKA,
by V. P. Zaitsev and V. G. Azhazha, 8
(Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 7,
July 1959, pp. 7-16)

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-

Larvae of the Black Marlin (EUMAKAIRA NIGRA
Nakamura), by Shoji Ueyanagi and Hiroshi Yabe,
pp., processed. (Translated from Report of
Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
no. 10, ioe, ppy L51=1695) sue en

On the Larvae of Sailfish, ISTIOPHORUS ORIENTALIS,

~~ Collected in the Southwestern Sea of Japan (in Wa-
ters Southwest of Japan), by Hiroshi Yabe, 13 pp.,
processed. (Translated from Contributions of the
Nankai ae Fisheries Research Laboratory, _

Volsil;

Larvae of the Striped Marlin, MAKAIRA MITSUKURII
(Jordan et Snyder), by Shoji Ueyanagi, 20 pp., proc-
essed. (Translated from Report of Nankai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, No. 11, December

> pp. 130-146.)

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

Zo WONG Ny arnr aes RheRe NED sae + Pn) NRT a

Development of Eggs and Larvae of Pacific Mackerel
and Distribution and Abundance of Larvae 1952-56,
by David Kramer, Fishery Bulletin I74 (from Fish-
ery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol.
60), 50 pp., illus., printed, 1960, 35 cents.

"Immersion Staining as a Method of Marking Small
Salmon,'' by Loyal G. Bouchard and Chester R.

pp., processed,

Vol, 23, No. 5

Mattson, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist,
vol. 23, no. 1, January , pp. 34-40, illus.,
processed.

"A Staining Method for Marking Large Numbers of
Small Fish,'' by James E. Deacon, article, The
Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 23, no. 1, Jan-
uary > pp. 41-42, illus., processed.

"The Use of Saponin to Control Predaceous Fishes in

Shrimp Ponds," by Yun-An Tang, article, The Pro-

ressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 23, no. 1, January _
fseT. pp. -45, processed.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANI ZA-

TION ISSUING THEM. Ri
FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR

PUBLISHER MENTIONED.
SHOWN,

ADDITIVES:
"Additives and Frozen Seafoods,"' by H. Magnusson,
article, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 22, April 1960,
p. 132, printed. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Wil-
liams Publishing, Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5,
Na Ye

AIRPLANE SPOTTING:

" Aviatsionnaia Navodka Sudov na Kosiaki sel'di'"'
(Directing Fishing Vessels to Herring Schools with
Aircraft), by V. Maslov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
vol. 34, no. 4, 1958, pp. 35-37, printed in Russian.
Rybnoe Khoziastvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, priGlos-
planie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.)

ANTIBIOTICS:
Antibiotics in Fish Preservation, by H. L. A. Tarr,
24 pp., illus., printed, 50 cents. Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1961.

"Chlorine Affects Antibiotics," by C. H. Castell, ar-
ticle, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 47, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 37-39, illus., printed. Canadian Fisherman,
National Business Publications Ltd., Gardenvale,
Quebec, Canada.

"Effect of Storage in Chlortetracycline (CTC)-Con-
taining Refrigerated Sea Water on Keeping Quality
of Mackerel and Determination of CTC Residue in
the Fish,'' by T. Tomiyama and Y. Yone, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 25, no. 4, 1959, pp. 290-293, illus., :
printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Influencia de los Antibioticos Adicionados al Hielo
en la Digestibilidad del Pescado"' (Effect of Anti-
biotic Ice on the Digestibility of Fish), by A. Pujol
and G. Varela, article, Anales de Bromatologia,
vol. 11, no. 2, 1959, pp. 245 260, printed in Seanioh
with English summary. Sociedad Espanola de
Bromatologia, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.

"Primenenie Hlortetraciklina Dlja Uvelicenija Prod-
olzitel'nosti Hranenija Ohlazdennogo Rybnogo File"

May 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

(The Application of Chlortetracycline in Extending
the Storage Life of Chilled Fish), by F. Babin and
T. Saharova, Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, vol. 4, 1960,
pp. 35-37, illus., printed in Russian with English
summary. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four Con-
tinent Book Corp.,822 Broadway, New York 3, N, Y.

BARENTS SEA:

"Rapport om Tokt med 'G. O. Sars' til Barentshavet
i September 1960'' (Report on a Survey of the G. O.
Sars in the Barents Sea in September 1960), by
Steinar Olsen, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 49,
December 8, 1960, pp. 690-692, illus., printed in
Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81,
Bergen, Norway.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Muscle Biochemistry and Fish Flavours," by N. R.
Jones, article, The New Scientist, vol. 7, no. 176,
1960, pp. 783-785, printed. The New Scientist,
Cromwell House, Fulwood Place, High Holborn,
London WC1, England.

BIVALVES:

The Intertidal Bivalves of British Columbia, by D. B.
~ Quayle, Handbook No. 17, printed, 50 Canadiancents.
British Columbia Provincial Museum, Department

of Education, Victoria, Canada, 1961.

CANADA:

British Columbia Catch Statistics, 1960 (By Area and
Type of Gear), 165 pp., illus., processed. Depart-
ment of Fisheries of Canada, 1110 W. Georgia St.,
Vancouver 5, Canada, February 2, 1961. The tenth
annual report of fish-catch statistics for British
Columbia based on Departmental copies of sales
slips that are completed by all commercial fish
buyers operating within the Province. The report
is divided into three sections: (1) summary of
landings by district and total landed value of all
fish; (2) highlights of catch statistics--a general
review of significant events of salmon fishing in
each area and general review for other types of
fish; and (3) detailed district and area monthly sta-
tistics by type of gear. Certain economic, weather,
and conservation factors that have a bearing on the
catch are also reviewed.

vol. 18, no. 1, January 1961, 145 pp., illus., printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada. Includes, among others, these articles:
"Contribution to the Biology of Herring (Clupea
harengus L.) in Newfoundland Waters," by Steinar
Olsen; "A Method for Preparing Glycerin-Stored
Otoliths for Age Determination," by G. H. Lawler
and G. P. McRae; ''The Quality of Fish Flour, Liver
Meal, and Visceral Meal as Sources of Dietar
Protein,'' by B. A. Larsen and W. W. Hawkins; ''The
Liquefaction of British Columbia Herring by Ensil-
age, Proteolytic Enzymes and Acid Hydrolysis," by
J. R. McBride, D. R. Idler and R. A. MacLeod; ''The
Protein Nutritive Value of 'Liquid Herring' Prepa-
rations,'' by B. E. March and others; ''Scale to
Length Ratio, Age and Growth of Atlantic Salmon in
Miramichi Fisheries," by Robert B. Kerr; ''Slicing
of Fillets as an Aid in Detection and Removal of
Cod Worms from Atlantic Cod Fillets,"' by H. E.
Power; ''Northward Range Extension of the Flat-

head Chub and Trout-Perch to Aklavik, N. W. T.,"'
by D. E. McAllister; and "Lipid Hydrolysis in
Frozen Cod Muscle," by E. G. Bligh.

CLAMS:

The Maryland Soft Shell Clam Industry: Its Potentials

~and Ercblemenue J. H. Manning and H. T. Pfitzen-
meyer, Contribution No. 145, 5 pp., illus., processed.
(Reprinted from ee of the National Sheil-
fisheries Association, vol. , 1958, pp.'110-114.)
Department of Research and Education, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md.

COD:

"'Torskeundersokelsene i Lofoten og i Barentshavet,
1960'' (Cod Research in Lofoten and the Barents Sea,
1960), by Arvid Hylen, Lars Midttun, and Gunnar
Saetersdal, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 5,
February 2, 1961, pp. 101-114, illus., printed in
Norwegian with English summary. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

"Volatile Substances of Salted Codfish. Bacteriology
of Salt Cod," article, Annual Report of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, 1958-1959, pp. 139-140,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada.

COLD STORAGE:

"Bau und Hinrichtung der Neuen Fischkuhlhauser in
Polen" (Construction and Arrangement of the Lat-
est Cold Stores for Fish in Poland), by T. Skwar-
ezynski, article, Kaltetechnik, vol. 11, no. 7, July
1959, pp. 203-210, illus., printed in German. Kal-
tetechnik, Verlag C. F. Muller, Karlsruhe, Germany.

COLUMBIA RIVER:
An Economic and Social Glimpse of the Commercial
Fisherman, 6 pp., illus., printed. Columbia River
Fishermen's Protective Union, 322 10th St., Astoria,
Oreg.

* CRAYFISH:

Maryland Crayfishes, by W. G. Meredith and F. J.
aCe Educational Series No. 46, 32 pp., illus.,
printed. Department of Research and Education,

Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md.,
February 1960.

CRUSTACEANS:

"Salinity Reactions of Some Fresh- and Brackish-
Water Crustaceans,'' by Kari Lagerspetz and Maija
Mattila, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 120,
no. 1, February [561, pp. 44-53, printed. Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

DANISH SEINE:

"Forsoksfiske med Snurrevad pa Helgelandskysten"
(Experimental Fishery with a Danish Seine on the
Helgeland Coast), by Richard Sandnes, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 3, January 19, 1961, pp.
53-55, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

DENMARK:
"Ta Peche au Danemark en 1959" (Fishing in Den-
mark in 1959), by Arne Schreiber, article, France
Peche, vol. 5, no. 46, December 1960, pp. 19-22,

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 5

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH ANDO WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

illus., printed in French with English summary.
France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene,
Lorient, France.

DOGFISH:

"Pigghaundersokelsene" (Dogfish Investigations), by
Olav Aasen, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 2,
January 12, 1961, pp. 36-44, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian with English summary. Fiskets Gang, Post-
giro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

DRYING:

"Ultrasonics Seen as Valuable Aid in Drying Heat-
Sensitive Foods," article, Chemical Engineering,
vol. 66, no. 19, 1959, pp. 151-154, Belated: Chem -
ical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc.,
330 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y.

FACTORYSHIP:
"A New Type of Mothership on the Fishing Grounds;
The Potentialities and Limitations of Aircraft Car-
riers,'' by A. C. Hardy, article, Lloyd's List and

Shipping Gazette, March 9, 1960, pp. 4-5, printed.
The easton of Lloyd's, London EC3, England.
FISH MANAGEMENT:
Reservoir Fish Management--Progress and Challenge,

by Robert M. Jenkins, pp., illus., printed. Sport
Fishing Institute, Bond Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.

FISH MEAL:
Erzeugung und Absatz von Fischmehl in der Welt
“tWortd Fish Meat Production and Demand), by G.
Meseck, 35 pp., illus., printed in German. (Reprinted
from Berichte uber Landwirtschaft, Bd. 38, H. 4,
1960, pp. 660-700.) Berichte uber Landwirtschaft,
Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg 1, Germany.

"Preterito, Presente, y Futuro de las Fabricas
Nacionales de Harina de Pescado"' (Past, Present,
and Future of the National Fish Meal Plants), by
Manimo, article, Industria Conservera, vol. 26,
no, 258, December pps = , printed in
Spanish. Industria Conservera, Calle Marques de
Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

FISH OIL:

"The Effect of Dietary Marine Fish Oils on the Serum
Cholesterol Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Chick-
ens,'' by J. D. Wood and J. Biely, article, Canadian
Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 38,
no. 1, 1960, pp. 19-24, printed. Cenadien Journal of
Biochemistry and Physiology, Division of Adminis-
tration, The National Research Council, Sussex St.,
Ottawa, Canada.

FISHERY RESEARCH:

Comments on the Need for Critical Fishery Research
Planning and Electronic Data Processing, by Romeo
Mansueti, Contribution No. 127, 7 pp., printed. (Re-
printed from the Southeastern Association of Game
and Fish Commissioners Thirteenth Annual Confer-
ence, 1959, pp. =113.) Maryland Department of
Research and Education, Chesapeake Biological
Laboratory, Solomons, Md.

FISHERY STOCKS:
"Om Beskyttelse av Fiskebestander"' (Concerning
Protection of Fishery Stocks), by Arvid Hylen, ar-
ticle, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 6, February9, 1961,

pp. 127-135, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets
Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

"Activities of the FAO," article, Information Bulle-
tin, no. 19, December 1960, pp. 15-16, processed.
General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,
Italy. The Foad and Agriculture Organization Coun-
cil held its 34th Session in Rome from October
17-28, 1960, and considered in particular (1) the
world food and agriculture situation; (2) activities
of the Organization; (3) constitutional and legal
matters; and (4) administrative and financial mat-
ters.

"Activities of the General Fisheries Council for the
Mediterranean, I--Sixth Session of the GFCM,"
article, Information Bulletin, no. 19, December
1960, pp. I-II, processed. General Fisheries Coun-
cil for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Ter-
me di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Discusses the activ-
ities of the General Fisheries Council for the Med-
iterranean and its Sixth Session which was held in
Rome,September 22-28, 1960. Altogether some 70
participants from 12 countries and 9 international
organizations took part in the work of the Sixth
Session. Two categories of documents were pre-
sented and discussed: technical papers dealing with
original contributions to the program of work, and
working documents containing information collected
as a result of recommendations of the Council or
the Executive Committee. A list of the technical
papers and working documents is presented.

Catalogue of Publications, 1945-1960, 91 pp., printed.
Distribution and Sales Section, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Ter-
me di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1960. A listing (pub-
lished every two years in English, French and Span-
ish) of all priced publications of FAO since 1945.
The publications listed are primarily tools for the
attainment of the Organization's aim to increase
world agricultural production and raise the standard
of living. They cover agriculture, economics, fish-
eries, forestry, and nutrition. Also listed are the
official records of the functioning. and work of FAO.
Includes indexes of authors and of titles.

FOOD MANAGEMENT:
Receiving Food in Food Service Establishments, Food
Management Program Leaflet 3,

20 pp., illus.,
printed. Cooperative Extension Service, University
of Massachusetts, 408 Atlantic Ave., Rm. 303, Bos-
ton 10, Mass. The purpose of this leaflet is to sug-
gest procedures that will be helpful to food service
operators in supervising and controlling receiving
practices. In any food service operation, continuous
effort should be made to improve receiving practices.
Although all the suggestions in this leaflet may not be
applicable to all food service establishments, they
can, however, serve as a guide for improving the
receiving of food by service establishments. They
should help the food service operator analyze his
own operation and identify his problems,

May 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

93

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

FOREIGN TRADE:

"Some Aspects of U. S. Foreign Trade Policy,'' by
Theodore J. Hadraba, article, The Department of
State Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1130, February 20, 1961,
pp. 263-271, printed. Office of Public Services,
Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, Wash-
ington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Discusses the objectives of the
U. S. economic policy, the role of GATT, and U. S.
participation in the tariff negotiating process. Also
discusses the European Economic Community, Eu-
ropean Free Trade Association, the international
economic situation today, removal of obstacles to
U. S. exports, and the export expansion program.

FRANCE:

"Le Commerce Exterieur en 1960" (Foreign Trade in
1960--Fishery Products), article, La Peche Mari-
time, vol. 40, no. 995, February 1961, pp. 94-98,
printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boule-
vard Haussmann, Paris, France.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Freeze Drying,'' by H. P. Milleville, article, Food
Processing, no. 11, November 1960, p. 28, printed.
Food Processing, Putman Publishing Co., 111 E.
Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, Ill.

"Freeze Drying Equipment Roundup," by F. L. Bonem,
article, Food Processing, vol. 21, no, 11, November
1960, p. 73, printed. Food Processing, Putman Pub-
lishing Co., 111 E. Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, Ill.

"Freeze-Drying: The Present Outlook," article,
Frosted Food Field, vol. 32, no, 2, February 1961,
pp. 37, 39-41, 44-46, illus., printed. Frosted Food
Field, Inc., 321 Broadway, New York 7, N, Y.

FREEZING:

"First Liquid Nitrogen Freezer Adapted to Production
Line," article, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 22, no. 11,
June 1960, pp. 31, 157-158, ilius., printed. Quick

Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publications, Inc.,
82 Wall St., New York 5, N, Y.

Postepy w Dziedzinie Chlodnictwa i Zamrazalnictwa
Ryb i Produktow Rybnych (Advances in the Cooling
and Freezing of Fish and Fish-Products), by J.
Kukucz. Paper read at the Session of Industrial
Refrigeration in the Food Industry, Warsaw, Poland,
May 1960, 25 pp., printed in Polish. Commission
for Refrigeration, Warsaw, Poland.

FROZEN FISH:

"Storage Changes in Frozen Fish: A Comparison of
Objective and Subjective Tests,'' by Kerstin Ander-
sson and Carl Erik Danielson, article, Food Tech-
nology, vol. 15, no. 2, February 1961, pp. 55-56,
illus., printed. Food Technology, The Garrard Press,
510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill. Herring fillets,
treated by dipping 0.5 percent ascorbic acid and un-
treated as reference, were frozen and analyzed at

monthly intervals using the TBA method accompanied

by organoleptic estimations. The chemical changes
ascertained by the TBA method exhibit good agree-
ment with the changes in taste. The untreated sam-
ples became rancid after 2 months' storage, where-
as the treated samples remained palatable for 11
months.

GEAR:

Commercial and Biological Uses of the Maryland
Soft Clam Dredge, by J. H. Manning, Contribution
No. [31,7 pp., one printed. (Reprinted from
Proceedings of the Gulf and Carribbean Fisheries
Institute, Twelfth Annual Session, November 1959,
pp. 61-67.) Maryland Department of Researchand
Education, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, Md.

GENERAL:
Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration, 1960
nual Report on Dingell-Johnson and Pittman-
Robertson Programs for the Fiscal Year Ending
June 30, 1960), 103 pp., illus., printed, 1961. Wild-
life Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Washington
5, D. C.

The Sea Around Us, by Rachel L. Carson, Revised
Edition, 237 pp., illus., printed, $5. Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 114 Fifth Ave., New York 11, N. Y.,
1961.

HERRING:

The Propagation of Herring (CLUPEA PALLASII) in

“the Coastal Waters of British Columbia, with a _
Summary of Spawning Success in 0, by D. N.
Outram, Circular No. 60, 22 pp., illus., processed.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, Nanaimo, Canada, January 1961. The fifth
report of a series dealing with the annual success
of herring spawning in British Columbia. An eval-
uation of the amount of spawn deposited in 1960 is
preceded by a general review of spawning behavior
and other related aspects. Includes statistical ta-
bles showing the date, location, and extent of the
1960 herring spawn; herring spawning indices for
1960, and summary of herring spawning success.

"Smasild- og Feitsildtokt med f/f G. O. Sars i Tiden
28 September til 29 Oktober 1960 (Small Herring
and Fat Herring Cruise of the Research Vessel G.
O. Sars during the Period September 29-October 29,

60), by Olav Dragesund, article, Fiskets Gang,
vol. 47, no. 3, January 19, 1961, pp. 59-63, illus.,
printed. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Rad-
stuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

''Smasildundersokelsene og Smasildfisket 1959/60"
(Small Herring Investigations and the Small Herring
Fishery in 1959/60), by Olav Dragesund and Per
Hognestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 50,
December 15, 1960, pp. 703- , illus., printed in
Norwegian with English summary. Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

ICHTHYOLOGY:

How Fast Can a Fish Swim?, by J. H. S. Blaxter and
W. Dickson, Scottish Fisheries Bulletin No. 12, pp.
14-18, illus., printed. Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, Eng-
land, 1959.

IVORY COAST:

"Aspects et Tendances de l'Industrie de la Peche
Maritime dans la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire"
(Points of View and Tendencies of the Marine Fish-
ing Industry in the Republic of Ivory Coast), by J.
M. Besseteaux, article, La Peche Maritime, vol.

40, no, 995, February I961, pp. 83-85, illus.,

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

‘Vol. 23, No. 5

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Bou-
levard Haussmann, Paris, France.

JAPAN:

Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 46,

“nos. I-2, March 1960, 155 pp., illus., printed. The
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba kaigandori 6,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others,
these articles: ''Haematological Studies of the Cul-
ture Fishes in Japan. -2--Seasonal Variation of the
Blood Constituents of Rainbow Trout; 3--Changes in
Blood Constituents with Growth of Rainbow Trout;
and 4--Method for Repeated Drawing of Blood from
Cuvierian Duct,'' by T. Sano; "Studies on Fat Met-
abolism of Fish Muscles. 4--Effects of the Compo-
nents in Foods on the Culture of Rainbow Trout,"
by T. Ono, F. Nagayama, and T. Masuda; ''Applic-
ability of Antioxidants to Marine Products," by K.
Toyama, K. Saruya, and K. Ando; and ''Study on the
Disposition of Fish Towards Light. No. 5--The
Strength of Illumination Comfortable to Engraulis
japonicus; and No. 6--Compare with the Disposi-
tion of Engraulis japonicus, Decapterus muroadsi,
Traceurous japonicus, and SECRET japonicus, by

Y. Imamura and S. Takeuchi,

Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 47,
no. 1, September 1960, pp., illus., printed. The
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba kaigandori 6,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others,
the following articles: ''The Tension Test of the
Netting Cord by Impact Force," by Y. Kondo;
"Studies on the Sterilization of Clostridium botu-
linum by Gammaray Irradiation,"' by Y. Sekine, T.
Kozima, and S. Motegi; ''Determination of the Time
Required for Freezing of Whalemeat,'' by K. Tanaka
and J. Nishimoto; and ''On the Net and Rope after
Bottom Trawl Fishings,'' by K. Honda.

LIGHT ATTRACTION:

"Nekotorye Dannye o Reaktsii Sel'di na Elektrosvet"
(Certain Data on Reactions of Herring to Electric
Illumination), by A. F. Blinov, article, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, vol, 34, no. 2, 1958, pp. 33-32 printed
in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavni-
proekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R,

"Study on the Disposition of Fish Towards the Light.
Il--The Strength of Illumination Preferred by Fish,"
by Y. Imamura, article, Journal of the Tokyo Uni-
versity of Fisheries, vol. 44, nos. 1 and 2, pp. 75-
89, illus., printed. Tokyo University of Fisheries,
Shiba-kaigandori, 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

LUNGFISH:

"The Lungfish of Africa,'' by J. Bouillon, article,
Natural History, vol. 70, no, 3, March 1961, pp.
62-70, illus., printed. The American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New
York 24, N. Y.

MARINE ALGAE:

"The Marine Algae,'' by E. Laurence Palmer, article,
education insert 110, Natural History, vol. 70, no. 3,
March 1961, pp. 33-43, illus., printed. The Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History, Central Park W.
at 79th St., New York 24, N, Y,

MARKETING:

Mechanically Processing Wholesale Frozen Food
Orders, by Theodore H. Allegri and Robert K.

Bogardus, AMS-317, 18 pp., illus., processed. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Marketing Research
Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., June 1959, This study is part of
a larger research project covering the develop-
ment of improved methods and equipment to make
wholesale frozen food distribution operations -more
efficient. It does not deal directly with fish, but is
of interest to frozen fish wholesalers and proc-
essors. Studies covered both wholesale distribu-
tors who used automatic accounting equipment and
those who used conventional accounting methods.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA:
Aspects de la Recherche et des Travaux Oceano-
Taphiques dans le Secteur Nord-Ouest de la Med-

iterranee Occidentale (Report on the Research and
Oceanographic Work in the Northwest Sector of the
Western Mediterranean) by F. Doumenge, 17 pp.,
illus., printed in French. (Reprinted from Bulletin
Trimestriel du Centre Regional de la Productivite
et des Etudes Economiques de Montpellier, Pre-
mier Trimestre 1959.) Castors du Rail 3° Lot,

Pavillon 12, Montpellier (Herault), France.

MIDWATER TRAWLS:

"Eksperimentalnyi Lov Sel'di v Severnoi Atlantike
Raznoglubinnym Tralom s Sudov Tipa SRT (Ex-
perimental Fishing for Herring with Midwater
Trawls in the North Atlantic, by Vessels of the
SRT Type), by B. S. Solov'ev and A. A. Degtiarev,
article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 5, 1958,
pp. 31-952 tilde a printedein Russian’ Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie
SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Fisheries as a Profession (A Career Guide for the
Field of Fishery Science), 7 pp., illus., printed.
American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429, McLean,
Va.

NAVIGATION:

United States Coast Pilot 2--Atlantic Coast Cape Cod
to Sandy Hook, Sixth Edition, 228 pp., printed, ~
$2-DOsmURESE Department of Commerce, Coast and
Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C., 1960.

merce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25,
D. C., January 1961,

United States Coast Pilot 7--Second Supplement.
Pacific Coast, California, Oregon, Washington, and
Hawaii, Eighth Edition, [5 pp., printed. U. S De--
partment of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey,
Washington 25, D. C., January 1961.

United States Coast Pilot 8--Ninth Supplement, South-
east Alaska--Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, Tenth
Edition, 41 pp., printed. U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25,
D. C., January 1961.

United States Coast Pilot 9--Sixth Supplement, Alas-
ka--Cape Spencer to Arctic Ocean, Sixth Edition,

Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C.,
January 1961,

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

NORTHERN RHODESIA AND NYASALAND:

(Joint Fisheries Research Organisation) Annual Re-
port No. 9, 1959, 71 pp., illus., printed, 7s.6d(about
US$1.05). Joint Fisheries Organization, P. O. Box
48, Samfya, Northern Rhodesia, 1960. Covers ac-
tivities of the Organization in Northern Rhodesia such
as development of Lake Bangweulu and its swamp
fisheries, investigations of Lake Kariba, and inves-
tigation of the fishery potential of southern Lake
Tanganyika. Also describes activities of the Or-
ganization in Nyasaland such as investigation of
Engraulicypris sardella, plankton studies, hydrology
research, and gill-net experiment on Labeo mesops
(Gunther). Includes two papers on fisheries of the
region and a list of publications by members of the
Organization.

NORWAY:

"Fiskefartoyers Lonnsomhet i 1958'' (Fishing Vessel
Profits in 1958--Annual Results), by A. Holm, ar-
ticles, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 51, December 22,
1960, pp. 727-736; no. 52, December 1960, pp. 748-
755; vol. 47, no. 1, January 5, 1961, pp. 7-12, illus.,
printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr,
691 81, Bergen, Norway.

"TLofotfiskets Lonnsomhet 1960" (Returns from the
Lofot Fishery 1960), by Georg Oppedal, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no, 4, January 26,1961, pp.
79-89, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Nor-
way.

"Norges Fiskerier, 1960'' (Norway's Fisheries, 1960),
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 52, December 29,
1960, pp. 744-747, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets
Gang, Postgiro 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

"Oversikt og Toktprogram 1961 Fiskeridirektoratets
Havforskningsinstitutt" (Survey and Cruise Pro-
grams--Directorate of Fisheries, Ocean Research
Institute), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 4,
January 26, 1961, pp. 76-78, printed in Norwegian.
Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

"Smatralernes Fiske i 1959'' (The Small Trawler
Fishery in 1959), by Sverre Mollestad, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 2, January 12, 1961, pp.
29-35, iffus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

An International Directory of Oceanographers (3rd
Edition), compiled by K. O. Emery and Mary Sears,
printed. National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave. NW,
Washington, D. C., 1960.

O.E.C.D.:

"The Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development," by Dean Rusk, article, The Depart-
ment of State Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1132, March 6,
T961, pp. 323-326; “Administration Urges Ratifica-
tion of OECD Convention,'' by George W. Ball, ibid,
pp. 326-332, printed, single copy 25 cents. Office
of Public Services, Bureau of Public Affairs, De-
partment of State, Washington, D. C. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Covers the

day-to-day aspects of foreign policy; goals and
functions of the OECD; history of the OEEC: eco-
nomic interdependence between the United States
and Europe; how the Convention will operate; the
substitution of OECD for OEEC; a new era of
partnership; coordinating international economic
policies; and economic growth in less developed
countries,

OKLAHOMA:

"Why Commercial Fishing?" by Leonard B. Jones,
article, Oklahoma Wildlife, vol. 17, no. 1, Jan-
uary 1961, pp. 14-15, illus., printed. Oklahoma
Department of Wildlife Conservation, Rm. 118,
State Capitol, Oklahoma City, Okla. Commercial
fishing in Oklahoma's one-half million acres of
lakes and streams not only offers a means of con-
trolling fish populations undesirable for sports
fishing but also serves to harvest a renewable re-
source.

OYSTERS:

Studies on Stored Oysters (Crassostrea virginica),
by J. C. Medcof, FRB No. 579, I6 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the
National Shellfisheries Association, 1956, no. 49,
pp. 15-28.) Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, 1959.

PACIFIC OCEAN:

Relationships of Some Marine Organisms of the
Northeast Pacific to Water Temperatures, Par-
ticularly During 1957 Through 1959, by John Rad-
ovich, Fish Bulletin 112, 62 pp., illus., printed.
California State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal
Island, Calif., 1961. According to the author, ''After
9 consecutive years of subnormal temperatures,
the ocean off the Pacific Coast of North America
warmed up in 1957, heralding the beginning of a
warm period which continued at least through 1959.
Concurrently, many southern marine species wan-
dered north of their usual range and some warm-
water forms spawned successfully off southern
California. An analysis of past records showed
similar intrusions of southern species during pre-
vious warm-water years. In addition to fish mov-
ing northward during 1957, 1958, and 1959, some
rare species were caught which showed no latitu-
dinal movement, and some were collected south of
their usual ranges. However, even some of these
may have resulted from oceanic changes taking
place during this period. Other vertebrates, in-
cluding whales and birds, many invertebrates, and
some marine plants were affected in one way or
another by the change. The northward distribution
of some invertebrates seemed more closely re-
lated to the development of the countercurrent than
to the increase in temperature."

PAKISTAN:
Pakistan's Fisheries, by M. Rahimullah Qureshi,

pp., illus., printed. Central Fisheries Depart-

ment, Karachi, Pakistan, 1961. Discusses Paki-

stan's fishery resources, geology and hydrology

of the surrounding seas, fauna, fishing craft, gear

and tackle, and fishermen and fishermen's coop-

eratives. Also covers the principal fisheries

of Pakistan, production and utilization, fishery

statistics, and fishery research.

95

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. (23, Nod

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,

Castellon Sardine Fishery, 1958 Data), by F. G.
Larraneta, J. Lopez, and P. Suau.

IV Reunion Sobre Productividad y Pesquerias (Fourth
Meeting on Production and Fisheries), pp.,
processed in Spanish. Instituto de Investigaciones
Pesqueras, Patronato ''Juan de la Cierva'' de In-
vestigacion Tecnica, Barcelona, Spain.

"Panorama de la Produccion Pesquera Espanola en
1960" (Summary of Spanish Fishery Production in
1960), article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol. 35,no. 809,
January 1, 1961, pp. 8-9, printed in Spanish. In-
dustrias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz, 21-2, Vigo,
Spain. -

ST, PIERRE AND MIQUELON:

"L'Importance des Iles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon pour
les Pecheries Europeennes" (The Importance of the
Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon to the European
Fisheries), by Georges Landry, article, La Peche
Maritime, vol. 40, no. 995, February 1961, pp. 70-71,
illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190,
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

STURGEON:

"The Sturgeon in Pennsylvania," by C. Robert Glover,
article, Pennsylvania Angler; part 1, vol. 30, no. 1,
January 1961, pp. 1-3; part 2, vol. 30, no, 2, Febru-
ary 1961, pp. 3-5; illus., printed. Pennsylvania Fish
Commission, South Office Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa.

TARIFF AND TRADE:
Forty-Fourth Annual Report of the United States
Tariff Commission (Fiscal Year Ended June 30,

, House Document No. 26, 73 pp., printed.
United States Tariff Commission, Washington, D.C.,;
1961. For the purposes of this report, the current
work of the Tariff Commission--described inparts
I, I, IU, and IV--has been classified under thefol-
lowing headings: Public investigations; special re-
ports and activities; furnishing technical informa-
tion and assistance; and other activities. Part V
of the report deals with the membership and staff
of the Commission, and its finances and appropria-
tions. As required by law, summaries of all re-
ports made by the Commission during 1960 appear
under the appropriate headings in parts I and II of
this report. Among others, discusses the investiga-
tion by the Commission to determine whether shrimp
was being imported into the United States in such in-
creased quantities as to cause or threaten serious
injury to the domestic shrimp industry.

TRANSPORTATION:

"Temperature in Frozen Fish Shipped by Road in
Refrigerated Trailers,'' by C. P. Lentz and E. A.
Rooke, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 47, no. 2,
1960, pp. 27-30, illus., printed. Canadian Fisher-
man, National Business Publications Ltd., Garden-
vale, Canada.

"Transportation of Frozen Fish Lagging,'' by O. Young,
article, Western Fisheries, vol. 60, May 1960,p. 66,
printed. Western Fisheries, Roy Wrigley Publica-
tions Ltd., 1104 Hornby St., Vancouver 1, Canada.

TRAWLERS:
“Holland's First Stern Trawler," article, World Fish-
ing, vol. 10, no, 3, March 1961, p. 31, illus.,

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

printed. World Fishing, John Trundell (Publishers)
Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London,
NWI, England.

"Navire de Type Nouveau: 'l'Ocean'"' (New Type of
Ship: ''The Ocean"'), by Michel Jollant, article,
France Peche, vol. 5, no. 46, December 1960, pp.
28-25, printed in French with English abstract.
France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene,
Lorient, France. Built according to the latest
principles of stern trawling.

"Virginia Trawlers Roam the Atlantic," by James
Wharton, article, The Commonwealth, vol. 28, no.
1, January 1961, pp. 9-IT, illus., printed. Virginia
State Chamber of Commerce, 611 E. Franklin St.,
Richmond 19, Va. Discusses the rich Virginia
trawler fisheries, providing about 90 percent of
the food fish landed at Hampton Roads. New beds
of scallops have recently begun to be exploited.
Trawlers now land about 20 million pounds of fish
and shellfish a year.

TRAWLING:

"Te Chalutage 'aux Boeufs' en Espagne’ (Pair Trawl-
ing in Spain), article, France Peche, vol. 6, no. 47,
January 1961, pp. 19-20, illus., printed in French.
France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene,
Lorient, France.

TROPICAL FISH:

Examples of Mimicry and Protective Resemblance
in Tropical Marine Fishes, by John E. Randall and
Helen A. Randall, Contribution No. 289, 37 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine
Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 10, no. 4,
December 1960, pp. 444-480.) The Marine Labora-
tory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Cause-
way, Miami 49, Fla.

TROUT:

Insect Emergence from a Small Trout Loch and Its
Bearing on the Food Supply of Fish, by N. C. Morgan
and A. B. Waddell, Freshwater and Salmon Fisher-
ies Research 25, 39 pp., illus., printed, 12s. 6d.
(about US$1.75). Department of Agriculture and
Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1961.
(For sale by her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A
Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland.)

TUNA:

"Determination of Time Required for Freezing Skip-
jack, Katsuwanus pelamis," by K. Tanaka and J.
Nishimoto, article, Journal of the Tokyo Universit
of Fisheries, vol. 45, no. 2, 1959, pp. 205-225, illus.,
printed in Japanese. Tokyo University of Fisheries,
Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Las Grandes Posibilidades de la Pesca de Tunidos"
(The Great Possibilities in the Tuna Fishery), by
Pierre de Latil, article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol.
35, no. 810, January 15, > pp. 20-22, printed in
Spanish. Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz,
21-2, Vigo, Spain.

TURTLES:

"To Save the Green Turtle,'' by J. David Bowen, ar-
ticle, Americas, December 1960, pp. 14-17, illus.,
printed. Pan American Union, 19th St. and Con-
stitution Ave., NW., Washington, D. C.

May 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

97

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

PERCH:
The Perches, by Frank J. Schwartz, Educatian Series
“No. 44, 4pp., illus., printed. Department of Re-
search and Education, Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory, Solomons, Md.

PERU:

"L'Ascension Vertigineuse d'une Nation Pecheuse:
Le Perou"' (The Dizzy Rise of a Fishing Nation:
Peru), by Robert Lenier, article, France Peche,
vol. 6, no. 47, January 1961, pp. 13-15, 17-18, 44,
illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-
Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France,

PICKEREL:

The Pickerels, by Frank J. Schwartz, Education Series
No. 4%, 4 pp., illus., printed. Maryland Department
of Research and Education, Chesapeake Biological

Laboratory, Solomons, Md.

RADIATION:
A Selected List of References on Marine and Aquatic
~ Radiobiology, compiled by A. W. Klement, Jr., and
I. E. Wallen, TID-3903, 42 pp., processed, $1. Office
of Technical Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Com-
mission, Washington 25, D. C., May 20, 1960. (Office

of Technical Services, Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C.)

"Microbiological Investigations--Radiation-Preserva-
tion," article, Food Investigation 1958, pp. 13-16,
printed. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York
House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, 1959.

RADIOACTIVE WASTES:

Sedimentation of Radioactive Wastes in the Sea, by
Michael Waldichuk, Circular No. 5Y, 43 pp., illus.,
processed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Station, Nanaimo, Canada, January 1961.

RESEARCH VESSEL:

"Un Grand 'Petit' Bateau'' (A Great 'Little' Boat),
article, France Peche, vol. 6, no. 47, January 1961,
pp. 21-23, illus., printed in French. France Peche,
Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.
Discusses the work of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries' exploratory fishing vessel John N.
Cobb since its maiden voyage in 1950.

SALMON:

"Salmon and Steelhead Management," by Monte Rich-
ards, article, Idaho Wildlife Review, vol. 13, no. 4,
January-February 1 > pp. 3-5, illus., printed.
Idaho Fish and Game Department, 518 Front St.,
Boise, Idaho. Salmon and steelhead management
has developed in importance in Idaho in the past
decade, when fishing pressures on these species
have increased greatly. Basically, management is
dependent on the gathering and analysis of data per-
taining to several phases of the runs entering the
State.

SARDINES:

"Essais Francais de Pre-Conservation de la Sardine
sur les Bateaux de Peche, par Refrigeration en Eau
de Mer a -1 C."' (French Tests on the Pre-Storage
of Sardine on Board Fishing Boats, by Cooling in
Sea-Water at -1-C.), article, Revue de la Conserve,
vol, 15, no. 3, May-June 1960, pp. 130-131; printed
in French. Revue de la Conserve, 1 Rue de la Reale,
Paris 1, France.

SCALLOPS:

"Florida Find Puts Scallop Fleet Back in Business,"
article, Business Week, no. 1643, February 25, 1961
pp. 142-144, , illus., printed. Business Week,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St.,
New York 36, N. Y. Discusses the discovery of an
immense bed of calico scallops off Cape Canaveral,
Fla., by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries'
experimental trawler Silver Bay, and the possibil-
ities of its commercial development. This bed has
a potential production of 500,000 gallons of scallops
a year and is located close to shore. With shucking
machines, this fishery could become a very pro-
ductive one within a few years.

2

SEAWEEDS:
A Existencia de Algas Agarofitas em Angola (The
~ Existence of Agar-Bearing Seaweeds in Angola),
by F. Palminha, Notas Mimeografadas do Centro
de Biologia Piscatoria No. 16, 16 pp., illus., proc-

essed. Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon,
Portugal, 1961.

SHRIMP:

Industriel Udnyttelse af den Rode Dybhavsreje (Com-
mercial Utilization of the Deep-Sea Red Shrimp,
Pandalus borealis), by Poul Hansen, 18 pp., illus.,
printed in Danish with English summaries. Fisk-
eriministeriets Forsogslaboratorium, Copenhagen,
Denmark, December 1960.

Notes on Postlarvae of Commercial Shrimp (PENAE-
US) in South Carolina, by Charles M. Bearden, Con-
tribution No, 33, 6 pp., illus., printed. Bears Bluff
Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., February
1961,

SMOKED FISH:

"Scientists' Advice on Care of Smoked Fish," article,
Fish Selling, no. 66, 1959, p. 4, printed. Fish Sell-
ing, A. J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet St.,
London EC4, England.

SOUTH CAROLINA:

Annual Report, 1959-1960, Contribution No. 32, 11 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Report of South
Carolina Wildlife Resources Department, Fiscal
Year July ip 1959-June 30, 1960} Bears Bluff Lab-
oratories, Wadmalaw Island, Ss. C., January 1961.

A detailed description of the activities of Bears
Bluff Laboratories for the period under review,
covering the study of oysters, shrimp, blue crabs,
finfish, and pond cultivation.

SPAIN:

Investigacion Pesquera, no, 16, July 1960, 160 pp.,
illus., printed in Spanish. Instituto de Investiga-
ciones Pesqueras, Universidad de Barcelona,
Barcelona, Spain. Includes, among others, the
following articles: ''Consideraciones Acerca del
Crecimiento de la Caballa (Scomber scombrus L.)
en el Mediterraneo Espanol” (Information on the
Growth of the Horse Mackerel (Scomber scombrus
L.) in the Spanish Waters of the Mediterranean),
by C. Bas; ''Nota Sobre Algunas Especies de Algas
de la Costa Occidental Africana--Sur de Cabo
Blanco" (Note on Some Species of Algae on the West
African Coast--South of Cabo Blanco), by J. Seoane-
Camba; and ''Dinamica de la Pesqueria de Sardina
de Castellon. Datos de 1958" (Dynamics of the

98

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

UNDERWATER OBSERVATIONS:

Seven Miles Down: - The Story of the Bathyscaph
Trieste,” by Jacques Piccard and Robert S. Dietz,

249 pp., illus., printed, $5. G. P. Putnam's Sons,
210 Madison Ave., New York 22, N. Y., 1961. Story
of the development of the bathyscaph and its 65
underwater explorations, told by the man who pi-
loted it and the oceanographer associated withits
history since 1955.

UsisuRe:
"Food in Russia: Russian Fish Research," by C. L.

Cutting, article, Food Manufacture, vol. 35, no. 1,
1960, pp. 18, 22, illus., printed. Food Manufacture,
Leonard Hill Ltd., 9 Eden St., London NW1, England.

WHALING:
"Australia's 1960 Whaling Season," by D. J. Gates,

article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 20, no. 2, Feb-
ruary 1961, pp. 13, 15, illus., printed. Common-
wealth Director of Fisheries, Department of Pri-
mary Industry, Canberra, Australia. A summary
of the volume and value of the baleen and sperm
whale catch; number of catcher vessels operating
from shore stations; oil and byproducts yield;
length, sex, and maturity of whales caught; andthe
Antarctic catch. Includes statistical tables and
graphs showing landings of humpback and sperm
whales, 1951-1960; production of oil and byproducts
per whale; and Australian humpback whales, 1956-
1960.

International Whaling Statistics, XLII, 53 pp., printed,
kr. 2.00 (about 28 o. S. cents). The Committee for

Whaling Statistics, Oslo, Norway, 1959. Presents

the results of the Antarctic whaling during the sea-

son 1957/58. Six countries--Norway, United King-
dom, Japan, Netherlands, U.S.S.R., and Argentina--
participated with 20 floating factories, 2 shore sta-
tions, and 257 catchers. These countries under the
International Whaling Convention agreed to maintain
the maximum quota of 14,500 blue-whale units for
the season 1957/58.

YELLOWTAIL:

A Study of the Yellowtail SERIOLA DORSALIS (Gill),

“by John L. Baxter, Fish Bulletin No. 110, 96 pp.,
illus., printed. California State Fisheries Labora-
tory, Terminal Island, Calif., 1960. The present
economic range of yellowtail is from Los Angeles
County, Calif., to Cape San Lucas, Baja, California.
The principal objectives of the present study were
to determine the geographic origin of the yellowtail
appearing each year in the areas fished by Califor-
nia-based anglers; the effects of fishing on the pop-
ulation; and life history information on which to
base wise management practices. The material for
life history studies was obtained throughout the year
from three principal sources--fish sampled at the
canneries, specimens saved in conjunction with tag-
ging operations, and catches made by anglers on
party fishing vessels.

YUGOSLAVIA:

Stocarstvo i Ribarstvo, 1959 (Stock Breeding and
Fisheries, 1959), Statistical Bulletin 182, 36 pp.,
illus., printed in Serbo-Croatian with 22- page English
supplement. Section on fisheries covers salt- and
fresh-water fisheries, total catch of fish, landings
of salt-water fish by fishing enterprises and coop-
eratives, landings of salt- and fresh-water fish by
species and by months, and other data.

J. J. O'Brien, Rm.10, Commonwealth Pier,

TWX BS 130

ve DW NY is1809 | Digby 44550 |

TWX NY 1-1809 Digby 4-4559

uN STWK Hampton, Va,
TWX Hampton, Va. 80

New Orleans 12, La. P. DiMarco, 609 Federal Building,

Pe ee Gini WONG 460. oll eeasuue er nee Me

oO SiWe Za‘s034
TWX ZA 5034

a a
TWX SE 211 s
Street, TWX CG 1426

May 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES TRANSLATION PROGRAM

The American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is currently translating and pub-
lishing seven Russian research journals in biology. These journals are translated with
support from the National Science Foundation, whichis eager that such information be more
widely distributed to biologists throughout the world. It is hoped that this material will aid
biologists inresearch, prevent duplication of work, give some idea of the work being done
by Soviet scientists in the fieldof biology, andalso bring about a better international under-
standing among scientists.

Because of the support of the National Science Foundation, the AIBS can offer these
translations at a fraction of their publication cost, witheven further price reduction to
AIBS members and to academic and non-profit libraries. This reduction, the AIBS feels,
places the translation within the reach of all biologists.

The journals currently being translated are: Doklady: Biological Sciences Section;
Doklady: Botanical Sciences Section; Doklady: Biochemistry Section; Plant Physiology;
Microbiology; Soviet Soil Science; and Entomological Review.

In addition to its program of Russian Biological Journal translations, the AIBS has
instituted a separate program of translation and publication of selected Russian mono-
graphs in biology.

It was felt that the program of Journal translations was not sufficient to cover all of
the significant work being done in all fields of biology by Russian Scientists. With the aid
of competent authorities, the AIBS has translated and published six Russian monographs
and one monograph is in the process of being published. In addition, several prominent
monographs invarious biological areas are being considered by the AIBS and the National
Science Foundation for translation and publication. The monographs that have been published
are: "Origins of Anglospermous Plants,’ by A. L. Takhtajan; 'Problems in the Classi-
fication of Antagonists of Actinomycetes," by G. F. Gauze;''Marine Biology," Trudi Insti-
tute of Oceanolo , Vol. XX, editedby B. N. Nikitin; 'Arachnoidea,'' by A. A. Zakhavatkin, |
and "Arachnida" by B. I. Pomerantzev. The manuscript for ''Plants and X-rays," by L. P.
Breaslavets is in the final stages of preparation and should be published early in 1960.

Additional information pertaining to this program may be obtained by writing to the
American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2000 P Street, NW., Washington 6, D. C.

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

FREEZE-DRYING OF FOODS

Chicken and mushrooms are now being freeze-dried--first frozen, then dehydrated--and put
into soup mixes. Some freeze-dried foods, after reconstitution with water, are said to be more
tender and less shrunken than foods prepared by conventional drying techniques. Freeze-drying
is not a new process, and it is a relatively expensive technique. It is of considerable interest to
the food industry, however, because it offers the possibility of dehydrating products which can
then be storedat or near room temperature, so that costs of refrigerated storage and transporta-
tion could be substantially reduced.

As the first step in freeze-drying, foods are either fast frozen or slow frozen. Slow freezing
induces the growth of large ice crystals which rupture fibers or cell walls, and in some cases the
reconstituted product will tend tobe tough. Inother cases veryfast freezing is chosen deliberately
as amethodoftenderizing. Still other foods may be either fast frozen or slow frozen with no per-
ceptible difference in final product characteristics. As the second step, the frozen food is put in-
toa vacuum chamber andheated. Under the circumstances, the ice sublimes--i.e., vaporizes with-
out passing through the melting stage. The final product is a sponge-like but rigid mass; when wa-
ter is added, it will reconstitute to near the original texture, flavor, and color. Reconstitution takes
5 to15 minutesor longer. For most economical operation, food products must be heated as rapidly
as the food will stand, but emitted vapors must be removed as fast as they are driven out; other-

| wise, localized melting will occur, and the final product may include tough or otherwise damaged
spots. Thus, the vacuum system must be matched with the heating system. But the heating pro-
cess is gradual; the most important limitation on present-day freeze-drying techniques is that they
take too long.

One current method is to lay out frozen foods on shelves that are continuously heated by cir-
culating liquids during the drying stage, or electrical heating coils or infrared lamps can be used.
Another system involves placing the foodstuffs to be dried on aluminum plates that are placed be-
tween, but not touching, blackened radiant heating shelves. In either case, the rate of drying is de-
termined by the nature and thickness of the food itself, and the rate of heat transfer into it. The
rate of heat transfer into the dried food, however, is reduced as its outer surface loses its ice
content through sublimation. It may take 10 to 12 hours for thorough freeze-drying of a half-inch-
thick food sample.

Considerable developmental efforthas therefore been devoted to ways of speeding up the dry-
ing process while still retaining control of both heating and product quality. Heating trays can be
provided with spikes, for example, to achieve more rapid heat distribution through the food. Heat-
ing with microwaves has also beentried. Still, drying times are long, and freeze-drying remains
uneconomical for relatively low-cost foods. Most of the research work conducted so far has been
stimulatedby the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute, for military rations. A number of
completely precooked, dehydrated meals have already been made available; 10 to 15 minutes after
addition of hot water, they are ready to eat. These complete meals, are combinations of freeze-
aaa and conventionally-dried components; their cost is justified in terms of the logistics of using

em.

Anumber of pharmaceuticals have been freeze-dried for some years, but in this case, pro-
cessing expenses are a small part of the total cost. The same criterion holds for freeze-drying
foods; if processing costs are small in relation to the total cost, the process could be justified.
Yet, process economics have to be worked out for each new product; the first ones to appear on
the market may be "instant" or ''convenience" foods, or delicatessen products. Probably more
important in the near future will be the development of new concepts of convenience foods; for
this and other reasons, freeze-drying continues to hold the interest of the food industry. (Indus-
trial Bulletin, Arthur D, Little, Inc., January 1961.)

Petit
har emernt

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CANNED FISH AND BYPRODUCTS, 1960

C.F.S. No. 2541,Canned Fish and Byproducts - 1960. The total pack of canned fishery
products by 364 plants inthe United States including American Samoa and Puerto Rico dur-
ing 1960 amounted to 35 million cases (1,092 million pounds), valued at 383 million dollars.
Compared with the previous year, this was an increase of over 3 million cases (117 million
pounds) and $35 million. There was an increase in both the pack for human consumption
andforanimalfood. Significant gains in the pack of animal food, tuna, salmon, and mack-
erel were primarily responsible for the over-all increase in 1960. The value of three
items--canned tuna, salmon, and animal food--accounted for 79 percent of the total revenue
received by canners of fishery products.

The 1960 pack of tuna amounted to 15.3 million cases, a new record. The pack was
up 7 percent in volume and 8 percent in value compared with the previous year.

The 1960 pack of salmon amounted to 2.9 million cases valued at $84.7 million. This
represents an increase of 18 percent in both volume and value. The increase in the Bristol
Bay run of red salmon contributed chiefly to the increase. Failure of the runs elsewhere
continued to plague the industry.

- PACK OF CERTAIN CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1941 - 1960
Million

Cases;]7_T [ tT !

Clam Products
Oysters —=-=—

Crabmeat -erss==+

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wees Sra so fen. gossosueucenascs
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[_ 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951-1953 1955 1957 1959

The 1960 production of fish meal and scrap amounted to 290,000 tons valued at $25 mil-
lionto the producers. Compared with the record 307,000 tons valued at $36 million prod-
uced during 1959, this was a decline of 17,000 tons and $11 million. Production of fish sol-
ubles and homogenized-condensed fish (99,000 tons) was down 66,000 tons (40 percent) from
the 1959 production of 165,000 tons. Some plants added solubles to their meal in order to
dispose of them.

Copies of C.F.S. No. 2541, are available free from the Division of Information, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

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JUNE 196]

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior

Washington ,D.C.

wa iy ‘
fo teres

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

. UDALL, SECR Y
STEWART L ALL, SECRETAR DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D, C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

5/31/63

CONTENTS

COVER: The Auke Bay Biological Laboratory, the newest
research station of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries. (See p. 14 of this issue.)

Page
1 ..Bottom Trawling Explorations off the Washington and British Columbia Coasts, May-August 1960, by
C. R. Hitz, H. C. Johnson, and A. T. Pruter

12 . .Indexes of the Cost of Transportation for Fishery Products, by Don FitzGibbon

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Alaska: Great Lakes Fishery Investigations (Contd.):
14 .. New Biological Laboratory at Auke Bay 24 .. Research Vessel Siscowet Program for 1961
15... King Crab Tagged by Japanese off Kodiak : Gulf Fishery Investigations:
Taken in Alitak Bay 24 ,. Shrimp Fishery Investigations
Antarctica: 26 .. Industrial Fishery Studies
15 .. Navy Cargo Ship to be Refitted for Research 26 .. Effect of Pesticides on Marine Organisms
Atomic Waste: Hawaii:
16 .. University Receives Grant For Study of 27... Commercial Fisheries Landings, 1960
Ocean Disposal Problems Maine Sardines:
California: 27... Canning Industry Ready for 1961 Season
17... Shrimp Study off California Coast Continued 28 .. Canned Stocks, April 1, 1961
Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: 29 .. Feeding Tests Indicate Value as a Cholesterol
17... Collection of Biological Data on Tuna at Depressant
American Samoa Michigan:
18 .. Threadfin Shad Continues to Show Promise 29 .. Smelt Dip-Net Fishing Season Prospects Poor
5 as Live Bait for Skipjack Tuna National Fisheries Institute:
Clams: 30 .. 16th Annual Convention
19 .. New England Hard Clams Transplanted in North Atlantic Fishery Investigations:
France Thrive 34 .. Vertical Movements of Whiting Studied
Films: 34 .. Fluke Tagged off Middle Atlantic Coast
19 .. Interior Receives international Motion North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Picture Award for Fishery Film 34 .. Pelagic Trawl-Gear Development
20 .. Sponge Film of U.S. Bureau of Commercial 35 .. Bottom Fish Trawling Exploration off Oregon
Fisheries Wins Recognition Coast
Fish Flour: Oceanography:
20 .. Interior Secretary Luncheon Points Way to 35 .. California Institution Receives Grant for
End Protein Deficiency Marine Research Vessel
Fisheries Loan Fund: 37 .. Commerce Department Announces First
21 .. Loans Approved, January 1-March 31, 1961 Ocean-Wide Survey
Fishing Vessel Construction Differential Subsidy: Oregon:
22 .. First Application Received 38 .. Over 11 Million Salmon Released in State's
Fishing Vessel Mortgage and Loan Insurance: Waters
22 ,. Cases Approved, January-March 1961 Oysters:
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: 38 .. Cell Structure of Pacific Oysters to be
23... Lake Erie Fish Population Survey for 1961 Studied

Season Begins
Contents continued pages II and III.

II

Page

39

39
39
42

42
43
43
44
44
45
46
46

47

49
49
50

50

51

52

52

53...

53
53

53
54

55

55.

55

55.

56
56

57

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Salmon:

.. King Salmon Eggs Sent by Washington State

to Japan Hatch Successfully
. Test Fishing in Columbia River Aids
Management of Resource
South Carolina:
Fisheries Biological Research Progress,
September 1960-March 1961
Standards:
. Voluntary Quality Standards Proposed for
Frozen Fried Scallops
United States:
. Fishery Trends for 1960 Show Tuna and
Shrimp Popularity Increased
. United States Fishing Fleet Additions,
March 1961

.. U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production and

Imports, January-February 1961
U. S, Foreign Trade:
. Edible Fishery Products, February 1961

.. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota

. U.S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
January-March 1961
Virginia:
Fisheries Landings in 1960 Top 30-Year
Average _
. Oceanographic Research Vessel Requested
by Fisheries Laboratory
Wholesale Prices, April 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
Fishing Limits:
: British-Icelandic Dispute Settled
Food and Agriculture Organization:
; Fishery Officer to Head Ecuadoran Fishery
Institute
: Regional Fisheries Body for West Africa
Under Consideration
Fourth Convention on Economic Relations
with the African Continent:
D Meeting Held in Naples, Italy, Stresses
Fisheries
Sealing:
° Hunting by Canadians, Norwegians, and
Russians in Northeast Atlantic
Angola:
. Fishing Industry Depressed
Belgium:
. Duty Imposed on Fish Meal Imports
Fish-Meal Prices, April 1961
Canada:
. New Canned Lobster Regulations Require
Certain Data on Can
. Lake Erie Gill Net Mesh Size Restrictions
Removed
. Law Defining 'Fishing Vessel'' Revised

.. Market for British Columbia Fish Meal

Improves as Fishing Season Ends
- Market Prospects for Canned Salmon
. Plans to Continue Subsidy on Dogfish Livers
in 1961/62
. Use of Citric Acid Permitted in Canned
Spring Mackerel
Ceylon:
. Fisheries Training Center to be Established
with Aid of Japanese
Denmark:
. Exports of Fish Solubles, 1957-60
.» Shrimp Processing Methods
Ecuador:
. Adheres to Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Convention

Page

58.

58

Domes

59.

60.

Gili

62

63.

63.

63
64

72

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Ecuador (Contd.):
Fishing Industry, 1961
Shrimp Industry
France:
Fish Meal and Oil Prices, First Quarter
1961
German Federal Republic:
Trawler Trade Seeks Large Scale Govern-
ment Support
Fish Meal Prices, April 7, 1961
Ghana:
Expansion of Fisheries Aided by Government
Planning
Iceland:
Fishery Products Export to Soviet Bloc, 1960
Westman Islands Fishing Tie-Up Ended
India:
National Committee Set Up for Oceanic
Research
Italy:
Canners Seek Inspection and Claims System
for Japanese Frozen Tuna Imports
Imports of Japanese Frozen Tuna on Duty-
Free Basis Set at 14,000 Tons
Japan: .
Canned Tuna Exports, 1955-59
Canned Tuna Exports to United States
Frozen and Canned Tuna Exports, 1947-1959;
1935-1939 Average
Floor Prices Fixed for Exports of Canned
Tuna in Oil to Canada
Exporters Associations Establish 1961/62
Frozen Tuna Export Quotas to U.S.
France May Import Frozen Tuna
Frozen Tuna Export Agreement with
Czechoslovakia Signed
Producers Apply for Permission to Ship
Frozen Atlantic Ocean Tuna to Japan
Bluefin Tuna Fishing in Indian Ocean
Claims Against Frozen Tuna Decreasing in
United States
Delegation Studies Sites for Overseas Tuna
Bases
Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Tuna Fishing
Trends
Large Fishery Firm to Build Two Large Tuna
Vessels
Number of Portable Vessels on Tuna Mother-
ships Under Study
Bering Sea Bottom Fishery Plans for 1961
Bristol Bay Fish Meal Factorship Fishery Trends
Crab Fishing in Bristol Bay ;
Canned Sardine Packers Announce Prices and
Targets for 1961
Sardine Fishing in One Area Reported Good
Sardine Fishing Good in Several Areas
Second Sale of Canned Salmon to Great Britain
Canned Mackerel Packers Announce Prices
and Targets for 1961
Fishery Agency Proposal to Stabilize Fish
Meal Market ;
Import of Additional 10,000 Tons of Peruvian
Fish Meal
Feed Supply Committee Recommends Import of
32,000 Tons of Fish Meal
Fish Sausage and Freezing Plants Completed
Large Company Sets Processed Fishery Products
Production Target
Large Fishery Firm Plans to Invest over $5
Million in 1961
Marine-Oil Supply, Foreign Trade, and Consump-
tion, 1959-1961

Contents continued page III.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Til

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.): Wiepomoemtves
74.. Trade Agency Plans Second Trade Show in 82... Factoryship Stern-Trawlers for Fishing in
New York City Tropics |
Mexico: 83... Fishing for Ocean Perch off Newfoundland
74.,., Ensenada Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1961 and in Sea of Japan Planned
74°... Merida Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1961 83.. Fishing in Bering Sea
74 .. Shrimp Fishery Trends, April 1961 83... Flashing Lights to Lure Herring
75.. Export Duties Revised for Some Fishery 83... Statement on Fisheries Plans and Research
Products United Kingdom:
75... Experimental Fishing with Gill Nets for 86... Electronic Fish-Thawing Unit Developed
Spanish Mackerel 86... Vertical Plate Freezer for New Stern
New Guinea: Trawler
75... Expert Claims Good Potential for Shrimp FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Fishery Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Nicaragua: Food and Drug Administration:
76... ##New Fisheries Law Established 88... Additive Approved for Canned Shellfish
Norway: Department of the Interior:
77... Antarctic Whaling Production Up in 1960/61 Fish and Wildlife Service:
Season Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
77... Fishing Firm Plans to Build Research 88... Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance
Laboratory Clarifying Amendment
77... Fishing Limits Extended B88). Revised Budget Includes Funds for Salmon
77... Winter-Spring Herring Fishery Worst in and Oceanography Research
Many Years BON Top Fishery Posts Filled
77.. Fishery Landings, 1957-1960 Department of the Treasury:
Peru: Coast Guard:
79.. Exports of Marine Products, Fourth Quarter 90... Fisheries Law Enforcement Aided
1960 and Years 1959-60 White House:
79.. French Expert Studies Site for New Fishing 90.. Conventions on Law of the Sea Signed by
Port President
Philippines: 90.. President Asks Increase in Fiscal Year 1962
80 .. Trading Company Opens Bids for Canned Budget for Oceanographic Research
Sardines 92... Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
Ryukyu Islands: FISHERY INDICATORS:
80.. Japanese Fishing Company Establishes Joint 98 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
Fishery Company in Okinawa 99 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
South-West Africa: 100.. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
80.. Spiny Lobster Landings Best in Seven Years of Fishery Products
Sweden: 101... Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of
81.. Date of International Fisheries Fair Changed Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers
Togo: 101 -. Chart 5 - Fish Mealand Oil Production--U.S. and
81.. Fishing Industry Alaska
Tonga Islands: 102... Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
81.. Attempt to Establish a Tuna Fishery 103... Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
Resumed RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Union of South Africa: 104.. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
82.. 1961 Pilchard Season off to Good Start 106... Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Broquet, and Helen Paretti

Boe ee tues oi

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P. 19--E, Macklow; p. 20--W. K. Kubichek; p, 29--F. H. Meisnest; pp. 30-
32--Chase Ltd., Wash., D. C.; p. 34--H. C. Johnson; p. 47--J. Pileggi;
p. 61--J. O. Traung, FAO; p. 77--W. H. Stolting.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

June 1961 Washington 25,D.C. Vol. 23, No. 6

BOTTOM TRAWLING EXPLORATIONS OFF THE WASHINGTON
AND BRITISH COLUMBIA COASTS, MAY -AUGUST 1960

By C. R. Hitz,* H. C. Johnson,* and A. T. Pruter**
ABSTRACT

Exploration of several areas of the continental shelf off Washington and British Colum -
bia, where the bottom had previously been considered too rough for commercial fishing, was
carried out by the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N.
Cobb in 1960. The explorations, made possible by the development in recent years of high-
resolution echo-sounding equipment and navigational aids that permit precision pin-pointing
of bottom areas, were conducted by (a) running an initial series of closely-spaced echo-
sounder transects over the rough bottom areas, (b) dragging a heavy chain attached between
two trawl doors over areas showing promise on the echo-sounder recordings, and (c) evalu-
ating the fish populations of those areas where the chain was dragged successfully by explor-
atory fishing with commercial otter-trawl gear. The explorations resulted in the delineation
of several trawlable areas off Cape Flattery and one relatively large area northwest of Scott
Island--all within depths presently fished by the commercial fleet. In most of these areas
exploratory trawling resulted in good catches of commercially -valuable groundfish.

INTRODUCTION

In the past, groundfish explorations by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the
northeastern Pacific Ocean have been conducted in waters off Alaska where no North Ameri-
can commercial trawl fisheries for groundfish yet exist (Ellson, Knake, and Dassow, 1949;
Ellson, Powell, and Hildebrand, 1950; Schaefers, Smith, and Greenwood, 1955; and Johnson,
1959) and in deep water adjacent to exploited grounds off Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia (Alverson 1951 and 1953).

There remain, however, large segments of the continental shelf within the present oper-
ating depth range of Pacific Northwest trawlers that are not fished because the bottom is con-
sidered too rough. Many of these ''foul bottom" areas are adjacent to grounds fished by trawl-
ers operating out of Washington and Oregon ports. Systematic surveys of these ''unfishable"'
regions are now possible, owing to the development in recent years of high-resolution echo
sounders and precise navigational aids, Echo sounders are available that not only show the
depth of water under a vessel, but also provide information on the degree of hardness and
give detailed data on configuration of the bottom. Navigational aids such as loran and radar
can be uSed to pinpoint the location of trawlable areas.

In 1960 the Bureau, using a new survey technique, conducted explorations off Cape Flat-
tery, Wash., in a region known locally as the "spit'' and off the north end of Vancouver Is-
land, British Columbia--both regions in which bedrock, coral, and large boulders had pre-
vented fishing by commercial trawlers. Objectives of the explorations were (1) to locate
areas suitable for trawling and (2) to evaluate the commercial potential of groundfish inhab-
iting those areas.

**Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Divi-
*%Fishery Research Biologist sion of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureauof Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 620

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 5

METHODS AND GEAR

The exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb (Ellson 1950) was used for the surveys.
The procedure followed in exploring a given area was (1) to run a series of sounding tran-
sects to determine the character of the bottom, (2) to drag a heavy chain over areas sug-
gested as being trawlable by the sounding, and (3) to drag a commercial otter-trawl net over
those grounds on which the chain was successfully dragged. The latter permitted evaluating
the commercial potential of the groundfish present.

At the conclusion of each net drag a bathythermograph cast was made to determine sur-
face-to-bottom water temperatures, and a Dietz-LaFond sampler was used to obtain samples
of bottom deposits.

The position of the vessel was determined frequently during sounding transects, chain
drags, and trawl-net drags. If the area was located so that two loran signals could be re-
ceived, the vessel position was established by the use of loran only. When only one loran
channel could be received, radar bearings were used to complete fixes. When land was out-
side radar range, radar buoys (Johnson 1959) were anchored at known positions and were
used as reference points.

Sounding transects were generally made on grids approximately 2 of a mile to 13 miles
apart. When a transect course was run, the echo sounder provided a recording of the bottom

C.— irregular

pe iS Sample tracings of echo-sounder paper showing soft and hard bottom of fairly uniform depth (A and B) and irregular bot-

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

on paper. At the start and end of each transect, as well as at frequent intervals between,
marks were made on the paper, which could be related to plotted positions on the chart.

This provided a permanent record of the bottom in the regions surveyed. After a series of
sounding tracks was completed, the echo papers were studied to evaluate the general substrate
and bottom configuration (fig. 1).

Indicated snags and bottom types (soft, intermediate, and hard) were noted on the naviga-
tion chart. Thus, after a series of sounding transects was completed, the characteristics of
the bottom of the region surveyed could be evaluated from inspection of the chart. A wet- or
dry-paper white-line echo sounder (38kc.,
220 volt; 50 cycle/sec. AC) having a max-
imum depth range of 1,750 fathoms was
used for sounding.

From the composite pictures obtained
from the sounding transects, drags were
made on promising-looking grounds (gen-
erally those showing soft bottom) with a ?-
inch chain, 42 feet long (fig. 2). The chain
was attached between the otter doors in
place of the net and was dragged to locate
possible snags and other obstructions on
the bottom that were not shown by the echo
sounder. This procedure of dragging the
chain before a drag was made with the net prevented damage to, or loss of, nets that other-
wise would have occurred, Chain drags were also made in areas where hard bottom was in-
dicated, since trawling is often feasible over such grounds if the topographic changes are not
abrupt and large boulders are not present.

Fig. 2 - Chain (F-inch diameter, 42 feet long) used in explorations to
locate obstructions on bottom.

After the chain was successfully dragged through an area, a 400-mesh eastern otter-trawl
net (Greenwood 1958) rigged according to commercial practice, was used to sample the popu-
lations of fish present. Drags with the net were usually of 1-hour duration, although some
were as long as 2 hours,

The total weight of each species of fish and shellfish caught was estimated for each drag
and representative length-frequency samples of the commercially-valuable species of fish
were taken in each of the major areas explored,

AREAS EXPLORED

The region explored is shown in figure 3, The area west of Cape Flattery was surveyed
during the period May 2 to June 24, 1960, and those adjacent to the Scott Islands and east of
Cape St. James, the southermost point of the Queen Charlotte Islands, were explored from
July 18, to September 9, 1960.

The Cape Flattery''spit'' area lies between La Perouse Bank and the 100-fathom isobath.
The continental shelf in this region slopes off gradually from around 50 to 85 fathoms and
then drops off abruptly.

Off the northwest tip of Vancouver Island the Scott Islands form a westerly chain de-
limiting the southern boundary of Queen Charlotte Sound, The continental shelf to the south
of the islands is narrow, and the slope beyond 100 fathoms is steep. In contrast, the conti-
nental shelf is relatively flat in the area explored northwest of the islands, extending nearly
20 miles to seaward before reaching a depth of 100 fathoms.

RESULTS

During the exploratory cruises a total of 126 sounding tracks, 118 snag-chain drags, and
56 drags with the trawl net were made. Several trawlable grounds were delineated off Cape

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

LEGEND:

Areas of exploration Wj

EP ALCui he

=" CANADA

Fig. 3 - Region explored.

°}00"

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

Flattery, and one relatively large trawlable area was found northwest of the Scott Islands. Ex-
ploratory fishing in most of these areas resulted in good catches of commercially valuable
groundfishes.

CAPE FLATTERY ''SPIT' AREA: A total of 75 chain drags and 38 trawl-net drags was
made inthe spit area west of Cape Flattery. During these drags the chain hung up 55 times;
however, the net was snagged in only three instances. Sounding transects showing the general
interpreted substrate features of this area are shown in figure 4, and the position of each net
drag and the snags encountered are shown in figure 5,

VANCOUVER ISLAND

LEGEND:

HARD BOTTOM
SOFT BOTTOM ==----=

WASHING TON

PACIFIC

40° ‘ i 20°

Fig. 4 - Sounding transects in Cape Flattery "spit" area.

In the ''spit'' area, five grounds in which commercial trawling could be conducted were
delineated. These grounds may be oriented on figure 5 from the following drag numbers:

Ground Drag No.
1 122
2 Bh = abil
3 12) > ais}
4 16 - 23
5 24 - 37

Dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) dominated the catches from the two drags made on
ground 1 at depths from 58 to 97 fathoms.

Approximately 15 square miles of trawlable bottom at depths ranging from 66 to 84
fathoms were located on ground 2, Catches of Petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) averaging

Vol. 23, No. 6

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

1,150 pounds per hour were made in drags 4 and 5. Most of the Petrale sole caught on this
ground were of commercial size. Length frequency samples of this species taken in drags

10 and 11 are shown in table 1. Fair catches of black rockfish, primarily the silvergray rock-
fish (Sebastodes brevispinus), were made in most of the drags on this ground.

Table 1 - Representative Length Frequencies of Several Important Species of Fish Caught off
Cape Flattery, Wash., and Near Cape Scott, British Columbia
Rockfish

Drag #26, 35 #50, 52 #48,50,52 | #48,50,52 #40

SiielieMieteliciieuelie silo WeitetienretieiteMedielneldep leis Num Derjorii ish) se aiainasaine Pedieieielsiiciiaile ne (neinieits selieiletionisi elueic

a

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me
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A trawlable area of about 10 square miles was found on ground 3 at depths ranging from
57 to 72 fathoms. Drags 12 to 14 made in this area produced an average of 2,200 pounds of
Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) per hour of fishing. Almost all of the Dover sole were
of commercial size.

A trawlable area of about 28 square miles was found on ground 4. Test drags yielded
mainly canary rockfish (Sebastodes pinniger) and silvergray rockfish. Rockfish catches
ranged up to 4,500 pounds per hour of fishing. Drag 23 on this ground produced 1,000 pounds
of Dover sole per hour of fishing.

On the northwest corner of the area surveyed off Cape Flattery (ground 5), approximately
60 square miles of trawlable ground were found at depths ranging from 61 to 92 fathoms, Ex-
ploratory fishing in this portion of the area produced catches of Pacific ocean perch (Sebas-
todes alutus) up to 3,750 pounds per hour, with an average catch for 12 drags (26 to 37) of
about 1,250 pounds per hour. Measurements of this species caught in drags 26 and 35 (table
1) show an average length of 40.5 cm. (15.9 inches), with a range from 31 cm, (12.2 inches)

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

to 47 cm, (18.5 inches), In the two shallowest drags (24 and 25) turbot (Atheresthes stomi-
as) dominated the catches.

CAPE SCOTT AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND AREA: A total of 43 chain drags and
18 net drags was made in the Cape Scott-Queen Charlotte Sound area, The sounding tran-
sects are shown in figure 6, and the location of each net drag and the snags encountered are
shown in figure 7.

LEGEND:

HARD BOTTOM
SOFT BOTTOM ---=-+---

Fig. 6 - Sounding transects in Cape Scott area.

Grounds south of the Scott Islands generally were very uneven and hard. The snagchain
hung up 28 times in a total of 33 drags made with this gear, and only 7 drags with the net
could be made. A small trawlable area approximately 1 mile wide and 6 miles long was lo-
cated south of Triangle Island at depths between 104 and 116 fathoms. Drag numbers 40, 41,
and 42 made on that ground resulted in good catches of Pacific ocean perch. Drag number
40 also provided 1,200 pounds of Dover sole. The Dover sole from this drag were of good
size, averaging 41 cm, (16.1 inches) in length (table 1), Samples of Pacific ocean perch
(table 1) from drags 40 and 42 ranged from 26 cm, (10.2 inches) to 48 cm. (18.9 inches) in
length, with an average length of 37.5 cm. (14.8 inches),

Northwest of Triangle Island a large trawlable area of approximately 60 square miles
was found, Soundings made during the survey suggest that the continental shelf in this area
extends seaward a considerable distance farther than indicated on the sailing or navigation-
al charts. Eleven drags were made in this area at depths ranging from 50 to 119 fathoms.
The shallowest drags (numbers 46 and 47) made in 50 to 53 fathoms produced mainly rock
sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), which averaged about 750 pounds per hour of fishing. The rock
sole taken in drag 46 averaged 37.2 cm. (14.6 inches) and ranged from 23 cm. (9.1 inches)
to 49 cm, (19.3 inches) in length (table 1). A few petrale sole also were mixed in these catch-
es. In deeper drags at depths between 73 and 119 fathoms, rockfish dominated the catches.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

June 1961

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10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

The dominant species encountered were the Pacific ocean perch, silvergray, canary, and con-
vict (Sebastodes rubrivinctus) rockfish. In depths less than 100 fathoms silvergray rockfish
dominated the catches, whereas in depths greater than 100 fathoms mostly red rockfish were
taken. Length frequency samples of the four species of rockfish caught on these grounds are
shown in table 1.

Sounding transects made east of Cape St. James showed mosfly hard bottom, and only at
the northern and southern peripheral edges of the area surveyed were there any indications
of soft bottom. Because of the limited time available for surveying this area, only one chain
drag was made,

Table 2 - Species of Fish Caught off Cape Flattery, Wash., and Near Cape Scott, British Columbia :

Cape Scott

Dover-sole Microstomus pacificus
English sole Parophrys vetulus
Petrale sole Eopsetta jordani

Rex sole Glyptocephalus zachirus
Rock sole Lepidopsetta bilineata
Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis
Turbot (Arrow-toothed halibut)1/ Atheresthes stomias
Mottled sand dab1/ Citharichthys sordidus

Ophiodon elongatus

Anoplopoma fimbria
Gadus macrocephalus
Merluccius productus

Theragra chalcogramma
Alosa sapidissima

Sablefish (black cod)
True cod (gray cod)
Hakel! 1/
Whiting (pollack)
Shadi?

PPS PSS OS PS
Pa PS PSPS PSL PS PPS PS PS PS PS OS 3

kfish:

Yellow-tailed
Silvergray
Black

Sebastodes flavidus
Sebastodes brevispinus
Sebastodes melanops

MP LR [PP

ea TOCKI :
Pacific ocean perch Sebastodes alutus 4
Canasy Sebastodes pinniger x
Red snapper Sebastodes ruberrimus x
Convict Sebastodes rubrivinctus x
Olivebacked Sebastodes saxicola x
Stripetail Sebastodes zacentrus Xx
Greenstriped?/ Sebastodes elongatus x x
Widow: 1 Sebastodes entomelas >.
Rock salmon (Bocaccio)+/ Sebastodes paucispinis x
Redstriped Sebastodes proriger x x
pote acanthias xX Xx
Hydrolagus colliei x x
Primarily Raja rhina and binoculata Xx x

1/Limited commercial value at present time.

A list of the common and scientific names of all species taken during the surveys is
given in table 2.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In 1960 the Exploratory Fishing Section based at Seattle explored areas off the Washing-
ton and British Columbia coasts referred to as ''unfishable'' by the trawl fleet.

The surveys were conducted aboard the Bureau's exploratory vessel John N. Cobb, which
was equipped with a high-resolution, low-frequency echo-sounder; a specially adapted chain
that was attached between the otter doors and was dragged in place of a net; and a standard
commercial otter trawl.

The order of procedure in surveying an area was: (1) to runa series of sounding tran-
sects to determine the character of the bottom, (2) to drag a heavy chain over areas sug-
gested by the soundings as being trawlable, and (3) to drag a commercial otter trawl net over
those grounds on which the chain was successfully towed.

June 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Lal

Trawlable grounds and concentrations of commercially valuable groundfish were found
in the ''spit'' area west of Cape Flattery and in the regions bordering the Scott Islands. The
area explored off Cape St. James, however, appeared to have little if any trawling bottom.

Off Cape Flattery the discovered trawlable grounds were found to be inhabited by commercial
quantities of Petrale sole, Dover sole, Pacific ocean perch, and other species of rockfish. On
the grounds found off the Scott Islands rock sole as well as the species found off Cape Flat-

tery were taken in quantity.

Time of year when exploratory drags are made largely. determines the size of the catch-
es obtained and the species found. Fishing at other times of the year would produce larger
or smaller catches, depending upon seasonal changes in abundance of the different species
inhabiting the grounds. Thus, the value of the explorations should be judged not only by the
size of catches obtained but also by the extent of trawlable grounds delineated. The potential
yield from the grounds can only be determined through extensive fishing by the trawl fleet at

all seasons of the year.

APPENDIX

A detailed fishing log showing the fishing positions, time on bottom, catch particulars,
and other pertinent data for each drag is available as an appendix to the reprint of this arti-
cle. Write for Separate No. 620, which contains ''Table 3 - Otter Trawl Fishing Log - M/V
John N. Cobb - Cruises 46 and 47 - Off Cape Flattery, Washington and Cape Scott, British

Columbia.

LITERATURE CITED

ALVERSON, DAYTON L,
1951. A Deep-Water Trawling Survey off the Coast of Wash-
ington (August 27-October 19, 1951), Commercial
Fisheries Review, vol, 13, no. 11(November), pp. 1-
16 (Separate No. 292).

1953. Deep-Water Trawling Survey off the Oregon and Wash-
ington Coasts (August 25-October 3, 1952). Com-
mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 15, no. 10 (October),
pp. 5-15 (Separate No. 359}.

ELLSON, J. G.

1950. The Exploratory Fishing Vessel John N. Cobb, Fishery
Leaflet 385, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., October, pp. 1-11.

KNAKE, BORIS, and DASSOW, JOHN
1949. Report of Alaska Exploratory Fishing Expedition, Fall
of 1948, to Northern Bering Sea, Fishery Leaflet 342,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, June,
25 pp.

ELLSON, J. G.; POWELL, DONALD E,; and HILDERBRAND,
HENRY H.
1950. Exploratory Fishing Expedition to the Northern Bering
Sea in June and July 1949, Fishery Leaflet 369, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, March, 56 pp.

GREENWOOD, MELVIN R.
1958. Bottom Trawling Explorations off Southeastern Alaska,
1956-1957. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 20,
no. 12 (December), pp. 9-21 (Separate No. 532).

JOHNSON, HAROLD C.
1959. King Crab, Shrimp, and Bottom Fish Explorations from
Shumagin Islands to Unalaska, Alaska - Summer and
Fall, 1957. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 21,
no. 3(March), pp. 7-19 (Separate No. 543).

SCHAEFERS, EDWARD A., SMITH, KEITH A.; and
GREENWOOD, M. R.
1955, Bottom Fish and Shellfish Explorations in the Prince
William Sound Area, Alaska, 1954. Commercial
Fisheries Review, vol. 17, no. 4 (April), pp. 6-28
(Separate No. 398).

SOVIET SCIENTISTS DISCOVER UNKNOWN SPECIES

Soviet scientists in 1960 were reported to have brought up a hitherto
unknown species of fish from a depth of over 4.5 miles in the Pacific.

The fish having a colorless body was free of scales completely. The
structure of its eyes was influenced by the absence of light at that depth,

some 24,786 feet below the surface.

The fish were jellylike and no big-

ger than a pin head, (Japanese newspaper, November 18, 1960.)

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

INDEXES OF THE COST OF
TRANSPORTATION FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS

By Don FitzGibbon*

The cost of transporting fishery products from the port of landing to the consumer is of
concern to many segments of the fishing industry. Transportation costs are a sizable item
in the over-all cost of marketing fishery products, and as with most such products can mean
the difference between a profit or a loss for many firms.

Of the three types of carriers transporting fishery products, the railroads carry the
largest quantity. The tonnage carried by rail is made up principally of frozen fish, canned
fishery products, and byproducts (such as fish meal, oil, and solubles). All of these areprod-
ucts that usually are shipped long distances. Motor carriers have been accounting for an in-
creased tonnage each year. This is particularly true on the West Coast, where motor car-
riers appear to be transporting larger amounts of canned fish. The amount of fishery prod-
ucts carried by REA Express, although extremely vital to many shippers, has been on the
decline. Shippers are looking for a substitute method of transportation for small shipments,
and have found some local service available on bus lines.

All of the foregoing
tation costs for fishery
cost trends, the U. S.
rate indexes which
showed that trans-
immediate postwar

shifts have had a definite effect on transpor-
products. To analyze these transportation
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries computed
were first published in 1953. These indexes
portation rates increased considerably in the
years. The indexes have now been brought
up-to-date and show changes that have oc-
curred from 1947 through the first half of
1960. The base year is 1947, with an index
of 100. The nature of the traffic was consid-
ered in the construction of the indexes. The
rail-freight and motor-carrier indexes are
subdivided according to categories of fishery
products. The express index covers fresh

and frozen traffic only, and a regional breakdown is used for that index.

There has been a general upward trend since 1947 in the weighted average index of all
three types of carriers combined--in 1959 the index rose to 184.8 percent of 1947. The in-
dividual indexes by types of carriers are rail freight 171.9, express 198.0, and motor car-
riers 206.3. Both the motor-carrier index and the express index have increased more than
the rail-freight index. (See table 1.)

The average rail-freight rate index for all fishery products has shown a steady in-
crease since 1947, reaching an all-time high of 171.9 in 1959, The combined rail-freight
rate index of all individual fishery products analyzed, except fish meal, shows a similar
trend since 1947. The rate index for canned, fresh, and frozen fishery products reached a

¥Commodity Industry Analyst, Branch of Economics, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO, 621

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

B ‘able 1 - Transportation Rate Indexes for Three
pes of Carriers of Fishery Products, 1947-1960

Rail
Testi! Freight

Table 2 - Summary of Rail Freight Rate Indexes, 1947-1960

All Fish Oil Fish,
Fishery Canned Fish (not edible Fresh
Products Fish Meal | or medicinal)| or Frozen

ORUNHKWNYNNWDOO

1/Weighted average; relative weights: rail freight 60 percent,
rail express 10 percent, motor carriers 30 percent.
I2/Only data for first six months included.

1/Only data for first six months included. oT |
2/Carload weight changed.

high of 197.3 in 1959. Fish-oil rates reached a slightly lower level by 1959 with an index of
194.7. The fish-meal rate index declined in 1958, dropping from 179.2 in 1957 to 139.7 in
1958. The principal reason for the latter drop appears to be an increase in minimum car-
load weights with accompanying lower rates that became effective in 1958. The heavier load-
ings allowed for reduced rates per hundred pounds but still gave the carriers about the same
return in per-car earnings. (See table 2.)

The express-rate index has shown a steady upward trend, Its all-time high for all the
regions combined was 198.0 in 1959. The regional indexes ranged, in 1959, from 261.0 in
the New England area to 171.3 in the South Atlantic and Gulf areas. The average index in
1959 for the Pacific coast was 195.6; the Great Lakes, 181.9; and the Middle Atlantic area,
180.2. All of the foregoing regional indexes show a steady upward trend from 1947, (See
table 3.)

Table 3 - aan of Rail Express Rate Indexes, 1947-1960

South
Year ea surest Middle | Atlantic | Great
Sai baposl and Obehae and Gulf | Lakes
50.2

The same selective routes as given in the
previous U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies publication’ were used. These routes
may be considered as the most important ship-
ping routes between the leading production and
consumption areas of the United States. How-
ever, the various routes were not weighted to
reflect their importance. For this reason,
these indexes should be treated only as indi-
cators of trends.

Origins and destinations of shipments have
been changing rapidly in recent years, as have
the modes of transportation. Air transporta-
tion is playing a vital role in the movement of
some fishery products, and piggyback carriage is on the increase. It may be expected that
the next publication of rate indexes will reflect these changes and perhaps others not yet
anticipated.

1/Only data for first six months included.

APPENDIX

Detailed tabulations, showing the monthly change in the rate indexes for fish and shell-
fish products, are available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. They show the
changes in the indexes for REA Express, motor carriers, and railroad freight which have
occurred from 1947 through the first half of 1960, (Tables 4-7.)
1/Circular 23 - Indexes of Transportation Rates for Fishery Products, 1953, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

ed

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

——

Alaska

NEW BIOLOGICAL
LABORATORY AT AUKE BAY:

The Auke Bay Biological Laboratory, near

Juneau, Alaska, is the newest research sta-

tton of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-

eries,. Although not fully equipped, it is al-
ready fulfilling an important role in provid-
ing basic information of Alaska's fishes--

DEVELOPMENTS &

only long-established facilities at Little Port
Walter and Karluk and Brooks Lakes but also
more recent stations at Kasitsna Bay, Olsen
Bay, Traitors Cove, and Rampart. Basic re-
search is conducted on herring, king crab,
and the five species of Pacific salmon and on
the food and predatory species associated with
them. Physical environmental studies of
lakes, streams, and the ocean itself are also
part of the program.

The site of the Auke Bay Biological Laboratory near Juneau, Alaska. In the foreground is the salt-water bay and in the center
of the photo is Auke Lake, a fresh water body of water.

information that is vitally needed to solve
the problems of resource management
created by Alaska's large harvest of fishes,
which are distributed to the nation and the
world.

Studies organized at the laboratory
involve farflung stations where necessary
field data are obtained. They include not

The Auke Bay facility will be equipped to
test field situations under controlled condi-
tions. For this purpose salt water will be
taken from the bay and fresh water from Auke
Lake, which is located just across the high-
way from the laboratory and provides a con-
venient natural environment for observing
salmon runs.

June 1961

KING CRAB TAGGED BY JAPANESE
OFF KODIAK TAKEN IN ALITAK BAY:

A tagged king crab caught by crab pot in
Alitak Bay, Kodiak Island by United States
fishermen in early March 1961 was evidence
that Japanese fishing operations had finally
extended to the vicinity of Kodiak, Ona red
plastic disc attached to the leg of the crab
was a number and the legend, ''Hokuyo."

ALASKA KING CRAB
(PARALITHODES CAMTSCHATICA)

The tagged crab was taken to Port Wake-
field and flown to the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game Headquarters at Kodiak for
further examination by a king crab special-
ist.

The specialist promptly wrote the Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratories
at Tokyo inquiring as to when and where the
crab was tagged and released. A quick re-
ply from a Japanese fisheries company re-
vealed that limited king crag tagging had
been done in the Shumagin and Kodiak Island
areas during September 1960, when 235 king
crabs were released by three vessels of the
Shinyo Maru fishing fleet belonging to the
company while engaged in an exploratory re-
search program.

The crab caught at Alitak was one of
these. It had been released off Kodiak and
had migrated 27 miles to Alitak Bay after
six months of freedom.

The Alaskan specialist surmised that the
released tagged crabs were taken incidental-
ly during Japanese exploratory bottom fish
ventures during the past summer and that
they were released in the same area of cap-
ture.

The crabs, as indicated by the one cap-
tured, were all tagged in an unusual manner.
The tag was threaded through a leg near the
body on the underside, instead of having their
mark in a more typical location on top of the
shell or through the isthmus for permanent
retention. Powell believes this location was

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

chosen by the Japanese so as not to conflict
with the crab-tagging programs of the United
States.

During the period between August 31 and
September 10, 35 male and 1 female king crab
were tagged by the Shinyo vessels and re-
leased at four locations in the Shumagin Is-
land area. All of these releases were within
12 miles of shore.

Between September 18 and 20, the Japanese
released 76 male and 123 female king crab at
nine locations off Alitak Bay. The locations
extended from 9 to 47 miles outside the three-
mile limit. Japanese records received by the
specialist gave the tag number, latitude, longi-
tude, depth, date, sex, width of shell, and
weight relative to each of the crabs released.

Due to the excellent cooperation of the Jap-
anese in supplying tag data, the specialist be-
lieves the offshore king crab studies pro-
posed by the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game in 1961 will benefit by these Japanese
tagging operations,

The Japanese fishing company has re-
quested the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game that if any of their marked crabs are
found in the future, that knowledge of their
number, location, and date of capture be for-
warded to them at Tokyo to facilitate the
company's survey and research program.

Antarctica

NAVY CARGO SHIP TO BE
REFITTED FOR RESEARCH:

The United States Navy ship Eltanin, an
ice-strengthened cargo ship, will become a
marine scientific laboratory of the U. S. Ant-
arctic Research Program under the terms of
an agreement announced on April 16, 1961,
by the Director of the National Science Foun-
dation (NSF) and the Commander, Military
Sea Transportation Service (MSTS).

Research projects aboard the Eltanin will
encompass any scientific work that may be
carried out on shipboard. The Foundation is
now accepting proposals for research in the
oceans adjacent to the Antarctic, and it is ex-
pected that the first research cruise will be-
gin in the late fall of 1961.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The ship will be fitted to accommodate
numerous disciplines, including meteorology,
upper atmosphere studies, marine and ter-
restrial biology, physical oceanography, sub-
marine geology, and geomagnetic studies.

The agreement between the Foundation,
which administers the Antarctic Research
Program, and MSTS, which owns and oper-
ates the Eltanin, provides for conversion of
the cargo vessel into a polar research ship
during the summer and fall. Cost of conver-
sion will be principally borne by the Founda-
tion, but the MSTS will award the conversion
contract and supervise the ship's modifica-
tion.

Versatility and flexibility of equipment
and laboratory deck spaces compatible with
the demands of seaworthiness and safety are
incorporated in the plans for alteration. It
is planned to convert the present cargo hold
and between decks to laboratories, quarters
for scientific parties, and scientific stores,
In addition, enclosed laboratories will be built
on the forward part of the main deck extending
from the forecastle head to the main mast.
Main deck space forward of the bridge super -
structure and aft of the main mast willin gen-
eral beclear for trawling and allied overside
operations.

A helicopter deck is to be installed aft of
the bridge.

Under the terms of the agreement, the
Eltanin will continue to be owned and oper-
ated by MSTS. The Foundation, as sponsor
of the ship, is responsible for the scientific
program and will designate a senior scien-
tist aboard. It is expected that the ship will
work in Antarctic waters at least ten months
a year. Individual cruises will vary from a
month to two or more months in length, de-
pending on the research in progress. Dur-
ing refueling calls at Southern Hemisphere
ports, scientists will be able to change equip-
ment for experiments and resupply their
projects.

The Eltanin is a small ice-strengthened
cargo ship designed and built for polar sup-
ply missions. She is 266 feet long, has a 51-
foot beam, and will draw about 19 feet. Dou-
ble-hull feature is extended up to the main
deck and other cold-weather operation char-
acteristics are built in. Classed as T-AK
270, she is of welded steel construction with
a raked icebreaker-type form bow and a
modified cruiser stern. Engine space and

Vol. 23, No. 6

crew quarters are aft. Propulsion power is
Diesel-electric, driving twin screws; shaft
horsepower is 2,700, speed approximately 13
knots, and range at 12 knots about 10,000
miles.

Atomic Waste

UNIVERSITY RECEIVES GRANT FOR
STUDY OF OCEAN DISPOSAL PROBLEMS:

The U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) has awarded Columbia University's
Lamont Geological Observatory a contract to
study ocean waters to determine the effect of
atomic waste disposal in the oceans.

The research, scheduled to begin this sum-
mer in the North Atlantic near Bermuda, will
include studying ocean movements by dropping
a common red dye into the ocean at selected
sites.

Water will be sampled at various ocean
depths by a ship towing a sensitive device
that can record as little as two parts of dye
to 100 billion parts of water. The device will
also contain other instruments for measuring
the temperature and depth of the ocean water
sampled.

Until the actual mixing, spreading, and
circulation rates of specific ocean areas are
known, no reasonable control over atomic
waste disposal in the ocean can be expected,
the director of the Observatory and the project
said,

Although the research will cover a small
portion of the Atlantic Ocean, the AEC hopes
the program can eventually be extended to
cover major ocean areas.

The research by the Observatory will be
financed by a $290,000 grant from the AEC.
Another contract, involving $200,000, was
awarded by AEC to a Washington, D.C., firm
for developing and testing the equipment to
be used in the study.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

California

SHRIMP STUDY OFF CALIFORNIA
COAST CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska” Cruise 61-A-1i-Shrimp:
The coastal waters off central and southern
California from San Simeon to Santa Monica
were surveyed (Jan. 16-Feb. 14, 1961) bythe

Legend: ix me
CDP - tvaw tows

_ Areas of greatest
ap shrimp concentrations,

San Simeon

Morro Bay

Legend:
Gaviota
Pt. Conception 4G - Area of beam
trawl tows.

— Areas of grentes|
shrimp concentr Fst)

M/V Alaska Cruise 61-A-1-Shrimp.

California Department of Fish and Game re-
search vessel Alaska. Objectives were (1) to
conduct exploratory fishing operations for
pink shrimp, Pandalus jordani, to locate areas
of concentration; to determine size, sex
and weight of shrimp from the areas exam-
ined; (3) to obtain bottom temperatures in
shrimp-fishing areas; and (4) to determine
species, numbers, and weights of fish and in-
vertebrates caught with the shrimp.

A total of 122 tows was made with the 20-
foot beam trawl, each averaging 20 minutes
fishing time.

Summary of Exploratory Fishing for Pandalus jordani.
Number | Depth
soar SR age
Santa Monica Bay 88 to 150 | Only a few shrimp in
this area.

anta Barbara
Channel 107 to 170 | Shrimp were in fair
quantities off Santa
Pt. San Luis,
Morro Bay
Pt. Buchon, sO7proniee

Cruz Island; a trace
or none in other

Shrimp were captured in 54 of the 122 tows.
Samples were taken of the shrimp and biolog-
ical data are being processed to determine
the potential for each of several species. A-
mounts per tow ranged from about 900 pounds
of shrimp in one 20-minute haul to as few as
one or two individuals.

Greatest concentra-
tions were off Pt.
San Luis and Pt. Sal,
Traces found off
Morro Bay, Pt. Bu-
chon. None off San
Simeon.

A total of 120 bathythermograph casts was
made. Bottgm temperatures ranged from
8.4° to 10.3°C. (47,12° - 50.54°F.),

The fish caught along with pink shrimp
were primarily small hake, Merluccius pro-
ductus, and splitnose rockfish, Sebastodes _
diploproa. Invertebrates were chiefly jelly-
Tish, sea urchins, and sea pens.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1961 p. 16.

Central Pacific Fishery Investigations

COLLECTION OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON
TUNA AT AMERICAN SAMOA:

A biologist from the Hawaiian Biological
Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries during the six-week period
ending March 6 surveyed the American Sa-

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

moa tuna industry preliminary to establish-
ing a station for collecting biological data.

The only tuna cannery is located on the
island of Tutuila, American Samoa. Proc-
essing and canning of long-line-caught tunas
was started in 1954 by the present manage-
ment; however, the basic cannery facilities
were erected some years prior to 1954, The
tunas are supplied by a fleet of mostly Jap-
anese and one or two Korean long-line ves-
sels. As these fish are available to the long-
line fishing gear throughout the year, the
cannery operates the year-around. The
catch is predominantly albacore and during
the trip made by the biologist, albacore made
up 86 percent of the total catch of 1,926 fish.

Fresh blood samples were collected on
board the Yuki Maru, a combination salmon
gill-netting and tuna long-lining vessel. Dur-
ing the trip, fishing operations were carried
out on 22 days in waters north and northwest
of the Samoan Island group. The blood col-
lection brought back to the Hawaii Laboratory
included 85 albacore, 30 yellowfin, and 24
samples from other miscellaneous species
taken on long-line gear.

Other data collected on the trip included
the daily catch, vessel position, length and
sex of various species of fish, and details of
the operational aspects of fishing. With re-
gard to the latter, it is interesting to note the
long hours of work that the long-line fishing
method requires. The Yuki Maru fished 280
baskets of gear (1,400 hooks) with setting
operations commencing at 5 a.m. and ending
about 8:30 a.m. Hauling operations started
at about 12:30 p.m. and generally did not end
till about 2 a.m. the following morning.

The organization of a biological sampling
program at the cannery was found to be fea-
sible for albacore tuna. Under the present
operating conditions, the size and sex of
albacore can be obtained at the butchering
line since these fish are landed in the round.
On the other hand, with yellowfin and big-
eyed tuna, the sex determinations at the can-
nery lines are dependent upon gonad remnants
in the body cavity, since those fish are gutted
at sea. General locality of capture informa-
tion may be obtained by interviewing vessel
personnel.

KOK OK OK OK

Vol. 23, No. 6

THREADFIN SHAD CONTINUES TO
SHOW PROMISE AS LIVE BAIT
FOR SKIPJACK TUNA:

The threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense)
was introduced in Hawaii by the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory at Honolulu and the Hawaii State Division
of Fish and Game as a possible supplemen-
tary live bait for skipjack tuna and as feed
for sotne of the fresh-water game fishes.
This variety of shad has been used extensive-
ly in United States lakes and rivers as a for-
age fish. Its prolific spawning habits and
relatively small size (maximum length about
7 inches) make it ideal for this purpose. It
naturally feeds on water weeds, microscopic
plants, and animals, and has been kept suc-
cessfully as commercial trout feed in cap-
tivity.

Skipjack y
(Kateuwonus pelamis) 5

The first large-scale introduction to Ha-
waii was made in August 1959, when an es-
timated 4,000 shad arrived aboard afreighter
in a specially made fish tank. These shad
had been gradually shifted from fresh to sea
water before the voyage from California, and
were shifted back to fresh water after their
arrival in the islands. The change from
fresh to sea water and back was made very
gradually over a period of 3 days to avoid
killing the fish.

Plantings ranging from 200, and up to
1,200 fish were made in 3 reservoirs and 2
rivers during August-September 1959. Be-
sides those that were released in reservoirs
and rivers, well over 1,000 shad were kept
in outdoor and indoor tanks at the Bureau's
Honolulu Laboratory for observation.

The shad spawned successfully in Wahiawa
Reservoir, Nuuanu Reservoir #4, and in Maui
Reservoir #44. There wereno Signs of spawn-
ing in the Anahulu and Wailua Rivers, nor in
the tanks at the Bureau's Laboratory.

Sea tests aboard a skipjack tuna sampan
using shad as live bait were made in 1958 by

June 1961

the Hawaiian Tuna Packers and Bureau biol-
ogists. The results were very encouraging
as they showed that skipjack tuna readily
accepted this type shad as food, and the rate
at which skipjack tuna were caught with
threadfin shad was better than with other
live bait (nehu) during the test. However,
this was not conclusive since only a few buck-
ets of threadfin shad were available for the
tests. Further studies will have to be made
before it can be determined whether thread-
fin shad will be a good supplementary live
bait for skipjack tuna.

Clams

NEW ENGLAND HARD CLAMS
TRANSPLANTED IN FRANCE THRIVE:

French fishery scientists have been so
successful in growing New England hard
clams that they have re-
quested another shipment,
according to the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fish-
eries. Two years ago the
Director of the Bureau's

' Biological Laboratory at

Milford, Conn., while in Europe consulting
with other shellfish scientists, described
the success achieved by his laboratory in
the artificial cultivation of oysters andclams
and suggested that French scientists experi-
ment with New England grown juvenile mol-
luscs. The French scientists eagerly ac-
cepted his offer. New England hard-shell
clams or quahogs (Venus mercenaria) were
chosen for the test. A total of 70,000 young
clams were carefully shipped by air to Paris
where they were met by French fishery sci-
entists and sped to experimental beds at
Arcachon and La Tremblade for planting.

These pioneer clams have done so wellin
French waters that recently the French In-
stitute Scientifique et Technique des Péches
Maritimes, an institution corresponding to
our Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, has
asked for an additional shipment. This time,
the clams will be assigned to the Mediterra-
nean where they are expected to thrive inthe
much warmer waters than are found along
the west coast of France.

Clams sent several years ago by the Mil-
ford Laboratory to Florida have made re-
markable progress so there are high hopes
for the latest shipment which will make

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

their new home in the warm waters off
the south of France.

INTERIOR RECEIVES INTERNATIONAL
MOTION PICTURE AWARD FOR
FISHERY FILM:

Presentation of awards for two Depart-
ment of the Interior sound-color films shown
at the Edinburgh, Scotland, International Film
Festival were made at the British Embassy
in Washington, D. C., on March 28, 1961.

Films

The films are Salmon--Catch to Can, pro-
duced by the Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies, and financed by the salmon industry, and
The Whooping Crane, produced by the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Using a conveyor belt to unload fresh salmon at a cannery.
Salmon being transported to be washed and cleaned prior
to canning.

Salmon--Catch to Can is a documentary
portraying the biology of salmon, methods of
catching, and a glimpse at its utilization. It
was one of the seven U. S. Government films
so honored at the Film Festival in 1960.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Whooping Crane is a documentary of
of America's all-but-extinct whooping crane.
It was shown at the Edinburgh Festival in
1959. Presentation of the award was una-
voidably delayed.

Family of whooping cranes at Long Lake, Aransas Refuge, Tex.

The awards are diplomas of participation
in acknowledgement of the fact that the pic-
tures were selected and shown at the Edin-
burgh Festival. To qualify for such a show-
ing the films had to undergo a severe screen-
ing test in this country in competition with
other Government-produced films and then
equally severe screenings in London and
Edinburgh before final selection. The Edin-
burgh International Film Festival is held
each September.

Other Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
films honored at Edinburgh in past years
were The Story of Menhaden in 1951 and
Outboard Fisherman U.S.A., 1956.. The
Whooping Crane also won an award at the

Venice, Italy, International Film Fes-
tival.
Note: These films and others are available on a free loan basis.

Write to the Office of Information, Fish and Wildlife Service,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

OK Kk *

SPONGE FILM OF U. S. BUREAU OF
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
WINS RECOGNITION:

ponge--Treasure from the Sea, a 16-

mm, sound-color film recently made avail-
able to the public.
has won an Amer-
ican Film Festival
award. The award
is a certificate
showing that the
film passed screen-
ing requirements
for screening at
the Film Festival
April 19-22 at the
Barbizon-Plaza
Hotel in New York City. The Festival is

sponsored by the Educational Film Library

Vol. 23, No. 6

Association which has its headquarters in
New York.

The action of the screening committee put
Sponge-- Treasure from the Sea in the Blue
Ribbon competition in the Agriculture, Con-
servation and Natural Resources category.

The picture tells the story of the natural
sponge industry in the United States where it
is conducted with all the old world color and
culture. It shows the two methods of harvest-
ing, hooking and "hard hat" diving; the sponge
auction which features a silent auctioneer,
with gestures taking the place of calls; the
blessing of the waters and the diving for the
Golden Cross. The center of the American
sponge industry is Tarpon Springs, Fla.,
where sponge divers of Greek origin carry
on their work in traditional style.

The film was produced by the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service. It was sponsored by the Sponge
and Chamois Institute and the Sponge Indus-
try of Tarpon Springs.

Note: Prints are available on a free loan basis from cooperating
film libraries throughout the country and from the Bureau of

Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, P. O.
Box 128, College Park, Maryland.

| Fish Flour

INTERIOR SECRETARY
LUNCHEON POINTS WAY
TO END PROTEIN DEFICIENCY:

A prelude to a program aimed at helping
to end dietary protein deficiency, and which
may prove a boon to peoples in underdevel-
oped areas, was given on April 4 at a lunch-
eon at the Department of the Interior by
Secretary Stewart L. Udall.

Secretary Udall served cookies to his
guests to which had been added fish flour, a
convenient supplement to diets of protein-
starved persons--an innovation which many
believe could change the lives of countless
persons in the nations of the world. Over
two-thirds of the world's population suffer
from protein malnutrition.

The term ''fish flour" is actually a mis-
nomer, and those engaged in the research to
produce this material in quantities prefer to
call it ‘animal protein concentrate." It con-
tains little or none of the carbohydrates and

June 1961

starches found in grain flour. Rather, itcon-
tains up to 95 percent of animal protein.
These proteins contain all of the 10 amino
acids which are essential for the development
of bone and muscle and for the daily mainte-
nance and repair of bodily tissues,

The concentrate can be made from non-
utilized fishes, the Department's Fish and
Wildlife Service; technicians report. The Unit-
ed States alone could easily supply from one
locally available species of fish and without
reference to other species of industrial fish
commonly available, sufficient concentrate to
treat 100 million humans with a dietary sup-
plement level of one ounce! of concentrate
daily, for about a year.

The amount could be increased many times
by utilization of the numerous domestic fish
species which are little used or not used at
all, at present. In developing countries,
where many but not all of the 10 aminoacids
are available from vegetable protein sources,
the United States production from one species
of fish alone would adequately supplement the
diet of 330 million humans for a year.

Major obstacles to the development of a
substantial fish concentrate industry in this
country is the lack of process engineering
studies which would assure an inexpensive
but consistently highly nutritious product.
The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish
and Wildlife Service, hopes to undertake such
work in the near future.

The Bureau's home economists made the
cookies used by Secretary Udall today. In
the amounts used, the concentrate was un-
detectable as to taste or appearance, Never-
theless the protein concentrate added was
sufficient for five cookies to provide 14 per-
cent of the animal protein needed daily by a
6-year-old child, and 8 percent of the amount
needed by a 154-pound United States adult
male.

Guests at the Udall luncheon included
Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary of the
Interior for Fish and Wildlife; Charles E.
Jackson, General Manager of the National
Fisheries Institute, and Harold J. Humphrey,
consultant to the Food Conservation Division
of the United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund. Jackson presented the
cookies to Secretary Udall and explained the
possibilities of the concentrate in the diet of
underdeveloped nations and to people of all
nations.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

21

Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall (right), Charles E.
Jackson, Gen. Mgr., N.F.1. (left), and Asst. Sec. of the
Interior for Fish and Wildlife Service, Frank P. Briggs(center),
enjoy cookies made from fish flour at the luncheon. The
"fish flour, ' actually an "animal protein concentrate," de-
signed to end dietary protein deficiency, may prove an addi-
tion to menus everywhere, and a boon to peoples in under-
developed areas.

At the fish meal meeting in Rome held by
the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization in late March several matters per-
tinent to the world's diet were discussed.

Lack of adequate protein in the child's diet
results in failure of growth, muscular wasting,
and oedema of varying degrees--the so-called
"kwashiorker" of West Africa--or in 'maras-
mus", failure of growth and wasting of tissues.
The mortality rate in both instances, if un-
treated, is high.

The Rome meeting attempted to estimate
how many human beings in the world now
suffer from protein deficiency. An estimate
of at least 500 million was made, including
four-fifths preschool age children with most
of the remainder being pregnant and nursing
mothers,

Fisheries Loan Fund

LOANS APPROVED,
JANUARY 1-MARCH 31, 1961:

From the beginning of the Fisheries Loan
Fund program in 1956 through March 31, 1961,
a total of 905 applications for $27,428,566
have been received by the Fund as adminis-
tered by the Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies of the U..S. Department of Interior. Of

22

these, 488 ($11,649,419) have been approved,
303 ($8,254,073) have been declined or found
ineligible, 77 ($4,752,132) have been with-
drawn by applicants before being processed,
and 37 ($1,529,463) are pending. Of the ap-
plications approved, 180 were approved for
amounts less than applied for and the total
reduction was $1,243,479.

The following loans were approved during
January, February, and March of 1961:

New England Area: John Bruno & Son Co.,
Inc., Boston, Mass., $15,000; Schooner Joseph
S. Mattos, Inc., Gloucester, Mass., $13,722.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Crawford
Packing Co., Palacios, Texas, $85,000;
Dougherty Shrimp Co., Fernandina Beach,
Fla., $16,000; Herbert M. Storter, Naples,
Fla., $14,000; Mack Terrebone, Brownsville,
Texas, $22,500; and James E. Wade, Browns-
ville, Texas, $20,300.

California Area: Frank Brenha, Jr., et
al, San Diego, $80,000; Roy A. Gowdy, San
Diego, $6,172; G. P. Ellington, Long Beach,
$80,000; Herbert C. Packer, Eureka, $7,600;
Donald H. Richcreek, Crescent City, $9,950;
Jose da Silva, et al, San Diego, $80,000; and
Walter E. Wallin, Eureka $3,725,

Pacific Northwest Area: Edward J. Fagan,
McMinnville, Oreg., $8,489; Harold R. Jensen,
Edmonds, Wash., $3,800; Pete M. McNally,
Port Angeles, Wash., $5,500; Walter E. Nev-
aril, Seattle, Wash., $3,948; and Don Sjogren,
Mount Vernon, Wash., $6,896.

Alaska: Donald J. Adams, Ketchikan,
$3,050; Jesse Galloway, Ketchikan, $2,000;
Marion F. Goodrich, Wrangell, $3,500; Ed-
win T. Grabowski, Seldovia, $30,000; John-
nie W. Huff, Ketchikan, $5,500; Wilhelm
Jordan, Petersburg, $1,800; Kenneth G.
Nauska, Sr., Wrangell, $3,000; Hjalmar
Savikko, Douglas, $4,000; Annie L. Taylor,
Petersburg, $2,500; and Horace S. True,
Juneau, $4,264.

fe

Fishing Vessel Construction
and Differential Subsidy

FIRST APPLICATION RECEIVED:
The first application to the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries for a construction

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

°

Vol. 23, No. 6

differential subsidy to aid in the construction
of a fishing vessel to be used for fishing for

groundfish in New England fishing areas has

been received,. Assistant Secretary Frank P,
Briggs announced on April 25, 1961.

The application was filed from New Bed-
ford, Mass. The proposed vessel will be
approximately 78 feet in length and is ex-
pected to cost about $90,000,

The payment of construction differential
subsidies with certain restrictions was ap-
proved by the Congress in 1960. The amount
of subsidy, where applications are approved,
will be equal to the difference between the
cost of construction in a shipyard in the Unit-
ed States and the cost in a foreign shipyard,
or one-third the cost of construction, which-
ever is the smaller.

To be eligible for a subsidy, the vessel
must be designed for use in a fishery which
has received a finding of injury due to in-
creased imports. The plans and specifica-
tions must be approved by the Maritime Ad-
ministrator and the Secretary of Defense.
The finding of injury is made by the Secretary
of the Interior except when the fishery is eli-
gible to apply for, or has obtained, a recom-
mendation for relief from the Tariff Com-
mission as an "escape clause" action.

When completed, the vessel must be docu-
mented as a United States vessel, must em-
ploy only citizens or resident aliens in its
crew, and must deliver its catches to a port
in the United States.

== ab.

nN ——

Fishing Vessel Mortgage

and Loan Insurance

CASES APPROVED, JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

The Federal Fishing Vessel Mortgage and
Loan Insurance Program was implemented

bs aaale
ee — gee

the latter part of 1960 as a result of enabling
legislation passed by the Congress in that
year. Administered by the Bureau of Com-

June 1961

mercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the
Interior, the program provides for Federal
Government insurance of mortgages and loans
for construction, reconstruction, and recon-
ditioning of fishing vessels. The first in-
sured mortgage and loan under the program
was approved early this year. The mortgages
and loans insured under the program during
January, February, and March 1961, were:

New England Area: Major J. Casey Cor-
poration, New Bedford, Mass., $60,000.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Ric-Man
Shrimp Co., Inc., Tampa, Fla., $34,500.

Pacific Northwest Area: Joseph R. Frib-
rock, Seattle, Wash., $75,000.

io

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION SURVEY
FOR 1961 SEASON BEGINS:

M/V “Musky Il Marc Syedbe 1h
field operations of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Musky H
on Lake Erie were begun on April 1. Instal-
lation of crew quarters, galley, and labora-
tory facilities was completed during the win-
ter. Subsequent cruise schedules and opera-
tions will most certainly be improved as a
result of these additions. The 1961 program
will be largely a continuation of 1960 activ-
ities which includes the spring, summer, and
fall 3-day series of trawl operations off Bono
and East Harbor, periodic visits to other
areas of the western basin, and biological
samplings at seven established stations. In
addition, the Musky II will be used for one
week each month to obtain limnological data.

Unlike a year ago, the western section of
Lake Erie was relatively ice-free for the
opening dates of the new fishing season. Ice
and weather conditions, however, delayed
somewhat, commercial activities to the east.
High winds and rough waters, which are not
unusual for the time of year, hampered fish-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

ing. Landings consisted mostly of yellow
perch, sheepshead, carp, white bass, and to
a lesser extent, yellow pike--principally of
the 1959 year-class.

A brief resume on the early life history of
various fish, as determined from records of
the past year, is as follows: Studies of young-
of-the-year fish in western Lake Erie in 1960
have demonstrated a rather wide divergence
in growth characteristics of some of the more
important species. The general hatching span
for these fish covered May 1 through July 15.
Major hatching periods and average temper-
atures for individual species were: May1-15
(50°F.) smelt yellow pike, and yellow perch;
June 1-15 (68°F.) spot-tail shiner and trout-
perch; June 15-30 (72 °F.) alewife and gizzard
shad; July 1-15 (75 F.) white bass, emerald
shiner, and sheepshead.

Differences in lengths of newly hatched
fish larvae are large and lengths of incuba-
tion periods vary widely between species.
Sheepshead larvae may be only 1/10-inch
long, but gizzard shad larvae may be as long
as z inch. Sheepshead and emerald shiners
may hatch less than 24 hours after the eggs
are layed. Perch and yellow pike eggs may
not hatch for as long as 3 weeks and eggs of
the fall spawners (cisco and whitefish) usu-
ally require several months to hatch after
spawning.

Growth for the season of these young-of-
the-year fish largely terminated during the
following periods: September 16-30 (70°F.)
yellow perch and emerald shiners; October
1-15 (65°F.) smelt, spot-tail shiner, alewife,
gizzard shad, and sheepshead; October 15-30
(60°F.) trout-perch, white bass, and yellow
pike. Average lengths at the end of the grow-
ing season and weekly growth increments
(in parentheses) for each species were as
follows: yellow pike, 10.0 inches (0.44 inch);
sheepshead, 4.5 inches (0.31 inch); alewife,
4.4 inches (0.20 inch); gizzard shad, 4.3
inches (0.28 inch); white bass, 4.0 inches
(0.27 inch); yellow perch, 3.4 inches (0.20
inch); trout-perch, 3.3 inches (0.17 inch);
spot-tail shiner, 3.0 inches (0.18 inch); em-

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

erald shiner, 2.4 inches (0.22 inch); and
smelt, 2.4 inches (0.10 inch). Average week-
ly increments were determined by dividing
the number of week's growth into the differ-
ences in length at the time of hatching and at
the end of the growing season,

The age of a fish, to some extent, will de-
termine the length of its growing season.
Young-of-the-year yellow perch and yellow
pike, for instance, start growth in early May,
whereas growth of the older fish may be de-
layed until about June 1. On the other hand,
young-of-the-year white bass may not hatch
and start growing until July 15 but older fish
will put on growth as early as June 1.

Ok ok ok OK

RESEARCH VESSEL "SISCOWET"'
PROGRAM FOR 1961:

The 1961 operations of the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries research vessel
Siscowet have been designed to meet the
needs of individual projects of the Lake Su-
perior research program and to continue
long-term observations of environmental
conditions and fish populations.

Lake Trout

Special studies will cover problems such
as early life-history observations, food-
habit studies for several species, electro-
phoretic analyses of the coregonids and lake
trout, and collection of data and materials
on the spawning habits of several species.
Other operations will be devoted to limnol-
Ogical surveys at ''index" stations and sys-
tematic fishing with trawls and gill nets at
various depths and locations in western Lake
Superior,

A fishery survey of the Whitefish Bay
region is planned. Gill nets and trawls will
be fished at various depths and locations to
study the abundance and distribution of lake
trout, whitefish, herring, and chubs. Samples
of chubs will be preserved for study in the
laboratory.

Vol. 23, No. 6

A study of lake trout in the Keweenaw Bay
areais also planned. Information will be
gathered on the contribution of hatchery-
reared fish to native stocks of young trout,
and attempts will be made to evaluate the
comparative survival of lake trout planted
from shore with those planted offshore with
boats. A study of the Isle Royale area is con-
templated to assess the abundance of small
lake trout and to make further collections of
chubs from the region.

The annual assessment of spawning popu-
lations of lake trout in western Lake Superior
will take place in October. Discontinuance of
the spawn-taking operations of the Wisconsin
Conservation Department makes this study of
vital importance in following the status of the
lake trout in Lake Superior.

Other operations will be devoted to the
collection of data and materials on the life
history of the common whitefish.

oot =

Gulf Fishery Investigations

Following are some of the highlights of the
studies conducted by the Galveston, Tex.,
Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries during January-March
1961;

SHRIMP FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS:
Population Dynamics: Activity during the
quarter centered upon completing a detailed
examination and gross analysis of the first
4 years' commercial shrimp catch statistics.

Collection and organization of various
shrimp measurement data continued. Com-
putation and analysis of factors relating
length to weight, total length to carapace
length, ''tail'' weight to total weight, etc.,
neared completion. While certain of these
factors will primarily aid the industry in
standardizing buying and selling practices,
all will provide biologists and statistical
agents with means for converting research
data and fishery statistics to comparable
units.

Bait Shrimp Production: A summary of
1960's statistics reveals that the Galveston
Bay system yielded an estimated 943,000
pounds of shrimp to commercial bait shrimp
fishermen. Consisting of approximately 60
percent white and 40 percent brown shrimp,

June 1961

this represented an 83-percent increase
over the previous year's production. Retail
value was estimated at $1.1 million.

During the first quarter of 1961, white
shrimp dominated Galveston Bay's bait
shrimp fishery, being infrequently supple-
mented by small amounts of pink shrimp
and Trachypeneus sp. For the first time
in 6 years, bait-size white shrimp were
consistently plentiful throughout the winter.
Catches came almost exclusively from the
deep waters of the Galveston Ship Channel.

Shrimp Migrations: Emphasis through-
out the quarter was given recovery phases
of shrimp marking experiments initiated
late last year. Commercial fishermen
turned in 42 and 76 recaptures, respective-
ly, from releases at Bottle Key (13,300) in
November and Lower Pine Island Sound
(32,900) in December. Of the Bottle Key
recaptures, 10 were taken in Florida Bay
within 6 miles of the release site, and 32
on the Tortugas grounds about 120 miles to
the west. To date all Pine Island Sound re-
captures have been taken on the southern
portion of the Sanibel fishing grounds, 20-
25 miles south and southwest of the release
site. The results of these and previous ex-
periments indicate that: (1) all of Florida
Bay constitutes nursery area for pre-re-
cruit segments of the Tortugas pink shrimp
stock, and (2) Barnes Sound and Biscayne
Bay on the east coast, and estuaries north
of Cape Romano on the west coast, may be
discounted as such.

The number of shrimp marking (staining)
experiments that can now be carried out
concurrently is restricted by the number of
stains that have proved satisfactory for this
purpose. Investigation has disclosed, how-
ever, that supplementary marks produced
with certain machine inks can at least dou-
ble present marking possibilities. Shrimp
injected with Trypan blue or fast greendyes
which concentrate in the gills may be given
a secondary mark with black or red machine
ink in the subabdominal region. The most
suitable for this purpose appears to be San-
ford's check-writer ink, red (No. 639),
which leaves a very discrete, easily detected
spot when injected under the cuticle at the
base of the pleopods. It remains clearly
distinct in living shrimp over periods of at
least 60 days. Clearance for field use is
now being solicited from the Pure Food and
Drug Administration,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVEIW 25

Shrimp Larvae Studies: A new phase of
the shrimp larvae project was begun during
the quarter. Objectives are:

1.- Delineation of penaeid shrimp spawn-
ing grounds in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to
Galveston.

2.- Determination of spawning conditions
of the various species with respect to season,
area, and depth.

3.- Study of the effects of environmental
factors (such as temperature, salinity, and
bottom composition) on the distribution, abun-
dance, and spawning activities of penaeids.

4.- Study of seasonal and areal abundance
of penaeid larvae and the importance of cur-
rents in their transport to inshore nursery
areas.

The 60-foot shrimp trawler Miss Angela
of Freeport, Tex., has been chartered fon
sea sampling. Four cruises at 3-week in-
tervals have been made over an area extend-
ing from Freeport, Tex., to Cameron, La.,
and from 7 to 45 fathoms. Eleven stations
are occupied during each 395-nautical-mile
cruise. Biological sampling at each station
consists of a 1-hour drag with a 45-foot flat
trawl and a 20-minute step tow of the Gulf V
Plankton Sampler, Hydrographic observa-
tions include vertical profiles of temperature,
salinity, and current direction and velocity.

Preliminary examination of data resulting
from the first three cruises (January 17-19,
February 8-10, and March 28-April 3) shows:

1.- The great majority of penaeid females
were undergoing some ovarian development
during this season,

2.- Female brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus,
. . « eee Pee eee
and rock shrimp, Sicyonia brevirostris, were
most advanced in their sexual development.

3.- Ovaries of white shrimp (P. setiferus),
pink shrimp (P. duorarum), Sicyonia dorsalis,

and Trachypenaeus similis were generally
less advanced in their development.
4.- The most abundant form of penaeid

larvae found in the plankton samples was the
mysis stage.

5.- Nauplii were taken only at 25- and45-
fathom stations.

26

6.- Post-larvae of the genus Penaeus were
taken at a 45-fathom station some 80 miles
offshore.

In attempts to rear early penaeid larvae,
ripe females of Penaeus aztecus, Sicyonia
brevirostris, S. dorsalis, and Trachypeneus
similis were heldinthe laboratory. Although
Spawning occurred in some cases, the eggs
failed to develop. One spawn of S. brevirostris
took place in the recently completed recircu-
lating sea-watersystem. The resulting eggs
appeared relatively free of micro-predators
and generally in better condition than eggs pre-
viously spawned in standing-water systems.

To complement post-larval rearing experi-
ments, live plankton was brought infrom off-
shore collections. An attempt is being made
to develop satisfactory procedures for the
description of succeeding instars of larvae
obtained from these live plankton samples. -

INDUSTRIAL FISHERY STUDIES: A total
of 27 life-history samples were processed
during the quarter from the dominant species
group. Length-frequency and length-weight
curves have been worked out for some of this
group. Studies show that fish caught west of
the Mississippi River Delta are larger in
size generally than those east of the river.
Studies on geographic differences are con-
tinuing. Length-weight relationships between
individuals of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus,
are scattered after 200 mm. in length forall
samples worked to date. However, the croak-
er, Micropogon undulatus, has shown an ex-
cellent curve in the I year of data completed
this quarter.

All specimens of all species examined
show close conformity to spawning periods
as described in the literature.

Routine sampling was continued through-
out the quarter, A total of 78 landings were
sampled. The program was reduced some-
what during March when the local plant cur-
tailed landings to install new equipment for
facilitating fish handling. Many vessels of
the fleet took advantage of the respite to
perform overhaul tasks which further re-
duced local landings.

In January a total of 577.5 pounds were
sampled from 1,572,108 pounds landed.
Croaker, trout, and spot constituted 88 per-
cent by weight and species of less than 1
percent by weight were 9 percent of the total.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 233 Noi:6

In February 490 pounds were sampled
from 1 million pounds landed. Croaker took
an unusual upturn to 72 percent by weight,
while spot and trout were 10 and 3 percent,
respectively. Miscellaneous species con-
tributed 9 percent of the total.

In March croaker was somewhat more
than 50 percent of the total, while trout and
spot were 11 and 10 percent each. Miscel-
laneous species were 9 percent by weight.

The average number of species in January
was 12, while in February and March it was
13 each.

Thirteen frozen fish samples taken off the
Texas coast by the Bureau's M/V Oregon
were processed this quarter. The long-spine
porgy (Stenotomus caprinus) bumper (Chlor-
oscombrus chrysurus), and thread herring
(Opisthonema Oglinum) were the dominant
species, comprising by number 49 percent of
the total catch.

Additional fish samples are being obtained
through extended activity of the shrimp larval
study project. Two random 5-pound samples
are being taken at each of 11 stations which
range in depth from 73 to 45 fathoms, on a
3-week basis. Thus ee 64 such samples
have been received and processed, and a
total of 74 species have been identified.

Examination of plankton samples for the
removal of fish eggs and larvae was contin-
ued. This phase of the larval fish study is
nearing completion.

EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON MARINE OR-
GANISMS: Results of bioassays conductedin
small glass and polyethylene jars at a volume
of 6 liters indicated strongly that toxic elements
are partially absorbed or otherwise bound by
the polyethylene. Duringthis quarter, the ac-
quisition of larger-capacity glass jars (40
liters) permitted a more extensive study of
this problem. The hypothesis that polyethyl-
ene significantly reduces the toxicity ofthese
chlorinated hydrocarbons tested thus far was
confirmed. Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) ex-
posed to DDT at a concentration of 0.05 ppm.
suffered 80 percent mortality in glass jars
compared to 10 percent in polyethylene ves-
sels. At a concentration of 0.07 ppm. in
glass, 100 percent mortality was noted in 10
hours. A slightly higher concentration(0.08
ppm.) in polyethylene caused only 50 percent

June 1961

mortality in 48hours. Since ithas beendem-
onstrated by others and corroborated here
that at equal concentrations, solutions in-
crease in toxicity with increasing volume

(at least up to some level), an experiment
was run concurrently to compare the effects
of 100 liters of the 0.05 ppm. solution. Only
polyethylene vessels, however, were avail-
able. Despite the fact that polyethylene re-
duces the toxicity of a solution, the greater
volume caused 100 percent mortality in less
than 24 hours, which is higher than that noted
in 40 liters either in glass or in polyethylene.
These problems are being considered further.

Tests of technical chlorinate hydrocar-
bons on postlarval blue crabs (Callinectes
sapidus, approximately 4 mm, in carapace
width) yielded the following 24-hour TLm
values: DDT (0.003 ppm.), Endrin (0.01
ppm.), Dieldrin (0.05 ppm.), and Heptachlor
(0.05 ppm.).

Studies of sublethal levels of pesticides
on estuarine organisms were initiated this
quarter. Young sailfin mollies (Mollienisia
latipinna, 16-17 days old) were exposed to
a running solution of DDT (2 parts per bil-
lion). Experimental tanks hold approximate-
ly 40 liters and new medium is added at the
rate of approximately 1 liter per hour.
Every 2 weeks, animals are counted, meas-
ured, and returned to the tanks. Thus far,
growth and survival in the control animals
have been slightly but insignificantly greater
than in the experimental animals. Initial
length of all animals was 11.3 mm. Studies
of environmental factors that affect the
toxicity of pesticides suggest that silt is
important. The addition of 4 gm. of/fineclay
(Pennsalt Diludust) significantly reduced the
toxicity of 40 liters of a 0.05 ppm. solution
of DDT to pinfish. In 48 hours only 20 per-
cent mortality was recorded compared to 80
percent in a similar concentration without
clay.

~~

=e

Hawaii

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1960:
The commercial fisheries landings of sea
and pond fish and shellfish in the State of
Hawaii during the calendar year 1960 a-
mounted to 11.1 million pounds valued at
$2.7 million ex-vessel, according to the Ha-
waii Division of Fish and Game. Compared

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

with the previous calendar year, thecatch
showed adecrease of 5.4 million pounds (32.8
percent) in quantity and $473,899 (14.9 per-
cent) in value. The decrease was largely
due to the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonis pelamis)

Table 1 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings and Ex-Vessel Values, 1959-60
Species 1960 1959

English Name [Hawaiian Name juantity | Value | Quantit: ane
A U 1,000 U
>_Lbs, 1,000 Lbs. 1,000
Ocean Catch:
Amberjac Kahala 86 25 79 23
Big-eyed scad Akule 298 207 156 125
Dolphin Mahimahi 91 50 119 53
Weke-ula
7 Weke
Goatfish Meru 141 79 127 78
: Kumu
° Ulua
Crevalles Omilu 102 45 63 29
Mackerel Opelu Eke Bz Iz 76 |
| Snappers:

Grey Uku 46 21 46 22

: | Opakapaka
Pink Kalekala 105 55 110 56

R aula Koae (Onaga)| |
= Ulaulu (ehu) 28 a ne &
| Swordfishes, sailfishes,

spearfishes, & marlins
Tuna & tunalike fish:

A'u & A'u lepe 584 168 797 200

Albacore Ahipalaha 9 3 V1 2
Big-eyed & bluefin Ahi .| 1,296 582 1,322 574
Yellowfin Ahi 356 152 569 178
Skipjack Aku 7,360 1,001 12,413 1,475
Bonito | Kawakawa 4 1 19 4
Shellfish:
Crabs Kona, Papai 14 7 8 4
Limpet Opihi 14 6 13 5
Lobster, spiny Ula 10 7 12 8
Octopus Hee 5 3 4 3
Shrimp Opae 2 S
Squid Muhee 5 2 5 2
Turtle Honu 4 1 st a
ther fish & pellets = 257 115 346 135
LotalioceanicatchyrstetitlalaratsiatsNreseowINe IL, 075 2,663 16,484 3,121
Pond Catch:
ams Olepe iF - 3 1
Crabs Kuakonu, Papai,
Samoan 6 3 2 1
Milkfish Awa 8 4 32 13
Mullet Amaama 34 29 45 37
Other species 8 6 14 6
Total Ondicatch swaeetsksisth seh Monee 37 a2 56 ae
GrandiT ota limaiatveusin airs ssutwsna Been IT, 136 F 16,580 | 3,

landings which dropped 5.1 million pounds
(40.7 percent) in quantity and $474,225 (32.1
percent) in value. The skipjack tuna catch
in 1959 was nearly 6 million pounds more
than in 1958. In addition to skipjack tuna,
landings of other important species which
decreased-substantially were yellowfin tuna
(Neothunnus macropterus) by 212,963 pounds
(37.5 percent) and black marlin (Makaira
ampla) by 118,256 pounds (27.1 percent). Land-'
ings increased for crevalles (Carangidae) by
39,430 pounds (73.4 Receeai enti bie coed
scad (Tachurops crumenophthalmus) by
142,838 pounds (91.8 percent).

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1960 p.25.

Maine Sardines

CANNING INDUSTRY READY
FOR 1961 SEASON:

When the small herring start running

along the Maine coast, 31 canneries will be

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ready to convert them into sardines. Al-
though the 1961 canning season legally opened
on April 15, no significant production was ex-
pected until late May or early June if the
spring runs of fish follow the same pattern of
the past 10 years.

The Maine canning industr

produced
nearly 2 million cases (100 3Z-o0z. cans) dur-
ing the 1960 season, which is the pack goal
for the plants until the closing date on De-
cember 1, 1961.

Vol. 23, No. 6

Milbridge which was recently totally destroyed
by fire.

Veteran fishermen see no reason why the
fish should be running in large numbers any
earlier than in the past few years.

CANNED STOCKS, APRIL 1, 1961:

Distributor's stocks of Maine sardine to-
‘taled 267,000 actual cases on April 1, 1961--
15,000 cases more
than the 252,000
cases on hand April
1, 1960. Stocks held
by distributors on
January 1,1961, a-
mounted to 233,000
cases, and on November 1, 1960, totaled
277,000 cases, according to estimates made
by the U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Canner's stocks on April 1, 1961, totaled
506,000 standard cases (100 32-02. cans),
an increase of 109,000 cases (27.0 percent)
as compared with April 1, 1960. Stocks held
by canners on January 1, 1961, amounted to
1,029,000 cases and on November 1, 1960,
totaled 1,258,000 standard cases.

The 1961 packing season opened on April
15, 1961, but no production was expected be-
fore late May or early June.

At the beginning of the 1960 packing sea-
son on April 15, 1960, the carryover in the

Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors! and Canners' Stocks, April 1, 1961, With Comparisons 1/

/100 34-0z. cans equal one standard case.

should read "1/1/61."

Sales were excellent in the early months
of 1961 and the industry was reported to be
in a good inventory position.

This will be the fourth consecutive season
during which the State-administered quality
control program has been operating, and
regulations are expected to be even more
strict than in the past.

An additional plant at Eastport, Maine
will be in operation in 1961 but there is still
some question as to the status of a plant at

{/Table represents marketing season from November 1-October 31.

1/1/6i} 11/1/60 __|__7/1/60 | 6/1/60 | 4/1/60] 1/1/60] 11/1/59)
Distributors 1,000 actual cases 267 | 233 277 172 197 252 235 296
Canners 1,000 std. cases 2/ 506 | 1,029 | 1,258 359 235 397 843 | 1,001

(Correction: In the March 1961 issue of Commercial Fisheries Review, Table 1 on page 32, the first column under 1960/61 Season"

hands of canners from the 1959 pack was
335,000 cases. This carryover plus the 1960
pack of 1,998,000 cases of all types of Maine
sardines made the available supply as of
April 15, 1961, a total of 2,333,000 cases--
more than the supply of 2,171,000 cases on
April 1, 1960. Canners' shipments from
April 15, 1960 to April 1, 1961, amounted to
1,794,000 cases as compared with 1,774,000
cases for the same period a year earlier.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 32.

June 1961

FEEDING TESTS INDICATE VALUE AS
A CHOLESTEROL DEPRESSANT:

A 55-week feeding test has shown that a
diet with a Maine sardine base will greatly
reduce high serum cholesterol levels in
laboratory animals. The project was con-
ducted for the Maine Sardine Council by an
internationally famous research organization,

Blood cholesterol is currently considered
by many leading physicians and nutritionists
to be definitely related to numerous serious
heart diseases affecting or killing millions
of people annually.

MAINE SARDINE DIET REDUCED CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
T Timsnees | T T T Sb T T
Legend:
O——O GROUP I- CONTROL DIET*
O-----O GROUP IC- CONTROL DIET
FOR 7 WEEKS
AND THEN SARDINES.
@——o GROUP IIT-SARDINE DIET,

GROUP It TRANSFERRED
TO SARDINE RATION

300

TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL - Mg %

Eo me

100

WEEKS
| NL,

Control Ration ~ Commonly vaed non-liquid type of hovashold fat bare. *** Average cholesterol leval of humans 5D yen of age.
|| #* Age equivalent to 50-55 yeor In humars. °° Scme for 40 yoor''of ogo.

Graph of tests showing change in cholesterol levels as the animals
were fed the cholesterol-cholic acid added diets of Maine sar-
dines versus a control ration.

The Sardine Council's Chairman states
that the researchers and one of the country's
top nutritionists considered the results of the
test to be so impressive that they had recom=
mended that a similar study be conducted on
humans.

Examination of the animals at the end of
the test showed the cholesterol level of those
on the sardine diet to be less than half as
high as those on a control diet with a highly
saturated fat base of a commonly used non-
liquid type of household fat.

Furthermore, according to the Chairman,
the study showed that when a group of ani-
‘mals on the control diet for seven weeks were
transferred to the sardine ration their cho-
lesterol level dropped by more than 60 per-
cent in a short time.

Numerous experts have long contended
that foodstuffs with a high saturated fat con-
- tent tend to favor increased cholesterol lev-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

els in humans while those with unsaturated
fat content, such as Maine sardines, appear
to help control cholesterol levels.

A much larger than normal amount of
cholesterol was added to both diets for each
feeding and the serum levels for those on
the control rose steadily to an abnormal high
at the end of the tests. Those on the sardine
ration enjoyed a steady low and morenormal
level.

The animals used attained an age equiv-
alent of 50-55 years in humans by the 55th
week and the tests indicated that their bodies
were less able to adapt to the added choles-
terol as they got older.

The tests were hailed as an important
research development in the field of nutri-
tion and may boost the consumption of Maine
sardines once the results are generally
known, j

Michigan

SMELT DIP-NET FISHING SEASON
PROSPECTS POOR:

Prospects were not encouraging for Mich-

igan's dip-net smelt season which was due
to begin in mid-April in tributary streams
of the Great Lakes.'! Winter's generally be-
low-par snowfall points to low water levels
which were expected to cut down spawning
runs of smelt.

Dip-net fishing for smelt in Great Lakes.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Great Lakes commercial catch, a good
barometer of spring catches in streams, was
up from 1960 during the first months of this
year. However, last year's commercial take
was down nearly 50 percent from the year
before. During spring runs, smelt fishermen
on tributary streams usually approach the
annual catch of commercial fishermen in the
Great Lakes.

Major upstream migrations of smelt were
expected to start about April 10 and hit their
peak about April 20. Exact timing of runs
may vary considerably from stream to stream
or even with the same stream, depending upon
water temperatures. Smelt begin their up-
stream journeys, when water temperatures
rise to about 40 F.

Heaviest runs normally occur in streams
which flow into the northern third of Lake
Michigan, including the Green Bay region.
Streams and cuts that drain into Saginaw Bay
generally yield good returns, The smelt
catch has picked up somewhat during recent
years in Lake Michigan tributaries along the
southwestern part of the State and instreams
of the northeastern Thumb area.

Hand nets not more than five feet in cir-
cumference may be used to dip smelt from
March 1 to May 31 in waters designated by
the Michigan Conservation Department.
ey

ee

a
National Fisheries Institute

16th ANNUAL CONVENTION:

Representatives of the United States com-
mercial fishery industry, meeting at the 16th
Annual Convention of the National Fisheries
Institute (NFI), at Washington, D. C., April
14-18, learned that domestic consumption of
edible fishery products will climb to nearly
6 billion pounds (round weight) a year by
1975. According to U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries estimates, this will bean
increase of about 1.5 billion pounds over the
1960 fishery products consumption.

Nearly 800 delegates from the commer-
cial fisheries and allied industries attending
the 4-day convention heard addresses by
NFI officers, Government officials, and nu-
tritional specialists. Among the principal
speakers who addressed the convention were
Secretary of Interior Stewart L. Udall, As-

Vols 23: eNo.26

sistant of Interior for Fish and Wildlife
Frank P. Briggs, and Dr. Frederick J.
Stare, Chairman of Harvard University's
Department of Nutrition. The theme of one
of the General Sessions was ''New Frontiers
in Food Service.'' Another General Session
consisted of two panel hours: ''New Product
Opportunities Build on Research" and Im-
plementing Industry Voluntary Operating
Practices.'' Also, on the agenda were meet-
ings covering food services in restaurants
and other dining-out places, outdoor cookery
of seafoods, advances in technological re-
search, and handling and distribution of fro-
zen fishery products.

Fig. 1 + At the fishery cook-out demonstration during the Na-
tional Fisheries Institute Convention on the hotel terrace: Con-

gresswoman Gracie Pfost, Idaho; Congresswoman Iris Faircloth
Blitch, Georgia; Mrs. Rose Kerr, Chief of the Home Econom-
ics Unit, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

During the convention, a number of other
fishery associations had meetings: The Na-
tional Shrimp Congress; American Seafood
Distributors Association; Shrimp Associa-
tion of the Americas; National Shrimp
Breaders Association; as well as the Fish
'N Seafood Promotions Division of NFI and
Fish 'N Seafood Parade.

The Fishery Market News Service of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries es-
tablished a temporary office at the conven-
tion hotel where information on landings,
receipts, prices, and market data on fishery
products was received by teletype from the
Market News Service field offices, and made
available to those attending the convention.

Make America More Conscious of the

Value of Fishery Products:
Secretary of Interior Udall's address was

June 1961

that ''no industry can consider itself an iso-
lated or solitary unit. Each industry affects
and is affected by industries in other coun-
tries, and that the major task ahead is fitting
the American fishing industry into world eco-
nomics.'' The Secretary told his audience
that one way to improve the standing of the
fishing industry in this country and put it in
a stronger position in the international field
would be to make America more conscious
of the value of our product--not onlyinterms
of advertising, but in terms of research,
This research, he declared, should put the
industry in a more competitive position by
increasing the variety of the products and by
improving techniques in their preparation and
marketing. The Secretary conceded that
"there may be times when the industry feels
that the Nation does not appreciate its prob-
lems or its efforts... . ButI want to impress
this point upon you. This Administration is
deeply concerned over the problems of the
fishing industry and is trying to render max-
imum service. America has many problems
of its own--internal and external. It cannot
solve one set of problems without first study-
ing the possible effect on others. America
itself is adjusting to fit into the world eco-
nomy,'' he declared.

Harvesting Crops from the Sea a Conser-
vation Challenge: In his address, Frank P.
Briggs, Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife of the Interior Department, stated
that he believed the task of harvesting the
crops from the seven seas as one of the
greatest conservation challenges of alltimes.
The big conservation challenge for the ocean
conservationists, he added, is an interlock-
ing problem of fishery biological and tech-
nological research, exploratory fishing and
gear research, and market research and
market development. In part, Assistant Sec-
retary Briggs stated:

",.The goal, it appears to me, is tolearn
all we can about the fishes of the sea andthe
various natural phenomena which affect them
in order that we may have the maximum sus-
tained yield from the sea to give the people
of the world the food they need. Second to
this, but of top importance, is the orderly
harvest of those resources so that each na-
tion will get its fair share of the resources.

"This puts conservation on an interna-
tional footing far greater than at any other
time in history... ."'

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

Fig. 2 - Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wild-
life, U. S. Department of the Interior, addressing the Sixteenth
Annual Convention of the National Fisheries Institute in Wash-
ington, D. C., April 15.

The Assistant Secretary then pointed out
that the conservation movement is to accom-
plish three things--(1) assure the world the
highest sustained yield of our ocean food re-
sources; (2) arrange for orderly harvest and
utilization thereof; and (3) finally, see that
the American fishing industry gets a fair
share of this harvest and the benefits thereof.

Fishing Industry Must Meet Challenge to
Supply Food from the Sea: T. D. McGinnis,
President of the National Fisheries Institute,
declared on April 10 in opening the conven-
tion: ''The nation's fisheries must be ready
to meet the challenge set forth in President
Kennedy's recent plea for appropriations of
$97.5 million to study means of feeding fu-
ture populations with foods from the sea."
McGinnis cited President Kennedy's letter
of March 29th to Vice President Johnson, in
which the President noted:

"The seas offer a wealth of nutritional re-
sources. They already are a principal source

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of protein... . Within two decades our own na-
tion will require over 1,000,000 more tons of
seafood than we now harvest."

Fig, 3 - National Fisheries Institute election at the Convention,
April 18, Washington, D. C. left to right: Louis Vitale, Los
Angeles Smoking and Curing Co., newly-elected treasurer;
T. H. Shepard, Jr., Schulman-Shepard, New Orleans, new
secretary; T. D. McGinnes, Virginia Seafoods, Irvington,
tetiring president, who becomes chairman of the board;
Harvey Bundy, Jr., Gorton's of Gloucester, new president;
chatles E, Jackson, general manager of N.F.I., Washington ,

America's fishing industry, McGinnis said,
"is meeting the challenge right now by devel-
oping quality standards, conserving our re-
sources, and designing boats and fishing e-
quipment that will catch fish from ocean
depths as yet unfished."

Problem: The principal problem facing the U-
nited States commercial fishing industry is to
produce fish ata price competitive with foreign
products, Donald L. McKernan, Director of the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, told the
convention. He said that researchdirected at
learning more about fish resources offers the
surest hope of meeting foreign price competi-
tion. In addition, he said, product research de-
signed to provide a greater quantity, quality,
and variety of fishis required if fish dishes are
to compete with other products for the Ameri-
candinner table. He also emphasized that in
addition to this research effort, the Govern-
ment must also work closely with private in-
dustry to develop broader markets for fish.

McKernan said he has confidence in the
future of the fish industry because of such
recent important developments as: (1) In-
creased interest throughout the world in fish
product research. (2) Increased world-wide
awareness of the need to make available high
protein fish products to people in many na-

Discussion:

Vol. 23, No. 6

tions now suffering from low-protein intake.
(3) A growing awareness in fishing indus-
tries throughout the world of the need to de-
velop more economical means of catching,
processing, preparing, packaging, and dis-
tributing fish products.

Fish in the Diet Four Times a Week Re-
commended:

'Two-thirds-of the males in
this audience and on this dais will die of
arteriosclerosis,'' Dr. Frederick J. Stare,
Chairman of Harvard University's Depart-
ment of Nutrition, told the members of the
fishing industry attending the convention.

Dr. Stare, who is Chairman of the Heart
Institute, told his audience of the causes of
arteriosclerosis, including cholesterol in
the blood, obesity, heredity, and high blood
pressure. He then emphasized the fact that
fish and seafoods included in the diet will
prevent many of these causes.

"We recommend that fish be included in
the diet four times a week," he said, and then
went on to tell why. ''Seafoods fulfill the mod-
ern conception of good nutrition. They are
high in the protein that contains the impor-
tant amino acids, high in mineral content,
low in fats--and those fats that fish do have
are of the polyunsaturated type."

He went on to explain that saturated fats
are the most suspect in causing cholesterol
in the blood, which in turn causes athero-
sclerosis, the form of arteriosclerosis re-
sponsible for strokes and heart disease. By
eating foods containing polyunsaturated fats,
the chance of building too much cholesterol
in the body is cut down.

Dr. Stare also stressed the desirability
of keeping weight down. ''One third of the
nation's population," he said, ''consumes too
many food calories a day.'' Most seafoods
are low in calories--another reason for in-
cluding fish and shellfish in the diet often.

He urged that the fishing industry promote
its products so that Americans will know why
they should eat more fish. He also urged ,
that private individuals, industries, and as-
sociations appropriate funds for research
and help doctors, scientists, and technolo-
gists in their search for ways to cut down
the incidence of heart disease and hardening
of the arteries.

"New Frontiers in Food Service" Panel
New Frontiers in Food Service"

June 1961

was the theme of a panel discussion at a
general session of the convention

A panel of five guest speakers were intro-
duced by the chairman of the Institutional Food
Day Committee. The opening speaker, presi-
dent of a food service company in Philadelphia,
spoke on ''Catering and In-Plant Feeding." He
was followed by the president of a vending
company of Washington, D. C., who spoke on
"Vending and In-Plant Feeding.'' The ''School
Lunch Program" was covered by a speaker
from the U. S. Department of Agriculture; the
Director of Food Service for the University of
Maryland spoke on ''College and University
Food Services.'' The final speaker was a
dietetic specialist for the Veterans Adminis-
tration Hospitals, who discussed ''Veterans
Administration Hospitals.

After each 5-minute speech the meeting
was open first to questions from a ''discus-
sion panel'' of ten fishing industry members,
and then to questions from the floor.

The president of the Philadelphia food
service company pointed out that, ''No indus-
try has made such conspicuous progress"' in
developing fish products for the institutional
market. He reminded the audience that the
future offers tremendous opportunities for
new labor-saving foods. He recommended
more standardization and more precise speci-
fications of products to encourage their usein
the quantity-food service field.

All the speakers stressed the importance
of learning more about the needs and prob-
lems of the specific markets they were in-
terested in selling to. The president of the
Washington, D. C., vending company reminded
the audience that vending is still in the pio--
neering stage and the fishing industry can
participate in its development. The Agricul-
ture Department speaker recommended that
the State School Lunch Directors could offer
expert advice and suggestions for those N.F.I.
members interested in supplying fish for the
133 million school lunches served every day.
Finally, creativity and imagination were
stressed as important factors in encouraging
customers in all types of quantity-feeding op-
erations to order and eat more fish products.

fish in U. S.: Shrimp continues to be Amer-
ica's favorite shellfish dish in 1960, accord-
ing to the President of the Shrimp Associa-
tion of the Americas. Reporting to the Asso-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

ciation's Board of Directors' meeting in
conjunction with the 16th Annual Convention
of the National Fisheries Institute, he noted
that the American people consumed more
than 260 million pounds of shrimp (heads-off)
last year, with nearly 60 percent of the total
representing domestic consumption.

The Shrimp Association President said
that one of the most important recent trends
in the group's industry was the growing mar-
ket for peeled and deveined shrimp. He pre-
dicted that the Association and the shrimp
industry would have to support an aggressive
publicity-promotion effort in the years ahead
if the shrimp industry is to remain the Na-
tion's most valuable fishery.

Resolutions Adopted by Convention: The
following resolutions were adopted by the
convention:

1 - Resolved that the National Fisheries
Institute reaffirm its vigorous support of
the exemption from ICC regulation of motor
vehicles transporting fresh and frozen fish-
ery products in interstate and foreign com-
merce, and otherwise preserve the flexible
distribution system which is vital to the
continued expansion of the fishing industry.

2 - Resolved that the National Fisheries
Institute, in annual convention assembled, in
Washington, D. C., April 18, 1961, petition
the President and the Congress that adequate
funds.be made available to the Department of
the Interior for the undertaking and pursuit
of comprehensive time-temperature toler-
ance studies on frozen fish and shellfish dur-
ing the coming fiscal year.

3 - Resolved that the Fish and Wildlife
Service be requested to consider the feasi-
bility of going one step further than explora-
tion of new fishery resources and seek ways
to solve technological and practical problems
involved as an aid to industry.

4 - Whereas action has been taken re-
cently, and in the past, by the Executive
Branch of the Federal Government which
has been injurious to segments of the fish-
ing industry of the United States; and where-
as such action has been taken without con-
sulting the fishing industry and its represen-
tatives in Congress; now, therefore, be it
resolved that the National Fisheries Insti-
tute, on behalf of the fishing industry of the
United States, register protest against such

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

action by the Federal Government and re-
quest that in the future an opportunity for a
hearing be provided before action is taken.

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

VERTICAL MOVEMENTS OF
WHITING STUDIED:

M/V “Delaware™ Cruise 61-4 (March 17-
27, 1961): A survey of the vertical move-
ments of whiting (Merluccius bilinearis) con-
ducted on the fishing grounds off the Middle
Atlantic Coast by the U. 5S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Delaware,
indicated that the whiting remained on or

(Merluccius bilinearis)

near the bottom both day and night. Large
quantities of whiting were taken with the
otter trawl during daylight bottom fishing.
However, only a few whiting were caught
during night fishing in mid-water depths.
During the cruise, hydrographic data were
collected throughout the area under study.

Je ste cle sk oe
K oe sk ok OK

FLUKE TAGGED OFF

MIDDLE ATLANTIC COAST:

~~ M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-5 (March 30-
April 7, 1961): About I,800 fluke or sum-
mer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) were
tagged on the Middle Atlantic fishing
grounds by the U. 8. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Delaware. The
fluke is the most important flatfish species

ere UA caal (Paralichthys dentatus)

Vol. 23, No. 6

in the commercial fisheries of the Middle
Atlantic area.

In addition to tagging operations, data
were collected on various phases of the life
history of this species. The survey willaid
the biologists to determine the seasonal
movements, growth rates, and population
units of the fluke found off southern Massa-
chusetts and New York.

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

PELAGIC TRAWL-GEAR DEVELOPMENT:

M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 49: Initial
underwater observations made by a U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries staffmem-
ber, with the assistance of master divers
from the U. S. Naval Torpedo Station at Key-
port, Wash., indicated a need for extensive
modifications to the net design, during an
8-week pelagic trawl-gear development
cruise completed April 6, 1961 by the Bu-
reau's exploratory fishing vessel John N.
Cobb. Tests and trials were made in the
vicinity of the San Juan Islands, Georgia
Straits, and off Cape Flattery.

Observations conducted after modifica-
tions were performed revealed that desired
improvements in the net's performance had

Se ae

Hauling in the midwater trawl net aboard the John N,
Cobb.

June 1961

been attained. All of the approximately one
million meshes in the net were observed to
be fully opened forming mesh configurations
varying between 60-degree "diamonds" and
90-degree squares.

A maximum towing speed of 2.9 knots
created an expansion force sufficient to
cause the net to assume a near circular
cross section. Webbing seams throughout
the net followed straight lines of configura-
tion indicating equalization of strain. Under-
water photographs taken during the cruise
depict the gear's performance.

A horizontal opening of 80 feet and a
vertical opening of 90 feet was achieved
using newly-designed hydrofoil doors meas-
uring approximately 5 feet by 8 feet in con-
junction with patented ''phantom"' trawl otter
boards. Many adjustments and trials were
made with the unique four-door hook-up be-
fore the maximum net opening was achieved.

Offshore fishing trials with the new gear
rigged to tow with the float line on the sur-
face were limited to eight drags, which gave
indications of the net's ability to catch many
varieties of fish. Small catches of salmon,
ranging in size from fingerling up to 8 pounds,
were made repeatedly. One drag produced
11 king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
Other fish taken by the net include: silver
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), surf smelt
(Hypomesus pretiosus), anchovies (Engraulis
mordax), herring (Clupea pallasi), ti sole
(Psettichthys melanostictus), English sole
(Parophrys vetulus), starry flounder (Plat-
ichthys stellatus), pompano (Peprilus simil-
ae ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus), capelin
(Mallotus catervarius), electric ray (Tet-
ranarce californica), tom cod (Microgadus
proximus), dogfish (Squalus acanthias), true
cod (Gadus macrocephalus), hake (Merluc-
cius productus), ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei),
shrimp (Pandalus jordani), rex sole (Glypto-
cephalus zachirus), whiting (Theragra chal-
cogramma), butter sole (Isopsetta isolepis),
squid, and two varieties of rockfish (Sebas-
todes flavidus and Sebastodes entomelas).

Mid-depth and additional surface trials
are to be conducted during July and August.

KK ok ok Ok Ok

BOTTOM FISH TRAWLING EXPLORATION
OFF OREGON COAST:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 50: An 8-week
exploratory trawling cruise for bottom fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

in cooperation with the Oregon Fish Com-
mission was scheduled for the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fish-
ing vessel John N. Cobb from April 24-June
16, 1961. The area of operations was off-
shore from Newport to Coos Bay, Oreg.

Purposes of the cruise were to locatenew
trawling grounds and to evaluate the com-
mercial potential of bottom fish inhabiting
such grounds. Biologists from the Oregon
Fish Commission planned to tag flounders
and rockfish to study their rates of growth
and migratory habits.

Sonic equipment was used to survey the
bottom and a standard otter trawl net was to
be towed over grounds indicated by the sonic
gear as being trawlable. Catches made by
the net were to be examined to assess the
commercial fishing potential of the region.

=
Tas e4
:

SY! A

Oceanography

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTION
RECEIVES GRANT FOR
MARINE RESEARCH VESSEL:

A $462, grant to Stanford University
of California, awarded by the National Sci-
ence Foundation (NSF),
will enable Stanford's
Hopkins Marine Station
to convert a two-masted
schooner long owned by
philanthropist George
Vanderbilt to a modern
sea-going marine re-
search vessel that will
be the largest sailing
ship in the world used
for scientific purposes.

The grant provides for converting and
outfitting the steel-hulled, 172-foot vessel,
as well as for maintenance and operation
during a subsequent three-months shake-
down cruise. When this is accomplished,
the vessel, named the Pioneer and currently
the largest private sailing vessel under
Unites States registry, will be used on a
year-round schedule of research and grad-
uate student training. While the vessel will
then be capable of operations almost any-
where in the world, it is anticipated that the
major effort will be directed toward inves-
tigations in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Pioneer was offered by the former
owner as an outright gift to Stanford Univer-
sity, provided that support became available
from other sources for its conversion and
operation as a facility for research and grad-
uate training in biological oceanography.

The National Science Foundation has provid-
ed this support in the form of the announced
grant, and it is anticipated that further sup-
port will facilitate operation and maintenance
in the future.

With the acquisition and operation of the
Pioneer, the Hopkins Marine Station, located
at Pacific Grove, Calif., will be taking its
first excursion into open-ocean biological
oceanography. Owned and operated by Stan-
ford University and an integral part of the
University's Department of Biological Sci-
ences, Hopkins was established in 1892,
making it the oldest marine station on the
West Coast and the third oldest in the coun-
try, yielding in age only to Woods Hole (1888)
and Cold Spring Harbor (1890). It has re-
tained its traditional emphasis on marine
biology rather than on physical or chemical
oceanography.

The Pioneer will be used on a continuing
schedule for research and graduate training,
with functions analagous to those of a bio-
logical field station. Its participants, how-
ever, will be free from narrow geographical
limitations, able to work in various climatic
areas, and be afforded a much needed oppor-
tunity for experience on the high seas. Al-
though the major effort of the ship's opera-
tion will be in the northeast Pacific, the
surveying of poorly known portions of the
world's oceans is also contemplated. The
working time of each year will be divided
into four terms of about ten weeks each,
roughly corresponding to academic quarters.
This will leave several weeks betweenterms
and allow at least a month for an annual over-
haul during September. Most of each term
will be spent at sea.

The Pioneer will be staffed originally by
3 senior scientists (faculty members) and
12 junior scientists (graduate students) re-
cruited from universities and scientific in-
stitutions throughout the United States.

On leaving port at the beginning of each
term, the vessel will embark on a basic plan
of surveying a section of the ocean, Bio-
logical specimens will be collected at all
depths and physical and chemical character-
istics of the water will be investigated atall

Vol. 23; Now6

stations. Data and collections gathered will
be available to any qualified scientists wish-
ing to study them.

Under the direction of the senior sci-
entists, the junior scientists will assist in
handling the many diverse types of gear,
keeping the biological log, sorting and cat-
aloguing biological collections, making phys-
ical observations and chemical determina-
tions, and preparing data in an attempt to
correlate results of their investigations.
Field and laboratory work will be supple-
mented by a series of daily lectures ‘and
each student will be required to submit a
final report on his activities during theterm.

The number of oceanographic problems
open to attack from a vessel such as the
converted Pioneer are limited only by the
imagination and ingenuity of the scientific
staff. They include such things as studies
of oceanic food chains, niche specialization,
and competition among pelagic organisms;
studies of the biological economy of the
deep-sea benthos and of the functional anat-
omy of oceanic forms, and investigations of
the reproduction and development of deep-
sea animals.

The entire scientific program aboard
the Pioneer will be under the supervision
of the Chief Scientist who is Assistant Di-
rector of the Hopkins Marine Station, Pro-
fessor of Biology at Stanford University,
and principal investigator of NSF's grant
to Stanford. He will be charged with the
conversion and equipping of the vessel and
with the development of the program, in-
cluding selection of faculty members and
students.

The Pioneer has a 28-foot beam and a
draft of 16 feet. She was built in 1927 ata
cost of $1.4 million. In 1938, she changed
ownership, was renamed the Pioneer and ©
was used to collect marine biological spec-
imens for various museums. During World
War II, she was used as a training ship by
the U. S. Navy. Exploratory work in the
Pacific accounted for most of her postwar
Activity. Since 1951, the Pioneer has been
"laid up" afloat at Newport Beach, Calif.,
but maintained in excellent condition.

While the vessel has in the past been
used for biological investigations, these
have not been of as extensive and intensive
a character as now contemplated. Withthe
aid of an earlier NSF grant, the Pioneer

June 1961

was the subject of a preliminary feasibility
study when it was found that with certain
alterations and installation of the necessary
specialized equipment, the vessel would be
suited for use as a floating laboratory.

Notable additions and conversions will
include dry and wet laboratories on the
weather deck, an A-frame for trawling, and
three oceanographic winches. Electrical,
radio, sonar, radar, loran, and depth-re-
cording equipment will also be installed.
Main deck modifications will be aimed at
consolidating and maximizing the living
quarters space and arranging convenient
storage space for scientific gear. All ma-
chinery will require complete overhauling
and one of the present 60-kilowatt Diesel
generators will have to be replaced by a
75-kilowatt unit.

In addition, hydrographic, scientific, div-
ing, photographic, and general equipment
and supplies will be installed, making the
vessel a completely operational biological
laboratory ready for her shakedown cruise
approximately six months after the onset of
conversion activity.

The Pioneer's main engine is a 400 brake

horsepower Diesel. She is equipped with a
gyro compass, a 500-gallon-per-day fresh-
water evaporator, a 73-ton air conditioning
system, and a 7$-ton refrigeration plant.
With a capacity of 6,000 gallons of fuel oil,
250 gallons of lubricating fuel, 12,500 gal-

lons of fresh water, and existing accommoda-

tions for 34 persons, she has a range of ap-
proximately 4,000 miles and a speed of 7-8
knots.

% OK OK OK OK

COMMERCE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCES
FIRST OCEAN-WIDE SURVEY:

An entirely new approach to deep-sea oceanography will
be tested this year when the Coast and Geodetic Survey ship
Pioneer sails from San Francisco to its working area in the
North Pacific Ocean, the Secretary of Commerce announced
April 9, 1961.

The 311-foot Pioneer was expected to get under way early
in April and begin a systematic study of 3 million square
miles of ocean between the Hawaiian Islands and the Aleutian
Islands. This marks the first serious attempt by the Govern-
ment to study wide ocean areas with systematic, closely-
spaced observations encompassing nearly all aspects of oce-
anography.

The President recently asked Congress for additional
funds to spend on a national oceanography program, in order
that more comprehensive surveys, such as this one, may be
undertaken, The Coast and Geodetic Survey will provide the
necessary leadership to implement the Department of Com-
merce phase of the oceanographic program, The pilot proj-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

37

ect will be followed by more comprehensive programs as
facilities and personnel are expanded to meet developing
requirements,

Operating out of Alaska and Hawaii, the Pioneer will
navigate along a series of north-south lines spaced 10 miles
apart across an area about 300 miles wide and 2,000 miles
long. The first line is planned to follow a course 10 miles
east of the 158th meridian, commencing at a point just south
of the Alaska peninsula and extending southward to the Island
of Oahu, Hawaii. Subsequent lines will move eastward during
the 1961 season,

The project ultimately will extend from the Hawaiian
Archipeligo to the Aleutian Islands and from the 153rd me-
ridian westward to the 180th meridian. Ocean surveys of
this magnitude have never been attempted before, In the
past, oceanographic expeditions have been limited to rel-
atively isolated reconnaissance lines or have concentrated
on one particular phase of oceanography related to a spe-
cific research problem.

A systematic survey of the oceans is possible today with
the development of modern techniques, equipment, and data
processing. The Pioneer will be fitted with Loran C po-
sitioning equipment for control purposes, Anticipated range
of this system is 1,500 nautical miles for ground waves and
3,000 nautical miles for sky waves. Accuracy of position is
reported to be 1,000 feet at 1,000 miles using ground waves,
Loran C Stations in the Hawaiian Islands are not yet opera-
tional. Work during the first part of the season will be lim-
ited to that area effectively covered by the Aleutian Loran C
control system.

The 311-foot Pioneer is one of the largest ships in the Coast and
Geodetic Survey fleet.

The first phase of the survey will include a continuous
profile of the ocean bottom obtained with a precision depth
recorder, a continuous profile of the total magnetic field
made by a towed Varion Proton Magnetometer, regular
gravity observations by a La Coste~-Romberg gravity meter,
regular meteorological balloon releases, and a sea-water
temperature observation every two hours. Aboard the
Pioneer during this phase will be geophysicists from the
U. S. Geological Survey and the Coast and Geodetic Survey,
a meteorologist from the U. S. Weather Bureau, oceanog~
raphers from the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and if pres-
ent plans materialize, student oceanographers from one or
more universities, This is in addition to the 90-man crew
of the Pioneer, including 21 commissioned officers of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Additional observations at predetermined locations will
be made during the second phase beginning in September.
At these locations bottle casts will be made for temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, and such other variables as the
cooperating agencies may wish to measure, Sediment cores
will be made at each station, and the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey will process this sediment data, Plankton tows are
planned with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
supplying biologists and equipment. Current measurements
are planned in the Alaska Boundary Current. These
oceanographic observations will be spaced along a course
north from the Hawaiian Islands to the Aleutian Trench,

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

west along the axis of the trench to turn south in the area
of Adak, and proceeding past Midway Island to 23 degrees
30 minutes north, thence east to Hawaii,

The Committee on Oceanography of the U. S. National
Academy of Sciences-National Research Council pro-
posed this survey approach to oceanography in Chapter 9
of its report, ‘‘Oceanography 1960-1970.’’ This report
recommends an ocean-wide survey with all maritime na-
tions cooperating. If the job is ever to be completed, it
must obviously be an international effort of formidable
proportions, The Coast and Geodetic Survey in the
Pioneer surveys is undertaking a trial run to see how
much one ship can accomplish, to see what observations
should be undertaken, and to see if the results justify the

effort.

OVER 11 MILLION SALMON RELEASED
IN STATE'S WATERS:

The release of over 11 million yearling
salmon from Oregon Fish Commission hatch-
eries early this year has given the State's
fish population a hearty boost, according to
the Director of Fish Culture for the Com-
mission. The young salmon were started on
a 'wet'' ration utilizing a pasteurized fish-
ery byproduct. After about two months, they
were placed on the recently-developed Ore-
gon moist pellet, a nutritionally-complete
ration developed in cooperation with Oregon
State University scientists. The yearling
fish were in prime physical condition at the
time of release, the Fish Commission Direc-
tor stated.

Oregon

Being held at Fish Commission hatcheries
for later release in Columbia River tribu-
taries are 81,000 steelhead yearlings.

Oysters

CELL STRUCTURE OF
PACIFIC OYSTERS TO BE STUDIED:

What happens to the cell tissue of sick
oysters will be studied by scientists of the
University of Washington College of Fish-
eries under an initial $10,000 research
grant from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice,

This will be the first systematic study
ever undertaken of alterations in the cell
structure of oysters under various environ-
mental conditions created by controlled lab-
oratory experiments, according to the prin-
cipal investigator at the College of Fisheries.

Vol. 23, No. 6

Results of the research are expected to
lead to more productive oyster cultivation
in the Pacific Northwest by providing a
better understanding of abnormal changes
that occur in oyster tissue under varying
conditions.

The oyster pathology study will be con-
ducted through the Fisheries Research In-
stitute, the research arm of the College of
Fisheries. The grant covers the first year
of a proposed three-year program.

In the research, oysters of several spe-
cies will be subjected to a series of experi-
ments involving changes in environment,
such as the effects of varying salt and oxy-
gen concentrations in water, extremes of
water temperature, chemical irritants in
the water, physical injuries to the oysters,
and diseased tissue.

Cell changes caused by these variations
will be studied at various stages through
post-mortem examinations.

When it is possible to recognize the re-
lationship between abnormal cell conditions
and specific abnormalities in environment,
it will be possible to diagnose the causes of
oyster mortality more precisely, the inves-
tigator explained.

Although the University of Washington
has received many contracts for specific
research projects from the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, this is the first grant the
Service has ever awarded to any institution
in support of an investigation in a general
field of research.

The University's College of Fisheries
principal investigator, an authority on
oysters and other invertebrates, also is
conducting significant studies on shellfish
mortality and environment under grants
from the National Institutes of Health and
Initiative 171 funds.

In the new project, he will be assisted
by a graduate student in the College of Fish-
eries and a laboratory technician.

June 1961

Salmon

KING SALMON EGGS SENT BY
WASHINGTON STATE TO
JAPAN HATCH SUCCESSFULLY:

Chinook or king salmon originating from
the State of Washington were swimming in
Japanese streams this spring when the prod-
uct of 100,000 chinook salmon eggs sent to
Japan in November 1960 by that State were
released from salmon hatcheries in Japan.

The Washington Fisheries Director re-
ceived a letter from the President of the
Japan Salmon Resource Conservation Asso-
ciation in Tokyo, saying that the experimen-
tal shipment of eggs showed a high degree
of success in survivals.

He stated that the eggs arrived by air
freight in perfect condition, with virtually
no mortalities. The eggs were hatched in
three salmon hatcheries and the young have
now attained the feeding stage with only a
two-percent loss.

The chinook eggs were distributed as
follows: Chitose salmon hatchery, Hokkaido,
50,000; Tsugaruishi salmon hatchery, Iwate
Prefecture, 25,000; and Otsuchi salmon hatch-
ery, Iwate Prefecture, 25,000.

The shipment of 100,000 eggs was the sec-
ond lot the Washington Fisheries Department
has sent to Japan to aid that country in efforts to
create runs of chinook salmon. The first lot
was sent in 1959.

kK kk

TEST FISHING IN COLUMBIA RIVER AIDS
MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCE:

How many fish are there in the Columbia
River's current spring chinook or king
salmon run? When will the peak of the
spring run hit any particular part of the
river? Oregon Fish Commission and Wash-
ington Department of Fisheries biologists
are trying to find the answers to these and
other questions of major importance in
properly managing the Columbia River sys-
tem's salmon resources.

Currently in operation is a run-sampling
gill-netting program now in its third year'
with an Oregon Fish Commission crew work-
ing in the vicinity of Woody Island some 15
miles above Astoria and a Washington De-
partment of Fisheries crew fishing in the
Corbett area below Bonneville. No hit-or-
miss proposition, the fishing activities and
equipment must be so standardized that
day-to-day and year-to-year informationis

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

comparable. This net fishing data, as well
as other information, will provide a basis for
setting commercial gill-netting seasons in
keeping with the best interest of the resources.

Fish taken alive from the test fishing net
are marked with a plastic dart-type tag and
released for subsequent recovery informa-
tion. Those killed during the operations are
placed in cold storage in Astoria for distribu-
tion by the Oregon State Board of Control to
various state institutions.

Results of the test fishing at Woody Island
thus far show a sharp increase in thenumber
of chinook taken between March 15, 1961,
when 13 were landed, and April 6 when 67
chinook were taken. Based on previous years
tagging observations, this increasein num-
bers of salmon caught is probably the result
of Willamette River spring chinook passing
through the lower Columbia River. A later
peak in the catch is expected as fish bound
for upriver spawning tributaries pass the
Woody Island section.

The Oregon Fish Commission's director
of research pointed out that spring chinook
of the Willamette River stock for the most
part pass up the Columbia and into the Wil-
lamette before the commercial season opens.
He indicated, however, that a considerable
fluctuation in fish runs necessitates a con-
tinuing program of sampling so that fisheries
biologists remain current on any significant
changes in anadromous fish populations.

South Carolina

FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PROGRESS, SEPTEMBER 1960-MARCH 1961:

The following is a report on the progress
of biological research by the Bears Bluff Lab-
oratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., for Sep-
tember 1960 through March 1961.

Shrimp Research: Experimental trawl
data collected during the last quarter of 1960
showed that white shrimp were slightly more
abundant than in the same period of 1959.
Croakers were much less numerous, but spot
were three times more abundant during the
1960 quarter.

On the whole, 1960’ was a good year for
white shrimp, judging from experimental
catch data at Bears Bluff Laboratories.
White shrimp had a good spawning in the
summer of 1960 and were more abundant in

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1960 than during the last several years.

Cast net records showed that white shrimp
were about 5.5 times more abundant in the
October-December quarter of 1960 than for
the same period in 1959. Small white shrimp,
which will form the bulk of the 1961 spawning
stock, were unusually plentiful in inshore wa-
ters through December 1960.

Catch data for fish and shrimp in exper-
imental trawl drags during January-March
of 1961 were tabulated for comparison with
the same period in 1960. Results showed
that spot were slightly more abundant at
regular stations during the 1961 quarter, but
croakers had decreased by almost five times
in that period as compared with 1960. White
shrimp, averaging about 60 count, heads on,
were quite common through March of 1961,
and were slightly more abundant than during
the same period in 1960. These shrimp are
remnants of last year's crop which survived
the winter and will enter the commercial
catch this spring. Judging from the numbers
of white shrimp this early in the season,
1961 may well prove to be another success-
ful year for this species.

Young menhaden, 3-6 inches in length,
were very abundant in experimental drags,
particularly in St. Helena Sound and North
Edisto River. In those areas, menhaden
were approximately 20 times as abundant
through March of 1961 as in 1960, and about
10 times more numerous as during that
period in 1959.

Plankton tows were continued as a part
of the regular shrimp survey program, Ex-
perimental plankton tows indicated a scarcity
of postlarval brown shrimp this year. These
postlarvae were over 10 times more abun-
dant at coastal river and sound stations dur-
ing January-March of 1960 than in1961. The
situation might improve, however, since the
recruitment period for brown shrimp post-
larvae extends into May.

Larval and postlarval spot were quite
plentiful in inshore plankton tows. The abun-

Vol. 23, No. 6

dance of small spot during the quarter was
about equal to, and in certain areas, greater

| than for the same period in 1960. This would

indicate that spot will remain plentiful in
coastal waters for the next year or so, pro-
viding no great mortalities occur in the
meantime. Larval croakers, on the other
hand, were scarce,in plankton tows in both
1960 and 1961. Judging from this, plus the
fact that croakers have shown a decline in
experimental trawl drags, the outlook for
this species in 1961 seems rather poor.

* asses |Spot

(Leiostomus xanthurus)

Blue Crab Studies: Regular experimental
trawl hauls in September-December 1960
indicated that the relative abundance of crabs
in the quarter was about the same as in the
same months of 1959.

At the eight stations where regular trawl
samples are taken, blue crabs, mature and
immature, were more abundant during the
first quarter of 1961 than during the first
quarter of 1960. Mature crabs were 34 per-
cent more abundant and immature crabs
were about 40 percent more abundant. Sponge
crabs appeared earlier this year.

Despite this relative increase in abun-
dance the commercial catch, at least for
the first two months of 1961, was 450 per-
cent less than for the comparable period
last year. This is the direct result of price.
Last year the fisherman was getting 7 to 11
cents per pound for his catch; this year 4 to
5 cents.

Pond Cultivation: A commercial-scale
shrimp pond located near Dale, S. C., was
drained and harvested between October 8
and October 21, 1960. The shrimp harvest
was not impressive, being only about 300
pounds, heads-on. The failure of the shrimp
crop in the pond, however, can almost cer-
tainly be attributed to the tremendous num-
bers of predaceous fish present. It is esti-
mated that at least 5,000 pounds of large

June 1961

spot, winter trout, mullet, and other fish were
present in the pond at the time of draining.
Apparently, the screens on the pond flood
gate had broken earlier in the year, allowing
larger fish to enter and deplete the stock of
small shrimp in the pond.

Of considerable interest was the occur-
rence of tarpon in the pond. Ten fish were
taken in a cast net when the pond was being
drained. These averaged 9 inches in length.

A one-tenth acre experimental shrimp
pond at Bears Bluff Laboratories was drained
on October 26, 1960. This pond was stocked
with postlarval white shrimp in late July and
August of 1960 and had been treated with tea
seed cake on October 3, in an effort to kill
any predatory fish which might be present.
The success of this treatment was apparent
immediately, as many small trout and other
fish were observed to be dying soon after the
poison was put in the pond. When the pond
was harvested almost no fish, with the excep-
tion of several small mullet, were found.

The shrimp harvest from this small pond was
very encouraging as approximately 700 white
shrimp from 2 to 6 inches were collected at
the time of the draining.

On December 15, a one-acre experimental
pond was drained in preparation for its usein
shrimp cultivation research in 1961. Approx-
imately 400 small (3-6 inch) winter trout and
about 200 channel bass (3-5 inch) were col-
lected alive. This pond had been harvested
in September and was screened completely
with quarter-inch wire mesh, so the young
bass and trout probably entered through the
screen as larvae or very young fish. These
results lend an encouraging note to the pros-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVEIW 41

pect of raising salt-water sport fish in
ponds.

Experimental ponds at the Laboratories
were made ready for postlarval shirmp
stocking during the first quarter of 1961.
Two large (one acre) ponds were drained,
treated with a commercial fish poison to
kill remaining fish, and screened with}-inch
wire screening. These ponds were allowed
to refill and were opened in February to be-
gin natural stocking of postlarval shrimp.

A one-quarter acre pond whichhad been
stocked with flounders in 1960 was drained
on March 1, 1961. Only a few of the stocked
flounders had survived, but these had grown
considerably and were in good condition.
When stocked, these fish were from 3 to 8
inches in total length; when harvested, from
11 to 14 inches. This indicates that thereis
some possibility of rearing flounders in
ponds.

On March 28, 1961 a small one-tenth
acre pond was drained. This pond had been
opened in January 1961 to allow water to
enter from the creek on each tide. A large
plankton net was placed over the drainage
trunk while the pond was draining in order
to collect any organisms which had previ-
ously entered. Killifish, small spot, mysids,
and hardback shrimp were abundant in the
collection, but postlarval brown shrimp were
few innumber. This tends to support the
findings of the plankton work, which indi-
cates that postlarval brown shrimp have
been scarce in inshore waters to date.

The one-tenth acre pond was then allowed
to dry, closed off and refilled by means of a
four-inch fish pump (described in Commer-
cial Fisheries Review, vol. 17, no. 2, Feb-
ruary 1955), acquired from the U. S. Fish &
Wildlife Service. This pump will be used
throughout the coming year in experiments
on the possibilities of stocking shrimp ponds
with postlarvae by means of pumping water
into them from the creek near the Labora-
tory.

Experimental work with tea seed cake,
with saponin as the active ingredient, both
in aquaria and ponds at Bears Bluff has in-
dicated that this material is an excellent
specific poison, killing fish but leaving
shrimp unharmed. The supply of tea seed
cake given to the Laboratory by the U. S.
State Department and by Dr. Yun-an Tang

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

has been exhausted. Current prices on sap-
onin are such that it would cost $150 per
acre to treat shrimp ponds. Such costs would
be prohibitive for commercial growers of
shrimp.

Studies were made to determine the feasi-
bility of using rotenone in place of tea seed
cake to remove unwanted fish from shrimp
ponds. Experiments in Laboratory aquaria
indicate that rotenone powder has little, if
any, effect on shrimp or shrimp larvae, al-
though it is quite deadly to fish at concentra-
tions of 1 to 3 parts per million. Further re-
search is needed, however, before rotenone
is used on a large scale.

King Whiting: Research on king whiting
was continued throughout the last quarter of
1960. Data collected on these fish since 1953
have now been tabulated and are being used
to supplement the present study. Approxi-
mately 1,500 specimens were scientifically
processed during 1960 and much valuable
information is coming to light regarding the

biology of these valuable food and game fishes.

The present investigation indicates that
king whiting are much more important off
South Carolina both as sports and food fish
than is generally supposed, and that these
fishes have showed no major decline in num-
bers during recent years. Information being
collected regarding spawning, distribution,
and life history in general seems to show
that there is no immediate threat of a de-
crease in numbers of king whiting in South
Carolina waters.

Standards

VOLUNTARY QUALITY STANDARDS
PROPOSED FOR FROZEN
FRIED SCALLOPS:

Public meetings to discuss the recently-
developed quality standards for frozen fried
scallops were announced by the U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries.

Developed by the Bureau at its technolog-
ical laboratory in Gloucester, Mass., the
standards are another important step in a
continuing effort by Government and industry
to make fishery products more acceptable to
the consumer,

Vol. 23, No. 6

Preparing scallop meats for deep frying in the plant of a leading
New Bedford firm.

Similar quality standards have been de-
veloped and are in use for fish sticks; fish
blocks; salmon and halibut steaks; cod, had-
dock, and ocean perch fillets; raw breaded
fish portions; and raw breaded and raw head-
less shrimp.

All interested parties were invited to
attend public meetings held in April and May
1961, at Chicago, Ill., and New Bedford, Mass.

ae
ia ioe
United States

FISHERY TRENDS FOR 1960
SHOW TUNA AND SHRIMP
POPULARITY INCREASED:
Tuna, which six decades ago was a''throw-

_away'' fish, and shrimp, a popular seafood,

have an increasing appeal
to the United States con-
sumer.

In 1960 the per capita
consumption of fishery
products in the United
States was 10.5 pounds.
This approximates the
long-time average. Of
this total, 2.05 pounds
were credited to canned
tuna, 1.42 pounds to ocean.
s perchand groundfish fillets
(cod, haddock, hake, cusk,
and pollock), and 1.19
pounds to shrimp.

Ocean perch and ground-
fish fillet consumption since 1949 has varied
from 1.29 pounds to 1.56 pounds. The use of
canned tuna, however, has increased steadily
from 0.9 pound in 1949 to the present 2.05

June 1961

pounds. Consumption of shrimp has in-
creased from 0.71 pound to 1.19 pounds dur-
ing the same period.

Decreases in the catch of salmon and
sardines compared with earlier years is
reflected in decreased consumption of those
products in recent years.

The total domestic catch was placed at
4.93 billion pounds valued at $347 million
ex-vessel. The tuna catch was 296.9 mil-
lion pounds with a value of $37 million and
the shrimp (heads-on) harvest was 249 mil-
lion pounds worth $66.9 million. The indus-
trial fish--menhaden--accounted fornearly
2 billion pounds of the 1960 catch.

The value of the catch to the processor
was $599 million; to the wholesaler, $827
million; and to the retailer, $1,078 million.
The retail value for the 1959 catch was:
$1,075 million, despite the fact that the 1959
catch was somewhat higher than that of 1960.

United States Fishing Fleet ~/ Additions

MARCH 1961:
A total of 41 vessels of 5 net tons and
over were issued first documents as fishing

Issued First Documents As Fishing Craft
By Areas, March 1961

[March | _Jan.-Mar. | Total
wer | 1960 | 1961 | 1960] 1960

Note: Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their
home ports.

craft during March
1961--an increase
of 17 vessels as
compared with
March 1960. The
Pacific area led

| with 14 vessels,
followed by the
Chesapeake and

IS outh Atlantic
with 8 vessels each. The Gulf, New England,
1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft.

Documents as Fishing Craft
By Tonnage, March 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

43

Great Lakes, and Middle Atlantic areas ac-
counted for the remaining 11 vessels.

During the first three months of 1961, a
total of 85 vessels were issued first documents
as fishing craft--an increase of 19 vessels
compared with the same period of 1960.

Be

U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production
and Imports, January-February 196]

During the first two months of 1961, the
United States production of fish meal amounted
to 4,800 tons,
compared with
_ 4,900 tons for the
same period in
1960. There was
= a drop of nearly
is 400 tons in tuna
I and mackerel
meal, but men-
haden and other
fish meal were up slightly as compared with
the same period the previous year.

Imports of fish meal totaled 23,900 tons
for the 2-months period in 1961--7,200 tons
more than in the same period of 1960. Im-

U, S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-February
1960-61 and Total for 1960
Cin Ta

1961 1960 1960
RishiMeat gto eh aye) 4sikih fi utiectenie
Domestic production:

Menhaden......
Tuna and mackerel .

eo oe wo

9g
Union of South Africa .
Other countries .

96 70
23,875 | 16,652
28,669 | 21,567 | 421, 277

Fish Solubles (wet weight):
Domestic productio

[Available fish solublessuppiyl 3,005 [5,596] 102, 103

T/Based o on reports from firms which accounted for 92 percent of
the 1960 total production.

2/Includes production of homogenized-condensed fish.

44

ports from Peru (17,300 tons) during that
period comprised about 75 percent of the
total, and were nearly 3 times greater than
imports from that country in the 2-months
period of 1960. Canada followed with the
next largest amount (3,900 tons) but the quan-
tity was'down to less than one-half that of
the comparable period in 1960. The tie-up
of the British Columbia fleet (because of a
disagreement on the ex-vessel price of her-
ring) was responsible for the lower imports
from Canada. The remaining 2,600 tons were
from Chile, Union of South Africa, andavery
small quantity from other countries.

During the first two months of 1961, the
domestic production of fish solubles amounted
to 2,600 tons--a drop of 900 tons as compared
with the same period in 1960. Imports offish
solubles in the 2 months period of 1961 totaled
only 400 tons as compared with 2,100 tons for
the comparable period in 1960. The very low
prices which have prevailed for some time on
fish solubles are responsible for the-drop in
domestic production and imports. Many in-
dustrial products produced in the United
States and in foreign countries are adding
the solubles to the meal to increase its pro-
tein content.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
FEBRUARY 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States
during February
1961 decreased
by 2.8 percentin
quantity and 2.2
percent in value
as compared
with January
19 Gi enh emdes
crease was due
primarily to
lower imports
of groundfish
fillets (down 4.8 million pounds) and frozen
shrimp (down 3.4 million pounds). The de-
crease was partly offset by a 4.7-million-
pound increase in the imports of frozen tuna
other than albacore and frozen fillets other
than groundfish fillets (up 2.4 million pounds).

Compared with February 1960, the im-
ports in February this year were upby 31.7

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

percent in quantity and 30.7 percent in value
due to higher imports of frozen albacore and
other tuna (up 9.7 million pounds), ground-
fish fillets (up 3.5 million pounds), and canned
tuna in brine (up 2.1 million pounds). Com-
pensating, in part, for the increases was a
drop of about 4.0 million pounds in the im-
ports of fillets other than groundfish and
canned salmon (down 2.6 million pounds).

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
February 1961 with Comparisons

1960
(Mi

Fish & shellfish:

Fresh, frozen, &
processed 1/ . .| 82.8] 62.8 |1,011.2| 26.8] 20.5 |304.8
=xports:
Fish & shellfish:
Processed only 1/

Gitrozen) Mites eS eS: AS s7 [tele [eelesujel dere

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties .

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in February 1961 rose 75.5 per-
cent in quantity and 72.7 percent in value as
compared with January 1961. Compared with
the same month in 1960, the exports this
February were lower by 16.2 percent in
quantity, but were up 46.2 percent in value.
The lower quantity of exports in February
this year as compared with the same month
in 1960 was due to lower exports of Califor-
nia sardines and squid. The higher value of
the exports in February 1961 was due to in-
creased exports of relatively high-priced
canned salmonand shrimp, and frozen shrimp.

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 123-per-
cent rate of duty is 57,114,714 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota are dutiable
at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-April 1, 1961,
amounted to 11,822,619 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.
Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
April 2 amounted to 8,581,279 pounds.

June 1961

U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
January-March 1961

United States production of fish sticks
during the first quarter of 1961 amounted to
20.3 million pounds and the production of fish
portions totaled 14.9 million pounds. This
was a gain of 427,000 pounds (2 percent) in
fish sticks and 3. 3 million pounds (28 percent)
in fish portions as compared with the same
quarter of the previous year.

is U.S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions, 1953-1960

MILLION
POUNDS

FISH STICKS

FISH PORTIONS

1953

1954

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960

a

Cooked fish sticks (19.1 million pounds) com-
prised 94 percent of the total fish stick produc~
tion, while the remaining 1.2 million pounds
(6 percent) consisted of raw fish sticks. A
total of 14.4 million pounds of breaded fish
portions (of which 11.7 million pounds were
raw) and 0.5 million pounds of unbreaded
portions were processed during the first
quarter of 1961.

Table 1-U. S. poacher of Fish Sticks by Months and Type, |
January -March 1961 1/

19, 119 20, 303
19, 876

Table 2 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks, 1957-1961
MN | 961 t/| i9614/ 19602/] 1959 1958

| Total... | - | 65,059 160, 378
1/Preliminary data.

Revised.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

Table 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
January-March 1960 = 1961

Ce eee coe |

Atlantic Coast States. .
Inland and Gulf States .
Pacific Coast States ..
ee Dee eB
1/Preliminary “data.
2/Revised.

The Atlantic Coast was the principal area
in the production of both fish sticks and por-
tions with 16.5 and 9.3 million pounds, respec-
tively. The remaining 3.8 million pounds of
fish sticks and 5.6 million pounds of fish por-
tions were represented by the inland, Gulf,
and Pacific Coast States.

Table 4 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions, by Months,
January-March 1961

rear ist 1561 .
ist Quarter:
otal 1960 .

1,879 9,360 | 11,239

Table 5 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
January-March 1961 and 1960

Atlantic Coast States. .

Inland and Gulf States .

Pacific Coast States ..

Tn POPS RA P= MEY UB
1/Preliminary “data.

2/Revised.

Table 6 - U. S. Production of Fish = 1958-1961

2,692 17973)
3, 025 1,254

3,225
2, 634
2, 684

1,471
2, 269
1,478

1/Prelim inary data.
2/Revised.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Virigina

FISHERIES LANDINGS IN 1960
TOP 30-YEAR AVERAGE:

The 1960 landings of fish and shellfish in
Virginia amounted to 353.8 million pounds,
valued at $19.4 million. The Institute of Ma-
rine Science at Gloucester Point, Va., re-
ported that despite adversities, landings were
well above average. Although the 1960 har-
vest fell short of the 1959 yield, it was over
60 million pounds more than the average
landings for the past 30 years. The 1960
crop topped the 30-year average value by
nearly $7 million.

The lower 1960 oyster production was
predicted by the Institute's scientists. The
drop from 21 to 15 million pounds, however,
was less than was believed would occur.
Croaker landings declined to 2.5 million
pounds in 1960--over 5 million pounds less
than the 1959 catch of 7.5 million pounds.
Institute scientists held little hope for im-
provement of this fishery for at least two
summers. Cold weather, occurring at the
time when young croakers were in fresh
water, was believed to have killed off great
numbers during recent winters.

Although there was a decline in the men-
haden catch during the summer of 1960, it
was not due to
the scarcity
of fish. A
superabun-
=~ dance of men-
haden in 1959,
when a near
record of over
412 million
pounds were landed, plus increasing compe-
tition from foreign sources had depressed
the fish meal market, and the amount landed
was voluntarily restricted by the processors.

MENHADEN VESSEL
APPROACHING REDUCTION PLANT.

Scup and sea bass, the mainstay of the
winter trawl fishery, were taken in larger
numbers during 1960, and grey sea trout
were somewhat more plentiful than in 1959.
Over 0.5 million pounds of swellfish or puf-
fers were landed in 1960--an increase of
200,000 pounds from the previous year.
These fish appear as ''sea squab'' on the
market and the menus of better restaurants,
and are becoming more popular.

Blue crabs were in short supply during
the early season of 1960, but were very plen-
tiful in August. The increased blue crab

Vol. 23, No. 6

harvest had been predicted by the Institute
at least six months before it occurred, and
also assured crab fishermen that additional
regulation of this fishery would not be nec-
essary in order to improve the yield. So
many crabs were available to the winter
dredge fishery that the industry requested
the Virginia Commission of Fisheries to
limit the 1960 season catch to 20 barrelsper
day. A good supply of crabs for the 1961
summer pot and scrape fishery is again pre-
dicted.

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries expanded its statistical services dur-
ing the past year in Virginia and has for the
first time issued monthly bulletins of fish and
shellfish landings in Virginia.

Note: The Institute of Marine Science was formerly the Virginia
Fisheries Laboratory.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSEL
REQUESTED BY FISHERIES LABORATORY:

Funds have been requested from the Na-
tional Science Foundation for the construc-
tion, maintenance, and operation of an ocean-
ographic research vessel for The Institute
of Marine Science at Gloucester Point. The
Institute's Director announced on April 19,
1961, that the proposed ship would be about
200 feet long, and would accommodate 46
scientists and crewmen up to 120 days at
sea. "Our vessel should be a general pur-
pose ship capable of making hydrographic
casts under way and at rest; of taking cores
and bottom grabs at depths of at least 3,000
fathoms, and of trawling and dragging to
depths of about 1,500 fathoms, the Institute's
Director declared.

The proposed new ship would contribute
to the development of the research capabil-
ities of Virginia's marine laboratory and
also aid in the entire United States Oceano-
graphic Research effort. It would provide
for both researchand for the training of
future oceanographers. The vessel, if
granted would be used to conduct biological
and physical research on the continental
shelf off Virginia and beyond in the North
Atlantic Ocean, and to train marine scien-
tists and students. It would be constructed
and equipped to take care of all conceivable
biological work as well as for collecting
hydrographic data from the ocean depths,
and serve in the testing of new gear and in-
struments.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

The estimatedcost of the proposed vessel
is about $4.5 million plus an additional $500, 000
for instruments. The Institute's Director con-
templates that the ship should be in service
by the summer of 1964, if approved by the
National Science Foundation.

Wholesale Prices, April 1961

The April 1961 wholesale price index for edible fishery
products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 125.4 percent of the
1947-49 average declined 4.9 percent from the preceding
month, but was up 1.7 percent from April 1960. The drop in
the index from mid-March to mid-April this year was due
mainly to seasonally-lower prices for fresh drawn haddock, 9
sharply lowerprices forthe, freshywater,vatieties,/and New York City Fulton Fish Market. General view of street side

slightly lower prices for fresh shrimp, fresh or frozen a f two sheds after selling activity is about over.
dressed salmon, and frozen haddock and ocean perch fillets. Sch t an 3 Z 2

earl

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1961 With Comparisons |

Indexes
(1947-49=100)

Point of
Pricing

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

NEN ELSE cictie bE b OH (resi, EROZemy ec) Galned) ic suisuet else: suleiia) leniahencen ailieys: Ie 125.4 | 181.9 | 133.0 | 123.3

Ereshré¢rrozen) Fishery Products: Wc itaus boiks\eje-el ete Wel's Noles
~ Drawn, 1, Dressed, or Whole Finfish:
Haddock, lge,, offshore, drawn, fresh... . .
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd,, fresh or froz.
Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz,
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Whitefish, L. Erie pound or gill net, rnd., fresh
Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh .

New York
New York
Chicago

New York
New York

Processed, tresil\ (Fish Gi shellfish):veieemene se) 0: elects retells
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-Ib. tins . .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . .
Oysters, Shuckedstandards’, 5.1%, 2 < «6

e719 | .85 124.0 | 134.3 | 138.2 | 123.2

Processed, Frozen (Fish& Shellfish); ......
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg.. . « + «
Haddock, smL, skins on, 1=lb. pkg. «. «
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb. pkg. 2 « «
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. . - so «

Ganned:FisheryjProducts:)0)\s)\svieiie. © sie 0) (a! erie rotwttionelie
~ Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs.. . . | Seattle
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz.),

TES ICE RU LUMEN SOIR a pet recy an Pe
Sardines, Calif., tom, pack,No. 1 oval (15 02.),
ABICANS/.CSaren eile. sMovrsuiedlelrabreieley 4) ree )cik a
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
(83/4023); 100; cans/csiiieieilie Nelnebeotier spas

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

From April last year to this April, higher prices for frozen
dressed halibut and salmon, haddock fillets, canned salmon,
fresh shrimp, and shucked oysters more than offset lower
prices for the fresh fish items and frozen shrimp.

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, or whole finfish
subgroup index for this April dropped 13.8 percent from the
preceding month, The more significant price declines were
in fresh drawn haddock as a result of seasonally heavier
landings at Boston and in fresh-water fish because of new
seasonal supplies. Good demand and low stocks in storage
were responsible for an increase in prices for frozen hali~
but--the only item in the subgroup that increased. When
compared with April last year, the subgroup index this A-
pril dropped 3.7 percent. Higher prices for frozen dressed
halibut (up 11.1 percent) and salmon (up 6.6 percent) failed
to offset sharp declines (averaging about 50 percent) for the
three fresh-water items and an 8.2-percent drop in prices
for fresh drawn haddock,

From March to April this year the fresh processed fish
and shellfish subgroup index declined 4.5 percent due to low-
er prices for fresh small haddock fillets (down 36.1 percent)
and fresh shrimp at New York City (down 7.7 percent). The
declines were partly offset by higher prices for shucked oys-
ters at Norfolk, Va. As compared with April last year, sub-
group prices this April were higher by 4.6 percent. A drop

Vol. 23, No. 6

of 3.6 percent in fresh haddock fillet price at Boston was
more than balanced out by an increase of 9.4 percent in
shucked oyster prices and a slight increase (0.6 percent) in
the fresh shrimp price,

Wholesale prices this April for frozen processed fish
and shellfish were down 1.2 percent from the preceding
month because of lower prices for frozen haddock fillets
(down 4.5 percent) and frozen.ocean perch fillets (down
4.9 percent). Prices for frozen flounder fillets at Boston
and frozen brown shrimp at Chicago were unchanged from
March to April this year, The subgroup index declined
2,2 percent from April 1960 to this April. While prices
were up for frozen haddock fillets by 18.5 percent and for
flounder fillets by 1.3 percent, frozen shrimp prices at
Chicago dropped 9.2 percent and prices for frozen ocean
perch fillets were unchanged,

Wholesale prices for canned fishery products from
March to April this year were unchanged, but rose 6,1
percent from the same month a year ago to April of this
year. The increase from a year ago was entirely due to
a 14,3-percent increase in canned pink salmon prices,
which was offset somewhat by lower prices for canned
California sardines (down 3.1 percent) and canned tuna
(down 0.9 percent). Maine canned sardine prices this A-
pril were the same as a year earlier,

PACIFIC SALMON CATCH, 1951 - 1960

a

MILLIONS OF POUNDS

TOTAL CATCH |:

CATCHIN ALASKA

CATCH IN WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA

1951 1952 1953. 1954

Tp npinniciiuupmeeapiaaniasig
1955 1956 1957 1958

1959

June 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

International
FISHING LIMITS

BRITISH-ICELANDIC DISPUTE SETTLED:

The 25 -year dispute between Iceland and
Britain over fishing limits off the Icelandic
Coast was settled with an exchange of notes
between the two Governments on March 11,
1961.

The note from Britain to Iceland reads in
part as follows:

"T have the honour to confirm that in view
of the exceptional dependence of the Iceland-
ic nation upon coastal fisheries for their
livelihood and economic development, and
without prejudice to the rights of the United
Kingdom under international Law towards a
third party, the contents of Your Excellency's
Note are acceptable to the United Kingdom
and the settlement of the dispute has ‘been
accomplished on the terms stated therein. I
also confirm that the United Kingdom Gov-
ernment agrees that the settlement becomes
effective forthwith and that the Notes ex-
changed today shall be registered with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations in
accordance with Article 102 of the United
Nations Charter."

On March 11, the Government of Iceland
issued necessary regulations to apply to Brit-
ish trawling off Iceland and wiped clean the
slate of any remaining fines against British
trawlers which had illegally entered the fish-
ing limits zone. The agreement with the
United Kingdom provided that the base lines
of the fisheries boundary would be revised
outward in certain areas to protect an added
5,065 square miles. (United States Embassy,
Reykjavik, March 13 & 22, 1961.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

FISHERY OFFICER TO HEAD
ECUADORAN FISHERY INSTITUTE:

A former Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion (FAO) fishery officer in Libya, Tunisia,

and Haiti was scheduled to arrive in Ecuador
the latter part of April for a four-year-as-
signment as Director of the National Fisheries

Institute at Guayaguil, Ecuador. The Ecuado-
ran National Fishery Institute is the second
major United Nations Special Fund fisheries
project, with FAO as executing agency, to be
established in Latin America. The project
calls for a Government contribution of $663,040
over a four-year period, anda U. N. Special
Fund contribution of $633,800.

The FAO fishery officer has been in Haiti
since July 1960, Prior to that, he was fishery
officer and FAO representative in Tunisia for
33 years. While in Tunisia, he was active in
finding and charting new fishing grounds, im-
proving the sardine fisheries, and in extend-
ing Tunisian trawling farther offshore. To-
gether with an FAO master fisherman, he in-
troduced the use of underwater lamps into
Tunisian sardine fishing. The FAO specialist,
who holds a master's certificate in the French
Merchant Marine, joined the French Fisher-
ies Service in 1945 as fisheries expert and
administrator. He was previously fisheries
adviser to the Viet Nam Government and fish-
eries expert with the Supreme Commander
for the Allied Powers (SCAP). His first as-
signment for FAO was in 1956 in Libya.

The purpose of the Ecuadoran Institute is
to help the Government foster the country's
economic development by a substantial ex-
pansion of fishing and ancillary activities.
Pier facilities, maintenance for the Institute's
two research vessels, and personnel are to
be provided by the Ecuadoran Navy. The
Navy also will provide hydrographic and me-
teorological information on areas not studied
by the Institute's vessels and will provide a
ship for several months of whale-marking
each year in the seas off Ecuador.

The Director of FAO's Fisheries Division
said the institute is intended to be permanent,
and the foreign staff will gradually be re-
placed by a trained national staff. It is de-
signed to improve knowledge of fish availabil-
ity and methods of catching, handling, proc-

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

cessing, and marketing fish. In Ecuador,
this should mean better management and ex-
ploitation of fish stocks, particularly bonito,
anchoveta, and shrimp.

Oe hl papa

REGIONAL FISHERIES BODY FOR
WEST AFRICA UNDER CONSIDERATION:

A regional fisheries body to serve mem-
ber countries of the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) in West Africa as other
FAO fisheries bodies do in the Mediterrane-
an and in the Indo-Pacific regions, was the
subject of invitations issued on March 29,
1961, by the Director-General of FAO.

The invitations, sent
to all FAO member and
associate governments in
an area bounded by the
Straits of Gibraltar and
the Cape of Good Hope, in-
cluding the regions which
drain into the Atlantic
Ocean and Lake Chad, con-
vened a meeting May 15-
20, 1961, in the Republic of Senegal to ex-
plore the possibility of establishing a fish-
eries consultative body in the Western Afri-
can region.

The Director-General was requested at
the 10th session of the FAO Conference in
November 1959 to explore the establishment
of such a commission. The proposal was
endorsed by the United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Febru-
ary 1960 and by the first FAO Regional Con-
ference for Africa at Lagos held in Novem-
ber 1960.

The main purpose of the meeting was to
seek advice from delegates as to the scope
of activity and terms of reference for such
a consultative body and the area which it will
serve. It also considered the Commission's
relationship with other international bodies
concerned with fisheries in the West African
area,

The delegates were asked to give a brief
statement concerning the general problems
facing fishery development intheir countries,
where the solutions might be facilitated by
international action by a fisheries consulta-
tive body under the aegis of FAO.

Molise.) NOS

Invitations to attend the meeting as observ-
ers were sent to UNECA, the Commission for
Technical Cooperation in Africa South of the
Sahara (CCTA), the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), and the Per-
manent Commission of the International Fish-
eries Convention - 1946.

In addition to the Fisheries Division Di-
rector, FAO was represented at the meeting

‘by the FAO Regional Representative for Africa

and the Regional Fisheries Officer for Africa,
both stationed at Accra, Ghana.

FOURTH CONVENTION ON ECONOMIC
RELATIONS WITH THE AFRICAN CONTINENT

MEETING HELD IN NAPLES,
ITALY, STRESSES FISHERIES:

From April 4 to 6, 1961, representatives
of the African nations of Cameroun, Central
Africa, the Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Niger,
Senegal, and Chad visited Naples, where they
attended a conference on maritime traffic,
shipbuilding, and fishing, and toured indus-
tries generally related to the subjects of the
conference. The Africans came to Italy as
delegates to the '' Fourth Convention on Eco-
nomic Relations with the African Continent"
sponsored by the Italian Institute for Africa.
The Naples Port Administration availed it-
self of their presence in the country to invite
them to Naples for the program that took place
there.

The purpose of the conference was not to
accomplish any specific concrete result, but
simply to plant the seeds of further Italian-
African cooperation in the fields covered.
The African representatives are reported to
have played more the part of observers than
of active participants in the proceedings. To
the extent that they did express their views,
the item on the agenda of most interest to
them was fishing.

The papers presented at the conference
were generally brief. They did not purport to
be extensive expositions of the subjects on
the program. However, at least two points of
interest were made. The first of these re>
lated to the type of shipping that would be em-
ployed in the African-Italian trade in the for-
seeable future.

The other principal theme discussed was
the possibility for greatly increased technical
and economic cooperation between Italy and
the African states in the development of Afri-

June 1961

International (Contd.):

can fisheries. Given the poverty of the Medi-
terranean as a fishing sea, one speaker noted,
the Italian Government is moving toward a
policy designed to foster the operation of
Italian fishing fleets in the Atlantic and to

put the fishing industry on a more industrial
basis. In line with this policy, the speaker
said, mutually profitable arrangements could
be made between Italy.and the African states.
Italy could supply the modern motor vessels
needed and the key members of the crew,
The Africans who completed the crew would,
in time, become qualified to take on the more
specialized jobs.. Agreements on fishing
could also provide for the development of
freezing plants in African states and for the
exportation of the frozen fish to Italy. An-
other type of industrial plant suggested as

an example was for processing fish waste to
make fertilizer.

The conference adopted two resolutions.
They were:

(1) That Italo-African meetings be more
frequent and more regular, and that the
Mostra d'Oltremare (Naples fair grounds)
become the permanent site for such meet-
ings,

(2) That legislative and administrative
policies designed to strengthen the ties be-
tween Italy and the African countries in the
fields of maritime transportation, shipbuild-
ing, and fishing be developed. (United States
Consulate in Naples, April 12, 1961.)

SEALING

HUNTING BY CANADIANS, NORWEGIANS,
AND RUSSIANS IN NORTHEAST ATLANTIC:
At one time, one-third the male popula-
tion of Newfoundland was engaged in the seal

industry--400 sailing ships and 15,000 men
hunted seals. Wooden steam vessels, ''Dun-
dee whalers,'' and later steel ships hunted
together. The seal industry did much for the
economy of Newfoundland when it was active.

However seal hunting later declined, and
by 1960 the Newfoundland seal fishery ac~-
counted for 22,388 seals valued at C$74,955
with only three vessels.

In March 1961 it was reported that New-
foundland's seal fleet was not having a good
season. Bad weather and ice conditions com-
bined kept them out of reach of sizable

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

herds, and reports indicated that some may
have ''lost their spring.'' At that time, a Rus-
sian vessel appeared to be doing better than
the Newfoundland craft. It was a large ship,
and reportedly capable of maneuvering through
ice more satisfactorily than Canadian vessels.

Seal hunting.

Russia also is reportedly having remarkable
success cod fishing off the coast of Newfound-
land,

Russia has previously hunted seals in the
northwest Atlantic, but never before near
Newfoundland. In March 1961, when the large
Russian sealing vessel was spotted off the
coast of Newfoundland, it killed seals effici-
ently aided by two helicopters, This aroused
considerable concern in St. John's. One New-
foundland operator with two ships engaged in
the seal fishery this year complained that the
Russian helicopters scattered a herd of 3,000
seals they were prepared to kill.

The success of the Russian vessel, togeth-
er with the success of Norwegian hunters (in
March 1961 Norwegians caught 50,000 seals
near the Grey Islands) has given rise to the
question of how Newfoundland sealers can be
protected.

Canada, for the first time, is now licens-
ing vessels for seal hunting and has reached
an agreement with Norway and Denmark re-
lating to killing seals. A Canadian official
has stated that the only solution is an inter-
national commission to control seal hunting.
(United States Consulate, St. John's, March

23, 1961.) ‘

52

Angola

FISHING INDUSTRY DEPRESSED:

The fishing industry is one of Angola's
most important economic activities and has
earned substantial sums of foreign exchange.
In the past decade, fishery products have been
Angola's third largest
export, following cof-
fee and diamonds, Fol- }
lowing very profitable
years in the early and
mid-1950's, the indus-
try is now experienc-
ing a depression with
its very existence in
question. This has
been caused by (1) the
shortage of fish in the
traditional fishing
grounds; (2) uneconomic manufacturing plants
(though a few fish meal factories are very
modern) and methods of production; and (3)
low fish meal prices on the world market.
The depression has had grave influences on
the economies of the Mocamedes and Ben-
guela areas, the two major fishing centers.

Government assistance to the industry has
been slow, but effective measures may be in
the offing. Some Government loans were
made to firms. In 1959, subsidies were being
granted for fish meal and oil exports to make
up the difference between the market price
and the cost of production. The Fund to Aid
the Fishing Industry has been created to give
financial assistance. To oversee both the
short-run assistance to the industry and the
long-run reorganization, the Institute of Fish-
ing Industries of Angola has been formed.
Technical studies are being made of the life
cycles of fish so as to aid fishermen in their
search for fish.

It is expected that the industry will be re-
organized into a small number of large co-
operatives which will concentrate on pro-
ducing dried fish, fish fillets, and canned
and frozen fish, with fish meal and oil as-
suming secondary roles. Except for dried
fish, the concentration of effort heretofore
has been on fishery byproducts (fish meal
and oil). Along marketing lines, the Insti-
tute is to search out foreign markets, and
it is joining with fish meal associations of
other countries to try to control market
prices. All this activity is just beginning.
The outlook is still uncertain because of the
gravity of the crisis in the Angolan fishing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

industry, uncertainty as to what measures
will be taken, and the degree of influence to
be exercised by entrenched fishing interests
and the Institute. (United States Embassy,
Luanda, March 30, 1961.)

&

DUTY IMPOSED ON FISH MEAL IMPORTS:
On March 9, 1961, the Belgian Ministries
of Agriculture ‘and Economic Affairs ipeueee
decree levying the fol- os:
lowing special duties,
effective March 18, 1961,
on the importation of
fish meal and feedstuffs
containing fish meal:

(1) Fish meal and
powder, Belgian francs 2.00 per kilo (US$36.29
a short ton); (2) Feedstuffs containing fish
meal or powder, (a) of which the gross pro-
tein content amounts to 15 percent or less,
Belgian francs 0.20 per kilo ($3.63 a short
ton); (b) of which the gross protein content
amounts to more than 15 percent but less
than 25 percent, Belgian francs 1.50 (3 U.S.
cents) per protein unit and per 100 kilos; and
(c) of which the gross protein content amounts
to more than 25 percent, Belgian francs 2.00
per kilo ($36.29 a short ton).

In addition to these import duties, there is
also a ''taxe de transmission" (sales tax) of
8 percent on fish meal, and 5 percent on feed-
stuffs containing fish meal.

The decree was issued as a result of ne-
gotiations between the Belgian Government
and the association of fish-meal manufactur -
ers, which had requested that measures be
taken to protect the Belgian fish-meal indus-
try against the alleged dumping practices of
the Peruvian fish-meal industry. Imports of
Peruvian fish meal, which account for most
of Belgium's imports of the product, have
shown a tremendous increase during the last
few years, rising from about 19,000 metric
tons in the first 11 months of 1959 to 41,277
tons in the corresponding period of 1960.

It is expected that Belgian imports of fish
meal will decline somewhat because of the
import duty which may also result in an ex-
pansion of the small local fish-meal industry
which now has an annual production of between

June 1961

Belgium (Contd.):

6,000 and 10,000 metric tons. (United States
Consulate, Antwerp, March 21, 1961.)

Note: Belgian francs converted at rate of BF 1 equals 2 U. S.
cents.

Kok ok ok ok

FISH-MEAL PRICES, APRIL 1961:

Belgium fish-meal prices early in April
1961 were higher than a month earlier for
imported meal and unchanged for domestic
meal. Imported Meal: 65 percent protein,
US$94.25 per metric ton or about $85.50 a
short ton, c.& f. Antwerp (80-90 percent di-
gestible). Domestic Whole Meal (fish solubles
added): 62 percent protein, $99.20'a metric
ton or about $90.00 a short ton f.o.b. plant
(93-94 percent digestible). Domestic Regu-
lar Meal: 50-55 percent protein, $69,.50-
76.45 a metric ton or about $63.05-69.36 a
short ton f.o.b. plant (about 90 percent di-
gestible). A special duty is now in effect on
imported fish meal and it is probable that
prices for domestic fish meal will increase
in the future, the United States Consulate in
Antwerp reported on April 5, 1961.

Canada

NEW CANNED LOBSTER REGULATIONS
REQUIRE CERTAIN DATA ON CAN:

Canada issued the following amendments
to the Canned Fish and Shellfish and Can-
nery Inspection Regulations on February 22,
1961. The portion referring to the daily cod-
ing of the cans to indicate the day, month,
and year of canning will not be implemented
until the 1962 season,

1. Section 9A of the Canned Fish and
Shellfish and Cannery Inspection Regulations
is revoked and the following substituted there-
for:

"9A, (1) Every can of lobster, tomalley
or lobster paste packed in a cannery for
which a permit has been issued shall be em-
bossed on one end with the letter 'L' and
with code markings that identify the cannery
and indicate the day, month, and year of can-
ning,

(2) A copy of the key to every code used
pursuant to subsection (1) shall be sent to
the Minister at the beginning of canning op-
erations each year.

COMMERICAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

"(3) Subject to subsection (5), every.can
of tomalley or lobster paste packed in a can-
nery for which a permit has been issued shall
be embossed on one end with the letter 'T.!

''(4) No person shall buy, sell, ship, export
or have in possession any can of lobster, to-
malley or lobster paste that is not embossed
as required by this: section and every can of
lobster, tomalley or lobster paste that is not
so embossed may be seized and confiscated
by an inspecting officer.

(5) Lobster paste that is packed in.the
three-ounce can of the size designated (211 x
108) need not be embossed with the letter
Ha neu

OK ok ok Ok

LAKE ERIE GILL NET MESH
SIZE RESTRICTIONS REMOVED:

All restrictions governing the mesh-size
of gill nets in the Canadian waters of Lake
Erie have been removed, as an experimental
measure for 1961. Fishermen in their daily
regular reports are required to indicate the
size of mesh that was used. Sale of fish un-
der legal size willnot be permitted, however.
(Bulletin, March 27, 1961.)

KOK OK KO

LAW DEFINING
"FISHING VESSEL" REVISED:

On March 14, 1961, the Canadian House of
Commons adopted a bill amending the Coastal
Fisheries Protection Act so as to redefine
what constitutes a Canadian fishing vessel.
The new definition provides:

"1, Paragraph (a) of section 2 of the
Coastal Fisheries Protection Act is repealed
and the following substituted therefor:

"'(a) 'Canadian fishing vessel' means a
fishing vessel

( i) that is registered or licensed in
Canada under the Canada Ship-
ping Act and is owned by one or
more persons each of whom is a
Canadian citizen, a person resi-
dent and domiciled in Canada or
a corporation incorporated under
the laws of Canada or of a prov-
ince, having its principal place
of business in Canada, or

(ii) that is not required by the Can-
ada Shipping Act to be registered
or licensed in Canada and is not

54

Canada (Contd.):

registered or licensed elsewhere
but is owned as described insub-
paragraph (i);'"'

The previous definition read as follows:

''(a) 'Canadian fishing vessel' means a
fishing vessel that is

( i) registered in Canada,

( ii) owned by one person domiciled
and resident in Canada,

(iii) owned by two or more persons,
all of whom are domiciled and
resident in Canada, or

(iv) owned by a body corporate in-
corporated under the laws of
Canada or the laws of a prov-
ince and having its principal
place of business in Canada;'"'

Senate approval was expected shortly.

In the debate prior to adoption of the leg-
islation by the House of Commons, the Min-
ister of Fisheries stated that the ''main pur-
pose of the act is to protect fisheries in Ca-
nadian territorial waters against encroach-
ment by foreign fishing vessels and to regu-
late the privileges accorded to foreign fish-
ing vessels in our ports.'' He stated further
that "subject to any treaty rights, the act
prohibits fishing operations by foreign fishing
vessels in our waters."

Several members criticized the legisla-
tion for not dealing with the situation which
permits foreign vessels to fish up to 3 miles
of the Canadian coast line while Canadian
vessels over certain size are not permitted
closer than 12 miles to the shore line. In
response to the criticism the Minister stated
that he was hopeful that before the present
session of Parliament adjourns, an amend-
ment to the Fisheries Act will be introduced
by the Government ''which will bring a great-
er element of justice to the situation in which
a number of Canadian trawlers find them-
selves as compared with foreign trawlers and
yet at the same time protect the rights and
interests of inshore fishermen in smaller
boats."

On the general question of territorial wa-
ters the Minister stated:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 6

"With regard to the width of our territorial
waters, may I say that this again is an entirely
different matter as is the baseline from which
the width of territorial waters are to be meas-
ured, At the conference held under the aus-
pices of the United Nations in Geneva last year
there was the required two-thirds approval of
several matters, one of which was the method
of measuring territorial waters. When these
22 countries, I believe it is, ratify that agree-
ment, this method will come into effect. The

matter of the actual width of territorial waters

or an exclusive fishing zone is a matter for
further international agreement. I still have
not given up hope that some international agree-
ment may be reached. As to the need for fur-
ther amending of this act if agreement is
reached, that will depend on the type of agree-
ment.'' (United States Embassy in Ottawa,
March 29, 1961.)

KOK KK

MARKET FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
FISH MEAL IMPROVES AS
FISHING SEASON ENDS:

The British Columbia (Canada) herring
fishing season closed early in March 1961
with the export price of fish meal between
C$1.55 and C$1.60 per unit of protein f.o.b.
Vancouver (C$100.50-112.00 a short ton, 70
percent protein).

The increase in price is attributed to a
higher price for soybeans in the United States,
as well as a firmer market for Peruvian fish
meal.

It is estimated that about 5,000 short tons
of fish meal remained unsold in March. How-
ever, fishery sources believe that this inven-
tory will be disposed of within the next few
months,

It is generally understood that the fishing
companies may at least break even in their
fish meal production and sales. There is
some reason to believe that the herring fish-
ery may be resumed in June if the salmon
run proves to be light.

The 1960/61 season herring landings were
171,941 short tons. This is down slightly
from the previous year because of the late
start of the fishery caused by the failure of
the reduction plants and the fishermen to a-
gree ona price for the fish. (United States
Consulate, Vancouver, March 29, 1961.)

KOK OK OK OK

June 1961

Canada (Contd.):

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR
CANNED SALMON:

A review of the current and future market for British
Columbia’s canned salmon pack was published in the
March 1961 Facts on Fish, issued by the Fisheries As-
sociation of B. C, in Vancouver.

(1) The record-high prices for canned salmon, which
were a direct result of the high costs and small produc-
tion in 1960, have slowed consumption in the Canadian mar-

ket as well as in export markets. The small pack of 1960
plus the carryover from 1959, has proved sufficient to sup-
ply the reduced demand which accompanied the higher
prices,

(2) A feature of the current market is the greatly re-
duced volume of sales to the United Kingdom, At the end
of February in the current market year, these sales were
down 60 percent from last year at the same date. This
reflects, of course, our reduced supply situation in Brit-
ish Columbia, but it also reflects a greatly reduced de-
mand in the United Kingdom. British distributive outlets
are now very heavily stocked with canned salmon, particu-
larly Japanese, and the rate of consumption has declined.

(3) From last year’s production, the Japanese are
carrying over approximately 425,000 cases of canned
salmon of which approximately 280,000 cases are sock-
eye. The present price of Japanese sockeye 48 3's is
C$21.15 f.o.b, Japan, which may be compared with the
current Canadian price of $25.00. The 1961 Year Book
Number of the Pacific Fisherman (a United States fishery
trade periodical) makes the following observations with
respect to the marketing of the 1960 pack:

“*With so little to sell, as a result of one of the worst
fishing years in provincial history, salmon marketers in
British Columbia experienced a bleak and hungry season
in the fall of 1960. It was certainly not a year when ag-
gressive selling brought its usual rewards. Broadly
speaking, the salesmen could have sat on their hands all
year and come up with approximately the same results as
if they had been really hustling.

“‘But the overpowering problem of salmon marketing
in B, C. is the continuing prospect of consumer resist-
ance to sky-rocketing prices. In 1958, the season of the
big pack on the Fraser, export prices for sockeye halves
averaged $18.50 a case, which was considered relatively
high at the time, In 1959 the price advanced to $23.00
and in 1960 it rose to $25.00. ‘How long,’ packers,
brokers and exporters asked, ‘could the market stand
such steadily rising prices?’

‘They had at least part of their answer during the
season just passed because they found the United King-
dom, usually anxious to buy the limit on sockeyes, was
for the first time shopping elsewhere-~almost solely be-
cause of price, There were no large purchases by the
United Kingdom wholesale houses at all. Nearly all the
canned salmon marketed there from B. C. (British Co-
lumbia) went to the ‘big label companies.’ The United

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

Kingdom regarded halves disdainfully and bought virtu-
ally nothing in that category.’’

British Columbia canners are hoping for an average
or better-than-average pack of all species in 1961, They
are hoping also that it will be possible to achieve cost re~
ductions and price reductions which will enable a start to
be made on rebuilding the rate of canned salmon consump~
tion in all of the markets which are served by British Co-
lumbia, This is an important objective for it is of interest
and value to everyone in the industry if we can approach
1962 with a healthy market situation rather than the re-
verse.

Sere neh ee

PLANS TO CONTINUE SUBSIDY ON
DOGFISH LIVERS IN 1961/62:

Final reports on the dogfish liver subsidy
for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1961,
show that a total of 990,169 pounds of dogfish
livers were landed in British Columbia be-
tween October 11, 1960, and March 31, 1961,
and the total subsidy paid at the rate of 12
cents per pound amounted to C$118,820.

The Canadian Minister of Fisheries an-
nounced on April 17, 1961, that the dogfish
liver subsidy of 12 cents a pound had been
reintroduced for the current year and a total
of C$150,000 had been earmarked by the Gov-
ernment to cover this fiscal year's subsidy
program. This is the same amount that was
appropriated for the 1959/60 fiscal year.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 43.

USE OF CITRIC ACID PERMITTED IN
CANNED SPRING MACKEREL:

The Canadian Food and Drug Regulations
(Paragraph B,. 21.008) were amended by P.C.
1961-345 dated March 9, 1961, to permit the
use of citric acid in canned spring mackerel
with appropriate label declaration.

Ceylon

FISHERIES TRAINING CENTER TO BE
ESTABLISHED WITH AID OF JAPANESE:

An agreement was signed.in Ceylon on
March 20, 1961, by the Minister of Agricul-
ture, Land, Irrigation and Power and the
Japanese Ambassador whereby the Govern-
ments of Ceylon and Japan will establish a
Fisheries Training Center at Negombo, a
fishing town on the coast above Colombo,
The project was originally offered by Japan
in August 1958 and details were discussed in
February 1960.

56

Ceylon (Contd.):

The training to be provided at the Center
will provide: (1) courses in fishing gear for
20 trainees, every four months, selections
being made by the Government of Ceylonfrom
local fishermen who will in turn carry the
benefit of their training to their fellow fish-
ermen in their villages; (2) courses in the
operation and maintenance of marine en-
gines--ten trainees will be trained every
year; and (3) instructions in general aspects
of the fishing industry.

The Government of Japan is to senda
training vessel and other equipment as well
as eight Japanese experts. Capital aid from
Japan over the three-year period of the a-
greement will amount to Rs.1.3 million
(US$274,000). The Government of Ceylon is
to provide the buildings, accommodations,
Ceylonese student staff, and running expenses,
incurring capital expenditure of about
Rs.250,000 ($53,000) and annual recurrent
expenditure of about Rs. 60,000 ($13,000).

The project should be of practical benefit
to Ceylon if her fishermen are to keep pace
with the mechanization program. Reports
have been heard from time to time that they
neglect the maintenance of the newly mecha-
nized boats and that they are incompetent to
handle modern gear. The agreement is ap-
plauded in the press which expresses the hope
tinged with skepticism that the Government
of Ceylon will promptly implement the es-
tablishment of the center and make further
provision for the trainees ultimately to own
their own gear and boats.

Japan has long been interested in the fish-
ery potential of these waters and provided
the recommendations incorporated in the
Ten Year Plan section on the development
of the fishery industry. Over a year ago a
team of Japanese harbor experts visited
Ceylon and drew up a report on the potential
development of a network of small fishery
harbors but nothing more has been heard of
it since June 1960.

Japanese interests own 45 percent of a
Ceylonese fishing company which catches
tuna in northern waters for canning in Japan
and export to the United States. This is
something that the Ceylonese would like to
be in a position to export direct and plans to
expand facilities are under consideration,
the United States Embassy to Colombo re-
ported on March 24, 1961,

ae Rug eu

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

Denmark

EXPORTS OF FISH SOLUBLES, 1957-60:
Exports of fish solubles by Denmark rose sharply from
4,957 metric tons in 1957 to a peak of 23,426 tons in 1959 and

dropped to only 233 tons in 1960.

Denmark’s Exports of Fish Solubles, 1957-1960

United
States

1/Danish krone converted at rate of 6.908 kronur equal US$1.

Growth of the export market for fish solubles was over-
whelmingly dependent on United States demand, and when
United States consumers switched to other suppliers at more
competitive prices, the Danes dropped out of the market.
Most of the herring-meal solubles at the Danish reduction
plants are now being blended back into the meal, improving
its quality.

There was no change in the export pattern during the
first two months of this year, with shipments, mostly to the
Netherlands and West Germany, totaling only 85 tons, Aver-
age f.o.b, export prices remain at 450-500 Kronur (US$65-72)
per metric ton, or unchanged from the boom years of 1958
and 1959,

OK KOK OK
SHRIMP PROCESSING METHODS:

In Denmark, the main types of frozen
shrimp packed are: (1) raw, unpeeled, with
or without head; (2) raw, peeled shrimp meat;
(3) boiled, unpeeled, with or without head;
(4) boiled and peeled.

Scandinavian deep-sea shrimp are mainly
frozen after boiling and peeling. This pre-
sents a serious problem as regards the pre-
vention of damage to meat quality during fro-
zen storage.

Experiments by the Danes with American
species of shrimp give evidence that proc-
essing before freezing markedly affects keep-
ing quality during frozen storage. Deteriora-
tion increases with the length of boiling, and
the salinity of the brine. Danish experiments
have also shown that deterioration increases
as salinity increases.

Investigations of freezing boiled and peeled
shrimp have shown that storage life depends
on the method of packaging. It is important
that packaging material be air- and water-
vapor-tight.

June 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

The best quality and longest storage life
are obtained by vacuum packing in plastic
bags.- Some shrimp packages contain free
air spaces. In such packages, shrimp lose
water, which condenses as ice in the free air
spaces. The resulting damage to quality may
be delayed, if frozen shrimp is given an ice
glacé before packaging.

In the Scandinavian canning industry,
shrimp are processed by the wet pack meth-
od. Salt acid and sugar are the main ingre-
dients of the brine in the can.

The shrimp meats are cooked before be-
ing packed in the can, otherwise weight loss
will occur. Salt brines of varying concentra-
tions are used for boiling shrimp prior to
canning.

As the concentration of citric acid in the
brine of the wet-packed canned shrimp fell,
from 1 to 4 percent, the pH factor of the
brine increased from 5.9 to 6.8. The drained
weight of the finished product--in percentage
of the fill-in weight of precooked shrimp--
increased from 92 to 102.

In Denmark, shrimp waste has been found
to contain as much as 14 percent crude pro-
tein, when processed in the traditional way.
Shrimp meal with 10 percent water content
contains 50 percent crude protein.

Shrimp waste, fed to egg-laying hens,
produced a reddish-colored yolk.

The practice of boiling shrimp on board
ship immediately after capture is in use in
Norway and Sweden, but has beenabandoned
in Denmark, where shrimp are packed in
wooden boxes, with crushed ice, and landed
1 or 2 days after being caught. In Denmark
some shrimp are graded by machine into
three sizes--large, which are hand peeled;
medium, machine peeled; and small which
are not processed,

Success of industrial shrimp processing
depends, to a great extent, on the manner in
which shrimp are cooked. Boiling for 2 min-
utes gives a weight loss less than half ob-
tained by boiling for 6 minutes. When boiled,
no more shrimp should be added than can
flow freely. After 1-2 minutes in water at
100° C, (212° F.), shrimp come to the sur-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

face. Boiling time at 100° C, (212° F.)
should not exceed 3-4 minutes.

Shrimp are often boiled in varying degrees
of brine.

Shrimp boiled within a few hours of catch-
ing have a firmer texture than those boiled
after longer storage.

Danes find that the easiest method of peel-
ing shrimp by hand is while they are’still
warm,

American peeling machines are now used
for peeling red deep-sea shrimp, either raw,

‘after 2-3 days' chilling in ice or ice water,

or after a short cooking time to loosen the
shell.

The weight loss of peeled raw shrimp
boiled in a weak brine solution at 100° C.
(212° F.), rose from 39 to 48 percent with
boiling time increased from } to 4 minutes.

Raw shrimp boiled after peeling curls
more than shrimp boiled before peeling.

The boiled, peeled shrimp can be freed of
loose shell more effectively ae blowing,
than by washing. An undesirable effect of
cleaning in water is the loss of much surface
coloration. (Meddelelse fra Fiskeriminis-
teriets Forsoyslaboratorium, December 1960)

Ecuador

ADHERES TO INTER-AMERICAN
TROPICAL TUNA CONVENTION:

The Ambassador of Ecuador deposited
with the U. S. Department of State’on April 7,
1961, the instrument of adherence by the Gov-
ernment of Ecuador to the Convention Be-
tween the United States of America and the
Republic of Costa Rica for the Establishment
of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commis-
sion, The Ecuadoran instrument of adherence
stipulated that the effective date of adherence
by Ecuador to the Convention shall be the date
of deposit of the instrument, which was April
7, 1961. The adherence of Ecuador brings
the number of countries signatory to the Con-
vention to four. Panama adhered to the Con-
vention on February 16, 1954. (United States
Embassy, Quito, April 13, 1961.)

Sher oka ok ies oie

58

Ecuador (Contd.):

FISHING INDUSTRY, 1961:

The fishing industry in Ecuador continues
to develop with a promising outlook for the
future. The total 1960 catch was about 25
million pounds. While the shrimp industry
continues to show the effects of several lean
years and 1960 tuna production declined about
15 percent from 1959, both of these major in-
dustries are basically healthy and look for-
ward to increased production in 1961. The
sardine-canning industry shows little increase
in production, although recent tariff protec-
tion afforded by the Government has caused
an improvement in sales.

The fishing industry in Ecuador can be
divided roughly into four components for re-
porting purposes: Shrimp; tuna; sardines;
and miscellaneous fishing in canoes and
small boats. The first three components,
for which fairly reliable statistics are avail-
able, account for about 90 percent of the to-
tal Ecuadoran catch.

Total Ecuadoran tuna landings: for 1960
were about 15.5 million pounds, of which
about 40 percent was yellowfin and 60 per-
cent skipjack tuna.

A small number of foreign-flag vessels
reportedly did some tuna fishing in Ecuado-
ran waters during 1960. Two United States-
flag vessels are employed by the dominant
Ecuadoran tuna company as freezerships
only.

This firm, the only producer of fish meal,
produced 943,000 pounds during 1960, all for
domestic consumption.

Of the 1960 Ecuadoran tuna landings,
about 12.8 million pounds were exported,
about half being canned and half frozen. In
the past, almost all of the exported tuna went
to the United States, but in 1960 about 14 per-
cent of Ecuadoran tuna exports went to the
following new markets: Great Britain, West
Germany, Panama, Guam, Jamaica, Belgium,
and Greece,

About 27 Ecuadoran pole~-and-line tuna
vessels were in operation during most of
1960 with 5 or 6 additional vessels in repair
and maintenance.

Of the 4 or 5 principal sardine canners
in Ecuador, only two are operating with
regularity, both in Guayaquil. The twoplants,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

which are very similar in size and equip-
ment, with a capacity of about 1,680,000
pounds of canned sardines, produced about
750,000 pounds in 1960.

Both plants have automatic scaling ma-
chines and semi-automatic can sealers.
Women workers are paid between 7.2-12.0
U. S. cents per 100 fish for cutting off heads,
tails, fins, and removing entrails. The whole-
sale price of canned sardines sold by Guaya-

‘}quil canneries is 39 U. S. cents a pound,

The sardine canners are very encouraged
by a recent (January 1961) import tariff on
foreign canned sardines, The leading canner
said that he was 15 days behind in filling or-
ders for the first time in the four years! exist-
ence of his plant. All of the canners look to
the future with confidence,

A negative factor in this small industry is
that the sardine canneries have no regular
source of supply. They depend upon the en-

i terprise of individual fishermen rather than
their own fleet, which they are not yet big
enough to afford. During the fall of 1960, al-
most three months went by during which the
canneries were closed for lack of fish. At
the present time, the two leading canneries
would work 24 hours per day if they had more
fish. Ecuadoran canners do not export any
sardines. (United States Consulate, Guayaquil,
March 27, 1961.)
Note: Statistics supplied by fishing industry may vary to a con-
siderable extent from Government statistics.

HK Ok OK OK OK

SHRIMP INDUSTRY:

The Ecuadoran shrimp fishing industry has been de-
pressed in recent years, due mostly to an increase in the
number of vessels and a smaller catch per vessel. The de-
ereased catch per vessel in 1958 and 1959 has resulted in
lower profits and inadequate maintenance of vessels, For
this reason, the fleet is presently not in good repair and
construction of new vessels has stopped.

Shrimp industry executives in the Guayaquil area, who
export almost 100 percent of their production to the United
States, are extremely concerned about the proposed United
States tariff on shrimp imports. One spokesman even said
the tariff would be ''the end of the Ecuadoran shrimp indus-
try."’

As of March 1961, there were five shrimp-processing
plants in Ecuador, All of them have freezing facilities, but
all processing is done by hand, There is no machinery for
breading or peeling. There is no discernible trend toward
mechanization,

The total shrimp catch for 1960 was estimated at about
6 million pounds. The only reliable figures are those of or-
ganized shrimp fishing companies which export practically
100 percent of their production, The total landings by such
companies in 1960 was about 4.5 million pounds. The differ-

June 1961

Ecuador (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Port of Manta in Ecuador.

ence between the two figures given is accounted for by inde-
pendent fishermen operating alone who keep no records,

The principal species caught and percentage of total
catch are: white (50 percent); sea bob (40 to 45 percent);
and tiger (5 to 10 percent),

Export prices (f,0,b, Guayaquil) for white shrimp (heads-
off) during 1960 were approximately as follows: 10 count

and under, 81-84 U.S. cents a pound; 15-20 count, 74-76 cents

a pound; 21-25 count, 66 cents a pound; and 26-30 count, 61
cents a pound,

Wage rates for processing at Guayaquil’s most modern
plant is about 1.8 U.S. cents for deheading and packing a 5-
pound carton. The rate at this plant is lower because they
have a sorting machine. At other plants, where sorting by
size must be done by hand, the rate for sorting, deheading,
and packing is 3 cents per 5-pound carton. The rate for
peeling is 0.6 cents per 5-pound box, All of the foregoing
work is done by women.

Wage rates for shrimp fishermen at a representative
company are based on the position in the crew, experience
and nationality, size of trip, and size and species of shrimp
landed,

Wages of Ecuadorans catching white shrimp for the rep-
resentative company were: captain, $36 per 1,000 pounds;
engineer, $12 per 1,000 pounds; and crewmen, $9 per 1,000
pounds,

A Puerto Rican captain was paid 14 percent of an amount
equal to 50 cents a pound after first subtracting the cost of
fuel for the vessel and food for the crew. A Mexican captain
was paid a flat 5 cents a pound.

Wage rates for catching other species of shrimp equal as
little as 30 percent of the white shrimp rate.

The best possibility for expanding the shrimp production
of Ecuador is in fishing deeper offshore waters. Present
fishing vessels operate only in shallower waters due to the
limitation of their gear and the dictates of local custom. A
local shrimp expert estimates that such expansion would be
substantial. (United States Consul in Quayaquil, March 7,
1961.)

France

FISH MEAL AND OIL PRICES,
FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Average fishmealand oil prices reported
for the first three months of 1961 by the

In right background are a number of typical fishing vessels at anchor.

head of the French Fish Meal Manufacturers

Association:

aera ehicén |
Product Protein TMS) SSS) Shor $ oi Shor
Content (%) es

450-470
500-530
600
520-600
540-580
700 -750

82.81-86.48
92.01-97.53

|1/Ex-plant loaded aboard car or truck, 15 metric tons mini-

| mum,
2/Loaded aboard car French port, customs paid, 15 metric tons
| minimum.

Note: Values converted at rate of 4.93 new francs equal US$1.

From January to February 1961 average
prices for fish meal increased about 3,9 per-
cent and in March prices were up about 5.4
percent from January. (United States Em-
bassy, Paris, April 7, 1961.)

AGES

German Federal Republic

TRAWLER TRADE SEEKS LARGE
SCALE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT:

The financial deterioration of the West German trawler
trade was the subject of a memorandum submitted by the
Association of German Deep-Sea Fisheries to the legislative
and executive branches of the West German Government ear-
ly this year.

In its memorandum the Association pointed out that the
over-all trawler fish catch dropped 28 percent from 1955 to
1960. During this period, the catch of herring, traditionally
considered the economic backbone of the trawler trade,
dropped 64 percent, while the white fish catch rose only 6
percent. Gross proceeds of the catch dropped 8.5 percent
from 1955 to 1960. On the other hand, the Association
claimed, production costs increased progressively from
1955 to 1960. On the basis of criteria established in a Gov-
ernment investigation of the financial position of the West
German trawler trade in 1957 and 1958, the Association ar-
rived at the conclusion that the 1960 gross proceeds were
DM 25 million (US$6 million) below production costs, in-
cluding overhead and depreciation.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

The Association claimed that the deterioration of the
trawler trade’s income is attributable to several causes:

1. The fish take from traditional, nearby fishing
grounds has declined significantly because of changes in
hydrobiological and climatological conditions and because
of the extension of national fishing limits.

2. The loss of fish catches in traditional waters has
been offset only to a limited extent by expanded fishing in
distant waters.

3. The necessity to build trawlers equipped to operate in
distant waters has increased construction costs to about
DM 4.5 million ($1.1 million) per vessel as compared with
DM 2.5 million ($600,000) for conventional trawlers, and
has led to a disproportionately high indebtedness of the
trade. The Association claimed that because of the rapid
change in trawler operations, vessels which were built be-
fore 1955 (about 60 percent of the West German trawler
fleet) are now obsolete. Although these vessels are still
in good shape and their write~off for depreciation has not
yet been completed, they can be used only in less produc~
tive, nearby fishing grounds. The burden of renewal of the
trawler fleet weighs all the more heavily, according to the
memorandum, because the financial resources of the trawl-
er trade were depleted to a large extent in rebuilding the
80 percent of the fleet destroyed in World War II and in re~
placing unproductive trawlers built in early postwar years
under occupation specifications, Even before the building of
new factory trawlers for operation in distant waters started,
a Government investigation showed that only 13 percent of
the total assets of the trawler trade was owned by the trade
itself,

4, Nearly complete liberalization of fish, which permitted
imports to rise 78.3 percent over the 1955 level, has hada
depressing effect on prices, particularly because imports
often were allowed to enter the country with little or no re~
gard to domestic fish supply conditions at the time of entry.
The fish-meal price slump, claimed the Association, in turn
induced Danish and Swedish fishermen to step up significant-
ly their landings of edible fish in German ports. With regard
to the timing of imports, the coordination of Icelandic fish
landings in German ports with West German trawler opera~
tions has failed to produce satisfactory results, and the vol-
untary coordination of operations and fish landings of the
West German trawler fleet has therefore been rendered in-
effective. Liberalization of fish imports has, according to
the Association, reduced the domestic share in the total
West German fish supply by 32 percent from 1938 to 1960,
Moreover, competition from imported fish is in many in-
stances considered unfair by the Association because of the
subsidization of fisheries in countries such as Iceland and
Great Britain.

5. Substantial losses were incurred by the trawler trade
as a result of the slump in fish~meal prices which reduced
its returns for fish sold to the reduction industry and which
impaired the profitability of fish-meal plants installed a-
board many trawlers.

In its memorandum the Association pointed out that the
trawler trade has endeavored to cope with its difficulties
in many ways. Through the fusion of independent firms and
the establishment of cooperatives, the number of trawler
companies has been reduced from 40 in 1938 to 19 in 1961.
Total investments in the modernization of the trawler fleet
since 1949 have accumulated to more than DM 400 million
($96 million), The trawler trade has adopted coordinated
fish catching and landing programs and has also established
a joint sales organization, A total of DM 5 million ($1.2
million) has been spent by the trade to promote the freezing
of fish and to further fish exports. In addition, the trade
has introduced self-imposed quality standards, For sever~

Vol. 23, No. 6

al years the trawler trade has made contributions to a joint
fish advertising and fish sales promotion organization at the
rate of DM 0.80 (19 U.S. cents) a metric ton. Only recently,
the trawler trade decided to introduce an additional levy of
DM 10,00 ($2.40) a ton to intensify fish sales promotion.

The rapid technical progress of the West German trawl-
er fleet in recent years will make a further increase in
productivity a slow and tedious process, claimed the Asso-
ciation, and competition from other protein foods forbids
any significant increase of fish prices. In view of these facts,
said the Association, the following Government assistance is
requested,

1. In order to improve trawler fleet operations, the an-
nual Government appropriation for exploratory fishing and
the testing of pelagic fishing gear should be increased from
DM 415,000 ($99,600)1/ to DM 4 million ($960,000) for a
three-year period. In addition, annual Government subsidies
on interest rates for commercial loans used for adapting
trawlers to distant-water operations should be increased for
the next three years from DM 270,000 ($64,800)4/ to DM 400,000
($96,000). The Association also requested Government credit

guarantees and grants in the amount of DM 3.5 million ($840,000)
per year for the promotion of domestic fish consumption, as wel

as guaranteed, interest-subsidized loans of DM 5 million ($1.2
million) to finance the carrying of frozen fish stocks.

2, In order to tide the trawler trade over its momentary
financial ebb, the Government should grant emergency credits
at 2 percent interest per annum (analogous to aid granted to
farmers for crop failures) for the consolidation of maturing
bank loans. As additional relief for a three-year period, the
Association requested the extension of Diesel fuel subsidies
currently granted to the lugger and cutter fisheries to the
trawler trade (cost about DM 4 million or $960,000 per year),
as well as the subsidization of coal used by 40 percent of the
fleet (estimated expense about DM 7.5 million or $1.8 million
per year).

3. In the realm of foreign trade policy, the Federal Gov-
ernment should in bilateral trade agreements include pro-
visions that would regulate the timing, the quantities, and
the pricing of fish imports and see to it that administrative
restrictions on West German fish landings in foreign coun-
tries are removed, Further, the Government was requested
to introduce an import levy on fish meal, and to subsidize
West German fish exports to the extent of DM 4-5 million
($960,000-1,200,000) per year. Finally, the Association
proposed the use of Government loans for the construction
of facilities to dry fish, which would then be exported to de-
veloping countries under West Germany’s forthcoming for-

eign aid program.
1/These are the amounts that were prorated to the West German trawler trade under

Government support extended to the entire West German fishing industry for ex-
ploratory fishing and the modernization of fishing vessels.
Note: Values converted at rate of DM 1 equals 24 U.S. cents.

ok OK Ok OK

FISH MEAL PRICES, APRIL 7, 1961:

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of April 7, 1961, for fish meal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c.&.f.
West German sea port (see table on follow-
ing page).

As compared with March 10, 1961, fish
meal prices on the Hamburg exchange on
April 7, 1961, ranged from unchanged to
slightly lower for both domestic and imported
fish meal. (United States Consulate, Bremen,
April 10, 1961.)

June 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Type of Fish Meal

Ghana

EXPANSION OF FISHERIES AIDED
BY GOVERNMENT PLANNING:

Ghana, rapidly mechanizing and modern-
izing its fishing industry, has also been con-
sidering an age-old problem--once produc-
tion is increased, what should be done with
the fish?

The Ghanaians are traditionally the fish-
ermen of the West Africa coast, and it is
estimated that 20 percent of the population
is involved in some branch of the fishing in-
dustry.

As the major new ports at Tema and at
Elmina swing into production, the Ghanaians
who now yearly catch fish valued at about
$2,300,000 (US$6,440,000), will need new
marketing methods to dispose of their in-
creasing catches.

Large quantities of herring are already
caught between June and September each
year and there are ample indications that
this season canbe extended for 8 or 9months.
Abundant schools of tuna also appear the
year round off the coast.

To aid the new independent African State
in planning its industrial growth in fisheries,
a fish-marketing expert from New South
Wales, Australia, and the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization (FAO), has been in Ghana
helping to improve its fish marketing system.

The Government has introduced mecha-
nized vessels in anticipation of increasing

prompt/Apr, 1961

Apr.*June 1961
Aug.-Oct. 1961
prompt/Apr. 1961
May-June 1961

uly-Dec, 1961
Apr.-May 1961
June-S

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

DM/Metric Ton

US$/Short Ton

Apr. 1961

Apr. 1961

ept. 1961
1.

production and the FAO expert advised on the
type of shore installations needed for handling
the additional landings and the best methods
of distribution to benefit both the consumer
and the producer. In his survey of the present
Ghana fish marketing system he noted that it
was too well established and complex to be
changed quickly.

At present, the trade is completely con-
trolled by the traditional women fish-mongers,
who keep no records of any type, act as agents
for the fishermen, and sell their catches.

ta
Fishing canoes on a beach in West Africa.

The Government, following the FAO ex-
pert's advice to set up a pilot market, has
built a modern market at Takoradi, which is
at present the main base for the mechanized
fleet.

Under the new set-up, the market acts as
agents for the fishermen, selling the fish di-
rectly to the women traders at a negotiated
price. In return, the traders, who have been

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ghana (Contd.):

able to handle only a small amount of fish in
the past, are provided with ice and cold stor-
age facilities to help them extend their busi-
ness,

An early task undertaken by FAO's repre-
sentative was to find out the number of ca-
noes and fishermen in Ghana. He and his
Ghanaian assistant visited every port of land-
ing in Ghana. They counted 8,956 canoes,
and estimated 67,000 fishermen to man them.
This represents a very dense fishing popula-
tion for Ghana's 360 miles of coast.

The FAO marketing specialist also sur-
veyed the main fish markets in Ghana to de-
termine the quantity of fish sold, its distri-
bution through surrounding districts, whether
the markets could handle more fish as pro-
duction increased, and the number of people
involved in marketing. At Kumasi, the larg-
est market of its kind in Africa, he found a
maximum of 919 women fish traders--a
staggering number of traders even for a
huge market. The minimum number of trad-
ers Selling was 103--counted on a rainy
day.

Although the survey showed that the cocoa
growing area around Kumasi could absorb
much more fish, the Kumasi market is too
congested to accommodate more trade. It
was suggested that the retail and wholesale
trade be separated at Kumasi and other prin-
cipal markets, and that the retail trade
should be suburbanized.

Ghana's yearly catches are valued at
about £2.3 million, but the country still im-
ports £2.5 million ($7 million) worth of fish,
which is the main and cheapest source of
protein for many Ghanaians.

The prices fluctuate, but during the her-
ring season they drop to a level that anyone
can afford. The Ghana Government has a
very sound and farsighted fisheries policy
for both the country's need and to develop
an export trade. There are already 160
small mechanized vessels in use and the
Government plans to launch a loan scheme
to help the fishermen put outboard motors
on their canoes.

It is also planned to develop the industrial
side of the fishing industry by building a can-
nery and edible fish-meal plant, and a large

Vol. 23, No. 6

freezing plant which could handle tuna for
export. (Ghana Daily Graphic, April 11,
1961.)

The principal aspect of fish marketing,
which is not covered above, is the effect on
the market of the substantial sales of frozen
fish from Soviet and Japanese vessels oper-
ating in nearby waters. This fish is sold
direct to the women traders in Accra, Tema,
and Takoradi either at the pier or from pri-
vate cold-storage plants. Despite the fact
that the fish from the Soviet trawlers is re-
garded as imported and thus pays duty at 10
percent ad valorem, it has usually been sold
at below the going price for Ghanaian-caught
fish. Some of the Japanese boats operate
under the Ghanaian flag and thus avoid the
payment of duty.

To compete with this cheap Russian and
Japanese fish, the local fisheries will have
to be better organized and better equipped.
The Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricul-
tural Development Corporation are develop-
ing programs to this end, and the United
Ghana Farmers Council is expected to launch
a fisheries cooperative with modern equip-
ment. (United States Embassy in Accra,
April 12, 1961.)

v=)

FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORT TO
SOVIET BLOC, 1960:

Iceland's exports of fishery products and
byproducts to countries of the Soviet Bloc
during the calendar year 1960 amounted to
54,048 metric tons, with f.o.b. value of about
508.9 million kronur (about US$13.4 mil-
lion at current rate of exchange of 38.0 kronur
to US$1). (See table.)

Iceland

A decline in Iceland's trade with the Sovi-
et Bloc countries which appeared during the
first six months of 1960 continued until the
end of that year. Over-all trade in both di-
rections with the Bloc dropped from 31.8
percent of total trade with all countries in
1959, to 22.9 percent during 1960. The Sovi-
et Bloc share of all imports decreased from
30.6 percent during calendar year 1959 to
22,7 percent in 1960. At the same time ex-
ports to the Bloc countries for those years
dropped from 33.7 percent of total exports
to 23.1 percent.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Iceland (Contd.):

Icelandic Exports of Fishery Products to Soviet Bloc, 1960

Country of Destination

Rumania

ULES SS2aRe

aman | 2a
Quanti Valuel/

Czechoslovakia

East German

pose geen oleae hala
Quanti Valuel/ | Quanti Valuel/ | Quanti Valuet/_| Quanti

Herring, frozen .
Herring, salte
Stockfish ....

400 L & es
7,672 | 77,401 9,088 74,974 32,263 | 338,247

US$ are difficult to determine due to complicated exchange rates in effect between January 1 and February 27,

1960.

Iceland however, closed the year 1960
with an import surplus from the Bloc coun-
tries of Icelandic kronur 166 million com-
pared with Icelandic kronur 116 million in
1959. Taking the devaluation into considera-
tion, the import surplus with the Bloc coun-
tries was to some extent reduced during
1960. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
March 23, 1961.)

ak ok OK OK 2K

WESTMAN ISLANDS FISHING
TIE-UP ENDED:

The general fishing tie-up on Iceland's
Westman Islands, which had lasted nearly
six weeks, came to an end on March 1, 1961,
when a settlement was reached with the Wom-
en's General Workers Union. Thousands of
fishermen and shore workers soon streamed
back to this important fishing center--and
production began in earnest for the remain-
der of the main season which ends about May
15. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
March 13, 1961.)

India

NATIONAL COMMITTEE SET UP
FOR OCEANIC RESEARCH:

One of two new National Committees set
up in India by the Ministry of Scientific Re-
search and Cultural Affairs is the National
Committee for Oceanic Research,

Its functions will be: to draw up a co-
ordinated plan for India's participation in
the International Indian Ocean Expedition;
to advise on allocation of the program be-

tween departments of government,-research
organizations, and university laboratories;
to consider and approve a detailed plan for
research in the several scientific disciplines
related to India's participation and to recom-
mend financial grants; to promote and co-
ordinate the research programs; and to ad-
vise the government generally on all matters
connected with India's participation in the ex-
pedition. This committee will also function
as the National Committee for all oceano-
graphic work. (United States Embassy, New
Delhi, April 10, 1961.)

Italy

CANNERS SEEK INSPECTION AND
CLAIMS SYSTEM FOR JAPANESE
FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion A-
gency reports that Italian canned tuna pack-
ers, after meeting in Rome to discuss pro-
cedures for purchasing Japanese tuna, sub-
mitted a proposal to their Government re-
garding the establishment of a system to in-
spect Japanese frozen tuna imports. Italian
canners hope to establish means of settling
claims against green meat tuna, fix rates of
conversion for claims against green meat
fish, and work out an inspection system.

Consensus is that the canner's proposal
will encounter numerous difficulties inactual
practice, although it is expected that a sys-
tem such as that in effect in the United States
shall gradually be adopted. (Suisan Keizai,
March 30, 1961.)

XK Ke XK

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Italy (Contd.):

IMPORTS OF JAPANESE FROZEN
TUNA ON DUTY-FREE BASIS
SET AT 14,000 TONS:

Under a recent GATT (General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade) agreement, Japan can
annually export 14,000 tons of frozen tuna to
Italy on a duty-free basis, Exports exceed-
ing this quota, which is based on Japanese
exports to Italy in 1958, can be admitted free
of duty by the Italian Government under the
agreement covering special exemptions a-
_dopted in Rome in March 1960.

Vol. 23, No. 6

Japan

CANNED TUNA EXPORTS, 1955-59:

Japan's total exports of canned tuna in-
creased each succeeding year from 1955 to
1959, In 1959, Japan exported 3.5 million
cases valued at US$28 million. Steadily rising
exports of light meat tuna packed in oil and

packed in brine accounted for this increase.

Exports of white meat tuna in brine remained
somewhat stable, while exports of white meat
in oil declined sharply after 1957 due princi-
pally to the higher duty status for United States
imports of tuna in oil. Exports of white meat

Japan’s Exports of Canned Tuna, 1955-59

1959

1958

1955

Pe foals Tas els. [aw ae

1/Packed 48 7-0z. cans per case.
Note: White meat - albacore only.

Both Japan and Italy favored having all
frozen tuna exports to Italy admitted free of
duty. France and some other nations were
opposed. As a result, Japanese frozen tuna
exports to Italy exceeding the established
duty-free quota of 14,000 tons canbe taxed by
the Italian Government, if it wishes to do so.

The selection of the 1958 export record
as a basis for determining amounts of frozen
tuna which can be exported free of duty to
Italy means that tuna exports to member na-
tions of the European Common Market, such
as France, West Germany, Netherlands, Bel-
gium, Luxembourg, etc., would now very
likely be subject to an import duty since fro-
zen tuna was not exported to those countries
in 1958, According to available information,
Common Market nations are reported to be
considering a frozen tuna import tax of 7.5
percent for 1962, which would successively
be scaled to go up to 15 percent and 25 per-
cent ad valorem, (Suisan Tsushin, March 30,

1961.) <>

and light meat packed in jelly, and light meat
packed in tomato sauce declined in 1959,

KK OK KK

CANNED TUNA EXPORTS
TO UNITED STATES:

The Tokyo Canned Tuna Sales Company
late in March 1961 was taking temporary con-
signments of canned tuna for. the first quarter
of the new fiscal year (April 1, 1961, toMarch
31, 1962), Consignments in that month barely
totaled 110,000 cases due to a poor winter al-
bacore fishing season. Including the carry-
over (primarily B-grade white meat), the to-
tal stocks on hand amounted to about 200,000
cases, which were to be sold at the fifth sale
of canned tuna scheduled for late April.

Packers indicated that they will seek dras-
tic changes in the sales system, but had not
yet submitted any specific proposals. The
Sales Company was considering the fifth sale
for an agreement between exporters and pack-

June 1961

Japan (Contd.):

ers on the latter's proposal, which was ex-
pected to be submitted soon.

At the canned tuna sales committee of Ja-
pan Canned Food Exporters Association held
on March 9, it was decided to complete Sale
No. 4 to the United States for 200,000 cases
of whitemeat canned tuna only, same price as
before, for shipment by the end of April. This
completed the plan of selling 600,000 cases
of canned tuna in the first quarter of 1961
(last quarter of 1960 Japanese fiscal year).
A total of 800,000 cases were sold to the
United States since Sale No. 1 conducted in
December 1960. (Suisan Tsushin, March 25
and other Japanese periodicals of March 10,
1961.)

3K OK OK OK OK

FROZEN AND CANNED TUNA EXPORTS,
1947-1959; 1935-1939 AVERAGE:

Japan's exports of frozen and canned tuna
have increased steadily since 1947, In 1950,
the prewar 1935-1939 average was exceeded
for the first time for both canned and frozen.

siieubodicipeiieihemicitenis wi(Metsic'Tons)) sire.) sie) eile ie Cases Metric Tons

67,035 22, 499 3,543,951 87 , 892

F 3, 249, 139 168, 293

3, 198,502 160, 155

ebanemtin > 2,614,774 120, 316
- - 1,968,053 115, 809

= - 1,749, 374 100, 566

- - 1,788, 382 81,784

- - 60, 864

jy Riga Be = - 41, 244
- - 51, 300

- - 8, 847

zt Z 4,745

1935-1939 Averag

Exports of frozen and canned tuna reached
their peak in 1959. Shipments to Europe and
transshipments to the United States indicate
the exploitation of tuna resources in the At-
lantic by Japanese tuna vessels (table 1).

Kk ok ok

FLOOR PRICES FIXED FOR EXPORTS OF
CANNED TUNA IN OIL TO CANADA:

On March 30, the Japanese Ministry o
International Trade and Industry (MITI) an-
nounced regulations for exports of canned

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

able 1 - Japanese Exports of Frozen and Canned Tuna

from Japan Europe toUcas:. to Whole Tuna

Age eile! 3 14
1/Includes skipjack tuna, which is generally listed separate from other tuna in Japanese statistics.
2/Not available.

65

tuna in oil to Canada for FY 1961 (April 1,
1961 to March 31, 1962). According to MITI,
canned tuna for export must be sold at or a-
bove established prices.

Japan Canned Foods Exporters Association
has set the check price (floor price) for white
meat tuna in oil to Canada at $8.65 per case
(48 7-oz. cans) f.o.b. Japan and light meat
tuna in oil at $7.40 per case (48 7-oz cans)
f.o.b. Japan. These prices are the same as
last year's prices. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
April 3, 1961.)

% OK ON OK OK

EXPORTERS ASSOCIATIONS
ESTABLISH 1961/62 FROZEN
TUNA EXPORT QUOTAS TO U. S.:

The Japan Frozen Foods Exporters Association plans to
export 95,000 short tons of frozen tuna (consisting of 35,000
tons of albacore and 60,000 tons of yellowfin) to the United
States in 1961/62 (April 1, 1961, to March 31, 1962). The
albacore quota is to be made up of 30,000 tons of direct ship-
ments from Japan proper and 5,000 tons of transshipments,
Half of the yellowfin quota (30,000 tons) is to come from. At-
lantic Ocean sources,

The total quota of 95,000 tons is to be allocated to Associa-
tion members on the basis of their 1958-1960 export records.

, 1947-1959, 1935-1939 Average

Each member is to place in the custody of the Association
65/95 of their allotted quota. This totals 65,000 tons, of which
35,000 tons (5,000 tons of albacore, 30,000 tons of yellowfin)
are to be set aside for transshipments and 30,000 tons for di-
rect shipments from Japan proper. The Association would re-
lease these fish upon receiving requests for their release
from its members,

The Association officially adopted the plan at a special
general session held on March 17,

The Association.also plans to export 40,000 tons of tuna
to Europe, as well as 5,500 tons of swordfish and 3,600 tons
of tuna loins and discs to the United States, in the fiscal year.

A proposal was made at the March 17 meeting to station
JETRO (Japan Export Trade Promotion Agency) personnel

66

Japan (Contd.):

at Puerto Rico and negotiations are to be conducted for this
purpose, (Suisan Tsushin, March 8 & March 18, 1961; Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, March 18, 1961.)

The Export Frozen Tuna Fisheries Association’s board
of directors met on March 8 in Tokyo and passed the follow-
ing proposals, which were later ratified at a special general
meeting of the Association held on the same day, concerning
the distribution of 95,000 tons of frozen tuna to be exported
to the United States in 1961.

Shipments made directly from Japan: (1) Albacore export
quota to the United States (30,000 tons) shall be allocated to
Association members as follows: 26,000 tons to companies
on the basis of their performance records; 3,900 tons unas-
signed (so-called free quota), and 100 tons on reserve,

(2) Yellowfin export quota to the United States (30,000 tons)
shall be distributed in the following manner: 24,000 tons to
firms on the basis of their performance records; 5,900 tons
unassigned (free quota), and 100 tons on reserve, (3) Export
quota of loins for the United States (3,600 tons) shall be dis-
tributed in the following manner: 3,400 tons to firms on the
basis of their past records, 185 tons unassigned, and 15 tons
on reserve,

Transshipments: (1) Vessel trips for freezer vessels
hauling frozen tuna to the United States via intermediate ports
shall be restricted to a total of 120 trips (based on a quota of
5,000 tons of albacore and 30,000 tons of yellowfin), (2) Num-
bers of trips each carrier can make shall depend on its cargo-
carrying capacity, Carriers with cargo capacities of less than
150 tons shall be limited to five trips (with special permission
from the Association’s board of directors required to make
up to eight trips); 150-. to 250-ton cargo capacity vessels shall
be restricted to four trips each; 250- to 550-ton cargo capacity
vessels three trips, and vessels with over 550-ton cargo ca-
pacity two trips. (Suisan Tsushin, March 9, 1961.)

i

FRANCE MAY IMPORT FROZEN TUNA:

France has put out unofficial feelers
through a Japanese firm for importing Jap-
anese frozen tuna. France has not specified
the amount of tuna she would like to import,
except that the import would take place after
June. Also, 80 percent of the fish should be
made up of dressed fish and the remaining
20 percent transshipments.

France imposes a high import tax of 33
percent on frozen tuna. For this reasona
number of feelers put out by France in the
past to import Japanese tuna have not ma-
terialized. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, April 10,
1961.)

HR OK OK OK °K

FROZEN TUNA EXPORT AGREEMENT
WITH CZECHOSLOVAKIA SIGNED:

A large Japanese fishing company has
signed an agreement with Czechoslovakia to
deliver 1,050 metric tons of Atlantic Ocean
yellowfin tuna in June 1961. Price to be a-
bout $290 a metric ton c.i.f. Heretofore,
Japanese frozen tuna trade with Communist-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

bloc nations has been limited to Yugoslavia
only, and this is the first sale to Czechoslo-
vakia, (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, April 18,
1961.)

OK OK Kk

PRODUCERS APPLY FOR PERMISSION
TO SHIP FROZEN ATLANTIC
OCEAN TUNA TO JAPAN:

The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Pro-

ducers Association has requested the Fishery
Agency to authorize them to transport about
500 metric tons of frozen yellowfin, big-eyed
tuna, and black marlinfrom the Atlantic Ocean
to Japan. This request, second of its kind, in-
volves the vessels No. 2 Akitsu Maru (994
gross tons) and Sagami “Maru (1,007 gross
tons).

The Fishery Agency was expected to ap-
prove this request since the objective of this
plan is to help stabilize overseas tuna markets
by diverting Atlantic Ocean tuna to Japan.
Some time ago, the Fishery Agency approved
a similar request for the Otsu Maru (8,000
gross tons), The Otsu Maru was due to arrive
in Tokyo in late April with 800 tons of Atlan-
tic Ocean tuna.

Akitsu Maru was to depart Las Palmas,
Canary Islands, on May 1, and arrive in Ja-
pan around June 10. She was to pick up 387
tons of tuna from No. 18 Banshu Maru. Under
joint-selling agreement terms, price for yel-
lowfin and big-eyed tuna is $158 a ton and for
black marlin $250 a ton (for delivery to- Akit-
su Maru).

Sagami Maru was scheduled to depart Port-
of-Spain, Trinidad, in early May and was ex-
pected to arrive in Japan around May 30. This
vessel was to bring back about 120 tons of fro-
zen tuna. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 18,
1961.)

ok OK Ok Ok
BLUEFIN TUNA FISHINGIN INDIAN OCEAN:

Bluefin tuna fishing picked up in the Indian
Ocean after February 25, with many vessels
reporting excellent catches of nearly 10 met-
ric tons a day. About 25 vessels were fish-
ing in the vicinity of 97° E, to 101° E, longi-
tude and 27° S. to 28° S, latitude early in
March.

Total fleet landings, however, were not
expected to be large, for many vessels left
that area when fishing was poor elsewhere.

June 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Those vessels were reported to have headed
for the Arabian Sea and the eastern Pacific
Ocean to fish for big-eyed tuna. (Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, March 10, 1961.)

MK OK OK OK OK

CLAIMS AGAINST FROZEN TUNA
DECREASING IN UNITED STATES:

The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Fish-
eries Association compiled data on claims
made in 1960 against Japanese yellowfin tuna

imported by the United States canneries,
According to the Association, claims have
declined considerably.. (Suisan Tsushin,
March 13, 1961.)

OK kK

DELEGATION STUDIES SITES FOR
OVERSEAS TUNA BASES:

The Shizuoka Prefectural Government in
Japan is dispatching an observation party of
four (composed of prefectural government
and tuna industry members) to study the
feasibility of establishing overseas tuna fish-
ing bases in the South Pacific Ocean and In-
dian Ocean. This party was expected to
leave Japan on April 25, and visit such
places as New Caledonia, Santo Island (off
east coast of Australia), Malaya, and Ceylon,
and return about May 20.

Shizuoka Prefecture, which has about 200
registered vessels fishing for bonito and
tuna-like fishes, is seeking overseas bases
for the first time in hopes of stabilizing op-
erations of these vessels. Other prefectures,
like Mie and Kanagawa, have established for-
eign tuna-fishing bases in Malaya and Ceylon.
These prefectures are reported to have ob-
tained considerable success in expanding op-
erations of their 100-ton class tuna vessels,
although some hold the opinion that these op-
erations are not completely successful due
to problems involving fund transfers.

Principal sites to be studied as possible
fishing bases are Santo Island on the east

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

coast of Australia; Penang, Malaya; Colom-
bo, Ceylon; and Cochin on the southwest coast
of India. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 12,
1961.)

*k ok OK Ok

EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC OCEAN
TUNA FISHING TRENDS:

The Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Ex-
perimental Station in Japan late in March1960
released the following report on tuna fishing
by Japanese vessels around the equator in the
Atlantic Ocean.

Up to 1959, Japanese vessels operating in
the area numbered 20-30 a month, but they
suddenly increased in 1960 to 54 in June and
to 58 in October. After that, the number sta-
bilized at around 55 every month. Seasonal-
ly, there are more vessels operating in July-
December than in January-June.

The number of tuna vessels that touch at
Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Dakar, French
Senegal, for refueling has been rapidly in-
creasing. In addition, the vessels have begun
to use Las Palmas (Spanish Canary Islands),
Zuara (Libya),- Montevideo (Uruguay), and
Mahdia (Tunisia), Las Palmas seems to be
most suited for a supply port. The leading
ten ports where the largest number of Japa-
nese tuna vessels docked during 1960 were
as follows:

Port-of-Spain (Trinidad), Cristobal (Pana-
ma), Freetown (Sierra Leone), Dakar (Sene-
gal), Recife (Brazil), Toulon (France), Trapa-
ni (Sicily), Koper (Yugoslavia), Mar del Plata
(Argentina), Palermo (Sicily), Wapanese news-
paper, March 25, 1961.)

KKK eK

LARGE FISHERY FIRM TO BUILD
TWO LARGE TUNA VESSELS:

The second largest fishing company in
Japan is planning to construct two tuna-fish-
ing vessels in the 300-tuna class, Each are
to be equipped with 550 horsepower main en-
gines. Target date for their completion has
tentatively been set for September 1961.

In addition, the same firm is planning to
build a 300-ton trawler. (Shin Suisan Shim-
bun Sokuho, March 9, 1961.)

OK OK OK AK

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

Japan (Contd.):

NUMBER OF PORTABLE VESSELS ON
TUNA MOTHERSHIPS UNDER STUDY:

The Japanese Fishery Agency is consider-
ing proposals to revise regulations on the
number of portable fishing vessels which
large distant-water tuna mothership fishing
vessels cancarry. Tuna vessels cannot car-
ry more than two portable vessels under
existing regulations, but owners of large
distant-water tuna fishing vessels of 1,000
tons or more hope to have this restriction
lifted so as to increase operating efficiency.

The Fishery Agency is reported to becon-
sidering separate regulations for tuna moth-
erships employing regular catcher vessels
and tuna motherships carrying portable ves-
sels. However, owners of small and medium
vessels do not want to see present restric-
tions on numbers of portable vessels lifted
since this would mean that large distant-wa-
ter vessels would be able to increase produc-
tion, and smaller vessels would likely suffer
as a result of this increase in production.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, April 7, 1961.)

HK OOK OK OK Ok

BERING SEA BOTTOM
FISHERY PLANS FOR 1961;

A large Japanese fishery company’s fish~meal factory-
ships Kinyo Maru (9,373 gross tons) and Renshin Maru
{14,094 gross tons) were scheduled to depart from Hakodate
on May 10-11, 1961, for the bottom fishing grounds in the
Bering Sea. These two vessels hope to produce a combined
total of 30,000 metric tons of fish meal and over 4,500 metric
tons of frozen fish this year. In 1960 Kinyo Maru and Renshin
Maru produced a total of 29,000 metric tons of fish meal,
5,400 metric tons of fish solubles, and 4,500 metric tons of
frozen fish.

The same fishery firm’s mothership Shinyo Maru (5,630
gross tons), which was engaged in herring and king crab
operations in Bristol Bay last year, was scheduled to de-
part for Bristol Bay on May 5, Catcher vessels assigned
to that fleet were to leave port three days earlier.

The following vessels, belonging to several fishery
firms--Soyo Maru (11,192 gross tons), Tenyo Maru (11,581
gross tons), and Eiyo Maru (2,482 gross tons); factoryships
Gyokuei Maru (10,357 gross tons) and Itsukushima Maru
(5,889 gross tons); mothership Seifu Maru (8,693 gross
tons); and other fleets--were scheduled to depart for the
Bering Sea fishing grounds in late April or early May.

The above-mentioned fleets are part of a vast Japanese
fleet of draggers and longline vessels planning to engage
in the Bering Sea bottom fishery extending from 170° E,
longitude eastwards to Bristol Bay. According to the Japa-
nese Fishing Industry Weekly, 20 motherships (vessels
over 3,000 gross tons) and 15 large independent draggers
and long-liners, most of them well over 1,000 gross tons,
hope to participate in the Bering Sea bottom fishery this
year.

The Japanese Fishery Agency has set up an area li-
censing system according to gear (trawl, long-line, and
sunken gill nets) and whether a vessel had previously en~
gaged in the Bering Sea bottom fishery, From all indica~
tions, the fleets will be concentrated primarily in two
general areas, Bristol Bay and the area between Cape
Olyutorskii and Cape Navarin. Catch target for the Japa~
nese fleets is 61,000 metric tons of fish meal and 175,437
metric tons of frozen fish,

As far as bottom fishing operations in the area to the
south of the Alaska Peninsula (east of 165° W. longitude and
north of 53° N. latitude) are concerned, the Fishery Agency
recently announced that commercial operations will not be
permitted in that area although experimental fishing had
been permitted in the past, due to the great likelihood of
catching halibut, which is protected under the international
North Pacific fisheries treaty involving Japan, Canada, and
the United States. (Suisan Tsushin, March 14; Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, March 6; Fishing Industry Weekly, February 24,
1961.)

Se

BRISTOL BAY FISH MEAL
FACTORYSHIP FISHERY TRENDS:

Three of Japan’s largest fishery firms, which are
sending a total of fourfish meal factoryship fleets to the
Bristol Bay area this year, plan to produce a total of
61,026 metric tons of fish meal in 1961. Production tar-
get for the one firm with two fleets (Kinyo Maru fleet
and Renshin Maru fleet) is 30,000 tons of fish meal; the
targets of the other two firms with one fleet each are:
Soyo Maru fleet 18,176 tons; and Gyokuei Maru fleet
12,850 tons,

Of the total of 61,026 tons, 1,400 tons are to be ex-
ported, 10,000 tons utilized by the fishery companies,
and about 50,000 tons sold on the Japanese domestic mar-
ket. It is reported that of the 50,000 tons, animal-feed

Typical Japanese factoryship operating in the Bering Sea. This was accompanied by a fleet of 24 trawlers.

June 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Washing silt and mud from a deckload of fish on the main deck
of a Japanese factoryship in the Bering Sea.

producers have already signed contracts to purchase 16,000
tons.

According to figures submitted to the fish meal facto-
ryship companies by the Animal Feed Producers Associ-
ation (which reportedly produces 70 percent of all animal
feed produced in Japan), 108,597 metric tons of factoryship-
produced fish meal can be used by the Association between
May and December. Some sources claim that this figure is
exaggerated, but it is quite interesting to note that this a-
mount far exceeds the total combined production target of
the four fish meal factoryships.

The fish meal factoryship Kinyo Maru, 9,373 gross
tons, departed for Bristol Bay on April 11. Renshin Maru
14,094 gross tons, was to have left for Bristol Bay on the
same day but her departure was delayed due to mechanical
nee (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 11 and 12,
1961.

Production targets for the two large fishmeal factory-
ship fleets sent out by one firm are: i

Fish Meal] Fish Solubles

CRAB FISHING IN BRISTOL BAY:

For Japanese crab fishing in Bristol Bay
off Alaska this year, the Fisheries Agency
decided not to accept an application from a
newcomer to participate in that fishery.
Consequently, the Tokei Maru fleet jointly
operated by three Japanese fishery firms
and the Shinyo Maru operated by still an-
other fishery firm are the only fleets fish-
ing crabs in Bristol Bay this season--the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

same as in 1960.
1961.)

(Suisan Tsushin, March 24,

CANNED SARDINE PACKERS ANNOUNCE
PRICES AND TARGETS FOR 1961:

The Japan Export Canned Sardine Fisher -
ies Association announced sardine prices and
export targets and outlets for 1961 at a speci-
al general meeting held on March 10. The
1961 pack quota was set at 1,005,000 cases.

Table 1 - Japanese Canned Sardine Prices, 19611)
Size of Can & Case

Price Per Case

im lo. 1, 48's (oval)
No. 3, 96's (oval)

2, 450 yen (US$6. 80)
2,900 yen (US$8.06)

5-oz. 100's 2,250 yen (US$6. 25)
No. 4, 48's 2,225 yen (US$6. 18)
Square No. 8 -

Natural:

Quota shall depend on market conditions and will be determined
later.
1/Details given on only the pack of 755,000 cases.

Table 2 - Japanese Export Targets and Destinations
for Canned Sardines, 1961

Destination

1/Standard case--48 1-lb. cans; details given a export of only
755,000 cases.

Consignments in 1960 totaled 423,906 cases
and sales 448,688 cases; 1959 carryover was
approximately 27,000 cases, leaving an unsold
balance of approximately 2,000 cases. (Nip-
pon Suisan Shimbun, March 13, 1961.)

SARDINE FISHING IN ONE AREA
REPORTED GOOD:

At Onahama and Nakanosaku in Fukushima
Prefecture, Japan, on the Pacific, some 500
tons of sardines were being landed every day
in February. The season began in November
1960 and by February some 12,000 metric
tons had been landed, valued at US$1,083,333
ex-vessel, highest postwar record. The quan-
tity was nine times as much as in 1955 when
125 tons of sardines and 1,297 tons of anchov-
ies were landed and more than three times as
much as in 1960 for the same period.

About 40 pairs of sardine purse seiners
were operating, of which only three pairs be-
longed to Fukushima Prefecture leaving more

70

Japan (Contd.):

than $833,333 for vessels coming from Aomo-
ri, Iwate, Miyagi, and Ibaragi Prefectures.
The fishing ground was off the coast of Fu-
kushima Prefecture and good fishing was ex-
pected to continue until the beginning of
March. (Fisheries Economics News, March
10, 1961.)

ctoeatob ale! Ay reis
Hee) ore eoye ears

SARDINE FISHING GOOD IN
SEVERAL AREAS:

At Choshi, Chiba Prefecture, on the Pa-
cific coast of Japan, some 1,500 metric tons
of pilchard, worth about US$111,111, were
landed during five days in the first part of
March 1961. This is considered to be an un-
usual occurrence in view of light landings in
that area the past Six years.

According to leaders of the local fisheries
cooperative, the large-size sardines that had
been moving northward for spawning from
Kyushu waters were held back by a mass of
cold water off Shizuoka, Kanagawa Prefec-
tures the past few years. For this reason-
sardines have not been seen off Choshi for
six years, but they have been caught off the
Sanriku area.

The schools of sardines off Choshi this
year came from the Goto area (off Nagasaki
Prefecture) through the Sea of Japan and the
Tsugaru Strait, arriving at waters off the
Sanriku area where the Kurile and Black Cur-
rents meet, and the schools were carried
southward to waters off Choshi, about 20 kil-
ometers off the coast. (Fisheries Economic
News, March 28, 1961.)

As of late March, fairly heavy landings of
sardines were reported along the Pacific
coast centered around Onahama in the Toho-
ku area since March 10, and local fishermen
were encouraged because the area has not
seen any Significant sardine landings since
World War II.

The sardine packers in the Choshi, Chiba
Prefecture, area started production with fish
from Onahama. Output amounted to some
20,000 cases in ten days--70 percent for do-
mestic consumption and 30 percent for ex-
port. (Suisan Tsushin, March 24, 1961.)

Be ste sel ate
2 ook ok ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 6

SECOND SALE OF CANNED
SALMON TO GREAT BRITAIN:

In mid-March 1961, the Japanese Canned
Salmon Sales Company started the second
sale of some 190,000 cases (flat No. 2 72-oz.
cans) of canned red salmon for export to
Great Britain, of which some 90,000 cases
were sold early in March. Since about 50,000
cases were expected to be contracted, a total
sale of 150,000 cases was considered to be
certain. (Suisan Tsushin, March 20, 1961.)

Kok kok OK

CANNED MACKEREL PACKERS ANNOUNCE
PRICES AND TARGETS FOR 1961:

The Japan Export Canned Jack Mackerel Fisheries
Association announced prices and export targets and out-
lets for 1961 at a special general meeting held on March8,
1961, for the first 450,000 cases of canned jack mackerel.
The total pack quota for the year is 800,000 cases. (Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, March 10, 1961.) ae

Table 1 - Japanese Canned Jack Mackerel, Type of Pack and
Prices for First 450,000 Cases Canned

2,100 yen (US$5.83)
2,350 yen (US$6.53)
1,950 yen (US$5.42)

Size of Can and Case

Tomato Sauce Pack:
No. 1, 48's (oval)
No. 3, 96's (oval)
5-oz. 100's

90,000
55,000
60,000

No. 5, 48's 1,950 yen (US$5.42) 10,000
Natural Pack:

5-o0z. 100's 1,800 yen (US$5.00) 95,000

No. 4. 48's 1,800 yen (US$5.00) 140,000

1/Standard case--48 1-lb. cans.

450,000

able 2 - Japanese Export Targets and Destinations for
First 450,000 Cases of Canned Jack Mackerel, 1961

|1/Standard case--48 1-lb. cans,

Kok ok ok Ok

FISHERY AGENCY PROPOSAL
TO STABILIZE FISH MEAL MARKET:

The Japanese Fishery Agency early this year made pub-
lic a proposal, ‘‘Outline of Measures to Stabilize the Supply,
Demand and Prices of Fish Meal for Animal Feed.’’ The
gist of the proposal is:

June 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Livestock Bureau chief shall annually (in March-April)
draw up estimates on demand and supply of fish meal, with
data on supply to be provided by the Fishery Agency. When
fish-meal producers and users meet to negotiate prices,
Livestock Bureau chief and Fishery Agency director shall
provide necessary guidance to promote smooth settlement,

Price range of fish meal shall be fixed. Upper limit
shall be 56,000 yen (US$155.56) a metric ton for top-grade
saury meal, rail delivery Kanto (Tokyo and surrounding
area®; lower limit 46,000 yen ($127.78) a metric ton, de-
livery at production plant. Both Government agencies
shall promote and encourage the sale of domeStic fish
meal within the framework of the above prices. Should
domestic fish-meal prices exceed the established upper
price limit for a period of over a month, then the Livestock
Bureau, after consulting with Fishery Agency, shall deter-
mine the amount of foreign meal to be imported, as well as
fix the time and means of importing foreign meal, However,
imported foreign meal must not be sold for less than the

lower price limit of domestic fish meal.

Differences realized from the sale of imported foreign
meal shall be utilized to stabilize prices, production, sup~
ply, and demand, or allotted for studies on improving fish-
meal quality, Livestock Bureau chief shall determine the
final disposition of the funds but shall consult the Fishery
Agency director.

Fishery Agency’s propesal also covers exports of
Japanese fish meal. The proposal states that Livestock
Bureau chief shall consult the director of the Fishery
Agency and draft necessary export regulations, giving
careful consideration to over-all market conditions. Ex-
port price shall be based on the price of foreign fish meal
imports--49,000 yen ($136.11) a metric ton for fish meal
with protein content of over 60 percent, delivery at Japanese
port--to which other charges may be added, such as dock
storage and handling fees, depending on arrangements.

Concerning the proposal, the Fishery Agency contends
that the Feed Supply Stabilization Committee composed of
livestock and fishing industry representatives, as well as
Government agencies, has not functioned smoothly; that the
Agency seeks to promote the full development of the live-
stock industry and stabilize the fish-meal industry and that
its proposal includes appropriate measures to achieve those
objectives, (Fishing Industry Weekly, No. 303, March 5,
1961.)

IMPORT OF ADDITIONAL 10,000 TONS
OF PERUVIAN FISH MEAL:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry announced early in March
that a dollar allocation of $1,050,000 had
been made to import an additional 10,000
metric tons of Peruvian fish meal. Com-
pared to the price of $98.61 c.&f. per metric
ton paid for the earlier purchase of 10,000
tons of Peruvian fish meal, price for this
second purchase was expected to be about
$107 c.&f. per metric ton. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, March 10, 1961.)

2K ok ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW thal

FEED SUPPLY COMMITTEE
RECOMMENDS IMPORT OF
32,000 TONS OF FISH MEAL:

The Animal Feed Supply Stabilization Com-
mittee in Japan in March 1961 reported to the
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry that it
will be necessary to import 32,000 metric
tons of fish meal in fiscal year 1961 (April 1,
1961, to March 31, 1962) to meet the Japanese
demand. Plans call for importing 15,000 met-
ric tons in April and 17,000 tons in May.

The decision of the committee is not final.
The one member of the fishing industry who
was asked to attend the committee's meeting
boycotted it, and Japanese fish-meal producers
are expected to strongly oppose the commit-
tee's decision. They contend that imports
should be handled in the manner stipulated in
the Fishery Agency's proposal, ''Outline of
Measures to Stabilize the Supply, Demand and
Prices of Fish Mealfor Animal Feed."' (Suisan
Tsushin, March 23, 1961.) i

FISH SAUSAGE AND FREEZING
PLANTS COMPLETED:

One of the largest Japanese fishing com-
panies has completed the construction of a
three-story fish sausage-ham plant and a four-
story cold-storage plant (capacity-4,000 met-
ric tons), including a freezing plant capable
of freezing 30 metric tons of fish in eight
hours, at Kurihama. Facilities include a re-
search laboratory and quarters for company
personnel. Total construction cost was one
billion yen (US$2,777,777).

The new fish sausage-ham plant is capable
of producing 600,000 pieces of fish sau-
age and hams. The Japanese plants, one in
Sapporo, Hokkaido (daily capacity, 50,000
pieces); one in Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture
(daily capacity, 30,000 pieces); another in
Hiroshima (daily capacity, 30,000 pieces);
and that the daily productive capacity of all
four of Nichiro's fish sausage plants now to-
tals about 700,000 pieces. (Suisan Tsushin
and Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, March 23,
1961.)

CO cA Rog xg
Ce ci BOY Td ts

LARGE COMPANY SETS PROCESSED
FISHERY PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION TARGET:

The third largest fishing company in Japan has set its pro-
duction target for fishery products in 1961,

72

Japan (Contd.):

1961
Production Pro-
Product Unit Target duction

US$

492,728 | 517,726 |20,843,830
139,170 141,786 | 3,532,322
55,090 46,868 310,658
116,150 183,680

3,095,422
Frozen fish 5,394,694
Salted fish 2,298,567
ae sausag © lmnetrie tong ra 3,022,764

According to the target, the company plans to increase
fish sausage production fourfold, and 1961 sales are expect-

ed to reach 3,500,000,000 yen (US$9,725,000). A fourfold in-

crease in canned saury and sardine production is also planned.

The target also specifies production of canned Mandarin
oranges, fruit juice, ice, eggs, poultry, mink fur, and mayon-
naise,

As of the present, the company owns 20 canneries, 15
cold-storage plants, four fish sausage-ham plants, three
frozen food plants, one fruit juice plant, one combined plant
producing mayonnaise, pan fryers (chicken), and animal feed,
a mink farm, and 91 vessels totaling 59,843 tons, (Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, March 24; Suisan Tsushin, March 10, 1961.)

HOOK OK OK HK

LARGE FISHERY FIRM PLANS TO
INVEST OVER $5 MILLION IN 1961:

A large Japanese fishery company plans
to invest a total of two billion yen
(US$5,555,555) in 1961 for vessel and plant
construction, The firm plans to build a
3,300-ton freezer vessel at a cost of 700
million yen ($1,944,444); three tuna fishing
vessels in the 400-ton class for 600 million
yen ($1,666,667); a fish sausage plant witha
daily production capacity of 50,000 pieces; a
cold-storage plant at Kesennuma in north-
eastern Japan, where the company operates
a two-line cannery; and a cannery at Shimizu,
an important tuna port south of Tokyo. (Nip-
pon Suisan Shimbun, March 6, 1961.)

6 OK OK OK 3K

MARINE-OIL SUPPLY, FOREIGN TRADE,
AND CONSUMPTION, 1959-1961:

Japan's production of edible marine oils de-
clinedin 1960 as compared with 1959, but this
year productionis expectedto recover to an
estimated 171,400 metrictons. Marine-oil
production in Japanconsists of cod-liver oil,
shark-liver oil, fish oil, and whale oil. In1961,
whale oilis expected to account for 75 percent
of the total production of 128,000 tons, followed
by fish oil with 20 percent or 34,400 tons. Shark-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

liver oil production is expected to amount to
3,000 tons in 1961, and cod-liver oil to 6,000
tons. In addition, production of inedible ma-
rine oils (all of which is sperm oil), amounted
to 37,902 tons in 1959, dropped to 31,564 tons
in 1960, and is expected to increase to 35,400
tons in 1961.

Imports of marine oils remain insignificant,
but exports have been heavy and are expected
to reach an all-time high of 111,000 tons in
1961 (tables 1 and 2),

Table 1 - Japan's Production, Foreign Trade, and Stocks of
Edible Marine Oils, 1959-1961

[ Stocks on hand¥f January _1|
& Fish Oil] Oil
71,400

1,000 |111,000} 8, 265

1, 476| 9,741
1960, 1,046 | 84,598] 17,384 | 3,976|21, 360
84.572] 9.293 | 5/728]15,021

9582/1
2/Revised.
3/Held by oil mills and oil-processing plants.

Table 2 - Japan's Production of Edible
by Types, 1959-1961

aaa 0 |

arine Oils

1 /Forecast.
2 / Revised.
B/Including medicinal oil.

Table 3 - Japan's Imports of Marine Oils by
Country of Origin, 1959-1960

|_ Commodity —_ | Origin | 960m fettoson

(Metric Tons)

United States

Rep. of China (Taiwan)
Netherlands

Shark-liver oil:

Fish-liver oil: United States
Korean Rep.
Ryukyu Islands
Hong Kong
Rep. of China

eee i ore
Sperm oil Islands Cea 172

| 1,717]

June 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Table 4 - Japan's Exports of Marine Oils by Country
of Destination, 1959-1960
1959

Edible Marine Oils:
Cod-liver oil:

United States

'
— w
SCOnuUSeuean

Shark-liver oil:

Fish-liver oil:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

Table 4 - Japan's Exports of Marine Oils by Country

of Deswneonn 1959-1960 (Contd. )

Edible Marine
Oils (Contd. ):
Whale oil:

Total edible
marine oils
Inedible Marine Oil:
Sperm oil: United States
Korean Republic

Re public of China

21,560 18,992
[ 106, 160__[ 103, 564

Japan's stocks of total marine oils at the
beginning of each calendar year increased
from 15,021 tons in 1959 to 21,360 tons in
1960, but declined sharply on January 1, 1961,
to 9,741 tons. Fish oil and fish-liver oil stocks
accounted for 76 percent of the total stocks on
hand over the three-year period; whale oil
made up the balance (table 1).

Japan imported a total of 1,717 metric tons
of edible and inedible marine oils in 1959 and
1,175 tons in 1960. Cod-liver oil (the bulk of
which came from the Korean Republic), shark-
liver oil (mostly from the Republic of China
or Taiwan), fish-liver oil (mainly from Hong
Kong and the Korean Republic), and whale oil
(from the Ryukyu Islands) comprised 90 per-
cent of the total marine oils imported for both
years. Sperm oil from the Ryukyu Islands, the
only inedible marine oil imported, accounted
for the remaining 10 percent (table 3).

In 1959 and 1960, Japan exported virtually
the same amount of edible marine oils, 84,572
tons in 1959 and 84,600 tons in 1960. Sperm-

Table 5 - Japan's Consumption and Exports of Marine
Oils, Fiscal Year 1961 ae 1, 1960- March 31, 1961)

[= keelConsumptions | sl) ni ption

ses

19, 220

Total

Exports Used &
Exported

rer oil
44,710 48,800 | 93, 310 STEER 500 | 205,010
thes evidently were some exports of sperm oil, but the a-
mount was not shown.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

oil exports, the only inedible marine oil im-
ported, increased from 18,992 tons in1959 to
21,560 tons in 1960. Total edible andinedible
marine oil exports in 1960 were up 2.4 per-
cent from 1959 (table 4).

Japan willuse domestically 19,220 tons of
whale oil in 1961 and export 108,600 tons.
Sperm-oiluse willamount to 35,400 tons with
no exports. Fish-oil consumption should
reach 38,890 tons, with some exports of
2,900 tons. (United States Embassy, Tokyo,
April 14, 1961.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960 p. 74.

a
ke Ok OK OK OK

TRADE AGENCY PLANS SECOND
TRADE SHOW IN NEW YORK CITY:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion Agency
announced in March that it will again put on
a trade exhibit in New York this year, This
exhibition, the second of its kind, will be held
from October 1961 to March 1962. (Shin

Mexico

ENSENADA FISHERY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Landings of spiny lobsters in the Ensena-
da area of northwest Mexico this season,
which ended March 16, 1961, will probably
surpass last year's by a slight margin,
Spiny lobster landings in January and Feb-
ruary were about 464,000 pounds, The sea-
son's total as of February 25, 1961, was
1,230,000 pounds, a little better than last
year's total at that date.

Landings of sardines at Ensenada in Jan-
uary and February amounted to about 5.5
million pounds. Landings from the waters
off Ensenada actually have been poor, The
success of this year's fishing is attributed
to the landings by larger boats which ranged
down the peninsula coast as far as PuntaSan
Juanico, some 500 miles south of Ensenada
off the Territory of Baja California.

The abalone season opened on March 15,
(United States Consulate in Tijuana, April 3,
1961.)

Se se te te ok
ca i

Vol. 23, No. 6

MERIDA FISHERY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Landings of shrimp for the first quarter of
1961 in the Carmen-Campeche area of Mexico
were normal for the time of year, the light
landings being more the result of bad weather
than the lack of shrimp. As sizes were larger
than normal for the season, it is believed that
inactivity during part of 1960 prevented the
usual large catches of small shrimp and that
the stocks are now in good shape. Prices
changed very little from the latter part of

, 1960, Customer resistance, high inventories,

economic conditions, and the hard winter in
the United States combined to keep prices at
the lower levels.

Yucatan's principal fish product has run
into trouble in the United States, It is known
locally as mero or grouper and has been sold
in the United States packaged under the label
of ''snapper.'' Reportedly, the U. S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) claims the prac-
tice is misrepresentation. The Mexican ship-
pers claim the mero is a gray snapper, one
of the varieties of snapper. The Mexican in-
dustry is awaiting a decision by the FDA re-
garding the name which may be used for the
product. The product has been selling freely
in Florida, but its sale is prohibited in Loui--
siana by State law. (United States Consulate,
Merida, April 8, 1961.)

ok OK OOK ok OK
SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, APRIL 1961:

During April this year, Mexican west coast
shrimp landings at Guaymas and Salina Cruz
were reported to be declining, while landings
in the Mazatlan area were holding up fairly
well, In the Gulf of Mexico area, Tampico
landings were reported to be low, as they have
been all season, High winds were bothering
the Carmen-Campeche shrimp vessels with
March landings averaging about 1,000 pounds
of heads-off shrimp per trip.

Campeche landings during March this
year were about 90 percent pink and 10 per-
cent white. At Carmen they were about 40
percent each white and brown and about 20
percent pink.

Sizes at Campeche were about 80 percent
under 30 count per pound for the first half of
March and then sizes began to decrease until
by the end of the month less than 60 percent
of the landings were 30 count and under.

June 1961

Mexico (Contd.):

Mexican Shrimp Ex-Vessel Prices on April 7, 1961,
at Carmen and Campeche and Salina Cruz

Carmen & Campeche
All Species

Carmen shrimp sizes were fairly uniform--
about half 30 and under and half 31 and over
per pound,

At Carmen and Campeche ex-vessel prices
on April 7, 1961, were one to two cents
a pound less than on March 1, 1961, (United
States Embassy, Mexico, D. F., April 21,
1961.)

EXPORT DUTIES REVISED FOR
SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS:

On March 28, 1961 (published in Diario
Oficial, March 27, 1961) the Mexican Govern-
ment made some Slight changes in export
duties by lowering those on fresh, iced, or
frozen albacore and red snapper and increas -
ing those on fresh, iced, or frozen catfish,
stone and other walking crabs, The export
duty was decreased on albacore about é of
a U. S. cent a pound and on red snapper about
és ofacent. The duty oncatfish was raised about
joo of a cent a pound and those on stone and
other walking crabs about a of a cent a
pound, These changes were effected by
changes in the official price on which ad
valorem duties are based.

Current Mexico export duties, in U.S.
cents a pound, are now about: fresh, iced,
or frozen albacore 0.46; fresh, iced, or fro-
zen catfish 1.22; fresh, iced, or frozenstone
crabs 1.29; fresh, iced, or frozen walking
crabs 1.29; and fresh, iced, or frozen snap-
pers 0.75.

It is not anticipated that the changes in
duties will have any effect on exports of
these products to the United States. For the
past several years, owing to ocean tempera-
tures, albacore have not appeared in any

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

quantity off the Mexican west coast. Thecrabs
have never been an item of great export impor-
tance. About 500,000 pounds of catfish and
250,000 pounds of red snapper were exported
to the United States in 1959. (United States
Embassy, Mexico, D.F., March 28, 1961.)

cinta anit Bt

EXPERIMENTAL FISHING WITH GILL
NETS FOR SPANISH MACKEREL:

The Mexican Small Business Bank of the
Federal District (Banco-del Pequeno Comercio
del Distrito Federal) is financing an experi-
mental fishing project for Spanish mackerel in
the Gulf of Mexico. The Four Lads, a small
mackerel gill-netter from Apalachicola, Fla.,
arrived in Veracruz in March 1961 and was
expected to begin fishing immediately. The
project is reported to be a 90-day survey to
determine whether Spanish mackerel can be
caught successfully along the Mexican coast
with gill nets.

The traditional method of catching Spanish
mackerel along the Veracruz coast is with
beach seines set from row boats or powered
skiffs. This method, of course, limits opera-
tions to a narrow belt immediately adjacent
to the beach. Gill nets, if successful, would
extend the fishing area considerably.

Spanish mackerel is a popular medium- to
low-priced fish in Mexico. Increased produc-
tion of this species should help provide fish
for local use in a country where the per capita
consumption is less than two pounds (probably
landed weight) a year, (United States Embas-
sy, Mexico, D.F., March 28, 1961.)

New Guinea

EXPERT CLAIMS GOOD POTENTIAL
FOR SHRIMP FISHERY:

Shrimp from New Guinea could meet the
challenge of cheap imports from Asia and
provide new outlets for Australian invest-
ment. This is the opinion of an experienced
fisherman and now a fish wholesaler and ex-
porter of South Brisbane, Australia, The
former fisherman was commissioned by the
Australian Department of Territories to con-
duct a survey of fisheries resources in south-
ern New Guinea waters.

He said, ''In my opinion, there is a terrific
potential for shrimp in the area. Iam con-

76

New Guinea (Contd.):

vinced that with its low labour costs, New
Guinea could easily compete with shrimp
imports from China and other cheap produc-
tion countries. The waters of southern New
Guinea--particularly toward Orangerie Bay
and Mullins Harbour, are capable of large-
scale exploitation. However, a capital outlay
of about £100,000 (US$223,800) would be
needed to establish the industry.

The Australian fisherman went to New
Guinea as master of the Fisheries Research
vessel Tagula. After fitting up the vessel
for shrimp fishing, he made several surveys
during his six months' appointment.
(1) a large variety of shrimp, chiefly king,
greasy backs, banana, and tiger, but noschool
shrimp; (2) a big bed of scallops about 60
miles northwest of Port Moresby; (3) plenty
of spiny lobsters off Yule Island; (4) large
quantitites of shrimp existed in the Daru
area (Gulf of Papua); (5) a prolific fishing
ground, chiefly for barramundi, along a 60-
mile stretch of sunken reef in the Louisiade
Archipelago; and (6) big numbers of dugong
(sea cows) from which is extracted oil for
the watchmaking and instrument trade.

He said the survey proved that the painted
spiny lobster is a vegetarian and cannot be
caught in traps. Catching will probably be
restricted to hand capture--as at present.

There is a possibility that trawling could
be used on the outside shallow edges of reefs
or perhaps gill-netting. Shrimp were most
prolific after the wet season,

The last month of the contract was spent
in a mackerel survey along the Louisiade
Archipelago. In the first six days, approxi-
mately 8,000 pounds of fish were caught,
which showed the great potential develop-
ment. (Fish Trades Review, February 1961.)

Nicaragua

NEW FISHERIES LAW ESTABLISHED:

A new basic fishing law for Nicaragua
was promulgated in Gaceta Decree No. 557
of February 7, 1961. The law is designed to
regulate the entire industry, and it establish-
es the general, and in many cases, the spe-
cific, regulations under which the industry
is to operate.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

He found:

Vol. 23, No. 6

The Gulf of Mexico coast of Nicaragua has
seen an upsurge of interest in commercial
fishing for shellfish that has made some sort
of regulatory measure necessary. With the
exception of the regulations governing sea-
turtle fishing, there are no particular conser-
vation measures in this decree, but provision
is made for the promulgation of them at some
future date under the present structure. Con-
sidering that fishing is a relatively new indus-
try in Nicaragua and has not as yet been
completely explored, this seems the best pro-
cedure. Also, provision is made for future
regulation of the Pacific Coast fishing grounds
which are not used at present for large-scale
fishing.

Taxes that are set up under the law fall
principally upon the vessel owner as opposed
to the processing plant, although in at least
some cases it may be assumed that the owner-
ship would be identical. The owner of the
processing plant is, in fact, given consider-
ably greater inducement for investment in
the country than is the vessel owner. The
present Director General of Natural Resources
has stated that this is to insure the perma-
nency of the investment in the fishing indus-
try and to keep out the gypsy operator, as
well as to improve the chances of continued
employment for Nicaraguan nationals and to
serve as a conservation measure.

The actual extent of Nicaraguan territorial
waters is not delineated in the law, although
in those sections dealing with sea-turtle fish-
ing there are certain regulations that would
extend Nicaraguan jurisdiction to 7 kilometers
or 4.4 miles.

Under the terms of the law all existing
commercial or exploratory licenses must be
reaffirmed to conform to the requirements.
As of March 3, 1961, only one renewed li-
cense has been published in the Official Reg-
ister, and although it is expected that most of
present companies will be reregistered, it is
known that at least one company that has been
operating in Nicaraguan waters for the past
several years may have some difficulty in
obtaining a permit under the new law. (United
States Embassy, Managua, March 3, 1961.)

June 1961

Norway

ANTARCTIC WHALING PRODUCTION
UP _IN 1960/61 SEASON:

According to press reports, the Norwegian
Antarctic whaling expeditions produced a to-
tal of 665,883 barrels of whale oil from a
catch of 5,194 blue-whale units during the
1960/61 season which ended April 7. The
catch was substantially better than last sea-
son when only 4,568 blue-whale units were
taken, but it was still considerably below the
national quota of 5,800 units based on the
actual catch in the 1958/59 Antarctic season.
The Norwegian expeditions also produced
74,342 barrels of sperm oil this season, a-
bout 11,000 barrels more than in 1959/60,
The total production, including byproducts, is
valued at about 180 million kroner (US$25.1
million), the United States Embassy in Oslo
reported on April 14, 1961.

Ke 3k ook ok oe

FISHING FIRM PLANS TO BUILD
RESEARCH LABORATORY:

A fishing company plans to build a re-
search laboratory in Kabelvag to study the
Lofoten cod in cooperation with the Ocean
Research Institute of Bergen. The cost of
the laboratory plus a research vessel will be
about Kr. 1.9 million (US$266,000)--News of
Norway, March 30, 1961. Bhat

SERENE tS

FISHING LIMITS EXTENDED:

According to a Government decision an-
nounced March 24 the Norwegian fishery zone
will be extended from 4 to 6 nautical miles
on April 1 and from 6 to 12 miles on Sept. 1,
1961. Norwegian trawlers up to 300 gross
tons will until further notice be permitted to
fish in the zone between 4 and 6 miles. Ves-
sels of more than 300 tons may trawl inthis
zone until October 1, 1961, Regulations ban-
ning holiday fishing will not be affected.

The two-stage extension was approved by
the Norwegian Parliament. The controver-
sial question of trawling rights between the
4 and 6 mile limits was the subject of a 7-
hour debate. A large majority, which in-
cluded Representatives of all parties, sup-
ported a compromise proposal recommended
by the Foreign Affairs Committee and subse-
quently adopted by the Government.

One of the two rejected minority proposals
urged that all trawling inside the 6-mile

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

limit be banned from July 1, 1961, as de-
manded by fishermen in North Norway. The
other, also turned down, proposed that trawl-
ers above 300 gross tons shouldbe granted un-
restricted fishing rights inthe 4-6 mile zone.
as demanded by trawling and filleting compa-
nies. (News of Norway, March 30, 1961.)
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 56.

WINTER-SPRING HERRING
FISHERY WORST IN MANY YEARS:

The winter-spring herring fishery: off
Norway's west coast that ended March 31,
1961, was the worst ina generation. The
total catch of winter and spring herring was
less than 72,000 metric tons, nearly 30,000
tons below the figure predicted by the most
pessimistic fishery experts. The entire
catch was not much larger than a good day's
landings in one of the better herring years.

The failure is attributed to a combination
of factors. Not only was there far less her-
ring than in former years, but the weather
was so stormy during most of the season
that for days on end fishing vessels were
forced to stay in port.

Yet, the econornic consequences appear
to be less serious than would have been the
case only a few years ago. Main reason is
that fishermen, prepared for failure, made
cautious investments. (News of Norway,
April 20, 1961.)

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1957-1960:

Norway's total landings of all fishery
products amounted to 1.3 million metric
tons valued at US$89.9 million ex-vessel
in 1960; 1.4 million tons valuedat US$93.4
million in 1959; 1.2 million tons valued
at US$81.4 million in 1958; and 1.6 million
tons valued at US$87.7 millionin1957. (See
table 1.)

Lobster pots used by part-time Norwegian fisherman.

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

Norway (Contd.):

Table 1 - Norway's Landings of Fishery Products by Principal Species Groups, 1959-1960

erring and sprat (brisling) . . 680,336
Cod and cod byproducts .... 225,107
Others ian: 401, ,664

Note: Values converted at rate of one kroner aa S80. 14005.

727 , 800
267, 294
365, 332

Herring and cod continued as the most im-
portant Species landed, accounting for ap-
proximately two-thirds of the total landings.
Sand eel (used principally for fish meal) land-

It is, however, important to note that fish-
eries others than the herring and cod fisher -
ies have shown steady progress for years
already. Interest and repayments of loans

Table 2 - Norway's Landings of Fishery Products, 1957- 196017
ee 19602! 1gsgl! 1958
Quantity | Value [Quantity Value uantity Value :
Metric Kr. US$ | Metric Kr. US$ | Metric Kr. US$ [ Metric
Tons 1,000 1,000 Tons 1,000 1,000 Tons 1,000 1,000 Tons
Capelindereterctenevaretekelelsnetesere? ovske 92,765] 10,399] 1,456 78,967 8,812] 1,234 91,680 7,341] 1,027 70,022 6,464 904
Sea trout! ss. lege slelieora atega) cre) a 9 1,230] 14,000} 1,961 1,233 | 13,766] 1,928 1,239] 14,205] 1,987 1,398} 13,153] 1,840
FIA DuUt i veye cues cla isha iecenaiieleuecelirie.s 5,248 | 18,854] 2,641 5,198] 16,745] 2,345 5,622] 16,829] 2,354 4,793} 15,590} 2,180
Halibut, Greenland 6,367 4,441 622 4,307 3,034 425 2,931 1,911 267 4,130 2,459 344
ENCES 5 Dias oo nent Onin Oo 1,164 2,099 294 1,163 1,783 250 1,155 1,818 254 1,189 1,758 246
Guslemyenelere ve venercene eis os 20,121 | 15,975] 2,237 15,478 | 11,074} 1,551 15,939} 10,745] 1,503 11,225 6,773 947
Haddock..... ale 35,645 | 25,803| 3,614 37,510] 26,945] 3,774 41,578 | 25,404] 3,553 41,841] 23,118] 3,233
Cod: Spawning .... 75,024] 67,403] 9,440 89,826 | 75,576 | 10,584 70,589] 59,313] 8,296 59,497] 43,648
Finmark 39,479] 30,278}] 4,240 52,484 | 41,503] 5,812 69,299] 50,699] 7,091 52,143] 36,032
Bank: and: Wjord! gv ess:s< eeane 96,300 | 86,232 112,077 107,801 | 90,918 112,733 116,778 | 92,199 | 12,895 117,829] 89,868
Pollockseveyaepensrsccasierahel euatcvens) oe 1,842 ay ila | 240 2,265 2,037 285 2,506 2,163 303 2,486
Saithedipgesaverste, ayheteystorensus tare 76,274| 42,241] 5,916 80,698 | 42,521] 5,955 66,472 | 35,176] 4,920 75,864
Ling and blue ling ........+..5 13,304] 14,860] 2,081 13,948 | 14,209] 1,990 1,275 9,816
Livers: Spawning and Finmark cod. 10,010 4,353 610 12,375 5,366 752
Roe: Spawning cod ........... 4,294 3,481 502 4,808 3,949 553
Herring Winter Wars ie veleneteceus te ete 300,143 | 89,684 |12,566 416,360 | 115,280 | 16,148
ELE ero a Ont Lore SRO OO'o 61,162] 16,119] 2,257] ~- 45,490} 12,340] 1,728
Small ca inevsate vas svianet/a (x 9s100 215,260} 35,709] 5,001 179,916 | 30,342) 4,249
JOD!) oie is faite lel ese ede levee 2,105 1,618 227 1,423 1,035 145
Trawl 02s 0 cee ses 15,999 5,537 175, 16,938 5,944 832
Teeland teusweqeseveneue ate sireya 77,464 | 35,941} 5,034 56,536 | 33,622} 4,709
Sprat or brisling ...... 8,203] 11,055] 1,548 41}187/). 163928.) 2,371
[Mackerel and young mackerel .... 19,733) 12;298')" 1,722 17,596 | 11,541 1,616
Tuna oie 3,267 5,771 808 2,522 4,324 606
Sandee li sreravavara: sis afearshehena eda ozs 13,651 3,097 434 7,866 1,988 278
Oceantperchestssvevesecs sc) snareus: Shard 6,637 3,930 550 3,976 2,702 378
WiOlttiS imivenedensnere ens Uo Marans 2,743 1,192 167 3,304 1,578 221
Dophishtsmcparaye: c letere iteleiteseresersnens 25,594) 10,958] 1,535 19,108 7,492] 1,049
Grab pe teverata che cust eftelcMeveleienskohete ne 3,485 2,104 295 3,636 2,387 334
obster 4s... 2.5 eo) site ee in evel ie" 680 8,783 | 1,230 683 7,755) 1,086
Prawn, deep=water -..)évecre “sue aot) 9,496 | 29,423 | 4,121 9,706 | 30,296] 4,243
SQULGIaratowalenateireviatetete vers Doro-w ain 100 50 7 1,795 665 93
Bavers = othermicgety eye)< tava aterssetenare 13,812 5,800 812 14,295 6,349 889
ROG OLRe Tet iavelerlete snes! Peo Onin 613 878 123 519 137 19
Neaweed,sdried ars ejshiciauere scab scene . 13,000 2,300 322 12,117 2,144 300
GOthensSaaverctatietews: eucrateleletuitetarss oes 34,893 | 17,228 | 2,413 27,442 | 13,501] 1,891}
1,307,107 [e4t, 705 [89 9,871 1,360, 426 [666,588 | 93,3567[1,238,851 [582,275
1/1960 preliminary.
2/1959 revised.

Note: Values converted as follows--1959-1960: one kroner equals US$0.14005; 1957-1958: one kroner equals USSO. 13986.

ings steadily increased over this 4-year pe-
riod, but tuna landings remained relatively
insignificant and leveled off near 3,000 tons
per year. (Fiskets Gang, December 1960.)

The decline in the Norwegian fisheries
Since 1956, when nearly 2 million tons were
landed, may be ascribed to the failing winter
herring fishery which in 1960 yielded only a
little more than one fourth of the catch in
the record-breaking year of 1956. The total
catch of cod, including byproducts, was some
42,000 tons smaller than in 1959,

and advances made by the State Fishery
Bank to owners of fishing vessels were paid
more readily in 1960 than in 1959. Thefish-
ermen have been able to find a way out of
their difficulties. Some had good fishing in
the Iceland fishery and distant-water fishing
also proved profitable.

The loans granted by the State Fishery
Bank at present amount to about 230 million
kroner (US$32.2 million), For the year of
1961 the Government presupposes normal
loans from the Bank totaling 34 million

June 1961

Norway (Contd.):

kroner ($4.8 million) for new construction
and modernization of old vessels and another
20 million kroner ($2.8 million) for modern
trawlers.

Even if comparatively few new fishing ves-
sels were built last year for Norwegian own-
ers--quite a number were constructed for
Iceland and the Faroe Islands by Norwegian
shipbuilding yards--a feature of the situation
is the interest in Norway in factory trawlers
and stern-trawlers. Norway's first factory
trawler has successfully started fishing op-
erations; a couple of small vessels of the
stern-trawler type were built in 1960, and in
March 1961 the first big stern trawler, built
for a fishing company in Northern Norway,
was scheduled to be delivered. A few more
stern trawlers are going to be built at Nor-
wegian and foreign yards. (Norwegian Fish-
ing News, No. 4, Vol. 7, 1960.)

Peru

EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS,
FOURTH QUARTER 1960
AND YEARS 1959-60:

Exports of principal marine products by
Peru in 1960 amounted to 603,995 metric
tons (valued at US$53.0 million). Fish meal
exports (507,042 tons) for 1960 were upabout
82.7 percent from the 277,600 tons exported
in 1959, The average export value of fish
meal per metric ton in 1960 was only $76.32
is compared with $111.10 in 1959. Exports

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

09

of fish oil increased sharply (104 percent) in
1960, but the exports of frozen and canned fish
dropped from 43,734 tons in 1959 to 33,897
tons in 1960, (United States Embassy in Lima,
April 12, 1961.)

Nee see ce) oe

FRENCH EXPERT STUDIES SITE
FOR NEW FISHING PORT:

A representative of a French enterprise
(Societe Grenobloise D'Etudes et D' Aplications
Hidrauliques), under a 90-day contract with
the Peruvian Ministry of Development, has be-
gun a search for a site for the location of a
new fishing port. The objective is to remove
the problem of air pollution from the urban
areas of Lima and Callao by relocating ap-
proximately 35 fish meal plants. This is one
of the proposals being considered by the in-
dustry committee appointed by the Govern-
ment to find a solution to this problem.

Many reduction plants have installed de-
odorizing equipment or have taken other meas-
ures to reduce or avoid the troublesome odors
that sometimes invade the two cities and sub-
urban areas under certain atmospheric condi-
tions, and it is believed that considerable suc-
cess has been achieved. This method appears
to offer the most feasible permanent solution
to the problem of odors. (United States Em-
bassy, Lima, April 12, 1961.)

Products

Fish meal....
Fish (frozen,

I/F.o. NG Sine,

Oct.-Dec, 1960 aa 1960

ses v ae 2

Metric
Tons

507,042

canned, etc.) . 33,897 43,734
Fisb oil)... 35,008 17,165
Sperm oil. .. 13,500 10,004
Fertilizer

(guano) . wae 11,765 11,767
Whale meal . Berar a 2,783 3,917

ee

convened at rate of 26. 85 sales equal US$i for fourth quarter ag 1960.
2/F.0.b. values, converted at rate of 27.30 soles equal US$1 for 1960.
3/F.o.b. values, converted at rate of 27.90 soles equal US$1 for 1959.

Year 1959

Metric
Tons

217,600

9.7 348

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Philippines

TRADING COMPANY OPENS BIDS
FOR CANNED SARDINES:

On March 14, 1961, the Philippine trading
organization (NAMARCO) held its quarterly
bid opening for 165,000 cases of sardines,
with 12 firms tendering offers. As trade
sources predicted, no foreign suppliers or
indentors offered Japanese sardines, and 11
of the bidders offered South African fish.

United States interests were represented
in the following way:

(1) Only one firm offered United States
sardines (probably Maine sardines). The
price, however, over US$10 a case, was $3
higher than most South African tenders.

(2) Three Philippine indentors submitted
bids from United States firms to supply South
African sardines,

(3) Three local subsidiaries of United
States firms participated in the bidding, also
offering South African products.

It appears, therefore, the United States
interests will get at least a share of the
latest NAMARCO sardine business, although
probably no United States brand sardines
will be supplied due to lack of stocks from
the 1960 pack. (United States Embassy, Ma-
nila, March 21, 1961.)

Ryukyu Islands

JAPANESE FISHING COMPANY
ESTABLISHES JOINT FISHERY
COMPANY IN OKINAWA:

A large Japanese fishing company and a
Ryukyu whaling company have invested
US$200,000 each in a joint fishery company
in Okinawa, This new firm has three whal-
ing vessels and one 350-ton tuna vessel.

The new company expects to catch 140
humpback whales and produce 500 metric
tons of tuna a year. The tuna is to be uti-
lized for the production of fish sausages and
hams, and plans call for building a plant in
the Ryukyus capable of producing 15,000
pieces of fish sausages a day.

Annual consumption of fish sausages in
Okinawa totals about four million pieces, of

Vol. 23, No. 6

which 90 percent is supplied by the large Jap-
anese fishing company's Shimonoseki plant in
southern Japan. The proposed new fish saus-
age plant, upon its completion, is expected to
replace this source of supply. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, March 27, 1961.)

(Nike,
Ling

South -West Africa

SPINY LOBSTER LANDINGS
BEST IN SEVEN YEARS:

Spiny or rock lobster processing plants in
South-West Africa's port of Luderitz were
reported working overtime in March this year
to keep up with the biggest spiny lobster catch
in seven years. The success of the spiny lob-

ALGERIA

REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO.

NEW STATES OF
AFRICA

Increasing Areas of
Independence

E23 Independent before 1950

Independence achieved

(Independence achieved 1960

() Dependent Areas

ster season is greatly dependent on favorable
weather for boat operations; weather condi-
tions this season have been nearly perfect so
far, Up to mid-March, the factories at Lu-
deritz had processed 30,000 units of spiny
lobster tails (units of 20 pounds), of which
three-quarters had been frozen for export to
the United States and the rest canned, chiefly
for the United Kingdom and Continental mar-
kets. (United States Embassy, Pretoria,
March 23, 1961.)

June 1961

Sweden

DATE OF INTERNATIONAL
FISHERIES FAIR CHANGED:

The date of the Swedish International Fish-
eries Fair in Goteborg, which-was originally
announced as November 9-19, 1961, has been
changed to November 2-12,

The exposition will cover a wide range of
subjects connected with the fishing industry.
Among the items to be displayed are boats,
machines, electrical equipment for boats,
fishing equipment, processing machines,
transport apparatus, work clothes, etc.

_ The Fair will embrace approximately
10,000 square meters of display space. A
total of 5,000 invitations to participate in the
Fair have been sent to fishing organizations,
companies, etc. both in Sweden and abroad,

Although the exhibition is primarily con-
cerned with commercial fishing, sport fish-
ing is to be included. It is hoped that the
Fair will serve to bring about better under-
standing between sport and commercial fish-
ermen. (United States Consulate, Goteborg,
April 18, 1961.)

Togo

FISHING INDUSTRY:

Fishing is an important yet primitive in-
dustry in Togo, Salt-water fishing is done
by canoes or pirogues which carry about
seven men. The catch primarily consists of
small sardine-size fish which are dried--
most larger fish are salted or smoked. Salt-
water fish are of little importance in the in-
terior due to the lack of storage and trans-
portation facilities. Some shrimp and spiny
lobsters are also caught. One trawler pres-
ently operates from Lome, but a port must
be constructed before Togo's fishing indus-
try can develop.

Some fresh-water fishing is done in Lake
Togo, the Oti, Mono, and Kara rivers and in
stocked basins, (United States Embassy,
Lome, November 14, 1960.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

Tonga Islands

ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A
TUNA FISHERY RESUMED:

Over the period 1958-59, the Government
of the Tonga Islands (a group of islands south
of American Samoa) employed a New Zealand-
built fishing vessel for training purposes in
long-line tuna fishing techniques, During 1958
the vessel caught 187,731 pounds of fish of
which 29.2 percent were tuna, and in 1959
caught 117,432 pounds of which 29.6 percent
were also tuna. Based on these results, it
was decided to proceed with the ordering of a
vessel specifically designed for long-line tuna
fishing and the Teiko was obtained from Japan.
This ship was lost with all hands on her maid-
en voyage from Nuku'alofa in March 1960,
and this loss was difficult to overcome.

A Japanese expert was subsequently en-
gaged from Japan as Senior Fisheries Of-
ficer and arrived in the Kingdom with his
family in September 1960. It was necessary
to start from scratch in training a new crew
in long-line methods, Also, as a considerable
quantity of fishing equipment had been trans-
ferred from the New Zealand vessel to the
Teiko, new lines and rigging had to be ob-
tained. The first training voyage was made
in early November 1960, and a total of 14
trips had been made up to the end of January
1961, with the following results as regards
catches: tuna, 6,120 pounds; marlin, 10,802
pounds; shark, 12,014 pounds; and 498 pounds
of miscellaneous species.

In November and December 1960, the aver-
age percentage of shark caught was 41 per-
cent as compared to 49.5 percent and 48.8
percent in 1958 and 1959 operations, respec-
tively. In January 1961, the average percent-
age of shark caught in 4 trips had dropped to
32 percent. These figures give grounds for
cautious optimism as the percentage of shark
caught in long-line operations is a problem
in this type of fishing. It is understood that
Japanese fishing concerns will tolerate up to
an average shark catch of 62 percent on ex-
tended operations. Certain species of shark
liver have reasonable commercial value, but
the meat is not as good as that of tuna and
other fish. All fish landings are made at
Nuku'alofa where tuna and other species (ex-
cept shark) retail for about one Tongan shil-
ling (11.2 U. S. cents) a pound dressed weight.
Shark meat sells for about 4 U.S. cents a
pound, The question of what form further de-
velopments in the establishment of a commer-

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Tonga Islands (Contd.):

cial fishing industry will take is at present
under consideration. (United States Consu-
late of Suva, Fiji Islands, March 29, 1961.)

Union of South Africa

1961 PILCHARD SEASON
OFF TO GOOD START:

With an expected total of more than 80,000
short tons, the Union of South Africa Cape
west coast pelagic shoal fishery started the
1961 pilchard season with a record catch for
any January period in the history of the in-
dustry. The January 1961 catch was also one
of the highest ever landed in any one month
of fishing.

After a rather disappointing experiment
in the last two months of 1960 when boats
went out for maasbanker or jack mackerel
and mackerel only and caught less than
30,000 tons, the 1961 season got off to a re-
markable start early in the year.

The previous three seasons were good
ones for the industry, but the best previous
January catch was below 35,000 tons.

This season the boats moved out and found
their fish in packed shoals back where they
were found some five or six years ago--in
the St. Helena Bay area within a short dis-
tance of west coast factories. Later in the
month, good catches were also made in the
False Bay area.

With fish readily available within short
distances of factory docks, boats came in
with deckload after deckload. Several St.
Helena Bay and Saldanha factories had a re-
cord or near record monthly intake. Fish
were fat, mainly pilchards yielding about 20
gallons of body oil to aton. The short hauls
with good fish also proved good for canning.

With the decision last year to permit fish-
ing for maasbanker and mackerel in Novem-
ber and December, the Cape west coast pel-
lagic shoal-fishing season now extends from
the beginning of November to the end of July.

The total catch to the end of December
was 28,243 short tons, made up of 23,551
tons of maasbanker and 4,692 tons of mack-
erel,

Vol. 23, No. 6

In November the maasbanker catch was
8,674 tons and the mackerel catch 2,769 tons
for a total of 11,443 tons. This catch yielded
1,682 tons of fish meal, 57,545 gallons of fish-
body oil, 1,950,336 pounds of canned maas-
banker, and 514,392 pounds of canned macker-
el.

In December the maasbanker catch was
14,877 tons and the mackerel catch 1,923 tons
for a total of 16,800 tons. This catch yielded
3,312 tons of fish meal, 136,341 gallons of
fish-body oil, 2,294,688 pounds of canned ma-
asbanker, and 710,304 pounds of canned mack-
erel. (The South African Shipping News and
Fishing Industry Review, February 1961.) _

U.S. S.R.

FACTORYSHIP STERN-TRAWLERS
FOR FISHING IN TROPICS:

The first of a series of stern-trawling fac-
toryships designed for fishing in tropical wa-
ters is being constructed in East Germany.

Tropik Lis specially built for fishing in
central and south Atlantic waters. It can car-
ry fuel and supplies for a 60-day trip, and it
is expected that it will land 5,100 to 5,800 met-
ric tons of processed fish and fish products
annually. The vessel is 260 feet long and its
two main motors are 670 hp. Diesels.

The crew of 76 will be housed in state-
rooms, all with hot and cold water. All liv-
ing and working quarters will be air condi-
tioned.

Tropik I differs from other factoryship
trawlers in that it does not have a continuous
shelter deck. The vessel is designed to fish
with bottom and midwater trawls for sardines,
herring, and flatfish. In addition, there is
gear for catching tuna with pole and line or
long lines, a fish pump for sardine fishing,
and two dories 29 feet long with 34-hp. motors
for purse Seining. For trawling and gill-net-
ting the gear will be shot over the stern, but
tuna fishing with poles will be done from plat-
forms which fold out from the vessel's sides
and stern. Small bait tanks on the platforms
are filled from three large bait tanks. The
fish pumps are of Soviet manufacture. The
electronic equipment includes two radar sets,
asdic, and 2 echo-sounders. (Fiskaren, a
Norwegian fishery trade publication, March

15 e 19 Giles)
KOK KOK x

June 1961

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

FISHING FOR OCEAN PERCH OFF
NEWFOUNDLAND AND IN SEA
OF JAPAN PLANNED:

A Lithuanian fishery fleet is preparing to
fish for ocean perch off Newfoundland, ac-
cording to the Russian publication Sovjetska-
ja Litva in its February 25, 1961, issue.
The fleet will consist of 52 middle-size
trawlers, of which 2 arefor fishery research
and exploration; the motherships Sovjetskaja
Arktika and Sovjetskaja Litva; the freezer-
ships Privolzjk and Ju Janonis; fuel ships
Kreking, Altuis, and Sambor; and the sal-
vage vessel Rambinas,

s

a I,

NICOBAR 1S, *

ae Coat ETD

ale
Pawan ue

+ COCOS 15.

Soviet fishermen have put in operation a
successful ocean perch fishery in the Sea of
Japan along the Primorcoast, according to
the April 5 issue of Ekonomitsjeskaja Ga-
zeta. It was thought earlier that in the Pa-
cific Ocean area this species of fish occur-
red only in the Bering Sea. (Fiskets Gang,
April 13, 1961.)

KOKO KK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

FISHING IN BERING SEA:

The Japanese fishing vessel Akebono Maru
No, 50, independently trawling at a point some
50 kilometers northwest of Nunivak Island in
the Bering Sea, early in April this year re-
ported it sighted Soviet fishing fleets compris-~-
ing 60 trawlers of the 250-300-ton class and
the 600-ton class in operation in the same
area. (Fisheries Economic News, April 14,
1961.)

sei tes she sk! sie

FLASHING LIGHTS TO LURE HERRING:

Soviet experts have proposed a method of
herring fishing based on the use of flashing
lights mounted on the trawls. The experts
made their proposals after a trip in the North
Atlantic aboard the Severyanka, a submarine
fitted out as a scientific laboratory.

A British correspondent writes: "If Rus-
sian experts succeed in attracting fish into
the track of a trawl by artificial light, it will
be a notable triumph. The reaction of sea fish
to light has not been extensively studied in
this country, though a research ship had an
interesting experience a few years ago when
engaged in a study of the pilchard fishery.

''A shoal had been located by echo-sounder
and when a powerful light was shown over the
ship's side, the shoal at once rose. The light
was switched off and the shoal immediately
returned towards the sea bed."

In the case of herring, in which the Rus-
sians have now a considerable interest in At-
lantic waters, the fishery is greatly depend-
ent on extensive vertical movements of the
fish.

At night they rise to the upper waters and
are taken in drift nets. By day they seek the
bottom and are taken in trawls. These ver-
tical movements correspond to the diurnal
movement of plankton and it may be the re-
sponse of this herring food to light that gov-
erns the mass movement of the fish, (The
Fishing News, March 10, 1961.)

He ie: el a3ke 3K

STATEMENT ON FISHERIES
PLANS AND RESEARCH:

Planned Fishery Catch for 1965: Boris
Kulikov, an official in the Soviet Ministry of
Fisheries, made a statement about the Sov-
iet fisheries and fishing industry at the meet-
ing of the International North Pacific Fisher-

84

Wenosowk (Conta):

ies Commission meeting in the fallof 1960.
Kulikov was one of the two observers sent to
the meeting by the U. S.S. R. The Russian
observer indicated that in accordance with
the seven-year-plan, the Russian fishing
industry is supposed to harvest by 1965 4.6
million metric tons of fish and other sea
animals as against 3.3 million metric tons
planned for 1960; that means that the annual
increment should exceed 200,000 metrictons.

This is to be achieved through the expan-
sion of sea fisheries (which are closely cor-
related with research program), construction
of new and modernization of old fishing ves-
sels, and through rebuilding of fish stocks in
inland seas and the development of fish-rear-
ing in natural and artificial reservoirs.

The Russian observer further stated:

Fisheries Are International: "In develop-
ing our sea fisheries we should bear in mind
both the interests of our country and the ne-
cessity of maintaining the rational utilization
of marine resources with due consideration
of the interests of other countries concerned.

"Our fishing industry people have no idea
of developing sea fisheries other than inclose
cooperation with other countries in the field
of rational exploitation of marine resources,
such cooperation being duly based on the re-
spect for each other's rights and interests.

"Successful expansion of sea fisheries
requires much care about the future of the
resources in the ocean, The more devel-
oped the means of production, the higher is
the rate of exploitation of natural resources
and, consequently, the more attention should
be devoted to the reproduction aspect.

Pacific Salmon Transplanted to Barents
Sea: "Our fishery scientists and research
institutions tried to acclimatize Pacific
salmon in the Southern Barents Sea as far
back as in the thirties. Due to different rea-
sons, some of them beyond our control, those
experiments were not quite successful.

"In 1956 the experiments were resumed
and they have been continued ever since in
accordance with fish-rearing programs.

Two main salmon species--pink and chum
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. keta)--were
chosen by our scientists as an object of ac-
climatization simply because of their earlier

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23) Noti6

descent to sea which almost excludes the prob-
lem of food competition between them and At-
lantic salmon; as regards the food supply dur-
ing the sea-life period of transplanted salmon,
the availability of food is beyond any doubt.

"Nature has responded to this scientific
effort in a very generous way. In the second
half of 1960 more than 100 thousand speci-
mens of pink salmon at the age of 1+ were
registered in the trap nets off the Kola Pen-
insula, their size ranging from 46 to 52 cm.
and weight amounting to 1.5 kg. It is note-
worthy that the fish entered many more rivers
other than those into which they had been re-
leased. For example, pink runs were observed
in the rivers of the Arkhangelsk area. Innorth-
ern Norway they constituted about 2 percent of
the total salmon catch in 1960, According to
unofficial reports, young pinks were also ob-
served this year in the rivers of Iceland and
Scotland. So you see that the northern pinks
have shown a very sociable character and a
great interest for travel.

"The task of acclimatization of Pacific
salmon could not be fulfilled with any mark-
able success without finding the adequate
technique of transporting the eggs from the
Far East to the Barents Sea area. The meth-
ods applied permitted decrease in the percent-
age of the eggs lost during travel to 0.5 per-
cent for chum and 1.8 percent for pink salmon.
New hatcheries were built and a number of old
ones reconstructed; rearing technique also
underwent some modification,

"While in 1957-58 salmon were released
under ice in the rivers Kola and Umba of the
Kola Peninsula, mainly in the stage of larvae
with yolk sac not completely absorbed, in
1959 all the young were released from hatch-
eries only after they had attained the weight
of 200 to 1,000 mgs, with the yolk sac com-
pletely dissolved. The young were released
into the rivers Kola and Ura in the north and
rivers Umba and Niva in the south, and the
latter two rivers flow into the White Sea,

"The young fish were reared in the same
ponds they had been placed in after hatching
with an average number of 25,000 fish per
one Square meter.

"The young were fed by the eggs of fish
herring, and other different species of fish,
redfish larvae, minced frozen capelin, liver,
eles

"The approaches of pink runs to the
European coast in 1960 have fully justified

June 1961

UW. Se S.. Re (Contd):

the line taken by the scientists in their ex-
perimental work.

"No reports were received on the ap-
proaches of chum, as yet. However, since
the young of chum were released for the
first time in 1959, we may not expect them
back in our northern rivers before 1962-64,
that is when they grow up to 3+ to 5+, pro-
vided they retain the length of their sea-life
period,

"The results achieved so far have, in our
opinion, been quite satisfactory. Now we are
confronted with two major problems: first of
all, will the pink salmon produce the next
generation under the natural conditions ofthe
Barents Sea, and what European rivers will
they find most suitable for spawning; second-
ly, how to safequard the stocks and not to
make them vulnerable to intensive fishing at
this early stage of their formation. At pres-
ent commercial catching of pink salmon is
allowed neither in our rivers nor in the open
sea.

"We believe that before definite conclusions
are made much more research is required at
this stage. We hope that the scientists of the
countries whose rivers were approached by
salmon this summer will help us by report-
ing the results of their observations. We are
inclined to think that the problem of the ac-
climatization of Far Eastern salmon in the
Barents Sea is already now outgrowing the
national interests and becoming a matter of
international importance,

Salmon Catches: ''We hope to be under-
stood correctly if we say that the experi -
ments of acclimatization of salmon in the
north were not being undertaken for the sole
purpose of making up for the losses in the
Far East. These experiments were con-
ducted with a view to increasing the marine
resources in accordance with the main prin-
ciple of our planned economy. The problem
of salmon stocks in the northwest Pacific
still retains its urgent character. If you look
at the matter from the viewpoint of the situ-
ation during the last 20 years you will see
that the catches of salmon since the last rich-
est odd year of 1949, when 263,000 metric
tons were taken, have been gradually decreas-
ing and amounted to only 94,000 metric tons
in 1959, A similar picture is observed as
regards the catches in even years. Against
177,000 metric tons produced by the richest

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

year of 1944 and a good catch of 160,000 met-
ric tons in 1956, the 1958 catch decreased to
73,000 metric tons.

"The present year has not brought any con-
solation either. Judging from the preliminary
results, our salmon fishing in the area is un-
likely to reach the catch figure planned for
1960, nor shall we reach the level of the actu-
al catch in 1958, The decrease in the run of
pink salmon predicted by our scientists is
quite noticeable this year. This makes us
feel growing concern over the future of this
valuable species inthe northwest Pa-
eitic?

"Salmon constitutes an important item on
the list of national resources of our country.
On the state of salmon stocks depends some-
thing more than the well-being of the people
engaged in salmon fisheries. So our interest
in the way the other countries try to tackle
and solve the problem of rational conduct of
salmon fisheries should be quite understand-
able. We are grateful, therefore, for the in-
vitation to attend the 7th session of the Inter-
national North Pacific Fisheries Commission
and are happy to have an opportunity to ob-
serve the discussions of these problems,

Other Fisheries: ''The Soviet fishing in-
dustry is interested in the development and
exploitation of all marine resources of the
North Pacific. In the course of the recent re-
search great concentrations of flat fish were
found in the area. They now compose the
dominant part in our catches, their monthly
totals averaging 10,000-11,000 metric tons,
Cod fishing is also likely to be expanded.
Newly developed techniques of processing
have stimulated the production of canned
saury.''

As to the Soviet crab fishing effort in1960,
the Russian observer stated that they did not
attain the crabs-per-net by the Japanese
Tokei Maru. Russian crab fishing is likely
to continue on the same scale in 1967 in the
waters adjacent to Bristol Bay,

The Russian observer then stated: ''We
do not specially fish for halibut in this area
and halibut occurs in our catches only as in-
dividual specimens and serves as a sort of
bonus for fishermen. It is hard, therefore,
to calculate exactly how many specimens are
caught in the trawl nets of our fishermen, I
shall make no attempt, however, to hide our
growing interest in this particular fish, or to
rule out the possibility of starting experimen-

86

W-S.7S. 7k. (Contd):

tal fishing for halibut in the near future for
exploring the existing situation.

"The Soviet fishing industry is certainly
interested in the expansion of fishing in the
Pacific Ocean. We cannot separate our in-
terests, however, from those of other coun-

tries and are always ready to cooperate."

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1961 p. 51.

United Kingdom

ELECTRONIC FISH-THAWING
UNIT DEVELOPED:

With the development of freezing at sea by distant-water
vessels, the need was created for a machine to thaw large
quantities of frozen fish rapidly, economically, and in the
least possible space. And an electronic fish-thawing unit
has been produced by a British firm to meet this require-
ment,

One great advantage of electronic thawing is the uniform-
ity of heating throughout the whole thickness of the fish.
Apart from the shortened operating time, this method avoids
the risk of surface deterioration such as drying and thermal
damage, arising from the high surface temperatures neces-
sitated by slower conventional thawing procedures using
air and water as conducting media. The ‘‘waterlogging’’
characteristic of thawing in water is also avoided.

When the distant-water vessels return with the frozen
fish, it is of great importance that a plant is available to
thaw the fish in a manner which makes it indistinguishable
from freshly-caught fish. Electronic thawing produces fish
of consistently higher quality than any other large-scale
method,

In the herring industry also, there are particular reasons
why electronic thawing can be of great assistance. While
small supplies are still available during the winter months,
the quality of the fish landed is not entirely satisfactory for
kippering out of season because the fat content falls below
what is generally recognized to be desirable, for a period
of 4 or 5 months during the year. Thus, large quantities
are frozen at the height of the season.

Hitherto, a serious deterrent to the more widespread use
of frozen herring for kippering has been the slowness of
thawing and the consequent risk of the fish spoiling noticeably
during the process, This is a hazard peculiar to herring be-
cause of the ease with which the fat goes rancid and of enzymic
changes. Electronic thawing now enables these difficulties to
be overcome completely.

As the seasonal shortage of white fish occurs roughly
during the first quarter and that of herring during the second
quarter of the year, the electronic thawing plant can be used
for thawing white fish when fresh herring are available and
vice versa,

Wide differences of temperature exist in different parts
of the fish thawed by conventional methods, When fish is
thawed by the electronic method the temperature is much
more evenly distributed throughout. Thus, it is possible to
thaw the fish without raising its temperature more than a
few degrees above its freezing point so that no power is wasted.
in unnecessary heating.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

By thawing herring electronically, it is possible to ad-
just their temperature so they go through a splitting machine
at the right degree of firmness to give maximum yield and
the minimum of torn meat. Compared with that of normally-
thawed herring, the yield of ‘‘firsts’’ is considerably increased
and the number of ‘‘seconds’’ is correspondingly decreased.

The advantage of the new method is particularly marked
with very fat herring (which are normally so soft that they
are often badly torn in passing through the splitting machine)
and considerable saving is achieved. (The Fishing News,
March 17, 1961.)

ste gle sh ste ste
Sa nse Be

VERTICAL PLATE FREEZER FOR
NEW STERN TRAWLER:

One of the most modern pieces of equipment scheduled
for the new British stern-trawler Lord Nelson, is the
vertical plate freezer, experimentally built at Torry Re-
search Station, Aberdeen, but designed on a commercial
scale by a British commercial firm.

This freezer, in its experimental stages, was installed
in the Grimsby trawler Northern Wave, early in 1956,
during her experimental voyages as a part-freezer ship
on behalf of the British White Fish Authority and the
trawler owners, and units of the design are fitted in the
research trawler Sir William Hardy, attached to the
Torry Station,

The unit has six stations in two groups of three, each
formed by four embossed steel plates suspended vertical-
ly from their top edges on special gaslight trunnion con-
nections, These enable the plates to hinge about the cen-
ter line of the trunnions and they can, therefore, move a-
part at the bottom to release the frozen fish blocks formed
between them.

Refrigerant flows through the channels formed in these
embossed plates from the inlet to the outlet trunnion con-
nections,

Each group of four plates is fed in parallel from mani-
folds into which the trunnions are inserted. The rectangu-
lar slots between the plates form the moulds or stations
in which the fish blocks are frozen, and the bottoms of the
stations are closed during the freezing cycle by bottom
doors hinged into a horizontal position, one door for each
group of three stations.

Mechanical linkages between the bottom doors and the
freezer plates secure the latter in their closed (paralleled)
position during the freezing cycle.

At the end of the freezing cycle hot gas is passed through
the freezer plates to release the fish from the blocks; at the
same time the bottom doors are dropped into their open (ver-
tical) position, and this through the linkages moves the plates
apart to release the blocks,

The frozen blocks drop out into the nets, from which they
are removed for stowing in the frozen fish hold,

The design of the model in the Lord Nelson is much the
same as that in Northern Wave, but special multichannel
extruded aluminium plates have replaced the embossed
steel ones, and these provide contact of the evaporating
refrigerant over nearly the whole surface of the plates.

It is, therefore, possible with these to obtain a much
shorter freezing cycle than with the earlier design. This
has the advantage of reducing considerably space occupied

June 1961

United Kingdom (Contd.):

by a freezing plant of any given output, an important con-
sideration ina vessel.

Special designs have been developed for freezing
dressed cod after gutting and heading, and experience has
shown that for Arctic cod the minimum convenient block
thickness which can be used is 4 inches.

Experience with 4-inch blocks shows that with the cor-
rect evaporating temperatures and rates of refrigerant

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

circulation, freezing times as low as three hours are pos-
sible, but in general, a freezing cycle time of 33 to 33
hours should be allowed at the design stage to compensate
for variations in block weights, contact between the fish
and the freezing plates, etc.; this time includes that re-
quired for loading, defrosting, and unloading.

A special defrost cock is available for use in conjunc-
tion with each three-station half-freezer to change over
from freezing to hot gas defrosting to release the blocks.
This also has had the advantage of ensuring that the plates
are free from ice at the commencement of each freezing
cycle. (The Fishing News, March 17, 1961.)

PRODUCTION OF FISHMEAL, BY MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES, 1948, 1953, 1958, ano 1959

Mal

CANADA

UNITED STATES

ie

UNITED KINGDOM

oh es
MOROCCO

=

SOUTH AFRICA

88 Vol. 235 Noia6

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW
BE Ate» PZ U7 ee

FEDERAL:
ACTIONS 42

Public Law 86-577, which gives the Secretary
of the Interior the same authority as is pos-

sessed by the Secretary of Commerce to borrow
from the Treasury when such action is neces-
sary to make payments on defaults of insured

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

ADDITIVE APPROVED FOR
CANNED SHELLFISH:

An order published by the Food and Drug
Administration in the April 4, 1961, Federal
Register extends, permission for use of cal-
cium disodium ethylene-diamine tetraacetate

(calcium disodium EDTA) in canned crab meat

and canned shrimp,

In both instances the specified use is to
retard struvite crystal formation and pro-
mote color retention. The level of use is
limited to 275 parts per million for crab
meat and 250 parts per million for shrimp.

The order is an extension of Food Addi-
tives Regulation 121.1017, issued earlier,
which permitted use of this additive in sev-
eral other items of food.

GEE Ie,

ra

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

mortgages.

The amended regulation as published in
the Federal Register follows:

Title 50—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter Il—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER F—AID TO FISHERIES

PART 255—FISHING VESSEL MORT-
GAGE INSURANCE PROCEDURES

Inclusion of Reference to Public Law
86-577

Incident to the transfer to the Depart-
ment of the Interior of all functions of
the Maritime Administration, Depart-
ment of Commerce, which pertain to
Federal Ship mortgage insurance of fish-
ing vessels under authority of Title XI of
the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as
amended, the act of July 5, 1960 (74
Stat. 314), clarified authority of the Sec-
retary of the Interior under amendments
to the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 en-
acted subsequent to March 22, 1958, cit-
ing in particular the amendment enacted
July 15, 1958 (72 Stat. 358; 46 U.S.C.
1275). The following amendment is
made to 50 CFR 255.1(a) to reflect these
provisions.

Since this change is made as the result
of act of Congress and is clarifying in
nature notice and public procedure

thereon is deemed unnecessary and the
amendment shall become effective upon
Publication in the FeperaL REGISTER.

As amended paragraph (a) of § 255.1
reads as follows:

§ 255.1 Basis and purpose.

(a) Title XI of the Merchant Marine
Act, 1936, as amended (46 U.S.C. 1271-
1279), authorizes the Secretary of Com-
merce to insure certain eligible loans and
mortgages on vessels owned by citizens
of the United States. As found and de-
termined by the Director of the Bureau
of the Budget on March 22, 1958 (23 F.R.
2304), all functions of the Maritime Ad-
ministration, Department of Commerce,
which pertain to Federal Ship mortgage
insurance of fishing vessels under au-,
thority of Title XI of the Merchant
Marine Act of 1936, as amended (46
U.S.C. 1271-1279), were transferred to
the Department of the Interior by sec-
tion 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act
of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e). The Act of
July 5, 1960, Public Law 86-577 (46
U.S.C. 1275—Note), among other things,
clarified authority of the Secretary of
the Interior under amendments to the
Merchant Marine Act of 1936 enacted
subsequent to March 22, 1958, citing in
particular the amendment enacted July
15, 1958 (72 Stat. 358).

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

APRIL 3, 1961.

Sei noe, one: eal

REVISED BUDGET INCLUDES
FUNDS FOR SALMON AND
OCEANOGRAPHY RESEARCH:

The Secretary of the Interior stated on

March 20, 1961, that the revised budget esti-
mate for fiscal year 1962 (begins July 1,
1961) which President Kennedy submitted to
the Congress is a great step forward in the
Administration's programs in conserving and
developing our Nation's natural and human
resources,

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE

INSURANCE CLARIFYING AMENDMENT:
An amendment to regulations governing

the Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance pro-

gram was published in the Federal Register

of April 7, 1961. The amendment is of a

clarifying nature to include a reference to

The total increase for the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries is $2.5 million. The
increase of $1.5 million for basic research

June 1961

by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is
necessary for continuation of an intensified
salmonresearch program, The United States
may lose a substantial portion of its North
Pacific salmon fisheries in 1963 unless these
resources are brought under a complete
scientific conservation regime. This con-
cept is the substance of the International
Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the
North Pacific Ocean, which is subject to re-
negotiation in 1953,

The increase of $1.0 million will allow
for basic marine biological research as a
part of the national program for oceano-
graphy. This is responsive to the Presi-
dent's interest expressed in his State of the
Union message to the Congress as well as
his statement on natural resources. Signifi-
cant additional knowledge of the marine bio-
logical processes is essential for defense
and resource development.

HK OK OK oko

TOP FISHERY POSTS FILLED:

Appointmerts for the top fishery posts in the U. S. De-
partment of the Interior have now all been completed.

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife: Frank P,
Briggs, newspaper publisher, former U, S. Senator, a
member of the Missouri Conservation Commission for
many years and four times chairman of that body, is the
Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish and Wildlife.
He was appointed by the President on February 6, 1961.

Briggs filled the unexpired term of Harry S. Truman
when Senator Truman became Vice President. He has
been owner and editor of the Macon Chronicle-Herald since
1924 and has twice received the University of Missouri
School of Journalism award for distinguished service.

He was born in Armstrong, Mo., February 25, 1894, and
graduated from the University of Missouri School of Journal-
ism in 1915.

Frank P, Briggs

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

ae aaa

Clarence F. Pautzke

Commissioner, Fish and Wildlife Service: President
John F, Kennedy, following consultation with Secretary of
the Interior Stewart L. Udall, announced on March 22 his
selection of Clarence F. Pautzke, 53, Deputy Commissioner
of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, as Commis~
sioner of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Pautzke is a native
of Auburn, Wash.

Before going to Alaska in May 1960, Pautzke had com-
pleted 30 years employment with the State of Washington-~
three years with the Department of Fisheries, 24 years
with game and game fish work in the Department of Game,
and three years of other employment,

On three occasions he has been on research duty at the
South Pacific Weapons Testing Center at Bikini and Eni-
wetok as a member of the staff of the Applied Fisheries
Laboratory of the University of Washington,

In 1959 he was a member of the American delegation of
fishery specialists who spent a month inspecting Russian
fishery laboratories and fishery activities on Kamchatka
Peninsula and on the nearby mainland. In 1957 he was
President of the American Fisheries Society.

As Commissioner of the Fish and Wildlife Service,
Pautzke will supervise the activities of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife.

Aide to Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife:
Robert M. Paul of Riverside, Calif., has been selected as
special assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife Frank P. Briggs. The Secretary of the Interior
announced this appointment on March 20. Paul will serve
as the principal aide to Assistant Secretary Frank P. Briggs.

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Robert M. Paul

Born in Huntington, Ind., on February 1, 1924, Paul
has been executive secretary of the Sport Fishing Insti-
tute since 1957. He was staff assistant to the.Director of
California’s Department of Fish and Game from 1948 un-
til he joined the Sport Fishing Institute. He was graduated
from the University of California in 1948 with a degree in
engineering. He is a member of the American Fisheries
Society, the Wildlife Society, and other organizations in-
terested in fish and wildlife activities.

gl Fg
s a

4
Department of the Treasury

COAST GUARD

FISHERIES LAW ENFORCEMENT AIDED:
~ In order to more fully utilize the available
facilities of the U.S. ; 7 ;
Coast Guard, plans have
been made to augment
offshore inspections of
fishing vessels in the
North Atlantic. The
personnel of five

Coast Guard cutters
which are assigned

to search and rescue
activities in the

North Atlantic area
have beeninstructed

Vol! 235/No.46

in fisheries enforcement procedures by en-
forcement agents of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries and will now inspect nets
in connection with all routine boardings.

Bureau scientists have determined that
the international net-mesh regulations for
the Northwest Atlantic, which have been in
effect since 1953, have been beneficial in
many ways. Larger net sizes have allowed
the escape of small haddock and cod and per-
mitted their growth to a marketable size.

White House

CONVENTIONS ON LAW OF THE SEA
SIGNED BY PRESIDENT:

On March 24, 1961, the President of the
United States signed the instruments of ratifi-
cation of the following Conventions formulated
at the United Nations Conference onthe Law of
the Sea, Geneva, February 24 to April 27,
1958;

1. Convention on the Territorial Sea and
the Contiguous Zone;

2. Convention on the High Seas;

3. Convention on Fishing and Conservation
of the Living Resources of the High Seas; and

4. Convention on the Continental Shelf.

Copies of said instruments of ratification
were forwarded to the Secretary General of

the United Nations for deposit.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1960
p- 40; February 1960 p. 61; November 1959 p. 100; August
1959 p. 40; February 1959 p. 49; January 1959 pp. 54
and 71,

PRESIDENT ASKS INCREASE IN FISCAL
YEAR 1962 BUDGET FOR
OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH:

Additional funds for the national oceanographic research
program are included in the President’s March 29 request to
Congress to increase the fiscal year 1962 budget of several
agencies chiefly to strengthen research programs and to ex~
pand programs to promote export trade and travel to the U-
nited States. For the national oceanographic program, an esti-
mated budget of $97,501,000 is indicated for FY 1962 as a-
gainst an estimated $55,009,000 for FY 1961, and an actual ex-
penditure of $45,943,000 for FY 1960. Among the agencies in-
volved are the Departments of Defense, Commerce, Interior,
Treasury, and Health, Education & Welfare; also the National
Science Foundation and the Atomic Energy Commission, Pro-
posed budget for the Department of the Interior is $15,472,000

June 1961

in FY 1962 as compared to $8,704,000 for FY 1961 and
$6,723,000 for FY 1960.

The President’s March 29 letter to the President of the
Senate urging the appropriations indicated follows:

‘My dear Mr. President:

“‘The seas around us, as I pointed out in my message to the
Congress on February 23, represent one of our most impor-
tant resources, If vigorously developed, this resource can be
a source of great benefit to the Nation and to all mankind.

“But it will require concerted action, purposefully directed,
with vision and ingenuity. It will require the combined efforts
of our scientists and institutions, both public and private, and
the coordinated efforts of many Federal agencies, It will in-
volve substantial investments in the early years for the con-
struction and operation of ship and shore facilities for re-
search and surveys, the development of new instruments for
charting the seas and gathering data, and the training of new
scientific manpower.

“‘We are just at the threshold of our knowledge of the oceans.
Already their military importance, their potential use for
weather predictions, for food and for minerals are evident,
Further research will undoubtedly disclose additional uses.

“Knowledge of the oceans is more than a matter of curiosity.
Our very survival may hinge upon it. Although understanding
of our marine environment and maps of the ocean floor would
afford to our military forces a demonstrable advantage, we
have thus far neglected oceanography. We do not have ade-
quate charts of more than one or two percent of the oceans,

“‘The seas also offer a wealth of nutritional resources, They
already are a principal source of protein. They can provide
many times the current food supply if we but learn how to gar-
ner and husband this self-renewing larder. To meet the vast
needs of an expanding population, the bounty of the sea must be
made more available, Within two decades, our own nation will
require over a million more tons of seafood than we now har-
vest.

‘Mineral resources on land will ultimately reach their limits,
But the oceans hold untapped sources of such basic minerals
as salt, potassium and magnesium in virtually limitless quan-
tities. We will be able to extract additional elements from sea
water, Such as manganese, nickel, cobalt and other elements
known to abound on the ocean floor, as soon as the processes
are developed to make it economically feasible.

‘‘To predict, and perhaps some day to control, changes in
weather and climate is of the utmost importance to man ev-
erywhere. These changes are controlled to a large and yet
unknown extent by what happens in the ocean. Ocean and at-
mosphere work together ina still mysterious way to deter-
mine our climate. Additional research is necessary to iden-
tify the factors in this interplay.

‘““These are some of the reasons which compel us to embark
upon a national effort in oceanography, I am therefore re-
questing funds for 1962 which will nearly double our Govern-
ment’s investment over 1961... .”’

“1, Ship Construction

“‘The proposed program for 1962 includes $37 million for ship
construction, an increase of $23 million over 1961. This will
provide for 10 oceanographic vessels. Only two will replace
existing ships. The others will be used to meet needs that
have long existed in Federal agencies and other oceanograph-
ic institutions conducting research for the Government.

‘“‘The present United States oceanographic fleet is composed
of 27 research ships and 17 survey vessels, All but two were
constructed prior to the end of World War II; many are over
thirty years old, Only two of the ships were designed specif-
ically for research purposes; the remainder has been con-
verted from a variety of ships designed for other uses. Thus

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

91

the success of the national oceanographic program will depend
heavily on the construction of the new specially designed ves-
sels proposed for 1962,

“2, Shore Facilities and Data Center

‘‘Shore facilities are urgently required to provide laboratory
space for analysis and interpretation of data and to train new
oceanographers. In oceanographic research about five scien-
tists and technicians are required ashore for each Scientist
aboard ship.

“For 1962, $10 million is being requested for laboratories
and wharfside facilities. This represents a five-fold increase
over 1961. It includes, for example, funds for a new Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries laboratory to replace a forty~year
old structure and additional laboratory space at universities
and other oceanographic institutions.

“‘An essential part of the shore establishment is the new Na-
tional Oceanographic Data Center which will begin its first
full year of operation in 1962, This Center will make avail-
able to the scientific community oceanographic data collect-
ed throughout the world.

‘*3, Basic and Applied Research

‘‘The conduct of research is the central purpose of our whole
national effort in oceanography. New ships and shore facili-
ties are essential tools of scientific research, but it is the re-
search itself that will yield new knowledge of the earth’s ‘in-
ner space,’ and new uses of the sea, The proposed program
includes $41 million for basic and applied research in ocean-
ography. This is an increase of $9 million over the 1961 lev-
el.

‘‘Basic research is the cornerstone on which the success-

ful use of the seas must rest. Progress here is largely
dependent on the work of scientists at many universities and
laboratories throughout the United States and on ships at sea,
Their investigations cover all aspects of the marine environ-
ment, the motion and composition of ocean waters, the evolu-
tion and distribution of marine plants and animals, the shape
and composition of the ocean bottom, and many other geophys~
ical and biological problems, Of timely significance is the at-
tempt to penetrate to the earth’s mantle to better our under-
standing of the origin and history of our planet. This under-
taking, known as Project MOHOLE, involves the development
of new drilling methods that can be used in the deep seas,
This project has recently resulted in a spectacular achieve-
ment. Samples from nearly a thousand feet beneath the sea
floor were obtained by drilling in three thousand feet of wa-
ter.

‘Considerable attention will also be given to applied prob-
lems in the marine sciences, Oceanographers will be study-
ing such problems as sound propagation in water, the effects
of changes in ocean conditions on the movement of ships,
weather forecasting, and fisheries management. Methods of
predicting changes in ocean conditions also are being devel-
oped, Eventually they lead to maps of ‘weather within the
sea’ much like the atmospheric weather maps of today.

‘“Many advances are being made in methods of exploring the
seas, Oceanographers are now able to descend to the great
depths in bathyscaphes. New electronic equipment will allow
them to probe the ocean and to ‘see’ with sound pulses what
before has been opaque. Using these new techniques, our sci-
entists already have discovered vast currents below the ocean
surface a thousand times larger than the flow of the Mississip-

pi.
“4, Training of Oceanographers

‘‘The most important part of our long-range program in o-
ceanography is the training of young scientists. Scientific
manpower of every sort will be needed~-technicians, college
graduates, and post-graduate researchers--and they must be
trained in many Scientific disciplines, This training should
go hand in hand with the conduct of research at universities

92

Table 1 - National Oceanographic Program Budget--
Summary by Federal Agency

Health, Education & Welfare .

and other oceanographic institutions. By their support of
these institutions, the programs of the National Science Foun-
dation, the Office of Naval Research, and the Department of
Health, Education and Welfare will be of major importance to
an expanding program in oceanography; for they can result in
the education of new young scientists as well as in the produc-
tion of new knowledge. In the coming year, these agencies are
undertaking to increase the number of fellowship awards and
graduate student research contracts, and they also will en-
courage the development of new university programs in ocean-
ography.

“'5. Ocean Surveys

‘‘World-wide surveys of the oceans~~their properties, their
contents and boundaries~-are needed to make charts and maps
for use of scientists in their research programs and for a va-
riety of commercial and defense applications, The United
States’ ocean survey program for FY 1962 is being increased
within the limits of ships available for this purpose. Iam re-
questing additional funds to allow the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey to extend the operating season of its existing ships, thus
making the maximum use of limited ship resources, As al-
ready mentioned, funds are included for a new survey ship
which will increase our deep-sea survey capability.

‘6, International Cooperation

“‘Oceanography is a natural area of opportunity for extensive
international cooperation. Indeed, systematic surveys and re-
search in all the oceans of the world represent tasks of such
formidable magnitude that international sharing of work is a
necessity,

“Our present maps of the oceans are comparable in accuracy
and detail to maps of the land areas of the earth in the early
part of the 18th century, Precise methods of measuring ocean
depths have become available during the last ten years, and
these, when combined with new developments in navigation,
should make possible for the first time modern maps of the
topography of the entire sea floor, An accurate mapping of the
oceans will require international cooperation in ship opera-
tions and in establishing a world-wide system of navigation,

In these endeavors the United States can play a leading part.

Table 2 - National Oceanographic Program Budget--
Summary by Function

Fy 1960 | FY 1961 | FY 1962

Research enststtaismraty secs
Ship Construction. ....

ata Hiern
otal sien ncaa.

55,009 97,501

‘‘This year an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
is being established under UNESCO to provide a means where-
by interested countries can cooperate in research and in mak-
ing surveys and maps of the deep sea floor, the oceanwaters,
and their contained organisms. Membership on the Commis-
sion is open to all countries of the UN family that desire to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

_make such studies,

Vol. 23, No. 6

cooperate in oceanography. The United States intends to par-
ticipate fully in the activities of the Commission,

‘The United States also will participate in the International
Indian Ocean Expedition. Many nations, including the Soviet
Union, are cooperating in this expedition under the non-gov-~
ernmental sponsorship of-the International Council of Scien-
tific Unions. Over a quarter of the world’s people live in the
countries surrounding the Indian Ocean, If more can be
learned of the Indian Ocean’s extensive food resources, these
nations can be helped to develop and expand their fishing in-
dustries as part of their general economic development,

“7. The Coast Guard

“‘At present, the Coast Guard enabling legislation limits the
extent to which the Coast Guard can engage in scientific re-
search, Only the International Ice Patrol is authorized to

I recommend that the statutory limita-
tions restricting the participation by the Coast Guard in o-
ceanographic research be removed, With ocean weather sta-
tions, deep-sea thermometers, and other data collection de-
vices, our Coast Guard can make a valuable contribution to
the oceanographic program,

‘““CONCLUSION

“‘Knowledge and understanding of the oceans promise to as~
sume greater and greater importance in the future. This is
not a one-year program--or even a ten-year program, It is
the first step in a continuing effort to acquire and apply the
information about a part of our world that will ultimately de-
termine conditions of life in the rest of the world. The op-
portunities are there. A vigorous program will capture those
opportunities,

‘«Sincerely,

“‘John F. Kennedy

“‘Honorable Lyndon B, Johnson
President of the United States Senate
Washington, D, C.”’

‘Eighty -Seventh Congress

(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly af-
fect the fisheries and al-
lied industries are re-
ported upon. Introduc-
tion, referral to com-
mittees, pertinent leg-
islative actions by the
House and Senate, as
well as signature into
law or other final disposition are covered.

CATCH TRANSFER AT SEA: On May 2, the Senate
Committee on Commerce, in executive session, ordered
favorably reported S. 1222, relating to the documenta-

‘tion and inspection of U. S. vessels. The purpose of

this bill is to legalize transferring the catch of one fish-
ing vessel to another on the high seas, and transporting
it without charge to a port of the United States,

June 1961

' DEPRESSED AREAS: Area Redevelopment Act
(Hearings before Subcommittee No. 2 of the Committee
on Banking and Currency, U. S. House of Representa-
tives, Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session on H.R.
4569, abill to establish aneffective program to alleviate
conditions of substantial and persistent unemployment
and underemployment in certain economically distressed
areas, Feb. 24, 27, 28, Mar. 1-10, and 13, 1961), 911 pp.,
printed. Contains letter from the President with draft
of legislation (H.R. 4569) proposed by him, statements
and comments of Government officials, various state
officials, industrial associations; comments, letters,
and telegrams of various officials; tables and exhibits
(14).

On April 20 the conferees, in executive session,
agreed to file a conference report (H. Rept. No. 256) on
the differences between the Senate- and House-passed
versions of S. 1, proposed Area Redevelopment Act of
1961. The Senate adopted the conference report. Motion
to reconsider was tabled. The report also was filed in
the House.

On April 26 the Senate adopted conference reporton
S. 1; this cleared the bill for the President's signature.

The Senate on April 27 received message from House
stating that the House had agreed to the report of the
Committee of Conference on S. 1.

On May 1 the President signed S, 1 (P. L. 87-27).

EXPORT POLICY ACT: S. 1729 (Engle and 5others),
introduced in Senate April 27, a bill to promote the for-
eign commerce of the United States, and for related
purposes; to the Committee on Commerce. Would pro-
vide for expanding United States exports. Similar to
other bills on the same subject.

FEDERAL BOATING ACT AMENDMENTS: On April
20 the Senate Committee on Commerce reported S. 883,
a bill to extend the application of the Federal Boating —
Act of 1958 to certain possessions of the United States
(S. Rept. No, 178), with amendment.

FISH AND WILDLIFE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF
THE INTERIOR: Sundry Nominations--1961 (Hearings
before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce, United States Senate, Eighty-Seventh Congress,
First Session, on Nominations for Civil Aeronautics
Board, Commerce Department, Federal Trade Com-
mission, Interior Department, Interstate Commerce
Commission, United States Coast Guard, March 8, 14,
15, and 22, 1961), 89 pp. printed. Includes nomination
of Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary of the Interior
for Fish and Wildlife, with statements of the 2 Missouri
Senators, the Director of National Wildlife Federation,
an official of the National Fisheries Institute, and
Frank P. Briggs himself.

FISH HATCHERY: H. R. 6467 (Baker), introduced
in House April 19, a bill to provide for the establish-
ment of a new fish hatchery in the eastern part of the
State of Tennessee; to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries. Also S. 1686 (Gore andKefauver),
introduced in Senate on April 20, to Committee on Com-
merce; and H. R. 6529 (Frazier) introduced in House on
same date, to Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries,

GAME AND FOOD FISH CONSERVATION IN DAM
RESERVOIRS: ERR R. 6921 (Olsen), introduced in House
May 9, a bill to direct the Secretary of the Interior to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

93

establish a research program in order to determine
means of improving the conservation of game fish in
dam reservoirs; to the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries.

GULF OF MEXICO OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
RESTRICTIONS: H. R. 6745 (Aspinall), introduced in
House May 2, a bill to oO provide for the restriction of
certain areas in the Outer Continental Shelf for defense
purposes, and for other purposes (Matagorda Water
Range); to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
The bill would restrict mineral leasing from approxi-
mately 1,803,501 acres of Outer Continental Shelf lands
located in the Gulf of Mexico off Matagorda Island and
the coast of Texas. The restriction would be for ape-
riod of three years with an option to renew for three
additional years.

The proposed restricted area includes excellent
shrimp beds which produce substantial revenues to the
commercial fisheries, The area waters also include
the production of red snapper and large schools of her-
ring and anchovy-like fishes. The latter two species
are largely unexploited at the present time, but consti-
tute a great potential source of industrial fish for use
in fish meal and pet food. The restriction as proposed
in the bill, however, is limited to mineral leasing and
the rights of the commercial fishermen would nut be
impaired.

On May 12, the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the
House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs held
a hearing on H. R. 6745. Testimony was given by Air
Force and Interior Department officials, and various
public witnesses. Also H. R, 6849 (Rutherford) was
introduced in House May 4. _

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: On Aprii
19 the Senate received a resolution of the House of Rep-
resentatives of the State of Missouri memorializing
Congress to adjust the tariff laws of the United States
for the protection of our domestic industry from the
deleterious competition of foreign-made goods; to
Committee on Finance.

S. 1735 (Muskie), introduced in Senate April 27; to
the Committee on Finance. Would provide for adjust-
ment of conditions of competition of foreign and do-
mestic industries with respect to level of wages and
working conditions in production of imported articles.
Similar to other bills on same subject. Also H. R. 6688
(Bray), introduced in House on April 27.

INCOME TAX REVISIONS IN FAVOR OF FISHER-
MEN: H. R. 6493 (Wilson of California), introduced in
House April 19, a bill to extend to fishermen the same
treatment accorded farmers in relation to estimated
income tax; to Committee on Ways and Means. Iden-
tical to H. R. 6413 (King of California).

The House Committee on Ways and Means ordered
favorably reported (H. Rept. 346) on April 25 to the
House, = R. 6413.

pany H. R. 6413), 5 pp. printed. Contains summary of
legislation, a general statement, changed in existing
law, and excerpts from the Internal Revenue Code of
1954.

H. R. 6413 was brought up in the House and passed
by @ voice vote on May 10. The bill was sent to the

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Senate for action. Provides that a fisherman rather
than file a declaration of estimated tax by April 15 of
the taxable year and making quarterly payments of the
tax, will be permitted to file the declaration of tax and
pay the tax in full by January 15 following the taxable
year, Fishermen would still have until April 15 to file
a final tax return for the year and there would be no
penalty for an underestimate of the tax if the estimate
was as much as two-thirds of the actual tax due. In
addition, if the fisherman files his final return for the
year and pays the tax due on his returnby February 15--
instead of the usual April 15--he would not be subject
to any penalty because of his January 15 estimate being
too low. Would apply to taxable years beginning after
December 31, 1961.

, H. R.:6413 on May 11 was referred to the Senate
Finance Committee.

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY
1962: On April 18 H. R. 6345, Interior Department it Ap-

propriations for fiscal year 1962, was passed by House
and referred to Senate Committee on Appropriations.

On May 1-10, 1961, the subcommittee of the Senate
Committee on Appropriations held hearings on H. R.
6345, with testimony given by members of both houses
of Cc Congress, and various officials from the Department
of the Interior. On May 8, on funds for fish and wild-
life items, testimony was received from several Sen-
ators, the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife, and the
directors of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

MARINE MAMMAL HIGH SEAS PROTECTION:
H. R. 6923 (Olsen), introduced in House May 9, a bill
for the protection of marine mammals on the high seas,
-and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries. House Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on Fisheries and
Wildlife Conservation held hearings on H. R. 777, May
9-10, 1961, for the protection of marine mammals on
the high seas. Witnesses from the Department of the
Interior appeared before the Committee.

MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION: On April 19 the
Senate continued its consideration of H. R. 3935, Fair
Labor Standards Amendments of 1961. Several amend-
ments were adopted and some were rejected, none of
which pertained directly to the fishing industry.

On April 20 the Senate passed H. R. 3935 as amended
by adoption of amended committee amendment (in na-
ture of a substitute), which provides $1.25 minimum
wage to be reached in 28 months by presently-covered
workers, and in 40 months by newly-covered workers,
the minimum wage in the interim to be $1.15. Would
include seafood processing employees under minimum
wage but not for overtime (seafood canners are treated
in this way under the present law). This means that the
exemption in the present law for onshore processing
would be cancelled. The exemption from minimum wage
for offshore or vessel processing still applies.

Senate on April 24 insisted on its amendments to
H.,R. 3935, agreed to hold-conference with the House,
and | appointed conferees. House on April 24 disagreed
to Senate amendments to H. R. 3935, requested con-
ference with the Senate, and appointed conferees. Con-
ferees met in executive session on April 25 but did not
reach final agreement.
the Senate version, unlike that of the House, eliminated

For fish processing exemptions,

Vol. 23,.No. 6

the minimum wage exemption for shore-based fishery

processing operatiohs.

On May 1 conferees in executive session agreed to
file a conference report on the differences between the
Senate and House-passed versions of H. R. 3935. On
May 2, the Committee ort Conference filed conference
report (H. Rept. 327).

H. Rept. 327 Fair Labor Standards Amendments of

ence, House ‘of Representatives, 87th Congress, 1st Ses-
sion, to accompany H. R. 3935), 21 pp., printed. Contains
text of bill as agreed upon by Conference Committee

and a statement of the managers on the part of the House.

On May 3, by 64 yeas to 28 nays, the Senate adopted
the Conference Committee report. Also, by a record
vote of 230 yeas to 196 nays the House adopted the con-
ference report on the same day. This action cleared
the legislation for the President's signature.

With regard to seafood processing, Congressman
James Roosevelt, a member of the House-Senate Con-
ference Committee in the May 4, 1961, Congressional Rec-
ord (page 6924) inserted a statement which was omitted the
previous day. The material omitted was to be insertedon
page 6716 of the Congressional Record for the House of
May 3, 1961. The statement referred to follows:

"T have been asked what the thinking of a majority of
the House committee of conference on wage-hour legis-
lation (H. R. 3935) was with respect to language appear-
ing in the Senate committee report dealing with seafood
processing.

"The House Conferees accepted the provisions of the
Senate bill covering for minimum wage purposes only,
such employees, and the inquiry is whether it was not
our desire also to approve the explanation dealing with
this matter which appeared in the Senate Labor Com-
mittee report on its bill. That language is as follows
and appears on page 33 of the report:

"tAn estimated 33,000 persons who are employed in
the activities removed from the section 13(a) (5) exemp-
tion will have minimum wage protection but will con-
tinue to be exempt from the act's overtime requirements
under an amended section 13(b) (4). The bill will thus
have the effect of placing fish processing and fish can-
ning on the same basis under the act. There is no log-
ical reason for treating them differently and their in-
clusion within the act's protection is desirable and con-
sistent with its objectives. ;

"'The present exemptions in sections 13(a) (5) and
13(b) (4) have been judicially interpreted to apply to
all employees employed in the seafood industry includ-
ing any employee who participates in activities which
are necessary to the conduct of the operations specif-
ically described in the exemptions (McComb v. Conso-
lated Fisheries Company, 174 F. 2d 74, C.A. 3, 1949).
These interpretations are consistent with the Congres-
sional purpose of treating all employees of one estab-
lishment in the same manner under the act and of avoid-
ing segmentation as between different employees of the
same employer engaged in the named operations.'

"There are also additional statements in the report
explaining other provisions of the bill which we did not
feel it necessary to amplify. Since a question had aris-
en, however, specifically on this point, I feel the record

June 1961

should be made clear. I believe such language reflects
correct legislative intent."

H. R. 3935 was signed by the President on May 5

(P. L. 87-30).

The new law (1) extends minimum wage coverage to
approximately 3.6 million workers, (2) establishes the
5-year escalation period to reach the minimum wage of
$1.25 and the 40-hour workweek, and (3) adopts the so-
called inflow test, which means that retail and service
enterprises would be covered by the bill, only if they
met the following test: (a) employer must be engaged
in commerce or the production of goods for commerce,
(b) employer must receive $250,000 worth of goods,
for resale, which have moved across State lines (so-
called "inflow'' test), and (c) employer must have an
annual gross volume of sales of not less than $1 million,
exclusive of excise taxes at the retail level. The min-
imum wage provisions become effective on September
SV L961..

Increases the minumum wage under the act for pres-
ently-covered employees to $1.15 an hour for the first
two, years after effective date of the act and $1.25 an
hour beginning 2 years after the effective date. Newly
covered workers receive $1 an hour for the first three
years of the pemiact: the fourth year they go to $1.15;
and the fifth year $1.25. No overtime coverage for first
two years of the act; in the third year, 44 hours; the
fourth year, 42 hours; and the fifth year, 40 hours.

With regards to onshore or shore-based fishery proc-
essing, the bill changes the exemption in the act for
processing, marketing, freezing, curing, storing, packr
ing for shipment, or distributing fish and certain other
marine products from a minimum wage and overtime
-exemption to an overtime only exemption. The present
complete exemption is retained for offshore processing.
The exemption for offshore processing in the bill--Sec.
9 Subsection (a) (5)--now reads: '(5) any employee
employed in the catching, taking, propagating, harvest-
ing, cultivating, or farming of any kind of fish, shell-
fish, crustacea, sponges, seaweeds, or other aquatic
forms of animal and vegetable life, or in the first proc-
essing, canning or packing such marine products at
sea as an incident to, or in conjunction with, such fish-
ing operations, including the going to and returning
from work and loading and unloading when performed
by any such employee; .. ."

Both canners and other processors of fishery prod-
ucts ashore are now in the same category--employees
of such enterprises are included under the minimum
wage but the enterprises continue to retain the year-
round exemption from overtime payments. But in
practice, however, complete equality between the two
segments will not be achieved for five years. On and
after September 3, 1961, all shore operations by the
fishing industry other than canning will be required to
pay wages at these minimum rates: First year after
effective date $1.00 an hour, second year $1.00 an hour,
third year $1.00 an hour, fourth year $1.15 an hour,
and fifth year after effective date $1.25 an hour. Since
fishery canning operations were already covered under
the act before this amendment, employees of those
enterprises will receive a minimum wage of $1.15 an
hour for the first two years after the effective date of
the act and $1.25 an hour beginning 2 years after the
effective date.

Sec. 3. Section 4 of the Act is amended by adding at
the end thereof the following new subsection:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

95

'(e) Whenever the Secretary of Labor has reason to
believe that in any industry under this Act the competi-
tion of foreign producers in United States markets or in
markets abroad, or both, has resulted, or is likely to
result, in increased unemployment in the United States,
he shall undertake an investigation to gain full informa-
tion with respect to the matter. If he determines such
increased unemployment has in fact resulted, or is in
fact likely to result, from such competition, he shall
make a full and complete report of-his findings and de-
terminations to the President and to the Congress: Pro-
vided, That he may also include in such report informa-
tion on the increased employment resulting from addi-
tional exports in any industry under this Act as he may
determine to be pertinent to such report."

NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN THE DISTRICT OF CO-
LUMBIA: On April 24, the House Committee on the _
District of Columbia held public hearings on H. R. 111
and H. R. 5990, identical bills to authorize construction
of a National Aquarium in the District of Columbia. The
National Capital Parks Planning Commission reported
that the most acceptable location probably would be on
Hains Point, a federally-owned peninsula jutting out into
the Potomac River comparatively near the Jefferson
Memorial. A number of representatives of conservation
organizations spoke on behalf of the bill.

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION: On May
16 the Senate received a resolution from the Senate and
Assembly of the State of California endorsing proposals
made by the President in his message to Congress out-
lining his program for development of our natural re-
sources, including ocean resources and fish conserva-
tion.

NETTING IMPORTS FOR RESEARCH: S. 1814 (Met-
calf), introduced in the Senate May 8, a bill to provide
for the free importation of monofilament gill nets for
use in fish sampling; to the Committee on Finance.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: On May
1 both houses of Congress received a resolution of the
House of Representatives of the State of Alaska urging
the President and Congress of the United States to give
favorable consideration to S. 901, the Marine Sciences
and Research Act of 1961, and effect its passage and
approval as soon as possible.

Also on May 3, the Senate received a resolution from
the port commission of the port of Seattle petitioning the
Congress of the United States of America to enactS. 901.

H. R. 6845 (Geo. P. Miller), introduced in House May
4, a bill to amend title 14 of the United States Code to
provide for an expansion of the functions of the Coast
Guard; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries. Provides that the Coast Guard "shall engage in
oceanographic research on the high seas and in waters
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.'' On May
17, H. R. 6845 was reported out of Committee without
amendment (H. Rept. 403).

On May 16 the Senate Committee on Commerce inex-
ecutive session ordered favorably reported 8. 1189,
authorizing the Coast Guard to carry on certain oceano-
graphic research (amended).

POLLUTION OF SEA CONVENTION: On May 2, the
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, in executive
session, ordered favorably reported the International
Convention on the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by
Oil (Ex. C. 86th Cong., 2nd Sess.).

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollu-
tion of the Seas by Oil--1961 (Hearing before the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty -
Seventh Congress, First Session, on Ex. C, 86th Con-
gress, 2nd Session, April 25, 1961), 38 pp., printed. Con-
tains statements of officials of the National Audubon
Society, Department of State, National Wildlife Federa-
tion, and the American Humane Education Society, and
an Appendix.

On May 15, the Senate debated treaty Ex. C., the In-
ternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
of the Seas by Oil. The Convention was considered as
having passed through its parliamentary stages up to
and including the resolution of ratification.

On May 16 the Senate by unanimous vote of 92 yeas,
ratified the treaty ''International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil" (Ex. C. 86th
Cong., 2d Sess.). The purpose of this convention is to
prevent the pollution of the seas by oil and oily wastes
by regulating the discharge thereof by tankers and
other ships. The regulations imposed by the convention
are directed solely at seagoing ships registered in the
territory of a contracting party which are over 500 tons
gross tonnage and are not being used as naval auxilia-
ries, in whaling, or in navigating the Great Lakes and
certain tributaries. ;

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT
COSTS: H. R. 6440 (rs, Hansen), introduced in the
House on April 18, a bill ‘to provide for a method of
payment of indirect costs of research and development
contracted by the Federal Government at universities,
colleges, and other educational institutions; to Commit-
tee on Government Operations.

SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA CONVENTION: Senate
on April 27 removed injunction of secrecy from Ex-
ecutive K, 87th Congress, 1st Session, the International
Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1960. Executive K
was transmitted by the President to the Senate on April
27, together with the report of the Secretary of State,

a copy of the final act of the Convention held at London
from May 17 to June 17, 1960, and a copy of the report
of the delegation of the United States to that Conference.
The Convention, open for signature from June 17 to
July 17, 1960, was signed by the United States on June
17 and by 39 other Governments in that period.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT FUNDS REAPPOR-
TIONMENT: H. R. 6489 (Sikes), introduced in House a
bill to amend the act of August 11, 1939, relating to
domestically-produced fishery products to establish
a fund for the advancement of commercial fisheries.
H. R. 6554 (Dent), introduced in House April 20 and
H. R. 6733 (Mrs. Hansen) introduced in the House May 1;
H. R. 6892 (Colmer), introduced in House May 8; all to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

SEAMEN'S PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS: H. R. 6972
(Bonner), introduced in House on May 10, a bill fo en-
courage and promote safety in the merchant marine by
requiring that seamen on vessels of the United States
meet certain physical requirements; to the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Would direct the
Secretary of the Treasury, acting through the comman-
dant of the Coast Guard, to establish physical qualifica-
tions for all positions on vessels of the United States.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: Introduced in House
H.R. R. 6490 (Sikes) on April 19, and H. R. 6631 (Lane
on April 25, H. R. 6878 (Colmer) on May 8, bills to

Vol. 23, No. 6

amend the Tariff Act of 1930toimpose a duty onshrimp
and to provide for duty-free entry of unprocessed shrimp
annually in an amount equal to imports of shrimp
in 1960; to the Committee on Ways and Means; similar
to other bills on the same subject. Would make all im-
ported shrimp that is processed in any way beyond the
state of being a headless shell-on, vein-in shrimp sub-
ject to a duty of 35 percent ad valorem. Headless shell-
on, vein-in shrimp imports, up to a quantity equal to
1960 imports, would enter the United States duty-free,
but headless imports in excess of the quota would be
dutiable at 35 percent. In the case of both processed
imports and over-quota headless imports, the bills
specifically provide that the duty will be 35 percent,

but not less than 35 cents per pound.

The quota would be administered by the Secretary of
the Interior, who is to allocate the duty-free quota a-
mong the countries supplying imports of shrimps to the
United States in the calendar year 1960 in accordance
with the volume of imports of shrimps received from
each such country in that year. Another proviso is in-
serted in the bill to the effect that under the duty-free
quota imports in any one month during the balance of
the calendar year 1961 shall not exceed imports dur-
ing the same month in the calendar year 1960.

The bills make it clear that products of American
Fisheries (shrimp which have not been landed in a for-
eign country before entry into the United States, or
which, if so landed, have been landed solely for trans-
shipment without change in condition) would not be af-
fected by the legislation.

SUBMERGED LANDS ACT AMENDMENTS: H. R.
6605 (Brooks of La.), introduced in the House on April
25, a bill to amend the Submerged Lands Act to estab-
lish the seaward boundaries of the States of Alabama,
Mississippi, and Louisiana as extending three marine
leagues into the Gulf of Mexico and providing for the
ownership and use of the submerged lands, improve-
ments, minerals, and natural resources within said
boundaries; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Simi-
lar to other bills on the same subject.

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: Introduced in House: H.
Con. Res. 231 (Harvey of Indiana) and H. Con. Res. 232
(Sikes) on May 2, H. Con. Res. 297 (Langden) on May 8,
H. Con. Res. 299 (Forrester) and H. Con. Res. 300
(Jones) on May 10, H. Con. Res. 312 (Battin) on May 16,
concurrent resolutions expressing the sense of Con-
gress that the United States should not grant further
tariff reductions in the present tariff negotiations under
the provisions of the Trade Agreements Extension Act
of 1958, and for other purposes; to Committee on Ways
and Means. Also H. Con, Res. 304 (Bow), H. Con. Res.
305 (Fogarty), and H. Con. Res. 306 (Hiestand), intro-
duced in House May 15.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: Committee on
Public Works filed its report on April 25 in the House
on H, R. 6441, a bill to amend the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act to provide for a more effective pro-
gram of water pollution control; with amendment (H.
Rept. 306). Referred to the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union.

Federal Water Pollution Control (Hearings before
the Committee on Public Works, House of Representa-
tives, Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session, March
14, 15, 16, and 29, 1961, on H, R. 4036), 354 pp., printed.
Contains testimony of members of Congress, various

June 1961

wildlife and sportfishing institutes, and other public
officials and organizations. Also included are 2 appen-
dices of the Michigan Water Resources Commission.

H. Rept. 306 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
erendmonts of 1961 (April 25, 1961, Report of the
Committee of Public Works, House of Representatives,
87th Congress, 1st Session, to accompany H. R. 6441,

a bill to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
to provide for a more effective program of water pollu-
tion control), 44 pp., printed. Contains purpose of bill,
general statement, need for legislation, and minority views.

H. R. 6755 (Halpern), introduced in House May 2; to
Committee on Public Works. Also, the House Committee
on Rules granted an open rule, with 2 hours' debate, on
H. R. 6441, on the same day. Four representatives from
the House were witnesses testifying on granting of rule.

On May 3, by a record vote of 307 yeas to 110 nays,
the House passed H. R. 6441. Prior to passage of bill a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

97

viding for construction of afield laboratory and research
facility in the Middle Atlantic area was adopted. In ad-
dition to rejecting amendments embodied in the recom-
mittal motion, the House while in the Committee of the
Whole rejected an amendment to delete the $50 million
increase in authorization for grants-in-aid in water
pollution control.

Subcommittee on. Flood Control--Rivers and Harbors
of Senate Committee on Public Works on May 8 began
hearings on several pending bills relating to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act and heard testimony from
several Senators and Public Officials. Hearings were
concluded on May 9.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH LAB-
ORATORY: On April 20, a joint memorial was received
from the 51st Legislative Assembly of the State of Ore-
gon urging the President and Congress of the United
States to pass legislation authorizing the establishment

of a Pacific Northwest Pollution Control Laboratory by

recommittal motion was rejected, an amendment pro- the U. S. Public Health Service.

AMAZONIAN FISHERMEN CATCH FISH WITH FEET, FINGERS

Ever try catching fish with yourfingers? Orbyimitatingbirds? Orby walking around in the mud? Primitive methods
all, but they have one thing in common. They work. These and other unusual fishing techniques have been observed by a
Food and Agriculture Organization fishery expert who has spent most of 1958-60 in the Amazonas, Brazil.

On the Amazon, Indian fishermen, whose razor-sharp reactions are yet not spoiled by civilization, actually catch fish
with their hands. The men wade in the shallow water near the river banks and then thrust their hands into holes in the
bank where certain kinds of fish breed. They catch the fish by touch,

The same fishermen utilize the greedof the tucanare, a tropical multi-colored perch, for kingfishers. The tucanare,
weighing from 9 to 11 pounds, willeata small duck or kingfisher, when they can get one. The fishermen imitate the noise
of akingfisher as it dives towards the water and then flick the water with a rod baited with a red rag and a hook on a three-
inch line. The tucanare, attracted by the noise, jumps for the red rag and hook, thinking it is a kingfisher.

The Amazonian fisherman will also use his feet for fishing. This time his target is the amure, a slender eel-shaped
fish about afoot long that lives in-mud and is used for bait. The fisherman's only equipment is a long pole, a cast net, and
aboxto collect the fish. He sinks one end of the pole into the mud under water 9 to 12 feet deep and then casts his net on
the bottom. Diving down, he walks around the net's rim, the pressure of his feet forcing the fish out of the mud. Using the
pole asa center, the fisherman works his way around it. He sells his catch to the bigger fisherman, so he does not need
aboat. However, his nets rot within a year and must be replaced at a cost of between $8 and $10--a small fortune to the
Indian fisherman.

Perhaps the most dangerous of these primitive fishing methods is an ancient ring-net technique, ancestor of today's
purse-seining. Here men dive without any swimming apparatus into totally dark and muddy water 65 to 164 feet deep to
join together the bottom ofalargenet. The men may become entangled in the net and drown or have their eardrums burst
from the pressure. The divers begin at the age of 15 and if they survive are finished with diving at a maximum age of 25.
Before the men dive, a fisherman using a sharpened rib of the Jarina palm frond, feels in the water for a school of fish
near the surface. Finding the center of the school, he signals to two boats who cast their nets on either side of the school.
The divers then go under and attach lines, closing the bottom of the net.

There is also the bow-and-arrow method or the harpoon. The Indians stand near shallow water and shoot or harpoon
the fish,

Not quite in the realm of fishing, but still employed as a means of getting food, is the Indian fisherman's way of catch-
ing crocodiles. The fisherman sticks his fingers in the crocodile's eyes, and wraps his: arms around the reptile's jaws.
He turns the crocodile over so that when the reptile surfaces, it will be belly up and unable to thrash with its tail. Awaiting
fishermen then quickly disembowel it.

The primitive methods, although they yield fish, do not begin to tap the Amazon's rich fresh-water fish resources.

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

LEGEND:

=-——- 1961
seevaneess 1960
; 1959
3 mgs. 1961 : —— 2 MS. 1961 - 16.7
3 7 1960 ; 2
12 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV _DEC

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA
140

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 22.4
120 1960 - 16.1
1960 - 305.8

100

80

0 TEP)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DAT

+ 1961 39.9 CUMULATIVE DATA
1960
1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 1/
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
3 mgs. 1961 - 99.3
3 4 1960 - 115.7 12 MQS. 1960 - 49.1
12 1960 - 499.6 12 1959 - 51.

aay

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANOINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

LEGEND:

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
3 MPS. 1961 - 24,3

aly iaigoorsiaiest
12

wwe 1961
- wee 1960

ees 1959

3 MQS. 1961 - 26.8

3, 1960 - 25.4
12 1960 - 104.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ SHRIMP
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast)
CUMULATIVE DATA

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 23.8
r 3 MgS. 1961

1960 - 2 5 oe H'geG

12 1960 - oe,

0.7
1960 - 205.7

os Lr
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS ANO ARE NOT COM-

PLETE. In Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

MENHADEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1961 - 5.1
3, 1960 - 19.7
2 1960 - 54,9

3 mgs. 1961
3 ue 1960
2 1960

1

NN eeavecetesensege

0 —
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NO

In Thousands of Tons

PILCHARD
(California)

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA
1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL
1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

LEGEND:

* 1960/61
—— 1959/60

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 6

| CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS

of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

U. S. HOLDINGS U. S. FREEZINGS

— oe oe = 109651

12 1960 - 328

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGs2!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
“L/HAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS2/

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

.JUAN FEB

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS ay AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2!

(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 50.9
4 4, 1960 - 52.6
12 1960 - 168.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

I/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY,

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1961 - 24.0
eS 1960 - 28.4
12 1960 - 87.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 19.1
4 m 1960 - 24,5
12

1960 - 97.6

LEGEND:

—e-) 1961

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

3 Mgs. 1961 - 7.6 «= 1961 - 0.2
3 4 1960 - 10.0 3 4, 1960 - 0.2
12 1960 - 289.7 1960 - 27.9

Nt

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

102

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1961 - 3,428.0
4 1960 3,507.0
1960 - 10,790.0

,

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA
CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

/

SARDINES} (Estimated) - MAINE

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 SEASON,

TOTAL - 1,997.6
1959 SEASON,

TOTAL - 1,753.1

0 a
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING.

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL - 615.9
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL ~ 754.6

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UJAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

LEGEND:
an es OO!
1960
1959

MACKEREL al -‘CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1961 - 78.5
1960 - 328.6
1960 - 934.7

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 SEASON,
TOTAL
1959 SEASON,
TOTAL

0 =
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* 1960/61
— Eee 280

0)
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES
Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.
SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 33 oz.
SHRIMP ieiciss's 48 Po 5 oz.
TUNAS aac cee 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz.
PILCHARDS,.. 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.
SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall 16 oz.

ANCHOVIES...

$-b. 8 oz.

SHRIMP - GULF STATES
CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -APR.
1959/60 SEASON,
AUG. -APR.
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL

Serr reer,
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

June 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

3 Mgs. 1961 -

LEGEND:

———=-1961

swenaweeese® 1960

= 1959

ch 1960 -

12 1960 - 155.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna Y
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1961
3, 1960
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1961
3 * 1960
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

3 Mg. 1961 - 15.6
3, 1960 - 14.4
12 1960 - 65.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 14.4
n 1960 - 13.2
1960 - 53.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1961 - 9.9
3 oF 1960 - 11.4
2 1960 - 74.2

= =~
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES

in Oil and not in Oil
CUMULATIVE DATA
3 MQS. 1961 - 11.2

3 , 1960 - 8.6
12 1960 - 27.4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

104

Ze Te Ss

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

- CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
- FISHERY LEAFLETS.
MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.
- FISH - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERJES REVIEW.

Number Title

CFS-2495 - Frozen Fish, 1960 Annual Summary, 14 pp.

CFS-2514 - Texas Landings, December 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2520.- New York Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,
9 pp.

CFS-2527 - New Jersey Landings, 1960 Annual Sum-
mary, 7 pp.

CFS-2528 - Frozen Fish Report, February 1961, 8 pp.

CFS-2530 - Maine Landings, January 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2531 - California Landings, November 1960, 5 pp.

CFS-2532 - Virginia Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,
8 pp.

CFS-2533 - Louisiana Landings, November 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2534 - Washington Landings, 1960 Annual Sum-
mary, 2 pp.

CFS-2535 - New Jersey Landings, January 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2536 - New York Landings, January 1961, 4 pp.

CFS-2540 - Michigan Landings, January 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2541 - Canned Fish and Byproducts, 1960 Annual
Summary, 21 pp.

CFS-2542 - Packaged Fish, 1960 Annual Summary, 5 pp.

CFS-2543 - Minnesota Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,
2 pp.

CFS-2544 - Shrimp Landings, November 1960, 6 pp.

CFS-2546 - North Carolina Landings, February 1961,
4 pp.

CFS-2547 - Louisiana Landings, December 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2548 - South Carolina Landings, February 1961,
2 pp.

CFS-2550 - Maryland Landings, February 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2551 - Virginia Landings, January 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2559 - Florida Landings, February 1961, 8 pp.

FL-501 - Fishery Resources for Animal Food, 22 pp.,
illus., printed. Presents reprints of ten magazine
articles on the use of fish for pet and other animal
food in various sections of the country--the Great
Lakes area, the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific North-
west, the Arkansas farm ponds, the New England
industrial fishery, and the South Atlantic coast. Also
discusses various types and costs of trawling.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

SBaar ete ee ta Bs 10s 0 he 0 p comments $e eet BSA

FL-504 - The American Shad, by Gerald B. Talbot,
7 pp., illus., February 1961 (Revision of FL-179,
March 1946). Covers the life history of the Amer-
ican shad, decline, management, and economics of
the fishery, and catch statistics. Formerly a fish-
ery of major importance on the Atlantic Coast, the
shad has now declined to a fraction of its former
volume and value. The building of dams, pollution
of streams, and overfishing are the major causes of
this decline.

FL-506 - The Florida Red Tide, by the Staff of the Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, Galveston, Texas, 8 pp., illus., 1961. Reviews
the outbreaks in recent years of the so-called "'red
tide''on Florida's West Coast, research conducted
on this phenomenon, and measures used in anattempt
to control it. The causative organism has been iden-
tified as a microscopic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium
breve. Outbreaks of red tide have caused the death
of large numbers of fish. The use of copper sulphate,
attempted during the 1959 outbreak, did not prove
successful.

FL-509 - A List of the Fishery Bulletins of the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service, by Lola T. Dees,
14 pp., March 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 358 - Biological and Oceanographic Ob-
servations in the Central North Pacific July-Sep-
tember 1958, by James W. McGary and Joseph J
Graham, 112 pp., illus., December 1960.°

SSR-Fish. No. 370 - Status of Fresh-Water Mussel
Stocks in the Tennessee River, by George D. Scruggs,
Jr., 44 pp., illus., December 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 373 - Age and Size Composition of the
Menhaden Catch Along the Atlantic Coast of the Unit-
ed States, 1957 (with a Brief Review of the Commer-
cial Fishery), by Fred C. June, 42 pp., illus., Janu-
ary 1961.

Sep. No. 618 - Application of Steaming and Vacuum to
Shucking and Cleaning Scallops.

Sep. No. 619 - Red Crab Explorations off the North-
eastern Coast of the United States.

Conservation Notes - Our Commercial Fisheries, Cir-
cular 55, 6 pp., illus,, processed. This pamphlet
discusses in laymen's language the work of the U.S.

June 1961

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in conservation of
our fishery resources. Covers some fishing terms
such as ''commercial," ''sport,'' and "rough" fish;
the knowledge needed to achieve the maximum sus-
tainable yield; the fishery specialists and the tools
they use to acquire this knowledge; and the gear and
vessels used to land the United States catch.

Index of Fishery Technological Publications of the Fish
and Wildlife Service ant the Former Bureau of Fish-
eries, -55, compiled by M. 5. Stansby and Rose-
mary Schairer, Circular 96, 239 pp., processed.
This index lists and classifies, by subject and by
author, publications printed during the period 1918
through 1955 that are of interest to persons in the
field of fishery technology. Reports appearing in
Government publications and in trade and scientific
journals are included. In addition to the articles on
strictly technological subjects, some articles on
subjects in related fields have been listed. Fairly
complete coverage has been made of the field of
fishing vessels and gear.

The National Aquarium, Circular 93, 6 pp., illus.,
printed.

Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1960, Circular
{oI 98 pp., illus., processed, 1961. This report of
sport fishery research progress for the calendar
year 1960 reflects new program responsibilities,
completion of many units of research, termination
of one investigation, and greatly enhanced intra-
agency and interagency cooperation and collabora-
tion, Discusses accomplishments in research on
fresh-water fish management, fish diseases, fish
nutrition, fish cultural methods, and marine game
fish. Also includes a list of publications and spe-
cial reports issued during the year.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Its Re-
~——sponsibilities and Functions, by Edna N. Sater, Cir-
cular 97, 48 pp., illus., processed. This booklet
covers the Federal Government's role in wildlife
conservation, origin of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, and functions of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life. The author states that ''The goal of the Fish
and Wildlife Service is to maintain our fish and wild-
life resources at a level that will have the greatest
economic, esthetic, and recreational value possible
for all our citizens."

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERGIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH

AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title
MNL-48 - Pakistan's Fisheries Statistical Report, 1959.
MNL-49 - The National Marketing Corporation

(NAMARCO).

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

Annotated Bibliography of Unpublished Estuarine Re-
search in the Gulf of Mexico, =1959, edited by
Philip A. Butler, Supplement I, 56 pp., processed,
October 1960. (Biological Laboratory, U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Gulf Breeze, Fla.)

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part
i--Fishery Products Production and Market Data,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

February 1961, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and
anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro-Santa
Monica, and Eureka areas; California imports;
canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel
prices for cannery fish; for the month indicated.
Market News

California Fisher Monthly Summary,
Part ll--Fishing Information, March 1981. 8 pp.,
illus. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-
logical Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta-
tion, San Diego 6, Calif.) Discusses the first sonar
cruise by two San Diego Biological Laboratory sci-
entists. Also contains sea-surface temperature
charts, Eastern Pacific Ocean; and other pertinent
data for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, March 1961, 13 pp. (Market News

Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.

Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago

by species and by states and provinces for fresh-

and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
month indicated.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-
ments of Fishery Products, March 1961, 8 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab land-
ings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments
from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and
shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery
imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from
Mexico; and sponge sales; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in.
SelIecte reas of Virginia, North Carolina, and

Maryland, March 1961, 4 pp. (Market News: Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, Lower Eastern Shore; and Chincoteague,
the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and
Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic,
Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumula-
tive and comparative data; for the month indicated.

Imports of Fishery Products at New York, N. Y., 1960,
3 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N, Y.)

New England Fisheries--Annual Summary, 1960, by
John 7 O'Brien, 50 pp. (Available free from the
Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Re-

views the fish marketing trends and conditions at
the principal New England fishery ports, and high-
lights of fisheries in other nearby areas. Covers
food-fish landings by ports and species; industrial-
fish landings and ex-vessel prices; fishing vessel
news; imports; frozen fishery products; and the fish
meal market. Also covers fishery landings and ex-
vessel prices by months for ports of Boston, Glouces-
ter, New Bedford, Provincetown, Woods Hole, Port-
land, Rockland, Point Judith, and Stonington; high-
lights of the Maine sardine and lobster fisheries;
highlights of the fisheries of Canada, Norway, and
Peru; and historical data of fisheries at principal
New England ports.

106

New York SH Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthl
Summary for February 1 5 pp. (Market News
Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes
summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on
wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at
New York City, primary wholesaler prices for fro-
zen products, and marketing trends; for the month
indicated.

Seattle and Astoria--Landings, Receipts, and Value of
ishéry Products, 1960, a Charles M. Reardon, |

4Z pp. (available free from the Market News Serv-
ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42, South,
Seattle 4, Wash.) Reviews Pacific Northwest fish-
eries trends and their effect upon Seattle fishery
products receipts for 1960; halibut landings; carload
and truckload shipments of fishery products from
Seattle by months; imports of canned fishery prod-
ucts at Seattle; receipts of domestic canned fishery
products at Seattle; and names, classifications, and
approximate standards as used on Seattle wholesale
market. The Astoria section presents fisheries
trends and products receipts for 1960; and landings
and receipts of fishery products, by months, 1960.
The report also contains a number of statistical
tables on fresh and frozen salmon receipts at Seattle,
halibut landings, ex-vessel landings by the otter-
trawl fleet, and related data.

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and
Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas
and F fi

isheries, Monthly Summary, March 1961,7 pp.
(Market News Service, U. 5 Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes land-
ings and local receipts, with ex-vessel and whole-
sale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle
and Astoria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers; also North-
west Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp
landings; for the month indicated.

Companies Curing Fish by Salting or Pickling in the
Great Lakes Area, I p., processed. (Regional Di-
rector, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor, Mich.)

Companies Smoking Fish in the Great Lakes Area, 4pp.,
processed. (Regional Director, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Ann Arbor, Mich.)

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR~

OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. 0. BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

Size Frequency of the Bigeye Tuna Caught in the Equa-
torial Pacific, by Mori Yukinawa, 7 pp., processed,
March 1961. (Translated from Report of the Nankai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 8,
Marc

58, pp. 22-30.)

Studies on the Yellowfin Tuna. I--Seasonal Differences
of Size Composition in the Adjacent Waters of the
West Carolines, by Yoichi Yabuta and Mori Yukinawa,
7 pp., processed, March 1961: (Translated from
Report of the Nankai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 5, February 1957, pp. 119-126.)

Paes TE

Better Hunting and Fishing on Small Watershed Pro-
jects, Circular 100, 8 pp., illus., printed, 1960.
Better public hunting and fishing can be achieved on
small watershed projects through the use of the

Government cost-sharing plan approved by Congress.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

This circular explains the types of development which
are eligible for Federal cost-sharing. These include
enlarging floodwater detention reservoirs for fishing
lakes or waterfowl management areas; enlarging
reservoirs to permit release of water for down-
stream benefits to fish or game; construction of res-
ervoirs solely for fish and wildlife purposes as an
integral part of the watershed project; modification
of structures to permit fish and wildlife manage-
ment; construction of fish shelters and fish ladders;
improvement of stréam banks or stream channels
for fishery purposes; and construction of water
catchments in arid regions to provide water for
quail or other wildlife during critical periods.

Embryological Stages in the Sea Lamprey and Effects
of Temperature on Development, by George W. Piavis,
Fishery Bulletin 182 (from Fishery Bulletin’ of the
Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 33 pp., illus.,
printed, 30 cents, 1961.

1960 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior
(For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1960), by Fred
A. Seaton, 394 pp., illus., printed, $1.50. U.S. De-
partment of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. The
activities of the Department's bureaus and offices,
including the United States Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, are summarized in this report. Among others,
the accomplishments of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries are described. Activities discussed in
detail are utilization of the commercial fishery re-
sources; research in fishery biology (shellfisheries,
anadromous, inland, and marine fisheries; and ma-
rine mammals); technological advances; marketing
assistance; and foreign trade and economic studies.
Also contains information on the Pribilof Islands
fur-seal industry; the Columbia River fisheries pro-
gram; statistical surveys and reports; financial as-
sistance to the fisheries; and market information. A
summary of the various activities of the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is also included.

"An Underwater Observation Chamber," by Julius Rock-
well, Jr. and Sung Pal Chur, article, Progressive
Fish-Culturist, vol. 2], no. 3, 1959, pp. 31-134.
processed. __

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICAT 1ONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD-

MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN,

ADEN COLONY AND PROTECTORATE:

Aden, 1957 and 1958, 142 pp., illus., printed, 7s. 6d.
(about US$1.05). Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, 1961.
Contains, among others, sections on the fisheries of
Aden Colony and Aden Protectorate. Each section
discusses briefly methods used in catching fish; or-
ganization, finance, and utilization of catches; mar-
keting; events affecting production; and activities of
the Fisheries Department. Included are statistical
tables showing fish landings during 1957 and 1958.

ALASKA:

1958 Annual Report, Report No. 10, 120 pp., illus.,
printed. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Juneau, Alaska. Covers the activities of the Alaska
Fish and Game Commission and Department of Fish
and Game during the calendar year 1958. Includes,

June 1961

among others, sections on accomplishments in bio-
logical research and in the commercial fisheries in
the four fisheries districts. Fisheries work was
concerned principally with management of the salm-
on stocks but attention was also given to the growing
shrimp and king crab industries.

ALGAE:

Ecology and Distribution of Marine Algae Found in
Tampa Bay, Boca Ciega Bay and at Tarpon Springs,
migedebe Ronald C. Phillips, 39 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from The Quarterly Journal of the Florida
Academy of Sciences, vol. 23, no. 3, September 1960,
pp. -260.) Director, Florida State Board of Con-
servation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla.

Selected Bibliography on Algae, Number Five, edited
by Joann Morris and B. L. Anderson, 223 pp., proc-
essed, C$1. Nova Scotia Research Foundation Li-
brary, P. O. Box 1027, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,
1960. This edition continues the series started by
the Nova Scotia Research Foundation in 1952 when
it issued a short bibliography on the utilization of
seaweed to assist the Foundation's research workers
and certain industrial organizations interested in
this field. Most of the references are made to ar-
ticles which appeared in 1957-58, but some earlier
papers are listed as well.

ANGOLA:
Al s Elementos para o Estudo da Captura Diferen-
eal d

e Artes de Pesca em Angola (Some Elements
for the Study Sf Different Methods of Capture in the
Fisheries of Angola), by R. Monteiro, Notas Mimeo-
grafadas do Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 10,

11 pp., illus., processed in Portuguese. Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria, Ministerio do Ultramar, Junta
de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

ARGENTINA:

La Pesca Maritima en la Argentina: Pasado, Presente,
Porvenir (The Argentine Marine Fishery: Past,
Present, Future), by Carlos H. Engelbeen, 213 pp.,
illus., printed in Spanish. Editorial Sudamericana,
S. A., Calle Alsina 500, Buenos Aires, 1955.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION:

Marine Sciences Research in the AEC, TID-4040,
41 pp., processed, 50 cents. Office of Technical
Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D.C. This booklet on marine sciences
is one in a series of such publications in prepara-
tion to describe the research supported by the Divi-
sion of Biology and Medicine, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission. Its purpose is to acquaint interested
scientists with the biomedical program of the Com-
mission, its objectives, and needs. The report dis-
cusses the marine sciences information needed by
the Commission to carry out its responsibilities
and outlines briefly the 28 marine research con-
tracts being carried out at present.

AUSTRALIA:

Fishing and Whaling, 1959-60, Statistical Bulletin
No. 6, 20 pp., illus., processed. Commonwealth
Bureau of Census and Statistics, Canberra, Aus-
tralia, March 7, 1961. This is the sixth of a series
of annual bulletins dealing with the fishing and
whaling industries in Australia. The statistics,
covering quantity and value of catch and related

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

data, pertain to the year 1959-60 for general fish-
eries, and to the 1959 season for pearl-shell and
trochus-shell fisheries, and to the 1960 season for
whaling, with comparative data for the previous 4
years. The bulletin is divided into 4 parts, Part I
deals with general fisheries including those for fish,
crustaceans, and molluscs (edible products). Part
II includes fisheries for pearl-shell and trochus-
shell (inedible products). Part III covers the opera-
tion of the whaling industry in Australia and Norfolk
Island. Part IV shows particulars of overseas trade
in fishery and whaling products.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

‘Phenol Oxidase in Shrimp and Crab," by M. E.
Bailey, E. A. Fieger, and A. F. Novak, article, Food
Research, vol. 25, September-October 1960, pp. 565-
572, printed. Food Research, The Garrard Press,
510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, IIl.

BRITISH GUIANA:
Survey of Fisheries Developments in British Guiana,
April 3-June 3, 1960, by Charles L. Kaufmann,
34 pp., illus., processed. United States Operations
Mission, U. S. Consulate, Georgetown, British
Guiana, June 1960.

BYPRODUCTS:

"Chick Growth Response to Fish By-Products and
Arsanilic Acid,'' by E. L. Wisman, article, Poultry
Science, vol. 39, September 1960, pp. 1140-1148,
printed. Poultry Science, Poultry Science Associa-
tion, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans.

Enzymic Treatment of Autolyzed Fishes or Fish En-
trails, by Shunro Takei, Japanese Patent #2840,

1958, printed in Japanese. Tokkyocko, No. 1 San-
nencho, Kojimachiku Tokyo, Japan.

Fish Meal and Fish-Processing Water, by Edgar
Haase, Helmuth Nolte, and Lothar Reinhardt, Ger-
man Patent #1,034;005, printed in German. Ger-
man Patent Office, Bonn, West Germany.

CANADA:

Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, 1959/60 (For the Fiscal Year Ended March
31, 1960), 196 pp., illus., printed in English with
additional introduction in French, 50 Canadiancents.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada, 1961. A comprehensive summary of the
work of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada and
its field stations during 1959/60. As prescribed by
a special Act of Parliament ''the Board has charge
of all Dominion fishery research stations in Canada,
and has the conduct and control of investigations of
practical and economic problems connected with ma-
rine and fresh-water fisheries, flora and fauna and
such other work as may be assigned to it by the
Minister.'' The work of the Board is organized in
three closely coordinated fields: biological, tech-
nological, and oceanographic. During 1959, the 177-
foot trawler-type research vessel A. T. Cameron
satisfactorily completed its first full year of opera-
tion; a new laboratory was completed in Vancouver,
B. C.; an extensive new wing on the biological lab-
oratory in St. Andrews, N. B., was opened; and the
new 36-foot vessel Salvelinus for research in the
western Arctic was completed and delivered to the
mouth of the Mackenzie River in readiness for the

108

next field season. The report also covers activities
at the Biological Stations, St. John's, Newfoundland,
St. Andrews, New Brunswick, London, Ontario, and
Nanaimo, B. C.; the Arctic Unit, Montreal, Quebec;
and the Technological Stations, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Grande-Riviere, Quebec, Vancouver, B. C., and
London, Ontario. A list of the publications and re-
ports published during the year by the Board is in-
cluded.

"Canada's Fisheries Markets in 1960," by T. R. Kin-
sella, article, Foreign Trade, vol. 115, no. 7, April
8, 1961, pp. 2-7, illus., printed. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Government Printing Bu-
reau, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses the volume and
value of the catch in the Atlantic, Pacific, and inland
fisheries. Also discusses foreign trade in fishery
products; the markets for fresh and frozen, salted,
and canned fish, and molluscs and crustaceans; fish
meal and oil production and markets; and trade fairs
and conferences concerned with the fishery indus-
tries.

Fisheries Council of Canada, Annual Review, 1961,
76 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Council of Canada,
Rm. 703, 77 Metcalfe St., Ottawa 4, Canada. Con-
tains, among others, the following articles: ''Com-
mercial Fishing in Ontario," by W. H. R. Werner;
"reshwater Fisheries Research,'' by W. A. Ken-
nedy; ''The Significance of Some New Gear Develop-
ments," by Brian I. Meagher; ''FAO International
Fish Meal Meeting;"' and ''Canada's Fisheries in
1960,"' by W. C. MacKenzie.

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS:

Sobre a Pesca do Atum em Cabo Verde (On the Tuna
Fishery in the Cape Verdes), by F. Correia da Costa,
Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de Biologia Pis-

catoria no. 7, 19 pp., illus., processed in Portuguese.

Centro de Biologia Piscatoria, Ministerio do Ultra-
mar, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon,
Portugal, 1960.

COD:

"Changes in the Actin of Cod Flesh during Storage at
-14"," by J. J. Connell, article, Journal of the Sci-
ence of Food and Agriculture, vol. Ti, September
1960, pp. 515-519, printed. Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture, The Society of Chemical
Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London SWI, England.

Cod Catches in the Bay of Gdansk in 1949-1953 in the

“Aspect of Hydrog apace Climatic Factors, OTS”
60-21520, 20 pp., illus., processed, 50 cents. Office
of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington 25, D. C., 1960. (Translated
from Prace Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego, no. 9,
1957, pp. 19- ;

COMMISSIONS:

(Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Min-
utes of the 19th Annual Meeting (September 29, 30,
1960, Charleston, S. C.), 206 pp., processed, limited
distribution. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Com-
mission, 22 W. First St., Mount Vernon, N. Y.
Covers the minutes of the 19th annual meeting of the
Commission with details of attendance; the first,
second, and third general sessions; and section

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol.i23:,) No:

94 pp., illus., printed.

includes accounts of the individual section meetings,
resolutions recommended for adoption, and the ex-
ecutive committee meeting. Appendices include,
among others, reports on research work accom-
plished by the Commission and its sponsoring agen-
cy, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Also in-
cluded in the appendices are reports on status of
oyster mortalities in Delaware and Chesapeake Bays;
current situation in fisheries of the Atlantic Bight;
the continuing threat of pesticides; FAO-sponsored
International Conference on Fish in Nutrition; fish-
ery statistical programs; particular biological re-
search on menhaden currenfly needed by the indus-
try; plans for sport fishery research on the Atlantic
Coast; and a prospectus for marine game fish re-
search, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

(Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Nine-
teenth Annual Report (to the Congress of the United
States and to the Governors and Legislators of the
Fifteen Compacting States), 55 pp., printed. Atlantic
States Marine Fisheries Commission, 22 W. First
St., Mount Vernon, N. Y., March 1961. Summarizes
briefly the many activities of the Atlantic States Ma-
rine Fisheries Commission during 1960. Includes
condensed reports of the work of the Commission
and of the basic committees--legal, technological,
biological, and executive. Also contains reports
from the North Atlantic Section on the starfish in-
vasion of Long Island Sound, proposed lobster re-
search program, size limit on lobsters, whiting re-
search, shellfish inventory, and need for statemesh
regulations in inshore waters. The Middle Atlantic
Section reports on pesticides, fresh-water runoff in
estuaries, oyster. mortalities, criteria for artificial
reef construction, scup studies, surf clam explora-
tion, the need to undertake further menhaden studies,
and offshore lobster production. The Chesapeake
Bay Section discusses blue crab project, oyster
mortalities, oyster drill control, and the Potamac
River Compact between Maryland and Virginia. The
South Atlantic Section reports on the Southeast River
Basin study, licensing out-of-state shrimp boats,
exploratory fishing along the South Atlantic Coast,
and blue crab research. Appendices include State
legislation recommended; biological subcommittee
reports on striped bass experiment, blue crab, and
fisheries of the Atlantic Bight; and resolutions a-
dopted by the Commission.

CRABS:
Marine Crabs of Bombay State, by B. F. Chhapgar,

Taraporevala Marine Biolog-
ical Station, Department of Fisheries, Bombay 2,
India, 1957.

CRUSTACEANS:

"Painless Killing of Crabs and Other Large Crusta-
ceans,'' by Gordon Gunter, article, Science, vol. 133,
no. 3449, February 3, 1961, p. 327, printed. Science,
1515 Massachusetts. Ave., NW., Washington 5, D. C.
Large crustaceans used for food are customarily
scalded to death. This is unnecessary torture, ac-
cording to the author, for it can be avoided easily.

It is possible to kill the animals quickly, without
pain, by placing them in cool fresh water and raising
the temperature steadily to about 40° C. (104 F.).

DOLPHINS:
"On the Identification, Distribution, and Biology of the
Dolphins, Coryphaena hippurus and C. equiselis,'' by

meetings of the North Atlantic, Middle Atlantic,
Chesapeake Bay, and South Atlantic Sections. Also

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109

Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. and Bruce B. Collette, article,
Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,
vol. 9, no. 2, 1959, pp. 118-152, printed. Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

ENZYMES:

"Physico-Chemical Properties of the Enzymes In-
volved in Shrimp Melanogenesis,'' by M. E. Bailey,
E. A. Fieger, and A. F. Novak, article, -Food Re-
search, vol. 25, September-October 1960, pp. 557-
564, printed. Food Research, The Garrard Press,
510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, III.

FEEDS:

"Limits to Value of Chemical Analysis in Appraising
Feeds,'' by Joseph Kastelic, article, The Feed Bag,
vol. 36, February 1960, pp. 53, 56, printed. The
Feed Bag, Editorial Service Company, 1712 W. St.
Paul Ave., Milwaukee 3, Wis.

FISH-LIVER OIL:
"Biological and Chemical Estimation of Vitamin D in

Shark-Liver Oil," by S. K. Pradhan and N. G. Magar,

article, Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 45,
1957, pp. 49-53, printed. Indian Journal of Medical
Research, Job Press Private Ltd., P. O. Box 124,
Cawnpore, India.

FISH LIVERS:

"Fish Liver Paste,'' by A. Guttmann, article, Trade
News, vol. 13, no. 8, February 1961, pp. 6-7, proc-
essed. Information and Educational Service, De-
partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses
the work accomplished at the Halifax, N. S., Tech-
nological Station of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada on the preparation of fish-liver paste.
Its nutritive value is described and a method is out-
lined for preparation of the paste from cod and
haddock livers.

FISH MEAL:

"Chemical and Nutritional Changes in Stored Herring
Meal," by C. H. Lea, L. J. Parr, and K. J. Carpen-
ter, article, British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 14,
1960, pp. 91-113, printed. British Journal of Nutri-
tion, Cambridge University Press, 32 E. 57th St.,
New York 22, N. Y.

"A Comparison of Dried Skim Milk and White-Fish
Meal as Supplements for Fattening Pigs. IV--Fur-
ther Studies with Pigs Fed Unrestricted Amounts of
Whey under Commercial Conditions," by R. Braude
and others, article, Journal of Dairy Research, vol.
26, 1959, pp. 238-247, printed. Journal of Dairy
Research, Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston
Rd., London NW1, England.

The Smell Problem in Herrin -Meal Factories, by
J. A. Lovern and June ey, 3 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from the Journal of the Science of Food

and J vol, 5, no. 10, October 1954, pp. 466-

468. ournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,

Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square,
London SW1, England.

FISH SOLUBLES:
"Ineffectiveness of Antibiotic Combination on Re-
sponse of Chicks Fed Fish Solubles,'' by H. Menge

and Robert J. Lillie, article, Poultry Science, vol.
39, September 1960, pp. 1188- , printed. Poultry
Science, Poultry Science Association, Kansas State

College, Manhattan, Kans.

FISHERIES RESEARCH:

Catalog of Publications of the Institute for Fisheries
Research, 1934-1957, 24 pp., processed. Institute
for Fisheries Research, University Museums Annex,
Ann Arbor, Mich. Lists the publications of the In-
stitute for Fisheries Research. The specific prob-
lems undertaken by the Institute include further re-
search into the methods and value of stream and lake
improvement; inventory of the streams and inland
lakes to determine suitable management methods;
studies of migration, growth rate, food habits, spawn-
ing habits and other relationships of the principal
game and forage fish; predator studies; evaluation of
fishing regulations; population studies; and determi-
nation of fish yield by creel census. Research in
fish nutrition and diseases is also being conducted to
improve the efficiency of the hatcheries. Also in-
cludes a supplementary list of publications of the
Institute, 1958-59.

FISHING LIMITS:

"Icelandic Dispute Ends," article, Fish Trades Gazette,
no. 4056, March 18, 1961, pp. 9-10, printed. Retail
Journals Limited, John Adam House, John Adam St.,
London WC2, England. The formal exchange ofnotes
between the Icelandic Foreign Minister and the
British Ambassador in Reykjavik officially concluded
the settlement of the dispute on fishery limits be-
tween the two countries. The Icelandic Government
announced that all charges against British trawlers
for illegal fishing in Icelandic waters were to be
withdrawn. This brings to a close 13 years of pro-
tracted negotiations between the two countries.

1

FLORIDA:

(Florida State Board of Conservation) Fourteenth
Biennial Report, 1959-1960, 74 pp., illus., printed,
Florida State Board of Conservation, Tallahassee,
Fla., March 1961. Describes the activities of the
Florida State Board of Conservation during 1959-60,
summarizing the goals attained and progress achieved
in the betterment of salt-water conservation. Includes
chapters on conservation, administration of the Con-
servation Department, research, oyster culture, en-
forcement, and commercial fisheries statistics.
According to the report, the most serious problem
facing salt-water conservation in Florida today is
the destruction of sanctuaries and nursery areas by
the improvident management of shallow water embay-
ments and river mouths. Two types of damage pre-
dominate: pollution and dredging and filling. Florida
showed a rapidly accelerating increase in oyster
production during the biennium. A program of clam
research revealed vast potentialities in this field.
The discovery of additional offshore sources of the
calico scallop indicate future increases in produc-
tion. Mullet remained a problem as demand and
price declined. Increased interest in the creation of
offshore fishing reefs prompted the establishment of

rules and procedures for such activity.

A Report on the Hydrography, Marine Plants, and

~ Fishes AriterCatoosehateher River Area, Lee County,
Florida, by Ronald C. Phillips and Victor G. Springer,
Special Scientific Report No. 5, 34 pp., illus., proc-

110

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

essed. Florida State Board of Conservation Marine
Laboratory, Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St.
Petersburg, Fla., December 1, 1960,

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

World Fisheries Abstracts, List of Periodicals
Searched as at 31 December 1959, Supplement to
vol. 11, no. I, 74 pp., printed. Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle
Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. A list of period-
icals which are searched regularly as source ma-
terial for the World Fisheries Abstracts. The pres-
ent list contains the address of each periodical and
is complete as of December 31, 1959. The period-
icals are arranged alphabetically by name. To
assist the readers, a trilingual list of the terms
commonly used in describing the data in respect of
frequency of publication is included.

FOREIGN TRADE:

Comprehensive Export Schedule (and supplementary
Current Export Bulletins), processed, $6, domestic,
and $7.50, foreign, for subscription year April 1,
1961, to March 31, 1962. Bureau of Foreign Com-
merce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D. C., April 1, 1961. (For sale by the Superintend-
ent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) A compilation of official reg-
ulations and policies governing the export licensing
of commercial shipments.

FREEZERSHIP:

"BL Atunero Congelador L'Africain" (The Tuna Freez-
er L'Africain), by Maurice Victor, article, Puntal,
vol. 8, no. 8, February 1961, pp. 6-7, illus., printed
in Spanish. Puntal, Apartado-de Correos 316, Ali-
cante, Spain.

FREEZING:

"Some Economics on Liquid Nitrogen for Tomorrow's
Frozen Foods," article, Industrial Refrigeration,
October 1960, pp. 15, 25, printed. Industrial Re-
frigeration, Nickerson & Collins Co., 433-435 N,
Waller Ave., Chicago, IIl.

GENERAL:

A Dictionary of Fishes, Second Edition, by Rube Allyn,
111 pp., illus., printed. The Great Outdoors Associ-
ation, Pier 63, Central Basin, St. Petersburg, Fla.,
1951.

Science on the Shores and Banks, by Elizabeth K.
Cooper, illus., printed, $3.25. Harcourt, Brace and
Company, Inc., 383 Madison Ave., New York 17,

N. Y., 1960. A field book for young readers on the
smaller plants and animals to be found in or near
fresh or salt water or in swamps. Discusses what
to look for, the equipment and methods needed to
observe and to collect specimens, how to make and
maintain an aquarium or underwater garden, how to
explore a tide pool, and how to identify and collect
shells. Describes the different kinds of mollusks;
starfish and their relatives such as sea urchins,
sand dollars, and sea cucumbers; water worms;
various crustaceans from lobsters to barnacles;
frogs and other amphibians; lizards, snakes, turtles,
and crocodiles; assorted fish; and seaweeds and
fresh-water plants.

Viole. 23) Nos 6:

"Some Problems for Biological Fishery Survey and
Techniques for Their Solution. A Symposium Held
at Biarritz, France, March 1-10, 1956," by Lionel
Walford, article, International Commission for the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Special Publication,
vol. I, 1958, pp. 1-339, illus., printed. International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Halifax, N. S., Canada.

GERMANY:

Die Ernahrungsindustrie Jahres-Fisch-Fachhert 1960

“(The Food Industry Fishery Yearbook 1960), 74 pp.,
illus., printed in German. Industrieverlag von Hern-
haussen, Kg. Berlin W15, Germany.

GREAT LAKES:

Great Lakes Fisheries, by Spencer M. Bower, Fish
Division Pamphlet No, 11, October 1953, 4 pp., proc-
essed. Fish Division, Michigan Department of Con-
servation, Lansing 13, Mich.

GROUNDFISH:

A Study of Annual and Seasonal Bathymetric Catch
Patterns for Commercially Important Groundfishes
of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America,
by Dayton L. Alverson, Bulletin 4, 67 pp., illus.,
printed. Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 741
State Office Bldg., 1400 SW Fifth Ave., Portland 1,
Oreg., 1960.

HERRING:

"The Fishery for Herring (Clupea pallasii) on Puget
Sound,'' by Walter R. Williams, article, Fisheries
Research Papers, vol. 2, no. 2, 1959, pp. 5-30,
printed. Washington State Department of Fisheries,
4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle 99, Wash.

Lake Herring Recipes, Fish Division Pamphlet No. by
June 1952, 6 pp., processed. Fish Division, Michigan
Department of Conservation, Lansing 13, Mich.

HONG KONG:

Hong Kong Annual Departmental Report by the Com-
missioner for Co-Operative Development for the
Financial Year 1959-60, 47 pp., illus., printed,
HK$3.50 (about 61 U. S. cents). Government Press,
Java Road, Hong Kong. Discusses the cooperative
societies, credit facilities, and marketing organiza-
tions provided in the Colony for the fishermen and
farmers. The section covering the Government-
sponsored Fish Marketing Organization includes in-
formation on legislation, species of fish marketed,
the mechanized fishing fleet, and wholesale markets.
Also discusses the marketing of shrimp, transporta-
tion of fish, education of fishermen and theirchildren,
and financial assistance to fishermen.

INDIA:

Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries Bomba,
State (1958-59), 71 pp., illus., printed, 2s. 9d. (about

40 U. S. cents). High Commissioner for India, India
House, Aldwych, London WC2, England, 1960.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries, Annual Proceedings for the Year 1959-60,
Vol. 10, 122 pp., illus., printed. International Com-
mission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Hali-
fax, N. S., Canada, 1960. Presents the Commission's

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW akauin

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.

administrative report for the year ending June 30,
1960, including financial statements; a report of the
Tenth Annual Meeting, May 30-June 3, 1960; sum-
maries of research during 1959 broken down by
countries; and a compilation of research reports by
subareas for 1959. Also contains the following se-
lected research paper from the 1960 Annual Meet-
ing: "ICNAF Mesh Regulations, Operation of 10%
Annual Exemption, Oct. 1, 1957, through September
30, 1959,"' by Lawrence H. Couture.

(International North Pacific Fisheries Commission),
Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting, 1960
(Vancouver, B. C., November 7-11, 1960), 284 pp.,
processed. International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada, March 10, 1961. Covers
the agenda, list of participants, minutes of sessions,
and committee reports for the seventh annual meet-
ing of the Commission. The appendixes present,
among others, subcommittee reports on distribution
of sockeye, pink, and chum salmon; oceanographic
studies; king crab research; distribution and rela-
tive abundance of Pacific salmon on the high seas;
methods of analysis used in racial studies; and
long-range research planning by the member coun-
tries--United States, Canada, and Japan.

ITALY:

Proposed Program for Increasing the Production of
Fishery Products in the Mediterranean Basin, Part
[--The Fisheries of Italy, 90 pp., illus., processed.
U. S. Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.,
November 1943,

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT:

Publications of the United States Department of the

“Interior, 23 pp., printed. Division of Information,
Department of the Interior, 1960. Lists the publica-
tions issued by the Department of the Interior
through its various bureaus and offices. Among
others, includes bulletins, periodicals, Circulars,
Test Kitchen Series, and Statistical Digests of the
Fish and Wildlife Service.

JAPAN:

Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 22, September 1960, 86 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Hokkaido
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoichi,
Hokkaido, Japan. Includes, among others, articles
on: "Increase in Size at Molting in Crustacea," by
H. Kurata; ''Food of Spring Herring (Clupea pallasii
Cuvier et Valenciennes) in Hokkaido, Japan, ioz5-
53,'' by I. Takeuchi; and ''The Investigation of Salm-
on Shark as a Predator on Salmon in the North
Pacific, 1959,"' by O. Sano.

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Lab-
oratory, no. 28, May 1960, 230 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with English summaries. Tokai Region-
al Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes the following ar-
ticles: ''Studies on the Dynamics and the Manage-
ment of Fish Populations,"' by S. Tanaka; ''Some
Aspects in the Distribution of Fur-Seals in the North
Pacific" (in English), by F. Nagasaki; ''Abundance
of Pups on the Pribilofs Estimated from Tag-Re-
coveries,'' by F. Nagasaki; and ''Studies on Fluctua-
tion of the Vitamin A Content in Fishes. IV--Vita-

min A and Lipids in Eel,'' by H. Higashi and
others.

The Investigation of Demersal Fish Resources in the
“East China and the Yellow Seas. 4--A Progress _
Report of 1956, 115 pp., illus., printed in Japanese
with English Summary. Seikai Regional Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Maruo-machi, Nagasaki,

Japan, August 1957.

"List of Publications from the Department of Fish-
eries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University Dur-
ing the Period 1947-1957," article, Memoirs of the

College of Agriculture, Kyoto University Fisheries
Service, Special Number 1958, pp. 3-22, printed.

College of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan,

KENTUCKY:

A Report on the Commercial Fish Harvest in Kentucky

~for 1959, by James P. Carter, Fisheries Bulletin
#26, 13 pp., processed. Division of Fisheries, De-
partment of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort,
Ky., February 1961. Presents the results of a sur-
vey made to determine the value and extent of the
commercial fishery of all lakes and streams open
to commercial fishing in Kentucky during the period
January 1, 1959, to December 31, 1959. Covers the
number of fishermen and types of gear used, quantity
of each species of fish landed and their values, total
weight and value of fish taken from each river or
lake and comparison of the 1959 survey with that of
three previous years. Includes Statistical tables
showing amount of gear used and the total value and
weight of fish harvested from each type of gear, total
volume and value of each species landed, volume and
value of fish by river or lake, and related data.

LAKE ERIE:

"Take Erie Ice Fishing,'' by Donald J. Spittler, article,
The Conservationist, vol. 15, no. 4, February-March
1961, p. 15, illus., printed. The Conservationist,
Rm. 335, State Campus, Albany, N. Y. Discusses
fishing through the ice on Lake Erie during the win-
ter. An abundance of smelt and some pike and perch
are to be had for the taking.

LAW OF THE SEA:

"The Law of the Sea Around Us," by Philip C. Jessup,
article, The American Journal of International Law,
vol. 55, no. 1, January 1961, pp. 104-109, printed.
Executive Secretary, The American Society of Inter-
national Law, 2223 Massachusetts Ave., NW., Wash-
ington 8, D. C.

MARINE AIDS:
List of Lights and Other Marine Aids, vol. I--Atlantic
Coast, St. Croix River, Me., to Little River, S. C.,
Catalog No. T 47.52:v.1/961, 588 pp., illus., printed,

$3.25.

, vol, II--Atlantic and Gulf Coast, Little
River, 5S. C. to Rio Grande, Tex., and the Antilles,
Catalog No. T 47,52:v.2/961, 491 pp., illus., printed,
$3. These volumes list the lights and other marine
aids to navigation maintained by or under authority
of the U. S. Coast Guard on the Atlantic and Gulf
Coasts of the United States, including the United
States West Indies. The first volume covers the
First, Third, and Fifth Coast Guard districts, and

112

the second volume covers the Seventh and Eighth
Coast Guard districts.

, vol. III, Pacific Coast and Pacific Islands,
Catalog No. T 47.52:v.3/96i, 348 pp., illus., printed,
$2.25, Lists the lights and other marine aids to
navigation maintained by or under authority of the
U. S. Coast Guard on the Pacific Coast of the United
States and Pacific Islands. For the convenience of
mariners, there are also included the lighted aids,
fog signals, and radiobeacons maintained by British
Columbia which may be used by vessels proceeding
directly from the United States to Alaska.

, vol. V, Mississippi River System, Catalog
No. T 47.52:v.5/96T, pp., illus., printed, $1.75.
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Lists the lights
and other marine aids to navigation maintained byor
under authority of the U. S. Coast Guard on the Mis-
sissippi River System of the United States.

MARINE BIOLOGY:

"New World for Marine Biologists,'' by Willis E.
Pequegnat, article, Natural History, vol. 70,no. 4,
April 1961, pp. 8-17, illus., printed. Natural His-
tory, The American Museum of Natural History,
Central Park W. at 79th St., New York 24, N. Y.
Describes the findings of a group of biologists ex-
ploring with the aid of self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus (SCUBA), the area from the
line of the lowest tides to a depth of about 30 meters
along the coast of southern California. Gives details
of many of the crustaceans, sponges, hydroids, cor-
als, and fishes found in the four zones into which the
reefs were delineated.

MARYLAND:

Bibliography of Maryland Fisheries (Including Pub-
Tishaa and LoGaN AREAS Papers on the Fisheries and
Related Fields of Tidewater Maryland), by Frank J.
Schwartz, Contribution No. 144, 35 pp., printed. De-

partment of Research and Education, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., June 1960.

MASSACHUSETTS:

Final Report on the Studies of Massachusetts Marine
Fisheries Problems by the Marine Fisheries Ad-
visory Commission, 90 pp., illus., processed. The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of
Natural Resources, 15 Ashburton Place, Boston 8,
Mass., December 1960. This report is concerned
with the marine fisheries of the territorial waters
of Massachusetts and the economic and recreational
value of these waters to its citizens. More than
5,000 fishermen derive their livelihood directly from
these waters, and many more thousands are engaged
in marketing, packaging, and distributing inshore
fish products. The continued economic health of
many of the coastal communities, and the welfare of
many citizens, depend largely upon the ability of the
inshore waters to produce seafood in sufficient quan-
tities to sustain the economic or recreational inter-
ests of the many thousands of individuals concerned.
The current productivity of the inshore waters is
enormous.

MICHIGAN:
A List of References and Colored Pictures Useful for

~ the Study of Michigan Fishes, Fish Division Pamphlet

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol.23) Nowe

No, 27, February 1959, 2 pp., processed. Fish Divi-
sion, Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing
26, Mich.

Names of Michigan Fishes, Fish Division Pamphlet
No. 22, January 1956, 5 pp., processed. Fish Divi-
sion, Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing

26, Mich.

MINERALS:

"Minerals on the Ocean Floor," by John L. Mero,
article, Scientific American, vol. 203, no. 6, Decem-
ber 1960, pp. 64-72, illus., printed. Scientific Amer-
ican, Inc., 415 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y.
The depths of the ocean are strewn with curious
nodules that are rich in manganese, copper, cobalt,
and nickel. Special devices may make it possible to
mine the bottom for these valuable substances.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Children of the Fishing Boats, by Michael Portland,
30 pp., illus., printed, $2.50. Taplinger Publishing
Co., Inc., 119 W. 57th St., New York 19, N. Y., 1961.
Life in an Italian fishing village, for boys and girls.

MOTION PICTURES:

Film Catalog, 20 pp., printed. Division of Information,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D.C.
The motion pictures listed in this catalog are selected
from the film libraries of the various bureaus and
offices (including the Fish and Wildlife Service) of
the Department of the Interior. They are available,
on request, to educational institutions, industrial and
agricultural training classes, engineering and pro-
fessional societies, conservation organizations, civic
and business associations, and other responsible
public and private groups.

MOZAMBIQUE:

Panorama das Pescas em Mocambique (Survey of-the
Fisheries in Mozambique), by J. Goncalves Sanches,
Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de Biologia Pisca-
toria No. 8, 6 pp., printed in Portuguese. Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria, Ministerio do Ultramar, Junta
de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

NETS:

"Fishing Effect of Model Lift Nets, with Regard to Re-
lation between Mesh Size and Fish Length," by Y.
Hiyama, T. Kusaka, and Y. Yamashita, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 24, no. 6/7, 1958, pp. 466-468, printed in Jap-
anese with English summary. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

NORWAY:

"Fiskerilitteratur 1954'' (Fishery Literature 1954), by
Margit Monstad, article, Vedkommende Norges Fisk-
erier 1954, no. 7, pp. 1-104, printed in Norwegian.
Vedkommende Norges Fiskerier, A/S John Griegs
Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway, 1958.

Investigations on Eggs and Larvae of Commercial
Fishes in Norwegian Coastal and Offshore Waters
in 1957-58, by Kristian Fredrik Wiborg, Report on
Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations, vol.
12, no. 7, 1960, 24 pp., illus., printed. A/S John
Griegs Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway.

June 1961

Investigations on Pelagic Fry of Cod and Haddock in
Coastal and Offshore Areas of Northern Norway in

July-August

1957, by Kristian Fredrik Wiborg, Re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

port on Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations, |PILANT POISON:

vol. 12, no. 8, 1960, 15 pp., illus., printed. A/S John
Griegs Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway.

OCEANOGRAPHY:
A Manual of Sea Water Analysis, by J.D.H. Strickland
~and T.R. Parsons, 185 pp., printed, $2, Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. (For
sale by Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada.) Basic working instructions for

analysis undertaking oceanographic chemical analyses,

Oceanic Observations of the Pacific, 1955, prepared
by the Norpac Committee, 577 pp., illus., printed,
$10. University of California Press, Berkeley,
Calif., 1960.

Oceanographic Data from Crawford Cruise 22 Trans-
Atlantic Sections at Equator and 24 South for the
International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, by W. G.
Metcalf, Reference No. 60-3, 159 pp., illus., proc-
essed. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, Mass., January 1960.

Oceanographic Data from Mediterranean Sea, Red
ea, Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean, ATLANTIS
Cruise 242 for the International Geophysical Year
1957-58, by A. Conrad Neumann and Dana Densmore,
Reference No. 60-2, 45 pp., illus., processed.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,

Mass., December 1959.

Soundings, Bottom Profiles, and Deep Scattering
Layer Obcematicns: ATLANTIS Cruise , Jan-
uary-June 1959 for the International Geophysical

ear of 1957-58, by Arthur R. Miller, Reference
No. 60-16, 110 pp., illus., processed. Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., 1960.

OREGON:

Biennial Report to the Governor and the Fifty-First
Legislative Assembly, 29 pp., illus., printed, lim-
ited distribution. Fish Commission of Oregon, 307
State Office Bldg., 1400 S.W. 5th Ave., Portland 1,
Oreg. Covers the work of the Oregon Fish Com-
mission during the period July 1, 1958, to June 30,
1960. Discusses the accomplishments of the Re-
search Division, including salmon fingerling mark-
ing, coastal river investigations, studies concerning
the safeguarding of salmon spawning and rearing
areas, tagging of ocean fish, albacore tuna investiga-
tions, and the Columbia River Fishery Development
Program. Also discusses the Commission's work
in fish culture, engineering, and development of
water resources. Includes statistical tables showing
liberations of salmon into Oregon streams, egg take
at hatcheries, licenses issued, fish landings, and
Bonneville fish count.

PACKAGING:

Application of Colored Cellophane to Fish Products
for the Purpose of Prolongation of Their Storage
Life. I,'' by C. Koizumi and J. Nonaka, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 25, July 1959, pp. 304-317, printed in Japanese
with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific

"The Plant Poison 'Rotenone! and Its Importance for
Fisheries," by J. Plomann, article, Deutsche Fisch-
erei Zeitung, vol. 5, no. 1, 1958, pp. 22-25, printed
in German. Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, Berlin-
Friedrichshagen. Muggelseedamm 310, East Berlin,
Germany.

POLAND:

Basic Data on the Economy of Poland, by George W.
Caldwell, Jr. WTIS, Part I, Economic Report No.
60-43, 20 pp., illus., printed, single copy 10 cents.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
September 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S..Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) A survey of the economy of Poland,
including, among others, a short section onfisheries,
covering landings of fresh- and salt-water fish, con-
sumption, and Government development of the fish-
eries.

POLLUTION:

"The Importance of Biological Tests for the Protection
of Rivers Against Pollution," by P. Vivier, article,
General Fisheries Council of the Meditarranean,
Proceedings snd ecinica) Papers, no. 4, 1957,
Pp. zi

, printed. Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization of the United Nations, General Fisheries
Council for the Mediterranean, Rome, Italy.

PORPOISES:

Porpoises and Sonar, by Winthrop N. Kellogg, 177 pp.,
illus., printed, $4.50. The University of Chicago
Press, 5750 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37, Ill., 1961. Ex-
plains the working of the porpoise sonar system.
Describes how, by means of numerous experimental
studies, the author and other research workers anal-
yzed the underwater noises of the porpoise, tested
its hearing and auditory perception, found out how it
navigates by echo-ranging, and how it can select food-
fish whose echoes "sound appetizing.'' Also examined
are ancient records of the dolphin, together with its
intelligence, learning ability, brain structure, play-
fulness, and friendliness toward man, Contains new
and original data never previously published.

POWER PROBLEMS:

"The Investigation of Fish-Power Problems," by P. A.
Larkin, H. R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries,
printed. Institute of Fisheries, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., Canada.

PREDATORS:
The Shellfish Predators of Massachusetts, by Harry J.

Ashburton Place, Boston, Mass.

PRESERVATION:

"Investigation of the Process of Acid Preservation of
Fish and Fish Waste Products," by L. L. Lagunov
and others, article, Trudy Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-
issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khoz-
iaistva i Okeanografii, vol. 35, 1958, pp. 115-130,
printed in Russian. Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-issledo-
vatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khoziaistva i

114

Okeanografii, Verkhn. Krasnosel'skaia Ul. No. 17,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"A New Method of Preservation of Fish Waste and
Inferior-Quality Fish,"' by M. E. Prakhin, article,
Biulleten' Nauchno-tekhnicheskoi Informatsii
Vsesoyuz. Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Zhi-

votnovodstva, No. 2, 1958, pp. 57-59, printed in

Russian. Nauchno-tekhnicheskoi Informatsii Vseso-
yuz. Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Zhivotnovod-

stva, 8 Marta U1. No. 3, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

PROTEIN:
Fish Protein Product, by Horace N. Brocklesby and
John R, Patrick, U. S. Patent #2,934,433, printed.

U. S. Patent Office, Department of Commerce, Wash-

_ ington 25, D. C.
PUERTO RICO:
Fishing off Puerto Rico, by Esteban A. Bird, 107 pp.,
illus., printed. A. S. Barnes and Company, Inc.,

‘11 E. 36th St., New York 16, N. Y., 1960. Describes

sport fishing.

RADIATION:

"Commercialization Technology and Economics in
Radiation Processing," by H. F. Kraybill and D. C.
Brunton, article, Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, vol. 8, September-October

, printed. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1801 K St.
NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"Progress and Problems in Radiation Processing of
Food," by Walter M. Urbain, article, Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 8, September-
ictober

» pp. 040-342, printed. Journal of Ag-
ricultural and Food Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, 1801 K St. NW, Washington 6, D.C.

RED TIDE:

The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of
Sciences, vol. 23, no. 2, 1960, pp. 163- -) Florida
State Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory,
Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St. Petersburg,
Fla. :

"Physiological and Ecological Studies on Red Tide.
1--On the Vertical Migration of the Plankton Pro-
ducing Red Tide (1),'' by Y. Yoneda and Y. Yoshida,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 7/8, 1957, pp. 405-409,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

SALMON:
About the Biggest Salmon, by Will Hayes, 31 pp.,
illus., Svinte $2.50. Melmont Publishers, 310 So.
Racine Ave., Chicago 7, Ill., 1961.

Age of Pink Salmon and the Pattern of Their Fluctua-
tions in Abundance, by A. P. Vedenskii, OTS 60-
21150, 114 pp., illus., processed, $1.25. (Translated

from Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledo-

vatel'skogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeano-
grafil, ae 41, 1954, pp. it 95.) Office of Tech-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

60, pp. 349-

Vol. 23, No.

nical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., 1960.

An Approach to Population Dynamics of the Pacific
“Red Salmon, by William Francis Thompson, 4 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Transactions of
the American Fisheries Society, vol. 88, 1959, _
pp. 206-209.) Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, Librarian, Colorado A & M College,

Fort Collins, Colo.

"Calculated Minimum Contributions of Washington's
Hatchery Releases to the Catch of Salmon on the
Pacific Coast and the Costs Assessable to Hatchery
Operations,'' by C. H. Ellis and R. E. Noble, article,
Fisheries Research Papers, vol. 2, no. 2, 1959,
pp. 88-99, printed. Washington State Department of
Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle 99, Wash.

"The Early Development of the Chum Salmon, On-
corhynchus keta (Walbaum)," by Elizabeth Florence

Mahon and William S. Hoar, article, Journal of
Morphology, vol. 98, no. 1, 1956, pp. 1-48, printed.
Journal of Morphioisey. Wistar Institute of Anatomy
and Biology, 36th St. and Woodland Ave., Phila-
delphia 4, Pa.

"Effects of Stream Dredging on Young Silver Salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Bottom Fauna," by
William H. Rees, article, Fisheries Research Papers,
vol. 2, no. 2, 1959, pp. 53-65, printed. Washington
State Department of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave. W.,
Seattle 99, Wash.

Experiments on the Hybridization of Pacific Salmon,
by I. S. Pavlov, Translation Series No. 263, 2 pp.,
processed. (Translated from Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
vol. 35, no. 6, 1959, pp. 23-24.) Siche rics Research
Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C.,
Canada, February 1960.

"Migration and Fishing Mortality Rates of Columbia
River Spring Chinook Salmon in 1955,"' by Henry O.
Wendler, article, Fisheries Research Papers, vol. 2,
no. 2, 1959, pp. 71-81, printed. Washington State
Department of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle
99, Wash.

Optimum Escapement of Red Salmon in the Nushagak
Area of Bristol Bay, by W. F. Royce and O. A.
Mathisen, Contribution No. 71, 12 pp., illus., printed
and processed. (Reprinted from Pacific Fisherman,
October 1959.) College of Fisheries, University of
Washington, Seattle, Wash. ;

Program for Rehabilitation of Pacific Salmon, 15 pp.,
processed. Washington State Department of Fish-
eries, 4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle 99, Wash., April
1961. A survey of the problems concerning Wash-
ington State's rapidly diminishing salmon stocks.
Covers the evolution of Washington salmon, fish and
power, loss of natural salmon spawning area, return
of salmon to hatchery-stocked streams, ocean con-
tribution of chinook and silvers as shown from tagging
and marking programs, need for salmon predation
control, and salmon returns to fish farms. Alsodis-
cusses the program to aid fisheries of the Columbia
River and coastal areas--its objectives and the 3
proposed projects in oceanography studies along the
coast of Washington to be carried out by the Washing-
ton State Department of Fisheries.

June 1961

Salmon of the Pacific, by Milo Moore, 24 pp., illus.,
printed. Washington State Department of Fisheries,
4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle 99, Wash. The object of
this report and analysis of Pacific salmon is pro-
jected in the interest of conservation of the resource,
for fair consideration of historical and common law
rights, and for the enlightenment of those associated
with international aspects dealing with the harvest
and management of related fisheries. According to
the author, ''In Washington, during the past 3 years
drastic action has been taken to restrict both com-
mercial and sport fishing operations in all areas to
provide for greater security for salmon stocks,
Hatchery production of reared migrant-size salmon
has been doubled to strengthen the runs. Two modern
salmon hatcheries have been built and two more are
in the process of construction to assist in meeting the
demands upon these fisheries. A new concept of fish
farming has been established. Over 1,600 surface
acres of water area have been placed in production
in the rearing of migrant salmon. The States of
Washington, Oregon, and California, and the United
States Government have collectively, through hatch-
ery production and management, made a real con-
tribution towards the strengthening and maintenance
of Pacific salmon stocks.'' This booklet contains a
number of statistical tables showing comparative
analysis of North Pacific salmon landings, 1955-59.

"The Seasonal Variation of the Good Fishing Area of
Salmon and the Movements of Water Masses in the
Waters of Western North Pacific. I--Distribution
and Movement of Water Masses,'' by Kasaburo Tag-
uchi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 22, no. 9, 1957, pp. 5II- -
514, printed in Japanese with English summary.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Seasonal Variation of the Good Fishing Area of
Salmon and the Movements of Water Masses in the
Western North Pacific. Il--The Distribution and
Migration of Salmon Population in Offshore Waters,'
by Kisaburo Taguchi, article, Bulletin of the Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 22, no. 9,
T957, pp. 515-521, printed. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Sockeye and Pink Salmon Production in Relation to
Proposed Dams in the Fraser River System, by

F. J. Andrew and G. H. Geen, Bulletin XI, 265 PP;
illus., printed. International Pacific Salmon Fish-
eries Commission, P. O. Box 30, New Westminster,
B. C., Canada, 1960. Extensive dam construction
recently proposed for the Fraser River system
would, on the basis of present knowledge, seriously
deplete the sockeye and pink salmon populations,
according to the authors. This report presents a
review of available information concerning methods
of passing adult and juvenile salmon over dams, the
possible effects of environmental changes on pro-
duction of sockeye and pink salmon, and methods of
artificially propagating these species. Extensive
basic and applied research in salmon biology and
fish-power problems is now being undertaken but,
according to the authors, there is no justification
for expecting early solutions to all of the particu-
larly complex Fraser River fish-power problems,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

""A Study of Localized Predation on Marked Chinook
Salmon Fingerlings Released at McNary Dam,'' by
Richard B. Thompson, article, Fisheries Research
Papers, vol. 2, no, 2, 1959, pp. 82-83, printed.
Washington State Department of Fisheries, 4015
20th Ave. W., Seattle 99, Wash.

Summary of Proposed 1961 ee Sound Commercial
Salmon Fishing Regulations, 9 pp., processed.
Washington State Department of Fisheries, 4015
20th Ave., W., Seattle 99, Wash. This publication
outlines the area changes, a reef-net gear change,
dates and gear permitted in the various areas,
daily fishing hours, special closure dates and areas,
fishing weeks, gill-net mesh sizes, emergency clo-
sures, and Indian fisheries.

"Survival of Downstream Migrant Salmon Passing
Alder Dam in an Open Flume," by Dale E. Schoene-
man, article, Fisheries Research Papers, vol. 2,
no. 2, 1959, pp. 30-37, printed. Washington State
Department of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle
99, Wash.

Lis Sarasa

Federation des Industries de la Conserve au Maroc,
37, Rue Mareuil, Casablanca, Morocco, October 1957.

COTLAND:

Scottish Fisheries Bulletin, no. 7, July 1957, 15 pp.,
illus., printed. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A
Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland. Discusses the
problems of fishery conservation; and the Marine
Laboratory's research work on the herring fishery,
studies on the environment of herring, demersal fish-
ery investigations, studies of fish parasites, tagging
experiments, and skin-diving observations.

,no. 8, December 1957, 15 pp., illus., printed.
Includes, among others, the following articles: ''Her-
ring Trawling--the Swedish Way," by W. Dickson;
"A Preliminary Account of the Turbot in Scottish
Waters," by B. B. Rae; ''Experiments in Herring
Rearing,'' by H. Wood; and ''The Norway Lobster or
'Prawn,''' by H. Wood.

, no. 9, June 1958, 20 pp., illus., printed.
Includes, among others, the following articles:
"Scottish Herring Fishery Forecast for 1958:"' "The
Decline in the Landings of Catfish from the North
Sea,'' by B. B. Rae; ''The Salmon, a One-Sided
Story,'' by D. H. Mills and W. M. Shearer; "Tagging
Halibut,'' by A. D. McIntyre; and ''Fluctuations in
the North Sea Haddock Stocks," by R. Jones.

,no, 12, December 1959, 22 pp., illus, printed.
Includes, among others, the following articles: "A
Comparison of Some Methods Used in Lobster and
Crab Fishing," by H. J. Thomas; ''Herring Spawning
in the Firth of Clyde," by A. Saville; ''The Effect of
Seals on Scottish Salmon and Marine Fisheries," by
Bennet B. Rae; and ''How Fast do Fish Swim," by
J. H. S. Blaxter and W. Dickson.

,no. 13, June 1960, 24 pp., illus., printed. In-
cludes, among others, the following articles: ‘Results
of Scottish Herring Fisheries in 1959 and Prospects
for 1960," by B. B. Parrish and I. G. Baxter; ''Some
Notes about the 'Boxing' Fishery,'' by John Steele;

116

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol: 232 Now6

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

"Holding Lobsters," by H. J. Thomas; ''Fluctuations
in the North Sea Haddock Stocks. III,'' by R. Jones;
and ''German Mid-Water Trawling Experiments," by
B. B. Parrish.

,no. 14, March 1961, 24 pp., illus., printed.
Includes, among others, the followingarticles: ''The
Distribution of Haddock in the North Sea,'' by Rodney
Jones; ''Some Recent Scottish Haddock Tagging Ex-
periments,'' by Rodney Jones; ''Dogfish,'' by Bennet
B. Rae; ''Tunny Fisheries,'' by Bennet B. Rae; and
"The Capture of a Pacific Salmon in Scottish Waters, '
by W. M. Shearer.

SEA. LIONS:

Studies on Steller Sea Lion (KUMETOPIAS JUBATA)
in Alaska, by Ole A. Mathisen, IT pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth
North American Wildlife Conference, March 2-4,
1959, pp. 346-356.) Wildlife Management Institute,

Wire Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.

SEA TROUT:

Differences in the Estuarine Ecology of Florida Wa-
ters and Their Effect on Populations of the Spotted
Weakfish, CYNOSCION NEBULOSIS (Cuvier and
Valenciennes), by Durbin Tabb, Contribution 280,

11 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Transac-
tions of the Twenty-Third North American Wildlife
Conference, March 3-5, 1958, pp. 392-401.) The
Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

The Spotted Seatrout Fishery of the Indian River Area,

“Florida, by Durbin C. Tabb, Technical Series No. 33,
16 pp., illus., printed. Director Florida State Board
of Conservation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee,
Fla., October 1960.

SEAWEEDS:

"Drying of Seaweeds and Other Plants. II--Through-
Circulation Drying of Laminaria longicruris,"' by J.
H. Merritt, article, Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture, vol. II, October 1960, pp. 600-603,
printed. Journal of the Science of-Food and Agri-
culture, The Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Bel-
grave Square, London SW1, England.

SHRIMP:
On the Grading and Identification of Domestic Com-
mercial Shrimps (Family Penaeidae) with a Tenta-

tive World List of Commercial Penaeids, by Bonnie
Eldred and Robert F. Hutton, Contribution No. 46,
30 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Quarterly
Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, vol. 23,
no, 2, June 1960, pp. 89-118.) The Florida State
Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory, Maritime
Base, Bayboro Harbor, St. Petersburg, Fla.

A Note on the Occurrence of the Shrimp, PENAEUS
BRASILIENSIS Latreille, in Biscayne Bay, Florida,
by Bonnie Eldred, Contribution No. Hee printed.

(Reprinted from The Quarterly Journal of the Florida

State Academy of Sciences, Sa 23, no. 2, 1960,

pp. 164-165.) Florida State Board of Conservation

Marine Laboratory, Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor,

St. Petersburg, Fla.

Shrimp (Report on Investigation No. 332-40, under
Section 332, of the Tariff Act of 1930, Pursuant to

a Resolution of the Committee on Finance of the
United States Senate Adopted in August 1960), 175 pp.,
processed. U.S. Tariff Commission, 8th and E. Sts.,
NW., Washington 25, D. C. Describes the domestic
shrimp fishery and the processing of shrimp in the
United States; discusses domestic production, ex-
ports, imports, and consumption of raw shrimp and
shrimp products; and gives data on prices, cold-
storage holdings, and wage rates in the United States.
Also provides data on the shrimp fisheries of foreign
countries; considers the interests of domestic pro-
ducers, processors, and consumers of shrimp; and
discusses the probable results of the imposition of
the import restrictions set-forth in the resolution.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Cash Management in Small Plants, by Theodore E.
Boros, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers
No, 124, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Admin-
istration, Washington 25, D. C., April 1961. This
leaflet is designed to inform owner-managers of
small plants about the importance of managing their
cash. Management of cash is just as important as
the management of sales, production, or merchandis-
ing. Policing is the first and very important part of
cash management. This action protects cash from
loss due to thievery or carelessness. It is done by
using effective internal control. The second, and an
equally important, aspect of cash management is that
of maintaining adequate funds to meet the needs of
the business, This can be done by using the tech-
niques of cash planning. ;

Cost Cutting Through Work Measurement, by Elmer V.
Grillo, Small Marketers Aids No. 64, April 1961, 4pp.,
processed. Small Business Administration, Wash-
ington 25, D. C. Businessmen are increasingly con-
cerned over the growing volume of clerical work, and
wondering how to handle the problem. Many are find-
ing that if paper work and office costs are to be con-
trolled, there should be some way of determining
whether the work is necessary, how long it should
take, and how much it should cost. Work measure-
ment can help answer these questions. Three simple
techniques can be employed--the use of past records,
current time records or logs, and work sampling.
This leaflet describes these techniques and how to
use them.

Getting the Most from Your Purchasing Dollar, by G.
W. Howard Ahl, Management Aids for Small Manu-
facturers No. 123, 4 pp., processed. Small Business
Administration, Washington 25, D. C., March 1961.
This pamphlet tells how the small businessman can
check his purchasing policies and procedures. It
discusses the duties of the purchasing agent and his
qualifications. It also suggests ways to improve the
detailed aspects of purchasing, such as delivery,
small orders, and discounts.

SMELT:

The Smelt, OSMERUS MORDAX (Mitchill), by John
Van Oosten, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 8, March
1953, 4 pp., processed. Fish Division, Michigan
Department of Conservation, Lansing, 13, Mich.

Smelt Recipes, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 3, Feb-
ruary ToS. 6 pp., processed, Fish Division, Mich-
igan Department of Conservation, Lansing 26, Mich.

June 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 117

SMOKED FISH:
Histological and Histochemical Investigation of Tissues
of Smoked Fish, by A.I. Yuditskaya, PST Cat. No. 158,
% pp., illus., printed, 50 cents. (Translated from
Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 2, 1959, pp. 65-69.)
The Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

SOLE:

"The Larval Development of the Sand Sole (Psettich-
thys Melanostictus),'' by Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
article, Fisheries Research Papers, vol, 2, no. 2,
1959, pp. 38-47, printed. Washington State Depart-
ment of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave. W., Seattle 99,
Wash,

SQUID:

"Histological and Histochemical Study on Processing
the Squid Meat. I--Histological Properties of the
Squid Meat,'' by Takeo Tanaka, article, Bulletin of
the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laborator:
No. 20, May F938. pp. 88-89, printed. Tokai Region-
al Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

\

STORAGE LIFE:

"An Accelerated Oxidation Method for the Estimation
of the Storage Life of Frozen Seafoods,'' by Robert
E. Palmateer, T. C. Yu, and Russell O. Sinnhuber,
article, Food Technology, vol. 14, October 1960, pp.
528-532, printed. Food Technology, The Garrard
Press, 510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill.

SWORDFISH:

"On the Periodical Change of Fishing Conditions and
the Body Length of a Whole Year and the Distribu-
tion and Migration of Swordfish of the Northwestern
Part of the Pacific Ocean," by J. Nakogome, article
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 24, no. 5, 1958, pp. 553-305. printed in
Japanese with English summary. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

’

TARIFFS:

Import Tariff System of Sierra Leone, WTIS Part 2,
Operations Report No. 60-65, 2 pp., printed, single
copy 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., No-
vember 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.)

Singapore, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report
No. 60-67, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, December 1960.

Viet-Nam, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report
No. 60-69, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, December 1960.

Sweden, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report
No. 60-70, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, December 1960.

Dominican Republic, WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No. 60-71, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents,
December 1960.

Thailand, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report
No. 61-1, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, January 1961.

Taiwan (Formosa), WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No. 61-2, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, Jan-
uary 1961.

Republic of Korea, WTIS Part 2, Opera-

tions Report No, 61-3, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents,
January 1961.

THAILAND:

Basic Data on the Economy of Thailand, WTIS Part 1,
Economic Report No. 60-45, I6 pp., illus., printed,
single copy 10 cents. Bureau of ForeignCommerce,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
A survey of the economy of Thailand, including,
among others, a short section on fisheries, covering
annual landings, the fishing fleet, Government aid to
fisheries, and exports of fishery products.

TIDES:

Tide Tables--West Coast, North and South America
(including the Hawaiian Islands), 1962, 224 pp.,
printed, $1. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U, S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., 1961.
High and low water predictions.

TOXICITY:

"The Toxicity of Chemicals on Fish. II--The Estima-
tion of the Effectiveness of Insecticides on the Young
Carp, Cyprinus carpio Linne,"' article, Bulletin of
the Japanese Societ of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 22,
no. 10, 1957, pp. Ba 644 printed. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

"The Toxicity of Synthetic Detergents and Soaps to
Fish," by C. Henderson, Q. H. Pickering, and J. M.
Cohen, article, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, vol. 31,
1959, pp. 295-306, printed. Federation of Sewage
and Industrial Wastes Associations, 4435 Wisconsin
Ave. NW., Washington 16, D. C.

TRADE LIST:

The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published
the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may
be obtained by firms in the United States from that

office or from Department of Commerce field offices
at $2 each.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Export-
ers--Tunisia, 4 pp. (March 1961), Lists the names
and addresses, size of firms, and types of products
handled by each firm. Includes firms dealing in
canned sardines and tuna.

TROUT:

"Trout and Trout Hatcheries of the Future," by Keen
Buss, article, Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 88, no. 2, 1959, pp. 75-80, printed.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,

Librarian, Colorado A & M College, Fort Collins,
Colo.

TUNA:

Biologia Pesquera del Bonito (KATSUWONUS PELA-
MIS) y la Albacora (THUNNUS ATLANTICUS) en

118

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

Cuba. I (Fishery Biology of Skipjack (Katsuwonus
pelamis) and Atlantic Blackfin (Thunnus atlanticus)
in Cuba. I), by Jose A. Suarez Chabro and Pedro
Pablo Duarte Bello, Serie de Estudios sobre Trab-
ajos de Investigacion No. 15, 147 pp., illus., printed
in Spanish, Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones
Tecnologicas, Via Blanca y Carretera Central, Ha-
vana, Cuba, February 1961.

"Morphometric Comparison of the Yellowfin Tuna
from Six Grounds in the Indian Ocean," by K. Kuro-
gane and Y. Hiyama, article, Bulletin of the Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 6/7,

Seppe 7-494, printed in Japanese. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo,
Japan.

"Morphometric Comparison of Yellowfin Tuna of
Southwestern Great Sunda Islands and of the Pacific
Water," by Saburo Tsuruta, article, Journal of Shi-
monoseki College of’Fisheries, vol. 4, no, 3, 1955,
pp. 311-319, printed in Japanese with English ab-
stract. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ma-
rine Products Training Center, Shimonoseki, Japan.

"Morphometric Comparison of Yellowfin Tuna Taken
from the Equatorial Pacific,'' by K. Kurogane and
Y. Hiyama, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. ; apps
388-393, printed in Japanese with English abstract.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Ia Paradoja del Atun Tropical Espanol" (The Para-
dox of the Tropical Spanish Tuna), by Mareiro, ar-
ticle, Industria Conservera, vol, 27, no. 259, Jan-
uary 1961, pp. 3-4, printed in Spanish. Industria
Conservera Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo,
Spain.

"Relation between Seasonal Variation of Swimming
Layer of Yellowfin Tuna and Big-Eyed Tuna and
Vertical Distribution of Chlorinity,'' by J. Nakagome,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 9, 1958, pp. 523-524, printed
in Japanese with English summary. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"On the School of Yellow-Fin Tuna, Neothunnus rarus
(K.), Deduced from the Distribution of Catch on Tuna
Long Line," by N. Hirayama, article, Bulletin of

the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23,

no. 3 DD: eee 385, printed. Japanese Society

of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"On the Seasonal Variation of Swimming Layers of
Yellowfin Tuna, Big-Eyed Tuna and Black Marlin in
the Area of Caroline and Marshall Islands. 1--On
the Seasonal Variation of Swimming Layer," by J.
Nakagome, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Societ
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 9, 1958, pp. 318:
522, printed in Japanese with English summary.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on Movements of Albacore Fishing Grounds
in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. 1--Adaptability of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 6

Water Temperatures for Albacores in the Winter
Season from Observations of Records on Catches

and Optimum Water Temperatures by Fishing Boats,"
by M. Inque, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. II, 1958, pp. 673-
679, printed in Japanese with English summary.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

TURTLES:
Turtle Recipes, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 4, April
“1952, 4 pp., processed. Fish Division, Michigan
Department of Conservation, Lansing 13, Mich.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

Department of Nature Conservation, Report No. 16,
1959, 128 pp., illus., printed. Department of Nature
Conservation, Provincial Administration of the Cape
of Good Hope, Cape Town, Union of South Africa.
This report covers the activities of the Department
of Nature Conservation for 1959. It includes, among
others, a section of the Division of Inland Fisheries
which discusses the two Government hatcheries, the
stocking of public waters, fertilization of fish ponds,
tidal waters of the Cape, experiments in fish pro-
duction, and angling licenses.

Sixteenth Annual Report, Fisheries Development Cor-
poration of South Africa Limited (Covering Period |
Ist October, 1959 to 30th September, 1960), 16 pp.,
printed in English and Afrikaans. Fisheries Devel-
opment Corporation of South Africa Limited, Seafare
House, 68 Orange St., Cape Town, Union of South
Africa, March 7, 1961. Presents brief reports on
the state of the pilchard, maasbanker, mackerel,
and spiny or rock lobster fisheries. Also covers
activities of the Corporation--investments, loans to
fishermen, and a fisheries cooperative; participa-
tion of the Union of South Africa in international
conferences; and financial situation of the Corpora-
tion.

VIRGIN ISLANDS:

Addendum to Sport and Commercial Fisheries Poten-
tial of St. “John, Virgin Islands, by C. P. Idyll and
John E, Randall, 2 pp., processed. The Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker

Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., 1960.

WASTE DISPOSAL:
Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment: Proceed-
ings of the First International Conference, edited by

. Pearson, 5 p., illus., printed, $12.50. Per-
gamon Press, 122 E. 55th St., New York 22, N, Y.,
1961.

WESTERN SAMOA:

"SPC Fisheries Investigation in Western Samoa," by
H. van Pel, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 11,
no, 1, January 1961, pp. 20-22, illus., printed. South
Pacific Gommiccion Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney,
Australia. A report on the observations of the South
Pacific Commission's fisheries officer made during
a recent three weeks visit to Western Samoa. He
found that, although fishing is generally a part-time
activity rather than the principal means of liveli-
hood, nearly the entire population takes part in some
way. Every type of sea creature which can be taken
is considered worth eating. Many different types of

June 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 119

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

gear, both primitive and modern, are utilized, and
the fishermen are constantly striving to improve
their methods of fishing. Sport fishing is practiced
in this area. Many inland ponds have been stocked
with tilapia, which have thrived and will soon be
ready for harvesting.

WHALES:
The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Insti-

tute, no. 15, November 1960, 173 pp., illus., printed.
The Whales Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. In-
cludes, among others, the following articles: 'Ry-

ukyuan Humpback Whaling in 1960,'' by M. Nishiwaki;
"Relative Growth of the Fin Whale, Balaenoptera
physalus (Linn), by S. Ohsumi; and "Immunogenetic
and Marking Approaches to Identifying Subpopulations
of the North Pacific Whales,'' by K. Fujino.

WHALING:
Australian Catches of Humpback Whales, 1959, by

R. G. Chittleborough, Report 29, 48 pp., illus., proc-
essed. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re-
search Organization, Marine Biological Laboratory,
P. O. Box 21, Cronulla, Australia, 1960.

0

LAKE SUPERIOR

WISCONSIN

DOTTED LINE SHOWS
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY

NEW YORK

MICHIGAN

ILLINOIS

LAKE ERIE

PENNSYLVANIA

120

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

MENHADEN

THE MENHADEN, in a sense, ia the Atlantic
counterpart of the Pacific sardine. It, too, ie a member of the
herring family, and though its population is very much smaller
than that of its Pacific coast relative, it is nevertheless a large
one. Unlike the Pacific sardine, the menhaden is used almoat
exclusively in the manufacture of meal and oil; only amall
quantities are canned.

The menhaden fishery etarted in New England, eventually
spread southward, and is now centered in the Middle Atlantic
States, especially in Chesapeake Bay. The annual catch hase
fluctuated widely, between 150 million pounds in 1892 and
900 million pounds in 1946. In recent years it has averaged
near to 600 million pounds. The purse seine is the most im-
portant gear used for catching menhaden; pound nets are also
used, but are very much legs important.

The meal manufactured from menhaden wae formerly used
only for fertilizer and the oil only for industrial purposes, but
research by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service resulted in
improvement of both products so that they may now be used
in animal and poultry feeds. Menhaden roe ie saved out and
prepared as a frozen, salted, or canned product.

AT LEAST THREE SPECIES OF MENHADEN INHABIT
THE ATLANIC COAST; all are utilized without differentia-
tion by the fishery. They are pelagic, migratory fish which
characteristically travel in Menealst Their seasonal migrations
control the operations of the fishery. In the spring large
echoole appear in coastal waters and even in the brackish
waters of the baya, sounds, and larger rivere, where conditions
are favorable for their feeding and growth. The young fish,
about an inch long upon their arrival, attain an average size
during the first year of 5 to 6 inches and a weight of 1 to 1.5
ounces. During the second year they grow to a length of 8
to 10 inches, weigh approximately 7 ounces, and yield variable

uantities of oil, depending on latitude (more oil northward

an‘southward) and on variable oceanographic conditions.
They are believed to mature during the third or fourth year.
They increaee in oil content, therefore in value, with age and
size. .
The mature fish are captured chiefly in the fall during their
southward migrations to unknown ocean spawning grounds,
where they remain until the following spring. Their food
coneists almost wholly of microscopic plants, chiefly diatoma,
and small crustaceans, which swarm at the surface of the sea.
These the menhaden strains from the water that passes through
its sievelike gill atructures,

LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE BIOLOGY OF THIS
FISH. In view of the increased intensity of fishing and expan-
sion of the fishery, more complete information is needed con-
cerning the biology of menhaden, including (1) the routes
followed by the three different species and various “races” of
menhaden in their annual migratighs; (2) the location of the
ocean spawning and nursery areas; (3) the parasite which is
said to cause eterilization of male menhaden; (4) the food of
menhaden and its relation to growth, oil content, and availa-
bility; (5) the relation of the oceanic climate, and of the fiah-
ing intensity to production and ourvival of the young and to
maintenance of an adequate brood stock.

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U.S, PRODUCTION OF PACKAGED FISH, 1960

C. F. S. No. 2542, Packaged Fish - 1960 (An Annual Summary), shows the United States
production of fresh and frozen packaged fish by species, sections, and by methods of prepara-
tion, together with comparative data. It also gives data on the production of fish sticks and
fish portions, as well as production of consumer packages of certain seafoods for the years
1957-60,

The production of freshand frozen packaged fish fillets andsteaks during 1960 amounted
to 152.6 million pounds valued at $48.3 million to the processors. Compared with 1959, this
was an increase of 5,3 million pounds in quantity and $2.1 million in value. It was estimated
that 451 million pounds of round fish were required to produce the 1960 production.

Fillets of Atlantic ocean perch (43.6

| U.S. Production of Packaged Fish, by Sections, 1960 and 1959 million pounds) and haddock (GS8E3 million
& y ie pounds) accounted for 50 percent of the

New England
J of the 1960 production, Fillets of floun-

ders, cod, pollock, and halibut steaks were

1960

The 1960 production of fish sticks to-

| Chesapeake, South 1955

a produced in sizable quantities.

taled 65,1 million pounds valued at $28.7

Atlantic, and Gulf

| Great Lakes
be

| in 1959. The 1960 increase was confined

5
million, Compared with 1959, this was
}
2

Nees fk } entirely to cooked fish sticks; the produc-
L

L | total volume and 44 percent of the value
anincrease of nearly 5 million pounds

}
Middle Atlantic ;
}
;
5

but the value was only slightly more than

tion of raw fish sticks was the same as
in 1959,

! ie 1
| Pounds” O 10 20 30 100 no

Fish portions production continued to
increase in1960 (48,3 million pounds) valued at $17.2 million. Compared with 1959 this was
an increase of more than 11 million pounds, and 26.5 million pounds above the 1958 produc -
tion, The 1960 output of both cooked and raw breaded fish portions increased substantially.
Raw breaded fish portions production topped 1959 by nearly 9 million pounds; production of
cooked fish portions in 1960 was up nearly 3 million pounds from the previous years.

Copies of C. F. S. No, 2542 are available free from the Division of Information, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

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COMMERCIAL BE WEE LAF
FISHERIES MEE FLEE

L.23,NO.7 JULY 1961

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

W
{
: SAT ce = ie) “
a i * NJ ad

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

5/31/63

CONTENTS

COVER: A modern Polish stern-trawler factoryship
docked at Boston, Mass., in March this year for re-
pairs. View of the stern section of the trawler show-
ing part of the nets stowed on deck, winches, and
other gear for setting and retrieving the otter trawl.
(See pp. 27-8 of this issue.)

. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Retrigerated Sea Water and Ice - Part 5 - Interchange
of Components in a Shrimp-Ice System, by Jeff Collins
4 ,.A $700 Million Food Buyer Offers Special Opportunities to Small Business Firms, by Walter R. Jeffrey

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
California: Great Lakes:
TON Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued LOU Lake Trout Planting Program for Upper
Liane Rockfish Studied off Southern California Great Lakes for 1961
Coast Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
13... Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, LORS Lake Erie 1961 Fish Population Survey
January-March 1961 Continued
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: PANS Research Vessel ''Cisco'' Program for 1961
Siew Albacore Tuna Tagging Returns Indicate 21 ars Sea Lamprey Control Program for 1961
Single Population in North Pacific Under Way
Hews 0 Area South and West of Hawaii Scouted Hawaii:
for Seasonal Skipjack Tuna a1., Skipjack Tuna Landings Above Average for
Aree New Type Gill Net for Skipjack Tuna First Four Months of 1961
Fishing Shows Promise Inspection of Fishery Products:
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Pa Fishery Products Inspection Meeting Held
LOW. Department of Defense Purchases, March in Washington
1961 Irradiation Preservation:
LSiays Veterans Administration Requirements Olas Irradiation Research Promises Longer
for Canned Fish from 1960-61 Pack n Term Shelf-Life for Foods
Fish Flour: King Crab:
16... Development for Human Consumption Sate, King Crab Tag-Retention Studies Started
Supported by Senators from Massachusetts Marketing:
Frozen Foods: Baier. Edible Fishery Products Marketing Pros-
aris New Time-Temperature Integrator Effective pects Spring-Early Summer 1961
Testing Device Maryland:
Fur Seals: PFS IG New ''Natural Resources Institute"
NE} Bg Prices for Alaska Seal Skins Drop at Spring Responsible for Fisheries Research
1961 Auction North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and
Gear: Gear Research:
Sie Instrument Designed to Record Depth of PEI a Comparison Studies Continued of Standard
Purse Seine as Function of Time Manila Otter Trawl with One Containing
Oia New Convoluted Float Developed to Replace Polyprc pylene Parts

Damaged Purse-Seine Floats

Contents continued page II.

II

Page

26...

2s

Ail see

28.

PAS oeey

29). 3

29.

29.

30:56

32..

32.

Ge lieer
Gonens

33...

Ba...

34.4

36:5.

36.
36.

Silvan

38.

OO as

40,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Biological Data on Georges Bank Sea
Scallops Collected
Fluke Tagged off Eastern Long Island
Oceanography:
Duke University to Build Biological Oceano-
graphic Vessel
Vertical Ocean Circulation Helps to Feed
Fish
Oregon:
Frozen Fish and Shellfish Dealer License
Rule Changed
Oysters:
Steel Raft for Growing Oysters Developed
by Texas Inventor
Polish Modern Stern-Type Trawler Factory-
ship:
Enters U. S. Port for Repairs
Radioactivity in Marine Waters:
Long-Range Study Announced
Research Vessels:
Louisiana Firm to Construct Fishery Re-
search Vessel
Salmon:
Utilization of United States Landings,
1956-60
Scallops:
Shucking Machines Developed for Calico
Scallops
Shrimp:
U. S. Production of Shrimp Products,
1952-60
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Fish and Shellfish Exploration off Georgia
and Florida
Tuna:
Albacore Fishery Prospects off West
Coast for 1961
U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Supply and Fish
Oil Production and Foreign Trade, January-
March 1961
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, March 1961
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota
Present Administration's Outlook on
Foreign Trade
Virginia:
Institute of Marine Science Awarded Grant
Towards Construction of New Laboratory
Wholesale-Prices, May 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
Fishing Limits:
Norway and United Kingdom Ratify
Agreement
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Fisheries Experts Assigned on Surveys
in Latin America, Africa, and Cyprus
Fishery Research Vessels Topic of Forum
in Tokyo
International Meeting on Role of Fish in
Nutrition
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
Eighteenth Session of the Contracting
Parties
International Joint Commission:
Report on Passamaquoddy Tidal Power
Project Submitted
International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission:
Committee on Biology and Research:
Working Party on Oceanography Meets

Page

40.

40

41

41

42.

43.

43
43
44
44

45.

46

46.

46

46.
47.

48

48

49.
50.

50

52
52

53

53.

54.

55
56
56

56).

56.
Diles
Didlics

57

Bt firs

57

a: belresce:

FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Annual Meeting Held in Washington, D. C.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission:
Japanese and Soviets Hold Fifth Annual
Meeting
United States Represented at Conference on
Regional Fisheries Organization for West
Africa
Whaling:
Antarctic Whaling Output Higher for
1960/61 Season
World's 1959 Shrimp Production
Angola:
Fish-Oil Industry and Trade, 1959-1961
Australia:
Demand Good for Norwegian Fish Sticks
and Portions
Foreign Trade in Marine Oils, Fiscal
Years 1958/59-1959/60
Government Ruling Confirms Ban on
Import of Fishing Vessels
Shellfish Landings, Fiscal Year 1959/60
Whale Oil Supply, Distribution, and Foreign
Trade, Fiscal Years 1957/58-1960/61
Belgium:
Canned Fish Prices, February 1961
Imports of Canned Fish, 1959
Brazil:
Japanese Fishermen Hope to Establish
Fishing Company and Fish off Brazil
Shrimp Fishing Industry
Sao Paulo's Fishing Industry Expands in
1960
British West Indies:
Barbados Fishing Industry Growing
Canada:
Biological Research Notes
Fish Solubles Used to Stop Soil Erosion
Fisheries Act Amended
Foreign Trade, Utilization and Production
of Marine Oils, 1958-1960
New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, May 1961
New Slicing Machine for Large Cod Fillets
Developed
Prices for British Columbia Herring Oil at
Toronto, January 1960-March 1961
Studies Indicate ''Wetness'"' in Fish Fillet
Blocks Due to Poor Draining Before
Freezing, by W. J. Dyer
Chile:
Fish Meal and Oil Exports Increased
Sharply in 1960
Production, and Exports of Whale Oil, Fish
Oil, and Fish Meal
Costa Rica:
Fishermen's Cooperative Established
Denmark:

Fish Fillets and Byproducts Exports, January-

February 1961

Fish Meal and Solubles Prices, April 1-8, 1961

Fish-Meal Price Jumps Due to Default on
Future Contracts
Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1961

Fourth International Fisheries Trade Fair, 1962

Single-Boat Floating Trawl Experiments
Ecuador;

Shrimp Exports First Quarter 1960 and 1961
France:

Fish Meal and Oil Prices, April 1961
German Federal Republic:

Company Develops Freezing Unit for Factory-

ship Trawlers

Contents continued page III.

Vol. 23, No. 7

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

July 1961
Page
FOREIGN (Contd.):
German Federal Republic (Contd.):
59 Developments in Frozen Foods Marketing
60 Fish Meal Prices, May 7, 1961
60 Supply, Distribution, and Prices of Fish
Meal, 1959-1960
61 Foreign Trade, Production, and Supply of
Marine Oils, 1959-1960
63 Twelve Large Stern-Type Trawlers Now
Fishing
Greece:
63 Fishery Landings, Imports and Con-
sumption, 1960
63 Sponge Landings, 1960/61 Season
Greenland:
63 New Shrimp Fishing Ground Found
Iceland:
63 Attitude Regarding the Common Market
and European Free Trade Association
66 Fishery Landings in 1960 Lower
67 Fishery Landings for January-May 1961
Drop
67 Trawlers Land Catches in England
Despite Labor Trouble
India:
67 Experiments with Fish Meal Biscuits
68 Indo-Norwegian Fisheries Project to
be Extended
Japan:
68 Bering Sea Bottomfish Fishery Controls
Imposed
69 Twenty-Six Fleets to Engage in Bering
Sea Bottomfish Fishery
70 Firm Hopes to Fish South of Aleutian
Islands
71 Bering Sea Bottom Fishing Fleet's
Catch Target for 1961
71 Bristol Bay Mothership Fishery Trends,
May 1961
al Exports of Canned Pet Food with Fish
Drop in 1960
72 Canned Fishery Products Exports,
Fiscal Year 1960
72 Canned Sardine Sales in 1960
72 Delegation to Study Tonga Islands as
Possible Overseas Fishing Base
72 Early Season King Crab Catch in
Bristol Bay
73 Monthly Fish Meal Prices, 1960 and
January-March 1961
73 Fish Meal Factoryship Company Agrees
to Deliver 14,000 Tons of Meal
74 Fish Solubles Imports Classified Under
Animal Feeds
74 Fishery Agency Approves Construction
of 496 Fishing Vessels
74 Fishery Cooperative to Ship Fishery Prod-
ucts Within Japan by Vessel Rather Than
Rail
74 New Fish Sausage Plant Completed
75 Soviets Say Japanese Should Reduce North
Pacific Salmon Catches
75 Third Largest Fishing Firm Builds
Salmon Mothership and Other Vessels
75 Agreement Concluded for Export of
Frozen. Tuna to Czechoslovakia
76 Frozen Tuna Price Trends
76 Frozen Yellowfin Tuna Exports to Spain
Approved
76 Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil for Fiscal
Years, 1958-60
76 Canned Whitemeat Tuna Packers Face

Problems in 1961

Page

it
77
78
78
78
79
19
79
79

79

80
80
81

82
82

82
83

84
84
85

86

86
87

87
88

89
90
90
91
92
93
93
93
94

94
95

96

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.): »
Fishery Agency Announces New Regulations
for Tuna Mothership Fishery
Tuna Landing at Yaizu, January-April 1961
First Summer Albacore Landed
Coastal Skipjack and Albacore Tuna Fishing
Trends, April 1961
Skipjack Tuna Fishery Landings Improved
in April 1961
Three New Canned Tuna Products to be
Marketed
Tuna Mothership Fleet Sails for South
Pacific
Method Developed for Extending ''Shelf-
Life" of Tuna Sashimi
Antarctic Whaling Production 1960/61 Sea-
son Sets New Record
North Pacific Whaling Operations Begun in
May
Libepia:
Tuna Fishery Trends
Malaya:
Tuna Canning Facilities in Penang
Morocco:
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1961
Norway:
Cod Fishery Trends, January-April 1961
Experimental Tuna Fishing off West
Africa Fails
First Factoryship Trawler Delivered
Good Prospects for Developing Tuna
Fishery
Multipurpose Fishing Vessels Planned
Peru:
Fish Oil Production and Exports, 1955-60
Fish Meal Industry Trends, First
Quarter 1961
Philippines:
U.S. Fresh-Water Fishery Expert to Assist
in Organizing Limnological Laboratory
Portugal:
Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1961
South-West Africa:
Fishery Trends for 1960
Spain:
Bilbao Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1961
United States and Japanese Tropical Atlantic
Tuna Activities Affect Tuna Canners
Vigo Fisheries Trends, January-March 1961
Sweden:
Funds Allotted for Advertising of Fishery
Products
Shrimp Prices Drop Due to Increase in
Landings
Steel Trawlers Purchased from East Germany
Thailand:
Commercial Fish Production Increases
Union of South Africa and South-West Africa:
Landings Set New Record in 1960
Union of South Africa:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery, January 1961
LURES slant
Factoryship Trawlers Fishing off South-West
Africa
Mothership Fleet Production of North
Atlantic Herring, Winter 1961
United Kingdom:
Fish Meal Prices, April 1961
Grants and Loans for Scottish Fishing Vessels
Restricted
Yugoslavia:
Technicians May Go to Japan to Study Tuna
Processing Techniques

Contents continued page IV.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FEDERAL ACTIONS: FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of Agriculture: U. 5S. Supreme Court:
Agricultural Marketing Service: 100 .. Alaska Tax on Freezerships Upheld
97 6.5 Pilot Food Stamp Plan Includes Fishery 100 .. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
Products FISHERY INDICATORS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 105 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected
Food and Drug Administration: States
Osean Amendment to Regulation on Sources of 106 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Radiation Used in Food Inspection and 107 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
Controlling Processing of Fishery Products ‘
BEY a 5 Exceptions Filed to Proposal to Retain 108 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
Protested Labeling Requirements in of Fishery Products at Principal Distribu-
Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna tion Centers
Department of the Interior: 108 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production -
Fish and Wildlife Service: U. S. and Alaska :
98 .. Special Assistant to Commissioner 109 . . Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Appointed Products
Interstate Commerce Commission: 110 .. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
99 ... Ruling Claims Many Frozen Prepared RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fishery Products not Exempt from 111 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Regulation for Trucks 113 .. Miscellaneous Publications

Treasury Department:
Coast Guard:
EE )aen Vessels with Automatic Pilots Warned to
Maintain Proper Lookout

®o

TILAPIA EASILY GROWN IN PONDS

Pond experiments in Alabama
showed that close to 2,000 pounds f CATFISH
per acre of tilapia could be pro-
duced with fertilization and pellet

feeding. As a result of the same
techniques, 1,200 pounds per acre
of channel catfish were caught by
anglers.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Broquet, and Helen Paretti

Photograph Credits; Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover and pp. 27-28, figs. 1-3--Robert K. Brigham, Woods Hole, Mass.;
p. 11--V. B. Scheffer; p. 29--F. Hipkins, Ketchikan, Alaska; p. 30, fig. 1--
Shoreline Enterprises of America, Tampa, Fla.; p. 30, fig. 2--Henderson's
Seafoods, Inc., Coral Gables, Fla.; p. 34--J. Pileggi; p. 68--F. L. Cyprien,
FAO; p. 92--FAO photo.

pag oe BEilG: Fi G7 iF G22
PISHLAILG HL © ie Fy
July 1961 Washington D. C. Vol. 23, No. 7

PROCESSING AND QUALITY STUDIES OF SHRIMP HELD
IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER AND ICE

Part 5 - Interchange of Components in a Shrimp-Ice System

By Jeff Collins*

ABSTRACT

Pink shrimp were held for various periods in ice, Data are
given showing the effect of holding time on the weight of the
peeled meats and precooked meats. Changes in water, ash, salt,
and solids contents of the meats are also given.

BACKGROUND

In the previous paper in this series, the material balance of a system of shrimp and
refrigerated sea water was reported (Collins 1960). Changes in water, salt, ash, andsolids
contents of the components of the system were observed to be a function of the holding time.
Significantly, it was found that as a function of holding time, both the raw meats and the pre-
cooked meats lost considerable solids.

The purpose of the experiment reported here was to determine if pink shrimp held in
ice undergo similar changes.

EXPERIMENTAL

_ The general experimental approach was to hold whole pink shrimp in ice under ideal
conditions and then, as a function of holding time, to determine any changes in weight in the
moisture, sait, ash, and solids contents of the raw and precooked meats.

MATERIAL: Whole, fresh, pink shrimp (Pandalus sp.) were iced overnight in Peters-
burg, Alaska. Upon being received at the Ketchikan Laboratory on the following morning,

they were briefly rinsed in cold fresh water and were allowed to drain for 15 minutes in a
wire basket.

HOLDING METHOD: The drained shrimp (1,350 grams for each of five samples) were
placed on a Single layer of cheese cloth and were mixed with four times their weight of ice.
The cloth was folded over the mixture of ice and shrimp and was placed on top of a layer of
ice 1-foot deep in an insulated ice chest. The samples were covered with 6 inches of ice
and were top-iced every other day.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: 1. At various intervals during a total holding period of 9
days samples were removed from the ice chest (fig. 1), and the shrimp were separated
from the ice by hand and were allowed to drain on a wire screen for 5 minutes.

%* Chemist, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ketchikan, Alaska,

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. SEP. NO. 622
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

2. The whole shrimp were carefully
peeled by hand so that all meats were Sepa-
rated from the waste.

3. The meats were weighed, and a por-
tion was saved for subsequent analysis.

4, The remaining meats were reweighed
and precooked as described in the previous
paper (Collins 1960); that is, they were cooked
exactly 2 minutes under a slightly positive
steam pressure, followed by cooling for 5
minutes on a cloth towel. The samples were
then reweighed and saved for subsequent anal-
ysis.

ANALYTICAL METHODS: The analyses
for moisture, total chloride, and ash were
carried out as previously described (Collins,
Seagran, and Iverson 1960),

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The weights of the peeled and precooked
meats and their contents of water, ash, salt,
; wy ; and solids for each period of holding are giv-
Fig. 1 - Removing a sample of shrimp stored in ice for analysis. en in tables 1 and 2. The data for the raw
and precooked meats have been adjusted so that each value is independent of the removal of
prior samples. The values given for ash are termed ''corrected ash" and were obtained by
subtracting the salt from the total ash. The solids values do not include ash or salt. The
solids therefore consist essentially of the nitrogeneous components of shrimp along with a
small amount of oil and other minor constituents.

GROSS WEIGHT CHANGES: Data from tables 1 and 2 indicated that there is an over-all
gain in weight in both the whole shrimp and the peeled meats. Since this gain is caused, for
the most part, by uptake of water that is later lost during the precook, it was thought that any
consideration of yield would be quite meaningless if based on these two components of the
system. Consequently, the solids data of the precooked meats were used as a base for yield.

PEELED MEATS: The raw meats gained in weight rapidly, owing to the absorption of
water. This over-all increase in weight was accompanied by a loss of salt and solids. Cor-
rected ash values were unchanged.

Table 1 - Raw Peeled Meats: Change in the Weight of the Raw Peeled Meats and of Their
Component Parts With Time of Holding in Ice

Total Weight of the Components of Peeled Meats
After Holding 1,350 g. Whole Shrimp in
Ice for Various Time Periods
orrected A
(ash-NaC1)

Total Weight
of Peeled Meats
After Various
Holding Periods
of Time

Solids1/

lt /Solids: The total weight of solids, other than ash and NaC1. This solids value is eaeaually the nitrogeneous components plus
certain minor constituents. The "solids value is obtained by subtracting the water, NaC1, and corrected ash from the total weight
for each holding period.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

PRECOOKED MEATS: The water content of the precooked meats increased during the
first day of holding and then slowly decreased. Longer holding periods resulted in lower salt,
ash, and solids contents.

Table 2 - Precooked Meats: Change in Weight of the Precooked Meats and of Their Component
Parts With Time of Holding in Ice

Total Weight of
Precooked Meats
After Various
Holding Periods
of Time

Total Weight of the Components of Precooked
Meats After Holding 1,350 g. Whole Shrimp
in Ice for Various Periods of Time

Corrected ash
Water

Chloride (ash-NaC 1)

Holding
Time

Days

1/See footnote table 1.

ICE VERSUS BRINE HOLDING: Since the shrimp used in the experiment reported here
were caught 5 months later than those used in the previous experiment on brine holding (Col-
lins 1960), direct comparisons cannot be made between the two lots of shrimp held in ice and
brine. However, the general trend for the two systems can be compared. Even though solids
were lost in solution, holding whole shrimp in either ice or refrigerated sea water resulted
in a substantial increase in gross weight, primarily caused by an uptake of water. The raw
peeled meats subsequently obtained from shrimp held in either ice or refrigerated sea water
also gained in gross weight because of water uptake and despite the lost solids. The pre-
cooked meats from these two systems of holding went through similar changes except that
the water content increased only slightly the first several days of holding, then gradually de-
creased.

Thus, the processor of canned shrimp will suffer a significant loss in yield as a function
of holding time by use of either system. At present, it seems that the best way to minimize
loss of yield is to process the shrimp as quickly as possible after they are captured.

SUMMARY

It was reported in the previous paper in this series that definite changes occur in the
water, salt, ash, and solids contents of the various components of a system of shrimp and
refrigerated sea water. The purpose of the work reported here was to determine if similar
changes occur in shrimp held in ice. Accordingly, whole, raw, pink shrimp were held in ice
up to 9 days. The raw meats and subsequently prepared precooked meats were analyzed for,
water, ash, salt, and solids contents; and the general trends were compared with those ob-
tained in the experiment employing refrigerated sea water. As a consequence of holding in
ice, both the whole shrimp and the raw peeled meats gained in weight and lost solids and salt.
Except for the first day, when the water content increased, the water, ash, salt, and solids
contents of the precooked meats all decreased with holding time.

A comparison in the general‘trend of the data between the two systems of holding in-

dicate that there is a considerable loss in yield as a function of time of holding in either
system.

LITERATURE CITED

COLLINS, J. ; SEAGRAN, H.; and IVERSON, J.

1960. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in 1960. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in
Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice. Part 4 - Inter- Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice. Part 2 - Com-
change of the Components in the Shrimp-Refrig- parison of Objective Methods for Quality Evalua-
erated-Sea-Water System. Commercial Fisheries tionof Raw Shrimp. Commercial Fisheries Review,
Review, vol. 22, no. 7 (July), pp. 9-14. (Also vol. 22, no. 4 (April), pp. 1-5. (Also Separate
Separate No. 594.) No. 583.)

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol22:3) Noni

A $700 MILLION FOOD BUYER OFFERS SPECIAL
OPPORTUNITIES TO SMALL BUSINESS FIRMS

By Walter R. Jeffrey*

Selling food to the Armed Forces by small business firms is neither difficult nor round-
about. The way is straightforward. It also runs two ways.

What is a ''small business?" And who is the Armed Forces! buying organization putting
up sign posts pointing to more business and, presumably, to more profits for small business
concerns? What does it do for the small business supplier and how does it do it?

MILITARY SUBSISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY
Regional Headquarters Areas as of |! July 1960

A pase re
oo >. 7 NEW YORK

ie
©/Philadesphia
SN!
= iY a \se
Re JE
CON
wee 7 Landover
© © ricesonn
Sef
S\cheathan
ae)

OQ
COAX LAND

Salinas

Bakersfield

LOS ANGELES

LEGEND:
@mssa Headquarters
(3) Regional Hqs. & Inspection Offices
(>) Permanent Supply Office

Seasonal Purchasing Office

@ Supply Area Boundaries

ea a
Il / Nashville sed

{Sanford

Belle Glade

* Metropolitan Minneapolis and St. Paul Minnesota
ond St. Louis, Missouri are tn Headquarters,
Chicago Region supply area.

First of all, let us be clear on the definition of small business as the term applies to the
sale of food to the Armed Forces. As defined in the Congressional small business program
carried out by the U. S. Department of Defense, a small business concern is one that is:

1, Independently owned and operated.

2. Is not dominant in its field of operation.
3. With its affiliates employs fewer than 500 employees, or is certified as a small busi-

ness concern by the Small Business Administration.

Business Advisor, Military Subsistence Supply Agency.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WELDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 1623

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

4. Additionally, the concern has not previously been denied small business status by the
Small Business Administration.

5. The concernis a manufacturer orregular dealer, which submits bids or offers in its
own name, but which proposes to furnish a product or end items which are:

a. Manufactured or produced by itself.

b. Not manufactured or produced by itself but which agrees to furnish, in the
performance of any contract awarded it, a product or end item manu-
factured or produced in the United States, its possessions, or Puerto
Rico, by a small business concern.

There is a regulatory definition or formula for clarification of each of the above terms
to be found in the Armed Services Procurement Regulations and about which information may
be obtained from MSSA or the SBA. How to compute the fewer than 500 employees for the
concern with its affiliates is important.

However, you should be aware that if you do not meet one or more and have not been cer-
tified you will not be entitled to regulatory preferential treatment nor to participation in set-
asides. In the matter of definitive prerequisite, your concerncan be a smallbusiness for one
transaction and be treated as a large business for another transaction according to whether
the end item you offer was manufactured, produced, or processed by a small business con-
cern or a large business concern.

There are differences between procurement of perishable and nonperishable subsistence
and nonsubsistence items. You will become acquainted with applicable procedures that affect
your offers through specific information given you at each time.

If you meet these five prerequisites or have been certified, you are entitled to the spe-
cial procurement privileges offered for small business benefits.

Answering the second question: the MILITARY SUBSISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY
! 7 =-
Armed Forces! food buyer is the MILI ddresetNetionalttieadqucrters:
TARY SUBSISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY. Commanding General
a . . Military Subsistence Supply Agency
It is a Department of Defense organization Don Wo uaGReon Been
operated by the U. S. Army Quartermas- Chicago 6, Illinois

ter Corps. MSSA--as it is called--is the
wholesale food buyer for the Army, Navy,

Addresses of Regional Headquarters

Ai and ari j h nited | Commanding Officer Commanding Officer
ns Force, nd Marine Corps in the Unite Hq., Chicago Region, MSSA Hq., New Orleans Region, MSSA
States and overseas. 226 West Jackson Boulevard 4400 Dauphine Street
Chicago 6, Illinois New Orleans 40, Louisiana
Its headquarters is in Chicago. It has Commanding Officer Commanding Officer
regional buying offices in ten principal Hae eeumbie Region; MSSA Has; ex Hore Regions MSSA
ano ic . . endleton Street rd, Avenue an th Street
cities of the country: Chicago, Columbia Columbia, South Carolina Brooklyn 32, New York
(S. C.), Ft. Worth, Kansas City, Los An- B
Commanding Officer Commanding Officer
geles, New Orleans, New York, Oakland, Hq., Fort Worth Region, MSSA Hq., Oakland Region, MSSA
Richmond, and Seattle. Felix at Hemphill Streets 2155 Webster Street
Fort Worth, Texas Alameda, California
Because of their proximity to central | Commanding Officer Commanding Officer
‘offic are national Hq., Kansas City Region, MSSA Hq., Richmond Region, MSSA
supply KONO Chon of ce " ce t 623 Hardesty. Avenue 1722 Arlington Road
procurement centers for certain items for | kansas City 24, Missouri Richmond 30, Virginia

the entire Armed Forces. All of them ! \ i ;
2 Dat Hain <2 herood Commanding Officer Commanding Officer
make local purchases~--chiefly fresh foods | ug., Los angeles Region, MSSA __Hq., Seattle Region, MSSA
-in less-than-carload lots--for military 929 South Broadway Pier 91
installations in their region Offices in Los Angeles 15, California Seattle 99, Washington
port cities have the additional job of dis- ae
patching food supplies tothe United States fleet and to U. S. military bases over
seas.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

The Military Subsistence Supply Agency also is one of the several ''single manager" es-
tablishments of the Defense Department. This means that it has wholesale supply responsi-
bility for procurement, inspection, storage, and distribution of food for all the military serv-
ices. There are similar single-manager agencies for clothing and textiles, for general and
industrial supplies, for medicines, and for other common supply categories.

The responsibilities for military food supply are assigned to the Secretary of the Army
by the Secretary of Defense. MSSA gets the working task from the Army Secretary through
the Quartermaster General.

So much for MSSA. More interesting to a small business firm is how much business is
available from MSSA? How can it obtain a share?

In the first place, realize that the over-all food procurement program for the Army,
Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps aggregates each year about one and one-quarter billion
dollars. About 60 percent of thattotal, nearly $700 million, is purchased by MSSA. The re-
mainder is spent locally--principally for perishable foods--by individual military installa-
tions in the United States and by U. S. military commands outside the country.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 1956-60

1960 1959 1958 1957 1956
Q [| Value [| Quantity [Value | Quantity [Value [> Quantity [Value [Quantity 7 Value _|
1,000 Lbs. $1,000 1,000 Lbs. $1,000 1,000 Lbs. $1, 000 1,000 Lbs. $1, 000 1,000 Lbs. $1, 000
22,917 11, 839 22,651 11, 624 eesoud 12, 850 23,452 12,080 26,610 13,413
Note: Actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable.

Don't be apprehensive of doing business with MSSA because of the apparent size of its
purchases. Remember that the figure cited is an aggregate or total one. As a matter of fact,
in the fiscal year just passed, MSSA wrote over 173,000 contracts. In the year's procure -
ment, that averaged out at about $4,000 a contract.

For example, the Agency bought $2,455 of ''assorted items'' and divided the business
among five firms. This was typical of small purchases.

If smallness disinterests you, an example of an award to a small business concern in
the other direction is a single contract for 20 million pounds of soybeans. Another contract
was for $109,000 of roasted-and-ground coffee.

These examples describe the range of MSSA's business. They indicate that there is
something for every small business firm. And there is, provided he is interested in going
after and competing for it.

The key word in the last sentence is competing. Full competition is an overriding re-
quirement in the Agency's procurement. All of MSSA's purchases are fully publicized and
fully competitive. This is good for the taxpayers because fair and reasonable prices are ob-
tained. This is also good for U. S. business because MSSA is a wholesale buyer operating
like any other big-scale wholesaler. This means large quantity purchases. It calls for
central warehousing. And it calls for a national distribution system to supply retail outlets.
The net result is maximum effectiveness, efficiency, and economy. MSSA's ''retailers'' are
the country's military installations, both here and overseas,

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 1956-60

1,000 Lbs. $1,000 1, 000 Lbs.
nine chev lebenopied clastres aire eiishre 3,610 1,613 3,698
Serre creek Mauss raapeadtemom em cuca ap See 2,436 1,085
ia Atte neeWareutemetre 147 61 1,051
cacti thodad! GP oacmarmuaes 5, 834 2,586 9,473
i/Value unavailable.
Note: Actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW u

About tne product. Food items bought by MSSA for the Services are comparable in va-
riety and quality to those appearing on a typical American table. Generally speaking, the
table-type items are called ''issue"’ items. They are supplied to the Services for use inmess
halls, dining halls, and galleys. A portion of issue products purchased also is resold to mili-
tary personnel for consumption at home by their families. The Services also need many food
items with special military characteristics for operational uses. Meeting this last need is
most important to United States industry and to small businesses throughout our country.

This is the general background of MSSA. Its activities are similar to chain-store-type
operations. Now, where is the so-called privileges for small business firms heretofore
mentioned?

Underlying the privileges are the laws passed by Congress to aid small business firms.
In carrying them out, the Department of Defense ''sets aside'’ designated portions of its pro-
curements for exclusive participation by small business concerns. MSSA applies the desire
of the Congress to the military food procurement program in this manner.

How is this done? Let us illustrate.

MSSA, let us say, gets an order from the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps for
100,000 cases of tuna. It announces to all interested U. S. suppliers that at a certain date it
will make this purchase. To advance the small business interest, procurement may follow
one of two courses: (1) it may be ''totally set aside'' for small business or (2) a portion may
be ''partially set aside'' for exclusive participation by small business concerns. An obvious
third method is to ''open'' the entire purchase to all businesses, large and small.

Total set asides are made when procurement officers are convinced that small business
firms can supply the full requirement at fair and reasonable prices, Open procurement is
utilized when the complete ra.ge of suppliers, small and large, is needed to fulfill Armed
Forces! requirements.

If the bids received from small business concerns under the total set-aside plan are not
fair and reasonable in relation to the prevailing market, the procurement is withdrawn and
the item re-solicited from small and large business firms. In partial set-asides, awards to
small business firms are made at the best award price obtained for the "unrestricted" por-
tion of the procurement (obviously, this is made first), MSSA offers the set-aside portion
only to the small business concerns (in priority of their original price offer) who offered on
the unrestricted portion and whose offers were within 120 percent of the ''unrestricted'' award
price. If MSSA's offer is not accepted by them, the partial set-aside preference is dissolved
and the procurement reopened to all concerns.

It should be evident that the small business ''privilege'' is then, one of opportunity. It
permits the small concern to participate in public business and to receive awards if its prices
are fair and reasonable. Although designed to help small business firms, the privilege does
not conflict with the best interests of the public.

Partial set-asides are effective when (1) awards on the open (unrestricted) portion of a
procurement have been based on normal prices related to the current competitive market
and (2) no small business firm has submitted a ''token'' opening offer to achieve subsequently
an unfair advantage over other small business competitors eligible for set-aside awards.
Failure by small business firms to accept awards at the highest prices paid on the unre-
stricted portion results in the purchase being opened to all bidders.

To keep pace with the dynamic, fast-moving American food business, MSSA has long
followed most of the commercial day-to-day procurement practices. The Agency is not
bound by the slower procedure of formal bid-openings. In line with practice in the food in-
dustry to obtain perishable foods (1) it uses the telephone, (2) its buyers operate in terminal
markets with the same on-the-spot facility and responsibility vested with commercial pur-
chasing agents, or (3) its buyers enter the fields during harvest seasons and there contract
for portions or even entire crops. The desire to contact all qualified vendors who wish to
sell to MSSA is common to all methods.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 7

On-the-spot or sight-buying activities by MSSA usually involve less-than-carlot quan-
tities. When carlots are rquired, MSSA sends a written ''Notice of Intent to Purchase," called
a NIP, to a nationwide mailing list. Offers from business firms first go to a MSSA regional
headquarters for initial evaluation. There the low and responsive bids received are sent toa
national desk where final evaluation against low and responsive bids from all regional offices
is made to determine the award winner on the basis of full and free nationwide competition.

In every case of local or national buying, suppliers are made fully aware of MSSA's intent
to buy. As stated, competititon is full and free. There is no ''selected'" or preferential list
of suppliers. Contracts are awarded on the basis of the lowest price from responsive and
responsible bidders.

Some small business firms have felt that there has been too little profit in doing business
with MSSA. This is regrettable but, of course, MSSA cannot guarantee profits. Nevertheless,
the Agency takes every measure and means to assure that each business firm gets fair and
equitable consideration when contracts are awarded,

It is emphasized again the MSSA cannot choose or select its suppliers. Awards must be
made to the responsive and responsible bidder whose offer is the low one. MSSA finds that
the best interests of the offeror usually coincide with those of the U. S. Government. As in-
dicated at the start, integrity is a two-way proposition.

There should be no misunderstanding about the competitive nature of the set-aside privi-
lege. It is not a ''this-is-for-us'' small business subsidy. Set asides are made on the basis
and in the belief that there are a sufficient number of small business competitors who have
both capacity and experience to fulfill MSSA's contracts under full competition and at fair
and reasonable prices.

One of the pitfalls most encountered by small concerns is failure to recognize that offers
are evaluated by MSSA on (1) the bid price f.o.b. origin and (2) the cost of delivering the prod-
uct from origin (i.e., the manufacturer's plant) to first destination. Transportation is an out-
of-pocket cost to the taxpayer and must be computed in evaluating prices. This means that
distant plants ordinarily have less chance to win the award than firms nearer to the desig-
nated site of delivery. Failure to realize this additional cost factor has caused some disap-
pointment without comprehension of the reason.

Another complaint that MSSA hears from unsuccessful offerors is that they are unable to
find out who won the award and the price at which it went. This information is available to
those who submit offers or affirmatively indicate an interest. Awards for the larger con-
tracts appear in the daily ''Synopsis of U. S. Government Proposed Procurement, Sales and
Contract Awards" published by the Department of Commerce. Information on smaller con-
tracts is posted weekly at MSSA's regional offices. Furthermore, competing firms may call
MSSA offices for information.

Note, however, that MSSA does not give out information concerning unsuccessful offerors
and bids,

Historically, more than 50 percent of MSSA's business, in contracts and in dollars, has
gone to small business. Yet, the Agency feels that there are still too few small business
concerns supplying food to the Armed Forces. MSSA seeks continually to expand its procure-
ment base by asking more firms to compete for the privilege, and the profit, of supplying
food items to the Armed Forces,

To get started, the new applicant for military food business should apply to the regional
MSSA headquarters nearest to him for a "bidders mailing list'' application. It will be sent
to him along with a check list of the items that MSSA buys. The prospective bidder may in-
dicate on the list the items he wants to sell. The check list, along with the filled out applica-
tion, Should be returned to the office that sent it.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

This action usually results in getting on a MSSA mailing list. Thereafter, and so long as
it is interested, the concern will receive each pertinent Notice of Intent to Purchase sent out
by MSSA. The NIP will tell him what MSSA is going to buy, when it will buy it, where, and
how much. It also will contain information about the product and the manner in which it is to
be packaged, It lists specifications which furnish details about product quality. Specifica-
tions are available at no cost to the supplier,

Products sold to the Government, and methods of processing as well, must comply with
government standards and requirements. It is important, therefore, that NIPs and specifica-
tions be read and studied carefully. The offeror needs to have a complete knowledge of the
item, its components (when applicable), and the method of packing required by the Govern-
ment. Many performance failures have been due to a lack of knowledge or understanding of
what was required,

This should not frighten the interested and qualified small business manufacturer. Gov-
ernment requirements usually are in close harmony with commercial standards and practices.
Suppliers with a good industrial knowledge of an item usually have little difficulty in conform-
ing production to any different or additional requirement that may be imposed because of mil-
itary necessity or to provide a common basis for fair and free competition.

MSSA's military and civilian buyers and procurement officers at the ten regional head-
quarters and 20 affiliated field buying offices will be glad to provide additional information
and explain further how to go about getting food business from the Armed Forces, The Agen-
cy continuously strives to simplify and to clarify its procedures so that small business firms
not familiar with government procurement may readily and easily understand the what, when,
and where of selling to MSSA, Many small business concerns, as has been said, have had
little difficulty in getting military food business, Over 65 percent of 173,000 contracts MSSA
issued in fiscal year 1960 went to small business firms. In dollars, this represented about
60 percent of the $675 million expended that past year by MSSA for food for the Armed Forces
of the United States.

Nevertheless, MSSA still feels that there are many small suppliers who, when aware of
the common-sense procedures as well as the opportunity to sell to MSSA, would like to go
after military food business. Most who try are successful, The absence of complaints from
them indicates their satisfaction with MSSA methods and also with the promptness with which
it pays its bills.

If you are included among the American small business food suppliers not now doing
business with MSSA, let this encourage you to write or phone to the nearest MSSA office in-
dicating that you would like to do more business and want to do it with the MILITARY SUB-
SISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY in meeting the food needs of your Armed Forces.

SEA TRANSPORTATION OF FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS

Taking into account boththe bacteriological aspect andthe econom-
ics aspect of the problem of transporting frozen fish by sga, the author
is of the opinion that a temperature of -8 to -12 C. (18 to10 F.) is
most suitable for a trip of 2 to 3 weeks. (''Transport of Fish,'' General
Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean Proceedings, 19957, 3 p.)

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

= AND

EDEVELO PMENTS &

California

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V ''Alaska" Cruise 61-A-2-Pelagic Fish:
The coastal waters from Turtle Bay to En-
senada, Baja California, were surveyed
(March 6-25, 1961) by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel Alas-
ka. The objectives were: (1) to sample
‘Spawning sardines to determine if there is a
relationship between the spring spawners off
southern California and central Baja Cali-
fornia, and the genetically distinct groups
which have been defined as "northern" and
"southern" stocks; (2) to locate and sample
fish from the transition zone between the two
stocks to determine the extent of mixing; and
(3) to transport live kelp (Macrocystis sp.)
from Turtle Bay, Mexico, to southern Cali-
fornia in conjunction with the Ocean Fish
Habitat Development project.

Although persistent north-west winds
hampered operations, 75 night-light stations
were campleted. Sardines were scarce. Not
one sardine school was observed during 402
miles of night scouting nor was a single adult
collected. The paucity of spawning sardines
was confirmed by recent U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries surveys which re-
vealed a scarcity of sardine eggs and larvae
in the same area.

Anchovies were abundant from Ensenada
to Blanca Bay where they were taken at 9
night-light stations. In addition, 275 schools
were observed while scouting. Several at-
tempts were made to attract visually-located
schools with the night light, but the fish a-
voided it in each instance.

Jack mackerel were present at 9 stations
and Pacific mackerel at 6. Both were abun-
dant in Turtle Bay where Mexican purse seiners
were catching them during the daytime.

A gill net, set near the entrance of Tur-
tle Bay, captured 8 California swell sharks
(Cephaloscyllium uter ), 1 gray smooth-
hound (Mustelus californicus), and one leop-
ard shark (Triakis semifasciata). Thiscatch
extended the range of the swell shark on the
west coast of Baja California about 40 miles
southward from the San Benitos Islands.
Swell sharks have been reported unreliably
from as far south as Alcapulco, Mexico. Two
large (146 mm. and 160 mm.) female dwarf
perch (Micrometrus minimus) collected at
San Martin Island may prove to be the largest
ever recorded and were south of the previ-
ously reported range for this species.

About 75 kelp plants were transported
from Turtle Bay to Santa Monica Bay, Calif.,
where personnel of the Department's Ocean
Fish Habitat Development project trans-
planted them.

Sea- surface temperatures ranged from,
61.9 F. (16.6°C.) at Cedros Island to 52.0° F.
(111°C,)' at Cap Colnett., Most peor
were between 55°F. (12.8°C.) and 57
(13/9>'C.).

EIEN: Spotting Flight 61-3-Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from the United
States- Mexican Border to Bolinas Bay, Calif.,
was surveyed from the air (March 11-14,
1961) by the Department's Cessna '182"'
9042T to determine the distribution and a-
bundance of pelagic fish schools. Intermit-
tent low clouds made observation difficult
along some portions of the central Califor-
nia coast, but complete coverage was pos-
sible south of Point Arguello.

More fish schools (1,061 anchovy and 13
sardine) were seen during this flight than
were observed on any previous flight since
October 1958 when 1,346 anchovy schools
were counted north of Monterey Bay. All

July 1961
but 6 of the schools seen during this month's
flight were south of Santa Barbara.

Most of the anchovy schools (1,015) were
in 6 school groups. At San Diego, 177 schools

were observed along the Coronado Strand; 130’

were between Torrey Pines and La Jolla; 231
were off Oceanside; 86 were between Newport
Beach and Huntington Beach; 115 were off

Point Magu; and 276 were near Port Hueneme.

The schools varied in size from small, frag-
mentary spots close to shore to fairly large,
dense schools in deeper water out to about
one mile.

Sardines were observed in only two areas.
There were 7 small schools two miles south-
west of the Oceanside pier and 6 small spots
north of Point Piedras Blancas.

Northbound California gray whales, 139 in
all, were seen throughout the range of the
survey.

Porpoise schools were observed four miles
off Goleta Point, near La Jolla Point and
near the city of San Clemente. The school
near Goleta was very large, and contained
hundreds of individuals; the other two were
composed of 20-25 animals.

Killer whale (Grampus rectipinna),

In addition to the above marine mammals,
four small killer whales were seénin Monte-
rey Bay, about one mile off Moss Landing.

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-4-Habitat De-
velopment and Pelagic Fish: The coastal
waters of southern Calton to Turtle Bay,
Baja California, were surveyed (March 18-21
1961) by the Department's Twin Beechcraft
N5614D. The survey was conducted to gather
living plants of the giant kelp (Macrocystis)
in Turtle Bay and transplant them into Santa
Monica Bay, southern California. The variety
of Macrocystis in Turtle Bay exhibits a re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

sistance to warm water, and if it can be suc-
cessfully introduced into the southern Cali-
fornia area it may strengthen the local kelp
during periods of warm water and increase
the size and health of the local beds. An-
other purpose of the survey was to observe
fish schools, where possible, from San Pedro
to Turtle Bay.

The Department's research vessel Alas-
ka was met on March 18, 1961 in Turtle Bay.
Despite murky water and heavy surge, par-
ticularly outside Turtle Bay, the biologist-
divers secured 37 sacks of kelp plants on
March 19 and 20. The plants were taken
from inside and outside Turtle Bay, in 25 to
50 feet of water. All sacks were submerged
in the bait wells of the Alaska and on March
21, 8 were removed, placed aboard the air-
plane and flown to Torrance Airport. From
there they were carried by car and boat to
the Hermosa Beach artificial reef where all
8 sacks were tied onto the submerged street-
car by the divers. The top of each net sack
was opened and the kelp stipes were allowed
to trail into the water in a natural manner.
The other 29 sacks of kelp were to be brought
to Santa Monica Bay in the bait wells of the
Alaska.

During the flight to Turtle Bay observa-
tions were made on fish schools along the
coast. On March 18, during the flight south,
478 schools were observed. Of these, 467
were anchovy, 10 were probably sardine and
one, observed south of Cape Colnett, was of
unidentified large fish. A majority of the
schools (436) were between the Mexican
Border and Cape Colnett. The water inthis
area, along the shore to 3 miles at sea, was
green in color. Thirty-seven schools were’
between Cape Colnett and Punta Canoas.
South of Punta Canoas wind and clouds made
further observations impossible. Duringthe
return flight March 21, a break in the clouds
over Sebastian Viscano Bay revealed seven
anchovy schools in the water below. Heavy
clouds prohibited further observations until
the plane was north of-San Diego. In the
area between Newport Beach and Laguna
Beach, from 1 to 4 miles offshore, there
were approximately 200 schools of mackerel
or bonito.

A total of 9 gray whales, in two groups,
was noted during the flight. All the whales
were traveling northward. One group of 5
was south of Punta Descanso and the others
were in Bahia San Quintin.

12

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-5-Pelagic Fish:
The inshore area from the United States-Mex-
ican border north to the Russian River was
surveyed from the air (April 17-20, 1961) by

the Department's Cessna ''182'' 9042T to con- ,

tinue the study of the distribution and abun-
dance of pelagic fish schools.

In all, 185 schools were seen. Strong
winds in central California and reduced vis-
ibility in southern California were at least
partially responsible for the relatively small
number tallied. Department research vessel
personnel and commercial fishermen re-
ported that anchovy schools were plentiful in
some portions of the area surveyed.

Small school groups of anchovies were
found one mile north of the Santa Monica pier
(73 schools), and between Point Pinos and
Carmel Bay (53 schools).

Sardines were seen in only one place, two
miles southwest of Carpenteria, where six
medium-size schools were counted.

While scouting Monterey Bay, 51 salmon
trollers were counted. Most of these boats
were working the area about three miles
north-east of Point Pinos.

The water in the extreme inshore area
from South Laguna to the Mexican border
was very dirty and in some places thecolor
was almost that of a typical ''red tide'' con-
dition,

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 11.

se ve se sk ok

ROCKFISH STUDIED OFF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COAST:

M/V "N.B. Scofield” Cruise 61-S-1-Rock-
fish: The area around the islands of Santa
Catalina, Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz,
Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and San Nicolas was
surveyed by the California Department of
Fish and Game's research vessel N. B. Sco-
field to catch various species of rockfish
(Sebastodes) at different depths for length,
weight, maturity, food habits, age, and other
studies. Other objectives were to collect
ample series of doubtful species for detailed
laboratory studies, and to experiment with
rockfish tagging techniques.

Baited hand lines were used in shallow
waters, and baited set lines in deep waters.
Fishing was in depths of 40 to 1,200 feet,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

adjacent to, and between, the southern Cali-
fornia islands. Twenty species of rockfish
were taken, plus several other kinds of fish.

Length, weight, and maturity information
was taken on all rockfish. Stomach contents
were noted when they were not disgorged.
Seales or otoliths were taken from certain
species for age studies.

Large pink rockfish, Sebastodes eos, and
whitebelly rockfish, S. vexillaris, were fro-
zen for studies to determine their validity--
if they are distinct from the greenspotted
rockfish, S. chlorostictus, and the copper
rockfish, S. caurinus, respectively.

Experiments were conducted to determine
methods of tagging rockfish in waters of var-
ious depths.

Because of reduced pressure, when rock-
fish are brought to the surface from moder-
ate depths gas expansion occurs in the duct-
less air bladder and sometimes in the eye
sockets. However, with deep-water rockfish
the eyes are invariably popped and the air
bladder greatly expanded. Often, the air
bladder will evert the stomach into the mouth.
Just as often, the air bladder itself may be
forced into the mouth through a slit in the
throat.

In shallow-water species, wherein the
eyes had not popped, the air bladder was
successfully deflated by inserting a hypo-
dermic needle through the body wall.

120°

M/V N.B. Scofield Cruise 61-S-1-Rockfish (Feb. 16-28, 1961).

Methods were developed for deflating,
anesthetizing, and tagging blue rockfish
caught as deep as 230 feet. A 1:15,000

July 1961

concentration of MS222 put blue rockfish un-
der a proper level of anesthesia in 4 to 7 min-
utes. All specimens recovered, some after
spending as long as 30 minutes in the solution.
If the solution were applied directly to the
gills with a syringe, a 1:750 concentration
caused proper sedation in less than a minute.

Approximately 100 blue rockfish, S$. mys-
tinus, were deflated and placed in a live-bait
tank aboard the N. B. Scofield. Of 50 that
were tagged with a large, numbered, Petersen-
type tag (for visual observations of individual
fish), 38 survived. These, in addition to two
whitebelly rockfish and a vermillion rockfish,
were delivered to Marineland of the Pacific,
for further observations.

A total of 42 blue rockfish, each bearing a
plastic spaghetti streamer tag, were released
at sea around the various islands.

In an experiment designed to tag deep-
water rockfish, without bringing them to the
surface, a detachable tagged-hook was used.
This consisted of a fish hook with a numbered
plastic disc fastened to the hook eye. The
hook was attached to a fishing line, or a set
line, by a thread that would break with athree-
pound strain, Fish weighing a pound or less
were retained, but larger fish broke the thread
after accepting the baited hook. About 100
baited, tagged hooks were released at depths
of 90 to 1,200 feet. Two hooked-tagged fish
were recovered in the same areas where fish-
ing releases were taking place. One was a
13-pound treefish, S. serriceps, from a depth
of 120 feet; the other a 63-pound cow rockfish,
S. levis, from 525 feet. If this method of tag-
ging proves practical, movements of deep-
water rockfish, as well as certain other fish,
might be traced.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-March 1961

Total shipments of metal cans during
aapate March 1961 amounted to 22,757 short
tons of steel (based on the
amount of steel consumed
in the manufacture of cans)
as compared with 22,023
tons in the same period a
year ago. Canning of fish-
ery products in January-March this year was

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVEIW 13

confined largely to tuna, Gulf oysters, and
Pacific and jack mackerel. Increased ship-
ments of metal cans during January-March
this year as compared with the same months
in 1960 were probably due to an increase in
the California pack of canned tuna.

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-February 1961 amounted to 13,208
short tons of steel as compared with 13,609
tons in the same period a year ago.

Total shipments of metal cans during
January 1961 amounted to 7,080 short tons
of steel as compared with 7,538 tons in the
Same month a year ago. The decrease of
about 6.0 percent in the total shipments of
metal cans in January this year as compared
with the same period of 1960 was probably
due to the sharply lower packs of both Pacific
and jack mackerel.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans, Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod-
ucts are converted to tons of stee! by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel,

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

ALBACORE TUNA TAGGING RETURNS
INDICATE SINGLE POPULATION
IN NORTH PACIFIC:

On the basis of tag recovery data, age
and growth information, and distribution
and size frequency data from the various
fisheries, a model of the migration of al-
bacore tuna in the North Pacific Ocean has
been developed by biologists of the U. 58.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This
model, consistent with the hypothesis that
there is a single population of albacore in
the North Pacific Ocean, is:

A varying portion of the 2-, 3- and 4-
year old fish and nearly all of the older fish
in the United States fishery migrate west-
ward each fall into the Japanese long-line
fishery, and during the following spring, into
the Japanese live-bait fishery. The remain-
der of the fish from the area of the United
States fishery move westward to the mid-
ocean waters of the North Pacific, some as
far west as the fringe of the Japanese long-
line fishing grounds. Those fish that do not
move into the Japanese live-bait fishery re-
turn to the United States fishery the following

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

season. Thus, some fish may be available to
the United States fishery for as many as 4 or
5 successive seasons.

Albacore enter the Japanese winter long-
line fishery from both the United States fish-
ery (westerly migration in the fall) and the
Japanese live-bait fishery (easterly migra-
tion in late summer). Each spring, a large
portion of these fish (age groups 2-5), mi-
grate westerly from the long-line fishery
grounds into the live-bait fishery, while a
few separate and move eastward into the
United States fishery. The larger adults (6-
years or older) move southward from the
winter long-line fishery into the tropical and
subtropical waters to the spawning grounds
of the North Pacific albacore population.

It appears that the major portion of the
recruitment into the exploited stock (recruit-
ment begins at age 2 and is completed at age
3) takes place in the eastern rather than the
western North Pacific. There is a greater
volume of migration of the commercial sizes
of albacore in a westerly direction from the
United States fishery into the Japanese fish-
eries, than vice versa.

icin Sererene Cun

AREA SOUTH AND WEST OF HAWAII
SCOUTED FOR SEASONAL SKIPJACK TUNA:
M/V “Charles H. Gilbert”: As part of a
long-term program of Central Pacific Ocean
surveys planned by the U. S. Bureau of Com-

mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at
Honolulu with the object of learning more
about the life and habits of the skipjack tuna
(aku), the Bureau's research vessel Charles
H. Gilbert completed a 5-week cruise on May
8, 1961. The particular purpose of the cruise
was to locate concentrations of skipjack at
some distance from the Islands prior to the
beginning of the regular summer fishing sea-
son and thus to obtain information concerning
the origin and migration routes of the schools
which support the summer fishery in Hawai-
ian waters.

Aku schools were more abundant near
Johnston Island and in an area about 150
miles south of Oahu than they were to the
westward, between Kauai and French Frig-
ate Shoals. In both areas most ofthe schools
were composed of small fish. Near Johns-
ton Island a number of skipjack were marked
with plastic tags and released. Recapture of
any of these marked fish in the Hawaiian aku
fishery this summer would provide an im-

Vol 235) Nos

portant clue to the origin of the schools
which migrate into Island waters seasonally,
and commercial and sport fishermen are
urged to report full details of any such
catches to the Honolulu Laboratory.

Scientists aboard the vessel collected
samples of skipjack blood in several areas
covered by the cruise, including the first
such samples from waters to the west of
Hawaii. When these samples are classified
into blood types and compared with blood
collected from skipjack taken close to the
Islands and with other samples from areas
to the south, such as the Line Islands and
the Marquesas, the results are expected to
provide further clues to the relationships
and movements of the central Pacific skip-
jack populations. :

Drift bottles, for studying the direction
and speed of ocean currents around the Ha-
waiian Islands, were released throughout
the cruise. All professional and part-time
"beachcombers" are requested to be on the
lookout for the bottles, each of which con-
tains a conspicuous orange-and-white striped
card. The return of these cards (appropri-
ately filled in) to the Biological Laboratory
will be of great help. The finders will bein-
formed of the date and place of release of
the bottles they pick up.

se ok
Noninicn 13g sic,

NEW TYPE GILL NET FOR SKIPJACK
TUNA FISHING SHOWS PROMISE:

Fishery biologists and fishermen of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-
logical Laboratory at Honolulu were en-
couraged by the results of three test opera-
tions carried out May 13-16, 1961, off Lanai
and Waiane, Oahu, in which a gill net of
monofilament line was usedto catch skip-
jack (aku) tuna. The monofilament net, .
made of a clear, transparent synthetic
fiber similar in appearance to the nylon
leaders used by sport fishermen, was
fished from the Bureau's researchvessel
Charles H. Gilbert along with an equal
length of net made from conventional
green-dyed nylon twine. Of the total of
326 skipjack tuna caught in the nets, all
but 5 were in the monofilament portion.

The difference in visibility of the two
kinds of net, as viewed from the underwater
observation chambers of the research ves-
sel, was very striking--the nylon net stand-
ing out conspicuously in the clear water,
while the monofilament net was almost in-
visible to the human eye.

July 1961

The strategy employed in the tests was to
slow down the movements of a school of skip-
jack by chumming with live bait, set the net
close to the school, and then throw additional
live bait to induce a ''feeding frenzy" that
would overcome the skipjack's usual caution.
It appeared to the observers that those fish
which were not in such a state of frenzied
excitement were to some extent aware ofeven
the transparent monofilament net.

The gill net, which was about 1,200 feet
long and 24 feet deep, could be hauled aboard
the vessel in about 20 minutes by means of a
hydraulic-powered device called a ''Power -
Block,'' and the 3-5 pound skipjack passed
through the block along with the net without
being seriously damaged.

The skipjack net fishing experiments were
aimed at finding a method to enable Hawaii's
sampan fleet to harvest skipjack more effi-
cently and economically, so as to meet the
competition of better equipped fishermen in
other areas. The development program is
only in the preliminary stage, and the test
operations were made with a small net im-
provised from materials on hand. The re-
sults were however, considered encouraging
as they indicated that skipjack can be taken
in monofilament gill nets in numbers large
enough to make further experimentation pos-
sible and worthwhile. The Laboratory plans
to construct a longer, deeper net entirely of
monofilament web, using funds made avail-
able especially for this purpose. If proposed
State financial support, presently pending in
the Legislature, is forthcoming, this type net
will be thoroughly tested aboard a sampan of
the skipjack tuna fleet, under the actual con-
ditions which the method will have to meetin
order to be of help to the Hawaiian tuna in-
dustry.

x

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
MARCH 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, about 1.6 million pounds
(value $701,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in March 1961 by
the Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This
was lower than the quantity purchased in
February 1961 by 10.0 percent and 18.9 per-
cent under the amount purchased in March

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

1961. The value of the purchases in March
this year was lower by 23.9 percent ascom-
pared with February and 35.2 percent less
than for March a year earlier.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by

Military Subsistence Supply Agency, March 1961
with Comparisons

VALUE

March

| March __|
1961] 1960 [1961 | 1960 | 1961] 1960] 1961 | 1960

trees (CL OOORL DSS) ctenteine

° « « ($1,000). ....
1,568 | 1,934.15, 167 | 5,298

"701 | 1,081] 2,547 | 2,730

During the first 3 months of 1961 pur-
chases totaled about 5.2 million pounds (val-
ued at $2.5 million)--a decrease of 1.5 per-
cent in quantity and 6.7 percent in value as
compared with the same period in 1960.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
March 1961 averaged 44.7 cents a pound,
about 8.1 cents less than the 52.8 cents paid
in February and 11.2 cents lessthanthe 55.9
cents paid during March last year.

Canned Fishery Products: Sardines were
the only canned fishery product purchased
for the use of the Armed Forces during
March this year. In the first three months

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, March 1961
with Comparisons

VALUE
an.-Mar. | “March
1961 |1960 1960 ]1961|1960 |1961 | 1960
ake "i TueaE ING ar COO) Rann
- | 122/603 | 573

20

29

of 1961, purchases of canned tuna were up
7.6 percent and canned sardines were up
30.4 percent as compared with the same
period in 1960. No canned salmon was pur-

chased during January-March 1960 or 1961.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total pur-
chases are higher than indicated because local purchases are
not obtainable.

Se isteu ole isles ke:

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR CANNED
FISH FROM 1960-61 PACK:

Early this year the Veterans Administra-
tion announced its estimated requirements
of various canned food products, including
fishery products (table 1).

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Veterans Administration Requirements
for Canned Fish from 1960-61 Pack

Size Dozen Cans)
2, 802

=

Canned Product

Salmon, red, or sockeye

Salmon, skin and backbone removed

Salmon, red or sockeye, sodium content
restricted to not more than 60 mg. per

1/2 Ib, 8,211

100 gram.
Tuna, light meat, chunk style, sodium
content restricted to not more than
. per 100 grams
Tuna, light meat, chunk style in

1/2 lb. oO l22

vegetable oil 4 lb. 5,828
5,212

Items listed are purchased by the Market-

ing Division for Subsistence, Veterans Admin-

istration Supply Depot, P. O. Box 27, Hines,
Ill.

IZ

Fish Flour

DEVELOPMENT FOR HUMAN
CONSUMPTION SUPPORTED BY
SENATORS FROM MASSACHUSETTS:

With reference to the development of fish
flour for human consumption in the United
States, the Senators from Massachusetts made
statements before the Senate on May 18 which
appeared in the Congressional Record of that
date. In addition, inserted in that publication
on the same date by Senator Leverett Salton-
stall was an editorial which appeared in the
May 15, 1961, issue of the New Bedford Stand-
ard- Times and by Senator Benjamin A. Smith
II a letter received from Interior Secretary
Steward L. Udall.

In part, Senator Saltonstall pointed out:

.. 1am happy to report to the Senate a
development which should help considerably
in solving the problems of the fishing indus-
try, and which may also be a significant aid
to U. S. foreign policy."

He went on to state that at New Bedford,
Mass., a fishery products firm is converting
whole, fresh fish into a fish flour that will be
an important supplement to human food. Then
he added:

"It can be sold for only 15 cents a pound.
It appears to be the cheapest source of animal
protein in the world. It can be stored for long
periods of time without refrigeration. It can
be mixed with grains to give undernourished
peoples a balanced diet. We are confident
that we have in this product a helpful answer

Vol. 23, No. 7

to widespread hunger adjacent to oceans
teeming with fish.

"For several months I have been working
with my colleague from Massachusetts, Sen-
ator Smith, Senator Douglas, of Illinois,
Congressman Keith, of the New Bedford Dis-
trict, Mayor Lawler, and the members of
the New Bedford City Council to secure full
public approval of this unique product.

"We are asking this body to add $200,000
to the budget of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries to speed research on the product,
to study other processes, to investigate the
possibility of manufacturing this substance
aboard trawlers while they are still at sea,
and to check all the possible uses for human
food.

"I request that an editorial entitled ''Fish
Flour Fills Need," be printed in the body of
the RECORD at the end of my remarks. This
editorial is dated May 15, 1961, and it ap-
peared in the New Bedford Standard-Times.
This is good evidence of the fine community
support which is available to this unique
Massachusetts enterprise...."'

In part, Senator Smith added:

. "At a recent worldwide conference in
Rome it was estimated that 500 million peo-
ple suffer from the type of protein deficien-
cies which small, inexpensive dosages of
fish flour in their diet could cure. Mr.
George McGovern, director of the food-for-
peace program has expressed considerable
interest in it.

"An expansion of the sales of this prod-
uct would also be of enormous benefit to the
ailing American fishing industry....

"T would also like to place in the RECORD
a letter which I received recently from Sec-
retary of the Interior Udall. This letter, I

» feel outlines well the merits of fish flour and

the arguments in favor of its being sold
worldwide. It also tells of some of the ob-
stacles facing the present fish flour program.
I am in thorough agreement with the Secre-
tary's remarks on these problems...."

Secretary Udall's letter as inserted in
the Congressional Record follows:

July 1961

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Office of the Secretary
Washington, D.C.

May 12, 1961

Hon. Benjamin A. Smith I,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator Smith:

Thank you for your letter of April 26, concerning the Rome
fish meal conference and fish flour. It is indeed encouraging that
the prices of fish meal are now on the rise.

We were particularly pleased to learn of your interest in fish
flour. It is our feeling, too, that fish protein concentrate offers
tremendous potential in feeding hungry people all over the world.
We in the Department recognize that such a product cannot, inall
conscience, be sold abroad until approval for its use in America
is first obtained from the Food and Drug Administration.

Mr. Donald McKernan, Director of our Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, is working closely with.Mr. Harold Putnam, counsel,
Senate Select Committee on Small Business, in an attempt tohave
Food and Drug approve the interstate marketing of fish flour for
domestic human consumption. Mr. George Larrick, Commission-
er of the Food and Drug Administration, in reply to our formal
request for approval of fish flour, stated whole fish flour to be a
product classed as adulterated under section 402(a) (3) of the
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The Food and Drug Ad-
ministration's rejection of fish flour is based on their decision
that it consists, in whole or part, of filtny material. Their view
is that heads, tails, viscera contents, etc., of large whole fish
constitute filthy matter in that they are ''esthetically objection-
able"' to the consumer.

We in the Department disagree with the Food and Drug's posi-
tion on this matter. It is our feeling that these so-called esthet-
ically objectionable components of fish are either removed or else
totally lose their identity during processing into fish flour. A
direct analogy exists in the preparation of gelatin made from beef
hoofs. Here the raw materials used. have the same esthetic objec-
tions as whole fish. No one would seriously affirm that all traces
of any objectionable materials are removed, yet the product is
marketed and widely used.. Another interesting point is that mil-
lions of pounds of whole or headed sardines are consumed annu-
ally in this country. This seafood, with its viscera and tails in-
tact, is both delicious and highly nutritious.

Since the first of the year, Mr. McKernan and representatives
of his staff have had several meetings with officials of the U. S.
Food and Drug Administration to encourage them to change their
position on this matter, We have also prepared a standard of
identity that will permit production of only the highest quality fish
flour. Despite these efforts, however, the Food and Drug Admin-
istration has not changed its original position on the use of fish
flour. It is our understanding that Secretary Ribicoff is request-
ing the Food and Drug Administration to hold public hearings to
consider this matter. At that.time we will again present our views
regarding approval of fish flour.

Another problem is the absence of a suitably low-cost method
of producing a uniformly high quality fish flour. It is the opinion
of our scientists and those of the World Health Organization, Food
and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations Children's
Fund that no truly satisfactory method is known to exist for pro-
duction of an inexpensive and highly nutritious fish protein con-
centrate. Comprehensive engineering and product utilization re-
search is needed before we can produce a fish flour that we can
use to feed the undernourished peoples of the world.

The Department feels that development of a suitable process
for producing fish flour would be in the best interest of our coun-
try, both in helping the fishing industry and in furnishing a high
quality animal protein concentrate to our neighbors in the under-
developed countries. Such a program as this would appear to
dovetail well into President Kennedy's food-for-peace plans and
to further improve our social-political relations around the world.

The Department does not yet have a formal research program
on fish flour, but is is hoped that we will be able to initiate one in
the very near future.

Sincerely yours,

Stewart L. Udall,
Secretary of the Interior

~“CAFSGS-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

Frozen Foods

NEW TIME-TEMPERATURE INTEGRATOR
EFFECTIVE TESTING DEVICE:

A device that measures and integrates time and temp-

erature to maintain quality in frozen foods has been devel-
oped by scientists of a Minneapolis firm. The miniature de-
vice, called a time-temperature integrator, tells the time-
temperature experiences of frozen foods during various
stages of handling and storage. It operates by means of e-
lectrochemical action and is about the size and shape of a
cigarette, weighing only a fraction of an ounce. In use, it is
simply placed with packages of frozen food,

The industry is still trying to determine how best to em-
ploy the tiny device, The firm’s vice president of research
said the U. S. Army Quartermaster Corps, which assisted
in early stages of development, has tested 2,000 early models
of the integrator with favorable results, and plans to test pro-
totype production models this summer.

The integrator senses and records time and temperature
as an integral function, The combined information is shown
on a scale that is read as easily as a scale on an ordinary
thermometer.

The firm’s research specialist emphasized that the in-
tegrator does not measure food quality directly. It pro-
duces a time-temperature exposure reading that is con-
sistent with data compiled by the U. S, Department of Ag-
riculture on the deterioration rates of various frozen
foods at different temperatures.

‘*This data shows,’’ he said, ‘‘that frozen food maintains
quality well at low temperatures (0° F. or below), but it be-
comes increasingly difficult to maintain quality at higher
temperatures,

‘*Some foods that would maintain top quality for a year at
0° F. would suffer appreciable quality loss in a few months
at 10° or ina few days at 20° "’

He said that devices previously available were simply
temperature indicators. This was of no value if it was not
known how long the food remained at a certain temperature-~
such as above zero degrees.

The device can show the type of handling that foods have re~
ceived and indicate when a laboratory quality check should be
made. Also, it can be used to determine which lots of food
should be moved from: inventory early because of the amount
of quality reserve left.

The new indicator is an outgrowth of three years of re~
search by the firm’s scientists in the field of electrochemis~
try. It is being produced on a pilot basis at the research cen-
ter, which is making it available to the frozen food industry
for experimental uses,

The integrator has no moving parts, no external wiring or
power sources, and requires no special calculations, It is
completely sealed in plastic and is durable enough to be
packed in with most frozen food packages without additional
protection. After use it is discarded.

Heart of the device is a glass tube filled with a special so-
lution, the nature of which is not disclosed. Around this tube
is wrapped a specially treated yellow paper sleeve.

At the ends of the paper are two metal electrodes of differ-
ent material and these are connected by a copper ribbon, The
entire assembly is sealed in a plastic tube,

It operates like a tiny electrolytic battery. To start its ac~
tion, the indicator is squeezed with a special type of pliers fur-
nished by the manufacturer of the device. This breaks the cap-
sule of solution inside,

The solution wets the yellow paper and connects the two dis~
similar metal electrodes, allowing an electrochemical reaction
to start.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The reaction causes the yellow paper to turn red, beginning
at one electrode and moving toward the other. The speed with
which this occurs is dependent on temperature. The movement
is always in the same direction. Cooling at a lower temper-
ature merely slows the movement and will not cause it to back
up.

In the current models, the red zone moves the full length of
the scale in about 20 days at 20° F., two months at 15° F., six
months at 10° F., and more than one year at -0° F,

Above 20° F., the indicator is designed to operate especially
fast. At 25° F., the indicator will travel full scale in a couple
of days,

The device may be of interest to the fishery industry, and
might possibly be used as an indicator to determine the deterio-
ration rates of fishery products at different temperatures while
in cold storage, in transit, or in retail cabinets. (Food Field
Reporter, March 29, 1961.)

Fur Seals

PRICES FOR ALASKA SEAL SKINS
DROP AT SPRING 1961 AUCTION:

The spring 1961 auctionsale of U. S. Gov-
ernment and other foreign-produced fur seal
skins was held at the processing plant at St.
Louis, Mo., on April 20 and 21, 1961. Rep-
resentatives of the Canadian Department of
Fisheries and the Japanese Government also
attended the sale,

Sales for the United States-owned seal
skins totaled about $1,950,000. The average
price for all the conventionally-processed
Alaska seal skins declined 14 percent to an
average of $87.88, The United States share
of the skins was sold asfollows: Black from
$128 to $69 per skinfor anaverage of $93.33,
a decline of 8.7 percent from the October
1960 sale; Kitovi, from $138 to $57 for an
average of $87.20, a decline of 17.2 percent;
Matara, from $118to $58 per skin for an ay-
erage of $83.57, a decline of 18.3 percent.
The decline in average prices was generally
expected, due to a general decrease in the
prices of other high-quality furs. However,
a disappointment was experienced in the sale
of the sheared female or ''Lakoda'' skins.
The average price for 10,468 of those furs
was only $11.98 as compared to$36.05 at the
fall 1960 sale when those skins were first
presented to the fur trade. At the current
sale, the Lakodas were divided into four classes
or grades, the first two grades bringing a
much higher price than the last two grades.
Prices ranged from $61 for the largest grade
I skins to $3.50 for the smaller gradelV skins.

Voll 235 Now

Of the female skins processed, about 25 per-
cent were rejected as unfit for sale.

The fall auction of Alaska fur seal skins
is tentatively scheduled to take place on
October 12-13, 1961.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1960 p. 32.

Gear

INSTRUMENT DESIGNED TO RECORD
DEPTH OF PURSE SEINE AS
FUNCTION OF TIME:

Two scientists from the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, San Diego, Califor-
nia, Biological Laboratory were aboard the
commercial purse seiner West Point during
a trip which extended from April 3 to April
27, 1961. This was the second of two trips
made with the purpose of evaluating the use
of sonar to locate and follow schools of tuna.
Examination of the records and the evalua-
tion are under way and will be reported later.

During the second trip, tests were made
of an instrument designed by one of the sci-
entists to record the depth reached by the
seine (430 fathoms long and 42 fathoms deep)
as a function of time. This device was at-
tached to the lead line of the net. The re-
sults must be considered preliminary, since
this was the first model put into use and it
was not accurately calibrated for depth. The
first test revealed that the lead line took
about six minutes to reach depth. Thedepth
recorded in this case was about 26 fathoms.
Further observations along this line were
made in June. Several of the instruments
will be available and can be attached to var-
ious parts of the net.

We sk sk ste sk
Maeda ine seted

NEW CONVOLUTED FLOAT
DEVELOPED TO REPLACE
DAMAGED PURSE-SEINE FLOATS:

A Seattle, Wash., inventor has developed
a convoluted (coil-spring type) float that has
attracted considerable attention on the part
of purse-seine fishermen. The new float,
which has been patented, is expected to be
used to replace damaged floats easily with-
out the time-consuming threading method

July 1961

now employed in replacing floats on many
purse seines. The new floats are not yet on
the market. (Fisherman's News, April 20,
1961.)

poe

wes a ae

Great Lakes

LAKE TROUT PLANTING PROGRAM FOR
UPPER GREAT LAKES FOR 1961:

An estimated 1,322,000 yearling lake trout
will be planted in Lake Superior from Mich-
igan, Canadian, and Wisconsin hatcheries
during the latter part of May and early June
as part of a broad, long-range program to
revive the lake trout fishery of the upper
Great Lakes.

Plans coordinated by the Great Lakes
Fishery Commission are to release some
560,000 yearlings from State and Federal
hatcheries in Michigan. Canada will release
about 506,000 lake trout while Wisconsin will
release 255,700. These fish will not become
sea lamprey targets for at least several
years after being released because of their
small size. Most of the planting stock will
be made up of one-year-olds between 5 and
6 inches long. Although final results will not
be known until 1962, early studies raised
hopes that the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries scored a success toward control
of the sea lamprey in tributary streams of
Lake Superior where the chemical treatment
program was completed in the fall of 1960.

“The State of Michigan's planting program
calls for 120,000 yearling lake trout to be
released in Whitefish Bay. Some 202,000
yearlings will be released in Keweenaw Bay,
while the Munising area will receive 70,000
young trout. Stock for these plantings will
come from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice hatchery at Pendills Creek. Lake trout
to be released in Keweenaw Bay were reared
from eggs collected in Crystal, Glen Higgins,
Elk, and Torch lakes during the fall of 1959.

Another 120,000 of the Federal hatchery's
trout will be transferred to Wisconsin and
combined with that State's releases in the
Bayfield area of Lake Superior. Some 48,000
trout will be taken from Wisconsin's Conserv-
ation Department Watersmeet hatchery for an
experimental planting in the Ontonagon area.

In addition to the Lake Superior plantings,
approximately 95,000 lake trout were sched-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

uled to be released during early May in
Lake Michigan, offshore from South Point
near Charlevoix. Planting stock for this
release was purchased from Illinois, and
reared at the Fish and Wildlife Service
Charlevoix hatchery.

The planting is the fourth in a series of
experimental releases to learn more about
the distribution and movements of hatchery-
reared lake trout in Lake Superior, and to
determine how long these fish can survive
before being attacked by sea lampreys.

Hopes of launching a large-scale lake
trout stocking program in Lake Michigan
are contingent on findings of this study. All
fish released will be fin-clipped to aid re-
search.

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE 1961 FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "Musky II” April 1961: Operations
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Musky II on Lake Erie began
in early April with trawl tows at Stations
No. 4 (East Harbor) and No. 5 (Sandusky Bay).
The rather uniform catches consisted mostly
of yellow perch and spot-tail shiners. As
expected, the bay station produced a larger
variety of species and included a greater
number of the more common fish.

Yellow perch of the 1959 year-class were
quite abundant. Their lengths varied be-
tween 5.5 and 8.3 inches and averaged 6.9
inches. Yearling perch were taken inlesser
numbers. They averaged 3.5 inches in length;
0.5 inches shorter than the members of the
1959 year-class at this time a year ago. One
out of three of the yearling males was sex-
ually mature. Only an occasional two-year-
old male was found to be immature whereas

‘over 50 percent of the two-year-old females

taken were undeveloped. In general, female
perch ran a bit larger in size than males of
the corresponding year class.

Data were obtained on other commercial
species including white bass, sheepshead,
channel catfish, and smelt. Very few year-
ling smelt have been observed thus far in
spite of an apparently successful hatch last
year.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A more intensive study has been initiated
to follow the development of dissolved oxygen
depletion and related phenomena in Lake Erie.
The vessel and crew were used during alter-
nate weeks of the month for this purpose.
Nannoplankton and bottom samples were col-
lected in addition to regular water samples
for later analyses in determining contents
and concentrations of various elements. Wa-
ter temperatures of the lake in the Sandusky
area averaged 39°F. at the beginning of April,
increasing to about 46 F.. by the end of the
month, Dissolved oxygen concentrations
ranged quite high, showing the lake to be well
saturated at this time of year.

Scale samples and measurements of major
species were also collected during the month
of April from commercial landings at the fol-
lowing ports: Monroe, Michigan; Bono, San-
dusky, Vermilion, and Ashtabula, Ohio. These
collections will be supplemented with sam-
plings from Wheatley, Ontario; Erie, Pa.;
and Dunkirk, N. Y., which are being taken by
biologists of neighboring state and provincial
agencies. Samples from at least 150 net-run
specimens of each of the seven major species
(at each port) make up these collections.

The spring commercial catches of the
more select species were not heavy. Few
blue pike, whitefish, and ciscos were caught.
Good landings of yellow-pike were rather
spotty. While the larger yellow-pike were
taken in greater quantity than anticipated,
the 1959 year-class usually dominated the
catch, These two-year-olds, averaging about
15-16 inches, have reached the "borderline"
category. Many can be marketed either as
No. 2's or 1's depending on price anddemand,

The hatch and survival of young yellow-
pike in 1960 was considered poor. However,
commercial fishermen are now reporting
varying numbers of 8- to ll-inch yellow-
pike in their lifts. The reports are encour-
aging. Even so, the survival of the 1960 year-
class cannot begin to approach that of the
1959 year-class which is not believed to be
exceptionally high as compared to years of
former abundance,

In Ohio waters, the sorting of the two-
year-old yellow perch from trap net catches
presented somewhat of a problem. The vast
majority of the perch were well below the
83-inch minimum size limit. Normal growth,
however, should place many of them in the
"keeper size'' toward the end of the year.

Vol. 23, (No.7,

Large numbers of sheepshead were avail-
able for the taking. Some fishermen were
landing them while others said they could
not handle them until a higher price and a
steadier market was assured.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 23.

ste ste ose ose ook
3K. ie ik: sk) ok

RESEARCH VESSEL "CISCO"
PROGRAM FOR 1961:

The recently developed trawl fishery for
chubs and the anticipated rehabilitation of
the lake trout in Lake Michigan make it im-
portant that an accurate estimate of the pres-
ent chub populations be obtained, since it
will be desirable to know what changes, if
any, these developments will bring about.
During 1960 the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Cisco, by sys-
tematically fishing standardized gill nets and
trawls, was able to obtain what is thought to
be a reasonably good basis for future com-
parisons of chub populations in southern
Lake Michigan. In 1961 the same program
will be carried out in the northern portion
of the lake. The standard gear (nylon gill
nets of 9 mesh sizes from 14- to 4-inchi
mesh totaling about $-mile per gang, and
bottom trawls of a type used by Lake Mich-
igan chub fishermen) will be fished mostly
off Frankfort, Charlevoix, and Manistique,
Mich., and Sturgeon Bay, Wis. Although the
primary interest will be in chubs, other
species, especially the recently stocked lake
trout, will also be of concern.

7

Cisco, research vessel of
Investigations.

A second objective during 1961 will be to
compare present chub populations with those
of 1955, The identical linen gill nets which
were set off Charlevoix, Manistique, and
Ludington, Mich., in 1955 will be set in the
same manner as to location, depth, andtime
of year, in 1961. A similar study off Grand
Haven, Mich., in 1960 revealed that in the

July 1961

intervening years since 1954 there had been
a noticeable change to a higher proportion of
bloaters among the chub stocks of that area.

The 1961 program will also include ex-
perimentation with a 40-foot modified British:
Columbia midwater trawl. The trawl will be
equipped with a depth and temperature tele-
metering unit. The primary concern will be
to explore its possibilities as a biological
collecting device, but its potential as a com-

mercial chub fishing net will also be examined.

Limnological collections and observations
will be made each cruise at six stations on
transects between Charlevoix and Manistique
and between Frankfort and Sturgeon Bay.

SO eg) ty ATK oO
BUS RRS EA bd! ENS

SEA LAMPREY CONTROL PROGRAM
FOR 1961 UNDER WAY:

The sea lamprey control unit of the U. 8S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Great Lakes
Fisheries Investigations started the 1961
field work on both Lake Superior and Lake
Michigan in March. Eighty percent of the
electrical barriers to be operated on Lake
Superior were activated by March 31, 1961.
The chemical control unit had treated only
one small Lake Michigan tributary, but con-
tinued to make progress in surveys of sea
lamprey streams and in bio-assays to learn
the effects of larvicides in water from dif-
ferent tributaries.

Hawaii

SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS ABOVE
AVERAGE FOR FIRST FOUR
MONTHS OF 1961:

Landings of skipjack tuna in Hawaii during
April 1961 were estimated to be 680,000
pounds, about 130,000 pounds above the 12-
year (1948-59) average. Approximately 10
percent were fish under 8 pounds, 45 percent
8 to 15 pounds, and 45 percent between 15 and
25 pounds in weight. Nineteen vessels were
fishing during April with an average catch of
35,800 pounds per vessel, over 8,500 pounds
above the average for the preceding 10 years.

Total landings for the first four months of
1961 were estimated to be 1,815,000 pounds,
578,000 pounds above average. A large part
of this increase was attributed to March land-
ings, which were more than twice the average.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Zp

Bait (nehu) was quite scarce during early
April, but was fairly easily obtained by the
end of the month.

“i iA
Inspection of Fishery Products

FISHERY PRODUCTS INSPECTION
MEETING HELD IN WASHINGTON:

A day's meeting, open to all interested in
fish and the fishing industry--producer,
processor, distributor, consSumer--was
scheduled by the U. 8. Department of the
Interior's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
for June 9, 1961, in Washington, D. C.

The purpose of the meeting was to dis-
cuss the Department's inspection program
for fishery products, to consider new ap-
proaches which will make inspection serv-
ices available to small industry groups, and
to explore the possibilities of establishing
quality standards and inspection services
for fresh fish. A prior meeting was sched-
uled for June 8 primarily for representatives
of firms now using the Department's con-
tinuous inspection service.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has
been offering its fishery products inspection
services for three years. Now it seeks to
determine whether or not the program as
originally designed is satisfying the needs of
the consumer and of the many diverse seg-
ments of the fishing industry.

The Bureau believes that this can best be
accomplished by meeting with the manage-
ment of industry and other organizations to
discuss existing problems and future plans
for inspection activities.

|
Irradiation Preservation

IRRADIATION RESEARCH PROMISES
LONGER TERM SHELF-LIFE FOR FOODS:
A recently installed irradiation facility
at Oregon State College will be used in stud-

ies to make possible long-term storage of
present short-shelf-life food items. Accord-
ing to the College, sterilization by radiation
offers the first promising new principle of
food sterilization since the discovery of the
canning technique in 1809.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

One of the College's professors of chem-
istry who is also chairman of the College's
Radiation Safety Committee, said that with
the new $20,000 cobalt irradiation facility,
it will be possible for the College's scien-
tists to subject focus to 3,000-500,000 roent-
gens of radiation an hour.

By using smaller doses of irradiation
(radio-pasteurization), the bacterial popula-
tion of micro-organisms can be reduced 90-
99 percent without causing undesirable
changes in food.

In the past years, the College has done
considerable irradiation research on meats
and seafoods. This reSearch will be ex-
panded and other work on genetic changes in
insects, irradiation damage to plastics and
other materials, and radiation decomposition
of chemicals will be started.

The cobalt irradiation instrument is about
33 feet high and 23 feet in diameter. For
safety, the cobalt-60 irradiation source is
shielded with one foot of lead. The radio-
activityis in 12 cobalt pencil-like rods meas-
uring a half-inch in circumference and six
inches in length.

Some research has already been done on
irradiation of fishery products. It is hoped
that new developments in this field will even-
tually result in extending the shelf-life of
fishery products. (Food Field Reporter,
March 27, 1961.)

King Crab

KING CRAB TAG-RETENTION
STUDIES STARTED:

Using the chartered vessel Stag, a king
crab tagging study in Tutka Bay, Alaska, was
started early this year by U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries biologists from the
station at Kasitana Bay. For the king crab
tag-retention study, a total of 1,100 crabs
were tagged; 1,000 with loop tags and 100
with dart tags. This population of crabs is
semi-isolated, which is particularly suited
to tag-retention experiments.

Vol. 23, No. 7

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
MARKETING PROSPECTS, SPRING-
EARLY SUMMER 1961:

United States civilian per capita consump-
tion of fishery products was about the same
this past winter as in winter 1960, and was
expected to continue close to the year-ear-
lier rate in the next few months. The aver-
age retail prices of fishery products were
noticeably higher this January-March than
last. Average prices for these foods in the
next few months were expected to remain
well above the year-earlier level.

SLNUdKY

Supplies of edible fish and shellfish this
spring and early summer will likely be at

least as large as a year earlier. Commer-
cial landings, now on the seasonal upturn,
were expected to reach a peak around mid-
year. During the first quarter of 1961, land-
ings were well above those of the same part
of 1960. Imports of fresh and frozen fishery
products, which were noticeably higher this
January-March than last, were likely to con-
tinue above the year-earlier level in the next
few months, while exports might remain
lower.

Stocks of food fish and shellfish were
close to the low point of the year. Holdings
of the frozen products were almost 7 per-
cent higher this April 1 than last. They were
expected to increase seasonally in the months
ahead. Packers' stocks of the canned prod-
ucts were Slightly higher at the beginning of
this year than on the same date in 1960, They
were expected to continue to decline season-
ally until the 1961 canning season is well
under way in late spring and summer.

July 1961

This analysis appeared in a report pre-
pared by the Agricultural Marketing Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in coopera-
tion withthe BureauofCommercial Fisheries,
U. S. Department of the Interior, and pub-
lished in the former agency's May 9, 1961,
release of The National Food Situation (NFS-
96).

Maryland

NEW "NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE"
RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH:
~ Anew natural resource agency was forged
when Maryland's Governor signed a bill unit-
img the State Department of Research. and
Ecucation with the University of Maryland,
tius joining the State's top efforts in re-
search and education on natural resources.
Effective June 1, 1961, the former depart-
ment will be known as the Natural Resources
Institute of the University of Maryland.

The Institute will continue to conduct a
comprehensive research) and educational
program covering fisheries of marine and
fresh waters, game, forestry, pollution
problems, and related fields. It will work
closely as part of the Board of Natural Re-
sources with the agencies responsible for
managing the natural resources, and will
specialize in research for the Game and In-
land Fish Commission, Tidewater Fisher-
ies Commission, Water Pollution Control
Commission, and the Department of Forests
and Parks,

Dr. L. Eugene Cronin, who has directed
the Department of Research and Education
since 1955, will serve as first Director of
the new Institute. Commenting on the change
in status, Cronin says, ''This new relation-
ship provides an excellent opportunity for
further improvement in the quantity and
quality of Maryland's efforts to protect and
develop her natural resources. It is good
that the Institute will remain part of the
Board of Natural Resources and the primary
research agency on many of the problems
facing the management agencies. We will
gain, and the State will gain, by having the
many specialists and facilities of the Uni-
versity more available to assist on these
problems. I think the new Institute cancon-
duct a strong program of highly practical
research, undertake the broad and continuing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

basic studies which are essential if practical
research is to be successful, and aid in the
education of the public and of specializing
students."

The new Natural Resources Institute can
trace its history to the founding of the Ches-
apeake Biological Laboratory at Solomons
Island, Md., in 1929. It was established by
the Conservation Department in close asso-
ciation with the University of Maryland and
directed by Dr. R. V. Truitt until 1955. This
laboratory has the distinction of being the
oldest state-supported marine biological lab-
oratory in continuous use on the East Coast.

In 1941 the State Legislature created the
Department of Research and Education, in-
corporating the Laboratory into a broader
natural resource program, including re-
search in inland resources, wildlife, fresh-
water fish, forestry, and conservation edu-
cation. At present, marine researchiscen-
tered at Solomons, the inland resources and
conservation education divisions are located
in Annapolis, and a new Western Maryland
center will be established in the near future.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

COMPARISON STUDIES CONTINUED OF
STANDARD MANILA OTTER TRAWL
WITH ONE CONTAINING
POLYPROPYLENE PARTS:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-6: Additional
tests of an experimental otter trawl were
made during an April 14-25, 1961, cruise of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel Delaware. The
experimental net, in which the top wings,
top belly, and square were constructed of
42-thread-cotton-equivalent-diameter size
polypropylene fiber twine, was found tocatch
more fish than the standard No. 41 manila-
twine trawl with which it was compared.
The results are in agreement with those of
a previous cruise (61-2) when a similar
net with upper sections of a lighter poly-
propylene twine caught 66 percent of the
trip's total fish, while the conventional
net caught 34 percent. During the April
cruise, the polypropylene-equipped net
took 57 percent of the fish as compared
to 43 percent taken with the all-manila

| 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

net, Equal numbers of tows were made with
each type of net during both cruises.

Instrument used to take internal mesh measurements
(M/V Delaware Cruise 61-6).

A total of 110 1-hour tows was conducted
with the two trawls during the cruise in a
confined area (3 by 12 miles) on Georges
Bank. The trawls were rigged to the same
measurements using the same rollers and
doors, and both were fished on the starboard
side. The trawls were changed every 2 tows
and operations were continued on a 24-hour
per day basis. Each individual fish of com-
mercially-valuable species was counted and
measured,

Catch Results, M/V Delaware Cruise 61-6 (108 tows) 1/

Percentage of
Catch

Yellowtail
flounder
Gray sole
1/Two tows were deleted from all calculations as not being re-
presentative, A large school of cod and pollock was en-
countered during these tows, made with the polypropylene-
equipped net, which would have weighted catches dispropor-
tionately because of obviously increased availability of fish.

Vol. 23, No. 7

Internal, wet after-use measurements
were taken of the top sections of bothtrawls.
The dry before-use, polypropylene, 5-inch
netting of a 42-thread-cotton-equivalent-di-
ameter size, when measured after-use and
while wet, had an average mesh size (stretched
measure between knots) of 4.76 inches. The
5-inch, 100 yard 3-ply manila netting aver-
aged wet after-use, 4.42 inches,

Also in agreement with findings of cruises
61-2 and 61-6 of the Delaware, captains of
three commercial vessels report favorably
on fishing results obtained using Bureau-
supplied net sections and ropes aboard their
own boats. These reports indicate higher
catch rate, easier handling and easier towing
of the polypropylene-equipped nets. The chief
engineer of one of the vessels reported that
his engine exhaust temperatures were con-
sistently lower when the experimental net
was towed although the same propellerr.p.m.
was maintained as with the standard net. .
The lighter engine loading indicates a lower
water resistance of the net and resultant
higher towing speed.

In addition to positive results. obtained,
certain objectionable qualities of the syn-
thetic material were noted. Because of its
black color, broken strands were harder to
find for mending--especially at night-time
and, because of the hard slick surface, spe-
cial effort was required to tie knots that
would hold. Many broken meshes that were
believed at first to be a result of parted
twine were found to be caused by a slippage
of the twine bobbin "end knots" tied during
netting manufacture. (The visibility problem
can be readily solved by having the twine
made up in another color. Elimination ofthe
knot slippage will probably require modifica-
tions of the fiber or treatment of the twine.)

The 3$-inch-circumference headrope
which initially measured 78 feet in length
stretched to 86 feet during fishing trials.
This is an increase of 9.06 percent which
is within the manufacturer's stated elastic-
ity (10 percent) for this material. The rope
was found to have returned to a length of 78
feet-5 inches three days after completion of
the cruise.

Fishing results to date indicate that re-
placement of the heavier-than-water mate-
rials in the top part of the trawl with buoy-
ant materials, probably allows the headrope
to rise higher. Because of reduced water

July 1961

resistance of the polypropylene twine the net
tows easier and it is likely that the footrope
may tend bottom better. Increased catches
experienced are attributed to these factors.
Note: Also see Commercial Eisheries Review, April 1961, p. 26.

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

BIOLOGICAL DATA ON GEORGES BANK
SEA SCALLOPS COLLECTED:

M/V Delaware” Cruise 61-7: As part of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research program on sea scallops, the Bu-
reau's research vessel Delaware collected
biological data at 160 stations on Georges
Bank during a 10-day cruise that ended early
in May 1961. Fishing operations were con-
ducted on four major Georges Bank sea scal-
lop production areas.

During the cruise 180 bathythermograph
casts were made to obtain hydrographic data
associated with the fishing stations. About
400 live scallops were brought back to the
Bureau's Woods Hole (Mass.) Biological Lab-
oratory for detailed study. In addition, sev-
eral offshore species of fish were returned
for the display tanks in the new Bureau aquar-
ium. A fine collection of bottom inverte-
brates were also obtained which included sev-
eral varieties of starfish, sea anemones, giant
barnacles, and many other marine animals.

se ok ook ook oo
Seto) oie) ky oie

FLUKE TAGGED OFF
EASTERN LONG ISLAND:

A total of 1,800 fluke (summer flounder)
were tagged and released on offshore grounds
southeast of Long Island in 50-70 fathoms
of water by U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries biologists. This area is near Hudson
Canyon and in the area where commercial
concentrations of fluke are found in winter
and early spring, following their‘fall .off-
shore movement. The fluke were tagged with
red and white plastic discs which were at-
tached to the edge of the fish just behind the
head.

Presumably, many of these tagged fish
will be caught this summer in coastal waters
from Delaware Bay to Cape Cod. Tag re-
coveries will provide useful information on
migrations and the biology of this valuable
sport and commercial fish. The help of fish-
ermen and others handling fish is needed for

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

the success of tagging studies. If you finda
tagged fluke, take it to the nearest Federal
or state fisheries veppes cutative or mail
the tag to the

U.S. Bureauof
Commercial
Fisheries, Woods
Hole, Mass. Be
sure to give your
name and address,

date and place where the fish was caught
(if you have this information), and method
used to catch ‘it.

A reward of $1 will be paid for each tag
turned in. If both tag and fish are brought
in so that measurements can be made, $2
will be paid. For your cooperation the Bu-
reau will also send you details of the tagging.

aie ee

Oceanography

DUKE UNIVERSITY TO BUILD ‘

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC VESSEL:
Increased knowledge of marine biology

on the central Eastern Seaboard will be

made possible by a National Science Founda-

tion grant to Duke University, according to

a June 9, 1961, news release.

The $618,276 grant will enable Duke's
Marine Laboratory near Beaufort, N. C.,
to construct a biological oceanographic
vessel, one of the first major United States
research vessels to be designed and built
with biological oceanography as its prime
function. Students will also receive train-
ing in the marine sciences aboard the vessel.

The grant provides for a design and fea-
sibility study, construction and fitting of the
vessel, and installation of oceanographic
equipment. It will also help build a pier
extension at the Marine Laboratory's
Piver's Island site across the Newport
River from Beaufort, a storehouse for
ship's gear, and a laboratory for use of
participants in a proposed cooperative re-
search and training program.

The vessel will be about 120 feet in
length. It will accommodate approximately
12 scientists and graduate students, and 8
crew members. Capable of work on the high
seas, it will operate primarily from Virginia
to North Florida, and from the shoreline
through the Gulf Stream to the outer edge of

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

the continental shelf. The ship will be of
steel construction with an 800-horsepower
engine and a cruising speed of 10 to 11 knots.

The ship and its ancillary facilities will
also be available for use by scientists and
students of other institutions interested in
the marine biology of the Atlantic Coast.

None of the marine laboratories in the
Duke area has vessels large enough to work
safely in offshore waters. Acquisition and
operation of this vessel will enable Duke and
other interested universities to extend the
scope of their research to include the deep
ocean as well as the estuaries and immediate
coastline.

Research will be carried out on such
problems as seasonal abundance and breed-
ing seasons of important fish and other or-
ganisms, food chains and productivity, the
distribution of flora and fauna, types and
qualities of substrate, and seasonal distribu-
tion of planktonic larvae. The vessel will
also make possible a more comprehensive
study of the migration of crustaceans and
fish.

Duke's Marine Laboratory, which occupies
13 acres of the southern portion of Piver's
Island, is an administrative unit of Duke's
College of Arts and Science. It is only 1.5
miles from open ocean,

Aa ete
Sema te OK

VERTICAL OCEAN CIRCULATION
HELPS TO FEED FISH:

Vertical circulation of ocean waters near
the ocean surface is helping to feed the fishes
of the sea. U.S. Navy scientists have meas-
ured distinct sinking and upwelling of water
masses near the surface for the first time,
the Navy's Electronics Laboratory in San
Diego, Calif., reported. The currents could
continually bring up food from the depths for
the surface marine life and also take down
the surface food, such as plankton, for the
larger fish in the deeper depths.

The currents are formed by relatively
large waves that are found where cold deeper
layers meet the warmer surface layers.
These "internal waves" create vertical cur-
rents as they roll along,

Knowledge of these currents is very de-
sirable for underwater missile launching,

Vol. 23, No. 7

submarine movement, and the distribution
of food for marine life. Television and
movie cameras were uSed to spot the cur-
rents. The equipment was housed in a car
suspended from a tower, one mile off the
California coast.

Similar investigations in the Atlantic
Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Gulf of Mex-
ico strongly indicate that the vertical cur-
rent movement is world-wide.

The origin of the internal waves" is
still a mystery. Some scientists believe
storms far out at sea start the waves,
others think they are due to cold and warm
layers meeting.

Oregon

FROZEN FISH AND SHELLFISH
DEALER LICENSE RULE CHANGED:

The law requiring Oregon retaildealers
and wholesale distributors handling ordeal-
ing in packaged frozen food fish or pack-
aged frozen shellfish to have a license was
repealed by the 1961 legislature, the Oregon
Fish Commission auditor reminded dealers
on May 11, 1961. The repeal is to become
effective August 9, 1961.

Retail and wholesale distributors in Ore-
gon.handling packaged frozen food fish or
packaged frozen shellfish only, at any time
prior to August 9, 1961, will be required to
have the proper license at the regular fee of
$3 for a retail dealer, or $10 for a whole-
sale distributor.

The present law does not permit refund-
ing fees to those who have bought licenses
for the entire license year ending March 31,
1962, nor does it permit the issuance of li-
censes for part of a license year.

Wholesalers, peddlers, and retail deal-
ers handling fresh and unpackaged frozen
food fish or shellfish will still be required
to have the proper license.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

Oysters

STEEL RAFT FOR GROWING OYSTERS }
DEVELOPED BY TEXAS INVENTOR: ae

A Texas inventor has applied for a patent
on a steel raft developed for growing oysters
in Texas waters.

The raft is made of 4-foot diameter steel
pipe with three braced cross-pipes of 6-inch
diameter and 33 feet long. The over-all di-
mensions are 34 feet by 41 feet.

The raft is to be towed to the seeding
grounds, where it will be sunk. On the raft
there are uprights along which reinforce-
ment rods are placed. From the rods there
will be stringers of plastic strips that will
act as the cultch for collecting the oyster
spat. The raft, after the oyster spat has set,
will be raised, if this appears necessary, and
towed to the growing area. When the oysters
mature, the raft will again be raised and
towed directly to the dock. It is estimated it
will take approximately 45 minutes to one
hour to raise the raft and this will be the only
labor involved until the dock has been reached.

: : f Fig. 1 - The moder Polish stern trawler viewed from the bow
The purpose of using this method is to save while in drydock at Boston, Mass.

labor in harvesting and to have mobility to pre-
select areas having optimum growing conditions.

If this project works as planned, several
more larger-size rafts will be built.

The inventor has conferred with shellfish
biologists and feels that the raft method has
possibilities.

oe,
Gas

Polish Modern Stern-Type
Trawler Factoryship

ENTERS U, 5. PORT FOR REPAIRS:

A modern Polish stern-trawler factory-
ship was in Boston, Mass., during March
this year for repairs to a damaged propeller.
This vessel is the same type that the Polish
have been making for Russia. The vessel
was built in Gdynia, Poland, 1959, of 2,670
gross tons, about 281 feet long with a 45-
foot beam and 17-foot-draft,; the vessel has
a speed of about 133 knots.

The trawler had been fishing on the Grand
Banks and off Greenland for ocean perch and
cod, but was caught inice for 10 days. The

Fig. 2 - View from outside of stern sectionof Polish stern trawler

fishermen work 4 hours onand 4 hours off showing the chute for launching and retrieving the otter trawl.
during the day and 6 hours on and 6 hours off

atnightandsleeptwotoastateroom. The The vessel is usually at sea about 70
crew consisted of 105 men when they days to a trip and then stays in porta month.

docked at Boston.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

It can carry enough oil, food, andother sup-
plies for the complete trip, with the excep-
tion of a stop for fresh water.
base of operations is Gdynia.

The vessel's

Fig. 3 - View from inside of stern section of the Polish stern
trawler with nets stowed on each side of clear deck space.

The Polish vessel can process a catch of
36 tons a day and the gross holding capacity
of the vessel is about 2,500 metric tons of
processed meal, oils, and frozen fillets. At
the time the vessel docked at Boston, the
catch was mostly made up of ocean perch and
cod. Three West German filleting machines
are used along with a heading and skinning
machine for processing the catch.

Radioactivity in Marine Waters

LONG-RANGE STUDY ANNOUNCED:

The U. S. Public Health Service announced
on March 2, 1961, the beginning of a joint
long-range study with the U. S. Department
of the Interior of radioactivity in the estuarial
waters of the Savannah River, near Savannah,
Ga.

The purpose of the study is to trace the
routes of radioactivity in a marine environ--
ment, from its source to possible humancon-
sumption, and to study factors affecting the
uptake or reconcentration of radioactivity by
various forms of marine life. Measurement
of the levels of radioactivity present in the
marine environment, including water, fish
mollusks, aquatic plants, silt, and suspended
solids, will be conducted by the Public Health
Service in the estuary and, later, in the up-
stream waters of the river.

Vole 23 ,sNotok

The initial phase of the study will consist
of monthly and seasonal collections of water
and silt samples, shrimp and crabs, oysters,
minnows, and other types of fish life, togeth-
er with marine plants. The samples will be
examined by the Public Health Service radio-
logical laboratory at Montgomery, Ala.,
where an analysis for specific radioactive
substances such as strontium-90 will be
conducted. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is performing specialized analyses
of marine organisms.

sf pete pS

Research Vessels

LOUISIANA FIRM TO CONSTRUCT
FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL:

A $1,773,948 contract for construction of an ocean fishery

“research vessel for use primarily in the Northwest Atlantic

has been awarded to the Southern Shipbuilding Corporation of
Slidell, La,, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall an-
nounced on May 17, 1961.

Bids were opened on April 14, 1961. There were five
bidders, The vessel was designed by Dwight S. Simpson
and Associates, naval architects and marine engineers of
Boston, Mass. The vessel will replace. the Albatross III
which was deactivated more than a year ago,

This vessel is one of the first to be constructed under
the new national oceanographic program which has received
endorsement and impetus by the President. It is a program
under which concerted attention will be given to the whole
national effort in basic and applied ocean research.

One of the objectives of the fisheries part of the oceano-
graphic investigations is to help the domestic industry in
the quest for the three billion additional pounds of fish the
Nation will be consuming 20 years hence, Another is to
add to the accumulating oceanographic knowledge through
water temperature findings, data on the chemical content of
sea water at various places and under various conditions,
factors affecting plant and animal life in the sea, informa-
tion on surface and subsurface water movements, and
many other kinds of oceanographic data acquired automat-
ically in fishery biological studies. ’

The naval architects designed the vessel to meet the
needs set forth by the fishery scientists of the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, A vessel design committee (com-
posed of biologists) conferred often with the architects to
help design a ship which will be functional both from the
standpoint of a floating laboratory and an ocean-going ship.
Its task will be to perform the numerous studies necessary
to determine the distribution and the variation in abundance
of the bottomfish of the Northwest Atlantic and to conduct
various phases of oceanographic research,

It will be a stern trawler, the first to be built in the
United States and to operate from a North American port.
It is patterned after the new German and Danish stern
trawlers, and will be equipped with a ramp to haul the
loaded nets aboard, This permits the continuance of
exploratory or experimental fishing during heavy
weather.

The ship will be cf welded steel construction, single
bottom, and with single screw and rudder. It will have
one continous deck, two partial decks, and two super-
structure decks, with laboratories and scientific equip-
ment. Adequate berth and mess space will be provided
for 16 scientists and 25 crew members,

July 1961

The vessel will have over-all length of 187 feet.
Length at the waterline will be 173 feet nine inches,
The beam is 33 feet. The ship has a ready~for-sea-
displacement of 1,000 tons, will travel 12 knots an hour,
and has a range of 9,000 miles. It will carry 80 tons
of fresh water, It is designed for use in general fish-
eries and oceanographic research in any navigable
waters in the world in all seasons and in all reasonable
conditions of weather and temperature,

The cost of $1,773,948 includes basic laboratory
and research facilities. Following construction, which
is estimated at 15 months, the vessel will be based at
Woods Hole, Mass,

Salmon

UTILIZATION OF UNITED STATES
LANDINGS, 1956-60:

During the 5-year period, 1956-60, United
States landings of salmon varied between a
high of 324.2 million pounds in 1956 and a
low of 201.7 million pounds in 1959. The

Iced troll-caught salmon aboard an Alaska troller.

average amount of salmon used for canning
during the five-year period was close to 87
percent, varying between 89.0 percent in
1960 and a low of 85.3 percent in 1958. The
five-year average disposition of salmon land-
ings for other than canning was 3.0 percent
for mild-curing, 4.7 percent for the fresh
market trade, and 5.3 percent for freezing.

Utilization of United States Salmon Landings, 1956-60

eee
Canned Cured Fresh Frozen Total

Gane ay gheieee Ts = 1(1}000 bss)" o's @s' eevee a

214, 382 6,527 7,699 | 12,392 | 241,000
173, 990 11,469 | 201,684
262, 381 13,933 | 307,457

12,352 | 265, 153

20, 396 | 324,249

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

Scallops

SHUCKING MACHINES DEVELOPED
FOR CALICO SCALLOPS:

Two different companies already have
successfully developed shucking and sep-
arating machines for calico scallops, and
a third company is now testing shucking
and separating machines. One company
has already established a pilot plant in
Cocoa, Fla., and a second company is ex-
pected to erect a plant in the very near
future. The third company presently ex-
perimenting with shucking and separating
machines is a very prominent fish proc-
essing company.

The calico scallop (Pecten gibbus) is a
species of scallop smaller than the regular
New England scallop. Extensive grounds of
the scallops were discovered off the east
coast of Florida (from Daytona Beach south-
ward to Ft. Pierce in depths of 10 to 32
fathoms) in 1960 by U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing work.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 41.

COGQ-

Shrimp

U. 5. PRODUCTION OF SHRIMP
PRODUCTS, 1952-60:

The United States production of manufactured shrimp
products in 1959 amounted to 163.6 million pounds valued
at $115.1 million at the plant. Compared with 1958, this
was an increase of 10 million pounds, but a drop in value
of $13 million because of lower prices in 1959.

The larger 1959 pack was almost all due to an increase
in fresh and frozen shrimp~--148 million pounds in 1959 as

Fig. 1 - Hand peeling and deveining of shrimp at a large shrimp-
processing plant in Tampa, Fla.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

Table 1-U. S, Production of Shrimp Products, 1952-1960

1960 1959 1958 1957
Item Qty. [Value | Qty. [Value Qty. Value | Qty. Value | Qty.
1,000 | US$ [1,000 | US$ 1,000 | Uss$ | 1,000] US$ leis US$
Lbs. | 1,000]. Lbs, | 1,000 Lbs. | 1,000 | Lbs. | 1,000 | Lbs. | 1,000
E sh and Frozen:
Raw vheadlesst s)oscyo eels ws ane jf 1/| 61,598] 36,980} 63,276] 48,214] 58,268] 45,070] 61,355] 42, 633] 69, 123|36, 690

11}096| 9,945| 7,622] 8,450] 9,375| 9,952|' 7,512] 7,304] 6,745| 5,896
1,891) 2,816] 2,080] 3,405] 1,444] 2,488] 2,237| 3,101] 1,758] 1,798

Peeled, raw (incl. deveined) . . 2
- | 69,764] 45,314] 60, 865| 43,622) 51,085] 37,764} 50, 888] 37, 301} 38,991)26,907
1,657} 1,25

Cooked (incl. peeled & deveined) .
Breaded (raw & cooked) .. 2.

Specialties (soups, stews, sticks, etc. | 3,636] 2,693] 3,664) 2,938) 3,555) 2,859] 2,907| 1,688 "y 'y
Total fresh & frozens ee ee + eee 1/| 17 [147, 985[ 97,748 106, 629]123,727] 98 8 po 188 815/80, 797/56, 396 iss Esort
(Canned: .
Natural (drained weight). .... o 965}16,920| 13,832) 16,948] 14,308) 20,790! 9,120) 13, 136] 13,636] 16,421] 13,516) 13,562] 14,021) 13, 691) 15, 242)/18, 947) 12, ace
Specialties (soups, stews, etc.) .. 6 61 178) 51 246 94 394) 159 571 336 287) 116 305) 410
Total canned... + +e eeeees 16,981] 14,010) S22 20, 884) 9,514] 13,295} 14,207
(Other:
Sun-dried . 606. e eee eee 322 291 349) 494 347 561 471

12 24
1,254 39

Totaliother Shi sis i aie edeves ous 1,588 : 688

92

,
Grand total. ...+-- [163,583 115, 101 134, 472] 112, 116/140, 736/109, 481

aera not available,

|2/Preliminary.

'3/Cured shrimp are included with sun-dried shrimp.

South Atlantic
Exploratory Fishery Program

FISH AND SHELLFISH EXPLORATION
OFF GEORGIA AND FLORIDA:

M/V “Silver Bay” Cruise 30: On May 11,
1961, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay
completed another of a series of cruises de-
signed to determine the fishery resources
off the coasts of Georgia and Florida. Dur-
ing the cruise, 200 stations were occupied
along the Continental Shelf and Slope be-
tween Brunswick, Ga., and Ft. Pierce, Fla.

Fish trawling was conducted at 37 stations
using a 50-foot headrope and 70-foot footrope
roller-rigged fish trawl to determine the com-
mercial availability of snapper, grouper, and

Fig. 2 - Raw breaded shrimp on conveyor belt moving to weigh-

ing and packaging line. related species. Maximum catches of readily
salable species were about 1,000 pounds per

compared with 137 million pounds the previous year, but the hour, comprised of some 60 percent vermillion
value was nearly $9 million less. More frozen breaded .
(raw and cooked) shrimp and raw peeled and deveined shrimp sna ppel, 20 percent porgies, and 20 percent
was packed in 1959 than in any previous year in the history other Snappers and grouper. All successful
of the shrimp products industry. It is estimated that the 1960 fish trawling was conductedin conjunction with
production of frozen breaded and raw peeled and deveined A . a r a
shrimp will exceed that for 1959, The 1959 pack of frozen recorder indications of fish concentrations.
breaded (raw and cooked) shrimp was 9 million pounds more No gear damage was experienced during this

than the previous year. The production of raw peeled and de-
veined shrimp in 1959 totaled 11.1 million pounds~~an in-
crease of 3.5 million pounds over 1958, The 1959 canned

phase of cruise 30,

shrimp (natural-drained weight) pack declined only 0.5 mil- Royal-red shrimp (H enopenaeus
lion pounds from the previous year but the value dropped robustus) were trawled at 17 stations be-
$3.8 million because of lower prices. tween St. Augustine and Cape Canaveral,
The only data presently available for 1960 are for canned Fla., to compare the potential with that
shrimp and several other shrimp specialties. The 1960 * . a
canned shrimp (natural-drained weight) pack of 14 million observed ie previous years. One 24-hour
pounds valued at $16.9 million was about the same as in fishing period (5 drags) working in depths
HEBEL of 164to 190 fathoms produced 1,195 pounds

(heads-on) of 31-35 count royal-red shrimp.

Further delineation of the calico scallop
bed off Cape Canaveral was conducted with
135 stations made in 10 to 40 fathoms be-
tween Summer Haven and Jupiter Inlet.
Dead shell and varying amounts of live

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

= a T
812) PS Oe cars 79° |
Sp BRUNSWICK pe os : \ i ; /
6 j Py y 7 ‘|
oN f rie 10)
31° t - Te Bal
Pn)
nd
¢
0%
he

130°

Oy te Legend;
o ~ 50/70" fish trawl.
6' tumbler scallop
a dredge.
10' scallop dredge.

—

40' 2-seam shrimp
trawl.
°° ® 80! flat trawl.
40' midwater trawl.

= =

ian 2904
\ ea
‘oo
\
1
H
si
28° r 28°
(
ial
poo
wef
A
if
27° a 27°
fe) fe)
81 80 moe
M/V Silver Bay Cruise 30 (April 17-May 12, 1961),
scallops were takenover the entire area sur- which yielded 3 to 34 pints of meats from the

veyed. Using a 6-foot tumbler dredge catches average 75-pound bushel of shell stock.
rangedupto a maximum of 93 bushels of medi-| Note: Alsc see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 24,
um (average diameter 21 inches) scallo ps May 1960 p. 29, March 1960 p. 26, and February 1960 p. 42.

TO a9 i

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Tuna

ALBACORE FISHERY PROSPECTS
OFF WEST COAST FOR 1961:

The 1961 albacore tuna fishery off the
United States west coast south of the Inter-
national Border should reach as far south
as Guadalupe Island, and even though the
center of abundance will probably remain
offshore, a limited to moderate coastal fish-
ery may develop, according to the Tuna
Forecasting Investigation of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries.

It is too early in the year to make a pre-
diction for regions north of the International
Border. For previous years, relationships
have been noted between temperatures in
June and early July and area of catch off
Oregon and Washington. Sea-surface tem-
perature from the northern region will be
examined continuously and interpretation of
the information will be published later if it
is thought useful in suggesting whether or
not there will be a substantial fishery off
Oregon later in the year.

<7

U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles
Supply and Fish Oil Production
and Foreign Trade, January-March 1961

During the first three months of 1961, the

United States production of fish meal amounted

faa to 7,600 tons
Poacs l as compared
2 | with 10,000

tons produced
in the same

As compared

was down 2,800 tons for tuna and mackerel,
and up 41 tons for menhaden meal and up 350
tons for other meals.

Imports of fish meal and scrap totaled
44,300 tons for January-March 1961--higher
by 9,000 tons than during the same period of
last year. Imports from Peru (30,700 tons)
made up 69 percent of the total imports,
while Canada followed with the next largest

period of 1960.

amount imported (almost 6,700 tons). The
remaining 6,900 tons were received from
Chile, Union of South Africa, Angola, and
other countries.

Table 1 - U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January-March 1960-61

Total
19602/

Tuna and mackerel . .
Herring, Alaska... «
Other

Total Production. . .

3/7, 556 |3/10, 008 289,716
?

ANGOLA evenee! ers)-o/e
Union of South Africa .
Other countries ....

329 273 869
a 1, 858 1,858
180 45 447

5,790 102, 103

the 1960 total production.
4/Includes production of homogenized-condensed fish.

Fish Solubles (wet weight):
Domestic Production4/

Total Fish Solubles
SUpplyirewteMelte teltemrs!

Product

Marine Oils:

Domestic Production: 1/
Menhaden...
Herring:

Alaska ...
Maine .
Tuna and Mackerel . .
Sardine, Pacific
Other (including whale
OU) Miteseevens
Total Productio:

Exports:
Fish and fish-liver oils 36,549 29,053 143, 659
Whale and sperm oil .. a 1,401
1/Preliminary.
2/Quantities of herring oil are included in "unclassified" in order
to_avoid disclosure of an individual firm's production.

During the first three months of 1961,
the domestic production of fish solubles
amounted to 5,300 tons--a drop of 700 tons
from the same period of 1960. Imports of

Vol. 23, No. 7

July 1961

this product totaled 500 tons during the first
quarter of 1961 as compared with 2,200 tons
during the 1960 three-months period.

A total of 36.5 million pounds of fish and
fish-liver oils were exported during the first
three months of 1961--up 7.5 million pounds
as compared with the same period of 1960.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
MARCH 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States
during March 1961 increased by 1.2 percent
in quantity and 3.4 percent in value as com-
pared with February 1961. The increase was
due primarily to higher imports of ground-
fish fillets (up 1.0 million pounds), canned
tuna in brine (up 1.6 million pounds), and fro-
zen Shrimp (up 1.4 million pounds). The in-
crease was partly offset by a 2.3-million-
pound decrease in the imports of frozen alba-
core and other tuna.

Compared with March 1960, the imports
in March this year were up by 4.4 percent in
quantity and 14,9 percent in value due to
‘higher imports of frozen tuna other than alba-
core (up 4.4 million pounds), groundfish fil-
lets (up 3.8 million pounds), frozen shrimp
(up 1.8 million pounds), and canned tuna in
brine (up 2.2 million pounds), Compensating
in part for the increases was a drop of about
4,1 million pounds in the imports of frozen
albacore tuna, and canned salmon (down 1.6
million pounds),

United States Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
March 1961 with Comparisons

(Millions of Lbs.) (Millions of $)

Imports:
Fish & shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &

processed 1/
|Exports:
| ish & shellfish:

83.8 |80.2 1,011.2 |27.7 |24.1 | 304.8
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh &

frozen) 1.7] 3.5| 48.7] 1.0 ar

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in March 1961 were lower by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

62.0 percent in quantity and 47.4 percent in
value as compared with February 1961. Com-
pared with the same month in 1960, the ex-
ports this March were down 51.4 percent in
quantity, but were up 11.1 percent in value.
The lower quantity of exports in March this
year as compared with the same month in
1960 were due mainly to much lower exports
of California sardines and canned squid. The
increase in value of the exports this March
from March a year ago was due to relatively
heavy exports of canned salmon.

te ok ok ok ook

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 124-per-
cent rate of duty is 57,114,714 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota are dutiable
at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-April 29, 1961,
amounted to 15,083,873 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
April 30 amounted to 13,516,144 pounds.

Se Cie reins toes

PRESENT ADMINISTRATION'S
OUTLOOK ON FOREIGN TRADE:

The current Administration's outlook on
the competitive effect of import trade was
stated recently by the Deputy Assistant Sec-
retary of Commerce for International Af-
fairs, in an address entitled ''The Foreign
Economic Policies of the Administration."
On May 5, 1961, when the address was de-
livered, he stated, in part:

"It is to be anticipated in the coming
decade that the shifts in exports and im-
ports of the United States will be acceler-
ated. Consequently, producers now in the
import competing industries will be under
the necessity of improving their production
methods or gradually moving out into in-
dustries which are more competitive. The
United States simply cannot produce every-
thing of everything. It will either have to
relinquish certain areas of production, or
permit some firms at the margin of effi-
ciency to die.

"There is a hopeful alternative that the
rate of growth throughout the world will

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

permit some industries in the United States
to expand rapidly and become export ori-
ented; while the import competing group
merely expands less rapidly or stagnates--
removing the necessity of any company going
out of business.

Studies to be conducted in this new lab-
oratory may shed much light on problems
of the oyster industry, and the Virginia fish-
eries in general.

"While this process of gradual attrition
among industries goes on apace as a result.
of domestic competitive pressures without
governmental subsidy or relief, the fact that
the rules of the game are changed when tar-
iffs are substantially altered, is justification
for government assistance in relocation of
industrial activity."

Wholesale Prices, May 1961

The May 1961 wholesale price index for edible fishery
products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 128.5 percent of the
1947-49 average increased 2,1 percent from the preceding
month, and advanced 1.5 percent from May 1961. The in-
crease in the index from mid-April to mid-May this year
was mainly due to higher prices for fresh drawn haddock,
fresh or frozen dressed halibut and salmon, and a pro-
nounced upturn in prices for fresh-water varieties. The
price increase in fresh drawn haddock was also reflected
in an advance in fresh haddock fillet prices. From May
= last year to this May, higher prices for fresh or frozen
dressed halibut and salmon, shucked oysters, frozen had-
dock and flounder fillets, and canned salmon more than off-
set lower prices for fresh drawn haddock, the fresh-water
varieties, and fresh and frozen shrimp.

Virginia

INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
AWARDED GRANT TOWARDS
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW LABORATORY:

The Director of the Virginia Institute o
Marine Science, announced on May 16, 1961,
that the National Institute of Health has a-
warded a health research facilities grant
amounting to $27,345 to the Institute to defray
part of the construction cost of the new mi-
crobiology-pathology building now nearing
completion.

"The new laboratory will provide space
for an expanding research program into the
relationships between marine microorgan-
isms and the state of health of all living
things, including man," the Director reported.
Microorganisms are often thought of as dis-
ease producers causing trouble among other
plants and animals, but actually many of
them are helpful. For example, soil scien-
tists know that a thorough understanding of
the soil condition includes knowledge concern-
ing the bacteria and fungi which populate it.
There is a direct relationship between these
tiny one-celled plants, which live in the soil,
and the fertility of the soil itself.

Scientists at the Virginia laboratory sus-
pect that there is a similar situation in the
marine and brackish waters; that bacteria
and fungi affect growth of oysters and other
marine crops, but there is not enough infor-
mation yet to prove it. The facilities of the
new building are designed to help with this
problem. It is possible that stream pollution
upsets the normal microflora, which in turn
has its effects on these waters and their use-
fulness to man.

ee
~

Wo Se
oti yy UTA

~~

Fresh East Coast shrimp on display at one of the stands at Fulton
Fish Market, N. Y. C.

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, or whole finfish
subgroup index for this May increased 11.9 percent from
the preceding month. The more significant price increases
were in fresh drawn haddock (up 40.0 percent) because of
higher ex-vessel prices, and considerably higher prices for
the fresh-water varieties. Prices were higher this May for
fresh and frozen halibut and salmon, mainly due to higher ex-
vessel prices for the fresh product, Compared with May last
year, the subgroup index this May increased 3.7 percent,
Higher prices for fresh and frozen halibut (up 15.3 percent)
and fresh salmon (up 7,0 percent) offset sharp declines in
fresh drawn haddock and whitefish prices.

From April to May this year the fresh processed fish and
shellfish subgroup index declined 0.8 percent, Higher prices
for fresh small haddock fillets (up 9.4 percent) were offset by
a decline in the price of fresh shrimp at New York City (down
2.5 percent). As compared with May last year, prices for

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

35

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, May 1961 With Comparisons

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

Indexes
(1947-49=100)

Point of
Pricing

Avg. Prices 1/
($)

Unit

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .
Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:. . . . 2. «- : 3
Drawn Dressedwor WhHoleyrinkishsseatesctot c\catan si eltellelbiciialleissiteliciislisMieitsisirare 155.6] 139.0 | 161.3
Haddock, lge., offshore, drawn, fresh. .... 06 78.1 55.8 | 122.4 :
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. R33 107.8| 103.1 | 101.1 93.5
Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz, 85 197.7} 191.0 | 196.6 | 184.8
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh .. . 46 163.6} 114.0 | 173.6 | 183.4
Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd., frestt 250 166.9] 101.2 | 141.6 212.5
Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh . ool 167.7] 119.6 | 164.2 | 170.0
Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish}. ...... 143.4 | 150.1 | 145.8
Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-lb, tins . . 90.2 | 141.2 91.9
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . . 124.0 | 134.3 | 135.1
Oysters, shucked, standards. ........ 179.4) 179.4 | 173.2 | 170.1
Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ........-. Aa ie ais 112:8) 0 213.7). 115.1) 207.7
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib. pkg... . . . 39 389 100.8} 100.8 | 100.8 98.1
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. . . .o2 232 100.5} 100.5 | 105.2 80.1
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. . . . s2gi|) 29 116.8] 116.8 | 122.8 | 112.8
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. . be 69] .70 105.7)| 107.2 | 107.2 | 123.5
Ganned)Fishery/Products:=%5s clets sie cs « ss « Pedra erie rary ie ce ityers eae 112.2 | 111.2 | 104.8
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs.... ‘Seattle cs. | 28.00 } 28.00 146.1 | 146.1 | 127.8
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.),
ASKCANS/.CSNM mailers och kal cpanel fous Los Angeles} cs. | 11.00 |11.00 719.3 | 19.3 80.0
Sardines, Calif., ‘or pack: No. 1 oval as 02.)
2A cans/cs, A vol BD Guo .e 6 6..nNoed a - . |LosAngeles cs. 4.50 | 4.50 105.0] 2/105.0 97,0 93.9
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 ane is
(8=3/4/0zs)100'cans/cs\ “225 fo. 6s cs. |New York || cs. 8.75 | 8.75 93.1 93.1 93.1

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

2/Revised due to shift from 48 cans/case to 24 cans/case for California sardines.

items in the subgroup this May declined 2.4 percent. In-
creases in the fresh haddock fillet prices at Boston and
shucked oyster prices were offset by a decrease (10.5 per-
cent) in the New York City fresh shrimp price.

Wholesale prices this May for frozen processed fish and
shellfish also declined slightly (0.8 percent) from the pre-
ceding month. Prices of all items were unchanged from
the previous month except frozen shrimp at Chicago which
dropped 1.4 percent. The subgroup index declined 4.2 per-
cent from May 1960 to this May because af lower frozen
shrimp prices at Chicago (down 14.4 percent), The decline

was offset somewhat by higher prices for all frozen fillets
(frozen haddock fillets were up 25.4 percent),

There was no change in the subgroup index for canned
fishery products from April to May this year. Prices, on the
whole, were at the same level as the previous month. Com-
pared with May a year ago, the subgroup index increased 7.1
percent largely due to a 14.3-percent increase in canned pink
salmon prices, the same as occurred in April, Canned Cali-
fornia sardines were up 11.8 percent, but canned tuna prices
were only slightly below (down 0.9 percent) the May 1960
prices, Maine canned sardine prices this May were un-
changed from the same month a year earlier.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

FOREIGN =

International

FISHING LIMITS

NORWAY AND UNITED KINGDOM
RATIFY AGREEMENT:

The ratification documents containing the
agreement between Britain and Norway onthe
fishing limits off the Norwegian coast were
exchanged at the British Foreign Office, Lon-
don, on March 3, 1961.

Main provision of the agreement is that
British trawlers be allowed to fish in the
outer six-mile zone for a period of 10 years,
when Norway extends her fishing limits from
4to 12 miles. The agreement comes into
force automatically with the exchange of doc-
uments, The extension of the limits will be
undertaken in two stages--from 4 to 6 miles
on April 1, and from 6 to 12 miles on Sep-
tember 1. The 10-year period is reckoned
from October 1960, when the provision was
agreed upon and consequently expires in
October 1970.

The Norwegian Government has hired six
whale catchers to be employed as fisheries
patrol vessels. (The Fishing News, March
10, 1961.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

FISHERIES EXPERTS ASSIGNED ON
SURVEYS IN LATIN AMERICA,
AFRICA, AND CYPRUS:

Three experts in fisheries economics were
nominated for Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation (FAO) assignments in Cyprus, Chile,
and in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa-
land during March 1961. The experts were
the Director of the Division of Technology,
Central Fisheries Experimental Station,
Palermo, Sicily; a lecturer from the College
of Technology, Portsmouth, England; andthe
Managing Director of a canning company in
Cape Town, South Africa,

The Technology Director from Sicily ar-
rived inCyprus, March 9, for a four-months

assignment as a fisheries development expert.
His assignment will be to do an economic sur-
vey of the fisheries potential in the Cyprian
offshore waters.

The British lecturer will be the economist
member of a three-man team which will con-
duct a reconnaissance survey of Kariba Lake
in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
The survey will be used to prepare a plan of
action for a full-scale study of the fishery
potential of the reservoir. He also left March
9 for Kariba Lake and was scheduled to join
the other team members consisting of a fish-
eries biologist with the California Department
of Fish and Game, and the Chief of the Fishing
Gear Section, Fisheries Technology Branch,
Fisheries Division, FAO. His assignment will
also be for 4 months.

The Director of the South African canning
firm, who has previously visited Peru and
Chile to study fishery developments, left for
Chile in March where he will spend a year as
a fish-marketing expert. He will advise the
government and fisheries industry on prob-
lems arising from efforts to rehabilitate the
Chilean fishing industry following the earth-
quake there last year.

se ook ve ok Ok
wk ok ook ok ok

FISHERY RESEARCH VESSELS
TOPIC OF FORUM IN TOKYO:

How do creatures seven miles down in the
ocean's depths generate light within their
bodies? Why do fish migrate; do they navi-
gate celestially as birds do? Adult sea fish
are caught, but their eggs are never found.
Where do they spawn?

Questions like these are beginning to be
answered by research vessels exploring the
sea, which contains regions less known than
the moon's surface.

Some 200 Japanese research vessels range
thousands of miles from their native land,
testing currents, temperatures, the concen-
tration of plankton--gathering indicators of
where the fish are. Waiting for this

July 1961

International (Contd.):

information is the far-flung Japanese
fishing fleet.

The fishery research vessel, which not
only collects hydrographic information, but
tests new fishing methods and gear, will be
the major subject at a Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)-sponsored forum on re-
search vessels, September 18-30, 1961, in
Tokyo, Japan.

''The purpose of the meeting is to compile
and exchange information on the design and
operation of research vessels, particularly
those for fishery research,'' said the Chief
of FAO's Fishing Boat Section, who will
serve as secretary of the meeting. "It will
also give oceanographers, biologists, and
naval architects a chance to discuss mutual
problems and accomplishments."

The necessity for fishery research can be
illustrated by the fact that millions of tons of
fish protein are takenfrom the sea each year.
The amount taken has increased by about one
half in the last 10 years.

"With a growing world population, the sea
will have to increase its harvest. But for
this increase we must know the best method
of protecting and utilizing her resources,"
the Chief of the Fishing Boat Section stated.
"Only a few kinds of fish of the large number
of known varieties are caught. Many parts
of the ocean, especially in the southern hem-
isphere, are scarcely fished at all."

Fisheries research vessels, no matter
who designs them, all have one thing in com-
mon. They are expensive. For the ships
must be floating laboratories.

''A small research vessel of about 500
tons will cost around 1.65 million dollars,"
he said. ''This is expensive, but any ship of
500 tons is expensive. The reason for the
high cost, is all the instruments and facilities
that a research vessel must carry. The Unit-
ed States of America is planning to build 70
research vessels costing $210 million during
the next 10 years.

"There is aneed for vessels to do just basic
research,'' he added. ''The maximum econom-
ic yieldof many fisheries needs tobe deter-
mined, Prior to World War II, Japan was one of
the few countries greatly involved in such re-
search, Japan nowdepends on fish as their
principal source of animal protein and the Japa-
nese not only eat hundreds of varieties of
fish, but many kinds of seaweed,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

"Comparing fisheries with agriculture, we
are far behind. For instance, the yield of the
sea possibly could be increased by 'ploughing'
the ocean bottom as one would till the soil.
This would bring dissolved substances from
the depths to the surface and provide more
food for fish,"

Fishery research vessels have already
paid off in immediate results. A German
vessel, the Anton Dohrn, has found several
new fishing grounds, One bank located near
Greenland and yielding ocean perch has been
named the Dohrn Bank.

A Norwegian fisheries research vessel
spotted the herring before they reached the
Norwegian fjords, This enabled the herring
season to be extended and the increased rev-
enue from the larger catch paid for the boat.

FAO's Fishing Boat Section has advised a
number of its member governments, includ-
ing the United States and Iceland, on the de-
signs of their fishery research vessels. The
Section designed three such vessels for the
Union of South Africa. Another of its jobs
was saving the Swedish Government about
$160,000 on refitting its fishery research ves-
sel, the Skagerak. The Section recommended
engines and winches that cut the refitting cost;
the resulting saving more than equaled the
Swedish contribution to FAO that year.

The Research Vessel Forum will not be
just limited to fishery research ships. The
Forum will also examine hydrographic sur-
vey ships, polar exploration vessels, hospital
ships, lighthouse tenders, cable ships, and
nonmagnetic ships.

OK OOK ok Kk

INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON ROLE
OF FISH IN NUTRITION:

The role of fish in world nutrition--the
present abundance of fish and future potential
supply--will be discussed at an international
conference on Fish in Nutrition, to be held from
September 19-27, 1961, in Washington, D. C.

Sponsored by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the conference will deal
with the world production and utilization of
fish, not only for human nutrition but also in
animal feeding. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is handling the conference on behalf
of the United States Government.

Participants representing some 50 nations.
of FAO's 82-nation membership are expected

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

to attend, along with scientists invited from
governmental and non-governmental organi-
zations and members of the fishing industry.

9
SEPTEMBER *

"The conference is unique in that it will
be the first time that scientists in the fields
of nutrition, fisheries, and animal health have
been gathered together with experts in fish
processing to consider what is really known
of the place of fish and fishery products in
human and animal nutrition,'' the chief of
FAO's fisheries technology branch and gen-
eral secretary of the meeting stated.

The conference will provide an opportun-
ity to compile and make available interna-
tionally the current knowledge on the nutri-
tive value of fish and fishery products and on
the biological factors affecting their nutri-
tional value.

Discussion at the conference on nutrition-
al, biochemical, and clinical research now
under way onfishery products and compon-
ents should provide a guide for future scien-
tific investigation to fill in the gaps in re-
search knowledge.

A grant given by the U. 8. National Insti-—
tutes of Health through the U. S. National
Academy of Science will provide for a limited
number of travel fellowships to enable inter-
nationally-known scientists to participate in
the conference. These grants are also part-
ly designed for the active scientist in devel-
oping countries, who can utilize knowledge
gained at the conference upon his return.

The agenda calls for papers to be pre-
sented on such topics as the importance of
fish protein in combating protein malnutri-
tion, as found in weaned infants as a result
of diet and poor nutritional practices; the
possible role of fish fats and oils in connec-
tion with cardiovascular diseases; the effect
of processing on the nutritive value of fish
products.

Vol. 23, No. 7

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

EIGHTEENTH SESSION OF THE
CONTRACTING PARTIES:

The Contracting Parties to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) held
their Eighteenth Session in Geneva, May 15-
19, 1961. A total of 38 nations have acceded
to the GATT, and a number of other countries
either have acceded provisionally or have oth-
er special relationships with the Contracting
Parties.

The GATT, as the basic instrument guiding
commercial relations among most of the prin-
cipal trading nations of the world, is the cor-
nerstone of United States commercial policy.
The provisions of the GATT are designed to
promote mutually beneficial international
trade and thereby to raise living standards,
expand productive employment, and utilize
more fully the resources of the world. The
various meetings of the Contracting Parties
to the GATT, such as the Eighteenth Session,
provide an international forum in which the
Contracting Parties work to achieve the aims
of the GATT, discuss trade policy problems,
and attempt to resolve trade difficulties ina
manner conducive to the growth rather than
the reduction of trade levels.

The one-week session ran concurrently
with the GATT tariff negotiations conference
which began in Geneva, September 1, 1960.

Of the approximately 30 agenda items sched-
uled for consideration by the Contracting Par-
ties, some of the more significant ones dealt
with the Associationof Finland with the Euro-
pean Free Trade Association; a review of latest
developments onthe special three-pronged pro-
gram for the expansion of trade through (1) tar-
iff negotiations, (2) an examination of agricul-
tural protectionism, and (3) the maintenance and
expansion of the export earnings of the less de-
veloped countries; and the removal of quanti-
tative import restrictions.

The Contracting Parties heard reports at
this Session on consultations the United States
and other contracting parties have held with
Italy and France on their remaining quantita -
tive restrictions. Also, the GATT Committee
on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions, of
which the United States is a member, re-
ported on the consultations held in April with
several countries still imposing import re-
strictions for balance-of-payments reasons,
The removal of quantitative restrictions by
other countries has been a principal objective
of the United States, and the work of this com-

July 1961

International (Contd.):

mittee and other GATT mechanisms have been
important factors in influencing the relaxation
of such restrictions upon trade.

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION

REPORT ON PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL
POWER PROJECT SUBMITTED:

In a letter from the International Joint
Commission dated April 10, 1961, the U.S.
Department of State has received the ''Re-
port of the International Joint Commission,
United States and Canada, on the Internation-
al Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project,"
dated April 4, 1961. The report released
May 1, 1961, conveyed the Commission's
findings that the tidal project, either alone
or in combination with certain auxiliary pow-
er sources, will not permit power to be pro-
duced at a price which is competitive with
the price of power from alternative available
sources,

On August 2, 1956, the Governments of
the United States and Canada in a Reference,
directed the Commission to determine the
estimated cost of developing the internation-
al tidal power potential of Passamaquoddy
Bay, and whether the cost of such a develop-
ment would permit the production of hydro-
electric power at an economically feasible
price. Passamaquoddy Bay separates the
State of Maine from the Province of New
Brunswick on the Atlantic Coast near the
mouth of the Bay of Fundy.

The April 4 Report represents the final
conclusions of the Commission in response
to the Reference of August 2, 1956, which
was Submitted to the Commission in accord-
ance with the provisions of Article IX of the
Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, and inlight
of the provisions of Public Law 401, 84th
Congress, second session, approved Janu-
ary 31, 1956,

The Reference further directed the Com-
mission to determine the effects which the
project might have on the national and local
economics inthe area, as a result of the pro-
posed construction, maintenance, and opera-
tion of the tidal power structures.

The Commission's Report determined that
because of the relatively high cost of devel-
opment of the tidal power potential, the proj-
ect would not appreciably affect long-term
industrial development in the area. This Re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

port pointed out, however, that there would
be substantial short-term benefits to the
economies of Maine and New Brunswick dur-
ing the six-year construction period which
would result from estimated expenditures of
over $200 million for goods and services if
the project were carried out.

New Brunswick

Manan I,

Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Projects plan.
The Commission found that the proposed

project would have very little effect on the
important sardine industry in the St. Croix

| River estuary of Passamaquoddy Bay, and

only a minor effect on other fisheries. Were
the project to be carried out, the Commis-
sion notes that re-location and modification
of existing fisheries facilities, plus certain
modifications in the design of the tidal
structures, would minimize damage to exist-
ing fisheries,

The Commission's Report also noted that
additional recreational facilities would be
created by the formation of two large salt
water lakes, and by the structures of the
proposed tidal project itself. Navigation
conditions in the St. Croix River estuary and
at St. Andrews and other ports in the Bay
area would be improved by the raising of
the Passamaquoddy Bay high pool, and by the
decrease inthe tidalrange. In addition, tidal
dams, locks, and gates would provide suitable
foundation on which an international highway
could be built to connect present coastal high
ways in Maine and New Brunswick.

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Nevertheless, the Commission found that
the Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project is
not economically feasible at the present time
when evaluated by conventional methods of
economic analysis as applied to hydroelectric
projects. The Commission recommended that
development of the project be viewed as a
long-range possibility having better prospects
of realization when other less costly energy
resources available in the area will have been
fully realized.

The Governments of the United States and
Canada are studying the findings and recom-
mendations of the International Joint Com-
mission in the April 4 Report, and will with-
hold comment until their studies are com-

pleted.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 68,
May 1960 p. 36, March 1960 p. 38.

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION

COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGY AND
RESEARCH: WORKING PARTY
ON OCEANOGRAPHY MEETS:

The Committee on Biology and Research
of the International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission (INPFC) was authorized tomake
a joint report on oceanography of the area
of interest to the Commission and corre-
spondents were named by Canada, Japan, and
the United States to prepare such a joint re-
port. The report has been carried on by mail
since it was not possible for the Working
Party members to meet in 1960. But since
it was considered essential that all authors
come together to coordinate their contri-
butions and prepare the final report, the
Working Party on Oceanography of the Com-
mission's Committee on Biology and Re-
search met in Nanaimo, British Columbia,
Canada, May 15-June 15, 1961.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN
WASHINGTON, D. C.:

The 1961 Annual Meeting of the Interna-
tional Commission for Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries was held June 5-10, 1961, in Wash-
ington, D. C. The meeting was presided over
by the Commission's Vice-Chairman, the
Deputy Minister of Fisheries for Canada,

All sessions of the meeting were held in the
U.S. State Department Building.

The Annual Meeting was directly preceded
by the following meetings held at the U. S.

Vol. 2:32 .Nos

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.:

(1) Symposium
on Marking, May 24-
27.

(2) A meeting of
the Group on En-
vironmental Prob-
lems on May 27.

(3) Meetings of
the Standing Com-
mittee on Research
and Statistics and
of Advisers Groups, May 29 to June 2.

Meetings of the Continuing Working Party
on Fishery Statistics in the North Atlantic
Area were held on June 6-8 during the An-
nual Meeting in Washington.

NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

JAPANESE AND SOVIETS HOLD
FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING:

At the fifth annual meeting of the Japa-
nese-Soviet Commission for Northwest Pa-
cific Fisheries, the 1961 Japanese North Pa-
cific salmon quota--major issue in the dis-
cussions--finally came up on the agenda in
mid-April. Both sides predicted an early
agreement. The Japanese Minister of Agri-
culture and Forestry predicted that this
year's settlement would be earlier than in
1960, when the final agreement was signed
on May 18, but he also indicated that there
would be no decrease in the Japanese salmon
quota which in 1960 was 67,500 metric tons
in the Northwest Pacific Commission area,

On the other hand, reports indicate that
the Soviet Union plans an increase in its
North Pacific salmon catch. Russia caught
70,000 tons in 1960 and reportedly told Japa-
nese negotiators that it planned to catch
80,000 tons this year. The Soviets demanded
that Japanese catches in restricted zones be
held to 50,000 tons, with catches in unre-
stricted zones held to 70,000 tons. Japan
caught 140,000 tons in all zones last year.

On April 7 the crab quota in the North
Pacific was tentatively established, with Ja-
pan allotted 260,000 cases (48 6.5-oz. cans)
and Russia 195,000 cases (96 6.5-oz. cans).
The 1961 quotas are identical to those for
1960.

July 1961

International (Contd.):

Japan's West Kamchatka crab fleet was
reported ready at Hakodate in mid-April a-
waiting word of agreement before sailing.
Meanwhile, early in April the 5,746-ton Tokei
Maru with a crew of 404 left port for crab
fishing in Bristol Bay off Alaska,

The Soviet delegates early in Aprilcharged
the Japanese with 'obstructing'' the discus-
sions when the Japanese refused to expand
the area of treaty control south of the 45th
parallel, The Russians charged that up toa
thousand Japanese vessels fished in that area
and had doubled their salmon take compared
to the catch five years ago.

After lengthy discussions, the Japanese
early in the meeting dgreed to use nets with
larger mesh during the 1961 and 1962 gill-
net salmon seasons in the North Pacific. The
agreement states that half the length of salm-
on fishing nets to be used in all fishing areas
in the North Pacific should have a mesh of
more than 65 millimeters (about 2.6 inches)
in size.

Japan, in the meantime, because it had
not reached agreement with the Soviets re-
garding the 1961 salmon catch quota for the
North Pacific, on April 19 authorized Japa-
nese salmon fishing fleets (4 fleets, eachcon-
sisting of one mothership and fishing vessels)
to begin operations in waters outside the So-
viet-Japanese fishery treaty zone. Some
Japanese officials reportedly suspected that
the Soviets were trying to utilize concessions
on catch limits within the restricted zone as
a lever to induce Japanese agreement to an
expansion of the restricted area southward
of the zone (south of 45° north latitude). In
any event, the Japanese Government decided
not to hold up any longer the sailing of the
fleet even though it is recognized that such
action could prejudice chances of Soviet-
Japanese agreement in their current negotia-
tions. The Japanese, however, have an-
nounced that they will exercise voluntary
controls on their total catch in line with the
catches of previous years.

UNITED STATES REPRESENTED AT CONFERENCE ON
REGIONAL FISHERIES ORGANIZATION FOR WEST AFRICA

The United States was represented at an
international conference concerning the es-
tablishment of a regional fisheries organiza-
tion for West Africa. The conference was
held in Dakar, May 15-20. It was called by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
for the purpose of organizing the new nations
and the remaining colonial governments of
the African Atlantic coast into a regional
council for the interchange of scientific and
technical information on fisheries, similar
to the FAO's Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council
in southeastern Asia.

The convening of the Dakar conference by
FAO has resulted from a recent rapid growth
of interest in the fishery resources of the
eastern tropical Atlantic on the part of the
fishing industries and governments of a num-
ber of countries. The waters of the region
have received comparatively little scientific
study, but available oceanographic and bio-
logical evidence indicates that they are rich
in fish which may contribute importantly to
the economic development of the West Afri-
can nations and dependencies, and to the pro-
tein nutrition of their peoples.

Of especial interest to the United States
fishing industry and to the tuna biologists of
the Bureau are the major developments in
tuna production in the eastern Atlantic in the
past few years. Tuna landed in West Afri-
can ports by Japanese and European fisher-
men are being processed in United States
canneries in Puerto Rico, and a number of
United States tuna vessel operators are test-
ing the applicability of their fishing methods
to the conditions on the African fishing
grounds.

WHALING

ANTARCTIC WHALING OUTPUT
HIGHER FOR 1960/61 SEASON:

Whale oil production in the 1960/61 Ant-
arctic pelagic season was up 18,000 short
tons from the previous season.

Of the 5 countries participating in Ant-
arctic whaling, larger catches were reported
this year by Norway, Japan, and the U.S.S.R.
The Netherlands and the United Kingdom re-
ported smaller output.

Antarctic Whale and Whale Oil Production, 1960/61 and 1959/60
Blue-Whale Units Whale Oil Production

ee |_ 1959/60 ee ee

16, 443 364,664 | 346, 638
1/Preliminary.
2/Partially estimated.

42

International (Contd.):

Norway continues to be the world's lead-
ing producer of whale oil, but Japan is rapid-
ly becoming a close second. In recent years,
the U. S. S. R. has greatly expanded whaling
operations and in 1959/60 passed the United
Kingdom in whale oil output.

Twenty-one expeditions operated during
the 1960/61 season--one more than in the
previous year. Both Japan and the U.S.5S.R.
added an expedition, and the United Kingdom
dropped one. Total country expeditions were
Norway: 8; Japan 7; U.S. S. R. 3; the United
Kingdom 2; and the Netherlands 1.

Because the Antarctic pelagic whaling
countries could not reach agreement on
sharing of the permitted catch, no preseason
catch plan was set for the 1960/61 season.
The International Whaling Commission re-
quested each country to limit the size of its
catch to a level no greater than the previous
season, The 1959/60 catch plan, totaling
17,540 blue-whale units, was Norway, 5,800;
Japan, 5,040; U. S, S. R., 3,000; the United
Kingdom, 2,500; and the Netherlands, 1,200.
(Foreign Crops and Markets, U. 8S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, May 22, 1961.)

WORLD'S 1959 SHRIMP PRODUCTION

The world's commercial production of
shrimp in 1959 was estimated at 766 million
pounds (heads-off weight). The larger
shrimp-producing countries are in the
Asian and North American continents and
landings in those areas accounted for about
80 percent of the 1959 world production. The
remaining 20 percent was largely made up
of production in European and South Ameri-
can countries.

The 1959 world production of shrimp was
estimated to be about 19 million pounds more
than the previous year. The more signifi-
cant increase was in the United States and
Mexican catches although production was up
for a number of other North and South Amer-
ican countries. European shrimp production
in 1959 increased about 5 million pounds
from the previous year, but was much lower
for several of the Asian shrimp-produc-
ing countries.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

Estimated World Production of Shrimp, 1948, 1953, 1958, and 1959|
1959 1958 1953 | 1948

(Million Pounds--Heads-off Weight)

BUrm ayes elsmae 0.3
China (Mainland) L/i
Hong Kong. . « « 0.3
India apssiee tele 119.0
Trankiueeneueb sie 2/
aApanwerete ec eue 54.1
KOreaiie ele 5? eh 27.7
Pakistany ey beet 18.2
Philippine Republic 2.1
Tiaawani wee uele elves 3.3
Thailand! yates se 11.3

Vietnam

Ie

Netherlands
Norway ..
Spain joie s

Sweden ...

vigewejie ie) 7
El Salvador, ses s.16 Bal 1
Mexicom strere: oi es 80.1 6
Panama. 6 3 «e's. 8.9 i)
United States . 2... 142.9 9
Other teteleuslete 2/4.0 1
au eanae 3
South America:
Argentina §. <% « 2 Te
Brazil. ws cece ee 5 1/
| Colombia sien. alee)
Ecuador ..2.ceee 4 1/
Surinam 2... es 1/
Venezuela gisyietereles 4 Out
Others ister elelene ©) 0.1
m1 9}57a| tems)

2/Estimated.

3/Pakistan included with India.

4/Algeria included with France,

Note: Includes all countries except those with small or limited
production,

Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization series, Yearbook of

Fishery Statistics; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Survey of

Service dispatches.

July 1961

Angola

FISH-OIL INDUSTRY AND
TRADE, 1959-1961:

Angola's production of fish oil increased
from 4,900 metric tons in 1959 to 6,000 tons
in 1961. Total production is diverted to ex-
ports, the bulk of which is shipped to West-
ern Germany (tables 1 and 2),

Table 1-Angola's Supply and Distribution of
Fish Oil, 1959-1961

[rae a

(1,000 Metric Tons). .

Stocks, January 1
Production

Consumption, . .
EXpOrts!tse, 6, 5)
Stocks, December 31

: 0.7

1/Estimated.

The average price of fish oil in Angola
was 7 U. S, cents a pound in 1959 and 1958,
and 8 cents in 1957. (U.S. Foreign Agricul-
tural Service Report, Leopoldville, April 13,
1961.)

Note: Values converted at rate of 28.52 escudos equal US$1.

Australia,

DEMAND GOOD FOR NORWEGIAN
FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS:

Sales in Australia of fish sticks imported
from Norway trebled in the last nine months
of 1960. This was stated in Sydney by the
managing director of the firm which is the
sole Australian agent for Norwegian fish. He
said the spectacular demand for fish sticks
had occurred chiefly in Melbourne and also
in Adelaide and Perth.

The Australian states, ''Our fish sticks
are made from the choicest haddock caught
in the icy waters of Norway.

"Our experience over the past three years
shows that haddock is the type of fish prefer -

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

red in Australia--not only in fish sticks but
in other products as well.

"Cod is okay in U. S. A. but is not a good
seller in Australia,

"When we switched from cod to haddock
our fish sticks sales began to climb," he said.
He added that a small increase in the price of
haddock fish sticks had not slowed sales. On
the contrary, Melbourne housewives bought
more.

"We have found that provided quality is
maintained the average housewife doesn't
mind paying a little extra for fish. On the
other hand, we have found that if you drop the
price the housewife thinks there's something
wrong with the product and sales go down.
But you must maintain quality,'' he said.

A year-round advertising campaign on tel-
evision and radio was helping considerably to
push the sales of Norwegian fish in Australia.
The present advertising campaign in Sydney
is restricted to point-of-sales material (win-
dow stickers, branded cellotape, jumbo car-
tons, etc.). According to the Australian rep-
resentative of the Norwegian exporter, the
crumlets (breaded fish portions) were the big-
gest-selling line of any frozen fish in consum-
er packs in Melbourne and Adelaide.

Another product he predicts will sell al-
most as well is flounder cutlets (square por-
tions of breaded quick-frozen fish), which
are sold in pound consumer packs containing
eight portions per pack. The flounder por-
tions are imported from Denmark. (Fish
Trades Review, February 1961.)

FOREIGN TRADE IN MARINE OILS,
FISCAL YEARS 1958/59-1959/60:
Australian imports of’all marine-animal
and fish oils increased in fiscal 1959/60 as
compared with 1958/59. Whale-oil imports
increased by 11 percent, cod-liver oil (in-

Fiscal Years 1958/59-1959/60

Table 1 - Australia's Imports of Marine-Animal and Fish Oils, |

1959/60 _| 1958/59
. (Imperial Gallons) .
1/353, 677 | 1/317,783
64,504 58, 620

Cod-liver oil (incl. refined)
Fish oils (unrefined) N.E.I.

incl. penquin & seal
Marine -animal oils, N.E.I......

123, 120
46,760

87, 286
29, 936

1/Includes 272, 128 gallons from Norfolk Island in 1959/60 and

256, 903 gallons in 1958/59.
N.E.1, - Not elsewhere included.

44

Australia (Contd.):

cluding refined) by 10 percent, fish oils (un-
refined) and penguin and seal oil were up 41
percent, other marine animal oils increased
by 56 percent--the combined imports of these
oils increased by 19 percent (table 1).

Table 2 - Australia's Exports of Marine-Animal and Fish Oils,
Fiscal Years 1958/59-1959/60
. (Imperial Gallons) .
3,055,652 | 3,372,748
6,151 30, 162

Most of Australia's exports of marine-
animal oil is made up of whale oil. Total
exports of that oil decreased by 11 percent
in 1959/60 as against 1958/59, and is ex-
pected to decrease even further in 1960/61
due to a smaller catch. Exports of other
marine-animal oils and fish oils fell sharply
in 1959/60 (see table 2), (U. S. Foreign
Service dispatch, Canberra, April 21,
1961.)

GOVERNMENT RULING
CONFIRMS BAN ON IMPORT
OF FISHING VESSELS:

In reply to a request by a United States
fishing vessel owner for permission to sell
his vessel in Australia, the Australian De-
partment of Shipping and Transport states:

Under the Customs (Prohibited Imports)
Regulations, the prior approval of the Minis-
ter for Shipping and Transport is required
before a vessel of any description can be im-
ported into Australia. It is the policy of the
Commonwealth Government to support the
Australian shipbuilding industry, both by the
payment of a subsidy of up to 334 percent of
costs in the construction of vessels over 500
tons and by the imposition of a customs duty
on smaller vessels.

Consistent with the Government's policy
of supporting the shipbuilding industry, which
is at present in need of additional orders, the
Minister has in most cases refused to permit
the importation of new or secondhand vessels
into Australia, except inspecial circum-
stances such as small craft, replacements
for marine casualties, or prototypes of ves-
sels not at present built in Australia. (United

States Consulate, Sydney, April 18, 1961.)

Note: Alsosee Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 47.

ok ok ok Ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

SHELLFISH LANDINGS,
FISCAL YEAR 1959/60:

Australia's fiscal year 1959/60 shellfish
landings (live weight) of 36.8 million pounds
were much better than expected. The spiny
lobster catch amounting to 28 million pounds
topped the previous year's catch by more than
2 million pounds. Most of the increase was in
the main fishing grounds in Western Austra-
lia. There was a fairly substantial increase
ever the previous year in Tasmania produc-
tion, and a smaller increase in Victoria and
New South Wales production. The South Aus-
tralian spiny lobster catch was the lowest
since 1953/54,

Table 1 - Australia's Shellfish1/ Landings,
Fiscal Years 1958/59-1959/60

1959/60 1958/59
vials (1) 000aLbss) jena
28,008 26, 301

jst 906A
Total shellfish “275. ss. 38. 36, 816 33,970
1/Based on live weight.

2/Includes shovel-nosed lobster--39, 430 pounds in 1959/60 and
25, 394 in 1958/59.

The 1959/60 shrimp catch of 7.7 million
pounds also increased substantially despite
an earlier forecast of a lower harvest than
the 6.8 million pounds landed in 1958/59.

Table 2 - Australian Spiny Lobster and Shrimp Species

Crayfish, marine (spiny lobster) Jasus verreauxi

Jasus lalandii
Panulirus longipes

obster, shovel-nosed ..... Thenus orientalis
Prawn (shrimp):
Gréasyiibackig, (tte mer auction one Metapenaeus mastersii

SCHOOL Re vai ehicizen sy sstowiel tense etic
Endeavour ..

ee eo ew

Metapenaeus macleayi
Metapenaeus endeavouri

Metapenaeus eboracensis
Penaeus esculentus
Penaeus plebejus
Penaeus merguiensis
Parapenaeopsis sculptilis

coe ee eo

eee + © © © © © ow ow ww

The largest increase was in Tiger shrimp
landings which were up 3.2 million pounds
from the previous year, and the greasy back
shrimp catch which increased 0.6 million
pounds. The 1958/59 landings of other shrimp
species dropped sharply from the previous
year. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
March 1961.

2K ok ok

July 1961

Australia (Contd.):

WHALE OIL SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION,
AND FOREIGN TRADE, FISCAL YEARS
1957/58-1960/61:

The Australian 1960 whaling Season was
marked by a further decline in the catch on
the Western Australian coast. The 1960 ba-
leen whale quota was set at 1,850 whales;
870 whales for the West Coast and 980 for
the East Coast and Norfolk Island. The full
quota was taken on the East Coast and at
Norfolk Island, but the actual catch in West-
ern Australia only totaled 545 humpback
whales and two blue whales. I the fall of
1960, the comparatively small Western Aus-
tralian catch reflected smaller production
of whale oil and other products. The season
opened on May 29 and ended on September
30, 1960. The yield of oil per whale was
slightly lower than in 1959, The average
' yield fell from 52.29 barrels of oil per whale
' in 1959 to 51.13 barrels in 1960.

Australia's production of whale oil dur-
ing the 1960 season amounted to 13,044 long
tons as compared with 15,006 tons in 1959,
Output of whale byproducts declined by 976
tons to 6,665 tons in 1960. As in previous
years, the bulk of Australian whale oil pro-
duction was exported. Exports during fiscal
year (July 1-June 30) 1959/60 were to West-
ern Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and
the Netherlands, and totalled 3,055,652 Im-
perial gallons. In view of the smaller catch
of whales in 1960, exports are likely to be
somewhat smaller for fiscal year 1960/61
and may be around 2.6 million gallons. The
relatively small quantity retained in Aus-
tralia is largely used in the margarine in-
dustry.

Australia's total supply of whale oil
(opening stocks, production, and imports)
decreased from 5.1 million Imperial gal-
lons in fiscal year 1957/58 to 4.3 million
gallons in 1958/59. A further decline to 3.8
million gallons in 1959/60 and 3.3 million
gallons in 1960/61 is anticipated.

Total distribution of whale oil (exports,
domestic consumption, and end-of-year
stocks) is also expected to decrease from
an actual 5.1 million gallons in 1957/58 to
an estimated 3.3 million gallons in 1960/61.
The use of whale oil in margarine produc-
tion has decreased since 1958; it is ex-
pected to level off at 550,000 gallons for
1959/60 and 1960/61 (table 1).

Im ports:
United Kingdom's," eevee ite: alete

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Table 1 - Australia's Supply and Distribution of Whale Oil,
Fiscal Years 1957 /58-1960/61

ee © © © 8

Supply:
Beginning year
clas) .
Production?/

Imports... 80, 000 60, 880 79, 693
|__Totalsupply 3, 345, 172 ]3, 831, 568/4, 263, 133|5, 102, 509

Weed sale eedeererbncrd
Exports. . . |2,600,000|3,055, 652 4814.0

Q

Domestic

consumption:
Margarine .
Otheriisr.

End of year
stocks. 300, 893

[Beas [ely ease
Distribution 3, 345, 172]3, 831, 568] 4, 263, 133|5, 102, 309

1/Estimate, with exception of production and foreign trade
data.

2/Forecast.

3/Estimated.

4/Includes Norfolk Island production.

689, 706
90, 000

Total exports of whale oil from Australia
declined from 3.4 million gallons in 1958/59
to 3.1 million gallons in 1959/60. The United
Kingdom was the main buyer of whale oil in

Table 2 - Australia's Imports and Exports of Whale Oil,
Fiscal Years 1958/59-1959/60

1959/60 1958/59

- (Imperial Gallons) .

= 5,427
272,128| 256,903

Country of Origin or Destination

INorfolkisland ie meteneliemetoiemen ete
Cocosiislandsmicitineneenclic 6 lene -0
New, Zealand) sree tents: \oineltel
Other Commonwealth Countries . .
German Federal Republic . .

United Kingdom ....
New Zealand Sifertalforeteilerieietie
Union of South! Africa) 5) 2) 6. sie::2 6

1,917, 200
= 1, 892

Belgium and Luxemburg ...-.-s - 92,114
German Federal Republic ..... 1,986, 232 429,235
tally eyeiis) levee \'ei) sli oj ior ie levee ene ye 536, 121 433,675
Netherlands), iis teve. 7) oe syle tenets 252, 606 479,546
Fororders . 2 3. sileltslisinenietelle - 19,086
Total Exports . . ses

fiscal year 1958/59--bought 57 percent of
total marine oil exports; however, shipments
to the United Kingdom fell off in 1959/60 and
West Germany became the leading buyer --
bought 65 percent of the total whale oil ex-
ports (table 2). (U.S. Foreign Service Dis-
patch, Canberra, April 27, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960 p. 61,
October 1959 p, 48.

46

Belgium

CANNED FISH PRICES, FEBRUARY 1961:

Canned fish prices (c.i.f.) at Antwerp, Belgium, as
of February 1961 are shown in table 1.

Table 1 -Belgium’s Canned Fish Prices, c.i.f,
Antwerp, February 1961

Product BFrancs / USS/
cs. zt
(Canned pink salmon:
Japan 96 1/4-lb. cans/cs. 13,42
‘« 48 3-lb. cans/cs. 12.90
(Canned tuna:
Japan 48 7-oz. cans/cs. 385 7.70
‘* 48 33-0z. cans/cs, 240 4.80
Peru 48 7-oz, cans/cs, ce 6.90
‘* 96 33-0z, cans/cs. = 8.70
Canned sardines in olive oil:
Portugal 100 4,4-oz, 1/cans/cs, 495-510 -90-10,20
Morocco 100 4,4-0z, 1/cans/cs, 3

Canned pilchards:
Japan & U. S. 48 15- oz. cans/cs,

‘* 96 73-0z. cans/cs.

anned mackerel:
Portugal 100 4,4-o0z. 1/cans/cs,
Japan 100 4,4-o0z. 1/cans/cs,
i/1-club, 125 grams net.

850-880
535-540

HK OK KOK

IMPORTS OF CANNED FISH, 1959:

During 1959, Belgium imported close to
16,000 metric tons of canned fish valued at
about US$9.3 million. The principal supplier

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Viol. 235) Now

products valued at $1,200. Portugal was Bel-
gium's principal source of true sardines and
Japan the chief supplier of canned salmon.

Brazil

JAPANESE FISHERMEN HOPE
TO ESTABLISH FISHING COMPANY
AND FISH OFF BRAZIL:

Three Japanese fishermen from Choshi,
Chiba Prefecture, are reported to be plan-
ning on forming a fishing corporation and
building three large steel vessels of 240 tons
each for tuna fishing off Recife, Brazil.
They hope to enter into an arrangement
with the Japanese-Brazilian joint company
established in Brazil, to which one of the
fishermen is already delivering tuna using
a 250-ton vessel,

All three are reported to be excellent
fishermen. They are presently seeking ap-
proval from the Japanese Fishery Agency to
proceed with their plans. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, April 26, 1961.)

HK OOK KK os

Table 1 - a Imports of Canned Fish by Origin, 1959

as

Value

United States ....
Canada ..cceoee
Portugal’. 2««
South Africa ....
JEDEM Caan oes
Yugoslavia .ceae
Netherlands,....
Morocco ..eeece
REL slo tcreaete «ve
Norway. seae co ce
DDalllelereisiersiaiars
Othersiareclelere ce

4,039 pate eet ae eee eee

1/Less than $ ton,

was Japan with 6,303 tons valued at $3.6 mil-
lion, followed by Portugal with 4,838 tons val-
ued at about $2.8 million. Canned fishery prod-
ucts from the United States amounted to only 395
tons (valued at $157,100) of California sar-
dines or pilchards, 35 tons of salmon (valued
at $40,300), and 2 tons of unclassified fishery

SHRIMP FISHING INDUSTRY:

Brazil's fishing grounds consist of all the coastal waters
of Santa Catarina and Parana. With modern equipment, ef-
ficient shrimp fishing can be conducted several miles from
the coast, but most fishermen work only in tidal areas
within a few hundred yards of the shore, Shrimp are avail-
able all year round, but the catch by current primitive meth-
ods is greatly reduced during the rainy season November
through March . Heavy run-off during that period brings
very muddy waters into the shrimp fishing areas,

July 1961

Brazil (Contd.):

There are 6 or 7 important shrimp processing plants
in Santa Catarina, but none in Parana, Although 5 of these
plants have some freezer equipment which is mostly old,
inefficient, and of low capacity, 90 percent of the processed,
shrimp is either dried or canned. Canned shrimp are
peeled and deheaded; dried shrimp have the heads on. There
are no firms at this time known to be using modern process-
ing equipment for peeling and deveining or removing heads,
There are several firms, however, which would be interested
in such equipment if they thought they could develop large
markets to justify the expanded capacity.

One of the two processing plants in Santa Catarina with
the biggest freezer capacity has equipment for freezing a-
bout 4,500 pounds in 24 hours, and has 80 tons of frozen
storage capacity. It has no washing, deveining, peeling, or
deheading equipment, and has no fishing boats of its own.
The freezer capacity of the other plant is unknown. How-
ever, it does have three DC~-3’s in which to transport its
entire frozen catch (unwashed and unprocessed) to Sao
Paulo, averaging 6 to 7 tons a week. This plant’s freezing
equipment was installed by Japanese technicians in the last
two or three years, Except for this one plant, none of the
Santa Catarina firms have reliable means of shipping frozen
shrimp to large markets, For this reason all of their frozen
output is sold locally. The larger plant uses its freezing
capacity for all types of food products including meat, and
not just for shrimp, but does not use its freezer to capacity.

Reliable statistics on total annual landings of shrimp
are unavailable, Both very large and small sizes of shrimp
are fished. The only locally-owned and operated shrimp
fishing boats are dugout canoes. It is estimated that about
12,000 of these operate from the Santa Catarina and Parana
coastline. These boats fish for all species of fish, and not
just shrimp. In addition, a few large and fairly efficient
shrimp boats operate along the coast. These are all based
in Santos and the ownership is unknown, although it is
believed they are all Brazilian-owned and operated with
locally-recruited crews. The large boats have no freezer
capacity and preserve their catch with ice and antibiotics,
They can handle 20 to 30 tons each, They only land their
catch in Santa Catarina or Parana when a sudden decline
occurs in the Santos-Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro markets.
They are kept informed of market conditions by radio, As
far as it is known, there are no plans for local construction
or purchase of large and more efficient shrimp vessels.

Most workers in Santa Catarina fish-processing plants
receive between Cr$7,000 and Cr$12,000 (US$32.63-55.94)
a month, with the average between Cr$7,500 and Cr$9,000
(US$34.96-41.95) a month,

Processing firms buy fresh shrimp with heads on from
fishermen on a per-kilo basis.

The total annual shrimp catch could be considerably in-
creased if a larger number of modern, and more efficient
boats were used instead of the dugout canoes now in use,
However, there is little likelihood that such expansion of
capacity will occur unless Santa Catarina producers are
convinced that they have steady markets, either domestic
or foreign, and unless they are guaranteed reliable trans-
portation facilities for their output. Although some firms
have requested the Brazilian Government to finance the pur-
chase of large vessels, and to establish regulations limiting
local coastal shrimp fishing to local firms, the Government
is not likely to agree to those requests. (United States Con-
sulate, Curitiba, April 18, 1961.)

He oe ook ook ote

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

SAO PAULO'S FISHING
INDUSTRY EXPANDS IN 1960:

Fish caught in neighboring waters is un-
loaded at several points along the Sao Paulo
coast, particularly at state-run fish depots,
where the fishing vessels lay in for ice. The
only production statistics available, however,
are those of the Santos and Ubatuba fish de-
pots, where an estimated 65 percent of the
total 1960 fish catch was unloaded. These
statistics indicate that 24,336 metric tons of
fish were unloaded at those depots in 1960,
6,787 tons or 38.8 percent more than in1959,

The growth of Sao Paulo's fishing indus-
try, whichwas very limited between 1944 and
1953, was increased substantially in the last
few years. Two of the factors that stimulated
deep-sea fishingin recent years were the op-
erations of Japanese vessels and crews and
the installation in 1955 and 1959, under state
supervision, of the Ubatuba and Santos fish
depots. These two depots are supplying in-
creasing quantities of ice to fishing vessels,
contributing greatly to reducing the propor-
tion of fish that spoil between the time they
are caught and unloaded. The Ubatuba depot,
which supplied 500 metric tons of ice in1955,
produced 1,210 tons in 1960, while the Santos
fish depot, which started operating on a com-
mercial basis in the last quarter of 1959,
supplied 1,699 tons of ice in 1959 and 9,870
tons in 1960, A chain of ice-making and cold-
storage facilities which are being put up by
the Sao Paulo State Government at Iguape,
Registro, Itanhaem, Peruibe, Sao Sebastiao,
and Ilha Bela and scheduled to go into opera-
tion between 1960 and 1962, are expected to
be important factors in the continued growth
of fish production in the area. Statistics of
fish unloaded and stored will be maintained
at these depots and within the next two years
the Secretariat of Agriculture will have ac-
curate and complete statistics on fish produc-
tion in the State of Sado Paulo.

The yield per vessel, bothper trip andper
man, is still generally low as compared with
other countries, although some progress is
being made. Official statistics on average
yields of fish per vessel are not available.
However, data on the productivity of a local
sardine fishing company indicate that the
yield per vessel increased from a monthly
average of 87.5 tons in 1959 to 176.1 tons in
1960, an increase of 101.3 percent. The in-
crease was due in part to more favorable
fishing conditions (schools of sardines lying
close to the coast) and to increased ice and
storage facilities of the Santos fish depot.

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Brazil (Contd.):

The city of Sao Paulo is the principal con-
suming center of fish shipped from Santos
and Ubatuba and other points of the SAo Paulo
coast. Statistics prepared by the Department
of Animal Production indicate that of the
21,300 metric tons of fish unloaded at the
Santos fish depot in 1960, approximately 80
percent were consumed in the city of Sao
Paulo, nearly 15 percent were absorbed by
the Santos market, while the remaining 5
percent went to other cities and towns in the
interior of the State of Sao Paulo.

The city of Sdo Paulo also absorbs fish
which is trucked in from Rio de Janeiro and
other producing centers. Consumption of
fish in the city of Sdo Paulo climbed from
9,520 metric tons in 1954 to 23,916 tons in
1959 and 26,416 tons in 1960, an increase of
177 percent in 7 years.

In contrast, fish consumption in the in-
terior of the state is limited. In 1960, 111
interior towns consumed only 1,010 metric
tons of fish. Over 25 percent of that quan-
tity, or 259 tons, were absorbed in 10 towns
with large Japanese communities, who con-
sume substantial quantities of fish as part of
their diet.

Average prices of fish sold in the city of
Sao Paulo in 1960 were 42.4 percent higher
than 1959, This is 11.8 percent more than
the average rise in the price of other food-
stuffs,

One of the Government-sponsored pro-
grams which has given good results is the
training in deep-sea fishing techniques given
to young fishermen at the Maritime Fishing
Institute at Santos, where the number of
students has risen from 15 in 1955 to 240
in 1960. Fishing schools will also be opened
at Ubatuba and Iguape in the near future. An-
other project under study by the Department
of Animal Production is the setting up of a
government fund to finance the purchase by
fishermen and cooperatives of modern ves-
sels and gear, as the general lack of mod-
ern equipment is hampering the rapid de-
velopment of the fishing industry. (United
States Consulate, Sao Paulo, February 16,
1961.)

Vol. 23, No. 7

British West Indies

BARBADOS FISHING INDUSTRY GROWING;
The Barbados fishing industry has been
growing steadily in importance since 1954,
when power-driven fishing launches were in-
troduced to replace sailing vessels. Since
that time, the annual fish landings have in-
creased sixfold, During 1960, about 16 mil-
lion pounds of fish were caught with an esti-
mated value of $4 million; in 1959 a total of
6.7 million pounds valued at $1.7 million. Of
the 16 million pounds caught in 1960, 62 per-
cent were flying fish, 13 percent dolphin, 8
percent shark, 4 percent albacore tuna, 3
percent marlin, 2 percent whahoo, 2 percent
red snapper, and 63 percent miscellaneous.

The number of fishing launches dropped
from 463 in 1959 to 458 in 1960. The intro-
duction of power-driven launches has re-
sulted in a decrease in the number of people
employed by the fishing industry. A total of
1,700 people was employed in the industry
during 1960 (1,100 offshore fishermen, 400
other fishermen, 50 fish market employees,
and about 150 peddlers).

The fishing industry is now faced with a
problem of oversupply. Although funds were
appropriated in the 1960/61 budget for the
construction of an abbatoir and fish freezing
plant, construction has not as yet started. It
is expected that work will eventually begin
about the latter part of 1961, and that the
plant will cost $750,000. A fish freezing
plant would help to stabilize the market which
is presently operating on a ''feast or famine"
basis. There is also the possibility of de-
veloping overseas markets for frozen flying-
fish fillets. (United States Consulate report
from Barbados, April 28, 1961.)

Canada

BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES:

Canada's biological research was the
subject of a panel discussion on April 11,
1961, at the Fisheries Council of Canada's
annual meeting in Toronto.

Sea Lamprey: The sea lamprey, which
reached the upper Great Lakes through the
Welland Canal, has been held responsible
for the virtual disappearance of the lake
trout. Dr. F, E. J. Fry of the University of
Toronto claimed that there has been clear
evidence of the sea lamprey eliminating the

July 1961

Canada (Contd.):

larger lake trout before they become ready
to spawn. There is still dispute as to the ex-
tent to which the lamprey has affected the
valuable food fish of the upper Lakes. Cost-
ly international efforts to control the lam-
prey are in progress, Dr. Kennedy of the
London Station of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada considered that the success
of these efforts is decidedly doubtful.

Lake Trout Crossed With Speckled Trout:
K. H. Loftus, who heads up fisheries re-
search in the Ontario Department of Lands
and Forests, described a new kind of fish,
obtained by crossing lake trout with speckled
trout which gives some promise of being able
to-withstand the lamprey and to take the place
of the lake trout.

Failures in Great Lakes Fisheries: There
has been failure in the Great Lakes of other
fisheries than that for lake trout. About
1925, the most important fish in Lake Erie,
where the largest fisheries are, namely the
lake herring or cisco, underwent a catastro-
phic decline in abundance. R. G. Ferguson,
who is in charge of Lake Erie fisheries re-
search for the Department of Lands and For-
ests, recounted the efforts to discover the
cause of the collapse of the fishery. Evi-
dence failed to show that this was to any ex-
tent the result of overfishing. There is as
yet no inkling of what was the cause of the
lack of fish. The only thing to be done was
to turn to other kinds of fish, as the fisher-
men did, A similar event recently occurred
in Northern Georgian Bay. With the lake
trout gone, the commercial fishermen still
had whitefish. But, then their numbers drop-
ped and fishermen were forced out of busi-
ness. Loftus said that again there was no
evidence of overfishing and that some un-
known cause must have been responsible for
fishery failure.

Overfishing Not Responsible for Drop in
Yield: The general belief that fishingis ~

sometimes so heavy as to reduce the long-
term yield of marketable fish has had slight
substantiation anywhere in the world, Fer-
guson told how heavy fishing of whitefish in
Pigeon Lake, Alberta, was definitely found
to reduce the age of the fish, but if anything
to increase rather than decrease the quan-
tity available. Fry said that in the fishing
experiment in South Bay, Manitoulin Island,
the smelt were fished most heavily. This
did not decrease the quantity, but it did de-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

crease the size of the fish. Kennedy reported
that the very heavy fishing of pike in Heming
Lake increased the quantity, but reduced the
size, the average age becoming 2 years in-~
stead of 4, and the fish had grown more rapid-
ly. The general result, therefore, is that the
heavier the fishing the more and better are
the fish as long as they are not too small for
marketing. This is a new and soundly based
outlook for commercial fishing.

Smelt in Great Lakes: There was discus-
sion of whether or not it is a good thing that
smelt were introduced into Lake Michiganand
spread to the other Lakes, Ferguson main-
tained that it is, that in Lake Erie they are
much appreciated by sports fishermen, and
the commercial fishermen have developed a
profitable method of harvesting them. Fry
argued that, at least in colder lakes, they had
probably done more harm than good, If they
are to be considered detrimental, Kennedy
claimed that there is not the slightest chance
of getting rid of them. Any conceivable meas-
ures for their removal would entail utterly
prohibitive cost. Loftus was able to see that
the smelt could be a great asset, provided
that fishing methods are improved and mar-
kets are found for them.

Sun esse tseus ne

FISH SOLUBLES USED TO
STOP SOIL EROSION:

After extensive studies, the British Colum-
bia Research Council has found how to start
vegetation on previously sterile slopes, Lab-
oratory work and practical field trials have
shown that by applying grass seed and fish
solubles together, followed by a spray of lime,
erosion can be stopped and a vigorous grass
cover established. The process is not expen-
sive.

The problem of heavy erosion of cuts and
fills on new highways has plagued highway en-
gineers everywhere. Erosion of sandy soil
clogs drainage ditches and plugs culverts,
causing high maintenance costs. Difficulty
has always been experienced in starting a
cover of vegetation to halt such erosion.

The superiority of the process over con-
ventional methods is clearly seen in the ex-
perimental plots on the new Upper Level
Highway in North Vancouver.

ak oe

Se coy
kk

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

FISHERIES ACT AMENDED:

An Act to Amend the Canadian Fisheries
Act passed the House of Commons on May 2,
1961.

12-Mile Restriction to be Relaxed: Sec-
tion 55 gives the Minister of Fisheries au-
thority es allow large Canadian fishing. ves-
sels, presently banned from fishing inside
12 miles, to fish up to the 3-mile territorial
sea limit in any area off the Canadian east
coast mainland. In other words, the Depart-
ment of Fisheries intends to use a zoning
system--authorizing the abolition of the pres-
ent 12-mile restriction in some areas but
probably not in others. Prevalence of for-
eign draggers in some areas, and intensity
of inshore fishing in others, will obviously
be factors considered in making these de-
cisions.

Definition of Fishing Vessel: The Act de-
fines a fishing vessel as follows: ‘fishing
vessel means any vessel used, outfitted or
designed for the purpose of catching, proc-
essing, or transporting fish."

Pollution Penalties Increased: Fines have
been increased--up to a thousand dollars for
a first offense and up two thousand dollars
for second and subsequent offenses, with pro-
visions for an imprisonment term in place
of, or in addition to, a fine.

Fisheries Department Authority Broad-
ened: Section 34 has been amplified to clar-
ify the regulation-making powers of the De-
partment, and to broaden them, Under this
section authority can be delegated to local
authorities ''to vary any close time or fish-
ing quota that has been fixed by the regula-
tion.'' This will permit faster action in mak-
ing such changes and will be valuable ina
number of the fisheries, particularly so in
the West Coast salmon industry.

Other Changes: Power of a fishery offi-
cer to act as a justice of the peace has been
removed,

A more comprehensive procedure is in-
troduced for the seizure of any vessel, ve-
hicle, or equipment that is used in violation
of the Act.

New sections make it clear that the Depart-
ment has full jurisdiction over Canadian fishing
vessels operating onthe HighSeas. (Fisheries
Council of Canada, Bulletin, May 15, 1961.)

se ste ok ole oo
HK. NE - -3e e

Vol. 23, No. 7

FOREIGN TRADE, UTILIZATION,
AND PRODUCTION OF MARINE
OILS, 1958-1960:

Foreign Trade: Canada exported a total of
15.7 million pounds of marine oils in 1958,
35.5 million pounds in 1959, and 31.7 million
pounds in 1960. These exports consisted of
herring oil, crude cod-liver oil, sunrotted
cod-liver oil, pharmaceutical cod-liver oil,
and whale oil. When the period 1958-1960 is
compared with the 5-year average for 1950-
1954, Canada's exports of herring oil in-
creased greatly; crude cod-liver oil exports
declined in 1958, but since then have improved;
sunrotted cod-liver oil has increased slightly,
but exports of whale oil practically ceased in
1960 because there was no whaling on Canada's
west coast that year. Whaling operations were
discontinued because of a labor-management
dispute.

Table 1 - Canada's Marine -Oil Exports,
1958-1960 and 1950-1954 Avg.
| Product t Eel | 1959 | 9 | 1958 | fas Avg
= : tek 1950-1954

. (1,000 Pounds) .

1/Not Svaabier
: Totals in this table differ with those in table 2 due to con-
version of table 2 data from Imperial gallons to pounds.

A heavy increase in shipments of indus-
trial herring oil to the United Kingdom in
1959 continued through 1960 and accounted
for most of the increase in total marine oil
exports. These exports of industrial herring
oil accounted for two thirds of Canada's total
marine oil exports. The United States re-
ceived an increasingly larger amount of phar-
meceutical, crude, and sunrotted cod-liver
oil from Canada each year from 1958-1960--
amounted to 6.8 million pounds in 1960. Pur-
chases of Canadian industrial herring oil and
whale oil by the United States dropped off in
1960. United States purchases of Canadian
fish oil declined from 48,000 pounds in 1958,
to 4,000 pounds in 1959, but increased to
226,000. pounds in 1960 (table 2).

Canadian marine oil imports amounted to
15.9 million pounds in 1958, 6.3 million pounds
in 1959, and 12.4 million pounds in 1960. The
drop in total imports in 1959 was mainly due
to a sharp decline (about 9.6 million pounds)
in the amount of fish oil imported from the
United States. In 1960, the United States was
was replaced by the United Kingdom as Can-

July 1961

Canada (Contd.):

Table 2 - Canada's Marine Oil Exports by Country
of Destination, 1960-1958

1960 1959 1958
efelpe es, O00!Pounds)) Serene
_ (Cod-Liver Oil, Pharmaceutical,
Crude and Sunrotted:
WnitediStates|— Sir. se, « 6, 829 6, 484 4,261
United Kingdom ....ecc 1,543 996 931
Oth ersien swe /shieite Neel len eelle S 3 =
Total el leviemellelieeeusele

United'States sluice «sss 60 564 =
United Kingdom ....... | 21,760 | 21,287 2, 867
Netherlands . 2. eeceecece 597 - 2, 666
Western Germany « o » « oe 597 1,411 1,563
Oth erste Marl WeWet ia ie slew oe 14 - -

PLO tal eimeisive lek ease
Whale Oil:

WritediStatesi.celies (eyeise oy 6 64 634 838
United Kingdom ......0-. - 1, 822 2,523
Netherlands .... eke - 942 -
EleS al vadoren wep wines) sieiiesiel © - 815 -
Western Germany ......- - 582 -
Total aMeWeletreaiemodistiente 64 4,795 3, 361
Fish Oil:

| United States ..
Others
FO tallarewenee
Total Exports
1/Less than 1,000 pounds.

ada's main source of whale and sperm oil;
however, the United States still remains as
Canada's leading supplier of fish oil. Can-
ada imported an average of 5.4 million
pounds of marine oils over the 5-year pe-
riod 1950-1954 (table 3).

Table 3 - Canada's Marine Oil Imports by Country
of Origin, 1958-1960

Cod-Liver Oil:
United States ...

United Kingdom ..... : ° 1,353 2,099 Ppyalisse)
celandieyencmesietonetcnerene - = 10
Norwayaeaicielie ee inns teeree 122 gl 39
Netherlands ube neneene 30

ite nelle eveligiereniatie 3,200 2,218

Whale & Sperm Oil:
BUnitealStatest ey) oe Se
United Kingdom
N

190 98

United States
Napany eiselie/ lene
Norway ....
Lotaliivsiwe
Total Imports

12,381 6, 327 15, 878

Use in Margarine and and Shortening: The use

of marine oils in the manufacture of marga-
rine increased in 1958 as against the aver-
age of the 5-year period 1950-1954, declined
in 1959, and declined somewhat further in
1960. There has been an increase in the use
of vegetable oils, especially soybean, and an

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

51

increase in the use of animal oils, such as
lard, for margarine.

On the other hand, the use of marine oils

| in the manufacture of shortening increased

somewhat in 1958 as against the 5-year aver-
age of 1950-1954, fell off critically in 1959,
but recovered by some 2 million pounds in
1960 (table 4), Competition from soybean in
1961 for both margarine and shortening should
not be as strong, since soybean has lost its
price advantage.

Table 4 - Canada's Use of Marine Oils in Margarine and
Shortening Production, 1958-1960 and 1956-1960 Average1/

2/ 5-Year Av
19602 1959 1958 Ge

ener suny (MOCO Pounds) eae

Prodiiction\...... 5
Marine oils used .
Percentage of total
oils used

166, 641 | 152, 473 144,015

15,775

13.8

Production ....
Marine oils used .
Percentage of total
Oilstused is sess CEE

1/Refined-oil basis.
2/Preliminary.

Production: Canadian Atlantic coast pro-
duction of marine oils did not fluctuate sig-
nificantly from 1958 to 1960, when compared
with the 5-year average of 1956-1960. A de-
cline was evident in 1959, but a slight recov-
ery occurred in 1960.

Table 5 - Canada's Production of Marine Oils,
1958-1960 and 1956-1960 Average

5-Year Avg.

| 1960 | | 1959 | iss | 1956-60

Settee: opts (1'.000; Pounds)! <5 cee cxe10

159,575
15, 464

Atlantic Production:

British Columbia
| Production:

Total Production. .| 29,084 | 57,959 | 53,118 44,041

West Coast or British Columbia marine
oil production increased in 1958 and 1959 as
compared with the 5-year average of 1956-
1960, but declined substantially in 1960 due
to heavy stocks, labor disputes, and limited
activity in the herring fisheries (table 5).

(U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service Report,
Ottawa, April 14, 1961.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 48,
August 1960 p. 44.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

NEW BRUNSWICK
FISH MEAL PRICES, MAY 1961:

Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by the New Brunswick producers ear-
ly in May 1961 averaged about C$102 a short
ton ($1.70 a protein unit) for both exports and
domestic sales. Due to short supply and good
demand fish-meal prices have advanced
steadily since February and as of early May
were up about $20 a ton from the $81-84 a
ton ($1.35-1.40 a protein unit) quoted by pro-
ducers in mid-February this year. (United
States Consulate, Saint John, N. B., May 12,
1.9614)

NEW SLICING MACHINE FOR LARGE
COD FILLETS DEVELOPED:

Experiments by the Halifax Technological Station of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada have shown that a sub-
stantial increase in the efficiency of candling cod fillets for
parasites can be expected if the fillets are first sliced longi-
tudinally into slices a half inch thick before candling. A ma-
chine to perform this task of slicing the cod fillets into suit-
ably sized slices has been designed and developed at the
Station,

The first machine designed at the Station was a large ma~
chine measuring approximately 7 feet long by 10 feet wide,
and was constructed of aluminum and steel.

The cutting mechanism of this slicing machine was a multi-~
ple-band knife, in which four knives were crossed to forma
figure ‘‘8,’’ Each knife made two cuts, one from left to right,
and one from right to left. Thus the tendency for the fillets to
be pulled to either side of the conveyor belt was eliminated,

STAINLESS STEEL By ADES

D

CONVEYOR BELT

Se

Drawing showing blade arrangement on fillet slicing machine.

The fillets were fed to the cutting mechanism by a 24-inch
wide white rubber conveyor belt. As the belt approached the
knives, it turned downward at an angle of 45-degrees in order
that gravity could assist the friction of the fillet on the con-
veyor belt in pushing the fillet through the band knives, Water
sprays were used both to lubricate the band knives and to keep
the conveyor belt free of particles of fish. Hardened steel
guides kept the knives at the proper spacing. The bearings
used were standard ball bearings for the knife pulleys and
babbit bearings for the conveyor system,

Vol. 23, No. 7

Tests on the machine were carried out in various fish
plants in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, On the basis
of the tests, it was decided that this machine was larger than
desirable and that a smaller machine requiring less mainte-
nance to the cutting mechanism would be advantageous in
adapting the slicing machine to existing cutting lines. Ac-
cordingly, work was started on the design and construction
of a more compact machine employing circular knives in
place of the previously used multiple~band knives. This
machine was the prototype for the present fillet slicing ma-
chine.

The frame of the fillet slicing machine is constructed of
two sides cut from 1/4-inch-thick aluminum 65ST alloy
plate, mounted side by side with front, bottom, and rear
panels bolted together with 2~inch by 2-inch aluminum angle
gussets, This forms a box-like structure upon which bear-
ings, conveyor belt, and knives, etc. are mounted. All joints
are sealed with an aluminum-asphalt type of cement anda
drain pipe is provided in the bottom to lead off water used
for lubrication of knives and clearing the conveyor belt.

The frame is supported on a single leg of 9-inch diam~
eter aluminum tubing which is, in turn, welded to a base
of aluminum plate, The height of this stand is such that the
working surface of the feed conveyor belt is 36 inches above
floor level. The stand is bolted to the frame with four alumi-
num bolts so that it can be removed for shipment.

There are two 8~inch wide white rubber conveyor belts.
The first, or feed belt, feeds the fillets tail first, skin side
down, into the rotating knives at a speed of 48 feet per -
minute. The second belt serves to remove the Sliced fil-
lets from the machine and convey them either to another
belt, water trough, or other containers. The elevation angle
of the discharge conveyor may be adjusted from horizontal to
a maximum of 30 degrees. ~

Bolt belts are driven from the same 1/4-hp., totally en-
closed gear motor by two }-inch pitch-chain drives, one
going to the drive pulley of each conveyor. All shafts used

in the conveyor system are 18.8 alloy stainless steel.

The bearings used for the conveyor system are of stain-
less steel construction, with an easily replaced, inexpensive
liner of nylon forming the bearing surface. These bearings
will operate satisfactorily with oil, grease, or water as the
lubricant or if necessary without lubrication, with no danger
of damage to shaft or bearing. Nylon bearings seem to be
well suited for operation under wet or corrosive conditions
such as are often found in fish cutting plants.

On the sides of the frame, the shafts and bearings for the
rotary knives are bolted vertically. These consist of two
cast aluminum housings supporting stainless steel shafts with
two ball bearings each. Three 15-inch-diameter No. 420 stain-
less steel circular knives are attached to the top of each shaft
with spacers fitted between the blades tokeepthem+ inch
apart. The two sets of knives overlap by 33 inches. All the
knives have single~bevelled cutting edges and are so arranged
that the unbevelled sides of opposing blades rub lightly giving
a cutting action similar to a pair of scissors, thus reducing
the tendency of the blades to throw the fillet in the direction
of rotation of the blades. The blades are lubricated with water
to further reduce this tendency. The lower ends of the shafts
are joined by a pair of spur gears to ensure that both blades
turn at the same speed of 220 r.p.m, and in the correct di-
rection relative to each other. One shaft is extended to ac-
cept a 12-inch-diameter V-belt pulley driven from a 1-hp.
1150-r.p.m, totally enclosed electric motor mounted verti-
cally on the side of the machine.

Before assembly all aluminum components were de-
greased with trichlorethylene and given a phosphoric acid
etch. This was followed by a thin coat of zinc chromate
primer sprayed over the metal. The machine was then as-
sembled and received one coat of alunimum paint and a fin-
ish coat of white enamel.

Tests have shown that approximately 80 percent of the
large fillets split with this machine would be suitable for sale
as fresh or frozen fillets. The remaining 20 percent, being
for the most part small pieces cut from the top of the fillet,
would be suitable only for use in fish blocks for use in the

July 1961

Canada (Contd.):

manufacture of fish sticks, The assessment is arbitrary and
would depend upon the size of package, market, and to some
extent on the policy of the producer, (Canadian Fisherman,
April 1961.)

elise ok Sle sk
sethicemclcnustc so ste,

PRICES FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
HERRING OIL AT TORONTO,
JANUARY 1960-MARCH 1961:

The following prices for British Colum-
bia herring oil delivered at Toronto, Canada,
were furnished on May 5, 1961, by the United
States Foreign Agricultural Service in Otta-
wa: In Canadian cents per pound: 1960: Jan-
uary 8.58; February 8.32; March 8.25; Octo-
ber, November, and-_December 8.93. 1961:
January 9.07; February 9.57; and March
9.67. (U. S. Foreign Agricultural Service
' Report, Ottawa, May 5, 1961.)

ein evnok menos

STUDIES INDICATE "WETNESS" IN
FISH FILLET BLOCKS DUE TO
POOR DRAINING BEFORE FREEZING:
Many Canadian plant operators have trou-
ble in producing fish fillet blocks for even-
tual use as fish sticks. Fish stick proces-
sors claim the blocks are too ''wet'' andthat
there is too great a loss in broken sticks
during frying and packing. What is the
source of this ''wetness''? And how does it
affect the fish sticks so that they are more
fragile and easily broken?

The most obvious answer to the first
question is the drip which is present in vary-
ing degrees in all frozen fish. This drip is
the excess water which drips out of a piece
of frozen fish on thawing and which is not ab-
sorbed by the tissues. Ina freshly frozen
good quality fish it may be less than 5 per-
cent, but in one stored for several months
at too high temperatures, it may be as high
as 40 percent or even higher. It will beless
in good quality fish than it will be with poor-
quality fish. Slow freezing results in much
more drip than rapid freezing. It used to be
thought that this was because the slower rate
of freezing resulted in the build-up of large
ice crystals which then allowed the drip to
escape on thawing. However, the real factor
is the ability of the proteins to re-absorb
the fluid released by the melting of ice crys-
tals during thawing of the muscle tissue.
Most fish muscle tissue contains about 80
percent water but only about 18 percent pro-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

tein. Such factors as slow freezing, long stor-
age, storage at temperatures above about 09 F.,
drying out or freezer burn, all damage the
protein, and decrease its capacity to hold wa-
ter,

These factors are those which affect the
storage quality of frozen fish. The damage
to the protein results in less moisture-hold-
ing capacity with increased drip and a paral-
lel deterioration in texture, or increased
toughness. As a result, whenthe sticks
cut from these stored blocks are fried, con-
siderable drip may be formed. This will re-
sult in Some wetness and softness but since
the protein will be tougher, the only effect
should be to reduce the eating quality of the
sticks rather than increase the incidence of
broken sticks.

Drip may be almost eliminated by giving
the fillets a brine dip prior to freezing. Af-
ter a few seconds in brine, half saturated or
less, the fillets absorb sufficient salt to in-
crease the affinity of the muscle proteins for
water. This effect is retained in the frozen
product, and the drip during thawing is re-
duced to less than five percent unless very
poor freezing and storage conditions areused.
The use of brining, however, has declined in
recent years. One reason may be that since
much frozen fish is now cooked without prior
thawing, the disadvantages of drip is avoided.
Another is its tendency to promote fat oxida-
tion and rancidity, which may become serious
on long storage, or with fatty species. Brin-
ing, however, does eliminate the drip problem
and should be useful in the non-fatty species
where long storage is not required.

Considering this, it is necessary to look
further for the main cause of broken fish
sticks. Perhaps the answer may be found by
taking a look at a typical fish block process-
ing and packing line. As the fillets come from
the skinning machines, they are usually quite
wet. They may be carried in flumes and may
also pass through a tank of brine or antibiot-
ic before they arrive at the packing table.
Almost always they accumulate somewhere
along the way in piles, and inspection will
show that the fish in draining build up puddles
of fluid which does not runoff. They are put
into the trays, which in the case of blocks are
usually about 2 inches thick, about 113 inch-
es wide, and 21 inches long, holding about 17
pounds of fillets. Further draining occurs at
this point, and a visible development of small
and large water pockets may be observed a-
mong the fish in the tray. The extent of ac-

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

cumulation of this water obviously depends
on the amount of draining of the fillets prior
to being packed. But it also depends on the
time elapsing between packing and going into
the freezer. It is influenced also by the
quality of the fish, a soft fish draining much
more than a good-quality firm fish.

The measures necessary to minimize
this formation of water pockets in the blocks
are: (1) the fillets should be allowed to
drain adequately before being packed. This
can only be done in single layers, probably
best on screens of some type if satisfactory
sanitary measures can be found. (2) the
trays should go immediately into the freezer
after packing so that there is no time for
drip formation and water build-up to occur
in the blocks. In practice, the stringency of
the measures to be employed will be gov-
erned by the type and quality of the fish be-
ing processed.

A question that comes up is, what happens
to this water when the blocks are frozen? If
there is a lot of drip and excess water, some
of the juice gets squeezed out during the
freezing between the edges of the cartons,
and onto the plates. Deformation of the car-
tons may occur; the cartons and the freezers
become very messy. Examination of the for-
zen blocks where excess water was allowed
to accumulate will show ice pockets of vary-
ing size, sometimes 2 or 3 inches square,
and $ inch or more in thickness. This, how-
aS. is of little concern to the operator at
this stage--but what of the fish stick frying
operator? He saws up the blocks, ice as
well as fish, breads and batters the sticks,
and fries them. But now the ice melts. Some
sticks will have only water in one end or the
other, but more may have a layer of ice be-
tween pieces of fillet causing them to sepa-
rate and the sticks to break apart. Thus a
much greater loss due to broken sticks will
result than if good blocks were used. This
is the most important cause for the com-
plaints about ''wet'' fish blocks, and why the
block-producing plants must strive to lessen
the accumulation of liquid in the blocks just
prior to freezing.

--By W. J. Dyer, Biochemist,
Halifax Technological Station

Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
(Trade News, November 1960.)

Viol 23eeNowng

Chile

FISH MEAL AND OIL EXPORTS
INCREASED SHARPLY IN 1960:

In 1960, Chile exported a record quantity
of fish meal and its first sizable tonnage of
fish oil. Fish meal exports in 1960 exceeded
31,000 short tons--an increase of 60 percent
from 1959. Two-thirds of 1960 exports went
to the United States.

Chilean Exports of Fish Meal by Destination, 1954-1960

Western Europe

Chile exported substantial quantities of
fish oil in 1960 for the first time. Shipments
totaled 6,585 tons as compared with only 65
tons in 1959, Virtually all of 1960 exports
went to Western Europe, principally to the
United Kingdom, West Gennaate and Norway.
(Foreign Crops and Markets, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, April 10, 1961. )

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 45.

PRODUCTION, AND EXPORTS OF
WHALE OIL, FISH OIL,
AND FISH MEAL:

Chile's production of whale oil decreased
from 7,409 metric tons in 1959 to 7,049 tons
in 1960. Production is expected to increase
to 7,500 tons in 1961. Domestic consumption
of whale oil decreased sharply in 1960 ascom-
pared with 1959, while exports were up--but

Table 1 - Chile's Production and Disposition
of Whale Oil, 1959-1961

1961 1960 1959
Forecast) | (Prelimina Revised

Seeihete (Meme Tons) .

Production
Disposition:
EXPOrtsils ress soho Mecrelierte
Domestic disappearance//
Total Disposition, ..
1/Breakdown into edible and industrial not available; mostly
used for domestic margarine production,
Note: (1) Marketing season begins January 1.
(2) Imports negligible and not listed; stocks data un-
available.

both are expected to increase slightly in1961,
(table 1). Of the total 1,769 tons of whale oil
exported in 1960, 1,071 tons went to the Unit-
ed Kingdom, 556 tons to the Netherlands, and
142 tons to West Germany. These were Chile's
largest whale oil exports in several years.

July 1961

Chile (Contd.):

Total whale oil exports may amount to 2,000
tons in 1961,

United Kingdom.

Table 2 - Chile's Landings of Whales by Species, 1959-1960
1960 1959

Blue whale

lum pback
ei whale
Right whale .
Sperm whale .. .

eo eo oo

ROLL 2,233

The total number of whales captured fell
from 2,233 in 1959 to 2,084 in 1960. A de-
crease in the number of sperm whales cap-
tusecd was the principal reason for this de-
cline (table 2),

~ Table 3 - Oil and Other Products Obtained from Chilean
Whale Catch, 1959-1960

e(Metric Tons). .
6,435

1/Principally “from whales, but includes an unspecified quantity
of bone oil from other marine animals.

Chile utilized her whale catch for the
production of sperm oil, whale oil, meat,
meal, and bone oil, but due to the drop in
the whales taken in 1960, production of those
products also decreased (table 3).

Chile's pro-
duction of fish oil
in 1960 was esti-
mated at 2,534
tons as compared
with 1,403 tons in
1959. There were
no imports of fish
oil either in 1959
or in 1960. In 1960, Chile exported 3,054
tons of fish oil. The United States was the
least important buyer, purchasing only 201
tons (table 4). On the other hand, the United
States was by far the most important buyer
of Chilean fish meal with 12,018 tons out of
a total 18,435 tons exported. This was a
large.increase over 1959, when the United
States bought only 3,508 tons (table 5),

Table 4 - Chile's Exports of Fish
(Oil by Country of Destination, 1960

3,054

Chile's 1960 production of fish meal more
than doubled that of 1958, increasing from

Chile exported 200 tons of whale
meal in 1960, all of which was shipped to the:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Table 5 - Chile's Exports of Fish Meal by
Country of Destination, 1959-1960

Destination

eee e eo o

ly svisi\ie! sites
Netherland teiyerieticrei cl sitelieds icine °
IMexXi COM ented etl eile ve °
Spalnejraisielle veel ale .
United’ Kingdom) fies te) /eie vets
WeneZuel aaugitgiigntsiteitauigtisite
Total . A A

- 1
18, 435 11, 664

18,779 tons to 38,686 tons. Most of this in-
creased production was consumed domestical-
ly in 1959 and 1960; however, exports in-
creased sharply in 1960, rising to 18,436 tons.

Table 6 - Chile's Production, Consumption, and Exports
of Fish Meal, 1958-1960
D
ie eel

+e» (Metric Tae
38, 686 20, 250
19, 007

There were no imports of fish meal in 1960.
The total amount of fish meal to be exported
in 1961 is expected to amount to 20,000 tons.

(U. S. Foreign Agricultural Service Service Report
Santiago, April 14, 1961.)

Costa Rica

FISHERMEN'S COOPERATIVE
ESTABLISHED:

Sixty independent fishermen at Puerto

Limon on Costa Rica's Caribbean Coast have
formed a cooperative to be known as the ''Co-
operativa de Pesca de la Zona Atlantica."
The provisional President and Secretary of
the cooperative are two Costa Ricans of Chi-
nese descent.

The cooperative was formed in January
this year, but only now are the members

| actively attempting to implement the objec-

tives of the group. It is the intent of the co-
operative to develop fishing for spiny lobster
to a much greater extent and, also, to assist
the Government in the enforcement of con-
servation measures which it has promulgated
to assure that the spiny lobster fishery will not
be needlessly ruined by careless exploitation.

It is probable that the members of this co-
operative will constitute a potential market

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Costa Rica (Contd.):

for small marine engines, vessel hardware,
and other products. Each of the 60 members
of the cooperative owns his own vessel, and
many of them are either planning or in the
process of building new and larger vessels.
(United States Embassy in San Jose, April 14,
1961.)

Denmark

FISH FILLETS AND BYPRODUCTS
EXPORTS, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1961:

Denmark's exports of fresh and frozen
fish fillets and blocks in the first two months
of 1961 totaled 11.4 million pounds, an in-
crease of 97 percent as compared with the
same period in 1960, Exports of cod and re-
lated species during the period were up 72
percent, and flounder and sole increased 67
percent from the same period in 1960. Her-
ring added to the increased 1961 exports as
none were Shipped during the comparable pe-
riod in 1960. Denmark shipped 1.1 million
pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks (al-
most entirely cod and related species) to the
United States during the first two months of
1961,

Denmark's Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and Blocks,
and Byproducts, January-February 1961

Product
Frozen Fillets and Blocks:

Cod & related species
Flounder & sole .

Herring ...

5,775

ee » (Short Tons)...

Fish meal, fish solubles, and
similar . 5, 182 4,672
Note: Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct
to foreign countries not included.

During January-February 1961, Denmark's
exports of fish meal, solubles, and similar
products were 11 percent more than the com-
parable two months in 1960.

1K OK OR OK OK

FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES PRICES,
APRIL 1-8, 1961:

During the week ending April 8, 1961, the
only export order for Danish fish meal was a
large order from Poland at 890 kroner a met-

Vol. 23; eNO

ric ton (US$117.07 a short ton) f.o.b. Esbjerg,
the same price as was reported early in March
for a similar order.

Moderate sales of fish solubles averaged
715 kroner a metric ton ($94.06 a short ton).
This price represented a substantial increase
over a late February price of about $68.40 a
short ton. (United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen, May 12, 1961.)

FISH-MEAL PRICE JUMPS DUE TO

Due to the sudden bankruptcy of a Portu-
guese supplier of Peruvian fish meal on the
Dutch market, the Dutch importer who had
contracted with this firm for the delivery of
180,000 metric tons of fish meal during 1961
at a price of US$0.16 per 100 kilograms per
1 percent protein content ($94.35 a short ton,
65 percent protein) is now in serious difficul-
ties because the importer is under contrac-
tural obligation to supply that amount at that
price to Dutch end-users. Dutch fish-meal
prices rose in a few days following this an-
nouncement to $0.24 per 100 kilograms per 1
percent protein content ($141.52 a short ton,
65 percent protein). Local fish meal traders
predict that the cancellation of this large or-
der will be a boost for Danish fish-meal pro-
duction which has been extremely low in re-
cent years because of competition from Pe-
ruvian fish-meal supplies. (United States
Embassy, The Hague, Netherlands, May 2,
1961.)

Fit EN ob a

FISHERIES TRENDS,

FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Better foreign demand for herring and oth-
er fish meals has improved expectations for
Denmark's industrial fisheries. First quar-
ter 1961 exports of fish meal were about 75
percent above the exports during the first
quarter of 1960, and futures prices had jumped
to 850 kroner per metric ton (US$111.37 a
short ton) from the 700 kroner (US$91.72 a
short ton) level which prevailed in the first
part of 1961, The winter herring catch was
running slightly ahead of 1960, as were the
catches of most varieties of both industrial
and food fish. Shipments of fresh and frozen
fish were up about 20 percent.

With ever-growing demand for food fish,
and with prospects for some recovery in the
fish meal sector, Danish fishing circles now

July 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

predict that 1961 output may reach the record
1959 level. At the same time they continue
to press for action that will both expand and
insure a continued market for those products
within the European Economic Community.

First quarter 1961 exports of Faroe Is-
lands' fish were slightly in excess of those
recorded during the same period in the pros-
perous year of 1960. Meanwhile, the Green-
land Trade Department was readying plans
for increasing output of Greenland fish and
shrimp during the forthcoming summer sea-
son. However, the current transportation
strike may prevent construction of shrimp
processing and freezing plants in Greenland
during the coming summer as has been plan-
ned, (United Embassy in Copenhagen, April
IG), alfefsaka))

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES
TRADE FAIR, 1962:

The 4th International Fisheries Trade
Fair is scheduled in Copenhagen for April
14-23, 1962. As of early 1961 ten nations
were represented among the firms who had
already booked exhibition space.

The fisheries trades and the fishing in-
dustries are still the center of a whole group
of interests to be represented in the Fair. A
very comprehensive display of the newest de-
velopments in vessel motors will be shown.

The Fair is backed by the
ies Council and the Chamber
ers. Details on the Fair are
the International Trade Fair,
10, Copenhagen V, Denmark,

Danish Fisher-
of Manufactur-
available from
Puggaardsgade

ok OK Ok ok Hs
SINGLE-BOAT FLOATING
TRAWL EXPERIMENTS:

The Danish fish cutter Akaroa of 90 tons
arrived in Norway with two Esbjerg fisher -
men to initiate experimental fishing to test
a new type of single-boat floating trawl. The
tests, which will take place on the grounds
off Egersund, Norway, are supported by the
Danish Ministry of Fisheries, which , ac-
cording to the newspaper Vestkysten, has
made available a guarantee of Kr. 20,000
(US$2,900)--Fiskets Gang, April 13, 1961.

& * de

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

Ecuador

SHRIMP EXPORTS,
FIRST QUARTER 1960 AND 1961:

During the first three months of 1961 Ec-
uador exported about 1,391,000 pounds of
shrimp. This amount was about 3.3 percent
higher than the 1,347,000 pounds exported in
the first quarter of 1960. The exports by
months for the first three months of 196i
were: January 476,000 pounds, February
452,000 pounds, and March 463,009 pounds.
(United States Embassy in Quito, May 1, 1961.)

France

FISH MEAL AND OIL PRICES, APRIL 1961:
Average fish meal and oil prices reported for

April1961 by the head of the French Fish Meal

Manufacturers Association were as follows:

NF/Metric
Ton

Protein
Content (%

US$/Short
Ton

Fish Meal

[French fish meal1/ 55 500 91,92
Terran) 60 540 99,27
A OA Rasy 65 620 113.93
Peruvian fish meal2/
Angola fish meal2/ 6.

S 580-590 | 106.58-108, 42

73 730-750 __| 134. 14-137. 82

Content (% Ton Ton
French oil (herring):

Darkeiewewencue 10 550

Lightisn e euesens 5-6 600

1/Ex-plant loaded aboard car or truck, 15 metric tonsminimum,

2/Loaded aboard car French port, customs paid, 15 metric tons
minimum,

Note: Values converted at rate of 4.937 new francs equal US$1i.

(United States Embassy in Paris, May

LO), TOGA)

German Federal Republic

Norwegian herring

COMPANY DEVELOPS FREEZING
UNIT FOR FACTORYSHIP TRAWLERS:

A West German company in Bremerhaven has developed
a new belt system for the continuous freezing of fish aboard
its factory trawlers. The German company claims that the
new equipment will contribute significantly to the efficiency
of its trawler operations.

The freezing machine is built in the form of a tunnel, a-
bout 40 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 4.5 feet high. Within the
freezing tunnel, two synchronized bracket-joint chain belts
are rotated by a variable gear, powered by an electric mo-
tor of 0.6 hp., which permits the adjustment of the belt speed
from 27 to 216 minutes per complete revolution. The two
belts carry a total of 260 compartments (each about 4 inch-

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

es wide, 7 inches deep, and 59 inches long) formed by re-
movable aluminum plates mounted on the bracket joints of
the belts. Viewed from the side, the compartments have the
form of a square-cornered U,.

The fish placed in these compartments freeze quickly to
the walls of the aluminum plates, The rear cog wheels
moving the belts are constructed to permit the compart-
ments to retain their U-shape while changing direction.
This prevents the frozen fish from dropping out. When the
compartments return to the front of the tunnel, they run
over round cog wheels which cause the walls of the com-
partments to spread and change their form from a U-shape

Vole 23siNownrd

to a W-shape, thus shaking out the frozen fish over the dis~
charge chute,

The compartments can also be divided into two sections,
each to be filled with about 10 pounds of herring emersed

_beforehand in an alginate solution to prevent the herring

from becoming rancid and drying out. The blocs of frozen
herring thus obtained are again treated with the alginate
solution before storage, as a supplementary precaution.

The compartments can also be removed completely and
a plastic band installed to permit the individual freezing of
filleted herring, which reportedly will then be vacuum-
packed in transparent plastic bags. The fillets will drop
from the plastic band at the end of the tunnel. They are
pushed by plates mounted on the belts along the smooth
bottom of the tunnel to the discharge chute at the tunnel’s
front,

The freezer tunnel is equipped with four steel laminar
evaporators with an evaporating surface of 295 square

Fig. 1 - Over-all view of freezer tunnel for the continuous freezing of fish aboard factory trawlers.

1 ta aaa eae

Fig. 2 - Close-up of one section of freezer tunnel,

July 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

™y. ae BF
Fig. 3 - Inserting fish in removable aluminum plate compart-
ments.

meters each, capable of reducing the air temperature in

the tunnel to -30° C, (-22° F.). Four electric fans with

a capacity of 7,100 cubic meters (250,737 cubic feet) per
hour (required power 1.6 kw.) installed in front of the evapo-
rators circulate the cold air around the belts carrying the
fish. The maximum freezing capacity of the new equipment
is stated to be 0.85 metric ton (about 1.874 pounds) of fish
per hour, based on reducing the temperature in the core of
the fish to -10° C, (14.3° F.).

Fig. 4 - Viewed from the side, the compartments have the form
of a square-corned V,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

The West German company attaches much importance
to the fact that the new equipment can be adapted to the
freezing of herring fillets because it will permit the use
of factory trawlers in the herring fishery. Previously, the
trade held the conviction that factory trawlers could be op-
erated profitably only in the white fish fishery in distant
waters. Employing the new method of freezing filleted
herring, however, factoryships will reportedly be able to
land about 500 metric tons of high-quality herring fillets.
The factoryship trawler has the added advantage of being
able to procéss herring so fast through two filleting
machines (at the rate of about 1.2 tons of round herring
per hour) that it must be supplied part of the fish caught
by other fishing boats.

The German company states that the cost of the new
machine is about DM 330,000 (US$82,500), and that its
installation aboard a trawler should amount to approxi-
mately 8 percent of the construction cost. The firm has
applied for a patent on the freezer. (United States Con-
sulate Genera!, Bremen, April 12, 1961.)

*k OK OK Ke OK

DEVELOPMENTS IN FROZEN
FOODS MARKETING:

At the annual meeting of the German Fro-
zen Food Institute held April 18-19, 1961, in
Wiesbaden, the growing importance of food
preservation through freezing was discussed.
The individual working committees of the In-
stitute discussed some of the pending prob-
lems, and prepared drafts on: (a) directives
on the handling of frozen food at all trade lev-
els; (b) directives on temperature control in
frozen food storage installations; (c) founda-
tion of a voluntary quality control committee
which will supply information and advice to
the frozen food trade as well as to consumers
(committee will receive financial support from
the German Federal Food and Agriculture
Ministry); (d) extension of advertising and
public relation work; and (e) establishment
of quality grades and standards for frozen
food products.

From experiences in the German frozen
food market during recent years, future mar-
ket and consumption trends predicted by the
market research experts of the Frozen Food
Institute were:

1, The increase in frozen food sales is no
longer in conformity with the growth in the
number of frozen food cabinets in stores.
That means sales are now growing faster than
the number of cabinets available. This devel-
opment resulted from increased advertising,
growing popularity, and improved and en-
larged displays of frozen food products inthe
shops. The distribution of frozen food cabi-
nets in store is presently undergoing a
change.

60
German Federal Republic (Contd.):

The early development stage, when more and
more retail stores newly installed one small-
er or larger display and sales cabinet, is now
being followed by the second stage where the

shops with already existing installations are

increasing their frozen food storage and dis-
play space by setting up second and third cab-
inets. The increased space will be primarily

Type of Protein
Fish Meal Content (%

German fish meal... 006

eecoeees
” ” »

Peruvian fish meal. ....0.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

: 597.5
La ead ee)

id uid 530 120.20
June-July ” 540 122.47
Aug,-Dec, _”’ 550 124,74

Vol. 23, No. 7

"heat'n eat'' products. (U. S. Foreign Agri-
cultural Service Report, Bonn, May 4, 1961.)

* KOK KK

FISH MEAL PRICES, MAY 7, 1961:

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of May 7, 1961, for fish meal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c.&f.
West German sea port were as follows:

oe
ept. "” 602.5 136,65

used for the necessarily larger supply of
poultry.

2. Anew development is also in sight with
regard to the shipping and distribution of fro-
zen food within Germany. A number of po-
tent enterprises have now specialized in the
general transport of frozen food and special
fast plant-to-store deliveries.

3. Fish consumption is expected to in-
crease further. With the growing capacity
of vessels with deep-freeze installations a-
board, more domestic first-quality, sea-
fresh fish products will become available in
areas far away from the coast. In addition
to the growing German production, it is ex-
pected that frozen fish imports from the
Scandinavian countries will increase consid-
erably.

West Germany consumed 5,100 metric
tons (5,622 short tons) of frozen fishery prod-
ucts valued at DM10 million (US$239,800) in
1960 as compared with 3,000 metric tons
(3.307 short tons) valued at DM6 million
(US$143,900) in 1959.

4, Market developments for precooked,
ready-to-serve products are hard to pre-
dict. These food items are fairly new in the
German market, particularly in frozen form.
However, an increased number of firms has
recently taken up the production of frozen

Note: Values converted at rate of 4,0 deutsche marks equal US$1.

As compared with April 7, 1961, fish-
meal prices on the Hamburg exchange on
May 7, 1961, were up sharply for domestic
and Peruvian fish meal.

* kk KOK

SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, AND PRICES
OF FISH MEAL, 1959-1960:

Despite a 12-percent decrease in West
Germany's total fish meal production in 1960
as compared with 1959, the supply and dis-
tribution increased, This was due to a 21-
percent increase in imports (see table 1).

Foreign Trade: Imports of Peruvian fish
meal increased to 133,000 metric tons in
1960--about one-half more than in 1959. This
amount represented more than two-thirds of
total fish meal imported in 1960. Total fish
meal imports increased from 156,000 tons in
1959 to 197,000 tons in 1960.

From 1959 to 1960 total fish-meal exports
remained small and were mostly to the Soviet
Zone of Germany.

Consumption: Consumption of fish meal
in Germany increased by 14 percent in 1959,
17 percent in 1960, and is expected to in-
crease additionally in 1961. Favorable
prices have induced German hog and chick-
en producers to use fish meal in feed
rations.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Table 1 - West Germany's// Supply and Distribution of Fish Meal, 1959-1960
Suppl Distribution
Beginning Total P ee lhe Total 5/ P End
Year VaeniStoale roduction. m ports Supply Exports2/ | Consumption Vee Sieals

lebelebetkeheieneiie) atiete: suena OOOPMetricuLons) iy amateaviete's dice: sezie: Jel enuetiaiieivelie mips
82 8 197 285

Herring meal
Other meal .

Cod meal..
Fish meal. .
Herring meal
Other meal .

2/Production in plants with more than 10 employees.

Requirements:
Maximum Percent
Ca Phosphate Salt

Codmeal.... 60 18 3
Fish meal .... S55 15 8
Herring meal _.. ay) 8 12

4/Including production from shrimp.
/Including exports to Soviet Zone: Approximately 4,000 metric tons in 1960; approximately 7,000 metric tons in 1959,

Prices: With the exception of the latter to 1960. Whole fish, herring waste, and other
half of 1958, Peruvian fish meal undersold fish waste are used to produce German fish
German fish meal at Hamburg from mid- meal (see table 2).

1957 through early 1961 (see fig. 1) ePrices Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960
for both German and Peruvian meal fell p. 49.
sharply after May 1959, recovering briefly in

late 1960, only todecline againearly in 1961. ; OK OK OK ok -
foimonieaess FOREIGN TRADE, PRODUCTION, AND
a) SUPPLY OF MARINE OILS, 1959-1960:
ll zs Foreign Trade: Imports of edible marine
ash oils increased from 121,900 tons in 1959 to
me es {Geman 60-65% Frotein 127,700 tons in 1960. During that period, to-
Ballas a} rc 704 Pe talimports of industrial marine oils decreased
eat ‘ from 23,100 to 17,000 tons. But total imports
cor -— 4 | of both edible and inedible oils remained con-
4 stant at about 145,000 tons. The amount of
al all marine oils imported from the United
aah States declined from 22,900 tons in 1959 to
Se are ae = 16,300 tons in 1960 (see table 1). This total
Tiel bSaeee Go | ih has steadily decreased since 1956, when it
= — 1 ad we we Table 1 - West Germany's1/ Imports of Edible and

‘ Fig. 1 - Prices of West German and Peruvian Fish Meal at Ham- Industrial Marine Oils2/, 1959 -1960 ual

burg, Germany, 1957-March 1961..
é Year &

Raw material available for fish meal pro- |/-=™*

duction decreased by.14 percent from 1959

Table 2 - West Germany' Use of Whole. Fish and Waste in 1960:
Production2/ of Fish Meal.and Fish Oil, 1959-1960

144.7 |3/16.3

1
11.3

80.0

65.0

iai.9 | 23. a5] 5.8 _|
1/Includes Saarland since July 1959, and West Berlin.
2/Excludes fish -liver oils.
Mostly edible menhaden oil.

2 » (Metric Tons)...
106,770 145, 323
68, 375 72, 354
170,045 176, 178

Production by plants with more than 10 employees.

62

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

amounted to 39,000 tons. Germany's imports
of marine oils from Peru have increased from
8,833 tons in 1959 to 19,200 tons in 1960, Due
to the small catch of winter herring (the
smallest in years), imports from Norway fell
off in 1960. However, Norway was the great-
est single source of liver oils in 1960, sup-
plying 678 tons out of a total 1,510 tons, A
total of 79,610 tons of whale oil and fat val-
ued at US$16 million was imported by Ger-
many in 1960; Japan, The Netherlands, and
Norway supplied 76 percent of the imports.

Table 2 - West Germany'sl/ Imports and Exports of Specified
Marine Oils and Fats, 1960

WHALE FAT

Imports:

United States, ...
United Kingdom .
Teeland sis: «| ss.
The Netherlands .
Norway 2. eee
Portugal «2.20
Soviet Union ...
Union of South Africa
Guayana, British
erueneaicmen ctvee st ote
Japan ene 17 sf ie telieiie fe
Australia 50 var tc<

New Zealand

WnitediStates as) ceuis) eitei-e! siette
Denmark Ger ene! wiie vee. sie: ‘eins
United Kingdom ..
Hcelandiemen eienatste
The Netherlands ..
Norway! s<.< S7< 6 s'%
Portugal
Angola ..seeccces
Union of South Africa
Canada io: eils)) wie) te

°
© 00 e © © © oO

°
°
°
°
e
o.°
oe
oe
eo.
oe
ee
°

°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
e

°
°
°
°
°
°
°
.
°
°
°

6s 098 2 239

eel or eee roa
1/Includes West Berlin. Excludes Soviet Zone of Germany.
Note: Values converted at rate of 4.171 DM equal US$1,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

Germany also imported 216 tons of sperma-
ceti valued at DM 211,000 (US$50,587) and ex-
ported 23 tons valued at DM 70,000 (USR16,783),
An additional 65,000 tons of other marine fats
and oils were imported with a value of US$10
million (see table 2).

Germany's total exports of marine oils de-
clined somewhat, from 27,400 tons in 1959 to
24,900 tons in 1960. During that period, ex-
ports of edible oils decreased from 26,000 to
20,900 tons, but exports of industrial oils in-
creased from 1,400 to 4,000 tons (see table 3).

Table 3 - West Germany'
Year & Product

Exports of Marine Oils, 1959-1960

» e e (1,000 Metric Tons)...
1960:

Whale 2.0

Fi

[= Tobalig! yalig ps gens “os fi 026,0% ea] ts a emma [ECT
1/Includes West Berlin.
2/This disagrees with amount shown in table 2.

In 1960, exports of liver oils from Germany
amounted to 2,070 tons, valued at US$457,000;
Denmark and Switzerland were the main buy-
ers. Germany's exports of whale oil were
small in 1960, amounting to only 171 metric
tons. A total of 21,684 tons of other marine
fats and oils were exported, valued at US$3
million,

Production: Western Germany's produc-
tion of edible marine oils from domestic
sources Stabilized at 14,000 metric tons for
both 1959 and 1960--no change is anticipated
for 1961. A total of 106,000 tons of edible
marine oils was used in the production of
margarine and cooking oil in 1960. Of the to-
tal amount, 77 percent was used for the pro-
duction of cooking oil (table 4).

Table 4 - Use of Edible Marine Oilst/ in Margarine and
Cooking Oil Production, Western Germany2/, 1960

Production Production
ee « e (1,000 Metric Tons)... . «
- ye} 61
29 45

tot pa
a Refined oil equivalent.

Production of inedible marine oils a-
mounted to only 1,000 tons in 1959 and
1960--no change is expected in 1961. Do-
mestic production of total inedible marine
fats and oils has remained small, account-

ing for only 6 percent of the total supply
of those oils in 1960.

July 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Total West German output of edible and
inedible fish and marine oils declined from
24,325 tons in 1959 to 21,192 tons in 1960.

Supply and Distribution (Inedible Oils):
Western Germany's total supply and distri-
bution of industrial or inedible marine oils,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Imports of fishery products in 1960 totaled
30,000 tons and included 8,000 tons of frozen
fish, 12,000 tons of salt cod, 6,000 tons of her-
ring, and 4,000 tons of canned fish.

Apparent per capita consumption of fishery
products in 1960 amounted to 14 kilos or a-
bout 31 pounds. (Alieia, April 1961.)

ed Ship Ieee 4

Supply and Distribution of Industrial or Inedible Marine Oils oe! 1959-1960

=

Total
Sup ply

1/Includes Saarland : since july 1959, and West Berlin.

used mostly (80 percent) for finishing leath-
er, declined generally in 1960 as compared
with 1959, Stocks were unchanged, while
imports and domestic consumption dropped
off. But exports increased (see table 5).
(United States Embassy, Bonn, April 14, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1961 p. 48,

sk ese cle oe
oh SK OK OK ook

TWELVE LARGE STERN-TYPE
TRAWLERS NOW FISHING:

Twelve large modern West German stern-
type trawlers are now fishing, according to
the April 21, 1961, issue of Dansk Fiskeri-
tidende, a Danish fishery trade periodical.
Six have their home port in Bremerhaven,
four in Cuxhaven, and two in Kiel. Thestern
trawler in increasing degree will prevail in
the West German vessel-building program.
Stern trawler number 12, the factoryship
Munchen (960 gross tons), is equipped with
two filleting lines and a quick-freezing plant.
The vessel's bow is constructed so as to
keep the forward portion as high as possible
over the waves in high seas in order to pro-
tect both the crew and equipment. Of the 11
newly ordered trawlers, 9 will operate from
Bremerhaven and 2 from Kiel.

Greece

FISHERY LANDINGS, IMPORTS,
AND CONSUMPTION, 1960:

Fishery landings in Greece in 1961 a-
mounted to 90,000 metric tons. Of this a-
mount, 8,000 tons was frozen fish landed by
trawlers, 7,000 tons was canned or salted,
and the balance of 75,000 tons was consumed
as unprocessed fresh fish.

SPONGE LANDINGS, 1960/61 SEASON:
During the 1960/61 sponge fishing season
that ended in Greek waters on March 31, 1961,
a total of 162,700 pounds were landed. The
landings included 131,174 pounds from Cyren-
nacian waters, 25,353 pounds from Greek wa-
ters up to November 30, 1960, and 6,173 pounds
from Greek waters during the December-
March 1961 winter sponge fishing season.
(Alieia, a Greek fishery periodical, April1961.)

Greenland

NEW SHRIMP FISHING GROUND FOUND:

In the waters off Narssaq in South Green-
land a new large shrimp fishing ground has
been found. Greenland fishermen are enjoy-
ing record shrimp fishing, according to Dansk
Fiskeritidende (March 24, 1961, issue). The
cutters are landing up to 2,000 pounds of large
deep-water shrimp daily, andanannounce-
ment over the Greenland radio directed all the
shrimp cutters in North Greenland to Nars-
saq. Similarly, it has been necessary tohire
additional shoreworkers in the shrimp plants
to process the increased production. (Fiskets
Gang, April 13, 1961.)

Iceland

ATTITUDE REGARDING THE
COMMON MARKET AND EUROPEAN
FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:

Two interviews with Iceland's Minister of
Commerce published by the newspaper Al-
thydubladid in February 1961 show that Ice-
land has not reached any final conclusion as

64

Iceland (Contd.):

to whether she will join the European Com-
mon Market or the European Free Trade
Association (EFTA), The Minister of Com-
merce pointed out that the very existence of
these trading groups poses an increasingly
serious problem to Iceland which depends
very much on trade for its livelihood. He
declared that Iceland's trading position would
inevitably deteriorate if it continued to re-
main outside either group.

As the Minister explained in the inter-
views, many matters relating to trade in
fish have not yet been definitely decided up-
on within either the Common Market or the
EFTA. He believes Iceland should exert
what influence it can within one of these or-
ganizations to obtain the freest possible
trade arrangements for seafood products.

Although the growth of international trade
has been far faster within the Common Mar-
ket area and the population is greater than
in the EFTA, the Minister pointed out that
the practical possibilities for joining would
be easier in the case of the EFTA than the
Common Market.

He cited the fact that Icelandic Manufac-
turing industries are now run in large meas-
ure under the protection of high tariffs. With-
in the EFTA there was established a preced-
ent for the protection of industry in small na-
tions when Portugal received protectionary
concessions upon joining the EFTA. Nosuch
precedent exists within the Common Market,
however. Likewise in the case of Finland
there was a precedent established for a coun-
try with a large Soviet Bloc trade in its as-
sociation with the EFTA, despite its trade
with the Eastern Bloc. Such an exception
would likewise be necessary in the case of
Iceland,

Once a member, the existence of majority
rule within the Common Market and voting
in proportion to size would mean that Iceland
would have practically no influence within ©
that organization. He said this was why
countries such as Denmark and Norway did
not want to join the Common Market. A
more flexible organization like the EFTA,
therefore, would appeal more to Iceland,

The Minister, in reply to a question,
pointed out that in March 1957, representa-
tives of 6 European states signed the Rome
Treaty on the establishment of a Common

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 7

Market. Parties to this treaty were France,
Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, and Lux-
embourg. According to this treaty, all im-
port duties and restrictions on trade among
the member states are to be abolished in 12
to 15 years and a common import duty is to
be set up in regard to other states. The ob-
jective of this Common Market or federation
is, however, not only to create a big market,
but also to promote political cooperation a-
mong the member states, it being provided
that the leadership of the federation shall be
able to make decisions, by a simple majority,
which will be binding on individual member
states.

To the question: What will be the effect
of this Common Market on the foreign trade
of Icelanders? The Minister stated that: ''It
is difficult to realize this fully as yet, be-
cause those rules which have been adopted
bear first of all upon trade in manufactured
goods, Agricultural produce and fish prod-
ucts are considered to be specially placed in
many ways. It is anticipated that before the
12- or 15-year period is over, the Six-pow-
ers will have agreed upon a common policy
in their agricultural and fishing matters.'' He
pointed out that it is not yet known what that
will be, but until this occurs one cannot say
for sure what effect the Common Market will
have on those countries which supply it with
agricultural produce and fish products. The
Common Market's common duty on fishery
products has already been determined, and in
general, is considered to be very high. Ice-
land's exports to the Six-power area are,
chiefly cured saltfish and stockfish to Italy,
iced fish to Germany, and frozen fish to ~
France. The common duty will cause a con-

‘siderable increase in the import duty. to Ger-

many, Belgium, and Holland, but a decréasé
in the duty to France. The import duty on
saltfish and stockfish to Italy will increase.
The main thing in connection with this change
in duties is that Iceland's position to compete
with producers in the Common Market area
will deteriorate greatly, as they will be able.
to sell duty free within the area, Iceland and
the countries outside the Common Market
will have to bear a high duty. This is espe-
cially applicable to markets for frozen fish.
in those countries as’ the demand is expected
to increase with expansion of frozen foods
distribution. This -will also be of consider-
able importance with respect to Iceland's
saltfish exports to Italy.

With regards to the EFTA, the Minister
stated that shortly after representatives of

July 1961

Iceland (Contd.):

the six countries signed the treaty of Rome,
discussions began within the OEEC, at the in-
itiative of Britain, to the effect that all mem-
ber states of the OEEC ought to set up a so- ©
called European Free Market. But the main
difference between a Free Market and aCom-
mon Market like the one the Six-powers es-
tablished is that in a Free Market the mem-
ber states only abolish duties and restric-
tions in their mutual trade, but do not set up
a common duty in regard to other countries;
on the contrary, the duties remain unaltered
in regard to countries outside the Free Mar-
ket. These Free Market discussions within
the economic cooperation organization broke
up at the end of 1958; France and Britain
could not agree. France did not want to
weaken the strong position it had acquired
within the Common Market and Britain did
not want to sacrifice its autonomy in com-
mercial matters in the measure that France
considered necessary, doubtless not at least
in view of its ties to the Commonwealth. As
soon as discussions within the OFEC ceased,
discussions began among seven European
states on the establishment of a free market
among themselves; i.e., Britain, Sweden,
Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Austria, and
Portugal. The delegates of those states
signed a treaty on the establishment of a
Free Trade Association in November 1959,
The establishment of the European Free
Trade Association is no doubt to be consid-
ered as a counter move to the establishment
of the Common Market, and possibly the ob-
jective was to force the Six-powers to re-
sume talks and to make some kind of agree-
ment. But the European Free Trade Associ-
ation is much smaller than the Common Mar-
ket. The inhabitants of the Seven-powers are
110 millions, but the inhabitants of the Six-
powers are 168 millions. On the other hand,
the national income and foreign trade per
capita of the Seven-powers are much greater
than that of the Six-powers.

In reply to the question: What effect does
the establishment of the European Free
Trade Association have on the foreign trade
of Icelanders? The Minister replied, ''the
duties of the Free Market countries on fish-
ery products are not very high, but they are
lower than those of the Common Market
countries. The problems of agriculture and
fishing within the European Free Trade As-
sociation are the same as those within the
Common Market. They are considered as
being of a special character, and decisions

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

have not yet been made regarding arrange-
ments to be adopted for the trade with fishery
products other than meal, oil, canned fish,
and frozen fillets, but the duties and restric-
tions on trade in those products will be abol-
ished the same as for industrial goods. A
decision on trade in other fishery products

is still uncertain. This decision will largely
depend on what differences there will be in
the relation of producers within and without
the European Free Market to trade in the
area, Although the Free Market provisions
are considered to apply to trade in frozen
fish, it was pointed out that Great Britain did
not commit itself to permitting imports of
more than 24,000 tons a year at the lower
duty, and reserved the right not to let the de-
crease in duty apply to frozen fillets if abasic
change should take place in the position to
compete, for example, owing to increased
fishery jurisdiction."

The Icelandic Minister of Commerce stated
that it could be said that the establishment of
the European Free Trade Association has an
unfavorable influence on Iceland's export trade,
especially its exports to Great Britain of fro-
zen fish, and iced fish, if they were resumed,
and on its exports of saltfish to Portugal. He
said it was difficult to make an exact state-
ment until it is known what rules will apply to
trade in all fishery products within the Euro-
pean Free Market. It is obvious, however,
that the position of those who stand outside
will always be worse than that of those who
are within such combinations as the European
Free Trade Association and the Common Mar-
ket.

The Minister pointed out that originally it
was expected that in the beginning of 1970 the
Six would, in general, have abolished duties
and restrictions on their internal trade and
have established common duties externally.
When the European Free Trade Association
was established in September 1959, it set it-
self a corresponding goal as far as the aboli-
tion of duties and restrictions is concerned,
But after the establishment of the European
Free Trade Association, the Six decided to
accelerate the abolition of duties and restric-
tions. On July 1, 1960, the European Free
Trade Association countries decreased duties
on manufactured goods by 20 percent andthen
adopted special rules to ensure that finished
goods shall not get into the European Free
Trade Association from countries outside the
area, where duties are the lowest. At thesame
time, the internal import quota was increased
by 20 percent. Then gradually duties are to

66

Iceland (Contd.):

be lowered and restrictions abolished accord-
ing to certain rules so that the trade in the
European Free Trade Association area will
become entirely free by the beginning of 1970.
The decision on accelerating decreases in
duties and abolition of restrictions on the
same lines as had been decided in the Com-
mon Market, meant the member states of the
European Free Trade Association have sure-
ly intended to facilitate agreement between
the trade federations, but the decision to has-
ten the decrease-in duties and the abolition of
the restrictions within the Common Market
has no doubt increased the tension. Last
January 1, the Six effected an internal duty
reduction of 10 percent which, according to
the original agreement, was not to be effected
until January 1, 1962. At the same time the
first alteration in duties was made, looking
towards the eventual common outside tariff.
At a meeting in Switzerland last October,
ministers from the European Free Trade
Association countries discussed the possibili-
ties of hastening the implementation of the
decrease in duties and the abolition of re-
strictions, in harmony with the plans of the
Common Market. Britain and Sweden were
probably of the opinion that this was neces-
sary, but Denmark and Norway were against
it. The ministers will meet again in Febru-
ary 1962 and it is not unlikely that they may
determine to hasten the next 10 percent de-
crease in duties and to let it take place July
1, 1962)

The reason for these measures of the Six
is, no doubt, not only that they wanted to for-
tify their position in relation to the Seven,
but also that they wanted to accelerate the
political unification of the countries, which
is of no less importance in the cooperation
of the Six than in commercial cooperation.
Another primary reason is that a great in-
vestment has taken place in the Common
Market area and the sooner the Common
Market becomes a reality, the sooner this
great investment will start to yield profits.

The Minister stated that neither market
has as yet made any final decision on those
items which are of the greatest concern to
the commercial interests of Iceland; i.e.,
what rules shall apply to trade in fishery
products. It is to the best interests of Ice-
land that trade in fishery products be as
free as possible and that its products be sold
where buyers need not pay higher duty on
them than on the same kind of fishery prod-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

ucts already on the market. The Common
Market is bigger, but Iceland exports to the
Free Trade Association have been greater.
The mutual duty of the Common Market will
be higher than the present duties of the Free
Trade Association countries. Iceland's trad-
ing position could be improved more by join-
ing the Common Market than the European
Free Trade Association, but on the other hand,
one should not regard these matters from the
viewpoint of trading interests alone. The
character of the Common Market is entirely
different from that of the European Free Trade
Association, as there is in the Common Mar-
ket not only the question of a business coopera-
tion, but also cooperation in many other fields
as well.

The reorganized OEEC, now known as
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, in Paris, to which the United
States and Canada have now become parties,
will no doubt become a center for discussing
the problems which arises from the forma-
tion of the trade federations. When the new
organization was founded last December, a
decision was made to set up a special com-
mittee within the organization to deal with
fishing; this will greatly facilitate promotion
of Icelandic interests in this field within the
new organization. As regards our facilities
to influence other nations to lower their duties
on fish products, I would mention, the Minister
said, that Icelanders are not members of the
international duty alliance, GATT. At the
same time as we look into the possibilities of
our joining the trade federations of. Western
Europe, we must also consider the possible
advantage of becoming parties to internation-
al decreases in import duties on fishery prod-
ucts. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
March 24, 1961.)

este ale ste ole
= pes Bees eh

FISHERY LANDINGS IN 1960 LOWER: |
Icelandic fishery landings in 1960 for all
species were about 10 percent less thanin .
1959 despite a considerable increase in 1960 |

in the number of new fishing vessels and
heavy investment in gear and equipment. To-
tal landings amounted to 513,744 metric tons
in 1960, compared with 565,618 metric tons
in 1959. The cod catch however, increased
slightly over 1959, and the 1960 haddock land-
ings were nearly double those in 1959, Ocean
perch landings in 1960 were down to only a-
bout one-half the 1959 landings. The 1960
summer herring season failed, and yielded
50,000 tons less than in 1959,

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

Iceland (Contd.):

The over-all decline in 1960 over 1959 in
the value cf the fish catch was about 13 per-
cent. However, the actual value of fish ex-
ports was somewhat higher because of the
large carry-over of fish stocks from 1959
into 1960. Fish exports for 1960 were val-
ued at 2,326 million kronur (US$61.2 million),
compared with 2,256 million kronur (US$59,4
million) for 1959. The purchase of 5 new
trawlers and 53 smaller fishing vessels dur-
ing 1960, the relatively poor fishing season,
and the decline in world prices of fish meal
and oil were particularly difficult for the
country's balance of payments position.

The impact of investment in new vessels
as.against lack of adequate return on invest-
ment was particularly felt in the trawler in-
dustry which experienced its worst year
since the postwar rebuilding of the trawler
industry in 1949. The difficulties of the
trawter industry stemmed, in part, from its
adjustment to abolition of the subsidy and
compensations system scrapped in February
1960, and partially to the poor ocean perch
catch which in 1959 contributed more than
60 percent of the total trawler landings. As
a result, the trend in landings by the motor-
boat fleet as a substitute for trawler landings
was further marked during 1960.

Groundfish Landings by Type of Vessel, January -December 1960

amie nes re ete] 196012 |. 1959"2 | 251958

» (Percentage of Total) .

69.8 | 59.1 50.4
30.2 | 40.9 | 49.6
| 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |

The voluntary ban which Icelandic vessel
owners imposed on landings of iced fishin the
United Kingdom ports, until the fishery limits
question with Great Britain was settled, was an-
other difficulty affecting the trawler fleet. The
voluntary ban continued during the fourth quar -
ter of 1960. However, a number of Icelandic
trawlers were able to obtain reasonably good
prices for fresh fish landed in German ports.
The decline in the availability of quality her-
ring for salting, along with the drop in ocean
perch landings contributed dire¢tly in 1960
to a heavy decline in exports to the Soviet
Bloc countries, as compared with 1959,

The increase in the cad, haddock, and
flatfish landings, however, boosted the value
of exports to countriés other than the Soviet
Bloc compared with 1959, Partly offsetting
this trend was the decline in prices of fish
oil and meal. However, by September 1960,

all carry-over stocks of those commodities
had been contracted for. Production of quick-
frozen fillets dropped considerably when com-
pared with previous years. In 1960, Iceland's
frozen fillet production totaled 53,000 metric
tons; 1959, 95,000 tons; and 1958, 97,000 tons.
In 1960, Iceland exported 64,436 tons of fro-
zen fish worth about 896 million Icelandic
kronur (US$23.6 million), compared with
70,000 tons, worth 964.5 million kronur
(US$25.4 million) in 1959. (United States Em-

bassy, Reykjavik, May 3, 1961.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 59.

ok ok ok ok

FISHERY LANDINGS FOR
JANUARY -MAY 1961 DROP:

Iceland's fishery landings during the main
fishing season (January-May 1961) will be
down about 30 percent from those in the same
period of 1960, the Director of the Icelandic
Fisheries Association, predicted late in April.
He also predicted that the value of the January-
May 1961 landings would drop about 350-400
million (US$9.2-10.5 million) as compared
with the same period of 1960.

The area affected most by the decline was
the Westman Islands, an important production
and processing center, because of a general
strike earlier this year that brought fish pro-
duction and processing to a standstill.

SEhuNe ee HOS

TRAWLERS LAND CATCHES IN
ENGLAND DESPITE LABOR TROUBLE:
Trawler officers at both Hull and Grimsby,
England, have been refusing to leave for the
fishing grounds in protest against landings in
England by Icelandic trawlers. The fishing
vessel officers at Hull ended their tie-up on
April 10, but those at Grimsby remained firm
in their demand that Icelandic landings be
prohibited. However, five Icelandic trawlers
are reported to have landed trips at Grimsby
without incident since the controversy started.

India

EXPERIMENTS WITH
FISH MEAL BISCUITS:

Fish biscuits with 12.5 percent fish meal
have been made in India for trial purposes
with a specially prepared shrimp meal. The
finished product is reported to be very tasty,
soft in texture, and rich in protein. Careful-

68

India (Contd.):

ly prepared shrimp meal contains as high as
70 percent protein, This was mixed with
flour, butter, sugar, baking powder, vanilla
essence, eggs, lemon juice, milk, and salt,
and beaten well. It was then rolled and cut
into shape, using moulds, and baked at 75 o
to 190°C. (347° ~374° BF) ) for 30to 45 minutes.
In one set of experiments, fried fish meal
was used, and in another set, fresh fish meal
was used. The product was similar in color,
flavor, and consistency to the usual biscuits,
and the fish flavor was not at all predominant.
The taste of sugar, and the flavor of lemon
and vanilla completely hid the fish odor, and
organoleptically the fish biscuits were indis-
tinguishable from the usual grain flour bis-
cuits. The product was presented to the
public at Several exhibitions and consumer
acceptance was reported to be good. Al-
though the experiment was only in the labor-
atory stage, it was expected that there should
be no difficulty in expanding operations ona
commercial scale. While the experiments
were done with shrimp meal, any fish meal
carefully prepared will be satisfactory for
making such biscuits. Sardine meal, macker-
el meal, silverbelly meal, and other types
fish meal, were later investigated, and the
biscuits prepared from them were found to
be very tasty. No complicated technique or
apparatus is involved, and the fish meal used
in this preparation is inexpensive and easily
produced. It was reported that even small
bakery owners can produced fish flour biscuits
on a large scale, andthe finished product will
be only as costly as the ordinary brands of
biscuits sold in Indian markets. (Fisheries
Station Report and Year Book, Department

of Fisheries, Madras, India, 1955-1956,
printed in 1959).

INDO-NORWEGIAN FISHERIES
PROJECT TO BE EXTENDED:

Extension of the Indo-Norwegian fisheries
project in the State of Kerala to other mari-
time states of India has been under discus-
sion in New Delhi between a visiting five-
member Norwegian delegation and the Indian
Government.

The move to extend the project reflects
its increasing success as a means of im-
proving the living standards of the fishing
village population of a small area in Kerala
through a broad approach, including vessel

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ViolA 2332 NO wt

"Chinese lift nets" used by fishermen of India at Cochin Harbor,
This is a traditional fishing method in India.

construction and mechanization, development
of improved fish handling and marketing meth-
ods, fisheries research, and health, sanitation
and water supply projects. (United States Em-
bassy, New Delhi, May 18, 1961.)

Japan

BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH FISHERY
CONTROLS IMPOSED:

To control the bottomfish fishery (long-line, gill net, and
trawl) in the Bering Sea, the Japanese Fishery Agency
early this year announced the establishment of six fishing
areas in the Bering Sea and the allocation of these areas
to fishing fleets on the basis of historical record and fishing
objectives. The Agency’s announcement also covered re-
strictions on vessel sizes and catches.

Following the success of four Japanese long-line fleets
operating off the Olyutorski coast in 1960, fishing companies
began announcing intentions of engaging in that fishery. At
one time a total of 37 fleets, with a total catch target of
660,000 metric tons of fish (66,000 metric tons of fish meal
and 175,000 tons of frozen fish), indicated plans to engage in
the Bering Sea bottomfish fishery. Thus, the Fishery Agency
was compelled to impose controls to prevent confusion on the
fishing grounds,

As of March 29, 1961, ten fleets had submitted official
applications, and the consensus was that by mid-April when
all formal applications were expected to be in, the number
would total 27 or 28 fleets.

The Fishery Agency has classified the Bering Sea bottom-
fish fishing fleets into two general groups: (1) fish meal facto-
ryships and flatfish freezer factoryships, and (2) mothership-
type long-line and gill-net fleets. Fish meal factoryships
(limited to four) and flatfish freezer factoryships with previ-~
ous records of operation in the Bering Sea, with the exception
of the Tenyo Maru, which is classified as a fish meal-oil fac-

July 1961

Japan (Contd.):

toryship, have been assigned fishing grounds to the east of
175° W. longitude. Tenyo Maru is licensed to fish ina trian-
gular area extending to as far west as 180° longitude. Freezer
factoryships which have not engaged in the Bering Sea fishery
in previous years are restricted to grounds lying between
170° E, and 170° W. longitude. Mothership-type long-line and
gill-net fleets are restricted to the area lying between 170° E.
and 180° longitude.

Vessels over 3,000 tons are classified as motherships
and only catcher vessels over, 50 tons gross are being permit-
ted to engage in the fishery. Catch restrictions are placed
on halibut, herring, and king crab but the taking of those
species is not entirely prohibited, Salmon cannot be taken
at all.

The king crab factoryship Tokei Maru, 5,386 gross tons,
departed Hakodate on April 1 for Bristol Bay and was expected
to arrive at the fishing grounds about April 10. Her target for
1961 is 80,000 cases of king crab, The three trawlers assigned
to fish with this factoryship departed Hakodate on March 29,
The fleet is expected to on the fishing grounds for 100 days
and is scheduled to return home in mid-July. (Shukan Hokkai
‘Suisan, April 3, 1961.)

The king crab freezer factoryship Shinyo Maru, 5,630 gross
tons, departed Hakodate on April 5 for Bristol Bay. Her catch
target for 1961 is 1.5 millicn crabs and 3,000 tons of frozen
fish. According to latest available information, Shinyo Maru’s
fleet consists of 13 trawlers and that in addition to king crab
she expects to pack 1,500 tons of frozen herring. (Shukan
Hokkai Suisan, April 10; Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokubo, April 5,
TOG Ts) qi CREME TST OS BLD

The freezer factoryship Kaiko Maru, 2,940 gross tons, de-
parted Hakodate on April 7 for the fishing grounds off the
Olyutorski coast, Her fleet consists of seven catcher ves-
sels equipped with trawl, gill-net, and long-line gear, This
fleet was expected to arrive on the fishing grounds around

April 20. (Shukan Hokkai Suisan, April 10, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

The stern trawler No, 50 Akebono Maru, 1,470 gross tons,
is presently fishing in the Bering Sea. Akebono Maru re-
ported that on March 20 she sighted a Russian trawl fleet of
about 60 vessels in the 250-300 ton class and in the 600-ton
class, The Russian fleet was sighted about thirty miles
pense of Unimak Island. (Suisan Keisai Shimbun, April 2,
1961.

The Japanese research vessel No, 19 Taiyo Maru, 276 gross
tons, departed Kushiro, Hokkaido, on March 28 to locate new
bottom fishing grounds along the northern section of East
Kamchatka, Chartered from a large Japanese fishing company,
she will be at sea for about three months. (Suisan Keizai Shim-

bun, April 5, 1961.)

eRe ois mere Nt ns

TWENTY-SIX FLEETS TO ENGAGE IN

BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH FISHERY:

A total of 26 Japanese fishing fleets have officially an-
nounced their intentions to engage in bottomfish operations
in the Bering Sea in 1961. This includes 11 vessels which
recently departed for the fishing grounds or are already
engaged in fishing.

The total 1961 catch target for the 26 Japanese fleets
to fish in Bering Sea bottomfish fishery (in metric tons):
flatfishes 398,000, halibut 34,000, cod 19,000, Alaska pol-
lock 40,000, gin dara or silver cod 11,000, rockfish 25,000,
shrimp 9,000, herring 41,000, others 8,000; total 585,000
metric tons.

In addition to flatfishes, the Japanese fleets will fish
for halibut, cod, rockfishes, and herring. The fleets of
twofirms are also planning to fish for shrimp, and one com-
pany's factorship, Einin Maru, is reported to be equipped
with one shrimp canning line. Although three firms had

Fig. 1 - Japanese factory mothership operating in Bering Sea bottomfish fishery. Processes both fish and crabs.

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Fig. 2 - Stowage of nets and lines aboard the Japanese factory
mothership Shinyo Maru.

investigated shrimp resources in northern waters for two

years and were reported to be formulating plans early this
year to fish commercially for shrimp, it appears now that
only two are following through on their original plans.

The factoryship Einin Maru is being allowed by special
permission to fish in the Bristol Bay area which the Fishery

gy HP

Vol. 23, No. 7 |

Agency had reserved for factoryships with previous records
of operation in Bristol Bay, Einin Maru is permitted to fish
in the area under a clause in the Fishery Agency’s bottomfish
fishing regulations which reads, ‘‘Freezer factoryships with-
out previous records of operation in the Bering Sea shall be
permitted to fish in Areas D and E under special conditions.”’
Einin Maru’s ‘‘special conditions’’ are assumed to be her in-
tentions to fish for shrimp. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 29
and March 31; Suisan Tsushin, April 24; Nippon Suisan Shim-
bun, April 10 and February 24, 1961.)

ok ok ok kk

FIRM HOPES TO FISH SOUTH
OF ALEUTIAN ISLANDS:

A large Japanese fishery firm is reported
to have obtained informal approval from the
Japanese Fishery Agency to conduct experi-
mental fishing operations for herring and bot-
tom fish south of the Aleutian Islands. For
the purpose, the firm plans to purchase a
2,000-ton vessel and convert it to a refrig-
erated vessel,

Two other major fishing companies have
been planning to develop fishing grounds in
waters south of the Aleutian Islands for some
time. The Fishery Agency has not yet taken
a firm stand on this matter, according to
newspaper reports. (Suisan Tsushin, April
21, 1961.)

Editor's note: The above news item ap-
pears to conflict with earlier press releases.
Nippon Suisan Shimbun, March 6, 1961, stated
that the Japanese Fishery Agency does not in-
tend to permit dragging in the area south of
the Alaskan Peninsula. But the latest news

article refers to the area south of Aleutian
Islands, and states that the Fishery Agency

Fig. 3 - A Japanese trawler fishing bottomfish for the mothership Shinyo Maru in the Bering Sea.

July 1961

Japan (Contd.):

has not taken a definite stand to prohibit fish-
ing in that area.

The Japanese Fishery Agency often li-
censes vessels to operate on an experimen-
tal basis.

ena site ole sate:

BERING SEA BOTTOM FISHING

FLEET'S CATCH TARGET FOR 1961:
According to Japanese newspaper reports,

28 mothership fleets with 375 catcher ves-

sels will engage in the Bering Sea bottom

fishery this season. The following catch

targets by fishing area for 24 of the mother-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ral

king crab freezer vessel (catch target--180
tons of king crab) is reported to have caught
473 tons of flatfish, 9.5 tons of cod, 183 tons
of herring, and 50 tons of king crabs. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, May 11 and 18, 1961.)

* ok ok ok Ook

EXPORTS OF CANNED PET FOOD
WITH FISH DROP IN 1960:

Japan's exports of canned pet food (with
fish as an ingredient) in 1960 were less than
half the 1959 exports, the Japanese Canned
Food Exporters! Association reports. Only
273,837 cases were shipped in 1960. Of this
total, the United States received 272,487 cases,
Canada 100 cases, Switzerland 250 cases, and
Hong Kong 1,000 cases.

Catch Targets of 24 Japanese Bering Sea Bottom Fishing Fleets by Fishing Areas 1, 1961

Species

ABCD 2/

Alaska pollock .-
Gindara 4/

19,868

1/Key to fishing areas:
Area A: Between 170° E. and 175° E. longitude.
Area B: Between 175° E, and 180° longitude.
Area C: Between 180° and 175° W, longitude.
Area D: Between 175° W. and 170° W. longitude.
Area E: Area east of 170° W. longitude.
Area F:

Fishing Areas 1/

BCD

Triangular area formed by line extending from Cape Navarin to Aleutian Islands along 180°, east along

Aleutian chain to Cape Sarichef, Unimak Island, and back to Cape Navarin.
2/Catch targets listed under this area represent target ofone mothership fleet (Shikishima Maru, 9,700 gross tons) only.
3/Catch targets listed under this area represent targetofone mothership fleet (Tenyo Maru, 11,581 gross tons) only.

4/Literally translated means silver cod.

ship fleets were published in Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 11, 1961.

Ke OOK OK OK Ok

BRISTOL BAY MOTHERSHIP
FISHERY TRENDS, MAY 1961:

The two Japanese fish meal factoryships
operating in Bristol Bay,.Renshin Maru
(14,094 gross tons) and Kinyo Maru (9,373
gross tons), as of May 18, 1961, produced a
combined total of 4,128 metric tons of fish
meal, 1,048 tons of fish solubles, 10,224 gal-
. lons of fish oil, and 780 tons of frozen fish.
Shinyo Maru (5,630 gross tons) which was li-
censed to fish on an experimental basis as a

The lower exports were due to unusually
poor skipjack tuna and mackerel-pike fishing.
Pet food packing is a byproduct operation,
and the scarcity of fish adversely affected
this industry. Also, Japanese packers were
faced with quality claim problems from buy-
ers during the year which caused them to lose
interest. Also, the drop in the 1960 canned
pet food exports was in part attributed to the
more extensive sale of canned tuna flakes on
the Japanese home market during the year.

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

CANNED FISHERY
PRODUCTS EXPORTS,
FISCAL YEAR 1960:

The Japan Canned Food Exporters Association reported
for fiscal year 1960 (April 1, 1960 to March 31, 1961) that
total exports of canned agricultural, dairy, and fishery
products decreased somewhat from the previous year and
amounted to 13,199,419 cases.

Fishery products made up 67 percent of total canned
products exports and amounted to 8,746,314 cases. Com-
pared to 1959 exports of fishery products, which totaled
9,828,024 cases, 1960 exports showed a decline of over a
million cases, This decline is primarily the result of
smaller packs of canned salmon and canned crab meat.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May 5, 1961.)

Japanese Exports of Canned Fishery Products,
Fiscal Year 1960

Actual Cases

1/ 1,401,294
2,035,192
104,822

Canned tuna‘total, \.. 0,2 c1ers «1s shee. 6 3,541,308

ee it =
Canned saury:

MlnitomatorSauces..c.c eel e cusjele ere) « 339,631
Natural Getcvenscacis (hence oheneusteceteneic 472,367
Others Aeecwncwecrencre encuchouche roe nowelers L 227,764

$e
Cannedisaury total 275 s.c.cere ere tere 1,039,762

Canned sardine:

WntOMAO;SAUCE ve eraeierete ieee) enetecs COL 17,
Naturalieeropegemcc tare etenenedezel onedaetens 2,492
Wthensy/ foc.) causa ene eyetecer anita tec aie 14,636

718,645

Canned sardine total ...........
—

Canned jack mackerel ...........
Canned Pacific mackerel .........
Cannedisal monitercsssdevsdsywele kel cuseltove
Canned crab:

472,378
188,168
1,671,897

Peon SeCr AD ocnotcterstata skates ev equtelaneetens 279,323
HGBONG e2s sites) coe sc a1 2 a: 40e 1 Reve Ow 163,256
TET ia revensucassesciciewouenchevelicycechontns 46,516

489,095

Canned crab total

Canned oysters:

190,019
: 156,192
Broiled 170

Canned oyster total 346,381

Other fishery products 278,680

Grand total 8,746,314

1/Export Canned Tuna Producers Association reported exports of canned tma in oil in
fiscal year 1960 as 1,083, 816 cases.

* kK Ok Kk

CANNED SARDINE SALES IN 1960:

Canned sardines received by the Jap-
anese sales company during fiscal year
1960 (April 1960-March 1961) and their
sales are reported (Suisan Tsushin, April
22, 1961) as follows:

Vol: 23:hNowt
arryover
es ee
Asis hadenle( CASES) vemelss a aeeurenns
Oval No. 1 can, 48/cs. 179, 848

"No.3 " 96/cs.
1, 100/cs.

DELEGATION TO STUDY TONGA
ISLANDS AS POSSIBLE OVERSEAS
FISHING BASE:

Earlier this year it was reported that
Shizuoka Prefecture was sending a delegation
of four members to study likely sites for es-
tablishing overseas fishing bases in the South-
Pacific and Indian Ocean areas. Another del-
egation is making plans to go on a similar
mission to the South Pacific. This delegation
is to be composed of two Diet members from
the Democratic-Liberal Party (one from
Hokkaido; the other from Fukushima Pre-
fecture) and one former Diet member from
the Socialist Party. The group will leave
Japan in June and spend one and one-half
months studying facilities, potential resources,
and fishing conditions in the Tonga Islands.

Tonga, a British possession, is situated
south of Samoa and southeast of the Fiji Is-
lands. Waters in that area are reported to
abound with yellowfin, big-eyed tuna, sar-
dines, octopus, shrimp, sperm whales, etc.
Island natives are reported to be unfamiliar
with fishing techniques. Awareness of Tonga
as a possible overseas fishing base came a-
bout following the commencement of Japa-
nese fishing operations in the nearby Fiji Is-
lands.

The Socialist Party member in the delega-
tion is reported to be interested in establish-
ing an overseas base in Tonga as a means of
revitalizing the sagging distant-water fishing
fleet of Kagoshima Prefecture. (Suisan Kei-
zai Shimbun, April 16, 1961.)

* ok OK KO

EARLY SEASON KING CRAB
CATCH IN BRISTOL BAY:

The Japanese king crab mothership Tokei
Maru's catch for the ten- day period April 12-
22, was reported to be 104,570 crabs (5,951
cases). Tokei Maru encountered bad weath-

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

Japan (Contd.):

se

Japanese king crab mothership Tokei Maru.

for 1960 and January-March 1961 are found
in table. (United States Embassy, Tokyo,
May 23, 1961.)

er until April 17 but the weather improved
after that date and fishing was reported to
have picked up considerable. Tokei Maru
was operating in the vicinity of 56° N. lati-
tude, 163° W. longitude. (Suisan Keizai Shim -
bun, April 26, 1961.)

pn tg ee LO ey
Bee Ed? BS Be

HK OK OK

FISH MEAL FACTORYSHIP COMPANY
AGREES TO DELIVER 14, NY
TONS OF MEAL:

The Japanese fishery finn WHICh hopes to
produce about 26,000 metric tons of fishmeal
with its two fish-meal factoryships, Renshin
Maru and Kinyo Maru, presently operating in

MONTHLY FISH MEAL PRICES,
1960 AND JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Average monthly wholesale prices for va-
rious types of domestic fish meal in Japan

Japanese Domestic Fish Meal Wholesale Prices, 1960 and January-March 1961

Jack Mackerel, 4 Cod
Atka Sardine, and Factoryship , .and
Mackerel Mackerel - Flatfish - Pollock Waste

—

165.83

Source: Japan Aquatic Oil Association.

74

Japan (Contd.):

Bristol Bay, has signed an agreement with
the Japanese National Federation of (Animal
Feed) Purchasers Association to sell 14,000
metric tons of its production to the Federa-
tion. The price will depend on the market
price of Peruvian fish meal at time of deliv-
ery and will be adjusted on the basis of
43,000 yen (US$119.44) per metric ton for
Peruvian fish meal and 52,000 yen (US$144.44)
per metric ton for Japanese factoryship fish
meal. Should Peruvian fish-meal prices in-
crease, as they have already, then Japanese
factoryship fish-meal prices will be raised
accordingly on the basis of these two base
prices.

The 43,000 yen is the price paid in late
1960 for Peruvian fish meal delivered to
Japan. Peruvian fish-meal imports now run
about 57,000 yen ($158.33) per metric ton,
delivery Japan. (Suisan Tsushin, May 1,
1961.)

KOK OAK OK OK
FISH SOLUBLES IMPORTS
CLASSIFIED UNDER ANIMAL FEEDS:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI) announced on April
28, 1961, that henceforth fish solubles will be
placed under the category of animal feed.
This means that those who wish to import
fish solubles must now submit applications
for import licenses to the joint panel com-
posed of the Fishery Agency and Bureau of
Animal Husbandry which acts on all requests
to import items covered under animal feed,
such as fish meal, instead of submitting them
to MITI.

The Ministry has been flooded with a num-
ber of requests for licenses to import fish
solubles and has instituted this new proce-
dure for license application to eliminate fur-
ther confusion in handling such requests.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May 3, 1961.)

pi ed be bi

FISHERY AGENCY APPROVES
CONSTRUCTION OF 496 FISHING VESSELS:
For January 1 to April 24, 1961, the Jap-
anese Fishery Agency has approved the con-
struction of 496 fishing vessels, most of
which are vessels under 40 gross tons.

Tuna long-line vessels approved for con-
struction total 87. This figure does not in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 7

clude a number of vessels, almost all under
40 gross tons, which plan to fish for tuna and
other types of fish. (Shin Suisan Shimbun,
January 1 to April 24, 1961.) Breakdown by
size of the 87 vessels is as follows:

All 39 gross tons
All between 65 to 99 gross tons

179 gross tons

‘All between 239 to 289 gross tons
‘All between 309 to 389 gross tons
408, 434 & 480 gross tons
1,495 gross tons

FISHERY COOPERATIVE TO SHIP
FISHERY PRODUCTS WITHIN
JAPAN BY VESSEL RATHER THAN RAIL:
The Japanese National Federation of Fish-
ery Cooperatives and a Japanese fishing firm
have exchanged memorandums concerning the
transportation of items such as frozen fish
and fish meal within Japan. According to the
memorandums, the fishing firm agrees touse
its vessels to transport frozen fish and fish
meal to different points in Japan from Octo-
ber to December at rates comparable to or
lower than existing rail freight rates. Octo-
ber to December are slack months for the
fishing firm and it plans to use its two freez-
er vessels, Seifu Maru, 8,693 gross tons,and
Shichifuku Maru (size unknown) as carriers.
These two vessels will be engaged in the Ber-
ing Sea bottom fishery during the summer of
1961.

The National Federation of Fishery Coop-
eratives benefits from this arrangement since
its member cooperatives will be able to ship
commodities, mainly saury products, at rates
equivalent to or lower than existing railfreight
charges. The Japanese Government recently
raised rail freight rates and this association
hopes to check the rise in saury meal prices
by resorting to this new shipping arrange-
ment. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 28, 1961)

rE OK A OK OK

NEW FISH SAUSAGE PLANT COMPLETED:
The completion of a new fish sausage-ham
plant in Nagoya in Central Japan was the sub-
ject in the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai
Shimbun of April 23 of two full pages. The
firm operating the plant is affiliated with the
largest Japanese fishery firm, and the new
sausage plant is reported to be the largest of

July 1961

Japan (Contd.):

its kind in Central Japan. The plant is equip-

ped with up-to-date machinery capable of pro-

ducing an equivalent of 100,000 fish sausages
a day.

Daily productive capacity of all fish saus-
age companies affiliated with the large Japa-
nese fishery firm now totals 1,590,000 pieces
of sausages. Compared to this, daily produc-
tive capacity of the second largest fish-
ing company's sausage plants is said to
total 700,000 pieces of fish sausages a
day.

Sei sei ski sci asks

SOVIETS SAY JAPANESE SHOULD
REDUCE NORTH PACIFIC
SALMON CATCHES:

The chief Soviet negotiator at the fifth meeting of the
Japanese-Soviet Commission for Northwest Pacific Fish-
eries on April 29, 1961, said that there was ‘‘no reason why
the Soviet Union alone must be concerned with the preserva-
tion of salmon resources’ in the face of Japan’s ‘‘execes~
sive’’ fishing.

The statement was made at a special interview with
Kyodo News Service held at the Soviet Embassy in Tokyo,
He indicated that he gave the interview in view of the con-
tinued impasse in the fishery talks, which opened in early
February in Tokyo.

The Soviet side has increased its planned salmon haul for
this year by 10,000 metric tons to 80,000 tons and demanded
that the Japanese side reduce its catch correspondingly, al-
though 1961 is a cyclically rich year for salmon migration,
he said,

The Japanese, through ‘‘excessive’’ fishing outside the
restricted zone off Kamchatka, are yearly increasing their
over-all hauls, he claimed.

The 10,000-ton increase in the Soviet haul should be
covered by an equivalent cut in the Japanese haul, he in-
sisted.

The Soviet negotiator had earlier proposed a 50,000-ton
ceiling for the Japanese North Pacific salmon catch this
year in the area covered by the Convention, or 17,500 tons
less than in 1960, The Soviet negotiator said he was opposed
to a ‘‘political compromise”’ through channels outside the
fishery talks.

Meanwhile, the chief Japanese delegate to the fishery talks
charged that the Soviet negotiator was considering only the in-
terests of his own country.

The Soviet negotiator has ‘‘deliberately distorted’’ the con-
clusion of the scientific and technical subcommittee to the ef-
fect that the salmon migration this year is better than last
year but not as good as in 1959, the Japanese delegate said.

In addition, he said the Japanese side has at least agreed to
discuss the problem of restriction of Japanese fishing outside
the present controlled areas, as the Soviets proposed, ‘‘in
view of the importance of the free area for conservation of
the salmon resources,”’

But the Japanese have not yet agreed to expansion of the
restricted zone, the Japanese delegate insisted, The Soviet
negotiator has twisted this Japanese stand too, he added.
(The Japan Times, April 30, 1961.)

Kk OK OK OK OX

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

THIRD LARGEST FISHING FIRM
BUILDS SALMON MOTHERSHIP
AND OTHER VESSELS:

The third largest Japanese fishing firm in
Japan has constructed its first postwar salm-
on mothership (Meisei Maru, 8,335 gross tons),
The vessel has an over-all length of 502 feet,
a beam of 65 feet, and is equipped with three
canning lines, two of them high-speed lines
capable of packing 240 cans a minute.

The same company also has under con-
struction one 1,500-ton trawler to be used in
the Bering Sea bottomfish fishery and sched-
uled for completion in July 1961; one freezer
factoryship of 5,500 gross tons (scheduled for
completion in November 1961) for use in win-
ter whaling and the summer Bering Se2 bot-
tomfish fishery; and 2 freezer-carriers of
1,500 gross tons each to serve as carriers
for salmon and bottomfish fishing fleets and
scheduled for completion in June and August
1961.

Other fishing vessels owned and operated
by the same company include 17 tuna fishing
vessels (total of 9,144 gross tons), 3 salmon
motherships (total 24,400 gross tons), 2 king
crab motherships (10,900 tons), a freezer ves:
sel (1,400 tons), 9 trawlers (4,242 tons), and
4 miscellaneous vessels (396 tons). (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, April 29, 1961.)

HK OK OK HO

AGREEMENT CONCLUDED FOR
EXPORT OF FROZEN TUNA
TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA:

A subsidiary of a large Japanese trading firm together
with an exporting firm recently concluded an agreement
with Czechoslovakia to export 1,050 metric tons of tuna to
that country. Plans call for exporting the amount between
late June and September via Hamburg, West Germany.
Price is $285 a ton delivered at Hamburg.

Czechoslovakia is represented by the Czechoslovakian
Government's trading corporation handling agricultural and
marine products. In view of this, Japan hopes to have an ar-
rangement, such as that already in effect with Yugoslavia,
whereby all exports to Czechoslovakia would be funneled
through one Japanese firm.

Czechoslovakia, by concluding the trade agreement, now
ranks as the third largest importer of frozen tuna in Eu~
rope.

Annual consumption of tuna in Czechoslovakia is not
known but the fact that Czechoslovakia is importing over
1,000 tons at one time shows that a great latent demand ex-
ists in that country. However, the Czechoslovakian trading
firm is expected to withhold concluding further trade agree=
ments until the first shipment of tuna is brought in the coun-
try and the products carefully inspected.

Trade between Japan and Czechoslovakia is on a barter
basis, Japan has imported more products from Czechoslo-
vakia than she exported to that country so no difficulties are
foreseen in exporting Japanese products to Czechoslovakia at

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

Japan (Contd.):

the present time. However, in view of the fact that Czecho-
slovakia has few commodities to export, she will probably not
be able to rapidly increase her imports under the present sys~
tem, Czechoslovakia is reported to have imported small a~
mounts of tuna from Norway and Yugoslavia in the past, most
of which were canned and a small portion smoked, (Suisan
Tsushin, April 19, 1961.)

KON OK OK OK

FROZEN TUNA PRICE TRENDS:

The market for Japanese exports of fro-
zen tuna to the United States has firmed con-
siderably, with albacore selling for $300 a
short ton and yellowfin selling for $250 a ton
and up f.o.b. Japan.

In a March 31 issue of Nippon Suisan, a
Japanese periodical, the following prices
f.o.b. Japan for frozen tuna for export to the
United States were shown: Line-type prod-
ucts: yellowfin $260 a short ton, albacore
$280 a ton; high-seas-type products: yellow-
fin $230 a ton, albacore $270 a ton. This
same issue listed the price of tuna for ex-
port to Yugoslavia as $280 a metric ton for
yellowfin and $290 per ton for albacore, both
c.i.f. prices.

Small amounts of summer albacore were
being landed in April at Shimizu and Yaizu
by the Japanese domestic tuna fleet. Due to
scarcity of fish, albacore was reported sell-
ing for around $350 a metric ton ex-vessel
price and are all being canned, Frozen tuna
buyers are unable to compete at present high
prices, which are expected to prevail for
‘some time, and buyers are not expected to
compete for fish until mid-May when the al-
bacore season reaches its peak. (Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, April 13; Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, April 7 & March 31, 1961.)

ok ok ok OK

FROZEN YELLOWFIN TUNA EXPORTS
TO SPAIN APPROVED:
The Japanese Fishery Agency recently

approved the application of a large Japanese ~

fishery firm to export about 500 metric tons
of frozen yellowfin tuna to Spain by June
through an Italian firm. The Italian firm
will sell the tuna to Spanish canners.

Exports of frozen tuna to Spain have not
been licensedin the past since Spanish can-
ned tuna in brine competed directly with Jap-
anese products sold on the United States

market. However, the Spanish Government
has given its assurances that canned tuna
produced from Japanese-caught tuna will not
be exported to the United States, and it is with
this understanding that the Japanese Fishery
Agency has authorized exports to Spain.
(Suisan Tsushin, May 1, 1961.)

ok ok ok ok

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN OIL FOR FISCAL YEARS, 1958-60:

Data from the Japanese Export Canned
Tuna Producers Association shows that ex-
ports of canned tuna in oil for 1960 (April 1,
1960 to March 31, 1961) amounted to 1,083,816
cases. This represents a reductionof 393,300
cases for the same period in 1959 when ex-

Japanese Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil by Principal Destination,
Fiscal Year 60

Destination

exports totaled 1,477,116 cases. Exports in
1958 totaled 803,814 cases. (Suisan Tsushin,
April 24, 1961.) ;

ok kk ok

CANNED WHITEMEAT TUNA
PACKERS FACE. PROBLEMS IN 1961:

A gloomy picture of the Japanese canned
albacore tuna industry, as it faces the 1961 :-
canning season, is presented in an article
which appeared in the Japanese fisheries
newspaper Suisan Keizai Shimbun (Fisheries ~
Economic News), dated April 14, 1961. Can-
ners face two major problems in 1961, ac-
cording to this article: They are: (1) high °
ex-vessel prices and (2) labor shortages...

The high cost of fish is due to a shortage -
of fish, a condition which has prevailed for
three years. It does not appear that canners
will get any relief from this problem until
the summer albacore season is well under
way, for according to recent information,
small amounts of albacore are now being
landed in the principal Japanese tuna ports
but these fish are selling at premium prices
of 140 yen a kilogram (US$353 a short ton).
The price which canners can pay for raw ma-

July 1961

Japan (Contd.):

terial and yet realize a profit is in the range
of 110 yen a kilogram (US$277 a short ton).

If so, this then means that albacore canners

are presently operating in the red.

The labor shortage which has developed
is due to the wave of general economic pros-
perity which is reported to be sweeping Ja-
pan. In the fishing industry, this wave of
prosperity has been reflected in the upsurge
of new vessel construction, new plant con--
struction, and plant expansion programs over
the past six months. Japanese firms are re-
ported to be offering various kinds of induce-
ments to attract new employees, and tuna can
ners are hard put to compete with offers
made by other industries.

sles le ok
Heisei em eels,

FISHERY AGENCY ANNOUNCES NEW
REGULATIONS FOR TUNA

MOTHERSHIP FISHERY:

On April 18, 1961, the Japanese Fishery Agency an-
nounced new separate regulations for tuna motherships em-
ploying regular catcher vessels and tuna motherships fish~
ing with portable catcher vessels. Significant features of
the new regulations are the establishment of two catego-
ries of tuna motherships; increase in catch quota to 22,900
tons for the ‘‘regular’’ tuna motherships; and elimination
of restrictions on the carrying of portable vessels,

Regular Tuna Motherships: This term applies to mother-
ships over 3,000 gross tons employing regular catcher ves-
sels. Under the new regulations, vessels which have en-
gaged in mothership-type tuna fishing for the past two years
fall under this category. They include four fleets of three
of the largest fishery firms in Japan.

In the past, mothership fleets have been allowed to aug-
ment their total catch quota of 13,600 metric tons with an
additional 9,300 metric tons by agreeing to lay up tuna fish-
ing vessels for specified lengths of time. These two catch
figures, 13,600 and 9,300 tons, have now been combined in-
to one over-all quota of 22,900 tons, which will be distrib-
uted to each of the four fleets on the basis of past records.
However, the old system of augmenting the established quo-
ta by agreeing to lay up fishing vessels for specified lengths
of time is still in effect. The primary difference is that
more teeth have been put in this clause. Tuna mothership
fleets, if they wish to augment their regular quota, must
make definite arrangements to actually take out fishing ves-
sels from the tuna fishery. Length of time that a particular
fishing vessel would be laid up would depend gn its size,
and the equivalent amount of tuna which that vessel theoreti-
cally could catch but did not because of being laid up would
represent the amount by which that tuna mothership fleet
could increase her established quota.

Fishing areas are the same as before, Fleets are re-
stricted to the following areas: North of the equator~~area
east of 170° W, longitude; equator to 25° S. latitude--area
east of 170° E, longitude; and south of 25° S, latitude--area
east of 160° E, longitude. However, in the authorized fishing
area lying to the west of 170° W. longitude, which would be
the area below the equator, only two fleets will be allowed to
operate at any one time.

As before, medium-class tuna vessels (over 40 gross tons
but less than 100 gross tons) and distant-water fishing vessels

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ae

less than 200 gross tons are permitted to engage in this fish-
ery. However, motherships fishing in the area to the east of
170° W. longitude can employ catcher vessels up to 240 gross
tons. Use of portable fishing vessels is not permitted for
motherships in this category.

Motherships are required to report their daily noon posi-
tion and daily total landings (catch by species, pieces, and
pounds for the fleet), as well as numbers of vessels which
landed fish during the day, to the Japanese Fishery Agency
Director without delay. Catcher vessels must submit daily
reports to the Fishery Agency inspector on board the mother-
ship showing their noon position, effort (amount of gear set),
and catch (by species, pieces, and pounds),

Portable-Vessel-Carrying Tuna Motherships: Mother-
ships in this category are limited to authorized distant-water
tuna fishing vessels which will be allowed to carry two or
more portable fishing vessels of not more than 20 tons each.
For each portable vessel one distant-water fishing vessel
must be withdrawn from the fishery and for every two port-
able vessels 50 tons of distant-water fishing vessel rights
must be put up as replacement. The unused tonnage of
distant-water fishing vessels withdrawn from the fishery for
replacement purposes can be used to enlarge medium and
distant-water fishing vessels. It is believed that this unused
tonnage available for replacement purposes will help accel-
erate the conversion of medium~class tuna fishing vessels to
larger distant-water fishing vessels. Even if motherships in
this category carry only one portable fishing vessel, they
must still retire one distant-water fishing vessel and put up
50 tons as replacement.

Under the old regulations, distant-water fishing vessels
were allowed to carry only one portable fishing vessel. Such
vessels as may have operated with portable fishing vessels
in the past are covered under special provisions whereby they
are required to retire one distant-water fishing vessel from
the fishery and put up 25 tons of this vessel for a second port-
able vessel. The unused tonnage would be disposed of in the
manner stated earlier. According to the Fishery Agency, a-
bout 15 vessels are affected under this ruling. Tuna mother-
ships in this category will be permitted to fish in the Atlantic
Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Eastern Pacific (east of 130° W,.
longitude), Catch cannot be transported by vessels other than
the mothership itself, and applications to engage as portable-
vessel-carrying tuna motherships must be submitted by May
15. Use of portable fishing vessels is expected to greatly in-
crease the efficiency of distant-water fishing vessels, as was
clearly shown by No. 21 Kuroshio Maru, which was specially
licensed to fish on an experimental basis for tuna with six
portable fishing vessels. Special regulations will likely be
drafted for Kuroshio Maru since the new regulations do not
fit that vessel,

Nippon Suisan Shimbun, April 24, states in its editorial
that it is very possible that the elimination of restrictions
on portable vessels might well herald a day in the future,
possibly two years hence, when tuna motherships will be
carrying as many as 17 or 18 portable fishing vessels. It
is interesting to note that on April 6 even before the new
regulations were announced, one of the large Japanese fish-
ery firms was proceeding with plans to construct a 3,800-
ton portable-vessel-carrying tuna mothership and eight
portable fishing vessels in the ten-ton class, Construction
was to have begun on April 1; target date of completion is
September 15. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, April 24; Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, April 19-21; and Suisan Tsushin, April 6,
1961.)

ok ok ok ok

TUNA LANDING AT YAIZU,
JANUARY-APRIL 1961;

April tuna landings at Yaizu, a major Jap-

anese tuna port, amounted to 13,417 short

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

tons valued ex-vessel at over 1,226,850,000
yen (US$3,407,917), Landings for January to
April 1961 totaled 43,193 tons valued at over
3,840,520,000 yen ($10,668,111). This repre-
sents a decline in landings of 3,524 short tons
from the same four-months period in 1960,
but an increase in value of over 679,560,000
yen ($1,887,667).

Tuna Landings and Ex-Vessel Values at Yaizu, April 1961

Avg. Price/

Values Short Ton

Species Landings

eo ee oe ew
ee

[Pacific mackerel.

Bluefin, yellowfin, and big-eyed tuna land-
ings made up over half of the total landings
for April, and amounted to over 7,000 tons.
Albacore landings totaled slightly over 1,300
tons, about 300 tons more than in the same
period a year ago. Skipjack and Pacific
mackerel landings were down compared to
April 1960 and continued to bring high prices.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 7, 1961.)

Weslo ste se isle
tse eet k

FIRST SUMMER ALBACORE LANDED:

The first landing of summer albacore
was reported at the Japanese port of Shimi-
zu on March 27. One-pole-vessel Kotohira
Maru (120 tons) of the prefecture landed 3.5
metric tons of large albacore and 11 tons of
large skipjack, which were caught around
Nishinoshima, Bonin.

On about the same date, a landing of sum-
mer albacore was also reported at the port
of Yaizu. Japanese differentiate between
winter and summer albacore on the basis
that the albacore live in greater depths dur-
ing the winter and in the summer risecloser
to the surface layer. (Japanese periodical
dated April 10, 1961.)

Sei 3K) 6. 3K Se

COASTAL SKIPJACK AND ALBACORE
TUNA FISHING TRENDS, APRIL 1961:
Skipjack and albacore tuna fishing inareas
near Japan started 10 days later than usual.
Fishing began in mid-April. Fishing for
skipjack was concentrated around 20 or 30

Vol. 23, No. 7

miles off the coast of the central part of Hon-
shu, and the principal fishing ground for al-
bacore was also in nearby waters. It was re-
ported that 7-10 metric tons a day was the
average catch of each vessel fishing.

The schools of skipjack appeared in the
fishing area after April 15. Fish of 3-43
pound size were being caught by hook-and-
line boats. The biggest haul was more than
20 tons a day and the daily average 7-10 tons.

The number of vessels fishing for alba-
core was still small in April and some of
them were reported to have caught some 40
tons a day. Good fishing was expected.

Off the coast of the Izu Peninsula where
bait is sought by fishing vessels of Yaizuand
Shimizu, poor sardine fishing was experi-
enced this year, and the small sardine used
for skipjack hook-and-line fishing could not
be found. Some of the boats had to go to the
southern part of Kyushu to get their bait.

Towards the end of April, 121 tons of skip-
jack were landed by 9 vessels and 43 tons of
albacore by 2 boats at the Yaizu market, and
ex-vessel prices were reported maintaining
their high level. Processors and canners
have been complaining about the shortage of
raw tuna for processing. (Fisheries Econom-
ic News, April 26, 1961.)

RO ry Ue
Ciba era pad pis

SKIPJACK TUNA FISHERY LANDINGS
IMPROVED IN APRIL 1961:

Japanese skipjack tuna fishing, which had
been erratic since the beginning of the fish-
ing season, was reported to have picked up
considerably in the latter weeks of April
1961. New schools of skipjack were located
off Wakayama and Mie Prefectures in Central
Japan in late April and about 30 vessels from
Mie Prefecture were reported concentrated
in that area. The vessels were reported
catching from 4 to 7 tons per day, with a high
of 20 tons a day, of fish averaging 2.2 pounds
in the area 32930' N, and 136°940' E. Most of
the fish were landed in Yaizu, and the vessels
averaged 20 to 30 tons per trip.

Fishing vessels from Shizuoka Prefecture,
numbering over 20, were reported to be con-
centrated on the fishing grounds near the Oga-
sawara Islands (279° N., 142° E.). The ves-
sels were also making excellent catches of
3- to 4$-pound fish, catching from 5 to 10
tons of skipjack per day.

July 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Due to increased landings, the price of
skipjack for the last ten days of April on the
Tokyo Central Fish Market fell 20 to 30 per-
cent from the previous ten days and sold for
as low as 80 to 120 yen per kilogram (US$202-
303 per short ton). During this same period,
Pacific mackerel sold for 53 to 60 yen per
kilogram ($133-$152 a short ton); jack mack-
erel for 50 to 60 yen per kilogram ($126-
$152. a short ton); and sardines, due to their
poor quality, for 40 to 53 yen per kilogram
($101-$133 a short ton). (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, May 3 & 5, 1961.)

ee

THREE NEW CANNED TUNA
PRODUCTS TO BE MARKETED:

A Japanese firm is reported to have com-
pleted experiments on three new kinds of
canned tuna products which are to be sold in
competition with the canned ''Tender Tuna"
placed on the market during 1960.

The three new products packed in vege-
table oil with additional ingredients are called:
(1) "curry tuna'' which contains curry powder
as an ingredient, (2)''vegetable tuna'' to which
tomato soup and potatoes have been added,
and (3) ''sandwich tuna," a paste for sand-
wiches.

The new products were scheduled to ap-
pear on the market-the latter part of April
1961. Packed in flat No. 2 or half-pound
cans, they will sell at retail for ¥60 (16.7
U.S. cents) a can. Production of the new
tuna products at this time is planned ona
trial basis only. (Suisan Tsushin, April 19,
1961.)

sels se se ok
eos sieerctentoe

TUNA MOTHERSHIP FLEET SAILS
FOR SOUTH PACIFIC:

The Japanese tuna mothership Tenyo Maru
No. 3 (3,700 tons) and its catchers sailedfrom
Tokyo for the South Pacific fishing ground as
this year's first mothership-type tuna fishing
fleet. The fleet consists of 45 catchers and 8
carriers and its catch target is 8,000 metric
tons from which 7,150 tons of products are
expected to be processed. Operations were
to begin immediately after the fleet's arrival
at the fishing ground around May 2, and at the
end of August it will leave the sea area fora
Japanese port, arriving there in mid-Septem-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

ber. (Fisheries Economic News, April 24,
1961.)

Eick ettrseeed

METHOD DEVELOPED FOR EXTENDING
"SHELF-LIFE' OF TUNA SASHIMI:

A Japanese from Kesennuma, Miyagi Pre-
fecture, is reported to have developed a meth-
od of preserving tuna sashimi (thinly-sliced
raw tuna) for a period of over a week. Ordi-
narily sashimi does not last more than 2 or
3 days when the weather is mild but his prod-
uct is said to retain its freshness for over a
week. He has achieved this by slicing tuna in-
to sashimi size and treating it witha desiccant
(substance for drying food). Eachslice is pack-
aged separately and flavored lightly with soy-
beansauce. The product canbe eaten directly
as is andcanbetakenalong on longtrips or
servedat parties. The Japanese developer has
had considerable success in food-drying tech-
niques with saury, oyster, Pacific mackerel,
etc., which he sells commercially. He hopes
to improve the quality of his ''instant sashimi"
by conducting further experiments to improve
its flavor. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May 5,
1961.)

Suan eh

ANTARCTIC WHALING PRODUCTION FOR
1960/61 SEASON SETS NEW RECORD:

The seven Japanese Antarctic whaling
fleets during the 1960/61 season set a new
production record with 238,801 metric tons
of whale oil and meat, exceeding that of the
previous year by 37,000 tons. Fish whale oil
production amounted to 101,225 tons; frozen
whale meat, 121,211 tons; and other products,
16,365 tons. (Suisan Tsushin, April 6,
1961.)

NORTH PACIFIC WHALING
OPERATIONS BEGUN IN MAY:

Whaling operations in the North Pacific
by the Japanese began about May 21, 1961,
with the departure of two mothership fleets.
Operations are to be centered in the vicinity
of the Aleutian Islands and both north and
south of the Alaskan Peninsula. There is a
quota of 1,800 sperm whales for the sperm
whale fleet and 800 blue-whale units for the
baleen whale fleet. The two mothership fleets
will be operated jointly by five Japanese fish-
ing companies.

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Typical Japanese whaling vessel operating in North Pacific.

The season will end for the sperm whale
fleet with the return of the sperm whale moth-
ership Kinjo Maru (11,000 tons) on August 13
and the blue whale mothership Kyokuyo Ma-
ru (11,500 tons) on August 26. (United States
Embassy in Tokyo, May 19, 1961.)

Liberia

TUNA FISHERY TRENDS:

An agreement (announced in Taipei on
March 30, 1961) between the Republic of
China and Liberia provides for technical co-
operation on agriculture, fisheries, and in-
dustry.

For fisheries, according to the agreement,
China will send to Liberia a team of special-
ists to work out a plan for the two countries
to establish a joint tuna long-line fishing in-
dustry. Liberia is interested in the employ-
ment of ''skilled and proficient'' Chinese
crews to help develop trawling and purse-
seine fisheries.

A Liberian periodical of March 20, 1961,
reported that Japanese fishing interests un-
der the firm name of ''The Fishing Company
of Liberia'' completed an agreement with the
Liberian Government to fish for tuna and con-
struct a freezing plant at the Free Port of
Monrovia.

Until the freezing plant is constructed, the
firm will use a ship equipped with freezing
facilities for storage of fish at the Free Port.
Already six fishing vessels have arrived and
according to company officials up to 20 ad-
ditional vessels will be brought in consistent
with the planned expansion of this enterprise
(United States Embassy in Monrovia, May 3,
1961.)

Malaya

TUNA CANNING FACILITIES IN PENANG:

The Fisheries Department of the Federa-
tion of Malaya reports that there is only one
fish cannery in the Federation of Malaya.
Other facilities are very small village-type
operations and include shrimp paste opera-
tions and fish salting.

The one cannery, located in Penang, is a
joint Malayan-Japanese venture. The cannery
was organized in 1959 with pioneer status from
the Government and began operations in Feb-
ruary 1960. It is reportedly considering the
establishment of another cannery in the Fed-
eration of Malaya. Its present output is
limited to tuna products. The main canning
line is 5,000 cases of tuna in soybean oil, 10
percent of which is flakes and 30 percent
chunks. It also produces about 400 pieces of
tuna sausages per day. The company has

July 1961

Malaya (Contd.):

leased the facilities of two other canneries

in Penang. Those two canneries are under
contract to process the tuna output of the Ma-
layan-Japanese firm at least until the new
canning facilities are erected. The two leased
factories, however, are believed to be en-
gaged in the canning of their own products,
chiefly fruits, in part of their facilities and
on their own account.

All of the pack of the Malayan-Japanese
firm is sold for export to European countries.
The management reports that it has not been
successful in developing a market for tuna
products in the Federation of Malaya. (U.S.
Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, April 24, 1961.)

Morocco

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1961:

The first quarter of the year is not a par-
ticularly active time for the Moroccan fish-
ing industry. During this period in 1961, a
law defining maritime terms and regions was
published, and various groups met to discuss
Moroccan fishery problems, Efforts to in-
crease fishery products exports appeared to
meet with some success as indicated by the
higher 1960 exports.

Morocco's 1960 marine fish catch amounted
to 161,680 metric tonsl/ valued at 61 million
dirhams (US$12.1 million), The catchincreased
10 percent over the previous year, but was
less than the 1958 production. The leading
species was sardines, of which 119,250 met-
ric tons were landed, compared with the 1959
catch of 103,880 tons. Safi was the leading
port with sardine landings of 77,290 tons.
The species which followed in importance on
the basis of value were mackerel and tuna.
Landings in Agadir dropped 40 percent due

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

to the earthquake that destroyed most of the
city in February 1960.

As in the past, about 70 percent of the com-
mercial fish catch was canned, Most of the
remainder was processed into byproducts,
except for small amounts frozen for export.
Only about 9 percent of the total catch was
consumed on the local market.

Exports of fishery products in 1960 showed
general improvement as compared with pre-
vious years, but were lower for fish meal and
tuna, (See table.)

A law published in February 1961 modified
the basic maritime and fishery regulations by
setting up nine coastal districts, and by de-
fining types of navigation according to ports
called and distances traveled. These modi-
fications have little significance except that
it is anticipated that they will form the basis
for later regulations.

Two groups interested in the fishing indus-
try met during the first quarter of 1961. A
Casablanca committee of fishing boat opera-
tors met with Government officials in Febru-
ary to discuss topics of current interest. The
percentage of foreigners in the crews was to
be kept at an absolute minimum; and it was
asked that fishing vessels aiding boats in dis-
tress be paid more to compensate for the catch
lost. It was recognized that the outfitter had
the right to choose the captain of the vessel. A
meeting of all groups inthe country concerned
with fisheries met at the end of March. A-
mong the problems discussed were the price
of fuel, and the modification of the contracts
‘between the boat owners and the factories.

Efforts to expand exports, particularly of
canned fish, are continuing through trade agree-
ments and publicity. Canned fish have figured
in the bilateral trade agreements concluded
during the quarter, including one made with
Cuba. Inaddition, a publicity campaign to help
sell sardines inthe United States is being con-

Moroccan Fishery Products Exports, 1958-1960

QUANTITY

Sardines. .

93, 668
Tuna

10, 126
8, 436

18, 515
2,001
1, 667

71,704
9,950
4, 094

14,1714
1,966
809

62, 401
10, 218
2, 230

136, 348 26, 949 119, 924 23, 700 100, 075 19,777

1/Revised.

82

Morocco (Contd.):

ducted, although shipments fell off from 50,675
cases in1959to 46,196 cases during 1960. With
the high price received for Moroccan sardines
in France under a duty-free quota system, low-
er prices on sardines shipped to the United
States can be accepted. Also, when foreign
currency is earned, the Moroccan Govern-
ment grants licenses for the import of United
States goods which generally bring higher
profits. (United States Embassy in Rabat,
April 27, 1961.)

COD FISHERY TRENDS,
JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

Norway's landings of mature and young
cod this year through April 22 totaled 97,212
metric tons as compared with 87,839 tons in
1960. Most of the landings were dried un-
salted, with the balance sold fresh or salted.

Norway

Norwegian Landings and Utilization of Mature and Young Cod

1961 1960 1959 1958
to 4/25] to4/19

Utilization
to 4/22] to4/23

alte) olvemen (Metric: LOnS) ity terete

24, 686 | 29, 810
Fresh market and forfillets | 21,013

Total Landings... . | 97,212 | 87,839 | 109,056] 89, 813

The Lofoten cod fishery season ended of-
ficially on April 24 with 41,664 metric tons
with an ex-vessel value estimated at about
Kr. 45 million (US$6.3 million). This was
considerably better than in the 1960 season
when fishermen landed a total of 37,387 tons.

At the height of the season only 8,878 men
took part in the Lofoten fishery. This is the
lowest participation since the State inspec-
tion service was started in 1880. Only once
before, in the record year of 1947, have
crews on fishing vessels received a larger
share per man, mainly because of a surpris-
ingly big catch, record high prices, and low
participation,

The Lofoten season provided a good start
for producers of sun-dried cod. With con-
tinued good landings, exports of sun-dried
cod this year may reach a value of Kr. 39
million ($5.4 million).

The spring season off the coast of Finn-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

mark looked quite promising in April. The

Vol. 23, No. 7

catch from that fishery through April 24 was
well over 27,000 tons, including 24,000 tons
of cod, At the same time last year the catch
was less than 20,000 tons of which cod ac-
counted for 16,000 tons. (News of Norway,
May 11, 1961; Fisket Gang, April 27, 1961.)

EXPERIMENTAL TUNA FISHING
OFF WEST AFRICA FAILS:

The six Norwegian fishing vessels which
left Alesund last fall for West African fishing
grounds to attempt tuna fishing on a large
scale, have abandoned their project and re-
turned home.

The fleet included the fisheries research
vessel Johann Hjort, and the refrigerated
transport vessel Caribia,

It is learned that the voyage, which was a
trial run guaranteed by the Norwegian Govern-
ment to owners and crew, was a failure.

Tuna were scarce and the owners expressed
themselves as ''disillusioned as to the pros-

The Government guarantee has therefore
been terminated. (Fishing News, April 7,
1961.)

te gle gle ole
Sere ae

FIRST. FACTORYSHIP
TRAWLER DELIVERED:

Norway's only factoryship trawler, the
M/S Havkvern II, was delivered in December
1960 to her owners in Bergen.

Built in Holland during the last war for the
German Navy, the ship was sunk, salvaged
after the war, converted for trawling, and
given the name of Kelt. After an engine break-
down the trawler was sold to her present own-
ers and has now been completely reconstructed
into a modern factoryship trawler. The ves-
sel is 202.4 feet over-all in length, has a 30.0-
foot beam, and a depth of 15.8 feet.

Havkvern IJ is a starboard trawler and
equipped with a 4-stroke, 8-cylinder Diesel
engine, developing 1,250 hp. at 325 r.p.m.
In addition, two auxiliary engines have been
installed, plus a hydraulic winch and a steer-
ing engine. The trawler has two echo sound-
ers, radar, and navigator. It is also equipped
with machinery to manufacture fish meal and
oil.

July 1961

Norway (Contd.):

The factoryship trawler has a fresh-water
generator and a skinning machine.

The freezing equipment (Freon 22) makes
it possible to reach low temperatures with
one stage. In the brine-cooled fillet freezers
a temperature of -40° C. (-40° F.) is used,
while the refrigerating room is based on di-
rect evaporating and holds a temperature of
-200 C, (-4.09 F.). The refrigerating room
has a capacity of 125 metric tons of fish fil-
lets. (Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News,
vol. 7, no. 4, 1960.)

ok ook Kk OK

GOOD PROSPECTS FOR
DEVELOPING TUNA FISHERY:
Considerable shoals of bluefin tuna visit
Northern European waters for about three
months every Summer. Details of recap-
tured specimens originally tagged in Nor-
wegian waters indicate that the schools come
from the Mediterranean, and that their visit
to northern waters is merely a wild hunt for
food. There migratory tuna prey on schools
of fish like herring, sprat, and mackerel, and
are also a dangerous enemy of the salmon.

Norway catches most of the tuna landed
by North Sea countries. According to the
Food and Agricultural Organization's fish-
eries statistics, Norway's landings were
3,004 metric tons in 1958, while Denmark
landed 200 and Germany 400 tons.

Before 1947, the Norwegians caught about
200 tons of bluefin a year by harpoon hand-
guns. In 1948, successful experiments with
tuna purse Seines persuaded several fisher-
men to take up this method, which resulted
in landings of 2,563 tons in 1949. The bright
reports of good earnings encouraged many
skippers, and a record gross take of 11,480
tons was landed in 1952, while a record value
was reported in 1955, when 352 purse-seine
outfits divided 10,423 tons and almost
£850,000 (US$2.4 million) between them.
The peak period, which ended in 1955, was
succeeded by a decline which has been
due tothe peculiarities of tuna behavior rath-
er than scarce stocks.

The following table showing Norway's
rather short tuna fishing history suggests
it might be relatively simple to maintain a
stable tuna fishery.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

Norway's Tuna Landings, 1949-1960

Outfits Making
Landings

Landings Value

1/Data unavailable.

Differing results between vessels are com-
mon to all fisheries, but in Norway, tuna fish-
ing has been subject to violent fluctuations.
The table shows a decrease in participation
from 433 outfits in 1954, to 86 in 1960. (An
"outfit'' consists of the three boats necessary
for tuna purse-seining.) Persevering owners
have, however, bought several of the big seines
for repair with the result that no new tuna
purse seines have been made in recent years.

Since 1955, the weather has been a limiting
factor, as the shoals have remained in the
open sea instead of driving into sheltered wa-
ters as they did during the peak period. The
main difficulty is, however, the behavior of
the tuna itself.

The tuna usually arrive in Norwegian wa-
ters in July. They appear anywhere within
the 800 nautical miles between Haugesund and
Tromso, where the shoals may stay in an arez
for a day, moving on again the next--faster
than any vessel can steam.

Considering the impossibility of hunting
the fish over such a vast field, and also be-
cause of the idle days due to bad weather or
no fish, the fishermen have found it best to
operate from central bases, The experience
gained during these years shows that certain
areas offer better possibilities than others,
and it may be mentioned the tuna catch off
Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland amounted to
65 percent of the total landings in 1958, and
90 percent in 1960. The fishing north of this
area has, with a few exceptions, been gener-
ally poorer, and in the south, along the Skag-
errak coast and in Oslofjord, it has been only
incidental. Several schools have, however,
been seen every year.

In 1960, 86 purse-seine outfits landed
3,240 tons of tuna; 9 were without any catch

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

at all. Of the mentioned outfits, 34 were
based south of Stad, or in the vicinity of the
season's main fishing field. Their average
catch was 56 tons valued at $14,560, which
indicated reasonable average earnings, but
the catch varied between boats--one had less
than 5 tons. The most successful outfit
caught 240 tons valued at US$61,600. After
deduction of operational costs, the crew were
entitled to 50 percent of the proceeds which
means that each member would receive
$2,800--a good income for less than 3 month's
work. (The 1960 season began on July 16 and
ended on October 8.)

To get withinfishing distance of the schools
is a difficult part of tuna purse-seining. The
fish are always moving at a speed governed
by the type of food for which they are hunt-
ing. They are said to swim comparatively
slow when after herring, faster for macker-
el, and the fastest when their prey are few,
or none. The end of the season is usually
characterized by the virtual impossibility of
getting within fishing range. This is a natur-
al phenomenon as in the autumn the bait
shoals are few and take to deep water be-
cause their food source--the plankton of the
surface layers--is exhausted,

The Norwegians use a tuna purse-seine
net of about 350 fathoms in length, 40 fath-
oms in depth on the wings and 50 fathoms in
the center of the bag. Mesh size is 7.9 inch-
es. An outfit consists of a deck purse-seine
vessel of 60 to 70 feet, and an auxiliary ves-
sel of about 50 feet, with a powerful engine.
The purse seiner has also an open motor
boat ("arm" or "ear'' boat) for making the
purse, and the auxiliary's task is to hold the
purse seiner against the wind or clear of the
net. The complement for both the vessels is
10 to 12 men.

Speed and precision are highly essential
in shooting and hauling the net. The difficul-
ties end when the net has been retrieved
since the shoals can only swim in the bag.

As all tuna scouting is by eyesight, the
purse seiners are fitted with a foremast
lookout nest. A plane is also chartered for
scouting and costs the fishermen only about
a fraction of a cent per pound landed. (World
Fishing, December 1960.)

Note: Kroner values converted at rate of 7.15 kroner equals
US$1,
2 ok ok ke ok

Vol. 23, No. 7

MULTIPURPOSE FISHING
VESSELS PLANNED:

A new type of combined stern trawler-mid-
water trawler-purse seiner is to be built in
Norway after nearly two years! research in
cooperation with fishermen, the Trondheim
model testing tank, and a Scottish firm, pio-
neers of stern-type factory-trawlers. For
purse-seining, the vessel will be fitted with
power blocks,

These triple-purpose vessels will be 151
feet long over-all, with a moulded beam of
28 feet and loaded draught of 14 feet 6 inches.
Fish hold capacity will be 10,000 cubic feet,
meal tanks 2,000 cubic feet, and 30 tons of
fish oil will be carried in the double bottom.
Two continuous decks will provide sheltered
space for sorting, cleaning, and gutting the
catch, and there will be access to all parts of
the vessel without crossing the open deck. A
crew of 20 will be accommodated in single or
double cabins, and facilities will include two
large drying rooms for the crew.

The vessels will be fitted with a variable
pitch propeller encompassed by a nozzle rud-
der. Estimated cost of building these vessels
in Norway is about US$497,000. (Australian
Fisheries Newsletter, March 1961.)

Peru

FISH OIL PRODUCTION AND
EXPORTS, 1955-60:
If Peruvian fish oil production in 1961

-reaches 67,000 short tons, as tentatively

forecast, almost 60,000 tons will be avail-
able for export this year.

Exports of a record 38,584 tons in 1960
were twice the previous record of 18,921 tons
in 1959 and 7 times the 5,503-ton average of
1955 through 1959. Data on 1960 exports by
destination are not available. In prior years,
however, Western Europe received practical-
ly all of Peru's fish oils.

Peru's Production and Exports of Fish Oil, 1955-1960
Production Exports

(Short Tons). ...
38,584

18,921
1, 811
4,781
1,897

102

July 1961

Peru (Contd.):

The rapid rise in exports of fish oil re-
flects a similar increase in production. Do-
mestic consumption has increased but more
slowly than exports. In 1960, domestic con-
sumption was estimated at about 8,000 tons
against 1,200 tons in 1955. (Foreign Crops
and Markets, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, April 10, 1961.)

BS EI Erb

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1961:

The improvement in fish meal prices was the most
important development in Peru’s fishery industry during
the first quarter of 1961. From an average of about US$56
per short ton in January f.o.b, Peruvian ports, prices rose
to nearly $72 in March. There were reports that so-called
‘floating parcels’’-~shipments en route to Europe, whose
buyers were willing to sell--were being quoted at $117 a ton
in early April. There were also rumors that speculative
elements of the fish meal trade which made forward sales
of Peruvian fish meal at the low 1960 prices were having
difficulty covering their contracts.

A Peruvian marketing organization, whose membership
consists of fish meal producers representing approximately
90 percent of the total Peruvian fish meal production, began
operations on February 15, 1961. All fish meal exports
from Peru except those of the non-member producers are
handled by the newly formed organization on a quota basis,
and the recovery of prices would appear to indicate that its
operation has exercised a favorable, steadying effect on the
industry. Information has not been made public regarding
quotas assigned to each producer, nor the quarterly division
of the 600,000 metric ton limit placed on Peru’s fish meal

Frozen Fish: i

Skipjack tuna. .essceeceoe
Othenjtimarinazersveleveterensielere
SWOLrdhsl Were ch steve otereneletere
Shrimp (langostinos) .. eee.

Canned Fish:
Bonito... cc ccce coc ce ce
SE Gocco d Gos o0UD

Total canned fish... cece.

Fishery Byproducts:
ushiinlead ie ertetele eversteretets
ELSI Ol Uretetiouererenclesetereliorene
DELI Olle wanereselehareleysloiere
Whale meal. ...2.6

1/F.o.b. values,
Source: Statistical Department, Callao Customhouse,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

exports for the current year as a result of the international
meeting of fish meal producers in Paris last October, It is
understood that the quarterly quota is related to the seasonal
availability of anchovy, that is, it would be larger during a
season of heavy fishing. Further, quarterly quotas for
individual producers, particularly during the initial period
of the organization, are understood to be flexible enough to
take care of forward contracts,

x SUPE®, HUACHO oO

CHANCAY @ puCUSANA

Fish-reduction plants,

Two new fish meal processing developments have occurred
in Peru, Two producers, one at Supe, the other at Chimbote,
are using steam-drying equipment in new installations, which

86

Peru (Contd.):

is considered to result in a better product than that from flame~
drying equipment. A large new plant on the shore just north of
Callao, which installed equipment to recover residues from
stickwater, previously wasted, is now making ‘‘whole’’ fish
meal--dry solubles are added to ordinary fish meal to increase
protein content to a guaranteed minimum of 70 percent. The
producer is preparing to have the product tested in actual use
in poultry and animal feeds,

Peruvian fish meal producers are not without their problems
at this time. Air pollution from plants in the Lima metropolitan
area has been a perennial problem for a number of years, and
it has intensified as the number of plants has increased, The
odors which are particularly noticeable under certain atmos-
pheric conditions, have caused many complaints, some of which
have even resulted in alleged illness, Numerous governmental
and municipal actions have been taken in recent months to re-
quire plants to install deodorizing equipment, and many have
done so, One governmental action prohibited operations between
5 and 9 a.m., so as to reduce the volume of-fumes emitted. A-
bout mid-March, the Government took action to fine and/or
close plants which had not complied with the regulations re-
quiring the installation and operation of deodorizing equipment.
Moreover, there has been a proposal to relocate the approxi-
mately 35 fish meal plants in the Lima-Callao area. Employed
by a Government-appointed industry committee, a French ex-
pert was brought to Peru early in April under a $7,000, 90-day
contract to attempt to locate a site for a fishing port to which
the plants may be moved, The search for a solution to the
problem is being continued. It is understood that the tempo-
rary closing of a number of plants had no significant effect on
fish meal production. Many of the plant closures took place
during a period of reduced fishing.

In third position among Peru’s leading exports during the
first nine months of 1960, fish meal was displaced by sugar
which ranked third for the full year, as a result of increased
sugar exports in response to the expanded United States sugar
quota, For the full year of 1960, fish meal exports of 507,000
metric tons were valued at 1,056.4 million soles ($38.7 mil-
lion), an 83-percent increase in quantity and a 23-percent in-
crease in value over 1959. The 1960 exports of other fishery
products varied in comparison with 1959. There was a 33-
percent increase in exports of frozen skipjack tuna, but a
60-percent drop in shipments of other frozen tuna, Peru's
shrimp exports increased 50 percent, but canned bonito was
sown de percent. (United States Embassy in Lima, April 11,
1961.

Philippines

U.S. FRESH-WATER FISHERY EXPERT
TO ASSIST IN ORGANIZING
LIMNOLOGICAL LABORATORY:

The Chief of the Lake Erie Fishery In-
vestigations for the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries was at the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization (FAO) headquarters during
March 1961 for briefing before beginning a
year's assignment as an FAO fishery expert
in the Philippines. He was scheduled to leave
for Manila early in April.

As a limnologist, he will assist the Philip-
pine Government in organizing the work for
a limnological laboratory which is under con-
struction. He will also conduct fishery and
limnological investigations of inland Philip-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

pine waters. Limnology is the study of the
physical, chemical, and biological conditions
of fresh waters.

Portugal

FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1961:

By April 15, 1961, practically all of Portugal’s cod hand-
line sail and motor vessels had departed for the Newfound-
land Banks. Most of the cod trawlers had left in late Jan-
uary and early March, Preliminary reports received from
the trawlers on the Banks indicated that fishing may be
better this year than in the 1960 season,

Sardine fishing was in its closed season from January 15
to April 15, Exports of canned sardines during January-
February 1961 were about 20 percent less than in the first
two months of 1960, with Portugal’s three principal custom-
ers, the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom,
all taking less, Total canned fish exports also fell off, al-
though exports of anchovies showed some improvement in
both quantity and price.

a
Table 1- Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, Jan.-Feb. 1960-61

January-February
1960
Value 2/

January-February
16
Value 1/

Product

Metric
Tons_|Escudos
Sardines... 6,886 | 113,427

806
224
178

20,046
5,123
2,956

\Anchovies, . :
PDsUtla tose tetra
Other a

Total... ..| 8,094] 141,552] 4,902 ie) le fait
1/Values converted at rate of 28.87 escudos equal US$1 a =
2/Values converted at rate of 28.79 escudos equal US$1 for Jan. cFebs cea

Landings in 1960 of sardines and anchovies, and production
and exports of canned fish reflected a good production year for
sardines, but production of anchovies fell off from 1959, Ex-
ports cf canned sardines in 1960 declined from the 1959 level,
but prices paid were higher. Anchovy exports in 1960, as com-
pared with 1959, declined in both quantity and value,

Exports of canned tuna from Portugal have been increasing
in the past few years, but remain small, with 224 metric tons
exported in January-February 1961 as compared with 211 tons
‘during the first two months of 1960.

An innovation in the Portuguese sardine canning industry will
be the introduction of aluminum cans within the next year or so.
Two Portuguese canneries and a Canadian aluminum company
are establishing a plant near Matosinhos which will have an
initial production of 12 million cans, The new firm is capita~
lized at US$35,000. The aluminum sheet for these cans may
eventually come from a rolling mill to be built near Lisbon,

Late in 1960 Lisbon’s new fishing dock (now under con-
struction at Pedroucos) was leased to a new firm. Some fur-
ther details on this dock, recently published, give the total
enclosed area as 17,940 square yards, of which 8,372 will be
for sorting, displaying, and salting of fish and the remainder
for commercial, administrative, and other installations. A
separate covered area of 1,435 square yards will be for un-
loading sardines and other fish. The unloading quay running
in front of the building will eventually be 622 yards long and
there will be an additional 837 yards of quay for other purposes.
The cost of installations at the dock is estimated at US$1.4
million and the number of personnel to be employed is esti-
mated at 700-800. (United States Embassy in Lisbon, April 17,

mo) ‘oo00000000

July 1961

South-West Africa

FISHERY TRENDS FOR 1960:

South-West Africa's 1960 fishing season
at Walvis Bay and Luderitz was very suc-
cessful. The total pilchard and maasbanker
catch quota of 310,000 short tons landed in
1960 yielded 55,122 short tons of fish meal,
14,905 long tons of fish oil, and a record
pack of 4,713,474 cases (48 lbs. each) of
canned pilchards. The total value of the
1960 production at the manufacturers! level
was estimated at over 25 million S. A. rands
(US$35 million), compared with an estimated
16.6 million rands ($23.2 million in 1959),
The entire 1960 fish meal and fish oil pro-
duction was sold, Fish meal production,
however, still is not profitable due mainly
to Peruvian competition, but profits from
the sale of fish oil were reported to closely
balance the fish meal losses. The real prof-
its in 1960 came from the canneries. The
year 1961 is expected to be another good
year in sales of canned fish.

Table 1 - South-West Africa's Production of Sardine (Pilchard) and
Spiny Lobster Products, 1959-1960

| ___Production —-_|
1960
ef ee (Short. ons) ec 2 16

114,034
55, 122
16, 694

502.7
2, 478.3
2, 386.5

Frozen i\tailsi.sietels) ss sles 0 one
Meal... 5

The South-West African pilchard industry
is not affected by the drop in world fish meal
prices to the same extent as the pilchard in-
dustry in the Union of South Africa. The rea-
son is that the fish are caught so close tothe
factories that they can be landed with very
little spoilage, and are of good enough qual-
ity for canning. By contrast, in the Union of
South Africa, the fish are caught so far from
the factories that by the time they are landed,
only a small amount of the catch is suitable
for canning, and the bulk is processed into
meal and oil.

The 1960 spiny lobster season was not as
good as the previous year. The canned and
frozen spiny lobster production for 1960 was
down 51 percent as compared with 1959. In
addition to the pilchard-maasbanker catch,
about 15,000 tons of spiny lobster, snoek,
and other fish was landed. The whitefish
catch amounted to only 2,700 tons valued at

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

230,000 rands ($322,000), or less than 1 per-
cent of the total catch. The most important
single species was snoek of which 1,043 tons
was landed. The 1960 spiny lobster catch a-
mounted to 4,324 short tons. Prices paid to
the boats in 1960 are shown in table 2.

Table 2 - South-West Africa Ex-Vessel Prices
of Selected Species, 1960

Species Short Ton Short Ton

hark, skate, & others .

The South-West African 1961 quota for
pilchard and maasbanker was setat 275,000
tons, and it is expected that as much as
100,000 tons more will be added as a supple-
mentary quota for the year.

The sixth pilchard cannery at Walvis Bay
was scheduled to start operations during May
1961. (United States Consulate, Cape Town,

March 30 and May 29, 1961.)

Note: One South African rand equals about US$1.40,

Spain

BILBAO FISHERIES TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Landings were so heavy during the an-
chovy fishing season which opened March 1,
1961, in the Bilbao area of northern Spain
that members of the fishermen's association
agreed to limit their catches, and insisted on
minimum prices which ranged from 1.75
pesetas a kilogram (about 1.3 U.S. cents a
pound) in Guipuzcoa and Vizcaya to 3.75 pe-
setas a kilogram (about 2.8 U.S. cents a
pound) in Oviedo.

The problem stemmed from inadequate
preserving and processing facilities. During
the 1960 fishing season, many anchovies were
dumped back into the sea when the price
threatened to drop below one peseta per kilo-
gram (75 U.S. cents a 100 pounds). It was
hoped that a new fish-meal processing plant
with a capacity of 50 tons a day will be com-
pleted next year near Bermeo in time to al-
leviate the situation. Additional plants and
refrigeration facilities are needed, however.

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

Spain (Contd.):

General dissatisfaction was reported a-
mong the Bermeo fishing fleet on its return
in March 1961 from the tuna fishing grounds
off Dakar. Catches ran from 65 to 125 tons
per boat, but the fish brought low prices be-
cause of their smaller average size. Re-
ports were that the fleet may not return next
year unless more satisfactory handling meth-
ods can be developed, and refrigerator fish-
ing vessels were used. (United States Con-
sulate dispatch from Bilbao, April 19,1961.)

UNITED STATES AND JAPANESE
TROPICAL ATLANTIC TUNA ACTIVITIES
AFFECT TUNA CANNERS:

An article The Paradox of Spanish Tropi-
cal Tuna,'' which recently appeared in two
fishing industry trade journals, Industrias
Pesqueras and Industria Conservera, deals
withthe concernof the Spanish tuna interests
over recent activities of the Japanese and
United States tuna interests in exploitation
of the Atlantic tropical tuna. The article
describes reported attempts by the Japanese
to operate directly in Spain and recent United
States purchases of tuna from Spanish fishing
vessels as prejudicial to the Spanish fishcan-
ning industry.

According to recent news items, a large
United States canning firm with headquarters
in California purchased during the winter of
1960/61 the catches of the Spanish tuna fleet
fishing in West African waters. Normally
the fleet's catches are purchased and proc-.
essed by Spanish canning plants in the Ca-
nary Islands. These sales to the United
States firm are regarded as representing a
loss to Spain of potential wealth from exclu-
Sive Spanish exploitation of these tuna catch-
es.

A translation of the article published in
the Spanish fishery publication Industrias
Pesqueras, April 1, 1961, follows:

"The increase in the production of species
of the tuna family is a phenomenon of our
times. The development of the tuna indus-
try--fishery and processing--which started
about twenty years ago with the spectacular
operation of California tuna clippers in the
equatorial zone, has been on the increase.
World War II, when the United States (fishing)
fleet became temporarily inactive, helped the

development of the Peruvian fleet, which
had overlooked its privileged position
near the Galapagos--an inexhaustible source

of supply. At the end of the war, the resump-
tion of operations by the Japanese contributed
to the development of the tuna industry in the
Balboa Ocean which has reached an undreamed-
of level.

"Unexpected also were the reactions of the
consumer to the increased supply of canned
tuna. The United States market for canned
foods underwent a great change, and the re-
sults were highly satisfactory for the develop-
ment of the new industry. Consumers in the
United States, Cuba, Switzerland, welcomed
the new food product.

"This movement has affected almost ex-
clusively Pacific tuna. The Atlantic industry,
mainly the European industry, kept to its tra-
ditional routine for over 15 years after the start
of the development of United States and Japa-
nese tuna fisheries. The importance of the
masSive resource and its future possibilities
have been grasped only after a long time, and
the Atlantic tropic included in the usual fishing
zones.

"However, quality was represented by white
meat tuna, which roams our coasts. There
were no large-scale operations, so much to
the United States taste, but there was always
the possibility of increasing consumption, in
the event of increasing catches. It seems that
this moment has arrived, and it is a good idea
to foresee the possible turn of events.

"For some years now the Japanese have
been trying to introduce themselves into the
area of Atlantic tuna. Their fleet based in
Recife (Brazil) is one of the more evident re-
sults of the Japanese industrial development,
in a field that seemed to be reservedto West-
ern countries. It is no secret that an impor-
tant Japanese firm has contacted the Consor-
cio Almadrabero and other Spanish industrial
groups in connection with the use of modern
units inthe capture of tropical tuna and to
process it in factories in the South of Spain.

"These first Eastern steps have not been
overlooked by the large United States can-
neries, The latter control most of the Cali-
fornian fleet, and buy in advance their land-
ings of frozen tuna, but they have not aban-
doned the Atlantic and since 1954 have ex-
tended their plants to Puerto Rico, consider-
ing no doubt the convenience of obtaining close

es

July 1961

Spain (Contd.):

to the source of supply catches of tuna from
the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico,

"The Puerto Rican canning industry is now
receiving important supplies of tuna catches
off Dakar by Spanish 'tuna clippers.’ And the
large United States firms, with which the
Spanish canneries should compete on the basis
of quality, have started an intensive publicity
campaign on the product processed from the
raw material bought from the Spanish fleet
from Bermeo, at prices and in conditions a-
greed upon at the beginning of the last fish-
ing season.

"This episode should not be ignored. Its
economic importance cannot be denied, both
now and in the future. The Spanish canning
industry has reasons to feel uneasy about
this situation,

"Tropical tuna, which was captured dur-
ing the fall-winter period by the small tuna
boats from the Cantabrian, used to be ab-
sorbed by the fish canning plants in the Ca-
naries. These plants were for the most part
branch factories of plants established in the
Peninsula (Spain).

"Foreign competition started at the be-
ginning of the present season, and the large
United States canners secured a new source
of supply for Atlantic tuna. At the same
time they forced Spanish canneries in the
islands into inactivity by depriving them of
a source of supply that they could not re-
place.

"There is no doubt that a difference in
prices influenced this change. Perhaps the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

possibility of foreign competition in the na- |

89

tional market should have been foreseen. In
any case, it is now a question of considering
the consequences that a recurrence of this
situation in future years might have on the
interests of the Spanish fish canning indus-
try.

"It is true that the Americans pay in dol-
lars and pay higher prices than those paid
in other years by the canneries in the is-
lands. But we cannot ignore that the differ-
ence is not insurmountable from the point of
view of the income of ship owners and crew
members. Even less, the fact that the dol-
lar income for the Public Treasury would be
much greater if, instead of selling tuna in its
original state, the finished product were ex-
ported. The latter would, in addition, provide
other advantages such as a greater employ-
ment, the use of national raw materials, etc.

"It will be seen that the subject is an in-
teresting one from the point of view of the
Spanish industry. Because, whatever the
eventual advantage to the fishermen, other
interests should also be kept in mind since
they represent worthwhile enterprises."

KOK OK eK

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS,

JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Fish Exchange: Landings at the Vigo Fish Exchange for
the first quarter of 1961 amounted to 14,387 metric tons, an
increase of 2,419 tons over the first quarter of 1960. The
value of the catch was 156,191,000 pesetas (US$2,603,000),
an increase of 14 percent over the value for the corresponding
quarter of 1960, Catches for the fourth quarter of 1960 were
19,141 metric tons with a value of 170,647,000 pesetas
(US$2,844,000). The average price per kilo for the first
quarters of 1961 and 1960, and for the fourth quarter 1960
were 10.84 (8.2 U.S. cents a pound), 11.63 (8.8 U.S. cents a
pound), and 8.90 pesetas (6.6 U.S. cents a pound), respective- .

ly.
The sardine catch, which represented the largest landings

in the fourth quarter of 1960 with 7,026 metric tons, was mini-
mal during the first quarter of 1961 because of a closed season

Table 1 - Vigo Landings and Average Ex-Vessel Prices for Selected Species

October-December

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Spain (Contd.):

during half of the quarter, Pomfret landings increased sub-
stantially after the disappointing level of the fourth quarter in
1960 but did not approach the level of the previous year, The
past winter’s low landings were, in some instances, attributed
to the system of catch division between vessel owners and the
crew known as ‘‘a la parte.’’ Under this system the individual
crew members keep for themselves, in addition to their share
of fish netted, all they catch with lines individually. It was re-
ported that during the previous fishing season, individual land-
ings by crew members amounted to 80 percent of the total
pomfret landings which made it uneconomical for the vessel
owners to send out the fleet for this species. According to
those sources, the crews, having made relatively good money
during the earlier albacore season, felt no economic pressure
to agree to vessel owners’ demand for a change in the catch
division system in a manner more favorable to the owners,

Small hake prices, as indicated in table 1, were sub-
stantially lower than those in the previous quarter because
of very plentiful supplies. Industry requests for permission
to export frozen small hake to relieve the downward trend of
domestic prices were reportedly refused. It was understood
that the Government prefers that plentiful fish supplies con-
tinue to result in lower fish prices to counteract consumer
pressure from causing price rises in meat.

Fish Canning and Processing: The first quarter of 1961
was a period of seasonally light activity for the fish canning
industry as is normal between the end of one sardine season
in December and the beginning of the next in April. Recent
price increases of 15 to 20 percent for most species of
canned fish sold in the domestic market have reportedly
further reduced sales, already feeling the effects of consumer
resistance to high prices. Canners claim, however, that high-
er raw material costs--principally for imported tinplate, but

Violis 23> Nowa

from competing among themselves for export markets, while
another organization regarded such a step as contrary to prin-
ciples of free trade and to current international tendencies
against price-fixing, While there was general agreement as
to the importance of some sort of single export organization
there still existed a wide range of views within the canning
industry as to how far such an organization should go in at-
tempting to market under a single brand name, or whether
it: activities should be limited to advertising to gain accept-
ance of Spanish canned fish, (United States Consulate, Vigo,
April 19, 1961.)

Note: Values converted at rate of 60 pesetas equal US$1.

2

Sweden

FUNDS ALLOTTED FOR ADVERTISING
OF FISHERY PRODUCTS:

The Swedish Central Office for Fish Prop-
aganda has been granted 100,000 crowns
(US$19,300) for advertising fish during the
fiscal year beginning July 1, 1961. Import
fees levied onfishery products will be used
to obtainthe money. The fund will be adminis-
tered by the Swedish Board of Agriculture.

The Board of Agriculture originally pro-
posed that the money be paid out direct to

Table 2 - Distribution of Landings at Vigo, First Quarter 1961, and First and Fourth Quarters 1960

Shipped Fresh
to

Domestic Markets

Other Processing
(smoking, drying, Local
fish meal, etc.) | Consumption

o iéiiale:.ec0).e: 9 shdnere:ele overs tereu MELTIC TONS) 105 1s: c. vee, eters tetouevereseeronetenererene

{Ist Quarter 1961 .....0.--0000
Ati Ouartersl 96 Oisicis:eccie cece eXe ene .e
dstiQuarter, L960) cys tsceeysrcuers)-ejsre

also for some species of fish and shellfish and for olive oil--
made the increased prices mandatory.

Exports of Canned Fish: A questionnaire concerning fish
products exports was circulated during the first quarter by
the Ministry of Commerce to various organizations with an
interest in the subject. Replies submitted from Galicia
recommended various measures to develop Spanish exports,
including: (1) renovation of the coastal fishing fleet which
supplies most of the species processed; (2) adoption of
modern fishing methods common in other countries; (3)
importation of up-to-date equipment for the fleet including
nylon nets, electronic sounding devices, mechanical net
haulers; (4) modernization of canning plant and equipment;
(5) formation of a single exporting-organization; (6) impor-
tation of such species as tuna for the canning industry when
domestic landings fall short of the industry’s needs; and (7)
establishment and enforcement of regulations for both con-
tainers and quality control. Also included in the responses
was acknowledgment of the need for a thorough study of the
fishery products industry in Spain as a basis for any Govern-
ment assistance and export promotion program,

Although there was general agreement among the responses
to the questionnaire as to what general measures should be
taken, there was some disagreement as to certain specific
steps. For example, one reply recommended the establish-
ment of minimum export prices to prevent Spanish exporters

the Central Office for Fish Propaganda from
the price regulation fund. This plan, however,
was not supported by the Council of State, the
United States Consulate in Goteborg reported
on May 8, 1961.

OOK Ok Ok OK

SHRIMP PRICES DROP DUE TO
INCREASE IN LANDINGS:

Prices for shrimp in Sweden have for

some time been declining. The reasons are:
(1) increased supplies in late years; and (2)
imports of shrimp from Norway.

During the past two years shrimp fishing
has been intensified and carried out ina
completely different way than formerly. The

vessels are larger and more powerful and
the equipment has been improved.

July 1961

Sweden (Contd.):

In addition, the number of vessels engaged
in shrimp fishing has increased considerably.
For example, in the Gravarne district on the
west coast, there were about 25 shrimp trawl-
ers two years ago; there are now 54 trawlers.
In the Smogen area there were previously a-
bout 45 shrimp trawlers compared with 63 at
present. Withone exception all of the trawlers
in the Smogen district nowfishfor shrimp. This
same tendency is also apparent in the Gravarne
district, where more and more herring trawl-
ers are changing over to shrimp fishing.

The result of this trend has been that by
reason of the increased capacity of the vessels,
shrimp fishing has been extended farther out
to’ sea and to a greater depth. Consequently,
landings of shrimp have grown in number and
quantity and prices have dropped.

There is acontrol, however, which prevents
shrimp fishermen from landing as much shrimp
as they might be able toor wishtoland. Aves-
sel with a2-man crew may land a total quantity
of 270 kilos (about 595 pounds) of cooked shrimp
per week, while avessel witha3-mancrewis
limited to 375 kilos (about 827 pounds) of cooked
shrimp per week, and a vessel with a 4-man
crew is restricted to 480 kilos (about 1,058
pounds).

In the case of raw shrimp for industrial
canning purposes, a 4-man vessel may land
a maximum quantity of 600 kilos (about 1,323
pounds) per week; a 3-man vessel may land
450 kilos (about 992 pounds); and a 2-man
vessel 300 kilos (about 661 pounds). A maxi-
mum of 50 percent of the fixed weekly quan-
tity may be landed during one fishing trip.

Despite these limitations, as much as 20
metric tons of cooked shrimp were landed
recently in one week at the Gravarne fish
auction. Only a couple of years ago a weekly
supply of 9 tons was considered very large.

Total landings by Swedish fishermen of
shrimp in Sweden in 1960 amounted to
3,563 tons valued at 15,387,000 crowns
(US$2,970,000). Import figures covering
shipments of shrimp from Norway are not
available at this time.

An indication of the relative importance
of the Swedish centers is gained from the
following statistics relating to Swedish
shrimp landings in 1960: Stromstad leads
with 1,168 tons of shrimp valued at 5,041,000
crowns (US$973,000), followed by Smogen

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

91

with 968 tons valued at 4,141,000 crowns
($799,000), and Gravarne with 768 tons worth
3,396,000 crowns ($655,000).

The growing importance and attraction of
shrimp fishing is evident when it is realized
that out of the 88,700,000 crowns ($17,119,000)
worth of fish landed in 1960 by Swedish fisher-
men on the west coast, shrimp accounted for
one-fifth of the total value.

There are no minimum or guaranteed
prices for cooked shrimp. For other shrimp
there is a minimum price of 1.75 crowns per
kilo (15.3 U. S. cents a pound),

Shrimp are no longer considered a table
luxury in Sweden, according to fish auction
officials. Consumers have discovered they
can buy this delicacy at a reasonable price
and sales are increasing,

Despite this wider and growing market
outlet, imports of Norwegian shrimp are
worrisome to Swedish shrimp fishermen.

At the annual meeting of the Gravarne di-
vision of the West Coast Fishermen's Cen-
tral Association, it was stated that difficul-
ties for Swedish shrimp fishermen have arisen
out of the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA) in the form of the large quantity of
shrimp imported from Norway. It was also
asserted that Norwegian shrimp are cheaper
because of a high subsidy. A decision was
made at the meeting to introduce a motion at
this year's fisheries congress pointing out
that Norwegian shrimp imports should be re-
stricted for the benefit of the Swedish shrimp
catch, and that Norwegian shrimp sells at
lower prices with the result that prices of
Swedish-caught shrimp drop accordingly.

Recent cooked shrimp prices at the Gra-
varne fish auction have fluctuated between
2.90 crowns and 4.75 crowns per kilo (25.4-
41.6 U. S. cents a pound), At the Smogen
auction, prices have ranged between 2.50
crowns and 6.75 crowns (21.9-59.1 U.S.
cents a pound). This latter variation, how-
ever, was partly due to the poor quality of a
large part of the offerings. (United States
Consulate, Goteborg, April 19, 1961.)

SicnsKi oe motioe

STEEL TRAWLERS PURCHASED
FROM EAST GERMANY:

As of May 1961, a total of 13 steel trawl-
ers were on order with a Brandenburg, East

92

Sweden (Contd.):

Germany, shipbuilding yard, according to a
statement made by the Managing Director of
a newly established Goteberg agency firm.
The Swedish firm said it had sold the 7 trawl-
ers which are to be delivered in 1961, and
that while no definite sales have been made

of the other 6 trawlers scheduled for delivery
in 1962, interest in these was indicated from
a number of sources.

The reported cost of an East German-
built steel trawler is approximately 450,000
kroner ($86,900). These trawlers are about
102 feet long and 22 feet wide. They meas-
ure 263 gross registered tons, and will car-
ry about 94.5 metric tonsoffish. The motor
is a 560 hp. Diesel engine giving the trawler
a calculated speed of 10 knots. It is reported
that some 450 of these series-built steel
trawlers have been constructed for Soviet
Russia.

At a press conference which the East
German delegation to the Goteborg Swedish
International Trade Fair held on May 8, 1961,
the East German Acting Minister for Com-
merce and the counselor of the Ministry of
Commerce both emphasized the importance
of fish in Sweden's trade with East Germany.
In the 1961 trading arrangement, fishery
products represent 18 million kroner (US$3,5
million) of the total value of the trading list.
Deliveries amounting to 11 million kroner
(US$2.1 million) in value have been made to
date. The East German officials said that if
fish deliveries over and above the remain-
ing 7 million kroner (US$1.4 million) were
to be contracted, it would depend on whether
East Germany could increase exports to
Sweden, and that steel trawlers play an im-
portant role in those exports. In principle,
they said, East Germany wishes to purchase
from Sweden in order to balance their sales
to Sweden, the United States Consulate in
Goteborg reported in May 9, 1961.)

Thailand

COMMERCIAL FISH
PRODUCTION INCREASES:

Fisheries are important in the economic
life of Thailand since fish is the principal
supplement to the people's rice diet, and con-
stitutes the only important protein element
in their food. The rivers are very produc-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Volk 23rNoOsnh

tive and yield a considerable variety of fresh
water species. In addition, the fishing grounds
along the 1,500 miles of sea coast have sizable
resources,

Thailand's commercial fresh-water fish
production, which had been holding steady at
about 50,000 metric tons a year through 1958,
rose to 60,000 tons in 1959. All was used for
home consumption. The total salt-water catch
in 1959 was 150,000 tons, of which about 10
percent was exported, mostly as cured fish to
Indonesia. The commercial catch of Pla-thu
(‘'Rastrelliger'' species), the common daily
food of the poorer classes, is estimated at
50,000 tons a year. In addition to the com-
mercial marine catch, there is a substantial
catch by anglers for their own direct con-
sumption.

SSE RSS

Tilapia being netted from a pool in a Thai rice field.

In 1958, Thailand had a fishing fleet of a-
bout 2,200 boats with a total tonnage of 22,000
tons. The marine catch landed at Bangkok in
recent years has been estimated at from
30,000 to 40,000 tons annually.

In addition to finfish, shrimp production
has gained importance, particularly since the
semigovernmental Cold Storage Organization
has been providing cold-storage facilities at
the port of Bangkok. The United States has
become the largest customer for Thai shrimp
since the first shipment to that country in
April 1959. The 1959 United States imports
of frozen shrimp from Thailand amounted to
176,000 pounds valued at $180,000. Through
April 1960, Thai shipments amounted to
220,000 pounds,

July 1961

Union of South Africa and
South-West Africa

LANDINGS SET NEW RECORD IN 1960:

As expected when the pelagic shoal fish
catch at the end of July 1960 reached the out-
standing figure of 453,387 short tons, the to-
tal Union of South African fish landings also
reached a new record in 1960. In addition
to the large pelagic shoal fish landings a
record 135,206 tons was landed by trawlers,
an estimated 30,000 tons from line-fishing
boats, and 10,000 tons of spiny lobster. The
catch soared from 491,717 tons in 1959 to
628,593 tons in 1960--the largest single rise
in any year in the history of the Union of |
South Africa industry. This figure does not
include 28,243 tons of mackerel and maas-
banker caught during the special November-
December season on the West Coast, which
brings the total catch to 656,836 tons.

Combining Union of South Africa and South-
West Africa catches, the landings in 1960 to-
taled 981,836 short tons--a record total al-
most 180,000 tons more than the 803,113 tons
landed in 1959, and almost 300,000 tons above
the 546,951 tons landed in 1958. The pelagic
shoal fish industry contributed the bulk of
the South-West and Union of South Africa
total. :

The South African shoal fishing season in
1961 opened with a January catch nearly
three times higher than the best in the same
month of any previous season, This was fol-
lowed by landings in February which were
expected to exceed 90,000'tons to set another
record for the industry, and to produce
170,000 tons of pilchards, maasbanker, and
mackerel in only two months! fishing. The
brightest feature of this good fishing is that
the shoals appeared in the area from which
they had all but vanished 4 or 5 years ago--
around St. Helena Bay. The fish were re-
ported to be fine, fat and mature, ood for
canning (both because of their condition and
because of the short haul to the factories),
and with a high oil content. Most of the fac-
tories had, during February 1961, to call for
a slow down in fishing so that plants could
handle the fish. Despite this, one boat--the
693-foot long Bellevanti, brought in 2,180
tons during the month... (The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
March 1961.)

Note: Also see South-West Africa in this issue on p. 87.

enn

oe

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

Union of South Africa

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY,
JANUARY 1961:

The Union of South Africa Cape west coast
fish catch in January 1961 comprised 69,879
short tons pilchards, 6,745 tons of maasbank-
er (jack mackerel), and 3,821 tons mackerel.
The total catch was 80,445 tons. This com-
pares with 23,162 tons pilchards, 5,694 tons
maasbanker, and 2,147 tons mackerel, a total
of 31,003 tons in January last year; and with
10,452 tons pilchards, 49 tons maasbanker,
and 6,139 tons mackerel, a total of 16,640 tons
in January 1959,

The January 1961 catch yielded 17,286
short tons of fish meal, 1,342,460 Imperial
gallons of fish body oil, 2,312,272 pounds
canned pilchards, 1,763,416 pounds canned
maasbanker, and 819,366 pounds canned mack-
erel. (The South African Shipping News and
Fishing Industry Review, March 1961.

U.S.S.R.

FACTORYSHIP TRAWLERS FISHING
OFF SOUTH-WEST AFRICA:

Research and large factory trawlers of
the Soviet fishing fleet, in their far ranging
operations to boost the Russian catch to
4,626,000 metric tons in 1965, have been
moving steadily south off the coast of Africa.
For some months now there have been re-
ports of trawlers off the Congo, Angola, and
South-West Africa,

In February 1961, the research trawler
Muksun (which had previously visited Cape
Town) and the factory trawler Izumrud called
at Walvis Bay for stores; and three more
vessels, the Radichev, the Atiubinsk, and the
Taras Schewtchenko, were sighted 3 to 4
miles off Pelican Point.

Some of these ships are among the largest
and most modern of their type afloat. They
are stern-trawling factoryships, freezing or
canning their catch and producing fish meal.
Their visit has caused some concern in the
South African fishing industry. It has long
been known that the U.S. S. R. has had a mas-
sive program for the building of factory trawl-
ers. German yards have built 24 ships ofthe
Pushkin class; the later Majakowski class is
being built in a shipyard at Nikolajewsk on
the Black Sea; and, at the Second World Fish-

94

UstSo-8he (Contd.)=

ing Boat Congress held in Rome in 1959, a
U.S.S.R. delegate stated that his country

had been operating stern-chute factory trawl-
ers Since 1955. He also said that a further
improved type of factory trawler had been
designed for construction in Russia. He said
emphasis had been placed on preserving
catches by means of ice cooling and/or
freezing.

Since that Congress, there have been in-
dications that these latest trawlers have been
developed for long-range operation intropi-
cal or subtropical waters, disposing of their
processed catch direct to export markets,
and perhaps carrying part of it back to their
home port of Kaliningrad in the Baltic.

It was predicted that the Russians would
follow the example of the Japanese and find
part of their huge yearly catch in west and
southern African waters. A trawler of the
Pushkin class had earlier been reported in
South African waters about 100 miles off-
shore that had caught and processed tons of
shoal fish. The fact that she was there was
an indication of Russian 'interest in those
fishing waters and also of the wide range of
the latest Russian fish factoryships."

In a report published early last year a
Russian trade paper emphasized the impor-
tance of Atlantic fishing and said that, to
help expand operations, more trawler-type
exploratory and fishery research vessels
should be made available. Kaliningrad, home
port of the visiting ships, was mentioned as
one of the bases allotted four research ships
of the ''Ocean'"' type.

The research trawler Muksun probably
ranges ahead of the factoryships trying out
trawling banks and locating large concentra-
tions of fish. That she was in Cape Town in-
dicates that Russian South Atlantic fishing
may not stop at Walvis. There have been
rumors in Walvis Bay since December of
Russian vessels off the Angola and South-
West Africa coast.

Muksun is a deep-sea trawler fitted with
port and starboard side-trawling gallows,
Diesel-powered, 189 ft. 9 in. long with a 30-
ft. beam, and a cruising speed of 10 knots.
She was built in Britain in 1956 and is well
equipped with fish-finding and navigational
instruments, including radar. She carries

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23*eNoru

several scientists aboard and has been away
from her home port of Kaliningrad for about
a year.

Three days after the Muksun was berthed,
the Majakowski class factory trawler Izumrud
docked. The 3,700-gross ton stern trawler is
powered by a Diesel and was built in the
U.5.S.R. She is 269 ft. long between perpen-
diculars and has a 40-ft. beam. Built a little
more than a year ago, She left Kaliningrad
three months before calling at Walvis Bay.
According to members of her crew of 94men
and 6 women, she fished in the North Atlantic
and in the Gulf of Guinea before moving south.
The vessel is a well-equipped modern factory
with deep-freezing plant, refrigerated holds,
gutting and cleaning rooms, and a fish meal
and oil plant. (The South African Shipping
eae Fishing Industry Review, March
HOGI

KO OK OK OK

MOTHERSHIP FLEET PRODUCTION OF
NORTH ATLANTIC HERRING,
WINTER 1961:

The Soviet mothership Iokhannes Vares
during three months in the North Atlantic _
herring fishery this winter processed 1,740
metric tons (about 3.8 million pounds) of her-
ring, and serviced 100 fishing vessels with
supplies and technical assistance. Of the
processed catch, 4,000 five-kilogram (about
11 pounds) containers consisted of ''special
salted herring.'' After a short period in
port, the mothership was scheduled to go to
the banks off Newfoundland to take part in
the ocean perch fishery, according to the
March 14 issue of Sovjetskaja Estonija.

At the same time Sovjetskaja Litva stated
that, in addition to the largefreezer trawler
Ljudas Gira and six medium trawlers, six
other vessels, which had participated in the
North Atlantic herring fishery, were ordered
directly to the Newfoundland banks without
first going into port. (Fiskets Gang, April
20, 1961.)

United Kingdom

FISH MEAL PRICES, APRIL 1961:

Fish meal prices reported by a British
trade periodical on April 29, 1961, were as
follows:

July 1961

United Kingdom (Contd.):

Protein Content

S. Africa (white fish)...
Peru (branded)....

Peru (average quality)......
Iceland (white cod) ..

Iceland (herring) .

Denmark (herring)
Domestic (white fish) ..
Domestic (herring) 2/
1/Effective March 1, 1961; in bags.
2/In bags ex-warehouse, 8-11 percent oil.
Notes: Imported fish-meal prices are c.i.f. current shipments, and domestic meal prices (net cash) are ex-plant,

in 6 long-ton lots and bagged, unless otherwise reported.

80.

Values converted at rate of b1 equals US

CRANTS AND LOANS FOR SCOTTISH
SISHING VESSELS RESTRICTED:

The British White Fish Authority has de-
cided to suspend until September 1961 ap-
proval of applications for the building of
further trawlers for the Scottish fleet under
their grants and loans program. A brake is
also to be put on the expansion in numbers
of inshore boats and the policy will be to
maintain the seine-net fleet at its present
strength. These decisions were made known
to Aberdeen trawler owners at a meeting of
members of the Aberdeen Fishing Vessel
Owners! Association late in February this
year.

Towards the end of 1960 the Scottish
Committee of the White Fish Authority met
the directors of the Aberdeen Fishing Ves-
sel Owners! Association when the size and
composition of the Scottish fishing fleet was
discussed.

On February 9, this year, the chairman of
the association and two other directors had
consultations with the White Fish Authority
in London, when they advised a temporary
suspension of building so far as the Scottish
fleet was concerned,

The Secretary of the Scottish Committee
of the White Fish Authority states that the
Authority has been giving considerable
thought to their future policy regarding the
administration of the grants and loans pro-
gram,

At a meeting which took place on Febru-
ary 9 it had been tentatively agreed that in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

95

+/s./d. per US$ per |’
Long Ton Short Ton
125.94
115.00
111,25
105.00-122,00
129.06
136,87
133.75
132.50

Date Quoted

4/29/61
4/29/61
4/29/61
11/26/60
4/29/61
4/29/61
1/ 4/29/61
4/29/61

50/7/6
46/0/0
44/10/0
42/0-48/16
51/12/6
54/15/0
53/10/0
53/0/0

view of the uncertainty over future interna-
tional fishing limits, particularly at Faroe
Islands; the substantial measure of replace
ment and modernization which had already
taken place in the fleet; the present ''crew-
ing’ position; and certain recommendations
in the Fleck report, it seemed necessary to
slow down to a considerable extent the rate
of new building in order that a reappraisal of
the whole situation might be made over the
next 15 to 18 months.

The Committee had therefore decided to
accept the Association's advice and decided to
to suspend the issue of any further approvals
for near- and middle-water trawlers for
Scotland until September 1961 when the posi-
tion will be reviewed in consultation with the
industry.

The Scottish Committee had taken note of
the Aberdeen owners! request that appropri-
ate allocation under the grants and loans pro-
gram should be reserved against a possible
resumption of building after September, and
that the grants and loans should be issued
under the same terms and conditions as ap-
plying at present.

The Committee added that the seine-net
boats required under the Government's train-
ing program for the fishermen of the Outer
Isles would not be affected by the standstill.
Continued assistance would also be given for
the re-engining of vessels and the provision
of boats for creel fishing.

The owners would lose nothing by the
standstill. Appropriate funds would be re-
served in the interval for Aberdeen use.
Thirty Aberdeen applications were pending

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

approval by the authority and these were de-
ferred until September. (Fish Trades Ga-
zette, March 4, 1961.)

Yugoslavia

TECHNICIANS MAY GO TO JAPAN TO

STUDY TUNA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES:
Yugoslavia has contacted Japanese tuna

packers concerning a proposal to send two

Vol. 23, No. 7

technicians to Japan to study tuna processing
techniques, including the utilization of tuna
waste products. It seems Yugoslavia hopes
to go into full-scale production of canned tuna,
utilizing Japanese frozen tuna, and wants to
learn all there is to know about tuna process-
ing methods. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
May 2, 1961.)

PRODUCTION OF FISH eae! hs Saree PRODUCING COUNTRIES,

1,000
SHORT TONS

PD NORWAY
Hole -

ICELAND

Tel

UNITED KINGDOM

a |
MOROCCO

ANGOLA at

at AFRICA

July 1961

Ze

Per

fae ‘

Department of Agriculture
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE

PILOT FOOD STAMP PLAN
INCLUDES FISHERY PRODUCTS:

Fish and fishery products are included in
the list of products that can be purchased by
needy families under the Pilot Food Stamp
Project. Policies and general regulations
for the Pilot Food Stamp Projects, to be op-
erated in 8 pilot areas for the purpose of en-
couraging the domestic consumption of agri-
cultural commodities and products thereof
by increasing their utilization among low-
income groups, were published in the Federal
Register of May 13, 1961. The program is
scheduled to be launched in the pilot areas on
June 1. Originally fish and fishery products
were not included among the items that could
be purchased by the use of stamps. But the
change in regulations have included fishery
products, which will now receive the same
consideration as other basic food products
for human consumption.

The Pilot Food Stamp Projects will be
operated in the Detroit, Mich. area; Franklin
County, Ill.; Floyd County, Ky.; Va-Hibbling-
Nashwauk Area, Minn.; Silver Bow County,
Mont.; San Miguel County, N. Mex.; Fayette
County, Penn.; and McDowell County, W. Va.
Under this program needy families will re-
ceive food stamps from the welfare agencies
with which they can buy needed food for their
families. The U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture has not indicated how long the program
is expected to be in effect, since this will
depend upon the state of the Nation's econom-
ic condition.

The regulations as issued by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture give the purpose and
scope, definitions, administration, payments
for certain costs of the certifying agency,
certification of households as eligible, basis
for issuing coupons to eligible households,
methods of distributing and accounting for
coupons and cash receipts, plans of opera-

EDERAL ;
‘47 ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97

tion, use of coupons by eligible households,
participation of retail food stores, participa-
tion of wholesale food concerns, procedure
for redeeming stamps, participation of banks,
and miscellaneous provisions.

The definition for eligible foods reads:
''Fligible food (s)' means any food or food
product for human consumption except: Cof-
fee, tea, cocoa (as such), alcoholic bever-
ages, tobacco, and those products which are
clearly identifiable from the package as be-
ing imported from foreign sources."

)
OO

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

AMENDMENT TO REGULATION ON SOURCES
OF RADIATION USED IN FOOD INSPEC -
TION AND CONTROLLING PROCESSING:

The Food and Drug Administration of the
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare in the Federal Register of March 2,
1961, published a proposal to amend the reg-
ulation providing for the safe use of certain
sources of radiation used for inspection of
foods, package food, and for controlling food
processing, —

The amendment incorporates certain
changes in wording in the interest ofclarity
and accuracy and, in addition, to permit the
safe use of the isotopes krypton 85, cobalt
60, and radium 226 for inspection of foods
and food packages and for controlling food
processes. Since the Food and Drug Admin-
istration did not receive any comments with-
in the 30-day period from March 2, 1961,
the amendment to the regulation became
effective on April 28, 1961. The amended

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

regulation as it appeared in the Federal Reg-
ister of April 28, 1961, prescribes the condi-
tions under which sources of radiation may
be safely used for the purposes of inspection
of foods, packaged food, and for controlling
food processing. Also, it specifies the type
of information that is to appear on the labels
of the radiation units.

EXCEPTIONS FILED TO PROPOSAL TO
RETAIN PROTESTED LABELING
REQUIREMENTS IN STANDARD OF
IDENTITY FOR CANNED TUNA:

On April 30, 1961, exceptions were filed
to the proposed findings of fact which were
issued by the Food and Drug Administration
on March 31, on the labeling provisions of
the standard of identity for canned tuna. The
exceptions to the findings of fact and proposed
order were with respect to the proposed re-
quirement that ''for water-packed tuna the
name on the label should include the words
‘in water'."

A Washington, D. C., attorney submitted
exceptions on behalf of American Importers
of Japanese Tuna, Inc., New York City; Ag-
ricultural and Marine Products Division,
Japanese Chamber of Commerce of New York,
Inc.; and the Tuna Packers Association of
Japan, Tokyo.

In addition to filing exceptions to the find-
ings of fact, the attorney requested ''that the
hearings be reopened to receive new evidence
which was not in existence at the time of the
hearings.'' According to the exception filed,
the attorney's reference to the new evidence
is contained in U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice Circular 88, entitled ''Who Buys Canned
Tuna, and Why?"', published in June 1960.

An additional but similar exception was
filed on April 21 by the vice president of an
importing firm in New York City.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 68.
FER

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO
COMMISSIONER APPOINTED:

Thomas D. Rice, who has been executive
secretary of the Massachusetts Fisheries

Vol. 23) (Now 7

Association since 1945, has been appointed
special assistant to the Commissioner of
Fish and Wildlife, Secretary of the Interior
Stewart L. Udall announced on May 11, 1961.
Rice reported for duty May 9.

Rice has a
long record with
the domestic
fishing industry.
For eight years
he was part
owner of a fish
processing and
wholesale dis-
tributing firm.
in Boston. He
has served at
various times
as special con-
sultant on fish-
ery problems
for U.S. Senate
committees and
for two years
was a consult-
ant for the National Shrimp Breaders Associ-
ation.

Thomas D, Rice

Before entering the fishing industry, Rice
was in the real estate business in Boston for
seven years. Hehas also served as a deputy
collector for the Internal Revenue Service
and was a regional price specialist during
World War II. He attended Boston College
and Suffolk University in Boston. He was
born May 8, 1902, in Boston, Mass.

+H init bt |
THE PLACE of
in diabetic diets

BOILED SHRIMP - 10 small
Biscuits - 2--)" diam.
Broccoli - } up

2
$ Cantaloupe - }-6" diam.
Buttermilk mude with whole milk

HADDOCK, FRIED - 1 oz
Grapefruit - 4

Cooked cereal - {vp wimilk
Toast with butter—2 slices
Coffee with 1 tablespoon cream

COD FILLETS - 2 oz
Cornbread - ™ x ™ cube
Carrots, cooked - 1 wp
Butter - 1 tsp.
Applesauce - j ap
Coffee, black

July 1961

Interstate Commerce Commission

RULING CLAIMS MANY FROZEN PREPARED
FISHERY PRODUCTS NOT EXEMPT FROM
REGULATION FOR TRUCKS:

An ICC Examiner has reopened the ques-
tion of the fishery exemption for trucks for
many frozen prepared fishery products. In
the W. W. Hughes "Grandfather" application
(Proceeding No. MC-105782, Sub. No. 4), the
ICC Examiner concludes ''that deviled crabs,
deviled clams, deviled lobsters, croquettes,
codfish cakes, and other fish or shellfish pro-
ducts, which contain non-exempt ingredients
(other than those which properly may be con-
sidered as incidental to the cooking process,
such as seasonings, and also breading) are
not within the exemption. These commodities
are no longer fish or shellfish."

In the decision concerning the refriger-
ated trucking service ICC application, the Ex-
aminer says that the Bureau of Motor Carri-
ers was wrong when it issued Administrative
Ruling 110 on September 26, 1958, listing fish
or seafood dinners, cod cakes, salmon cro-
quettes, deviled crabs, clams, or lobsters

as being exempt. The basis for the Examin-
er's opinion is that the amount of the basic
fish ingredients in these products varies
from 20 to 90 percent and the finished prod-
uct includes many non-exempt ingredients.
He reasons that the mixing of non-exempt
commodities with the exempt commodities
destroys the exempt status of the fish and
seafood.

Efforts were made by fishing industry re-
presentatives in 1958 to have the fishery ex-
emption clarified to finally establish that the
fishery exemption extended to all frozen fish-
ery products, whether breaded, cooked, or
prepared. The fishing industry representa-
tives will intervene in this case in an attempt
to support Administrative Ruling 110. Dur-
ing the debate in the Senate on the Transpor-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

tation Act of 1958, it was specifically declared
that it was the intention of the Senate Com-
merce Committee in passing the bill to ex-
empt ''codfish cakes, deviled crab, fish with
sauce, fish dinners, and similar seafood prod-
ucts.'' It was reasoned that the Senate Com-
mittee could not write into law all these var-
ious items which have seafood in them and
that the criteria under the fishery exemption
is perishability.

These informal rulings are tentative in the
absence of authoritative decisions on the sub-
ject by the Commission. If the recommen-
dation of the Examiner is adopted by the
Commission, the informal interpretation of
ruling No. 110 will be reversed.

4B ~L)
oS 4 <3

Treasury Department

COAST GUARD

VESSELS WITH AUTOMATIC PILOTS
WARNED TO MAINTAIN PROPER LOOKOUT:

The New Orleans office of the U. S. Coast Guard (Eighth
Coast Guard District) in a letter dated April 5, 1961, to the
Texas Shrimp Association requested that all fishing vessels
operating on an automatic pilot maintain a proper lookout,
For the sake of safety, this warning is applicable to all ves~
sels, The letter points out:

‘‘During the past year it has been necessary for this of-
fice to cite numerous Masters of fishing vessels for failure
to maintain a proper lookout while their vessels were op-
erating on automatic pilot. These violations come to the at-
tention of this office as a result of investigations into col-
lisions between fishing vessels while operating in the Gulf
of Mexico.

‘‘In most cases, the automatic pilot was placed in use
and the Master, or the person in charge of the watch, left
his station and either went below or went aft and engaged
in duties which precluded his keeping a proper lookout
while the vessel was under way, which resulted in collision
with another fishing vessel.

‘‘The failure to keep a lookout in the manner described
above can only be interpreted as reckless and negligent op-
eration and certainly creates a hazard to life and property.
In cases of this kind, the Coast Guard is obligated to en-

100

force the navigation laws, but would rather see steps taken
to prevent collisions under such circumstances, . . a

The Coast Guard then went on to indicate that if owners
and Masters of the vessels saw the neccessity of keeping
a lookout at all times while the vessel is under way, a great
majority of the collisions now occurring between fishing ves~
sels would be avoided.

U. S. Supreme Court

ALASKA TAX ON FREEZERSHIPS UPHELD:

The United States Supreme Court on May
1 decided Alaska may levy an annual license
tax on freezerships used in processing salm-
on and other fishery products caught in Alas-
kan waters.

The State of Alaska appealed to the Court
after the United States Circuit Court in San
Francisco ruled the freezing and cold-stor-
age activities of freezerships as a part of
interstate commerce. The Circuit Court
held any state privilege tax on such activities
is barred by the Constitution's commerce
clause.

The Alaska levy fixes the annual tax at 4
percent of the value of fishery products fro-
zen and put in cold storage. Alaska's appeal
to the U. S. Supreme Court contended the
freezerships were not engaged in interstate
commerce but in business of a local nature.

The litigation originated in suits by Alaska
to collect the tax from seven fishery firms.

Eighty-Seventh Congress
(First Session)
Public bills and resolutions which may

directlyor indirectly affect fisheries and
allied industries are reported. Introduction,

tent

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

referral to committees, pertinent legislative
actions, hearings, and other actions by the
House and Senate, as well as signature into
law or other final disposition are covered.

CATCH TRANSFER AT SEA: On May 18 the Senate
Committee.on Commerce reported S. 1222, a bill relat-
ing to documentation and inspection of vessels of the U-
nited States with amendment (S. Rept. No. 277). This
bill would permit vessels that are documented or licensed
to engage in the fishery and are therefore fishing vessels
of the United States, to take the catch of another fishing
vessel of the United States aboard on the high seas and
transport it free of charge to a United States port. Ves-
sels documented and licensed as fishing vessels are ex-
empt from inspection and manning requirements, and
enactment of this bill would relieve a vessel that takes
a transshipment from complying with the requirements
that apply to cargo vessels. This proposal is especial-
ly important to shrimp fishing vessels in the Gulf of
Mexico.

S. Rept. No. 277 Relating to Documentation and In-
spection of Fishing Vessels (May 18, 1961, report from
the Committee on Commerce, to accompany S. 1222),

5 pp., printed. This bill, as reported with amendment,
permits a vessel enrolled and licensed, or licensed, as
a fishing vessel of the United States, to take on board.
and carry to a port of the United States, without com-
pensation, the catch of fish of another U. S. fishing ves-
sel, and would exempt such transporting vessel from the
inspection requirements of section 4426 of the Revised
Statutes (46 U. S. C. 404). The report discusses the
purpose of the bill and presents statements from the
Departments of Interior, Treasury, and Commerce.
Committee reported the bill favorably with amendment.

On May 26 the Senate proceeded to consider S. 1222.
Amendment recommended by Committee was agreed to,
bill was read the third time, and was passed. As passed,
provides that a U. S. fishing vessel which occasionally —~
takes on board on the high seas and transports toaU.S.
port without payment, the catch of another U. S. fish-.
ing vessel shall not be considered to be engaged in the
transportation of freight for hire.

S. 1222 was received by the House on May 29 and
referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries.

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION ACT: On
May 15 a resolution of the Kansas Academy of Science
was received in the Senate, registering approval of H.

R. 4668, a bill providing for advance consultation with
the Fish and Wildlife Service and with State Agencies
that are responsible for wise use of biological resources
before the beginning of any Federal program involving
the use of pesticides or other chemicals or devices de-
signed for biological controls, and recommends its en-
actment.

Congressman John D. Dingell (Mich.) on May 23, 1961,
presided over an informal discussion involving repre-
sentatives of Federal Agencies and private conservation
organizations relative to controversial chemical pesti-
cide programs which have damaged fish and wildlife
values and poses undetermined threats to human health.
Congressman Dingell has introduced H. R. 4668 which
would require coordination between Federal Agencies
and between them and State Agencies on the adminis-
tration of chemical pesticide control programs.

July 1961

During the discussion, it was pointed out that a new
"ad hoc" coordinating committee had been formed at
direction of the Secretaries of the Interior and Agri-
culture. Represented on the committee are the Agri-
culture Research Service and U. S, Forest Service of
the Department of Agriculture, the Fish and Wildlife
Service and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of
the Department of the Interior, the Food and Drug Ad-
ministration and the Division of Water Supply and Pol-
lution Control of the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, and the Department of Defense. There is
a strong possibility that the committee, once an oper-
ating plan is developed and approved, will be formally
established by an Executive Order.

Members of the Committee who participated in the
discussion said these would be among the major objec-
tives: (1) to review all plans and probable effects be-
fore any new federal pesticide program is initiated; (2)
to begin a review of existing chemical pesticide pro-
grams. It was agreed that state wildlife agencies would
be kept fully informed on all pest control programs. It
also was understood that coordination committees on
state and local levels, if federal funds and programs are
involved, should include fish and wildlife representation.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CONFERENCE: H. Con.
Res. 328 (Wilson of Calif.) introduced in House June 7,
a concurrent resolution requesting the President to
call a national conference on commercial fishing; to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

Such conference to be conducted by the Secretary of

the Interior acting through the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. Such conference to explore ways and means
of attaining freedom from such administrative and local
restrictions which ignore the economic needs of the
industry; to review and evaluate governmental activities
that have the obligation to be responsive to the needs

of the commercial fishing industry; to explore ways and
means of attaining that economical atmosphere in which
commercial fishing products and processing can pros-
per; and to explore ways and means of developing new
fishery techniques, new fishing areas, new fishery prod-
ucts, and new fishery markets.

COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE:
On May 25 the Senate received the executive nomination
of Clarence F. Pautzke, of Washington, to be Commis-
sioner of Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the
Interior. On June 7 the Committee on Commerce, in
executive session, ordered the nomination favorably
reported. On June 8 the nomination was confirmed by
the Senate.

GULF OF MEXICO OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
RESTRICTIONS: On June 5 the Subcommittee on Pub-
lic Lands of the House Committee on Interior and In-
sular Affairs held a hearing on H. R. 6745 and H. R.
6849, bills to provide for the restrictions of certain
areas in the Outer Continental Shelf for defense pur-
poses. Various private and public witnesses were
heard. Hearings were also held on June 7 and June 14.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H. R. 7186
(Lane), introduced in House on May 18 a bill to provide
for adjusting conditions of competition between certain
domestic industries and foreign industries with re-
spect to the level of wages and the working conditions
in the production of articles imported into the United
States; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Also
HR. Bu (Garland) and H. R. 7226 (O'Neil) on May
OP Usk. 7337 (Fenton), on May 25; H. R. 7457 (Good-
heen June 5

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY
1962: Interior Department and Related Agencies Appro-
priations for ns for 1962 (Heerinpabet before a subcommittee of the
Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 87th
Congress, lst Session, on H. R. 6345), 1344 pp. Includes
hearings on operations of the Fish and Wildlife Service,
and its two bureaus: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Presents
the statements and testimony given by the Commissioner
of Fish and Wildlife and the two Bureau Directors.

On June 2 the Senate Committee on Appropriations,
in executive session, marked up and ordered favorably
reported (S. Rept. 294) with amendments H. R. 6345,
fiscal 1962 appropriations for the Department of the
Interior, and related agencies. As approved by the com-
mittee, the bill would provide a total of $822,649,850,
an increase of $69,330,850 over the House-passed figure
of $753,319,000.

Rept. No. 294, Interior Department and Related
Nae Appropriation ion Bill, 1962 (June 2, areport —
from the Senate Committee on 1 Appropriations, to ac-
company H. R. 6345), 37 pp., printed. The Senate Com-
mittee for fiscal year 1962 recommended funds for
Interior Department somewhat higher than the sums
included in House bill. For the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, management and investigations of resources,
the amount recommended by committee provides for
all of programs set forth in the budget estimate, except
that only $75,000 for pay act costs of the $96, 000 re-
duction by House has been restored. For management
and investigations of resources the appropriation for
1961 was $7,926,000 (includes $100,000 in the 2d Sup-
plemental Appropriation Act, 1961, and $1 million for
salmon research in the 3d Supplemental Appropriation
Act, 1961); budget estimate, 1962 $11,796,000 (reflects
transfer in the estimates of $1,915,000 from "operations
and maintenance, general, Corps of Engineers," for the
Columbia River fishery facilities and includes budget
amendment increase of $2,500,000 in'H. Doc. 113);
House allowance, $11,700,000; and the Senate Commit-
tee recommendation, $12,225, ‘000. The increase of
$525,000 by the committee includes (1) research to im-
prove efficiency of blue crab plant operations, $100,000;
(2) research on shrimp resources in Gulf of Mexico,
$175,000; (3) time-temperature tolerance study on fro-
zen fish and shellfish, $30,000; (4) investigations into
effect control techniques have on shellfish $30,000; (5)
research on manufacture and use of fish protein con-
centrate (fish flour) $50,000; fishery research program
for rice areas, $65,000; pay act cost $75,000. Commit-
tee concurred with House allowance of $300,000 for pur-
chase of foreign currencies to be used for research
contracts in foreign areas, with a change in language of
the bill, which the Committee believes will permit the
Bureau to enter into research contracts in an amount
not to exceed $700,000 which will require longer than
1 year to complete, and at the same time will provide
Congress with an opportunity to review contracts each
year. The Committee concurred in House allowance of
construction as set forth inbudget estimate, $7,561,000;
subsidy payments for fishing vessels constructed in
U. S. shipyards, $750,000; general administrative ex-
penses, $482,000; administration of Pribilof Islands,
$1,981,000; provision authorizing use of funds available
in fisheries loan fund for necessary expenses in ad-
ministering the program, $250,000.

For the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife--
the appropriation for 1961 was $19,308,000; budget
estimate, 1962 was $23,300,000; House allowed
$23,000,000; Senate committee recommendation was

102

$23,972,000. Increase included funds for a cooperative
wildlife research unit, research on reservoir fish pro-
ductivity, study of methods of eliminating undesirable
fish from streams and lakes, establishment of a coop-
erative sport fisheries research unit, and for additional
law-enforcement positions. For construction, the budg-
et estimate for 1962 was $4,067,000; House allowance
$3,770,000; Senate Committee increased the amount to
$5,350,650 for numerous improvements at fish hatch-
eries and wildlife refuges, completion of facilities, etc.
For general administrative expenses, the Committee
approved the full amount of budget estimate, $1,071,000;
House allowance was $1,016,000 the same as 1961 ap-
propriations.

For the Office of the Commissioner of Fish and Wild-
life, the Committee approved $364,000, the same as the
amount allowed by the House, the budget estimate, and
the 1961 appropriation.

On June 6 the Senate considered H. R. 6345, adopted
all committee amendments en bloc, which were there-
after considered as original text for purpose of further
amendment; Hayden amendment of a technical correc-
tive nature respecting Columbia River fish sanctuary
program; and Case (S. Dak.) amendment increasing
funds for National Park Service. Votes on further a-
mendments were deferred.

On June 7 the Senate passed H. R. 6345.

KING AND SILVER SALMON ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
H.R. 7595 (Clem Miller), introduced in House June 2
a bill to establish an Advisory Committee on King and
Silver Salmon, and for other purposes; to the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

MARINE MAMMAL HIGH SEAS PROTECTION: On
June 1 the House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries, subcommittee on Wildlife Conservation and
Fisheries met in executive session andordered reported
favorably to the full committee H. R. 777 (amended),
for protection of marine mammals on the high seas.
Identical bill, H. R. 7490 (Saylor), introduced in House

June 6, to Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

METRIC SYSTEM STUDY: S. 2030 (Neuberger), in-
troduced in Senate on June 7, a bill to provide that the
Secretary of Commerce shall conduct a study to deter-
mine the desirability and practicability of the adoption
by the United States of the metric system of weights
and measures; to the Committee on Commerce.

NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY: On May 23 and 24
the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Sub-
committee No. 3, held a hearing on H. R. 1, a bill to
provide for the establishment, under the National Sci-
ence Foundation, of a National Science Academy. Var-
ious public witnesses were heard.

NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION: Resources
ate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 87th
Congress, 1st Session, April 13, 1961, to accompany
S. 239 and S. 1415, bills to declare a national policy
on conservation, development, and utilization of natural
resources, and for other purposes), 174 pp., printed.
Contains text of, and reports on each bill; statements
of U. S. Congressmen, officials of various wildlife and
natural resources organizations; letters, resolutions,
and other communications, from various public and
private individuals, as well as the major U. S. Gover-
ment agencies.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

OCEANOGRAPHIC FUNDS FOR NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION: Independent Offices Appropriations for
1962--Part 2 (Hearings before the Subcommittee of the
Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives,
87th Congress, lst Session), 1353 pp., printed. Among
others, includes appropriations for the National Science
Foundation. A portion of the funds ($8,500,000) for the
foundation is allocated for oceanographic research ves-
sels and shore facilities. The Foundation will build
two 195-foot steam-powered vessels, and shoreside
facilities for both physical and biological programs--

a place where the oceanographic ships can be serviced
and where research equipment can be taken care of.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: Marine
Science (Hearings before the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, 87th Con-
gress, 1st Session on S. 901 and S. 1189, bills to advance
the marine sciences, March 15, 16, 17, and May 2, 1961),
209 pp., printed. Primary purpose of legislation is to
enhance the national economy, security, and welfare by
increasing our knowledge of the oceans, and the Great
Lakes in all pertinent scientific fields, such as physics,
biology, chemistry, meteorology, and geology. Contains
text of both bills, statements and testimony of various
oceanographers, marine biologists, government officials,
and membérs of various fisheries commissions and
associations.

On May 23 the full Senate Committee on Commerce
met on S$. 901, a bill to establish a 10-year program of
oceanographic research and surveys. Bill was ordered
favorably reported with amendments.

On June 5 the House passed H. R. 6845, a bill to
amend title 14 of the United States Code to provide for
an expansion of the functions of the Coast Guard. A-
mendment is insertion of the words ''shall engage in
oceanographic research on the high seas and in waters
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States;"' before
the last clause of this section which reads ''and shall
maintain a state of readiness to function as a special-
ized service in the Navy in time of war.'"' A motion to
reconsider was laid on the table. Bill sent to the Sen-
ate without amendment.

On June 6 the Senate Committee on Commerce sub-
mitted a report to the Senate on S. 1189, a bill to amend
title 14 of the United States Code in order to authorize
the Coast Guard to carry on certain oceanographic re-
search (S. Rept. No. 295). Also, Senate received mes-
sage from House announcing passage of H. R. 6845, an
identical bill, and requesting concurrence of Senate.

S. Rept. No. 295 Coast Guard Oceanographic Re-
search (87th Congress, 1st Session, June 6, 1961, re-
port from the Committee on Commerce to accompany
S. 1189), 5 pp., printed. Contains the amendment to
United States Code relating to the Coast Guard, purpose
of the bill, committee action, agency comments, and
changes in existing law. Would enable the U. S. Coast
Guard to conduct oceanographic research, either in-
dependently or in cooperation with other Government
agencies, and thereby free the Coast Guard from stat-
utory restrictions that limit its scientific marine studies
to the Ice Patrol.

On June 12 the Senate passed H. R. 6845 with amend-
ment, substituting the language in S. 1189. The House
bill did not use language which would allow the Coast
Guard to have as one of its primary duties engaging in
oceanographic research on the high seas. Bill was re-
ferred back to House.

July 1961

The subcommittee on Oceanography, of the House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries held hear-
ings June 19-23, on H. R. 4276, a bill to expand and de-
velop the aquatic resources of the United States.

OYSTER PRODUCERS LOANS: H. R. 7336 (Downing),
introduced in the House May 25, a bill to authorize the
Secretary of the Interior to make loans to certain pro-
ducers of oysters, and for other purposes; to the Com-

mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ANNUAL REPORT: On
June 5 the House received executive communication
982, a letter from the Under Secretary of the Interior,
transmitting the fifth annual report of operations con-
ducted by or under contract with the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries of the Department of the Interior to en-
courage the distribution of domestically produced fish-
ery products, pursuant to 70 Stat. 1119; to Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. On June 7, the Sen-
ate received similar report.

On June 15, 1961, Subcommittee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries of the Senate Committee on Commerce
held hearings on S. 1230, to establish an additional fund
for fisheries research programs. Testimony was re-
ceived from Senators, Government officials, organiza-
tions, state officials, and others.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RE-

ordination of Information on Current Scientific Research
and Development Supported by the U. S. Government--
Administrative and Scientific Problems and Opportuni-
ties of Central Registration of Research Projects in
Science and Engineering," (S. Rept. No. 263).

rent Scientific Research and Development Supported by
the United States Government--Administrative and Sci-
entific Problems and Opportunities of Central Registra-
tion of Research Projects in Science and Engineering
(May 18, 1961, report prepared for Committee on Gov-
ernment Operations, United States Senate, and its Sub-
committee on Reorganization and International Organi-
zations, pursuant to S. Res. 255, Sections 1-4, 86th Con-
gress), 300 pp., printed. Contains 13 sections, 9 appen-
dixes, findings and recommendations, index, 18 tables,
and 13 figures. The report points out that a ''revolution"
in the science of information storage and retrieval has
occurred. This report explores the question, ''Has this
revolution, as it affects the management of data on re-
search still in process, been capitalized upon by Feder-
al agencies for purposes of planning and administering
science programs?'' The Committee takes a look at
what happens (or may not happen) during the long chain
of events which precede the publication of scientific re-
search results, and points out that the management of
information during this prepublication stage is of vital
significance. The study which makes up the report was
developed in three phases: (1) A consultative analysis
of the general problem of Federal coordination on pre-
publication research (comprising the bulk of the report).
(2) A consultative analysis of a specialized case history
of information on current Federal research (to be issued
separately). (3) Continued review of certain phases of
both the general and specialized areas by the subcom-
mittee's own project director, so as to assist and com-
plement the consultative analyses.

SHELLFISHERIES RESEARCH CENTER: On June7
the Senate Committee on Commerce ordered favorably

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

reported S. 606, a bill providing for the construction of
a shellfisheries research center at Milford, Conn.

S. Rept. No. 354, Shellfisheries Research Center at
Milford, Conn, (87th Congress, 1st Session, June 7,1961,
report from Committee on Commerce, to accompany
S. 606), 3 pp., printed. Contains purpose of bill, costs,
and report from the Department of Interior. Would
authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct a
research center for shellfisheries production at Milford,
Conn., and to acquire such real property as may be
necessary. Research center is to consist of research
facilities, a pilot hatchery and a training school, and
shall be used for the conduct of basic research on the
physiology and ecology of commercial shellfish, devel-
opment of hatchery methods for cultivation of mollusks,
and to train persons in the most advance methods of
shellfish culture.

On June 12 the Senate passed without amendment
and cleared for House 8. 606. Authorizes up to
$1,325,000.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: On June 2 a concurrent
resolution of the Legislature of the State of Louisiana,
was received in the Senate, to urge the U. S. Congress
to adopt S. 1571 and H. R. 6212 which would amend the
Tariff Act of 1930 to impose a duty on shrimp and pro-
vide for duty-free entry of unprocessed shrimp annual-
ly in an amount equal to imports of shrimp in 1960; to
Committee on Finance.

On June 8 a resolution of the State of Florida was
presented to the Senate and the House, memorializing
and petitioning the Congress and the Departments of
the executive branch of the Federal Government to
exert their best efforts to bring about a measure of
stability to the domestic shrimp market by a regulation
of imports of shrimp so that the domestic shrimp in-
dustry may survive and prosper, giving employment
to Americans, utilizing fully this valuable natural re-
source, and preserving and maintaining the individual
and independent seamen and producers who wrest their
living dangerously from the sea; to Committee on Fi-
nance,

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY
1962: Departments of State and Justice, the Judiciary,
and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1962 (Hear-
ings before the Subcommittee of the House Committee
on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 87th Con-
gress, lst Session), 1336 pp., printed. State Depart-
ment appropriations include funds for the international
fisheries commissions in the amount of $1,959,000
(estimated). The projects or functions include the In-
ternational Pacific Halibut Commission, International
Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission, International Commission
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, International
Whaling Commission, International North Pacific Fish-
eries Commission, Great Lakes Fishery Commission,
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, Tortugas Shrimp
Commission, and expenses of the United States Com-
missioners. Gives the statutory authorization, a gen-
eral statement, background, accomplishments of fiscal
year 1960, program for fiscal years 1961 and 1962,
explanations of increases, and basis for estimates for
each organization.

H. R. 7371 (Rooney), introduced from Committee on
Appropriations on May 29, a bill making appropriations
for Departments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and
related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962,

104

and for other purposes. Contains $1,896,000 for Inter~
national Fisheries Commissions, pursuant to treaties
or conventions and implementing acts of Congress (H.
Rept. No. 442). On June 1 the House passed H. R. 7371
by a record vote of 256 yeas to 71 nays, without amend-
ment.

On June 2 H. R. 7371, was received in the Senate,
read twice and referred to the Committee on Appropri-
ations.

On June 16, the subcommittee of the Senate Commit-
tee on Appropriations continued its hearings on H. R.
7371.

SUBMERGED LANDS ACT: On June 16 a joint reso-
lution of the Senate and Assembly of the State of Cali-
fornia was received in the Senate, urging the Congress
of the United States to enact H. R. 4390 into law. This
legislation would establish and confirm the seaward
boundaries of all coastal States to a line extending three
marine leagues (nine geographical or 103 statute miles)
from the coasfline.

VESSEL MEASUREMENT: On May 18 the Senate and
House received a letter from the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to
simplify the admeasurement of small vessels (with ac-
companying papers); to the Committee on Commerce.

S. 1936 (Magnuson), introduced in Senate May 22, a
bill to simplify the admeasurement of small vessels;
to Committee on Commerce. Purpose of bill is to sub-
stitute for present complicated method of tonnage meas-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

urement anew system which would permit the assign-
ment of tonnages from a table on the basis of length
and breadth only. The tonnage would be limited to self-
propelled vessels of less than 500 gross tons and non-
self-propelled vessels of not more than 997 gross tons.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: (Hearings before a
Subcommittee of the Committee on Public Works, United
States Senate, 87th Congress, 1st Session on S. 45,5. 120,

S. 325, S. 571, S. 861, S. 1475, and H. R. 6441, amend- _
ing the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to provide
for a more effective program of water pollution control,
May 8 and 9, 1961), 233 pp., printed. Contains text of
each bill; statements from government and private in-
dividuals; and exhibits consisting of letters, news ar~

ticles, maps, and graphs.

On May 31 the Senate Committee on Public Works
ordered favorably reported S, 120, a bill to amend the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act so as to provide a
more éffective program of water pollution control. (S.

Rept. 353).

S. Rept. 353, Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1961 (87th Congress, 1st Session, June
7, 1961, report from Committee on Public Works, to
accompany S. 120), 24 pp., printed. Contains a general
statement, discussion, major provisions of bill, changes
in existing bill, a text of the act, and tables. Purpose of
legislation, as amended, is to extend the authorization
for grants to States and interstate agencies to assist
them in meeting the costs of establishing and maintain-
ing adequate measures for the prevention and control
of water pollution.

COOKIES MADE WITH FISH FLOUR SERVED AT LUNCHEON

Toll house cookies containing 5 percent by weight of so-called

"fish flour' were served to approximately 200 guests at a general
luncheon held during the meeting of the Virginia Fisheries Associa-
tion early in 1959. The use of the fish flour was experimental. It had
been prepared approximately six months prior to the test and had not
been stabilized to prevent onset of rancidity. The general acceptance
of the cookies by the persons attending the luncheon attested to the fact
that the flour had undergone no noticeable deterioration during storage.
The flour was prepared from menhaden. Proximate analysis of the dry
product was as follows: protein, 96.1 percent; ash, 4.8 percent; and
oil, 0.08 percent. When normally packaged, the product picks up about
12 percent moisture with corresponding decreases in protein and ash.

However, several serious problems must be solved prior to com-
mercial production of fish flour.

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105

INDICATORS

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

1
MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

- =e 1961
1960

961 - 129.5
960 - 121.1
1960 - 807.0

4 mgs. 1961 -
4 is 1960 - 43.0
1960 - 501.1

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 69.7
4 , 1960- 45.5
12 1960 - 1,041.7

(1)
JAN "FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 54.7
4, 1960 - 53.8
12 1960 - 190.6

. 1961 -
1960 -
1960 - 17.8

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 1/

CUMULATIVE DATA OREGON

4 MQS. 1961 - 155.6
4 1960 163.2
12 1960 - 543.2

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 Mgs. 1961 - 9.3]
ce 1960 -
12 1960 - 49.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/ONLY PARTIAL--|NCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH VAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

106

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 39.8

4 4, 1960 - 37.7
12 1960 - 104.5

Hh SHRIMP
including Florida West Coast)

(Gulf States
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961
4 i 1960
12 1960

1/LA, & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM=
PLETE,

MENHADEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)

In Thousands of

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA
1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL - 27.1
1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 35.4

LEGEND:

* 1960/61
———_—-1959/60

<1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

LEGEND:

wae 196)
snneasses 1960
ee 1959

In Thousands of Tons

Vol. 23, No. 7

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

BLOG = 3206 | hel Senmcennts
1960 - 27.7
1960 - 142.6

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

alge

a

DEC

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

ob

TAN FEB

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1961 - 50.7
4 1960 - 45.5
1960 - 148.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. HOLDINGS U. S. FREEZINGS

2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH.

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDI nas3!

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
B/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., [OWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS, 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN,

,

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23,)Now7

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

/

/ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2

Fresh and Frozen)

RECEIPTS +

COMULATIVE DATA

5S MgS. 1961 - 65.7
Ss Fe 1960 - 67.5
2 1960 - 168.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS '2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 Mgs. 1961 - 29,9
5, 1960 - 34,5]-
12 1960 - 87.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY. JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

5 mgs. 1961 = 29.3
f 5 1960 - 34.9
12 1960 - 97.6

LEGEND:

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART 5- FISH MEAL and OIL PRODUCTION - U.S and ALASKA

= FISH OIL
In Millions of Gallons
CUMULATIVE DATA

FISH MEAL
housands 9

4 MQS. 1961
4 , 1960
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:

MACKEREL af CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

4 gs. 1961 - 177.5
4 5 1960 - 367.2
12 1960 - 934.7

te)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MgS. 1961 - 13.6 1960 SEASON
4 1" 1960 - 11.4 Toran”
12 1960 - 24.9 1959 SEASON,

TOTAL - 1,778.3

- 2,648.8

0 Es on
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR _APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ ; =
SARDINES— (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES

CUMULATIVE DATA

ESCOESEASOS vos Variety No. Cans Designation Net Wet.
1959 SEASON, ?
POTAL 21,753.1 | io : SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 32 oz.

48 a2 Siioz:

48 #5tuna 6&7 oz,

48 # 1 oval 15 oz.

SALMON...... 48 1-1b, tall 16 oz.

ANCHOVIES... 48 ) 8 oz.

| LeGeNo:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL 615.9
1959/60 SEASON

TOTAL - 754.6

bet
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

sseserees 1960/61
————— 1959/60)

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -MAY

1959/60 SEASON,
AUG. -MAY

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

- 440.2

i)
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

PY eres ae
JAN FEB’ MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GP ~UNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS Haslett) FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
(Fresh and Frozen)

= $1961

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MpS. 1961 - 63,4 4 MQS. 1961
4 4 1960 - 46.3 4 4, 1960
12 1960 - 155.6 12 198

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MQs. 1961 - 25.0 - 1961 - 17.7
4 4 1960 - 21.0

5 1960 - 17.8
12 1960 - 73.6 4 1960 - 53.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MANSEEBE MARSARRSMAVSUUNESJULYZAUGESERTMOCTANOVEDEC

1
& Tuna” ) SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
resh and Frozen}

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 QS. 1961
4 , 1960
12 1960 - 7

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1961 - 70.2
Cary 1960 - 64.8
12 1960 - 234.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ EXCLUDES LO(NS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH CANNED SARDINES
(in Oil and in Brine) in Oil and not in Oil
COMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1961 - 13.8
Ear 1960 - 11.1
12 1960 - 27.4

my
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1961
4 4 1960
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW aba bal

2 Als aed? C2 Shae BONES IF. 2? ue 0 p comma “Seabee 4 DAA. 2;

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO-
DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.

SSR.- FISH - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

Number Title

CFS-2538 - California Landings, December 1960, 5 pp.

CFS-2539 - Wisconsin Landings, January 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2545 - Massachusetts Landings, December 1960,
6 pp.

CFS-2549 - Georgia Landings, February 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2552 - Frozen Fish Report, March 1961, 8 pp.

CFS-2553 - Fish Meal and Oil, February 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2554 - Rhode Island Landings, 1960 Annual Sum-
mary, 8 pp.

CFS-2555 - Shrimp Landings, December 1960, 6 pp.

CFS-2556 - New Jer

CFS-2558 - Wisconsin Landings, February 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2560 - Maine Landings, February 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2561 - Rhode Island Landings, February 1961, 3pp.

CFS-2562 - Michigan Landings, February 1961, 2 pp:

CFS-2563 - Mississippi Landings, January 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2564 - New York Landings, February 1961, 4 pp.

CFS-2565 - Minnesota Landings, January and February
1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2567 - Virginia Landings, February 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2568 - Maine Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,

; 6 pp.

CFS-2570 - Texas Landings, January 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2571 - Fish Sticks and Portions, January-March
1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2574 - Oregon Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,
2 pp.

CFS-2575 - California Landings, January 1961, 4 pp.

CFS-2576 - Mississippi Landings, February 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2577 - North Carolina Landings, March 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2579 - South Carolina Landings, March 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2580 - Georgia Landings, March 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2581 - Fish Meal and Oil, March 1961, 2 pp,
CFS-2587 - Ohio Landings, March 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2589 - Alabama Landings, January 1961, 2 pp.

FL-147 (Revised January 1961) - List of National Fish
Hatcheries, 10 pp., processed.

sey Landings, February 1961, 3 pp.

FL-993 - Fisheries of the United States, 1960 (A Pre-
liminary Review), by E. A. Power, 70 pp., illus.,
revised April 1961. A preliminary review of com-
mercial fishery activities, well illustrated with
graphs and charts. In addition to data on production,
consumption, prices, manufactured fishery products,
value of industry and capital investments, and sup-
plies of certain fishery products, this leaflet con-
tains information on fishery imports and exports,
and world fisheries.

SL- 50 - Partial List of Wholesale Dealers in Fishery
Products in Inland Cities with a Population of 50,000
and Over, 1959.

SL-162 - Firms Producing Fish Sticks and Portions,
1961 (Revised).

SSR-Fish. No. 372 - Relative Abundance of Plankton off
Naples, Florida, and Associated Hydrographic Data,
1956-57, by Alexander Dragovich, 43 pp., illus.,
January 1961.

SSR-Fish, No. 374 - Zooplankton Volumes Off the Pa-
cific Coast, 1958, by James R. Thrailkill, 72 pp.,
illus., January 1961.

Sep. No. 620 - Bottom Trawling Explorations off the
Washington and British Columbia Coasts, May-
August 1960.

Sep. No. 621 - Indexes of the Cost of Transportation
for Fishery Products.

Fisheries Loan Fund, Fiscal Year 1958, Fish and Wild-
life Circular 106, 7 pp., illus., processed. Covers
the statistics of the fisheries, a review of the loan
fund program, organization of the Office of Loans
and Grants, status of the loan fund, and practical
value of the program. Includes graphs showing
number of loan applications, value of applications,
and other similar data.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM
THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,
U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C,.

Number Title
MNL-50 - Preliminary Estimate of Commercial Fish

Production, Province of Ontario, Canada,
1960.
MNL-51 - Turkish Fisheries in the Marmara Area.

112

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLES ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,
BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BOOTHBAY HARBOR, ME.

Biological Groups of Murman Herring (CLUPEA
HARENGUS HARENGUS) according to the Structure
of Winter Rings on the Scales, by P? A. Murash-
kintseva, 21 pp., illus., processed, February 1960.
(Translated from Russian, Trudy Polyarnyy Nauchno-

Issledovatel'skiy Institut Morskogo Ry are Kho-
zyaystva i Okeanografii, nos: 8, pp. -87.)

Different Response in Male and Female Kil'ka CLUPEO-

NELLA ENGRAULIFORMIS (Borodin) to Electric

Light, by D. A. Shubnikov, 3 pp., processed, Feb-
ruary 1960.

(Translated from Russian, Zoologiche-
skii Zhurnal, vol. 38, no. 5, 1959, pp. 781-782)

The Herring Fishery and Its Biological Studies, 156pp.,
illus., processed, July 1960. (Translated from Jap-

anese, Gyogyo Kagaku Sosho, no. 4, October 1952,
62 pp.)

Investigations of Herring Migrations in the Barents and
Norwegian Seas, by I. V. Shutova-Korzh, 5 pp., illus.,

processed, February 1960. (Translated from Rus-
sian, Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, vol. 35, no. 2, 1959,
pp. 5-8.)

Microsporidia GLUGEA HERTWIGI Weissenberg Found
in Smelts of Lake Yulis-Yarvi, by E.A. Bogdanova,
Tp., processed. (Translated from Russian, Vseso-
yuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Ozer-

noga i Rechnogo Rybnogo Khoziaistva
vol. 42, 1957, p. 330-)

Izvestiya,

Parasites of Clupeid Fishes in the Black Sea, by G. K.
Petrushevskii, 21 pp., processed, March 1960.
(Translated from Russian, Leningrad, Vsesoyuznogo
Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Ozemage i Rech-

nogo Rybnogo oziaistva, [zvestiia, vol. » L957,
pp. 304-314.

Supplementary Data on the Reaction of Herring to Elec-
tric Light, Ey D. P. Tikhonov, 3 pp., illus., processed,
February 1960. (Translated from Russian, Rybnoye
Khozyaystvo, vol. 35, no. 4, 1959, pp. 13-14.)

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products,
January and February i561, 8 pp. each. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400
E. Lombard St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts of
fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish at Balti-
more by species and by states and provinces; total
receipts by species and comparisons with previous
years; and wholesale prices on the Baltimore mar-
ket; for the months indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part I - Fishery Products Production and Martet
Data, Marc 61, I3 pp. (Market News Service,

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) California receipts of the major
fisheries (including tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and
market fish) at leading ports; packs of major canned
products; manufacture of byproducts; and wholesale
prices for frozen and canned products; with com-
parative data; for the month indicated.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part I = Fishing Information, April boat. 8 pp.,
illus. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Biological Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Lomas
Station, San Diego 6, Calif.) Discusses the cruise
during which scientists measured scine depth bythe
use of sonar; comments on the use of polaroid
glasses in sighting schools of tuna; and presents
topographic charts and sea-surface temperature
charts, Eastern Pacific Ocean, April 1961; andother
pertinent data; for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frogen Fisher Products Heceitts endiwnolesala
Market Prices, April 1961, pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
month indicated.

A Fish and Wildlife Conservation Plan for the Boeuf

~ “and Tensas Rivers and Bayou Macon Project, Arkan-
sas and Louisiana, a Unit of the Mississippi River .
and Tributaries Review, 28 pp., illus., processed,
T1959. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Office of Regional
Director, Peachtree-Seventh Bldg., Atlanta 23, Ga.)

Fishery Development Program of the Lower Columbia
River, Report for Fiscal Year 1953, 89 pp., illus.,
processed. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region-
al Director, Seattle, Wash.)

Future Developments in the Production and Utilization
of Fish Meal (Report of the International Meeting on
processed. (Branch of Technology, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington 25, D. C.) A report on the future develop-
ments in the production and utilization of fish meal
prepared for the International Meeting on Fish Meal,
held in Rome on March 20-29, 1961. The meeting
was convened by the Director-General of the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
at the request of certain member governments. The
meeting was called as a result of a rapid increase
in the world's productive capacity for fish meal with-
out the use being made of the product keeping pace
with this expansion. Consequently, stocks of meal
accumulated, prices fell substantially, and produc-
tion had to be reduced in a number of countries.

The purpose of the meeting was to assess the world
demand for fish meal, both short and long term, in
relation to resources and productive capacity; to
consider ways and means of increasing the effective
demand for fish meal by action on the part of govern-
ments and of the industry individually or in concert;
and to explore possibilities of ensuring stable con-
ditions in the international market for fish meal.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, April 1961, q pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of
Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North
Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113

City; together with cumulative and comparative data; Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 53 pp., illus.,
for the month indicated. printed, 40 cents, 1961,

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, March "An Improved Instrument to Section Bones for Age and
I961, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S..Fish and Growth Determinations of Fish,"' by Arthur Witt, Jr.,
Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 23,
Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery no. 2, April 1961, pp. 94-96, illus., printed.
ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and
species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel MISCELLANEOUS

prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery

products in New England warehouses; fishery land-

ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts PUBLICATIONS

(Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown,

and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND
Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stoning- | witoLi'Fe SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANI ZA-
ton); frozen fishery products prices to primary LION ISSUING THEM, CORRES PONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT

wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; | pustisHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares, byspe- | SHOWN,
cies landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through
the New England Fish Exchange; for the month in- ATR een wees esp Peri bl
dicated. i port de Denrees Perissables
sous Regime de Froid" (Controlled Temperature
Mi oe Se inten ie Wea ase MiManer Gecele Bulletin bf the mtemerenen ee
Service. 155 John St., New York 38, N. ¥.) mcledes Be ero er pene wou Oa yncem a ines cola
summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on 25, illus., printed in French with English abstracts.
wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at mead Teas (ane) is Froid, me pepe he Male-
New York City, primary wholesaler prices for fro- Set aa ae Hi Lines cS im s text o a
zen products, and marketing trends; for the month Bsnere Suey tor We nan iabridged text wasipre
Prdigated 5 : sented at the 10th International Congress of Refriger-

ation in August 1959. Contains sections on: ''Condi-

q : tions for Use of Aeroplanes for the Transport of
Questions and Answers Regarding the Federal Wage- 5 aon : 2

Hour Law Amendments of Tet Affecting the Fish- ie asaann Romina rents of poate Holds
ing Industry, ECML-6, 7 pp., processed, May 1961, a Ou i oe F acreage tae for the
(antnon of Economics, Bureau of Commercial Fish- Rea Cae of Perishable Foodstuffs under Controlled
eries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Led are RAS
25, D. C.) A list of questions and answers per-
taining to the Federal Wage-Hour Law Amend- ALASKA: .
ments of 1961 as they affect the fishing indus- Regulations of the Alaska Board oe Fish and Game for
try. Some of these amendments make changes Commercial Fishing in Alaska, 119 pp., printed.
in the application of the Federal Wage and Hour Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 229 Alaska
Law to the fishing industry. Office Bldg., Juneau, Alaska, 1961.

( ) Wash fe) ena ar Receistelanay li mea,

Seattle) Was ington, regon, an aska Receipts and Actions and Interactions of Temperature, Light Inten-
Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas sity and Nutrient Concentration on the Growth of the
and Fisheries, Monthly ee April T1967, 9 pp. Green Alga, CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI Dan-_
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- geard, by Alen Milne McCombie, 24 pp., illus.,
ice, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes land- printed. (Reprinted from Journal of the Fisheries
ings and local receipts, with ex-vessel and whoke- Research Board of Canada, vol. 17, no. 6, :
sale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle pp. 871-894.) Queen's Printer and Controller o
and Astoria (Ore.) wholesale dealers; also North- Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.
west Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp
landings; for the month indicated. "Marine Red Algae of Pacific Mexico. Part 4--Gigar-

tinales,'' by E. Yale Dawson; ''Part 5--The Genus

Summary of Tagging Operations, July 1, 1959 through Pol Bishontaen by G. J. Hollenberg and E. Yale Daw-
June 30, 1960, by Sterling L. Cogswell, 11 pp., son, articles, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 2, no. 5-6,

processed. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, April 28, 1961, pp. 191-375, illus., printed. Beaudette
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.) Foundation for Biological Research, Box 482, R.F.D.
1, Solvang, Calif.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON ALMANAC:
2550 Csainan rp The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1962, Catalog No.
: “Dp 213.11:962, 311 pp., printed, $2. U.S. Naval Ob-
Embryological Stages in the Sea Lamprey and Effects servatory, Washington, D. C., 1961. (Available
2 Temperature erature on Development, by George W. from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
Piavis, Fishery Bulletin 182 (from Fishery Bulletin ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Provides
of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 37 pp., in a convenient form the astronomical data required
illus., printed, 30 cents, 1961. for marine navigation.

Filefishes (Monacanthidae) of the Western North Atlan- | ANTIBIOTICS: ‘
tic, by Frederick H. Berry and Louis E. Vogele, "Change in Freshness and CTC Residue of Chlortet-
Fishery Bulletin 181 (from Fishery Bulletin of the racycline-Treated Trawler's Catches with Species,

114 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Size and Method of Treatment," by Shigeyuki Sasa-
yama and others, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, March 1960,
pp. 361-369, printed in Japanese with English ab-
stract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,

c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori,

6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Effect of Aureomycin (Chlortetracycline) and Aureo-
mycin in 5% Sodium Chloride Solution on the Keep-
ing Quality of Fresh Water Fish Fillets," article,
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol.
19 C, no. 9, September 1960, pp. 231-232, printed.
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Old
Mill Rd., New Delhi, India.

"Role of Oxytetracycline and Chlortetracycline on
Keeping the Quality of Fish with Special Reference
to Increase of Resistant Bacterial Population," by
Toshiharu Kawabata and others, article, Bulletinof
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
March 1960, pp. 300-311, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific

Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-

kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

ARGENTINA:

"La Industria Pesquera, Estado Actual y Perspectivas

en Nuestro Pais" (The Fishery Industry. Present
States and Prospects in Argentina), by D. Chaplin,
article, Villber, vol. 1, no. 2, July 1960, pp. 13-16,
printed in Spanish. Villber, S. A. C. I., Rosario,
Argentina.

BELGIUM:

Fleet in ceo 43 pp., processed in French. Min-.
istere des Communications, Administration de la
Marine et de la Navigation Interieure, Brussels,
Belgium.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES:

Bibliographie--L'Industrie des Peches (Bibliography
of the Fishing Industry), 48 pp., processed. Lab-
oratoire des Peches Coloniales, Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier, Paris Ve,
France, December 1955.

BIOCHEMISTRY:
"Biochemical Changes in Fish During Maturation,"
by H. L. A. Tarr, article, Marine Biology, April
1959, pp. 36-50, printed. Proceedings of the Twen-

tieth Annual Biology Colloquim, Oregon State College,

Corvallis, Oreg.
\
"Trimethylamine Oxide in Fish Muscle. III--The
Origin of Trimethylamine Oxide in Marine Fish
Muscle," by Tomotoshi Okaichi, Masaya Manabe,
and Yoshiro Hashimoto, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25,
June 1959, pp. 136-140, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries,
Shiba-kaigandori,. 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

BONITO:

"Change of Free Amino Acids During the Manufactur-

ing Process of 'Katsuwobushi' (Dried Bonito)," by

Shoji Konosu and Yoshio Hashimoto, article, Bulletin

liminary),

Vol. 23, No.

of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol.
25, August 1959, pp. 307-311, printed in Japanese
with English ee Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

BYPRODUCTS:

"Las Industrias Derivadas de la Pesca en Espana"!
(The Fishery Byproducts Industries in Spain), by
San, article, Industria Conservera,- vol. 27, no. 260,
February 1961, pp. 43-44, printed in Spanish. In-

dustria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares,

41, Vigo, Spain.

CALIFORNIA:

California Fish and Game, vol. 47, no. 2, April 1961,

“Til pp., illus., printed. Department of Fish and
Game, 987 Jedsmith Dr., Sacramento 19, Calif. In-
cludes, among others, the following articles: "Re-
sults of the 1955 to 1959 Pismo Clam Censuses,"
by John L. Baxter; and ''Descriptions of Postlarval
and Juvenile Bonito from the Eastern Pacific Ocean,"
by Leo, Pinkas.

CANADA:

The Boat Building Industry, 1959, by Dominion Bureau

“of Statistics, April 1961, 10 pp., printed, 50 Canadian
cents. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Station-
ery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains statistical tables pre-
senting inventories during 1959; products of the boat-
building industry, 1958-59; materials used in the in-
dustry; factory shipments of boats; employees and
their earnings; capital and repair expenditures; and
other similar data.

Fisheries Statistics of British Columbia, 1960 (Pre-
pp., printed. Department of Fisheries,
Economics Branch, Pacific Area, Vancouver, B. C.,
Canada, April 1961. Discusses the total value of |
fish and fish products produced in 1960 with an anal-
ysis of the decline in total landings; landed and mar-
keted value, production and utilization, and canned
pack of salmon; herring landings; halibut landings;
crab and shrimp catch; fishing vessels; gear and
equipment; and number of licensed fishermen. In-
cludes statistical tables on landings and value by
species, and by years; utilization of the catch, by
species; salmon pack, 1960; and other similar data.

Operations of Modern Fishing Craft, Atlantic Seaboard,
1959, by John Proskie, Primary Industry Studies
No. 1, vol. 9, 112 pp., processed. Economics Serv-
ice, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, 1961.
(Available from Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.) An annual progress
report on a study of the economics of primary fish-
ing enterprises in the Atlantic provinces. Presents
in summary form the results of fishing activities and
the financial outcome for 156 primary fishing enter-
prises. The data include modernization program,
1947-60; description of boats, capital cost, financing,
ownership; fishing activities; landings and landed
values; and prices, receipts, expenditures, net re-
turns. Also includes data on fishing effort and re-
turns; geographic operational areas; and seasonal
fishing effort and landings.

"La Physionomie de la Peche Canadienne sur la Cote
Atlantique a Profondement Change depuis la Guerre"
(The Character of the Canadian Fishery on the

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

Atlantic Coast Has Changed Tremendously since the
War), by T. H. Turner, article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 40, no. 997, April 1961, pp. 221-223, illus.,

printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boule-

vard Haussmann, Paris, France.

"Senate Committee on Land Use in Canada," article,
Trade News, vol. 13, no. 9, March 1961, pp. 19-25,
27, processed. Information and Educational Service,
Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. 'In
Canada, any industry which uses water in any way
or affects the water supply will influence fish in one
way or another," states the author. Reviews the
effects of agriculture, forestry, and mining on the
fisheries. Also covers the scope of secondary oc-
cupations engaged in by fishermen, particularly
farming and forestry.

CASPIAN SEA:

Caspian Sea and Its Basin, by B. A. Apollov, TRANS-
I, 121 pp., illus., processed. (Translated from
Russian, Akademiia Nauk CCCP, 1956, pp. 1-121)
U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C.,
1960.

CONSUMPTION:

"Urban Family Expenditures for Fish, 1953, 1955 and
1957," by H. C. Frick, article, Trade News, vol. 13,
no. 9, March 1961, pp. 5-18, illus., processed. In-
formation and Educational Service, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Reports on three bien-
nial family food expenditure surveys conducted in
1953, 1955, and 1957, by the Dominion Bureau of
Statistics. The average weekly family expenditure
for fisheries food products in five Canadian cities
was 50 cents in 1957. This was above the 1955
figure of 43 cents, but below that for 1953, which
was 54 cents. In each of the three years, fish and
shellfish purchases represented only two percent
of the average weekly family expenditures for all
foods of about $22. In the first two surveys, families
recorded their fish purchases under three headings:
(1) fresh fish, cured fish, and other seafood; (2)
canned salmon; and (3) other canned fish and sea-
food. In 1957, a separate category was used for
frozen fish, making four classifications in all. Sta-
tistical tables present the results of these surveys.

COSTA RICA:
La Realidad de la Pesca en Costa Rica (The Present
~ Condition of the Costa Rican Fisheries), by Raul H.
Canessa Murillo, 23 pp., processed in Spanish.
Camara Puntarenense Pescadores, Apartado 245,
Puntarenas, Costa Rica.

CRABS:

Some Growth Changes in the Stone Crab MENIPPE
MERCENARIA (Say), by Raymond B. Manning,
Contribution No 204, 5 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Quarterly Journal of the Florida Acad-
emy of Sciences, vol. 23, no. 4, 1960, pp. 273-277.)
The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., 1961.

CRAWFISH:

"Mudbug Farming," by Percy Viosca, Jr., article,
Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 13, no. 3, March
1961, pp. 5-7, 19, illus., printed. Louisiana Con-
servationist, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400
Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. Discusses the

recent introduction of crawfish farming in Louisiana.
Frequently, a crop of crawfish in winter is rotated
with a crop of rice in summer, enhancing the value
of both products. The author, finding many crawfish
farmers operating on a trial and error basis, offers
suggestions on kinds of crawfish to rear, soil con-
dition, water supply, fertilizer, vegetation, brood-
stock, and harvesting.

CRUSTACEANS:

"Crevettes, Langoustines, Langoustes: dans le Golfe
de Cadix'' (Shrimp, Spiny Lobsters, and Lobsters in
the Gulf of Cadiz), by Jules Molard, article, France
Peche, vol. 6, no. 48, February 1961, pp. 13-14,
printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est,
Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

Lobster and Crab Fishing, by W. S. Forsyth, 103 pp.,
illus., printed, 7s. 6d, (about US$1.05). The Macmillan
Co., 60 5th Ave., New York 11, N. Y., 1960.

Shore Fishing for Lobsters, Crabs, and Prawns, by
B. R. Faunthorpe, 157 pp., illus., printed, 15s (about
US$2.10). Seeley Service and Co., Ltd., 196 Shaftes-
bury Ave., London WC2, England, 1952.

CUTTLE-FISH:

"Studies on the Utilization of Cuttle-Fish, Ommastre-
phes sloani pacificus. IlI--The Seasonal Variations
in the Gravimetric Constitution and Chemical Com-
position of the Various Parts of the Body,'' by Takashi
Takahashi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, February 1960, p. 95,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori,6-chome, Tokyo,
Japan.

DENMARK:

"Order No. 258 Promulgating the Act on the Establish-
ment of a Credit Institute for the Fisheries Industry,"
Food and Agricultural Legislation, vol. IX, no. 2,
December 1, 1960, Denmark, XVIII.3/59.1, 7 pp.,
printed, $1. Columbia University Press, International
Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27,

N. Y. Covers the provisions of Denmark Order

No. 258, July 30, 1959 (Lovtidende A., No. XX, Au-
gust 18, 1959, p. 945). The order states that ''An
Institute shall be established bearing the title of the
Fisheries Bank of the Kingdom of Denmark, the pur-
pose of which shall be to support Danish fisheries
and the manufacture and marketing of fish and fish-
eries products by the grant of loans. . . .The State
Exchequer shall make available to the Bank the sum
of 10 million Danish crowns as a basic fund for fi-
nancing the Bank's operations."

DEVELOPMENT BANK: ?

Inter-American Development Bank, First Annual Re-
port, 1960, 49 pp., illus., printed. Office of Informa-
tion, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington
25, D. C., 1961. Describes the Bank's organization
and policies and contains financial statements on
ordinary capital resources and the fund for special
operations. Also discusses economic and social
problems of Latin America today, including popula-
tion growth, raw-materials prices, and balance of
payments. By September 30, 1960, according to the
report, member countries had paid in 99.6 percent
of first installments due. This amounted to the

116

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.
equivalent of $75,769,000 in ordinary capital re-
sources and $72,882,500 in resources of the fund
for special operations. By the end of 1960, the
Bank had received 194 applications for loans and
174 inquiries. At this time, the Bank had 91 appli-
cations on an active status, involving $200 million
in loan requests.

EELS AND LAMPREYS:

"TLampreys and Eels," by Frank J. Schwartz, article,
Maryland Conservationist, vol. 38, no. 2, March-
April 1961, pp. 18-27, illus., printed. Maryland
Conservationist, State Office Bldg., Box 231, An-
napolis, Md. Presents an explanation of the differ-
ences between eels and lampreys and describes in
detail the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus; least
brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera; American
brook lamprey, Lampetra lamottei; American eel,
Anguilla rostrata; and the conger eel, Conger ocean-

icus.

FATTY ACID:
"Biogenesis of Polyunsaturated Acid in Fish," by

James F. Mead, Mitsu Kayama, and Raymond Reiser,

article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' So-

ciety, vol. 37, September 1960, pp. 438-440, printed.
The American Oil Chemists' Society, 35 E. Wacker
Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.

FEEDSTUFFS:

"Fishy Eggs,'' by H. Gasperdone and others, article,
Feedstuffs, vol. 32, October 1, 1960, pp. 34-36,
printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 1188S.
6th St., Minneapolis 2, Minn.

FISH FLOUR:

"Dry Protein From Low-Grade Small Fish," by A. I.
Yuditakaya, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 9, 1954,
pp. 56-59, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

FISH MEAL:

Contribuicao para o Estudo de Kjeldahlizacao Rapida
em Farinhas de Peixe (Contribution in the Study of
the Kjeldahl Rapid Method of Manufacturing Fish
Meal), by Rui Monteiro, Notas Mimeografadas do
Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 13, 9 pp., proc-
essed in Portugese. Ministerio do Ultramar, Junta
de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal,
1960.

"La Situation de l'Industrie de la Farine de Poisson
dans le Monde" (The World-wide Situation of the
Fish Meal Industry), article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 40, no. 997, April 1961, pp. 213-214, illus.,
printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Bou-
levard Haussmann, Paris, France

FLORIDA:

Ichthyological Surveys of the Lower St. Lucie and
Indian Rivers, Florida East Coast, by Victor G.
Springer, FSBCML No. 60-19, 19 pp., illus., proc-
eBsed. Florida State Board of Conservation Marine

aboratory, Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St.
etersburg, Fla., June 23, 1960.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
"The Conservation of Fish Stocks,'' by J. A. Gulland,
article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no. 29, December

'

1960, pp. 1-5, printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Coun-
cil, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Bangkok, Thailand. Conservation of fish
stocks is concerned with suitable regulation of fish-
ing, and the main problems are first, establishing
the facts as to how fishing controls the level of the
stocks and hence future catches, and second, decid-
ing in the light of these facts how the fishery should
be regulated to the best interests of both producer
and consumer, present and future. Of the factors
which influence the yield two are directly under
human control: the fishing mortality, which is di-
rectly proportional to fishing effort; and the age or
size at which the fish are first liable to capture.
Control of the catch can be effected by regulation of
mesh size, closing of certain areas, establishment
of minimum size for landing, use of catch quotas,
enforcement of closed seasons, and limitation of the
size or type of vessel or the number of vessels em-
ployed.

English Translation of Agreement between the Govern-
ments of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, The
People's Republic of Bulgaria, and The Rumanian
People's Republic, Concerning the Fisheries of the
Black Sea, FAO Fisheries Biology Technical Paper
No. 6, 8 pp., processed, limited distribution. Fish-
eries Division, Biology Branch, Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,
February 1961.

Fish--The Great Potential Food Supply, by D. B. Finn,
World Food Problems No. 3, 50 pp., illus., printed,
50 cents. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1960. (For sale by
Columbia University Press, International Documents
Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) A
survey of the world's food fish supply and its utiliza-
tion. Contains sections covering the increasing world
catch of fish; problems which hinder and hamper fish
production; some examples of work and progress in
fisheries; and increasing the supply of fish. The
world catch of fish is now about 34 million metric
tons a year. It is probable that the existing known
stocks are sufficient for a catch of 50 to 60 million
tons annually without considering the possible dis-
covery of new fisheries. Progress toward this total
will be made through mechanization of fishing vessels,
gear, and equipment; training of fishermen; develop-
ment of fish processing and preservation; and organ-
ization of transport, distribution, and marketing in
the underdeveloped areas of the world.

General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean,
Agreement and Rules of Procedure 33 pp., printed
in French and English. General Fisheries Council
for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1960.

List of Participants and Summary Record of the’
Plenary Sessions (General Fisheries Council for
the Mediterranean, FAO, VI Session, 22-28 Septem-
ber 1960, Rome), 15 pp., processed in English and
French. General Fisheries Council for the Mediter-
ranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy, 1960.

Multilingual Vocabulary and Notation for Fishery
Dynamics, compiled by S. J. Holt, 42 pp., printed

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 117

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

in English, French, and Spanish. Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,
1960. (For sale by the Columbia University Press,
International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway,
New York 27, N. Y.) This vocabulary is an exten-
sion of the standard terminology and notation pub-
lished in 1959. It is not intended to be comprehen-
sive but lists terms, used by fishery biologists, in
various languages only for the quantities to which a
standard symbol was recommended in that paper.
About 28 terms are defined in each of 20 languages.

Report (General Fisheries Council for the Mediter-

ranean, FAO, VI Session, 22-28 September 1960),
18 pp., processed in English and French. General
Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1960.

Some Aspects of the Marketing of Dried Fish in
Central and West Africa, by George R. Allen and

Jacques Chaux, 66 pp., processed. Food and Ag-
riculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy, 1961. A report based on a study tour in
Central and West Africa made in August and Sep-
tember 1959. The study was organized to satisfy
the need for information on the trade in a commod-
ity which is of great actual, and even greater poten-
tial, importance in meeting protein requirements

in human diets and, at the same time, is a signifi-
cant source of income for those employed in the
fishery industries in the area. Topics covered in-
clude the demand for dried fish, the economic
approach to production and marketing problems,
cooperation between African countries, and inter-
mediary marketing functions. Also discussed are
the retailing of dried fish in Central and West Africa,
the fishery industries of Angola, the stockfish trade
in Nigeria, and observations on the dried fish trade
on a country-by-country basis.

FOREIGN TRADE: 5
Licensing and Exchange Controls--the Philippines,

WTIS Part 2, Operations Report No. 61-9, 10 -pp.,
printed, 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
February 1961. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. 8. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Discusses Philippine import and
export controls, the decontrol program, import
licensing, exchange controls on imports, allocation
of regular exchange quotas, regulations on free
market imports, special import regulations, and
United States controls on exports and imports.

Licensing and Exchange Controls--United Kingdom,
WTIS Part 2, Operations Report No. 61-4, 4 pp.,

printed, 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce,

U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
January 1961. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Discusses the United Kingdom's
import and export licensing policy, import and ex-
port licensing and exchange controls, and United
States controls on exports and imports.

(The Fishery Industry Has Assessed Its Problems
and Expresses a Willingness to Solve Them), article,
La Peche Maritime, vol. 40, no. 997, April 1961,

pp. 205-212, illus., printed in French. La Peche
Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

"La Production Francaise en Produits de la Mer Sur-
geles Face au Marche National" (The French Pro-
duction of Processed Frozen Fishery Products Com-
petes on the National Market), by A. Bachmann, ar-
ticle, France Peche, vol. 6, no. 48, February 1961,
pp. 43-44, illus., printed in French. France Peche,
Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

FRESH FISH HANDLING:

Chilling of Fish, 276 pp., illus., printed. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy, 1961. Contains papers submitted at a
conference sponsored by FAO's Interim Committee
on Fish Handling and Processing, held in Rotterdam,
June 1956. The volume is divided into three parts:
(1) the Use of Antibiotics, Bacteriostatic Ices, and
Dips; (2) Brine Cooling, Sea-Water Ice, Scale Ice;
and (3) Fresh Fish Quality Assessment--Objective
and Subjective Methods. During discussions, it was
stressed that the methods used by the fishing indus-
try are often such that a great improvement in the
keeping quality of fish can be attained by better
handling, icing, and hygiene, without the use of pre-
servatives. It was also suggested that a fair dis-
tribution of antibiotics in ice during its manufacture
is possible, particularly with small ice. Discussions
on brine cooling included the use of tanks with chilled
sea water on fishing vessels; and it was decided that
the question of the stability of boats needed further
examination. The opinion was expressed that this
method did not adapt itself to distant-water trawlers
because of the extra space needed. There was also
a discussion on fish odors, One man stated that it is
difficult, even for expert graders, to spot by visual
examination the ''stinkers.'' It is only when the fillet
is cut that one can tell, by the odor, that a fish is a
stinker. In assessing quality of fresh fish, the newer
tests and improvements in existing tests are being
developed and explored, the most recent covering
studies of chemical changes taking place in spoiling.
Details are given of a method being developed in
Germany on the use of electricity in testing the quality
of fresh fish. In Great Britain, work is being done on
the changes in the opacity of fish eye lenses during
storage of the fish in ice and on the development of a
special apparatus for estimating opacity.

FROZEN FISH:

Commercialisation et Consommation du Poisson Sur-
gele (Marketing and Consumption of Frozen Fish),
Draft No, 5/18, 136 pp., printed in French, $1.25.
European Agency of Productivity, European Organ-
isation for Economic Cooperation, 2, rue Andre-
Pascal, Paris (16°), France.

"Le Poisson Congele au Danemark" (Frozen Fish in
Denmark), by F. Bramsnaes, article, France Peche,
vol. 6,no.48, February 1961, pp. 21-23, 25-28, illus.,
printed inFrench. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue
de Guemene, Lorient, France.

FRANCE: FUR SEALS:
"Le Monde de la Peche a Pris Conscience de Ses "North Pacific Fur Seals,"' article, Trade News, vol. 13,
Problemes et Marque sa Volonte de les Resoudre"' no. 9, March 1961, pp. 3-4, illus., processed. In-

118 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

formation and Educational Service, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.

"Seasonal and Diurnal Vertical Distribution of Her-
ring (CLUPEA HARENGUS L.) in Passamaquoddy
Bay, N. B.” by Vivien M. Brawn, article, Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 17,
September » PP. -711, printed. Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Queen's
Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

GENERAL: .
The UNESCO Courier, vol. 13, no. 7-8, July-August
~T560, printed. United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific, and Cultural Organization, 801 3rd Ave., New
York 22, N. Y. Contains a series of 16 articles on

the ocean's secrets--devoted to oceanography and | IDAHO:
marine life. Experimental Rough Fish Control; Annual Progress
Report, by Charles R. Fiil and James F. Keating, Jr.,
HALIBUT: 49 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Division, Boise,

Memorandum on 1961 Pacific Halibut Fishery Reg- Idaho, 1960.
ulations, 7 pp., processed. International Pacific
Halibut Commission, Fisheries Hall No. 2, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. Lists the
regulatory areas and length of the halibut fishing
seasons, and discusses closed seasons, catch lim-
its, minimum size limit, and nets and dory gear
prohibited. Also covers the retention of tagged
halibut, licensing of vessels, conditions limiting
validity of licenses, earliest dates for validation
of licenses, permits to retain incidentally caught
halibut, statistical returns by vessels, anddealers'
records.

; Completion Report, 1955-1960, by James
~F, Keating Sete pest RS Oa aaa

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

International North Pacific Fisheries Commission,
Bulletin No. 3, January 1961, 27 pp., illus., printed.
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission,
6640 NW Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada.
Contains articles on: ''Rapid Counting of Nematoda
in Salmon by Peptic Digestion,'' by Joseph A. Stern
and others; ''Serological Differentiation of Popula-
tions of Sockeye Salmon," by G. J. Ridgway, J. E.
Cushing, and G. L. Durall; and ''Some Features of
the Upper Zone of the Sub-Arctic Pacific Ocean,"
by A. J. Dodimead.

Pacific Halibut Fishery Regulations (Effective March
, 1961), II pp., printed. International Pacific

Halibut Commission, Fisheries Hall No. 2, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash., March 1961.
These regulations were published in conformity with
the Pacific Halibut Fishery Convention between the
United States and Canada, signed March 2, 1953.
They are based on biological and statistical inves-
tigations, designed to show what catch can be taken
from the stocks each year. The 1961 regulations ©
differ from those of 1960 in the following respects:
(1) Area 3B is divided into two parts, Area 3B
North and Area 3B South, with differential opening
dates of April 10 and April 25 respectively; (2) The
second season in Areas 1B and 2 is eliminated; (3)
the catch limit in Area 2 has been increased from
26.5 million pounds to 28 million pounds, and in
Area 3A from 30 million pounds to 33 million pounds;
(4) the descriptions of the Timbered Islet and Mas-
set grounds in Area 2, which no longer qualify as
nursery grounds, are removed from the regulations.

Report by the President on the Eighth Meeting of the
Permanent Commission Held in London, May 1960,
37 pp., processed in English and portions in French.
Office of the Commission, International Fisheries
Convention of 1946, Board of Trade Bldgs., Whitehall
Gardens, London SW1, England, 1961. A report on
the eighth meeting of the Permanent Commission,
International Fisheries Convention of 1946. Includes,
among other items, the report of the Committee on
Mesh Difficulties, a proposal to increase the mesh
size in trawl nets in the northeast part of the Con-
vention area, and a discussion of the state of the
herring industry. Also includes the agenda of the
eighth meeting, a list of the observers and delegates,
and financial reports.

ISRAEL:

Bamidgeh, vol. 12, no. 4, December 1960, 48 pp., illus.,
printed in Hebrew and English. Bamidgeh, Joint Ag-
ricultural Extension Center, Division of Fisheries,
Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv, Israel. Contains
the following articles: ''Suggestions for the Improve-
ment of Fish Breeding," by S. Tal; ''An Electric In-
strument for Brandmarking Fish,'' by Rom Moav, G.
Wohlfarth, and M. Lahman; ''Adaptability of Tilapia
nilotica to Various Saline Conditions," by Ruth Lotan;

The Elimination of Uncontrolled Svawns in Carp
Fattening Ponds," by J. Pruginin and J. Shechter;
and ''A Mobile Belt for Hauling and Sorting Fish,'' by

Utilization of Pacific Halibut Stocks: Yield per Re-
cruitment, Report No. 28, 51 pp., illus., printed.
International Pacific Halibut Commission, Fish-
eries Hall No. 2, University of Washington, Seattle
5, Wash., 1960.

HERRING:
"Explorations for Herring in the Bay of Fundy and
Gulf of Maine," by S. N. Tibbo and V. M. Brawn,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board

of Canada, vol. 17, September 1960, pp. 735-737

printed. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board Z. Shatz.
of Canada, Queen's Printer & Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada. ITALY:

Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia (Bul-
letin of Fishery, Fish Culture, and Hydrobiology),
vol. 14, no, 2, July-December 1959, 116 pp., illus.,

Laboratorio Centrale di Idro-

"Rapport over Smasildunders¢kelser i Nord-Norge
med F/F Asterias hésten 1960'' (Report on Small

Herring Investigations in Northern Norway on Board
the Asterias during 1960), by Per Hognestad, ar-
ticle, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 16, April 20, 1961,
pp. 329-333, iflus., printed in Norwegi in. Fiskets
Gang, Fiskeriderektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

printed in Italian.
biologia, Piazza Borghese, 91, Rome, Italy. Includes,
among others, these articles: ''Lo Scampo del Mare
Tirreno (Nato I)'"' (The lobster, Nephrops norevegi-
cus, of the Tyrrhenian Sea), by Francesco Matta;
™Osservazioni Compiute nelle Tonnara del'Tono'

July 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

119

THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

di Milazzo durante le Stagione di Pesca 1958" (Ob-
servations Made of Tuna Pound Nets of Milazzo,
Sicily, during the Summer Fishery of 1958), by
Francesco Li Greci; ''La Pesca nell'Isola d'Elba"
(The Fisheries of the Island of Elba), by Maria
Giovanna Pedrotti; and ''Osservazioni Eseguite in
Alcune Tonnare del Basso Tirreno durante la Cam-
pagna di Pesca 1959"' (Observations Made of Some
Tuna Pound Nets in the Lower Tyrrhenian Sea dur-
ing the 1959 Fishing Season), by Sebastiano Genovese.

LAW OF THE SEA:

"Tandhelgismalid, Lausn a Deilunni vith Breth--Auk-
ning Fiskveithilogsogunnar"' (Dispute on Fishing
Limits, Dispute with the British--Extension of Fish-
ing Zone), article, Aegir, vol. 54, no. 4, March 1961,
pp. 70-79, illus., ented in Icelandic. Aegir, Posth.
20, Reykjavik, Iceland.

"Sedentary Fisheries and the Convention on the Con-
tinental Shelf," by Richard Young, article, American
Journal of International Law, vol. 55, no. 2, Apri
T96I, pp. 359- , printed. American Society of
International Law, Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancaster,
Pa. The Convention on the Continental Shelf of
April 29, 1958 declares that the ''coastal State exer-
cises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for
the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural
resources.'' It later defines these resources as
"the mineral and other non-living resources of the
seabed and subsoil together with living organisms
belonging to sedentary species, that is to say, organ-
isms which, at the harvestable stage, either are
immobile on or under the seabed or are unable to
move except in constant physical contact with the
seabed or the subsoil.'' This article discusses the
history of the legal aspects of the continental shelf
resources and the work of the International Law
Commission on this subject as part of its study of
the law of the sea. The proceedings of the Fourth
Committee (Continental Shelf) of the Geneva Con-
ference are also discussed, as well as the status
provided by the Convention, its scope, and problems
which might arise from it.

LOBSTERS:

Pesca Exploratoria de la Langosta con Nasas, al Sur
de Camaguey, Cuba (Exploratory Spiny Lobster Fish-
ing with toe: South of Camaguey, Cuba), by Rene
J. Buesa Mas, Contribution No. 11, 28 pp., illus.,
printed in Spanish. Centro de-Investigaciones Pes-
queras, Seccion de Pesca, Instituto Nacional de ia
Reforma Agraria, Playa Habana, Bauta, Cuba.

LONG-LINER:

"Ie Daguite Premier Thonier Construit en Europe
pour la Peche a la Ligne Longue" (The Daguite,
First Tuna Vessel Constructed in Europe for the
Long-Line Fishery), article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 40, no. 996, March 1961, pp. 167-171, "
illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190,
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

MACKEREL: ;

"Studies on the Method for Testing the Spoilage of
Food. XI - Determination of Volatile Reducing
Substances of Mackerel Flesh by Steam Distilla-
tion,'' by Tetsuo Tomiyama and others, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, January 1960, pp. 33-38, printed in

Japa. se with English abstract. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries. Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

MARINE AIDS:
List of Lights and Other Marine Aids, Vol. IV, Great

Lakes, Whited States and Canada, Catalog No.

T 47.52:v. 61, 240 pp., illus., printed, $1.75. U. S.
Coast Guard, Washington 25, D. C., 1961, (Available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Lists
the lights and other marine aids to navigation main-
tained or under authority of the U. S. Coast Guard
and the Dominion of Canada on the Great Lakes and
the St. Lawrence River above Regis River.

MARINE BIOLOGY:
The Biological Bulletin, vol. 120, no. 2, April 1961,

155 pp., illus., printed. Marine Biological Labora-

tory, Woods Hole, Mass.

Includes, among others,
these articles:

"An Experimental Demonstration of
_Echo-Location Behavior in the Porpoise, Tursiops

= truncatus (Montagu),'' by Kenneth S. Norris and
others; “Skeleton Formation of Sea Urchin Larvae.
Ul--Similarity of Effect of Low Calcium and High
Magnesium on Spicule Formation," by Kayo Okazaki;
and ''The Effect of Temperature on the Growth and
Survival of Several Marine Algal Species," by
Ravenna Ukeles.

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, vol. 4I, no. I, February 1961, 227 pp.,
illus., printed, 50s.(US$8.50). Cambridge University
Press, 32 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y. Includes,
among others, these articles: ''The Long Rough Dabs
of the Clyde Sea Area," by T. B. Bagenal; ''Vitamin
B,,. and Marine Ecology: the Response of Monochry-
sis lutheri,'' by M. R. Droop; ''A Pressurizing Device
for a Camera Case Designed for Use in Shallow Wa-
ter,'' by D. J. Scarratt; and ''Observations on the
Mortality of Ostrea edulis,"' by P. R. Walne.

MARINE MAMMALS:

Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural
History Expedition to Western Mexico. 10--Marine
Mammals from the Coasts of Baja California and
the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, by Richard G. Van
Gelder, American Museum Novitates, no. 1992, March
8, 1960, 27 pp., illus., printed. The American Muse-
um of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St.,
New York 24, N. Y.

MUSSELS:

"Seasonal Variations in the Chemical Composition of
Mussel (MYTILUS EDULIS). PART 2 - Carbohy-
drates,'' by F. Fraga, article, Investigacion Pesquera,
vol. 11, January 1958, p. 33, printed in Spanish. In-
vestigacion Pesquera, Instituto de Investigaciones

Pesqueras, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain.

NAVIGATION:

United States Coast Pilot I--Atlantic Coast, Eastport
to Cape Cod, Sixth Edition, 243 pp., illus., printed,
$2.50. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department
of Commerce, 1960.

NORWAY:
"Loddeundersokelser med F/F Johan Hjort, 22 Feb-
ruary-18 Mars 1961" (Capelin Survey by F/F Johan

120

Hjort February 22-March 18, 1961), by D. Moller

and others, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 17,

April 27, 1961, pp. 347-350, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Rad-

stuplass 10, Bergen, Norway

OCEANOGRAPHY:
Oceanographic Data from ATLANTIS Cruise 247,

January-June 1959 for th

Year of 1957-58, Reference No. 60-40, 151 pp.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

é International Geophysical

illus., processed. Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-

tution, Woods Hole, Mass., March 1960.

Studies of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Ocean-
ography in the Vicinity of the Revilla Gigedo Is-
Iands during the Island Current Survey” of 1957,
by Edward B. Bennett and Milner B. 8 hi
American Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin,
vol. 4, no. 5, 1960, 101 pp., illus., printed. Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla,
Calif.

O,BG-D::

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment, Department of State Publication 7161, 24 pp.,
printed, 15 cents. Office of Public Services, Bu-
reau of Public Affairs, U. S. Department of State,
Washington, D. C., April 1961. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

OTOLITHS:

"The Growth of the Fish Otolith,'' by Takaaki Irie,
article, Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and
Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University, vol. 3,
no. 1, December 1960, pp. 203-221, illus., printed.
The Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry,
Hiroshima University, Fukuyama, Japan.

PERU:

"Tas Conservas Peruanas'' (Peruvian Canned Prod-
ucts), article, Pesca, vol. 11, no. 3, March 1961,
pp. 11-17, illus., printed in Spanish. Pesca, Av.
Wilson 911, Oficina 602, Lima, Peru.

PLANKTON:

Phytoplankton in the Black Sea and Its Quantitative
Growth, by N. V. Morozova-Vodianitskaia, TRANS-
80, 28 pp., processed. (Translated from Russian,
Trudy Sevastopol'skoi Bialogicheskoi Stantsii,
vol. 9, 1957, pp. 3-13.) Technical Services Branch,
Division of Oceanography, U. S. Navy Hydrographic
Office, Washington, D. C., 1960.

POISONOUS FISH:

chaefer, Inter-

Peces Peligrosos en los Rios y Lagos de la Amazonia
Peruana (Dangerous Fishes in the Rivers and Lakes

of the Peruvian Amazon), by Jorge E. Sanchez R.,
Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica No. 2, 15 pp., illus.,
printed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura,
Direccion de Pesqueria y Caza, Lima, Peru, 1951.

RADIATION PROCESSING:

"Current Aspects of the Wholesomeness of Irradiated
Food," by Merrill Stafford Read, article, Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 8, September
October 1960, pp. 342-349, printed. Journal of Ag-
ricultural and Food Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, 1801 K Street NW, Washington 6, D. C.

RANCIDITY:
"A Simple Method for Judging the Rancidity of Oily
Fish," by Shigeshi Masuda, article, Bulletin of the
Seikai ee Fisheries Research Laboratory, _
no. l2, » Pp. -99, printed in Japanese, Suisan-
cho Seikai-ku Suisan Kenkyusho, Maruo-machi
Nagasaki-shi, Japan.

REFRIGERATED VESSELS:

"U.S.S.R.'s Refrigerated Fishing Vessels,'' by A. Kan
and E. Pavlov, article, Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 23,
September 1960, pp. 40-41, 94-96, printed. Quick
Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publications, Inc.,

82 Wall St., New York 5, N, Y.

SALMON:

"Iosine in the Muscle of Pacific Salmon Stored in
Ice,'' by Vera M. Creelman and Neil Tomlison,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, vol. 17, May 1960, pp. 449-451, printed.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

A Pacific Salmon (QNCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA)
in Scottish Waters, by W. M. Shearer and EF. Tre-
Wavas, printed. (Reprinted from Nature, vol. 188,
no, 4753, December 3, 1960.) St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N, Y.

Salmon Spawning Report--British Columbia, 1960,
16 pp., processed. Department of Fisheries, Pacific
Area, 1110 Georgia St. W., Vancouver 5, B. C.,
Canada, May 9, 1961. A report covering the seed-
ing of the salmon spawning areas of British Colum-
bia for 1960. Developments or trends of the 1960
migration and spawning escapement of salmon, by
species and areas, are discussed.

Statistics on Salmon Sport Fishing in the Tidal Wa-
ters of British Columbia, 1960, 29 pp., illus., proc-
essed. Department of Fisheries of Canada, 1110 W.
Georgia St., Vancouver 5, B. C., Canada, March 31,
1961. For the second successive year, the salmon
sport catch in British Columbia showed a drop, with
331,425 salmon and grilse taken in 1960, down by
64,950 from 1959. The sports catch of all species,
except coho, was down from 1959. Both sport and
commercial fishermen experienced a sharp decline
in salmon landings in 1960. However, the drop was
proportionately more pronounced in commercial
landings, with the over-all catch the lowest since
records were first kept in 1910.

"Stillehavslaks pa Norskekysten" (Pacific Pink Salm-
on off the Coast of Norway), by Birger Rasmussen,
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 17, April 27,1961,
pp. 351-354, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets
Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

Toxic Effects of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants on
Young Salmon and Trout, Research Bulletin No. 5,
pp., processed. Washington State Department
of Fisheries, 4015 20th Ave., W., Seattle 99, Wash.,
September 1960.

"'Tryptic Enzymes of Chinook Salmon," by C. Brad-
ford Croston, article, Archives of

Biochemistr
and Biophysics, vol. 89, August 1960, pp. 202-206,

Vol. 23, No. 7

July 1961

printed. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
c/o Academic Press Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York
Gy NiaadiGo

SALT FISH:

"Preparacao e Secagem de Peixes Salgados nas Re-
gioes Tropicais--Experimentacao com algumas
Especies da Amazonia" (Preparation and Drying
of Salt Fish in Tropical Regions--Experiments with
Some Species from the Amazon), by Antonio Torres
Botelho, article, Boletim de Pesca, vol. 13, no. 70,
March 1961, pp. 39-59, illus., printed in Portuguese.
Boletim de Pesca, R. S. Bento, 644, 4.°-Esq.,
Lisbon, Portugal.

"Prevention of Red Discoloration in Salt Fish," by
A. Torres Botelho, article, Boletim da Pesca, vol.
11, March 1958, pp. 11, printed in Portuguese.
Boletim da Pesca, Avenida. da Liberdade, 211-4,

“Lisbon, Portugal.

SARDINES:

The Pilchard of South West Africa (SARDINOPS
—OCELLATAY, Size Composition of the Commercial
Catches in South West Africa, 1952-1957, by J. P

Matthews, Investigational Report No. I, 45 pp.,
illus., printed. Administration of South West Africa,
Marine Research Laboratory, Windhoek, South
West Africa. Deals with the size composition of
the commercial catches of the South-West African
pilchard, Sardinops ocellata (Pappe), which were
made in the vicinity of Walvis Bay along the South-
West African coast during the period October 1952
to December 1957. A description of the method of
sampling and of the treatment of the samples is
given. Then follows a description of the size com-
position of the catches, by months and by years, and
a comparison with the fish which occurred in the
catches of the Union of South Africa. Includes sta-
tistical tables showing length frequencies of com-
mercial pilchard catches, 1952-1957, by months and
by years, and graphs showing length frequencies
during these years.

SEAWEED:

Annual Report for 1960, 19 pp., printed. Institute of
Seaweed Research, Inveresk, Midlothian, Scotland.
Discusses developments in the Scottish and foreign
seaweed byproducts industry during 1960, and the
Institute's information and technical assistance
services. Also discusses production of alginates
from seaweed, use of seaweed meal in animal feed-
stuffs, development of fertilizers from seaweed,
sponsorship of seaweed research by other organiza-
tions, and a list of publications on seaweed pub-
lished during 1960.

SHIPWORMS:
A Method of Exterminating Shipworms of the Famil
~ Teredinidae by Electric i aerent: by N. V. Vershin-
skii, TRANS-79, 8 pp., illus., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian, Biulleten' Okeanograficheskoi
Komissii, no. 1, 1958, pp. 60-63.) U. = Navy
Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., 1960.
SHRIMP:
"Assessment of the Progressive Spoilage of Ice-
Stored Shrimp," by J. R. Iyengar and others, ar-

ticle, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, vol. 17, July 1960, pp. 475-485, printed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 121

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

"Directory of Mexican St ‘~p Producing Firms,"
article, Seafood Merchandising, vol. 20, June 1960,
pp. 33-35, printed. Seafood Merchandising, H. L.
Peace Publications, 624 Gravier Street, New Orleans
9, La.

The Fairy Shrimp BRANCHINECTA CAMPESTRIS

~ from Northwestern United States (Crustacea:
Phyllopoda), by James E. Lynch, Proceedings of
the United States National Museum, vol. 112,no.
3447, 1960, 13 pp., illus., printed. United States
National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C.

The Feeding Mechanism of Some Atyid Prawns of

“the Genus CARIDINA, by Geoffrey Fryer, Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 60,
no. 10, 1959-60, 28 pp., illus., printed, 10s. 6d.
(about US$1.50). Royal Society of Edinburgh, 22
George St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland, 1960.

The Texas Shrimp Fishery, by William C. Guest,
Bulletin No. 36, 22 pp., illus., printed. Texas
Game and Fish Commission, Walton State Bldg.,
Austin 14, Tex., 1958. Presents details of the
Texas shrimp industry, by far the most important
commercial fishery in the State. The quantity of
shrimp landed increased from 18 million pounds
in the fiscal year 1947/48 to over 79 million pounds
in 1954/55. This pamphlet discusses the species of
shrimp landed in Texas, life histories of com-
mercial shrimp, the commercial shrimp fishery,
and the bait shrimp fishery.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Improved Accounting Methods for Wholesale Food
Distributors, Marketing Research Report No. 454,
146 pp., illus., processed. Transportation and
Facilities Research Division, Agricultural Market-
ing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C. (Available from the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) This report is based on detailed
studies in the accounting departments of 7 wholesale
food distributors and on observations made in nu-
merous wholesale food distribution businesses in
the United States and Canada. Its primary objectives
were: (1) to apply the principles of work simplifica-
tion to assembling, posting, totaling, and balancing
the thousands of daily transactions for accumulating
and summarizing into the records of account; (2) to
develop improved methods of financial reporting to
management and a standard simplified procedure
for maintaining the general ledger with manual meth-
ods, automatic tabulating machine methods, and elec-
tronic computers having memory units; (3) to devel-
op a method of providing reports, as byproducts of
the accounting system, on productivity in warehous-
ing, selling, and delivery; and (4) to develop a method
of accounting and account classification that can be
used throughout the industry.

The Management Side of Small-Plant R & D, by Leland

“S. Hobson, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers
No. 119, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Admin-
istration, Washington 25, D. C., December 1960.

122

This leaflet is designed to help owners and man-
agers of small plants understand better the admin-
istrative side of technology as a stepping stone to-
ward increased business and better profits. Sug-
gestions to the small-plant manager include: check-
ing his ideas of ''research" and ''development,"
knowing what goes on, making research function
separate from operation of the plant, reviewing his
research budget regularly, keeping his staff qual-
ity high and balanced, choosing projects wisely,
scheduling research budget-wise as well as time-
wise, and using special research-project teams.

Meeting the Risks of Change, by Edward L. Anthony,
mall Marketers Aid No. 66, 4 pp., printed. Small

Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C.,
April 1961. Change and risk--two universal factors
in business--can weaken or strengthen the small
marketer. He can let change push him around or
he can meet its risks by using new conditions to his
advantage. Two important kinds of change are tech-
nological developments and shifts in demand. This
leaflet suggests that the small marketer can cut
down the risks of change. In many cases, by under-
standing change and by planning for it, he can use
change to strengthen his competitive position. Often,
the soundest manager is the one who recognizes a
trend in time, but who avoids the ''first-or-nothing"
gambles. Principles and cases are included which
should stimulate thinking on how to meet the risks
of change in stores, wholesale houses, and service
establishments.

SPINY LOBSTERS:
Aproveitamento das Lagostas do Noroeste Africano
(Utilization of Spiny Lobsters from Northeastern
Africa), by C. Fernando Costa, Publication No. 36,

126 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de
Estudos das Pescas, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

SPOILAGE:

"Role of Psychrophilic Bacteria in Frozen Food
Spoilage,"' by A. C. Peterson and M. F. Gunderson,
article, Food Technology, vol. 14, September 1960,
pp. 413-417, printed. Food Technology, the Garrard
Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, II.

"Studies on the Method for Testing the Spoilage of
Food. X--Errors Involved in OTA!s—Method for
Determination of Histamine," by Atsushi Tsuda
and others, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Soci-
ety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, September 1959,
pp. 361-367, printed in Japanese with English ab-
stract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigan-
dori,6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

SQUID:

"Some Aspects on the Water-Soluble Proteins of
Squid Muscle," by Juichiro J. Matsumoto, article,
Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 20, May 1958, pp. 65-75, printed.
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

TARIFFS:
Import Tariff System of Denmark, WTIS Part 2,
Operations Report No, 61-17, 2 pp., printed, single
copy 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 7

Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.,
March 1961.

‘ Venezuela, WTIS Part 2, Operations Re-
port No. 61-18, 2 pp., printed, single copy 10 cents,
March 1961.

Mozambique, WTIS Part 2, Operations
Report No. 61-19, 2 pp., printed, single copy 10

cents, March 1961.

Sudan, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report

No. 61-21, 2 pp., printed, single copy 10 cents.
March 1961.

France, WTIS Part 2, Economic Report
No. 61-26, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents a single copy,
April 1961.

Import Tariff System of Iran, WTIS Part 2, Operations
Report No. 60-59, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents. Bureau
of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D. C., November 1960, (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

India, WTIS Part 2, Operations Report
No. -60, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, November 1960.
New Zealand, WTIS Part 2, Operations
Report No. 60-61, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, November
1960.

Australia, WTIS Part 2, Operations Re-
port No. 60-62, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, November
1960.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY:

1959 Annual Report, Report No. 228-59, 13 pp., illus.,
printed. Fish and Game Branch, Division of For-
estry Relations, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris,
Tenn.

TEXAS:

Fisheries Division, Texas Game and Fish Commis-
sion, Walton State Bldg., Austin, Texas. A brief
description of the Texas marine fisheries and activ-
ities of the Marine Fisheries Division. Aiming at
improved fishery harvests, study is made of the
spawning, feeding, growth, and migration of food
fish. From these studies, proper management tech-
niques and protective laws are developed. The Texas
Gulf Coast now has a steadily growing reputation as
one of the nation's top sport fishing areas. In the
commercial field, much work has been done toward
locating concentrations of market fish. Private in-
dustry has been encouraged, with some success, to
establish new fisheries, resulting in increased in-
dustrial income to Texas. Shrimp, oysters, and the
edible blue crab have received a great deal of atten-
tion. Other fishery research studies are described.

THAILAND:

Fisheries Record of Thailand 1959, 50 pp., illus.,
processed in Thai and English. Statistics Section,
Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,
Bangkok, Thailand, October 1960. Contains statis-

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

123

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
tical tables giving annual catch and utilization of
marine and fresh-water fish, by kind and provinces;
sales of fresh and salted fish and fresh-water fish;
and fish-pond production. It also contains data on
foreign trade in fishery products; registered fishing
vessels; fishing gear; and production of fishery
products. Tables include data on salt- and fresh-
water shrimp landings and utilization.

TRADE:

Freeing Trade in Europe, 28 pp., printed. British
Information Services, 45 Rockefeller Plaza, New
York 20, N. Y., December 1960. Outlines the course
of European economic integration, the main features
of, and the background to, the new economic organ-
izations which have emerged’ in Europe, and the ef-
forts being made to bring about some form of wider
unity. The approach of Britain to the problems,
taking into account its other commitments to the
Commonwealth and to international trading organ-
izations, are recorded in detail.

TRADE LISTS:

The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published
the following mimeographed trade lists. Copies
may be obtained by firms in the United States from
that office or from Department of Commerce field
offices at $2 each.

Canneries--Italy, 19 pp. (April 1961). Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm. Includes firms
canning fish.

Boat and Ship Builders, Repairers and Chandlers--
Brazil, 27 pp. (March 1961). Lists the names and
addresses, size of boat and ship builders, etc., and
types of equipment handled by each firm. Includes
firms dealing in fishing craft.

Oils (Animal, Fish, and Vegetable)--Importers, Deal-

ers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters--Colombia,

TI pp. (March 1961). Includes basic trade and in-
dustry data, and lists the names and addresses, size
of firms, and types of products handled by each
firm. Includes firms dealing in fish oils.

TROUT: i
"Icing of Trout,'' by P. Hansen, article, Ferskvands-
fiskeribladet, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 34-38, printed in
Danish. Ferskvandsfiskeribladel Frederiksdal,
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Observations on the Life History of the Hybrid be-
tween Eastern Brook Trout and Lake Trout in
Algonquin Park, Ontario, by N. V. Martin and N. S.
Baldwin, II pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol. 17, no. 4, 1960, pp. 541-551.) Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

The Story of New Mexico's Trout Hatcheries, 12 pp.,
illus., printed. Department of Game and Fish,

Santa Fe, New Mexico.

"Studies on the Fat Metabolism of Fish. I--Contents
of Fat and Phosphorus During the Growth of Rainbow
Trout,'' by Toyoki Ono, article, Bulletin of the Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 10,

1959, pp. 858-861, printed in Japanese with English
abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori,
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

TROUT FARMING:

Trout in Farm and Ranch Ponds, Catalog No. A1.9:2154,
17 pp., illus., printed, [0 cents. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C., 1961. (Available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Tells
how to plan and manage farm and ranch ponds to
grow trout for food and recreation and lists some
essentials for commercial production.

"U. S. Trout Industry and Its Foreign Competitors,"
article, U. S. Trout News, vol. 5, no. 6, March-
April 1961, pp. 4-5, 19-22, illus., printed. U. S.
Trout Farmers Association, 110 Social Hall Ave.,
Salt Lake City 11, Utah. An article, based on let-
ters from industry members to a magazine editor,
that defines the basic differences between the U. S.
and foreign trout industries. Also presents infor-
mation on how to improve trout flavor and quality
through better cultural methods.

TUNA:

Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 6, 1960, 128 pp., illus., printed
in English and Spanish. Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif.

"Problems of Color of Frozen Tuna Meat on Cooking,"
by T. Yamamoto, article, Refrigeration, vol. 35,
March 1960, pp. 1-8, printed. Refrigeration, Nihon
Reito Kyokai (Japanese Society of Refrigeration)

No. 3, 1-Chome, Ginza Nishi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo.

"Puerto Rico Cannery Packs 100 Tons of Prime Tuna
Daily for U. S. Trade,'' by Harold N. Underhill, ar-
ticle, Canner/Packer (Western Edition), vol. 128,
November 1959, pp. 30-31, printed. Canner and
Packer, Triad Publishing Co., 59 E. Monroe St.,
Chicago 3, Ill.

Species and Size Relationships within Schools of Yel-
Towfin and Skipjack Tuna, as Indicated ‘by Catches in
the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, by Gordon C. _
Bradhead and Craig J. Orange, Inter- American Trop-
ical Tuna Commission Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 7, 1960,
46 pp., illus., printed in Spanish and English. Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif.

UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY:

Underwater Enotoer ory. in the Study of Hydromechan-

ical Phenomena, by Joseph D. Richard and Edmond
L. Fisher, Final Report 60-4, 11 pp., illus., proc-
essed. The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine
Science, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., October 1960.

UNITED KINGDOM:

White Fish Authority Publicity Campaign 1961-1962,
II pp., illus., processed. White Fish Authority,

Lincoln's Inn Chambers, 2/3 Cursitor St., London
EC4, England. Covers an outline of the White Fish
Authority's campaign to advertise fish. The consumer

124

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

survey carried out by the Authority in 1960 indi-
cated that, while fish was served from time to time
in all but a fraction of households, there was a gen-
eral indifference to the value of fish among house-
wives and that more attention should be given to the
cooking and serving of fish. Press advertisements,
therefore, are designed to give a new interest tofish
cookery. They concentrate upon new and interest-
ing ways to cook fish which, while easy and simple,
add color and glamour to fish, and they introduce a
new theme--fish sauces, Merchandising material
is closely integrated and linked with the new adver-
tising theme. Other aspects of the White Fish Au-
thority's educational work are also discussed. In-
cluded is a leaflet entitled ''How You Can Help to
Keep Fish Fresh," which gives a few hints on trans-
porting fish by train; and samples of flyers entitled
"Fish with a Difference;'' ''The Way You Cook Your
Fish;"' 'What's Sauce for the Fish;'' and ''5-Minute
Home Made Sauces."

"World's Largest Fish Centre Opened in London,"
article, Food Manufacture, vol. 35, October 1960,
pp. 435+436, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard
Hill, Ltd., Stratford House, 9 Eden Street, London
NW1, England.

U.S.9; Res
The following English translations of foreign language
articles are available from the Office of Technical
Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
fon. 25, D.C;

Behavior of a Trawl in Water, by E. A. Lebedev, OTS
60-51180, 7 pp., illus.; processed, 50 cents. (Trans-
lated from Rybnoe Khozyaistvo, vol. 35, no. 2, 1959,
pp. 39-42.)

Our Observations on the Behavior of the Trawl in

~ Water, by N. A. Lyapin, OTS 60-51080, 5 pp., illus.
processed, 50 cents. (Translated from Rybnoe
Khozyaistvo, vol. 35, no. 2, 1959, pp. 43-46.)

Some Suggestions on the Standardization of Far-
Eastern Trawis, by A. V, Lestev and G. E: Grish-
chenko, OTS 60-51129, 11 pp., illus., processed,
50 cents. (Translated from Rybnoe Khozyaistvo,
vol. 35, no. 2, 1959, pp. 33-39.) ?

Deep-Sea Fish of Far Eastern Seas of the U.S.S.R.,
by T. S. Rass, OTS 60-21999, 21 pp., illus., proc-
essed, 50 cents, 1960. (Translated from Russian,

Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 33, no. 6, 1954, pp. 1312-
1324.)

Determining the Diurnal Amount of Food Consumed
by the Young of Sockeye Salmon and the Three-
coiied Stickleback by the Use of the Respiration
Method, by E. M. Krokhin, OTS 60-21106, 21 pp.,
illus., processed, 50 cents, 1960. (Translated from

Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'-
skogo Insituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii,
vol. 44, 1957, pp. 97-110.) Fs

Kuroshio and the Population of the Amur Fall Chum
Salmon (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA (Walb.) Infrasp.
Autumnalis), by I. B. Birman, OTS 60-21095, 9 pp.,
illus., printed, 50 cents. (Translated from Voprosy
Ikhtiologii, no. 8, 1957, pp. 3-7.)

Morpho-Biological and Morphometric Characteristics
of Pink Salmon of the Amgun' and Iska Rivers, by R.
Enyutina, OTS 60-21097, 8 pp., processed, 50 cents,
1960. (Translated from Russian, Izvestiya Tik-

hookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta
Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii, no, 41, 1954,
Pp. 303-300.)

The Most Numerous Deep-Sea Fish in Far Eastern

~Seas--The Cyclothone--CYCLOTHONE MICRODON
Guenther (Pisces, Gonostomidae), by V. A. Mukha-
cheva, OTS 60-21110, 16 pp., illus., processed, 50
cents, 1960. (Translated from Russian, Akademiya
Nauk, SSSR, Trudy Insituta Okeanologii, vol. 11,
1Od4ippie OGs2D91) ey Wale ee

Saury Concentration Areas and Fisheries in the Pacific

processed, 50 cents, 1960. (Translated from Rybnoe
Khozyaistvo, vol. 34, no. 5, 1958, pp. 8-13.)

Our Experience in Introducing Complex Mechanization,
by K. P. Orishich, OTS 60-21146, 9 pp., illus., proc-

essed, 50 cents, 1960. (Translated from Rybnoe
Khozyaistvo, vol. 34, no. 7, 1958; pp. 43-49.)

West Kamchatka Salmon, Their Commercial Exploita-
tion and Reproduction, by R. S. Semko, OTS 60-21123,
If pp., processed, 50 cents, 1960. (Translated from

Russian, Akademiya Nauk SSSR,

Ikhtiologicheskaya
Komissiya, Trudy Soveshchanii, no. 4, 1954, pp. 3
47.)

VESSELS:

Boat Building--A Complete Handbook of Wooden Boat
Construction, by H. I. Chapelle, 624 pp., illus.,
printed, 50s. (about US$7). George Allen and Unwin,
Ltd., 40 Museum St., London WC1, England, 1956.

WEATHER CHARTS: ;

Coastal Warning Facilities Charts, 1961, 5 charts,
2 pp. each, processed, 10 cents each. Weather Bu-
reau, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D. C.,-1961. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office; Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Charts show stations displaying
storm warnings; explanation of warning displays;
and schedules of AM and FM radio and TV: stations
that broadcast weather forecasts and warnings. Enepe
charts cover Eastport, Maine, to Montauk Point, N.Y.;
Montauk Point,.N. Y., to Manasquan, N. J.; Manas -
quan, N. J., to Cape Hatteras and Chesapeake Bay;
Cape Hatteras to Brunswick, Ga.; and Eastern
Florida.

WEST INDIES:

"W. I. Fisheries Development 1959/60,'' by Ernest
Hess, article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no. 1,
January-February 1961, pp. 1-3, processed. Federal
Fisheries Adviser, Ministry of Natural Resources
and Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of-Spain,
Trinidad. Discusses mechanization of fishing boats,
introduction of experimental fishing vessels, improve-
ment of shore facilities, progress in'distribution of
fishery products, advances in fish culture and con- |
servation, formation of cooperatives, and progress
in research during 1959/60. : :

Vol. 23, No. 7

July 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 125

WHALE: Whaling Gazette), vol. 50, no. 3, March 1961, pp. 111-
Preservation of Whale Meat, by Roland G. Booth, 113, printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hval-
U. S. Patent No. 2,934,440, April 26, 1960. U.S. fangst-Tidende, Sandefjord, Norway. Presents the
Patent Office, Department of Commerce, Wash- results of the 1960/61 whaling season for the Norwe-

ington 25, D. C. gian, Japanese, British, and Netherlands whaling

fleets. Includes statistical tables showing yield in
WHALING: barrels of whale oil for each factoryship, and com-
"Catch Reports--Pelagic Catch in the Season 1960/61," | parisons with the previous season.
article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian

CORRECTION
GREAT LAKES UNIFORM FISHERY REGULATIONS

In the April 1961 issue of Commercial Fisheries Review, p. 43, a news item
appeared under the headings: Great Lakes Fisheries Commission. Uniform Reg-
ulations Being Drafted.'' The article pointed out that model legislation is being
drafted to establish uniform regulations for commercial and sport fishing in the
Great Lakes. The group drafting this legislation is the Great Lakes Commission,
a state Compact group, and not the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission (an inter-
national fishery commission) as indicated in the article. Also, the scientificname
given in the lake trout sketch should have read ''Cristivomer namaycush,'' but we
understand that taxonomists now have assigned the scientific name of "Salvelinus
namaycush"' to the lake trout.

CORRECTION

APPLICATION OF STEAMING AND VACUUM TO
SHUCKING AND CLEANING SCALLOPS

The article ''Application of Steaming and Vacuum to Shucking and Cleaning
Scallops," by Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Travis D. Love, which appeared in the May
1961 (pp. 1-4) issue of Commercial Fisheries Review has two errors. On page 2,
the first sentence of the paragraph subheaded ''Procedure" should read: ''The scal-
lops were placed by hand in a flat, shallow pan, where they were held for 20 seconds
in sufficient boiling water (approximately 2 of an inch) to cover the lower shell."

The last two column headings ("'Moisture" and ''Ash"') in table 1, page 3, are
reversed. The corrected table follows;

Table 1 - Proximate Composition of Scallop Viscera and Meats (Muscles)

126 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 7

JELLIED EELS POPULAR IN GREAT BRITAIN

Each week throughout the year between 15,000 and 20,000 foil cartons of jellied
eels are prepared ina factory in East London and dispatched by road and rail all over
England. Some of the cartons are sold in shops, others in hotels and clubs, such as
Fleet Street's famous Wig and Pen Club. Many of them go to markets.

Boxes of live eels are brought daily from Billingsgate and, until they are needed,
are stored inarefrigerator of 500 cu. ft. capacity at the entrance to the factory. From
there the eels are taken to an adjoining room, where they are gutted and sliced.

They are then washed in a special machine in which they are swirled about under
a spray of water.

All of this preparatory work is done before the eels are taken into the main factory
building.

The great bane of the eel trade is hooks. Many of the eels are line-caught and the
hooks, or fragments of them may remain hiddenin the meat even after careful cleaning.
The firm has installed electronic testing equipment just inside the entrance to the
factory. This machine detects any metal in the meat of the eels.

The eels are then boiled in large stainless steel containers; the broth which results
from the cooking is used to make the jelly.

Eels caught in the summer months in Ireland or on the Continent need only between
5 and 10 minutes of simmering, while eels received in winter require between 15 and
20 minutes. Those received from the Mediterranean need from 25 to 35 minutes.

When cooked, some eels are packed incartons, others inbowls. The bowls of jellied
eels, whichsell mainlyin the summer months, are sent mostly to stalls, many of them
at seaside resorts, and to race meetings.

Those sections of eel to be packed in cartons are placed in the cartons on a con-
veyor belt. As they travel along the belt they are automatically filled with juice and
lidded.

The cartons are packed in corrugated cardboard boxes, which act as insulation,
in each of which is packed a packet of shaped wooden spoons.

There aretworefrigerators, of 3,000 cu. ft. and 1,500 cu. ft. capacity, for storing
the bowls and cartons prior to selling. These are kept at a temperature of 40° F. It
is important not to freeze jellied eels, as after thawing a film of water forms on top
of the jelly which is harmful to the eels.

Altogether the firm supplies between 800 and 900 outlets, mainly in the London
area, and they have 60 showcase refrigerators which they loan, without charge, for dis-
play of their products to the best advantage.

Traditionally, jellied eels are a summer delicacy bought from a stall, possibly at
the seaside or outside apub. By using modern methods this firm has made them avail-
able through more outlets toa wider public throughout the year. (Fish Trades Gazette,
March 18, 1961.)

July 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SEA SCALLOP SOUFFLE SNACKS

1 pound scallops, fresh or frozen 13 teaspoons lemon juice
1 quart boiling water ; teaspoon salt
2 tablespoons salt teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
4 Cup mayonnaise or salad dressing Dash pepper
1 tablespoon chopped parsley 1 egg white, beaten
2 tablespoons drained sweet pickle relish

Thaw frozen scallops. Remove any shell particles and wash. Placein
boiling salted water. Cover and return to the boiling point. Simmer for
3 to4minutes, depending on size. Drain. Combine all ingredients except
scallops andegg white. Mix well. Fold into egg white. Place scallops on
awell-greased cooky sheet, 15x12 inches. Top each scallop with mayon-
naise mixture. Broil about 3 inchesfrom source ofheatfor 3 to 4 minutes
or until brown. Makes about 36 hors d'oeuvres.

127

nent ge

ep reRes

f
5

Poo

WAL

CONFERENCE ow ¢/-

Since Federal regulations
require that all mailing lists be
circularized periodically, acir-
cularization letter dated Janu-
ary 27 was sent to all those on
the Commercial Fisheries Re-
view mailing list. (Individuals
or firms who have been added
tothe mailing list subsequent to
February 1, 1961, will not re-
ceive a circularization letter
and will continue to be retained
on the mailing list, unless the
recipient meanwhilerequests
that his name be removed.)

The names of those firms
and individuals who did not re-
turn the lower portion of the
January 27 circularization let-
ter will be deleted from the
Commercial Fisheries Review
mailing list. This issue (July
1961) will be the last one to be
mailed to you if you did not re-

ply.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW MAILING LIST BEING CIRCULARIZED

COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES

OCTOBER 17-23, 1960

Vol.22, No.8 : AUGUST 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C

/
el
Cee

en
guts

OL. 23, NO. 8

AUGUST 196]

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior
W ashington, D.C.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

rat
ilo

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

wll
er" |]
alte
me

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

‘ Address correspondence andrequeststo the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement.

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

5/31/63

CONTENTS

COVER: Gill-net boats stacked on the deck of a cargo vessel bound for Alaska.

The cargo consists of 99 vessels.

About 210 (150 were built in the Seattle,

Wash., area) of these new gill-netters were completed early this year intime
principally for the salmon season in the Bristol Bay area of Alaska. The run
of sockeye or red salmon in that area this season is expected to be as good if
not better than in 1960. The new gill-net vessels are built to carry 6,000 red
salmon (about 30,000 pounds), Powered by a 94 hp. turbo-charged Diesel en-
gine, the vessels have a speed of 13.2 knots,

1. .A Study of Vessel and Gear Usage in the Shrimp Fishery of the Southeastern United States, by Rolf Juhl
9 . .Report of ''Jellied'' Flounder from Gulf of Mexico, by Travis D, Love

deere

Leis

Oo

Gene

IE) SG

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments:

Equipment Note No. 9--The Surf-Clam
Fishery of New Jersey, by Michael
Ruggiero

Alaska:

State Supreme Court Rules on Case Which
Affects Use of Fish Traps by Indian
Communities

American Fisheries Advisory Committee:

Oceanographic Research Stressed at

Meeting
Antarctic:

Marine Research Included in Studies to
be Conducted by Vessel on Permanent
Station

Atlantic Marine Game Fish Research:

Survey of Marine Sport Fishing Near
Completion

Two Approaches to Cover Ranges of
Marine Game Fish

California:

Underwater Chamber with Glass Ports
Added to Research Vessel "Alaska"

Shrimp Study off California Coast
Continued

Midwater Trawl Tested in Catching
Salmon Fingerlings

Pelagic Fish Population Survey
Continued

Page

21,

°

ates

22.

23.
etme

24.

2 Dire
26.
HEC

28.
29.

30.
oes

31,

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products:
January-April 1961
By Area and Quarters, 1959 and 1960
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
Tuna Bait, Gear, and Oceanographic Studies
Made Near Hawaiian Islands
Express Rates:
Fishery Products Commodity Rates
Increases Suspended
Federal Aid to Commercial Fishery States
Endorsed by Interior Department
Federal Aid Funds for Sport Fish and Wild-
life Restoration
Florida:
Fisheries Research, January-March 1961
Frozen Foods:
Voluntary Handling Practices Approved
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey for
1961 Season Begins
Lake Michigan 1961 Fish Population Survey
Lake Erie Fish Population Survey Continued
Maine Sardines:
Canned Stocks, June 1, 1961
Increased Costs and Lack of Fish Worry
Canners
Michigan:
Changes Proposed in Great Lakes Com-
mercial Fishing Regulations

Contents continued page II.

II

Page

32.

32.

33...

34.
34.

35.

35.
35.

36.

36). -

BHO
37.

HANS

38...

39.
39.

40).
40.

42.

43.

44,

44,

46.

46.

47.
48.

49,

49.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Mississippi:
Survey of Oyster Bottoms
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and
Gear Research:
Midwater Trawling for Atlantic Herring
Promising
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Groundfish Distribution and Abundance on
Inshore Fishing Grounds Studied
Oregon:
Albacore Tuna Study Launched
New Pond for Rearing Silver Salmon
Under Natural Conditions
Salmon Passage Problem on McKenzie
River
Oysters:
New Disease Discovered in Virginia
Salmon:
Attack Planned on Hatchery Disease
Sea Lions:
Possibility of Development of an Industry
Shellfish:
Need for More Research Stressed by
Interior Department
Tuna:
Albacore Fishing Forecast off West
Coast of North America, 1961
First 1961 Season Catches of Albacore
Made by Bureau Research Vessel
United States Fishing Fleet Additions,
April 1961
U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production
and Imports, January-April 1961
U. S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, April 1961
Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery
Products, January-March 1961
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota
Fishing Tackle Imports, 1960
Vessels:
First Ocean-Going Hydrofoil Craft
Nearing Completion
Virginia:
Scientist Expresses Hope for Oyster
Industry
Whaling:
California West Coast Land Stations
Licensed for 1961 Season
Wholesale Prices, June 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
International Pacific Halibut COmmission:
Survey of Halibut and Bottomfish off
Alaska
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries
Commission:
Research on Frazer River Salmon Runs
Planned to Meet Changing Conditions
Japan-Soviet Northwest Fisheries
Commission:
Japan-U.S.S.R. Salmon Pact Signed

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:

Eleventh Annual Meeting
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Fish in Nutrition Meeting Plans Almost
Completed
Irradiation of Food:
European Information Center Established
in France

Page

BN ie

50.

DORE
50.
50.
oylare
els
53.

Daiiee

Bh

54,

54.
55.
55.
55.
56.
56.

56.
By/

57.

58.

58.

58.
59.

Donets

59.

60)...
60.
60.

GL

FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):

International Joint Commission (United
States and Canada):

Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project
not Economically Feasible

Central American Economic Integration:
Treaty Comes Into Force

Latin American Free Trade Zone and
Free Trade Association:

Treaty Ratified

European Free Trade Association:
Reduction of Duties Between Member

Countries

Finland and Outer Seven Countries Sign
Agreement of Association

Convention to Apply to Greenland

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
Report on Eighteenth Session of the

Contracting Parties

Second Phase of Conference on Tariff
Negotiations

Joint United States-Japan Committee on
Trade and Economic Affairs Formed

Whaling:

Certain Nations Meet to Discuss
Division of Antarctic Whale Catch
Into National Quotas

Prices for 1960/61 Antarctic Production
Trend Higher

Angola:
Fishing Industry Depressed in 1960
Australia:

Higher Tariff Rates for Canned Tuna
Imports Recommended

Finfish Landings, Fiscal Year 1959/60

Belgium:

Fish Meal Prices, May 1961

Fish Meal Prices, June 1961

Consumption of Fishery Products, 1960

Brazil:
Tuna Fishing By Brazilian Vessels
Sao Paulo Fishing Industry

British Guiana:

World Bank Loan Includes Lending
Program for Fishing Industry

Canada:

Government Proposes to Increase
Assistance for Construction of Fishing
Vessels

Large Trawlers on Atlantic Coast Still
Restricted to Fishing Beyond Twelve
Miles

Prices for British Columbia Herring Oil
Delivered at Toronto, April 1961

New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, June
1961

New Ocean Research Vessel for North
Pacific

Curacao:
Netherlands Approves Establishment of
Japanese Fishing Base
Czechoslovakia:
Japanese Firms Deliver Frozen Tuna
Denmark:

Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery By-
Products Exports, March 1961

Fish Meal and Solubles Prices, May 1-6,
1961

Fish Meal Plants Widely Distributed

Contents continued page III.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

III

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

August 1961
Page
FOREIGN (Contd.,):
East Africa:
Gili. Study of Rock Cod Species
Ecuador:
Gila Bait Fishing by Foreign Vessels Prohibited
France: F
Gl. Multipurpose Sixty-Foot Fishing Vessel
French Guiana:
Gaia Expansion of Fishing Industry Planned
Gabon:
625. Fish Resources off Coast Reported to be
Plentiful
German Federal Republic:
G2iae New Stern-Type Factoryship Trawler
‘Returns with Record Trip
63... Direct Landings by Swedish Fishermen
Regulated
Ghana:
GSiene Seiners and Trawlers Ordered from
Great Britain
Guatemala:
6A2ree Joint Japanese-Guatemalan Shrimp
Fishing Company Planned
Iceland:
64r.0. New Twelve-Mile Fishing Limits Regula-
tions Issued
G OMe. Iceland's Fish Production, January-
February 1961
65... Fishery Trends, May 1961
65ers Production of Processed Fishery Products,
1959-60
Italy:
66.7. Japanese Frozen Tuna Imports Will Not be
Taxed Until 1971
GGeens Production of Marine Fish and Shellfish,
1953-60
Japan:
Gil eine Export Targets for Fishery Products for
1961
Gita Fishery and Marine Products Exports to
United States Decline in 1960
685 5 Japanese Feel Tuna Fishery May Eventu-
ally be Regulated Internationally
63iee Summer Albacore Tuna Fishing off Japan
638i Albacore Tuna Fishing Reported Poor
68ers Skipjack Tuna Fishing in Full Swing Near
Tokyo
GON. Catch of Tuna Motherships in South Pacific
CRAG Tuna Canners Propose Lifting of Licensing
Restrictions on Medium-Class Tuna
Vessels
69 . Three Fishing Companies Ask to Use Purse
Seines in Atlantic Tuna Fishery
ONews Fishing Company Plans Tuna Base in
Caribbean Area i
UD is Regulations for Exports of Frozen Atlantic
Tuna to Europe and Africa
TM 596 Exporters Discuss Exports of Frozen
Tuna to Europe
les Frozen Tuna Exports to Yugoslavia
lige: Oversupply of Atlantic Tuna this Summer
not Likely :
Tibet Tuna Shortage Creating Problem for
Canners and Exporters }
liven Prospects for Export of Frozen Tuna to
Russia Appear Dim
WAS Albacore Tuna Shortage May Force
Canners to Pack More Light-Meat for
Export
ioe. Tuna Canners in Shizuoka Indicate Outlook

is Unfavorable

Page
Mie
Lisa

73.
She

14...

(EP oie

This

oes
Od a

1G exe

ST

Ose.

Y6

CTA

77

Oks

THO

17

hore
{REN
ET
OR

79
80

80

80

eG

tsa

81

82

82.

82

B20 c

84.

85 .

FOREIGN (Contd,):
Japan (Contd.):
Stocks of Canned Tuna in Brine
Export Prices of Canned Tuna in Brine
Raised
Canned Tuna Supply Reported Low
Canned Sardines Not Being Offered to
Philippines
Standards for Many Canned Fishery
Products Planned
Small Fish-Canning Companies to be
Acquired by Large Firms
Steel Company Makes Chrome-Plated
Steel Sheets for Cans
Production of Fish Ham and Sausages
Fishery Agency Hopes to Establish Inter-
national Fisheries Advisory Group
Salmon Operations in the North Pacific
Ocean
Salmon Mothership Fleets in/North Pacific
Make Excellent Catches
King Crab Fleets in North Pacific Report
Good Fishing
Halibut Catch Target of 28 North Pacific
Bottomfish Fleets
Good Fishing Reported by Shrimp Factory-
ship in North Pacific
North Pacific Bottomfish Fishery Trends
as of May 22, 1961
Fishing Company Plans Experimental
Trawling off Kodiak Island, Alaska
Another Company Plans Trawling Operation
off Northwest Africa
Government to Subsidize Construction of
Two Cold-Storage Plants
Fish Meal Prices, January-April 1961
Landings of Fishery Products in 1960
Scientist Succeeds in Hatching Tuna Young
Modern Oyster Canning and Freezing Plant
Tokyo's Fish Market Largest in Asia
Liberia:
Tuna Fishing Company Established by
Japanese
Malaya:
Japanese-Malayan Tuna Company in Full
Operation
Netherlands:
Antarctic Whaling Production for 1959/60
and 1960/61 Seasons
Profits from 1960/61 Antarctic Whaling
Season Decline
Nigeria:
Japanese-Nigerian Joint Fishery Enter-
prise Planned
Survey of Fisheries Potential of Western
Region Planned
Norway:
New Design of Stern Trawler Provides
Palletized Stowage of Catch
Stern Trawler Expected to Extend
Fishing Time at Sea
Cod Fishery Trends, January 1-May 5,
1961
Peru:
Fish Meal Prices and Sales, February 14-
April 30, 1961
Poland:
New Five-Year Plan for Fishing Industry
Portugal:
Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1961

Contents continued page IV.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Portugal (Contd.): Department of Health, Education and
85... Canned Fish Exports, January-March 196! Welfare (Contd.):
Senegal: Food and Drug Administration (Contd.):
Gomes 1960/61 Tuna Fishing Season Grae. Substances Generally Recognized as Safe
South-West Africa: Incorporated Into Food Additives
BT s. Tuna Fishing with Long-Line Tested Regulations
HAE More Russian Fishing Vessels off Coast OT ns Food Additives Regulations Amended to
Spain: Include Additional Substances Used in
Bilis Producers Hope for Higher Import Duties Paper Products for Food Packaging
on Fish Meal Department of the Interior:
Sweden: Fish and Wildlife Service:
CHES Future of Herring Fishery off Iceland OT Proposal to Permit Use of Either Volume
Uncertain or Value of Catch in Determining
B8iere Minimum Ex-Vessel Prices for Cod Eligibility for Fishing Vessel Construction
Increased Subsidy
88... Marine Oil Supply and Foreign Trade Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
Taiwan: Siar Assistant Director Selected
HUG Government Promoting Expansion of Department of Labor:
Fisheries Wage and Hour Division:
Union of South Africa: SS. Hearing to Investigate and Recommend
Os Frozen Tuna is Exported for First Time Minimum Wages for American Samoa
See: Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery, January- DBs. Regulations Issued for Review Committees
February 1961 in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
Ol us Pilchard-Maasbanker Fisheries Trends, Treasury Department:
April 1961 Bureau of Customs:
U.S.S.R.: Doles Regulations Amended on Entry of Products
S2here Expansion of Fishing Fleet Continues of American Fisheries Transferred at Sea
United Arab Republic: 100.. Canadian Great Lakes Fishing Vessels
9275 Regulations Governing Freezing and May Not Land in U. S. Ports
Export of Shrimp 100.. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
United Kingdom: FISHERY INDICATORS:
SSK. Wholesale Firm Predicts Continued Big 104... Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected
Demand for Fresh Fish States
93... Trawler ''Prince Charles" Wins Silver 105... Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Cod Trophy for 1960 106... Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and
CEs Experiments Conducted on Whether or Freezings of Fishery Products
Not Fish See Traw! Net 107... Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Hoidings
Viet-Nam: of Fishery Products at Principal Distribu-
94... Achievement in Fisheries Development tion Centers
FEDERAL ACTIONS: 107... Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production
Department of Health, Education, and U. S. and Alaska
Welfare: 108.. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Food and Drug Administration: Products
96. Petition Filed for Use of Sodium 109.. Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports
Nitrite in Tuna Products RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Givens Regulations on Extension of Effective 110.. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Date for Food Additives Amendments 112... Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Broquet, and Helen Paretti

OK ok ke Ok

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned,were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P. 17, fig. 1--W. Gillilan, fig, 2—-J.. W. Schott, fig. 3--C..H. Turner, all
with Department of Fish and Game, Calif.; pp. 32 and 38--F. B. Sanford
and C. F. Lee; p. 81--J. O. Traung, FAO; p. 129--R. G. Schmidt.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

ALSEEF RS gi: bes
SUMMELEL 4 F uz
= = === =o = = =F

August 1961, ne Vol. 23, No. 8

A STUDY OF VESSEL AND GEAR USAGE IN
THE SHRIMP FISHERY OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
By Rolf Juhl*
SUMMARY

As a portion of a program designed to study means of improving the efficiency of fishing
gear and fishing practice in the shrimp fishery of the Southeastern States, operators of 58
highline shrimp vessels were interviewed concerning vessels, gear, and practices employed.
Results were analyzed in an attempt to determine the extent of uniformity of gear design and
usage, the existence of general trends within the fishery, and points of confused or question-
able practice.

A diversity of types of gear, vessel-gear combinations, and fishing practices was un-
covered. This diversity points to the pressing need for study leading to the development of
standards by which the efficiency of fishing gear and methods can be evaluated. Such study
has been started by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Gear Research Unit at Pasca-
goula, Miss.

INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies has been engaged in a formalized program
of exploratory fishing and gear research since
1948. One current phase of the gear-research
work is the study and improvement of the meth-
ods and gear used in the shrimp fishery of the
Southeastern States.

This report provides ageneral evaluation
of the present status of some of the fishing prac-
tices usedby the industry. Primaryobjectives
are to determine: (1) What uniformityof gear
and methods is present; (2) what regional
trends, if any, exist; and (3) what aspects of
gear design and usage show the greatestneed
of improvement. Determination of these ob-
jectives is a necessary step in initiating the
development of recommendations for stand-
ards for vessel equipment, fishing gear, and
fishing practice; and is a means of uncover- Fig. 1 - A typical double-rigged ''Florida-type" shrimp trawler.
ing areas of questionable or confused prac- At sea, the "outriggers" or port and starboard booms are lowered
tice that can be analyzed in the underwater and one trawl is dragged from each.
photographic studies of shrimp trawls currently being carried out by the Bureau.

* Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureauof Commer-
cial Fisheries, Pascagoula Miss.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 624

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

The basic data for the study were obtained through the Bureau's statistics personnel at
ports, from North Carolina to the Texas-Mexico border, where the operators of 58 selected
highline shrimp vessels were located. Information compiled therefrom is divided into the
following main topics: (1) Type, size, and power of the vessels used; (2) size, design, and
construction material of gear used; and (3) correlations existing between vessels and gear
and among gear components. In addition, a discussion is included of the angle of trawl-door
set and its influence.

THE VESSELS

The vessels used in the shrimp fishery
of the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern coast
of the United States have been described pre-
viously (Knake, Murdock, and Cating, 1958;

cf Sundstrom 1958; and USF&WS, 1959). Of the
58 highline vessels included in this study, 43
are double-rigged ''Florida-type'"' trawlers
(fig. 1), 12 are single-rigged ''Florida-type"
trawlers (fig. 2), and 3 are ''Biloxi-type"
trawlers (fig. 3). This numerical relation-
ship is not intended to approximate the dis-
tribution of these types within the total fleet.
The vessels were chosen, rather, on the basis
of their records as highline units. Table 1
summarizes some of the more important
attributes of the vessels studied.

s Nea ate ie ers Analysis of figures for individual vessels

ig. 2- Atypical single -rigge orida-type" shrimp trawler. e 2

single net is dragged from the starboard boom, e smaller port ares that the gross and net tonnages are re
boom or "outrigger" is used to drag a small trynet. ate fairly closely to the lengths of the ves-

sels. This relationship may be attributed to
Table 1 - Summary of the Characteristics of the Vessels and Gear Used by 58 Highline Shrimp Fishermen the uniform hull de-

sign of the ''Flori-
38 - 82

SELS Horsepower, how-
Length over-all, feet. ...... GF ia: cei sahil 0) ues ie eile = ever, shows no such
Beams feet-re vsncssicsvers sete: 8) 0a le ® Jaljel ele a one 12- 24 close relationshi
Grossitonnagey tons)... se 3) 5 i es sa toro eo 9 - 103 ; F p
Net tonnage, toms. .... ose ieuSleercs Gi tease Gl ts). cone 5 - with length (fig. 4).
Rife ctive MOTSepOWeN wl sutsme iisel ei crusenielinetis on lerene nol eitel| OU The variation be-

TS

sed by Double-Rigged Vessels: Woes horsepower

Corkline length, feet. ....... Are Maer oes | aOR OD .5 | and length is evi-

ieetas length, feet. 2 sc a) eu Be er tekst We oes 39 - 79 55.0 | dent in all three

eadline weight, pounds ..... Gado ehono thi tc aac - 70 22.0

iMeshisize, ‘cotton; inches qasss 6 6 ose 4 Gen eno = - vessel types ene!

Mesh size, synthetic, inches..... So oo oars beds t 4 - nah vessels of all
Used by Single -Rigged Vessels: sizes, but is most

oes denuty feet pibure Saale) Sd) Gy tw vo oye : . pronounced in the

eadline; length; feet! 2.6 6 site ale @lerie! « . = ey >

Leadline, weight, POUNS) ay cp ewiantomtciterieeeWener ei) Geen 507 ton 0p tcou tee

Mesh size, cotton, inches. ...... eis: ves to 200-hp. class.

Meshisizemisynthetic, sinchesnecuia ti amene sees

IDOORS: i
Used by Double-Rigqged Vessels: Seven different

Fleightmtectitmomememceme men snenion chen emir makes of SRN

Hengthfeetiue sos: cis, eneiertee oe aie ents are represented in

Wixea alectisquane. so iscsits! easter. wiifer say eteatefenreh ata; isttert oes

Feet of net (corkline length squared) per sq. ft. of door. . « the vessel au
Used by Single-Riqged Vessels: over 82 percent

Height tectnterelctsnebemeis) © a. alch austere mapa cdo ose were supplied by

Vength, feet... 5 4 « GiNahy ol fay (s, ceudel telant ie) 4a, ele tenie niente two major manu-

PATE ASML EEE SQUaTS ener: er ici ter Siete se ; :

facturers. Diesel

[| power is used in

57 of the boats; gas-
oline power is used
in only 1.

Feet of net (corkline leng

foie ee te RLS | URS eg Ske Sy

1/Figures in this column cannot be used to illustrate "typical examples owing to the small percentage of
the sample lying within the mean.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

ue i

Legend:
Single rig -oO

‘
ht Double rig - @

a
o

a
°

VESSEL LENGTH IN FEET

wo
ry

100 150 00 350 400

200 250 3
EFFECTIVE HORSEPOWER

Fig. 3 - "Biloxi-type" shrimp trawlers. The single net is dragged a- Einmalaen elas : : as aaa
; ge elationship of vessel size (length) and main-engine
stern from warps leading over blocks at the after corners of the house. horse-power. Lack of standardization is clearly indicated.
THE GEAR

Table 1 also summarizes the principal characteristics of the gear used by the vessel op-
erators interviewed. This gear has been described by Bullis (1951) and, more briefly, by
Knake, Murdock, and Cating (1958).

demonstrate that, whereas the nets used with single-rigged vessels fall into two distinct size
groups, those used with double-rigged vessels are more evenly distributed about a single
mode (table 1).

Nets of three designs--flat, balloon, and semiballoon--are used by the highliners. No
distinct preference is found among the operators of single-rigged vessels as a group, but a
definite preference for flat trawls is found among operators of double-rigged vessels (57 per-
cent use flat trawls, 36 percent use balloon trawls, and 7 percent use semiballoon).

When the nets reported are divided into two groups, cotton and synthetic without regard
to size or type, no distinct preference is dis-
cernible (table 2). Synthetic webbing, however,
is used in the construction of all nets reported
with a corkline length of 60 feetor over, withone
exception, andrandomly innets of smaller size.
The synthetic category includes four synthetic
blends: nylon, nycot, marlon, and nylon-rayon
combination.

Table 2 - Shrimp-Trawl Construction Materials

Number of Trawls

20 16 36

Somhelere ie 9 15 24
mie 2 8
Peery

LEADLINES AND TICKLER CHAINS: The leadlines or footropes used differ from one
another principally in the amount of weight attached to them (table 1). In all cases, chain of
varying length and generally of {-inch diameter, is used to hold the leadline near the bottom.
The distance between the leadline and the bottom is adjusted further by the use of rollers 1/,
by lengthening or shortening the chain loops on the leadline, or by a combination of the two.
The survey average (mean, table 1) shows that approximately one-third more weight is used
on the leadlines of nets dragged by single-rigged vessels. Individual variation, however, is
extreme, and chain weight can vary considerably depending on bottom conditions and the
choice of the individual captain.

1/Rollers used by shrimp fishermen are made in two ways: By drilling holes in hollow-plastic floats and attaching these to the footrope;
or by constructing spindle-shaped rollers from thin wooden slats,

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

With two exceptions, tickler chains are used on all nets reported. The average horizon-
tal distance between the midpoint of the tickler chain and the leadline is 2 feet 8 inches with
an over-all range of distance of 1 to 6 feet. Tickler chains are constructedfrom %- to #-inch-
diameter chain with }-inch-diameter chain most often reported.’ Of the 49 users providing
information in this regard, 19 tie the chain directly to the doors and 30 to the wings of the
net, including 7 who continue the chains along the lower legs.

FLOATS: Hollow-plastic and plastic-foam floats are used most commonly; cork floats
are used by only two of the operators interviewed. Since plastic foam may inadvertently be
confused with hollow plastic (which would instill considerable error in calculations), calcu-
lations on lifting power are not included here. Considerable variation exists, also, in the
number of floats used (table 1), and only half as many are used, generally, on sandy as on
muddy bottom. The average number of floats reported for the 3 types of nets is: Flat nets,
2.1; balloon nets, 4.1; and semiballoon, 6.1.

DRAGGING WARP, BRIDLES, AND LEG CABLES: The length of the dragging warp car-
ried by shrimp vessels is governed, largely, by the depth of water in which those vessels
trawl. Within the survey sample, warp lengths vary from 75 to 750 fathoms. Warp carried
by single-rigged vessels varies from 75 to 200 fathoms with a mean of 133 fathoms per drum,
and that carried aboard double-rigged vessels varies from 100 to 750 fathoms with a mean
of 145 fathoms per drum. The wire used varies from }- to 3-inch diameter, in multiples of

Tl inch.

Bridle lengths vary from 17 to 50 fathoms, but the great majority fall within 20 to 25
fathoms. In all cases where bridles longer than 25 fathoms are reported, the net used with
those bridles is over 51 feet in corkline length. Bridles are not used with single rigs.

Leg (door-to-wing connections) lengths vary with the type of trawl (table 3) and also with
the type of vessel. Single-rigged vessel opera-
tors use longer legs than double-rigged vessel
operators, and the longest legs are used in con-
junction with semiballoon trawls.

able 3 - Leg (Door to Wing) Lengths Used by 58 Highline Operators 1,
Mean Length of Legs (feet)

Flat Trawls | Balloon Trawls | Semiballoon Trawls

5.50

Rig
ouble...

Single... 8.75

eae gs 6.50 TRAWL DOORS: In all cases, the trawl
1/Rounded to nearest 3 inches. doors used were reported as flat, of wooden

construction, and fitted with chain bridles

shackled to rings for attachment of the bridles or dragging cables. Door dimensions are

given in table 1. Although the doors used with single-rigged vessels are slightly shorter

(on the average) than those used with double-rigged vessels, the average length-height ratio

for all doors is 2.4:1.

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN VESSELS AND GEAR AND AMONG GEAR COMPONENTS

The foregoing discussion has served to indicate that there is a wide range of character-
istics of both vessels and gear used by the operators included in the sample of 58 highliners.
It can be assumed that a survey of a random sample of the whole fleet would show an even
greater range. The task remains of determining whether or not patterns exist between ves-
sel characteristics and the gear used, whether or not there are patterns existent among gear
components, and whether or not differences in use exist which offset the wide range of char-
acteristics.

HORSEPOWER AND NET SIZE: In this and the following sections, vessel horsepower,
rather than vessel speed or vessel size, is used in determination of correlations, or lack of
correlations, between vessels and gear because of the questionable reliability of estimated
values for vessel speed and the lack of correlation between vessel size and power.

When net size is plotted against vessel horsepower, a vague correlation appears, sug-
gesting a tendency for net size to be proportional to vessel horsepower in both single- and
double-rigged categories. Examination of the actual net size-horsepower relationships, how-

August 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

ever, shows that none of those reported fall within the mean expected. Variation is more
evident in single-rig combinations than in double-rig combinations, owing, no doubt to the
larger range of values presented by the former group. Three single-rigged vessels, for
example, are included in the survey with engines of the same horsepower. One of these drags

a 60-foot net, one an 83-foot net, and one a 96-foot net.

Extremes for the whole sample

(double and single rigs) are represented by a single-rigged, 80-hp. vessel dragging a 72-foot

Legend:
Single rig, one door - 0
Double rig, two-door - @

»
On
3

wo
a
°

wo
i=)
i)

ie)
a
r=)

Pa
Q
=
fe)
o.
@
wn
Ed
9°
=
2)
>
a
ie)
a
fe
&
iS}

0
°
i)

~
a
°

°
i=)

ov
°

AREA OF DOORS IN SQUARE FEET

Fig. 5 - Relationship of vessel horsepower and size of doors.
Despite a general tendency for door size to increase with horse-
power, little standardization is evident.

AREA OF DOORS IN SQUARE FEET

Legend

Single rig area of one door and net -
Double rig area two doors and two nets -

2
Ss

=
S
AREA OF NETS IN SQUARE FEET

Fig. 6 - Relationship of doorsize andnetsize. The lackofcorrela-
tion between these two factors is thought to be due, in part, toa
tendency to retain a constant net height regardless of netsize, and
to the relatively constant 2, 4:1 ratio of door length to doorheight,
A tendency for the doors used by double -rigged vessels to be larger
than those used with the same -sized nets by single -rigged vessels
is shown,

it follows that door size should not be ex-

pected to vary proportionally with net size.

Figure 6 shows, in a fairly well-defined
manner, that double-rigged vessels use larg-
er doors than single-rigged vessels for nets
of equivalent size. Table 1 shows that there
is a mean difference of three-quarters of a

net and a double-rigged 170-hp. vessel with two
62-foot nets. Despite the small sample, espe-
cially of single-rigged vessels, lack of conform-
ity to any standard appears evident.

HORSEPOWER AND DOOR SIZE: In de-
terminations of possible correlation between
horsepower of the vessel and the size of doors
used (fig. 5), the area of one door is used for
single-rigged vessels and the area of two doors
is used for double-rigged vessels. A much
closer relation is demonstrated between horse-
power and the doors used with single-rigged
vessels than between these factors with double-
rigged vessels. In both cases, however, the
deviation from the mean shows a variance suf-
ficiently large that only the vague statement,
that with increase in horsepower the size of the
doors tends to increase, is permitted.

of the doors is plotted against the size of the
net (fig. 6), a lack of conformity is evidenced
that is even greater than is shown when horse-
power is plotted against door size. For these
determinations, the combined area of one door
and the attached net was used for single-rigged
vessels, and the combined area of two doors and
the two attached nets was used for double-rig-
ged vessels. Net area is calculated as the
square of the length of the corkline. A decided
random pattern results from plotting these
areas. This may be explained by the tendency,
normal among shrimp fishermen, to maintain

a relatively constant wing height regardless of
the size of the net. Since the doors are normal-
ly constructed so that they are a little more
than twice as long as high, since the height of
the wings is dependent on the height of the doors,
and since the height of the net does not increase
with the size (corkline length or area) of the net,

Legend:
Single rig -o
Double rig -@

b
a
7)
fe
a
=o
<
g
a
a
Fl
co}
<
a
=
<

Fig. 7 - Relationship of door size and corkline length of attached
nets. A clearcut tendency for double-rigged vessels to use
larger doors on nets of equivalent size is shown, Great variation
in the two factors is evident.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

foot (26 percent) in corkline length per square foot of door area between combinations usedby
double-rigged and single-rigged vessels. This relationship is shown more clearly in figure 7.
Use of larger doors by operators of double-rigged vessels may relate to an attempt to com-
pensate for the additional drag of pulling two nets and for the subsequent decrease in speed
and spreading power.

Figure 7 also shows the great variation existing in the relation between door area and
corkline length. Extreme examples combine doors of 18 and 18.5 square feet with nets meas-
uring 30 and 62 feet along the corkline on one end of the range, and doors measuring from 17
to 26 feet in area with nets measuring 55 feet along the corkline at the other.

MISCELLANEOUS CORRELATIONS: Little correlation exists between bridle length and
net size, except that, as stated previously, in all cases where the bridle length exceeds 25
fathoms, the attached net exceeds 51 feet in corkline length. Warp diameter, too, bears little
relation to the size of the net, although extreme examples combine {-inch-diameter cable with
a 40-foot net and 3-inch-diameter cable with a 91-foot net. Within those extremes there is
little uniformity or proportionality. Differences in leg length have been discussed elsewhere
and are shown in figure 3.

ANGLE OF TRAWL-DOOR SET

Data received from the 58 vessel operators were also studied to determine whether or
not there is a correlation between the high catches obtained fairly consistently by highline
vessels and a standard angle of set.

The angle of trawl-door attack is preset aboard the vessel by adjusting the ratio of the
length of the front chains of the door to the length of the back chains. The shearing power
necessary to offset the drag of the trawl and create the desired wing spread is directly re-
lated to the area of the doors and the speed of the vessel. The ideal condition, in the door-net
relationship, is to obtain the greatest possible spread of the wings without deforming the net
opening or causing excessive drag. Because information on vessel speed is not reliable, only
the area of the doors and the angle of door-set can be considered here.

The angles at which the doors are set was measured by plotting three sides of the tri-
angle formed by the front and back chains and the door itself (fig. 8) on scaled graph paper.
A line drawn from the centerline, or midpoint between the front and back edges of the door,
through the apex of the chains forms angle ''a.'' This angle defines the set or angle of attack

Top view of trawl door

Fig. 8 - Trawl door showing the measurements used in determining the angle of attack.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

that the door will assume when pulled through the water. The angles were read directly with
a protractor. Where the front and back points of chain attachment were not placed at equal
distances from the edges of the door, the centerline was shifted accordingly.

The angle values obtained are not representative of the true angles at which the doors
would fish under actual operational conditions because they do not take into consideration the
additional deflective force of the plowing effect exerted by the doors as they move over, and
partially through, the bottom or the straightening effect exerted by the net on the doors.
Nevertheless they are sufficiently accurate to provide concise information on the range of
values and possible over- and under-optimum settings.

The values calculated for the angle of door set for all of the vessels in the sample range
from 31 to 56 degrees (a variation of 25 degrees), with a modal interval of from 40 to 45 de-
grees, and a mean figure of 42.5 degrees. Omitting the extreme values on either end of the
range as being particularly subject to error, still leaves a range of 35 to 52 degrees, which
represents a variation in practice of 17 degrees for 52 vessels. The variation from the mean
is uniformly scattered within the range with only a slightly greater grouping indicating the
mode.

The angle of trawl door set not only varies to a greater degree among the double-rigged
vessels than among the single-rigged vessels, but also tends to be less than the average angle
in a great proportion of the cases. Since no correlation can be found between the size of the
doors and the angle of set, this smaller angle cannot be ascribed directly to the use of larger
doors. The possibility does exist, however, that the larger doors, used by the double-rigged
vessels are set with a smaller angle to minimize the additional spreading effect of superfluous
surface areas.

In all but one case, the reports showed that the upper front and back chains are set longer
than the lower chains. The single exception reported no difference. Of the reports showing a
difference, 31 percent showed one chain link more in the upper chains and 69 percent showed
2 chain links more. The shorter chain length on the lower chains tends to tilt the door out-
ward. A compensating inward tilt is achieved by the counterweight of the chains and the bri-
dles or cables. Presumably, when fishing in relatively shallow water, the outward inclination
of the doors will be more pronounced than when fishing in deep water because the lighter
weight of a decreased amount of warp has less effect on the doors.

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluation of the information extracted from survey data indicates the existence of gen-
eral trends and similarities within the industry, but the consistent deviation from the mean
in most of the categories does not allow extraction of conclusive statements concerning char-
acteristics of ''standard'' vessels and gear. Moreover, the wide range of fishing practices and
gear usage uncovered in this survey indicates an unsystematic method of combining closely
interrelated features.

These deviations from a mean characteristic and the wide ranges in use and practice
point to the need for a more thorough evaluation of existing fishery practices for the purpose
of establishing effective standards for gear design and usage.

GENERAL TRENDS: (a) Atendency for aclose correlation between vessel length and
tonnage (uniform hull design), not accompanied by any tendency to-
ward application of power.

(b) An almost exclusive use of Diesel engines for main-engine
power and a preponderent use of engines manufactured by only 2
manufacturers.

(c) A tendency to favor flat trawls for use with doubie-rigged
vessels, and alack of any tendency toward choice of nets of one design
for use with single-rigged vessels.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

(d) A tendency for larger nets (60 feet and larger) to be constructed
of synthetic twines.

(e) An almost universal use of tickler chains.

(f) Use of more floats on muddy than on sandy bottoms and progres-
sively more floats on balloon than on semiballoon or flat trawls.

(g) Use by double-rig vessel operators of 20- to 25-fathom bridles
on most nets regardless of net size.

(h) Use of longer legs (door-to-wing connections) in single-rig gear.

(i) Use of doors that invariably are constructed slightly more than
twice as long as high.

(j) A teridency for net height to remain constant regardless of the size
of the net.

(k) A lack of uniformity in angle of trawl-door set.

(1) A tendency for setting lower door chains from 1 to 2 links longer
than the upper chains.

AREAS NEEDING IMPROVEMENT: The needfor more study leading to greater standard-
ization is evident. The following factors are among those that are currently unknown and that
mustbe determined if choice and use of gear and vessels is to be put on a rational, scientific
basis:

(a) Optimum horsepower requirement for specific hull designs.

(b) The relation existing between horsepower and net size so that the
most efficient combination can be chosen.

(c) Exact and simple methods of measuring dragging speed and the
most effective speed under varying conditions to assure optimum fishing
power.

(d) The most effective door- and net-size combinations so that the
optimum spread of the net can be achieved with a minimum door size,
the least distortion of the net, and the least resistance.

(e) The best angle of attack of the doors under different fishing con-
ditions, bottom type, and topography so that the greatest fishing power can
be extracted from the gear.

The last two items (d and e) will be incorporated in the underwater studies of shrimp
trawls which are to be carried out by the Bureau in the Gulf and South Atlantic Region in the
near future.

LITERATURE CITED

BULLIS, HARVEY R., Jr. ROBAS, JOHN S.
1951. Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Trawl Designs, Fishery Leaflet 1959, Shrimp Trawling Gear as Used in the Gulf of Mexico,
394 (September), 16 pp. ; Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Fishing News
(Books) Ltd., London, pp. 311-316.
KNAKE, BORIS O.; MURDOCK, J.; and CATING, J. P.
1958. Double-Rig Shrimp Trawling in the Gulf of Mexico, WATHNE, FREDERICK
Fishery Leaflet 470 (September), 11 pp. 1959, Observations on Trawl-Door Spread and a Discussion of
Influencing Factors, Commercial Fisheries Review,
MIYAMOTO, H. vol, 21, no, 10 (Oct.), pp. 7-15. (Also Sep. No.563.)
1959, On the Relation Between Otter Trawl Gear and Towing !
Power, Modern Fishing Gear of the World, Fishing U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE.
News (Books) Ltd., London, pp. 248-250. 1958. Survey of the United States Shrimp Industry, Vol. 1, Spe-

cial Scientific Report; Fisheries No. 277 (Sept.), 311 pp.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

REPORT OF “JELLIED” FLOUNDER FROM GULF OF MEXICO

By Travis D. Love*

ABSTRACT

The jellied meat of flounder was examined chemically and
microscopically for abnormalities. None was found other than
the disappearance of separate muscle fiber.

INTRODUCTION
Other investigators have reported the occurrence of a ''jellied'' condition of the muscle
tissue in certain species of commercial food fish. Templeman and Andrews (1956) reported
a ''jellied" condition in American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) from the Grand Banks
area characterized by normal odor, low protein, extremely high moisture, and extremelyhigh
drip losses. These investigators surmised that the condition might be due to protein impov-
erishment following spawning in the food-poor cold waters of the Grand Banks. A report of
the Food Fish Investigation Board (1952) listed ''milky'' hake with a white pasty meat, yet
normal otherwise, occurring during a catch from Mauretanean waters in 1950. Microscopic
examination showed numerous yeast-like bodies believed to be the spores of the parasite
Chloromyxum thiyrsites. This paper states that Australian investigators report a strong
proteolytic enzyme secreted by the parasite which is capable of producing the ''milky" or
"pasty'' condition. Tsuchiya and Kudo (1957) report the ''jellied'' condition in swordfish with
the parasite Chloromyxum noted in the muscle tissues. They report that low volatile basic
nitrogen indicates that the meatis not to be considered spoiled. These investigators found
that freezing causes a diminution of the numbers of the parasites in the meat. Between
1,100-1,400 parasites per 0.01 milliliter of muscle juice were noted after 2 weeks of frozen
storage and only 200-300 remained after 15 weeks at 0° F. Fletcher and Shewan (1951) re-
ported milkiness of Mauretanean hake and that its probable cause was the parasite Chloro-
myxum sp. found in the jellied meat. They also noted the fish to be organoleptically normal
with respect to flavor and odor. A. Mayer (1952) reported the fillets of Icelandic catfish to
show white patches near the bones and to contain a sporozoa believed to be a myxo-sporidium.

Bullis (1958) in an unpublished observation noted that Gulf of Mexico flounder, Paralich-
thys squamalentus, caught in the North Central Gulf in 20-50 fathoms of water and frozen
immediately after catch exhibited a soft jelly-like consistency on thawing and cleaning even
though the fish were normal with respect to odor and flavor. The purpose of this paper is
to report chemical and microscopic examinations made of other samples of this species.

OBSERVATIONS

In 1960 the M/V Oregon, exploratory fishing vessel of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, fishing off the mouth of the Mississippi River in 20-30 fathoms of water for shrimp,
took 75-100 pounds of mixed sizes of flounder, P. squamalentus, which appeared normal in
all respects. These fish were frozen in the round within an hour and, a few days later, were
transferred to the 0° F, storage freezer at the Pascagoula Technological Laboratory. Thirty
days afterward these fish were thawed overnight in the controlled thawing room of the labo-
ratory at 37° F. On examination the fish were of mushy consistency. The cut surface of the
muscle tissue was opaque, milky, and jelly-like with a thick slimy exudate appearing on
standing. A careful organoleptic examination by several trained members of the Technolog-
ical staff was made, and all members of the panel judged the odor normal.

A careful microscopic examination of the jellied an was made using both widefield and
bacteriological microscopes at several magnificationS. Tissue preparations, stained by the
¥ Laboratory Director, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Pascagoula, Miss.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 625

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

Gram's method, and unstained slides revealed a smooth homogenous jelly-like mass withcom-
plete absence of all tissue structures. No spores, cysts, or parasites of any type were noted.
It is suggested by other researchers in the field that sporulation of the vegetative forms may
have been prevented by the short time elapse between catch and freezing aboard ship.

Tissue slides from two of the fish that appeared to be firmer than others showed some
faint ''ghost'' appearance of muscle fibers which soon disappeared on standing near the warm
microscope lamp. Several members of the staff definitely noted that this autolysis was rap-
idly progressing in the muscle tissue while the fish were being cut and examined in a warm
room. Firmer fish that showed faint muscle fiber arrangement on cutting soon degenerated
into a wet slimy jelly-like mass unaccompanied by any abnormal odors.

Protein (Nx 6.25) and moisture determin-
ations (A.O.A.C. 1960) were made on two sam-
ples of the fish. Sample A consisted of six 4-
ounce fillets from the softest fish and Bcon-
sisted of two 8-ounce fillets from two of the
firmestfish. Results are shown in table 1.

Table 1 - Comparative Analytical Data on
"Jellied" and Normal Flounder

«5 «(Percent)-., ss

21.20

21.25

21.00

Softest flounder (avg. of 6 samples)...
Firmest flounder (avg. of 2 samples)
Normal flounder from other sources. . -

DISCUSSION

The protein and moisture appear normal for flounder fillets of this type. The question
arises as to the low protein reported by other investigators. Should the enzyme autolyze the
tissues to jelly-like consistency we would expect the same nitrogen values by the Kjeldahl
method unless considerable ammonical-type decomposition occurred. The "jellied'" flounder
examined in this laboratory suffered very little drip loss prior to the cutting of fillets for
samples.

SUMMARY

"Jellied" flounder having normal protein and moisture are reported from the Gulf of
Mexico. No parasites could be detected on microscopic examination.

LITERATURE CITED

ANONYMOUS MAYER, A.
1952, Report ofthe Food Investigation Board (Great Britain) 1957. Changes in the Meat of Catfish. Fischereiwelt, April,
for the year 1950, p. 23. PelS7.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS TEMPLEMAN, WILFRED, and ANDREWS, GERTRUDE
1960. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official 1956. Jellied Condition of the American Plaice. Journal of
Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D. C. the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 13,

March, pp. 149-182,
BULLIS, HARVEY R,, Jr.

1958. Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Proceedings, 11th TSUCHIYA, YASUHIKO, and KUDO, HIDERO

Annual Session(Nov.), MiamiBeach, Fla. Biological 1957. : Studies of Jellied Meat of Swordfish. The Tohoku
Session Discussion, p. 111. Journal of Agriculture Research, vol. 7, March,
pp. 347-349,

FLETCHER, L. 1., and SHEWAN, J. M.
1951, The Milkinessof MauretaneanHake and Its Probable
Cause. The Fishing News, no. 2007, October6, p. 11.]

August 1961

-_ 2 -

oe shad

Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO, 9--THE SURF -
CLAM FISHERY OF NEW JERSEY:

The surf-clam fishery of New Jersey
currently produces over 20 million pounds
of meats annually (table 1). This fishery,
once primarily a bait fishery, has achieved
national importance as a primary source of
supply for minced, chowder, and fryingclams.
The substitution of surf clams (Spisula solid-
issima) for soft clams (Mya arenaria) has
been conducive to the development of the fish-
ery.

Table 1 - Surf Clam Landings, New York and New _Jersey=

New York New Jersey

5 G.peoicoo ((LFOOO EDs Wot Meats) iy eine.
721, 453 23, 382, 157
514, 381 20, 164, 000
429, 400 12, 461, 900
1,599, 100 15, 224, 200
2, 368, 300 11,583,500
2,026, 400 8, 277, 500
3, 359, 700 6, 876, 900
3, 345, 400 6, 878, 100
4, 138, 100 6, 418, 300
4,046, 100 6,419, 400
3, 184, 000 4,298, 700
4,903, 700 407 , 700
3,520, 900 167, 300
3, 314, 700 156, 600

6, 482, 500 Not available
3,982, 200 526, 500
920, 000 14,700
475, 000 170, 100
340, 000 413, 200

Not available Not available
660, 000 573, 000
1/From ''Fishery Statistics of the United States," U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 1940-1960.

UTILIZATION OF SURF CLAMS

Surf clams are marketed as canned clam
chowder, minced clams, and as ''strippings,"'
the latter substituting for soft clams in cer-
tain instances. Strippings are made by ame-
chanical process in which the shucked meats
(foot portion of the clam) are thoroughly evis-
cerated and washed, then passed through a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

STRENDS

= AND

EDEVELO PMENTS

11

| machine that cuts the meats in narrow strips.
By stripping, the meat of the surf clam is re-
duced to small pieces suitable for frying.

LOCATION OF THE FISHERY

The surf-clam fishery for food, as dis-
tinguished from the bait fishery which for
many years was an important source of bait
to cod fishermen and the party boat fisher-
men, first developed in the New York coastal
area in World War II. It soon spread to more
productive beds off the New Jersey coast
(Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commis-
sion, 1958). Landings were made at various
ports along the coasts of New Jersey, Dela-
ware, and Maryland. In 1950, a plant for
processing surf clams was opened in Wild-
wood, N. J., and the New Jersey-Delaware
coasts became the center of the fishery. To-
day, owing to the presence of readily-acces-
sible beds of clams nearby, the fishery is
conducted almost entirely out of Point Pleas-
ant, N. J., and most New Jersey landings are
made in that port.

Fishing is conducted in an area approxi-
mately 15 to 25 miles southeast of Point
Pleasant. The more productive clam beds
now fished are in depths ranging from 60 to
90 feet. Vessels make individual trips of
less than one day and usually fish four days
a week. The daily catch is either shucked
and shipped by truck as fresh clams to other
plants for further processing, or shipped
whole as shell stock.

FISHING GEAR

There are about 30 vessels engaged in
the New Jersey surf-clam fishery. These
range in length from 65 to 90 feet, are Die-
sel-powered, and are mostly of Florida
shrimp-boat design (fig. 1). An average

U,. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 626

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

crew consists of the captain and two fisher-
men. Vessels are pilothouse-controlled and
rigged with a special towing bit and steel out-
rigger boom for retrieving fishing gear.

The fishing gear (figs. 2-5) consists pri-
marily of a sled dredge, a centrifugal pump,
and a 5-inch (internal diameter) hose. The
hose is permanently attached to the dredge
during fishing operations. Sea water is pump-

ed under pressure through this hose to the
dredge manifold where it is ejected through
a series of nozzles into the ocean floor. By

Fig. 1 - A typical Diesel-powered surf-clam vessel. Vessels in
use range from 65 to 90 feet in length. An auxiliary Diesel en-
gine is mounted below deck, aft, to drive a 5-inch centrifugal
pump that supplies water for the hydraulic dredge.

Fig. 3 - The steel cutting edge or knife is set to cut from 6$ to
8 inches below the dredge shoes.

Vol. 23, No. 8

Fig. 2 -Hydraulic JetDredge. Dredges consist of two basic parts, the
dredge section proper and the sled section. The dredge section
(forward) has a manifold of 5- or 6-inch pipe with a series of
horizontally -spaced nozzles aimed down, back, and immediately
forward of the cutting knife. Water pressure is maintained at
about 70 pounds with a volume of from 1,000 to 1,500 gallons
per minute. The sled section is attached to the dredge section
to retain the clams washed back from the dredge.

Fig. 4 - The towing bit is set from the keel and is high enough
to allow the dredge towline to pass clear of the stem, The tow-
line is reeved through a snatch block that is fastened to the tow-
ing bit before holding turns are applied to reduce chafing of
towline. Hose used for jetting measures 5 inches in internal
diameter and is constructed of heavy-duty collapsible nylon-
reinforced rubber. Sections of the hose (seen along the rail) are
fastened together with pressure clamps over aluminum sleeves.
The hose is always longer than the towing warp. :

ys

August 1961

to

Fig. 5 - When fishing, the outrigger keeps the dredge section out-
board. For unloading the clam catch, the sled section with the
chain bag is brought inboard.

proper direction of the nozzles, the hydraulic
action of the water washes the sand from over
and around the clams. This action allows the
deep-set knife blade to pass under the clams
and lift them from the bottom so that they pass
back into the sled section.

Surf clams (fig. 6) because of their size,
relatively thin shells, and ability to bed in
hard, coarse-grained sand, present a prob-
lem in dredging. The non-hydraulic dredges,
used in the hard clam (Venus mercenaria)
fishery of southern New England, tend to
crush the surf clams when forcing them from

OPERATION

FISHING IN 30-40 FT.

OF WATER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

Fig. 6 - Clams are culled and stowed in bushel bags on deck aft.
Vessels make 15- to 30-minute drags, which average from 11
to 23 bushels per drag.

the bottom. The high-pressure jet clam
dredge was, therefore, developed specifically
for harvesting surf clams.

LITERATURE CITED

ATLANTIC STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION
1958. Important Fisheries of the Atlantic Coast. (A supple-
ment to the sixteenth annual report), Atlantic States
Marine Fisheries Commission, 22 West First Street,
Mount Vernon, N, Y. (September) p. 41.

--By Michael Ruggiero
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
Gloucester, Mass.

NN
WAXY. HYDRAULIC
> SURF CLAM DREDGE

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Alaska

STATE SUPREME COURT RULES ON CASE
WHICH AFFECTS USE OF FISH TRAPS BY
INDIAN COMMUNITIES:

On June 2, 1961, the Alaska Supreme Court
issued its opinion on the trap case (Metlakatla
Indian Community et. al. vs. State). This
case revolves around the right of Indian Com-
munities to use fish traps in Alaska. Ques-
tion involves the rights of three native com-
munities to operate traps, since the State of
Alaska Constitution and State laws prohibit
traps and the State served notice that it would
enforce the law.

MF

te team

Brailing a salmon trap in southeastern Alaska, This type of gear
is now banned by Alaska State laws.

The U. S. Department of the Interior,
following passage of the Statehood Act, is-
sued regulations prohibiting traps except for
operation of 11 traps by 3 native communi-
ties. This was done on the basis that the
Statehood Act secured to the Indians certain
fishing rights.

Native communities filed suit in the U. S.
District Court to enjoin the State from en-
forcing the trap prohibition. Suits were dis-
missed.

Justice Brennan of the U. S. Supreme
Court (on July 11, 1959) granted a stay pend-
ing appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court. That
Court heard arguments and then on June 20,
1960, handed down a decision in Metlakatla
Indian Community vs. Egan and the twocases
related to it. By a6 to 3 decision, that Court
announced that it would refrain from deciding
the issues presented to it on their merits in

Vol. 23, No. 8

order to afford the Alaska Supreme Court the
opportunity to rule on the questions open to
it for decision.

The State Supreme Court on June 2, 1961,
affirmed the judgment of the U. S. District
Court in dismissing the suit. Undoubtedly
the case will go back to the U. 5S. Supreme
Court and it is believed that Justice Brennan's
stay continuesineffect, The stay means that
the three Indian communities will continue to use
the fish traps.

The principal points of the State Supreme
Court decision are: (1) State constitution:
"The State and its people further disclaim all
right or title inor to any property, including
fishing rights, the right or title to which may
be held by or for any Indian, Eskimo, or
Aleut, or Community thereof, as that right
or title is defined in the act of Admission,"

(2) Statehood Act does not define the right
or title. It reads: ''As a compact with the
U. S. said State and its people do agree and
declare that they forever disclaim all right
and title.... to any lands or other property
(including fishing rights), the right or title
to which may be held by any Indians, Eski-
mos, or Aleuts (hereinafter called natives)
or is held by the U. S. in trust for said na-
HIVES ee

The State Court opinion recognizes a dif-
ferent status for the Metlakatla Indian Com-
munity, referring to it as ''the only fishing’
privilege held by a native community at the
time of enactment of the Alaska Statehood
Act.'' However, it dismisses this privilege
as a ''temporary privilege’ which disap-
peared with statehood.

es
Advisory Committee

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
STRESSED AT MEETING:

Utilization of the sea for the benefit of
the human race was the theme of the 12th
meeting of the American Fisheries Advisory
Committee held in the Department of the
Interior Building in Washington, D. C., May
22 andi 232 LO 6s

The first session was opened by Secre-
tary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, who_

August 1961

pledged the support of the Department in
making research of the sea one of the out-
standing programs of the New Frontier.
Secretary Udall asked not only increased
efforts in learning the biological, chemical,
and physical secrets of the sea, but called
for increased technological efforts in making
the vast protein resources of the sea avail-
able to the undernourished peoples of the
world.

Besides general expressions of approval
of the stepped-up program of oceanographic
research which many Federal agencies are
planning, the Committee recommended that
the research program on artificial propaga-
tion of oysters and clams be continued and
that there be an intensified program to dis-
cover ways to put to beneficial use the large

stocks of underutilized fish in the Great Lakes.

Secretary Udall urged the advisory group
to broaden its advice and counsel to the De-
partment ''to include counsel on all fisheries
matters,"

Donald L. McKernan, Director of the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, gave a de-
tailed report on ''What Lies Ahead" from the
Bureau standpoint. He re-emphasized the
necessity of learning how to use the sea for
the benefit of mankind. He pointed out the
stake America as a Nation has in the oceans
of the world and then discussed what the
American fishing industry can do in the huge
task of supplying nutrients to the people of
this Nation and of the world. Interwoven with
his remarks were instances of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries! responsibility to the
American fishing industry, in helping the in-
dustry to make maximum sustained harvests,
with a minimum of time and effort.

Specifically, McKernan said that those
concerned with the fishing industry must
understand the sea and its effect upon the
distribution and abundance of fish; they must
know the life history of many species and all
there is to know about the dynamics of fish
populations; they must learn how to predict
abundance of a species, know their move-
ments, and how and when to catch them most
economically; know more about the upwell-
ings in the sea, their effect upon the food
chains, and how to protect the resource
from predators which at times plague it; and
finally there must be more technological
knowledge on full utilization of the products
of the sea.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

The importance of ''vital statistics" and
additional knowledge of the sea in predicting
abundance and distribution of fish was
stressed by Dr. J. L. McHugh, Chief of the
Bureau's Division of Biological Research.
McHugh stressed the damage which pollution
can do to fisheries, especially in estuaries.
He pointed out the damage done by hurri-
canes, not only the physical damage, but the
havoc sometimes wrought by the churning of
waters, the elevation of bottom water to the
top, the introduction of long-settled chemi-
cals into surface waters, and their some-
times deleterious effect upon fish which are
not inured to that particular type of water.
He pointed out the value of knowing how many
fish of a given species are caught, the size
and age characteristics, the hours of the
catch, and numerous other bits of informa-
tion about landings which, over a period of
time tell a story to the fishery biologist.

The advantage of a small pilot plant to
help the fishing industry study problems of
mass production of fish flour was discussed,
It was pointed out that fish flour is equal to
dried egg solids in amount and value of pro-
tein and that dried eggs have been accepted
as the standard for determining protein
quality.

The American Fisheries Advisory Com-
mittee has 20 members, appointed by the
Secretary of the Interior. Frank P. Briggs,
Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish
and Wildlife, is the chairman of the group,
and presided at the sessions. The first
meeting of the Committee was held in Wash-
ington in April 1955. Recently the Commit-
tee has been meeting annually instead of
semi-annually.

The Advisory Committee was authorized
by the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act passed in
1954, This Act provides that an amount of
money equal to 30 percent of the funds re-
ceived in import duties on fishery products
be made available to the Department of the
Interior to promote the free flow of domes-
tically-produced fishery products into chan-
nels of trade, to conduct biological, techno-
logical, and other types of research neces-
sary to aid in the harvest or utilization of
fish and fishery products. The Saltonstall-
Kennedy funds for these purposes vary from
$4 to $6 million a year.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Antarctic

MARINE RESEARCH INCLUDED IN
STUDIES TO BE CONDUCTED BY
VESSEL ON PERMANENT STATION:

The National Science Foundation will op-
erate its first research ship on more or less
permanent station in Antarctic waters. The
vessel, which will be open to qualified scien-
tists in much the same way that institutions
such as the Brookhaven and Oak Ridge na-
tional laboratories are, is a 3,000-ton con-
verted Navy freighter named the Eltanin, A
ship with a reinforced hull, last used for
carrying supplies to radar stations in the
Arctic, she should be ready to sail on her
next mission by the end of the year.

The Eltanin will have accommodations
for a scientific party of 38 and a crew of
about 40. The Foundation will operate the
vessel by inviting proposals for work aboard
her from universities, Government agencies,
and other interested institutions. Scientists
and crew will be rotated by air from the
United States. The ship itself will remain in
the far south for two to three years at a
time.

The Foundation's unusual venture was
born of the need for increased studies of
Antarctic waters. In recent years most
Antarctic work has been done on the ice.
Only one U. 8S. oceanographic institution,
Columbia University's Lamont Geological
Observatory (whose schooner Vema is cur-
rently on her sixth cruise in Antarctic wa-
ters in six years), has had substantial ex-
perience in research in Antarctic seas. La-
mont is among eight institutions cooperating
in designing equipment for the Eltanin, which
will be fitted out for research in meteorology,
cosmic rays, radio propagation and geomag-
netism, as well as in oceanography, marine
geophysics, and marine biology. (Scientific
American, May 1961.)

Atlantic Marine Game Fish Research

SURVEY OF MARINE SPORT FISHING
NEAR COMPLETION:

A survey of marine sport fishing, which
the U. S. Bureau of the Census is conducting
under a contract with the U. S. Bureau of
Sportfish and Wildlife's Atlantic Marine Game
Fish Research Center at Sandy Hook, N. J.,

Vol. 23, No. 8

was nearing completion early this year. The
survey is based on a nationwide sampling of
people who engaged in salt-water fishing
during 1960, and will provide estimates of
the quantities of fish caught, species, fish-
ing methods, and regions. Analysis of the
data is near completion and a report is to
be submitted at the end of the 1961 summer.

Je se cle gle sk
HK OOK 3K ook

TWO APPROACHES TO COVER RANGES
OF MARINE GAME FISH:

Marine biologists are constantly troubled
by the overwhelming problem of how to
cover, in their field programs, the entire
ranges of species which they study. The
Sandy Hook Center in the first quarter of
1961 announced two approaches to attacking
this problem:

1. By using the services of qualified
amateur skin divers, selected for education
and experience as underwater observers, to
conduct, through their clubs, systematic ob-
servations of coastal fishes. The type of
activity will vary with different clubs. One
elub of divers which has formed ''Research
Divers Society" is particularly interested
in tagging with darts. They will do this in
close cooperation with state fishery agen-
cies and, as required, with the Sandy Hook
Center, Another group being sponsored is
"The Littoral Society,'' which parallels in
its conception the Audubon Society, and,
like that organization, will conduct a peri-
odic synoptic census of shore fishes. Sev-
eral meetings were held at the Sandy Hook
Center to plan the first count which is
scheduled for September 4, 1961, and also
to plan a limited summer program of nat-
ural history observation. At least two
divers have volunteered their services to
the Center and will work on behalf of the
Littoral Society for several weeks this
summer.

2, To understand the vagaries in the
occurrences, distribution, and abundance
of fishes, it is essential to have synoptic
and systematic pictures of the physical and
biological features of their environments
throughout their ranges. This is possible
only by cooperation among all marine
laboratories in making the necessary ob-
servations. The Sandy Hook Laboratory
Director has presented to biologists in
three regional meetings of the Atlantic
States Marine Fisheries Commission Bio-

August 1961

logical Committee, the idea of conducting
periodic multipleship surveys in a program
to be called the Atlantic Shelf Environmental
Campaign. This would take place in 1963 or
1964. The proposal has been unanimously
recommended for formal presentation to the
forthcoming annual meeting of the whole Com-
mission. After the Commission approves the
plan, funds are available from an Office of
Naval Research (ONR) grant to pay travel
expenses of five scientists who will attend
the first meeting to advise in designing the
campaign.

California

UNDERWATER CHAMBER WITH
GLASS PORTS ADDED TO
RESEARCH VESSEL "ALASKA":

‘Four one-inch-thick crystal-glass viewing
ports were placed in the hull of the research
vessel Alaska of the California Department of
Fish and Game. The ports are on the star-
board side and reveal submarine goings-on
into a watertight compartment that was built
within the ship. Viewers enter this compart-
ment through a hatch opening through the
main deck. Thus, the ship is safe and sea-
worthy, even if the compartment fills with
water.

Fig. 1 - Research vessel Alaska operated by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game,

The chamber is unique in that it is amid-
ships and provides wide-angle viewing in
relatively spacious comfort.

Admittedly, the idea of an underwater
viewing-port is not new. Almost 100 years
ago, Jules Verne provided viewing windows

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Lit

for the imaginary Nautilus in his novel,
"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea."
Diving bells, bathyspheres, bathyscapes, and
glass-bottom boats have utilized similar
"looking-glasses'' and enabled man to see
and study the denizens of the deep. Recently,
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
fitted one of their vessels, the Charles H.
Gilbert, with underwater ports to observe
‘tuna behavior in the mid-Pacific.

Fig. 2 - Underwater chamber with glass ports on the M/V Alaska
is located on the starboard side. Note steel plate reinforcement.
Photo was taken when vessel was in drydock.

Quick and positive identification of fish
schools will be one of many uses of the new
underwater eyes on the Alaska. On a recent
field trial, biologists observed a flock of sea
birds actively feeding nearby. A single pass
through the area while looking through the
viewing ports revealed that they were work-
ing on a school of anchovies.

Fig. 3 - Diver-biologist of the California Department of Fish and
Game working in conjunction with observers inside the under-

water chamber of the Alaska. White plastic sheet used to write
messages and record observations while in the water,

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The viewing chamber will provide a di-
rect means of observing underwater fauna
without getting wet. By observing fish be-
havior, biologists hope to develop more ef-
ficient collecting devices. They will also be
provided a better look at schooling pelagic
fish, such as sardines, in their natural envi-
ronment.

To date, the Alaska has been used to col-
lect samples of sardines for abundance and
distribution studies. These have been at-
tracted to the vessel by a light suspended
over the water at night. When a sufficient
quantity has been attracted they are caught
with a special blanket net developed by De-
partment personnel. At times, however, the
sardines remain deep and are beyond the
range of the net. Often, by altering the in-
tensity of the light, it has been possible to
lure these deep schools to the surface. Oc-
casionally too, ''wild'' schools are encountered
and these are always difficult to catch with
the net.

By applying the knowledge gained from
observing the behavior of sardines through
the viewing ports, the biologists feel certain
that many of their misses will be changed to
hits. What holds for sardines should hold
for other fishes too. (Excerpted from article
by Doyle Gates, in Outdoor California, May
TOGT.)

SHRIMP STUDY OFF CALIFORNIA
COAST CONTINUED:

M/V. N. B. Scofield Cruise 6182- -Shrimp:
to Avila, Calif., were surveyed (March 13=
April 28, 1961) by the California Department
of Fish and Game research vessel N. B.
Scofield for concentrations of pink shrimp,
Pandalus jordani. Other objectives were to
determine size, sex, and weight of the shrimp,
to obtain bottom temperatures in the areas
explored; and to determine species of fish
and invertebrates and weight of all species
caught incidentally during shrimp fishing
operations,

The strong northerly and southerly winds
accompanied by heavy seas greatly hampered
trawling operations during most of thecruise.
A total of 115 tows was made, using a 20-
by 8-foot beam trawl with a cotton net of 1}
inch mesh, The tows were: 34 in the area
from the California-Oregon border to Rocky

Voli 23. Nous

Pt.; 15 from Bear Landing to Westport; 55
from Salt Point to Bodega Head; and 11from
Pt. San Luis to Pt. Sal.

In the area from the California-Oregon
border to Rocky Pt., the heaviest shrimp
concentrations were off of the Klamath
River in 66 to 68 fathoms and in the vicinity
of Redding Rock in 72 to 76 fathoms. Tows
made off of the Klamath River produced an
average of 1,155 pounds of shrimp per hour,
The average count was 165 per pound, heads
on. From the areaoff Redding Rock, shrimp
were taken at a rate of 715 pounds per hour.
Here the count was 140 shrimp per pound.
Three tows in the area off of Pyramid Pt.
failed to yield heavy concentrations of
shrimp. In this area the catch was 44
pounds per hour of shrimp averaging 129
per pound, heads on.

In the area from Bear Landing to West-
port, the best concentrations were found in
a bed extending from Bear Landing to Cape
Vizcaino, approximately 23 miles wide. Of
the 15 tows in this area, 7 produced 1,322
pounds per hour, from depths of 61 to 80
fathoms. These shrimp averaged 128 tothe
pound, heads on.

In the area from Salt Point to Bodega
Head, there were two widely separated con-
centrations. One was between Salt Point and
Fort Ross at 57 fathoms. Here shrimp were
caught at a rate of 370 pounds per hour and
had a count of 95 per pound, heads on. The
other concentration was between the Russian
River and Bodega Head, in 42-49 fathoms.
Shrimp were taken in this area at anaver-
age rate of 149 pounds per hour and had an
average count of 150 per pound, heads on.

Two main shrimp concentrations were
separated by a narrow area of low produc-
tion(73 pounds perhour). The northernmost
of these beds yielded 245 pounds per hour,
at a count of 51 per pound; and the southern
bed produced 555 pounds per hour at a
count of 57 per pound. These two concen-
trations were between Pt. San Luis and Pt.
Sal in 110 to 127 fathoms.

Approximately 50 shrimp were taken
from each tow that contained shrimp (92 of
115 tows) and these were sexed, sized, and
weighed. The majority of the females had
completed spawning. Very few still con-
tained roe. This was especially true in the
Avila-Pt. Sal area.

August 1961

A total of 76 bathythermograph casts was
made--the majority over shrimp beds.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 17.

Se tratemis tala atetiret
Sa ES eran ke eh

MIDWATER TRAWL TESTED IN
CATCHING SALMON FINGERLINGS:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 61-N-2-Salmon:
A midwater trawl, with a 15-foot square open-
ing, was tested in San Francisco Bay(March
13-16, 1961) by the California Department of
Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus to
become familiar with its operation and pre-
pare for salmon studies. The mouth of the
net is held open by 4 quarter doors actingas
kites. The trawl may be fished at the surface
by using only the 4 quarter doors, or may be
fished deeper by placing 2 small otter doors
150 feet forward of the net.

Sets were made using the quarter doors
alone and using the otter doors in conjunction
with the quarter doors. Various speeds and
depths were used, so that operations would
be familiar under different conditions.
Enough sets were made to develop a smooth
technique in handling winches, otter doors,
and the net itself.

M/V "Nautilus'’ Cruise 61-N-3-Salmon:
The midwater trawl operations were con-
tinued (April 10-14, 24-28, 1961) in the
Carquinez Straits to (1) capture marked
salmon fingerlings; (2) determine time of
day or night that salmon fingerlings may be
captured; (3) determine areas where salmon
fingerlings may be captured; and (4) stand-
ardize trawling methods for future opera-
tions,

Eighty-five tows were completed. A total
of 807 king salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
finglerings were captured, 8 of which were
marked. The marked salmon were from a
release made in San Pablo Bay seaward of
the fishing area. Of the 20 rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri) taken, 2 had been marked
and released into the American River. The
most abundant species taken, incidentally,
in the area fished were northern anchovy
(Engraulis mordax) and Pacific herring
(Clupea pallasi). Other species captured
included striped bass (Roccus saxatilis),
American shad (Alosa Sapidissima), splittail
(Pogonichthy macrolepedotus), jack smelt
(Atherinopsis californiensis), staghorn
sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), Sacramento
smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), Pacific
tomcod (Microgadus proximus), Northern

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ilfs)

midshipman (Porichthys notatus), pipefish
(Syngnathus griseo-lineatus), starry flounder
(Platichthys stellatus) and carp (Cyprinus

carpio).

The largest numbers of salmon finger-
lings were caught between 7 a.m. and5p.m.
The best catches of 30, 33, and 36 salmon
fingerlings per tow were made between the
hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Between 8 p.m.
and 4 a.m., catches averaged about 3 salmon
per tow. e

Catches were similar in the center and
each side of Carquinez Straits, indicating a
uniform distribution of salmon fingerlings
throughout the sampling area. Catches were
also similar for tows made with and against
the current.

A standard procedure was worked out for
subsequent cruises. This plan calls for
alternating tows between upstream and down-
stream and between the south shore, center,
and north shore of the straits. Each tow
will be for 20 minutes, and fishing will be
conducted from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily.

M/V "Nautilus" Cruises 61-N-8 and
61-N-9-Salmon: Operations were continued
(May 8-12, 22-26, 1961) in the Carquinez
Straits to capture marked salmon finger-

lings.

All trawling was conducted between 7a.m.
and 3 p.m; each tow was for 20 minutes,
Tows were alternated between upstream and
downstream, and between the north shore,
center, and south shore of the channel. A
flow meter was used to measure the amount
of water strained by the net on each tow.

During the 101 tows completed, a total
of 1,820 king salmon (Oncorhynchus tsh-
awytscha) fingerlings was captured--catch
per tow varied from none to 115. A totalof
24 marked salmon was recovered, 22 from
releases made in San Pablo Bay, approxi-
mately two miles seaward of the fishing
area. One marked salmon was recovered
from releases made at Coleman Hatchery
and one from releases made at Rio Vista.
Eighteen rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
were also taken--three were marked and
had been released in the American River.

Other species appearing in the catch,
listed in order of abundance, were: north-

ern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), Pacific
herring (Clupea pallasi), striped bass

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(Roccus saxatilis), American shad (Alosa
Sapidissima), starry flounder (Platichthys
stellatus), jack smelt (Atherinopsis cali-_
forniensis), splittail (Pogonichthys macrole-
pedotus), staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus _
patia Sacramento smelt (Spirinchus
thaleichthys) Pacific tomcod (Microgadus
proximus), and carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Two tows were made at a depth of 50 to
60 feet to determine if salmon were evenly
distributed in depth. Small numbers caught
at these depths (1-2) compared to the larger
numbers caught subsequently at the surface
(13-22) indicates that better catches may be
made on the surface during the hours fished.
With the exception of these two deep tows,
all fishing was done at the surface.

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:
M/V “Alaska” Cruise 61-A-3- Pelagic

Fish: The coastal waters from Ensenada,

Baja California, northward to Santa Barbara,

Calif., were surveyed (April 7-24, 1961) by
the California Department of Fish and Game
research vessel Alaska. The objectives
were (1) to sample spawning sardines to
determine what relationship exists between
the spring spawners off southern California
and northern Baja California and the genet-
ically distinct groups which have been de-
fined as "northern" and ''southern" stocks;
(2) to locate and sample fish from the
transition zone between the two stocks to
determine the extent of mixing; (3) to de-
termine if a 500-watt underwater light would
increase fish attraction when used in addi-
tion to the regular (1,500-watt surface) sur-
vey light; and (4) to make incidental collec-
tions requested by other investigations.

Of the 75 night-light stations occupied,
anchovies were attracted at 9, Pacific
mackerel at 7, jack mackerel at 6, and
sardines at 4. Sardines were collected in
sufficient numbers for blood genetic studies
at 2 stations off Santa Catalina Island.

Blood tests were completed for both samples
and they consisted of the "northern" stock
type.

A 500-watt underwater light was used
with the 1,500-watt surface light at alternate
stations. With the survace light only, fish
were attracted at 8 of 35 stations. The
underwater light used in conjunction with

Vol. 23, No. 8

the surface lights attracted fish at 10 of 35
stations. No significant difference could be
detected between the two types of lights for
the small number of stations tested.

The vessel scouted 341 miles during
which 114 schools of anchovies, 28 small
schools of mackerel, and one school of
bonito were observed. Anchovies were ob-
served almost continuously between Pt.
Hueneme and Santa Barbara, and from
Pyramid Head, San Clemente Island, east-
ward for 20 miles. They were also abun-
dant in Todos Santos Bay, Mexico. The
pelagic red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes)
occurred in large numbers at 2 night-light

stations between Oceanside and La Jolla.

Live kelp bass were collected for the
Department's tuna investigation. Blood
from kelp bass, relatively easy to obtain,
will be used to develop serological tech-
niques,

The 4 underwater viewing ports afforded
an excellent view of sardine behavior and
aided in obtaining a sample of "wild" sar-
dines.

Sea surface temperatures ranged from
12 42, (54, 3° F, ) near Pitas, Pt. near,
Santa Barbara, Calif.,.to 16. Ce (61. 5° F. )
in Los Angeles Harbor,

Airplane Spotting Flight ibe 6-Pelagic

Fish: The inshore area from the United
States Mexican Border to Point Piedras
Blancas, Calif., was surveyed from the

air (May 16 and 19, 1961) by the Depart-
ment's Cessna ''182"' 9042T, (1) to de-
termine the distribution and abundance of
pelagic fish schools; and (2) to determine
the magnitude of sportfishing activity, other
than party boats, with particular emphasis
on barracuda and white sea bass.

Adverse weather limited flying time to
only 2 days of the 4 scheduled. Conditions
were generally unfavorable on May 16, but
were good on May 19.

Many more fish schools (1,311) were
seen than during the April flight when only
185 schools were counted. During the May
flight 730 anchovy, 124 jack mackerel, and
457 unidentified schools were observed.
The jack mackerel were within a mile of
shore between Pismo Beach and Avila.
Four school groups of anchovies were seen.

August 1961

These were off the Coronado Strand (90
schools), between Newport Beach and Seal
Beach (180 schools), between Point Dumeand
Port Hueneme (172 schools), from Santa
Barbara to Point Conception (285 schools).
Three additional schools were observed off
Torrey Pines. Most of the unidentified schools

were deeper but in the same areas as the an-
chovies.

Legend:

— School group.
A+—Anchovy school.
JM7—Jack mackerel school.
? Unidentified school.

Pt. Arguello

\.
eS Ne Santa Barbara
aN

45?

2?)
wee (Port Hueneme
\

ray
248? “\._Pt. Dume

8?
3?

25)2 Pt. Vicente

at

HY \ Dana Point

soap San Diego
SOS ee

Flight 61-6 Pelagic Fish (May 16 and 19, 1961).

A moderate to severe ''red tide'' condition
prevailed from Port Hueneme to La Jolla.
It was generally confined to the extreme in-
shore area but at times appeared to extend
several miles to sea. The most severe out-
breaks were noted off Santa Monica and El
Segundo, between Laguna Beach and Dana
Point and in the vicinity of Oceanside.

Between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2:30p.m.
on May 16, 54 boats, excluding party boats,
were observed fishing the inshore areafrom
Pt. Dume to the Mexican Border. The largest
concentration of skiffs (36) was in the Los

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

Angeles-Long Beach Harbor area at11:30a.m.
By 3 p.m., only 13 boats were still fishing.
Six boats were seen in Santa Monica Bay, 6
between Seal Beach and Newport Beach and

6 between Newport Beach and Point Loma.

It was not possible to obtain a count of the
fishermen, but spot checks revealed 2 to 4
per boat, with 2 in most.

A total of 50 surf fishermen was counted
in Santa Monica Bay at about 10:45 a.m.
Most were along sandy beaches between Will
Rogers State Beach and Playa del Rey. A
few people were fishing from rocks and jetties.
Some surf fishermen were noted south of Seal
Beach but an accurate count was not possible.
No attempt was made to count pier fishermen.

A commercial barracuda troller was seen
off Pt. Fermin.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 10.

‘Cans- Shipments for Fishery Products

JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-April 1961 amounted to 37,265 short
tons of steel (based on
the amount of steel
consumed in the man-
ufacture of cans) as
compared with 32,874
tons in the same pe-
riod a year ago. Can-
ning of fishery prod-
ucts in January-April
this year was confined largely to tuna, shrimp,

Gulf oysters, and jack and Pacific mackerel,

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod-
ucts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

BY AREA AND QUARTERS, 1959 AND 1960:
In 1960, out of total shipments of 123,929
short tons of steel for use in the manufacture
of cans for fishery products, the Pacific Area
or West (including Hawaii and Alaska) uti-
lized 88,366 tons or 71.3 percent. The bulk

of the fish-canning facilities are located
in the Pacific area. The Pacific Area was
followed by the Eastern Area (New England,
Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Puerto
Rico) with 30,968 tons or 25 percent. The
Central Area (including the Gulf of Mexico

22

Table _ - U. S. and Puerto Rico Shipments of Steel for Cans for Fishery Products, 1S

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vols 237 NOwS

1959 and 1960

-_| 22,023 38,537 34, 358 37; 395. 39, 250 26,014 1238929) iis 479

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed

in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor:

23.0 base boxes of steel

equal one short ton of steel.

States and Inland States) used only 4,595
tons or 3.7 percent.

The over-all total of 123,929 tons was up
7.3 percent from the 115,479 tons used in
1959, due primarily toan increase of 8.0 per-
cent in the amount of steel used for cans in
the Pacific Area. Also, shipments of steel
for cans for both the Eastern and Central
areas were up 5-6 percent in 1960.

Shipments of steel for the manufacture of
cans for fishery products on a quarterly basis
were heaviest during the second quarter of
1960 for the Pacific Area, but for the Eastern
and Central Areas the heaviest shipments
occurred in the third quarter. In the West,
34,6 percent or 30,540 tons were consumed
in the second quarter of 1960. The Eastern
Area used 11,854 tons (38.3 percent of the
30,968-ton total) in the third quarter. The
Central Area used 37.5 percent of the 4,595-
ton total for the area in the third quarter and
31.6 percent in the second quarter.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 23.

>

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

TUNA BAIT, GEAR, AND OCEANOGRAPHIC
STUDIES MADE NEAR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS:

M/V “"Charies H. Gilbert™ Cruise 52: The
primary missions of a 52-day cruise (ended
May 17, 1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries' research vessel Charles
H. Gilbert were to tag and release skipjack
tuna outside the area of the Hawaiian live-
bait fishery, determine the distribution of
temperature and salinity in the surface wa-
ters, release drift bottles for studies of
surface currents, collect skipjack blood sam-
ples for serological studies, and test the fea-
sibility of gill nets for use in catching skip-
jack from surface schools.

Skipjack were sampled by live-bait fish-
ing, using five different species of bait--
threadfin shad, mosquito fish, tilapia, iao,

and nehu. Of particular interest was hardi-

ness shown by 70 buckets of threadfin shad
from the Wahiawa Reservoir on the island
of Oahu, stocked by the Bureau's Biological
Laboratory, Honolulu, and the Hawaii Divi-
sion of Fish and Game in 1959. Mortality
during capture, transportation to the Charles
H. Gilbert, and acclimatization to sea water
in the bait wells aboard the vessel was 17
buckets. Only 1 or 2 buckets were lost by
mortality during a 5-week period of the
cruise. Unfortunately, as the skipjack
schools encountered during the cruise were
wild and fast and consisted primarily of
small fish, a critical evaluation of the shad
as a live bait was not possible.

The principal area of operation was to
the west of the Hawaiian Islands, between
Johnston Island and French Frigate Shoals.
Of 95 surface schools observed, 26 were
identified as skipjack. Of the remaining 69,
3 were yellowfin, 1 was a little tuna, 1 was
dolphin, and 64 were unidentified. The ma-
jority of the schools were seen near islands.
Rough seas accounted, at least in part, for
the fewer number of school sightings in mid-
ocean.

Out of 20 skipjack schools chummed, 435
skipjack were caught from 12 of the schools,
Individual catches from the schools ranged
from 1 to 115 skipjack. With but two excep-
tions, the schools were composed of small,
2-5 pound fish.

Skipjack (242) were tagged, all near
Johnston Island. Of those tagged, 218
weighed 2 to 5 pounds and 24 weighed an
average of 13 pounds. Blood samples were
obtained from 100 fish from two schools
near French Frigate Shoals and 42 more
samples were collected from a school near
Kailua, Hawaii.

The results of temperature observations
(surface and bathythermograph) and surface
salinity samples await detailed analyses,
However, those salinity samples analyzed
on board indicated that conditions were

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

typical for summer months in the central
Pacific, with the boundary between the higher
salinity North Pacific Central waters and
those of intermediate salinity positioned to
the north of the Hawaiian Archipelago.

About 700 drift bottles were released in
waters to the leeward of the Hawaiian Islands
(Oahu to Hawaii) and in various channels
among the islands. By the end of May, 50 of
the bottles had been recovered. Their drift
was similar to that observed for the bottles
recovered from the January-February 1961
cruise of the Charles H. Gilbert. The major-
ity of the bottles dropped in leeward waters
drifted northerly or easterly until they moved
through the channels into windward waters,
then the movement was to the west. The
similarity between the drift during late win-
ter and early summer periods is particularly
striking, considering the fact that the winds
were southerly (Kona) during the first period
and from the northeast during the latter part
of the cruise. An additional 200 bottles were
released in waters within 5 miles of shore
around Oahu. In general, recoveries to date
(40 in number) have been only of those bot-
tles released on the windward (eastern) side
of the island.

Several experiments were made to test
the feasibility of catching skipjack by means
of gill nets. In the first test, a monofilament
net (600 feet long by 24 feet deep) was set in
an area where skipjack were seen breaking
the surface. After a 3-hour period, the net
was retrieved. No skipjack were caught.
During the second test, both monofilament
and nylon nets were used and chumming with
live bait was carried out during and after the
net was set. Thirty-four skipjack were caught
in the monofilament section, none in the nylon,
Direct observations from the underwater
chambers of the vessel revealed that the
nylon net was visible at a distance of 20-30
feet from the vessel, while the monofilament
was nearly invisible. The skipjack, although
feeding on the bait, were observed to avoid
the nylon net.

In the third experiment, the skipjack
school was chummed to the stern of the ves-
sel and an attempt was made to encircle the
school with the net. Unfortunately, the lead-
ing edge of the net became entangled in the
screw and the experiment was discontinued.
However, upon hauling the net, 60 skipjack
were taken from the monofilament section, 3
from the nylon,

In the final test, a skipjack school was
fished by the pole-and-line method. After
capture of five live specimens for use in the
Kewalo experimental tanks, the gill net was
set with the vessel moving forward at chum-
ming speed (2 knots). After setting the net,
live bait was used to keep the school in the
vicinity of the net. A total of 225 skipjack
were caught in the monofilament section, 2
in the nylon. Although chumming was con-
centrated near the middle section of the
monofilament net, skipjack were found gilled
throughout the 100-fathom length of the mono-
filament webbing.

3.
_—
Sts <==,
= TZ
= yy

Express Rates

FISHERY PRODUCTS COMMODITY
RATES INCREASES SUSPENDED:

A new tariff has been filed to become
effective June 27, 1961, publishing a uniform
scale or rates on all fish and seafoods mov-
ing via express. These new rates are based
upon 60 percent of First Class Express
Rates.

At the same time, the express agency
cancelled all commodity rates on fish and
seafoods. Many of these rates were applic-
able on various volume weights and were
based upon levels ranging from 30 to 50per-
cent of First Class Rates. For example, as
of mid-June the rates from Green Bay, Wis.,
to New York, N. Y., were $6.45 up to 1,000
pounds, $4.64 on shipments of 1,000 to 2,000
pounds, and $4.29 over 2,000 pounds. The
new rate would be $8.92 per 100 pounds,
regardless of volume. The express agency
took this action due to alleged increased
costs in handling this traffic.

The Interstate Commerce Commission
just before the effective date refused to
allow the express agency to cancel all com-
modity rates on fish and shellfish. The sus-
pension order is only for seven months (to
January 26, 1962) after which time the in-
creases may go into effect if the ICC has
not ruled on the lawfulness of the rates.
The Commission ordered an investigation
of the lawfulness of the proposed rates,
charges, and regulations. The fishing in-
dustry is expected to protest the increases
at the hearings which are expected to be
scheduled.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The tariffs involved are Railway Express
Agency, Incorporated: I.C.C. 8512 in full;
Supplement 7 to I.C.C. 8320; Supplement 10
to I1.C.C. 8321; Supplement 12 to I.C.C. 8326;
Supplement 6 to I.C.C. 8331; also in Supple-
ment 1 to I.C.C. 8494, the cancellation notice
insofar as it directs the cancellation of mat-

ter held in force by reason of this suspension,

——— > ae
“SCT ts.

Federal Aid to Commercial Fishery States
Endorsed by Interior Department

A proposal of Federal aid to states with
commercial fisheries was endorsed on June
15, 1961, by the U. S. Department of the In-
terior. In a letter to Chairman Warren G.
Magnuson of the Senate Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce, Assistant
Secretary John A. Carver, Jr., endorsed the
objective of Senate Bill 1230 but recom-
mended several amendments. Most of these
amendments would establish a policy of state
matching funds, somewhat on the order of
the existing Federal aid to states for sport
fish restoration.

Under the Department's proposal, an
amount equal to 30 percent of the customs
duties on fishery products ($4 to $6 million)
would be available as grants to colleges or
research institutions and as Federal aid to
states having commercial fisheries. The
Department of the Interior would distribute
one-third of this amount to educational and
research institutions for fishery studies and
for training personnel. The Department
would distribute the remaining two-thirds to
states with commercial fisheries.

The Department's report declared that
many serious problems face the commercial
fishing industry and recommends that the
Government give aid to states in meeting
these problems either under the fiscal pro-
cedures set forth in the bill or by direct ap-
propriations.

The report stated that ''in addition to
Federal research, there is need to encourage
and strengthen state fishery research, re-
habilitation, and development programs, as
set forth in this bill, in those states where
our domestic fishing industry is active.

Viole 23. Noes

State activities of this kind complement the
fishery activities this Department is carry-
ing forward. Certain phases of fishery re-
search and rehabilitation are most suscep-
tible of state management. Adequate pro-
grams of state and Federal research will be
mutually beneficial in promoting the Nation's
commercial fisheries."

This proposal would not affect the pre-
sent Saltonstall-Kennedy program for the
betterment of the domestic fishing industry
which is also financed by annual amounts
equal to 30 percent of the customs duties on
fishery products.

Federal Aid Funds for
Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration

A preliminary apportionment of
$12,850,000 of Federal Aid funds will be
made available July 1, 1961, for State fish
and wildlife projects, Secretary of the In-
terior Udall announced May 29, 1961. The
balance of Federal Aid fish and wildlife
restoration program funds for the year
ending June 30, 1962, will be apportioned
in October 1961. The comparable prelim-
inary apportionment for the fiscal year be-
ginning July 1, 1960, was $12,800,000.

The Secretary stated that the early
apportionment was made to help States
program their Federal Aid activities more
advantageously. It has been of special im-
portance to those States operating on a re-
volving fund basis.

Under the Federal fish and wildlife re-
storation programs, States spend their own
funds on approved projects and are then re-
imbursed up to 75 percent of the cost. Many
States have exhausted or will have exhausted
their Federal Aid funds for programming
projects to start during the next fiscal year.
The partial apportionment makes it possible
for these States to secure approval for pro-
jects to start on July 1, 1961, or soon there-
after and to claim reimbursement therefor.
Otherwise, many States would have to hold
up projects until the regular apportionment
in the autumn.

Federal Aid funds are derived from an
excise tax on sporting arms and ammunition

August 1961

and on sporting rods, reels, creels, and arti-
ficial lures. Distribution of the two funds is
made on formulas based upon the number of
paid license holders in a State and on itsarea,
as prescribed by law. Both Federal Aid Acts
(Pitman-Robertson Act, approved September
2, 1937, and the Dingell-Johnson Act, ap-
proved August 9, 1950) are administered by
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Of the $12,850,000, a total of $9,850,000
is for the restoration of wildlife and
$3,000,000 for the restoration of fish. No
indication was given relative to the possible
total apportionment, but in the last five years
wildlife restoration funds have amounted to
between $14-$15.5 million and fish restora-
tion funds have been approximately $5 mil-
lion. For the fiscal year ending June 30,
1960, fish restoration funds amounted to
$5,836,000.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960
p. 21 and January 1960 p. 34.

aa

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH,
JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

The Marine Laboratory of the University
of Miami is carrying on research on fisher-
ies with funds provided by various sources,
including the Florida State Board of Conser-
vation and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The research of interest to commercial fish-
eries which appeared in the Laboratory's
March 1961 Salt Water Fisheries Newsletter
follows: Tren

Larval Shrimp: The famed Tortugas pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) has been under
study by Marine Laboratory scientists since
soon after the discovery of the resource in
1950. A new development in this study is the
use of a plankton sled net recently brought
from Norway. The plankton sled net is a
deep sea net which slides over the bottom of
the ocean. Because it can be towed in close
proximity to the sea bottom, it can collect
organisms rarely taken by conventional
plankton nets.

The plankton sled was used in Florida to
sample water very near the bottom on the
Tortugas shrimp fishing grounds as part of
a study sponsored by the U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service. Large numbers of shrimp
nauplii-were collected. Nauplii are the first

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

larval stage to develop from the egg. Also
eggs of the right size and form to be shrimp
eggs were found in great numbers. Further
use of the sled, it is hoped, will shed light
on the distribution of eggs and earlynauplial
stages of pink shrimp.

Spotted Sea Trout: An experiment de-
signed to estimate the total number and
mortality rate of spotted sea trout in the
Pine Island, Fla., population is being con-
ducted. Of5,407 spotted sea trout tagged
in January 1961, a total of 930 have been
returned. The rate of return of 17 per-
cent is indicative of the high rate of mor-
tality that this population is subject tofrom
fishing.

All fish were tagged with internal anchor
tags. This type of tag consists of a 1.4 by
0.3 inch green plastic tag to which is at-
tached a yellow plastic streamer. The
streamer protudes from the fish's body to
aid detection. Fishermen are urged to co-
operate by taking the tag to their local fish
house with catch information.

Nonutilized Species Incidental to Shrimp
Fishing: The investigation of the utilization
of nonutilized fish from the shrimp fishery
is being investigated with emphasis on the
development of methods for preparing use-
ful products.

The key to the process is an enzymatic
breakdown of the fish. Enzymes are chem-
icals produced by the body, which break
down the complex proteins that constitute
the body of the fish, into less complicated
materials and convert them to a liquid ina
short time. The action of enzymes is not
completely unfamiliar to us, in fact we are
surrounded by their activity, they are the
architects and demolition crews that build
up and destroy all biological materials. The
life process itself is intimately related to
enzymatic activity.

Although enzymes are almost insignifi-
cant in size, their activity is in every re-
spect formidable. When protein digesting
enzymes act on the fish, they convert it to
a liquid in a matter of 1 or 2 days when the
temperature is 98° to 100 B,-or"in 15: to:6
days at lower temperature of 75° F. Todo
the same work a chemist would have to add
a concentrated acid, heat the material at
570° F., under a pressure of 50 pounds per
square inch, and hold it for three hours,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The enzymatic digestion of the fish gives
a product called "liquid fish,'' which contains
all the basic constituents of the original fish,
only in a liquid or slurry form. We have re-
ceived various suggestions for applications,
and are considering a few at the present time.

In the fertilizer field, liquid plant nutri-
ents are easier to apply, to transport, and to
handle than solid nutrients. Nitrogen, one of
the important plant nutrients is present in
good quantity in liquid fish, furthermore it
comes in an organic form which is absorbed
slowly by the plant. We see an important use
for liquid fish as a base or matrix for the
manufacture of special tailor-made fertilizer
formulas, in which plant nutrients would be
added to the existing organic substances.

During the process of enzymatic digestion,
a clear liquid floats to the top. This is a con-
centrate of soluble fish proteins, much like
the beef proteins of bullion cubes. This liq-
uid has a bland odor and flavor and consti-
tutes a good source of readily digestable
protein material. We hope that the pet food
manufacturers will look to this material as
a possible ingredient for their products.

Fish Behavior Studies: The apparatus for
determining whether sharks can detect, and
orient to, low-frequency vibrations has been
constructed at considerable expense and is
now being used. Very little is known, ofa
scientific nature, about these large predators
and it is felt that a more thorough knowledge
of their sensory systems might provide a
better understanding of the ''shark problem."
This project is sponsored by the Office of
Naval Research.

A Japanese scientist is now working at
the Marine Laboratory on the eyes of pelagic
fishes, under a contract with the National
Science Foundation. We hope to be able to
determine the axis of vision and range of
accommodation in sailfishes, dolphin, tuna,
etc. These animals have escaped intensive
investigation of their sensory systems be-
cause of the difficulty of maintaining them
in captivity. We hope to uncover leads for
further research with their visual apparatus
and eventually to discover the importance of
vision in their lives.

Vol. 23, No. 8

Frozen Foods

VOLUNTARY HANDLING
PRACTICES APPROVED:

A joint five-year program with the major objective of
further advancing handling standards in the frozen foods in-
dustry and thereby speeding the growth of the broadest pos-
sible customer acceptance was announced early in June 1961
by the Frozen Foods All-Industry Coordinating Committee.
Major facets of the program include immediate promulgation
of voluntary operating practices throughout the industry,
progressively tightened throughout the next five years, indoc-
trination of employees at all levels to understand the impor-
tance and proper techniques of maintaining product quality,
and encouragement of the. development and use of better and
more efficient equipment.

In announcing the program, the Committee Chairman,
said: ‘‘We believe that never before have so many diversi-
fied interests in so large and complex an industry joined
forces to lift a young industry by its bootstraps, so to speak,
Although current sales are at the $3 billion a year level it is
estimated that perhaps half of the nation has never even
tasted frozen foods, at least knowingly... .’’

Cooperating Associations and Organizations: The Volun-
tary Operating Practices to be promulgated throughout the
industry have been painstakingly worked out in great detail
through many conferences in the past year and are now ap-
proved and signed officially by the following organizations:
American Trucking Associations, National Associations of
Food Chains, National Association of Frozen Food Packers,
National Association of Retail Grocers of the United States,
National Association of Refrigerated Warehouses, National
Frozen Food Association, National Fisheries Institute, and
National Prepared Frozen Food Processor Association,

Cooperating with the Committee are the following organ-
izations: American Meat Institute, Institute of American
Poultry Industries, National Food Brokers Association, Nation-
al Institute of Locker and Freezer Provisioners, and Super
Market Institute. Each has volunteered fullest support to the
very large job of indoctrinating employees and supervisors
throughout so far-flung an industry. Other national, regional,
and local associations have also been invited to enlist in the
various educational projects and have responded most cooper-
atively.

Invaluable cooperation in scientific and research aspects
of the program have been provided and further promised to
the Committee by the Western Regional Research Laboratory
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Refrigeration Re-
search Foundation, and other public and private research or-
ganizations. The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries will
undertake Time-Temperature-Tolerance studies on fishery
products as soon as funds are made available to the Bureau’s
Gloucester Technological Laboratory.

Problem of Educating Handlers: The employee indoctrina-
tion program will take the longest period to complete because
of the numbers involved, Preliminary educational seminars
for wholesalers and retailers have already been held in Mass-
achusetts by the University of Massachusetts and in North
Carolina by North Carolina State College. The Refrigeration
Research Foundation is conducting a series of seminars for
refrigerated warehouse supervisors in different areas across
the nation. The release of two educational motion pictures
during 1961 is planned: ‘‘Operation Zero’’ for all types of
trucking employees and allies, produced by the American
Trucking Associations, and ‘‘Frozen Foods Have a Memory”’
for retail grocery personnel in particular but with wider ap-
plications, produced through the cooperation of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture. Booklets on the proper handling of
frozen foods have been prepared by many associations, Fed-
eral and State Extension Services have also generously of-
fered their cooperation in the industry’s program.

The Committee has been in touch with various inventive ap-
proaches to improving equipment by suppliers outside as well

August 1961

as within the industry. It is generally believed that the indus-
try’s well-publicized program will itself prove a major stimu-
lus to further research looking toward more efficient storage,
trucking, display cabinets, and other handling equipment.

Over-all Handling Practices Spelled Out for the First Time:
“The basic initial task of the Frozen Foods All Industry Co-
ordinating Committee has been largely completed,’’ stated the
Chairman, ‘‘and I can find no words adequate to pay tribute to
the hard-working committee members who made it possible,
Indeed, it may be considered somewhat of a miracle that the
sponsoring associations, with their diversity of memberships
and purposes, could be guided to a common course of action,
This has probably never happened before in the food industry,”’

The Voluntary Operating Practices for the industry, ap-
proved by the sponsoring associations, have been submitted to
the members of industry for their guidance, It is up to the as-
sociations, their members, and their many allies to implement
the practices, The Committee will remain in active existence
and its members will pursue several educational projects.

‘It was pointed out that the practices are, in essence, a
timetable to a decidedly higher level by 1965. They are
realistic in that they take into account the fact that a very
heavy investment in equipment now in use was made before
much of the newer and better equipment became available.
They also were written with the knowledge that many of the
workers who handle frozen foods have been only partially
trained and supervised in this young, fast-growing industry
and that time will be needed to correct these conditions. For
that reason, during the remainder of this year and through
next year, the Practices permit limited and realistic devia-
tions above zero for limited periods at certain stages of han-
dling. During 1963 and 1964, when more good equipment will
be in use and the employees will be better trained, these tol-
erances will be tightened. In 1965 a further tightening will
take place. Beginning then, the practices call for handling
frozen foods at zero or lower all the way, except for slight
deviations and limited time, when the product is in transit or
changing locations,

The tolerances for 1961 through 1964 have been set to pro-
vide feasible stages for upgrading the methods of those of the
industry’s members who are faced with the greatest natural
difficulties and the greatest proportionate new investment.

It is expected that most industry members will better these
operating practices from the start and will arrive at the im-
provement goal before 1965. It would be a serious mistake,
on the other hand, if too rapid a program brought about such
junking of still-valuable equipment and consequent business
failures as substantially to raise the price to the consumer of
frozen foods.

It is the intention of the members of the Committee to
meet again before the end of 1961 and determine whether these
initial Voluntary Operating Practices have been properly in-
terpreted and found adequate to achieve the desired objectives
and whether modifications or revisions, leading to an even
more rapid rate of improvement, are feasible and should be

incorporated,
is “fA
(rao on ay

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR FISHERY
SURVEY FOR 1961 SEASON BEGINS:

M/V “Siscowet’ Cruise 1: The 1961 sea-
son operations of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet
were begun May 16-31, 1961, in the western
area of Lake Superior.

Studies were devoted to the collection of
larval stages of fish, the bathymetric dis-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

tribution of chubs, and a survey of native
and planted lake trout in the Apostle Islands
region. The work took place in the follow-
ing areas: south of Stockton Island; west of
Outer Island; north of Ironwood Island; Rasp-
berry Bay; Frog Bay; Red Cliff Point; west
Madeline Island; and Pike's Bay.

A 5-foot net constructed of 1/16-inch
mesh nylon was towed at depths ranging
from 8 to 80 feet below the surface. Hight
15-minute tows captured 38 fish larvae.
They did not appear to be concentrated at
any particular level--catches were about the
same at all depths. Many of the larvae ap-
peared different but positive identification
could not be made in the field.

A standard gang of experimental gill nets
(1- to 5-inch mesh by 34-inch intervals) set
at 62 fathoms south of Stockton Island took
263 chubs. Most all of the chubs had spawned
late last fall or during the winter.

In cooperation with the Wisconsin Con-
servation Department, arrangements were
made for 23,500 lake trout to be planted
from shore in Frog Bay. These fish re-
presented three stocks: 11,700 were of the
Marquette domestic stock reared at Pendills
Creek Rearing Station, Mich.; 5,900 were of
the Green Lake, Wis., stock and 5,900 of the
Apostle Island stock--both hatched and
raised in the Bayfield Hatchery.

The Siscowet made trawl tows during and
after planting of the trout to determine the
time required for shore-planted lake trout to
find suitable habitat and begin natural feed-
ing.

The first lake trout were taken at adepth
of 5 fathoms about 40 minutes after planting.
They reached 10 fathoms in 1 hour, 50 min-
utes, and 15 fathoms in 34 hours after plant-
ing. The depth of 15 fathoms is about 1 mile
from the planting site. It is considered suit-
able lake trout habitat because both native
and formerly planted trout were captured in
that area. Stomachs from all the recently
planted trout were examined. It was not un-
til 48 hours after planting that active feed-
ing (Pontoporeia, insect larva) took place.
All three stocks were proportionately re-
presented in the trawl catches.

Trawl tows made in other areas among
the Apostle Islands revealed a high percent-
age (nearly 80 percent) of hatchery-reared
trout from previous years! plantings, The

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1960 Bayfield-stocked fish were predominant
in the catches.

Surface water temperatures ranged from
37.9° F. south of Stockton Island to 48.2° F.
in Frog Bay.

M/V '"Siscowet'' Cruise 2: Spring environ-
mental conditions were studied (June 1-9,
1961) at three limnological stations. Collec-
tions of limnological data and materials in-
cluded: records of water temperatures,
water samples for chemical analyses, bot-
tom and plankton samples, and Secchi-disc
readings. Information was gathered also on
the bathymetric distribution of fish stocks,
the distribution and survival of planted lake
trout, the larval stages of fish, and.experi-
mental midwater trawling.

Areas visited during cruise 2 were: Frog
Bay; south of Stockton Island; Pike's Bay;
south of Oak Island; north of Sand Island;
west of Bear Island; Sand Bay; west Madeline
Island; north of Madeline Island; and northof
Eagle Island.

Trawl catches made in Frog Bay and west
of Bear Island and catches in gill nets set in
Sand Bay included lake trout which had been
planted from shore this spring. Bear Island
is about 10 miles from the nearest planting
site. One 15-minute trawl tow west of
Madeline Island (17 fathoms) took 14 small
trout, all of them fin-clipped. Ten of these
trout bore the left-front fin clip which was
the mark used by the Wisconsin Conserva-
tion Department for the 1960 plant. The
success of the 1960 shore plant was further
demonstrated in trawl catches from other
areas. Excepting trout of the 1961 plant,
the Siscowet captured 48 small trout during
cruises 1 and 2. Thirty-nine were fin-
clipped (81 percent) and of these, 30 were
from the 1960 Bayfield plant. Other species
common in the trawl catches were smelt,
whitefish, cottids, sticklebacks, and trout-
perch.

A gang of experimental gill nets set at
83 fathoms north of Sand Island took only a
few deep-water chubs (C. kiyi) and several
deep-water sculpin which were nearly ready
to spawn.

A 43-foot semi-balloon trawl was con-
verted to a full-balloon type and equipped
with small hydroplane floats--in addition
to the otter doors--for midwater trawling.

Vol. 23, No.8

Catches were generally small but one catch
of 121 smelt 50 feet below the surface in 22
fathoms is evidence that this type of gear
may be useful in sampling pelagic fish dur-
ing certain stages of their life history.
Plans include further experimentation with
this gear.

Surface-water temperatures varied al
37.6° F. north of Sand Island to 50.7° F.
Sand Bay. The water temperature on ee
bottom was about 40° F.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 24.

LAKE MICHIGAN 1961
FISH POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V “Cisco” Cruise 1: The primary
objective of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Cisco during the
1961 season will be to inventory the chub
populations of northern Lake Michigan so
that there will be a basis for future compar-
isons. The same program was carried out
in 1960 in the southern part of the lake.
Gangs of nylon gill nets consisting of 9mesh
sizes totaling about one-half mile in length,
and 50-foot balloon trawls of a type used by
several of the Lake Michigan commercial
trawlers will be fished this year. Gears of
the same specifications were used in 1960.

Most of the effort during the first cruise
(May 16-30, 1961) was devoted to gill-net
fishing. Overnight sets were made at 25 and
50 fathoms off Charlevoix and Manistique,
Mich., and Sturgeon Bay, Wis., and at 80 and
135 fathoms off Frankfort, Mich. Chub
catches were light and predominately Leu-
cichthys hoyi, except at 80 and 135 fathoms
off Frankfort where the very few chubs taken
were L,. kiyi. No L. alpenae or L. zenithicus
were Caught in any of the lifts, but small
numbers of L. reighardi, which appeared to
be at the height of their spawning season,
oe taken in several of the sets. A few

Lo reighardi eggs were collected for taxo-
nomic studies at the Northville, Mich., hatch-
ery. Other species in the gill nets included
a few lake herring, smelt, deep-water scul-
pins, trout-perch, and alewives; one individ-
ual of the latter species was caught at 135
fathoms.

Trawl hauls were made at 15, 25, and 50
fathoms off Manistique, 30 and 50 fathoms
off Sturgeon Bay, and 30 fathoms in Little
Traverse Bay east of Charlevoix. Chub

August 1961

catches, on the basis of pounds per hour,
ranged from none at 15 fathoms off Manisti-
que to 900 at 30 fathoms off Sturgeon Bay.

A 30-minute tow at 15 fathoms off Manistique
yielded a pure catch of 800 pounds of ale-
wives. Also, great numbers of small ale-
wives were seen escaping through the cod
end as the net was being brought in. In ad-
dition to chubs and alewives, the trawls took
small numbers of trout-perch (as deep as 30
fathoms), smelt, slimy sculpins, and deep-
water sculpins (50-fathom tows only).

Hydrographic collections and observa-
tions were made at 40-fathom stations off
Charlevoix, Manistique, Sturgeon Bay,
Frankfort, and midlake between Charlevoix
and Manistique, and at 144 fathoms off
Frankfort. Surface water temperatures were
extremely cold throughout the cruise; open-
lake temperatures were mostly 3° to4 C.
(average about 38° F.), and the lowest re-
corded was 2.5° C. (36.5° F.). Near shore,
where there was very slight thermal strat-
ification, surface temperatures ranged up
to 7° C, (44.6° F.), The winter-like thermal
condition of the northern portion of the lake
accounts for the catches of alewives in very
deep water and trout-perch in relatively
deep water. When pronounced thermal strat-
ification sets in, these species will move in-
to the warm water near shore. Unusually
clear water was observed at the 144-fathom
station, where a Secchi disc reading of 60
feet was recorded. Disc readings at other
stations ranged from 18 to 27 feet.

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 2: Most of the effort
during Cruise 2 was devoted to trawling.
Extensive areas of rough and steeply slop-
ing bottom in the north end of Lake Michigan
make it much more difficult to locate good
trawling bottom than in the southern portion,
especially when it is desired to maintain a
given depth throughout the tow. Half-hour
tows were made at 6, 15, 25, 35, and 50 fath-
oms off Frankfort, Mich.; at 30 fathoms off
Charlevoix, Mich.; at 15, 25, 35, and 50 fath-
oms off Manistique, Mich.; at 30 and 50
fathoms off Sturgeon Bay, Wis.; and at 12,
15, and 25 fathoms off Kewaunee, Wis. Chub
catches were small and in most cases were
made up entirely of bloaters.

Alewives were the commonest species in
the trawl catches besides chubs. At least a
few were taken in nearly every tow, but
catches were larger in the tows at 25 fath-
oms and shallower. The largest catch of
alewives was 80 pounds, at 15 fathoms off

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Frankfort. It is certain that in some cases
great numbers of small individuals of this
species escaped through the 1-5/8-inch
mesh of the cod end.

Also taken in the trawl were few smelt
(mostly in shallower tows; largest catch
was 43 pounds at 15 fathoms off Manistique);
few deep-water sculpins (up to 25 pounds in
the 50-fathom tows); slimy sculpins (very few
except for a modest catch at 50 fathoms off
Manistique); and lake herring (uncommon).

Preliminary experimentation with a 40-
foot modified British Columbia midwater
trawl was conducted off Charlevoix. The
trawl appeared to function well, but there
were no concentrations of fish to test its
fish-catching ability.

Standard gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet
each of 13 and 15, and 300 feet each of 2,
23, 24, 22, 3, 34, 4-inch mesh) were set at
25, 50, and 80 fathoms off Frankfort. Chub
(Leucichthys isp.) catches were very light.
The L. reighardi appeared to have just com-
pleted their spawning season.

Hydrographic collections and observations
were made at 40-fathom stations off Frank-
fort, Charlevoix, Manistique, Sturgeon Bay,
and in midlake between Charlevoix and
Manistique; and at a 144-fathom station be-
tween Frankfort and Sturgeon Bay. Surface
water was warming slowly and beginning to
stratify, but the warming had been very
slight in midlake between Frankfort and
Sturgeon Bay. Surface temperatures ranged
PROMS. OietOwl sean Gs, (3940! ito. oD aie He).
Secchi disc readings were 13 to 19 feet,
except at the 144-fathom station, where the
reading was 45 feet.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 21

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Musky” May 1961: Although the
success of the U. 8. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Musky operations
on Lake Erie is not dependent nor to any
degree measured by the quantity of fishtaken,
its trawl catches during May were probably
the most productive on record. Literally,
thousands of fish were caught and sampled.
Yellow perch of the 1959-year-class were
dominant in the catch. Other species taken
in considerable numbers were spottail
shiners and sheepshead.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Of exceptional note was the trip to East
Harbor during the first week of operations.
Parallel 10-minute tows at the 15-foot and
20-foot depths produced rather uniform
catches totaling several hundred fish of
assorted sizes and kinds. At the 10-foot
depth, the catch was of such magnitude that
it necessitated sub-sampling procedures to
record the essential data. The cod end of
the net was so packed with fish that many
more could not have been taken regardless
of time limit. A final tally placed the trawl
catch at more than 1,500 pounds and 11,000
fish. Approximately 98 percent of the lift
consisted of male two-year-old perch, A
second inshore tow provided almost identical
results. While yellow perch are known for
their segregation by sex prior to spawning,
the percentage and numbers observed in so
limited an area during the height of the
spawning period was most unusual.

During two weeks of May the three-day-
night sampling and observation series were
carried out at East Harbor and Bono. High
winds interrupted operations at East Harbor
while bottom topography was a problem at
Bono. Nevertheless, both series were com-
pleted without undue delay. Conspicuous by
their absence were yearling smelt, alewives,
and gizzard shad, which were among the few
species that produced a good hatch in 1960.

Other trawl stations occupied were at
Sandusky Bay, Sand Point, East Kelleys,
and Rattlesnake. Various half-meter net
tows collected numerous fry which were
preserved for identification at a later date.
Water temperatures in the western end of
the lake which averaged 46° F. at the begin-
ning of the month rose to about 65° F. by
the end of May. This temperature range is

Vol. 23, No. 8

sector which were previously visited early
in the 1930's and more recently by the Cisco
(1958). Approximately 25 stations were
covered with three samples being collected
at each location, |

Pessimism on the part of the commercial
producers is quite apparent. Landings have
dwindled to the extent that many fishermen
are removing their nets from the lake. While
this practice is customary during the sum-
mer season, it has come about much earlier
than in the past years. The onlyimmediate
prospect of the fishery lies in the 1959-year-
class of yellow perch putting on sufficient
growth to make them readily available for
the fall fishery. Even at that, the outlook is
not too promising.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 19.

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, JUNE 1, 1961:
Distributors' stocks of Maine sardines
totaled 215,000 actual cases on June 1, 1961--
18,000 cases more than the 197,000 cases on
hand June 1, 1960. Stocks held by distributors
on April 1, 1961, amounted to 267,000 cases,

and on January 1, 1961, totaled 233,000
cases, according to estimates made by the
U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Canners' stocks on June 1, 1961, totaled
294,000 standard cases (100 32-o0z. cans),
an increase of 59,000 cases (25.0 percent) as
compared with June 1, 1960. Stocks held by
canners on April 1, 1961, totaled 506,000
cases and on January 1, 1961, amounted to
1,029,000 cases.

1,000 actual cases
1,000 std. cases2/

215 267 eco 277
294 506 | 1,029 1,258

1959/60 Season
[ 7/1/60 | 6/1/60 | 4/1/60 | 1/1/60 | 11/1/59

172 197, 232) 235 296
359 235 397 843 1,001

somewhat cooler in comparison to averages
of a year ago. The difference is presently
evidenced by the lag in spawning and other
seasonal activity for some species. Limnol-
ogical information was gathered by the ves-
sel and crew for several days on each of two
different occasions. Bottom samples were
taken at established stations in the western

The 1961 packing season opened on April
15, 1961, but because fish have been scarce
the pack by the end of June was light--only
55,000 cases as compared to 337,000 cases
in the same period in 1960. This was the
smallest June pack since 1951. When the
new packing season began on April 15, 1961,
the carryover stocks totaled 457,000 cases

August 1961

as compared to 335,000 cases when the 1960

season opened.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p, 28,

INCREASED COSTS AND LACK
OF FISH WORRY CANNERS:

Drastically increased production costs
and the latest run of fish in ten years are
two major problems that are of serious
concern to the Maine sardine industry. As
of early June 1961 the supply of fish was
virtually nonexistent along the entire Maine
coast, whereas normally a sizable pack
would have been made by June. Only two
plants, one in Belfast and another in Port
Clyde, had operated by early June and the
amount of fish processed was so small that
it served only as a shakedown run for the
equipment.

However, it is the cost factor and not the
fish supply that has caused the greatest
number of headaches. The lack of fish was
attributed to the late, cold spring and plenty
of fish were expected, especially in the Port-
land area, by mid-June.

Apparently there is nothing that can
change the production cost outlook. A cost
accounting firm, employed by the industry,
has advised the canners that they can expect
to have an increase of from 40 to 50 cents
a case to pack the standard keyless praduct
this season and more on the key-opening and
special items.

Contributing to this situation are ad-
vances in oil, cans and covers, packing
cases, and general operating expenses as
well as new minimum wage legislation
which becomes effective in September.

Percentage-wise this is the greatest
increase of any single year in the history
of the industry.

The Maine Sardine Council's Executive
Secretary said on June 8 that the canners
would be forced to raise !
prices in order to stay
in business and that this
would be reflected on
the rapidly diminishing |
inventories from last |}
year's pack. t

Last year the industry produced
1,997,600 standard cases of all types of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

canned sardines and it expects to pack
about the same amount this year if the
fish finally show up.

Michigan

CHANGES PROPOSED IN GREAT LAKES
COMMERCIAL FISHING REGULATIONS:

Public hearings were scheduled for late
June and early July 1961 on changes in com-
mercial fishing regulations tentatively ap-
proved early in June by the Michigan Con-
servation Commission.

ule abet FISHING AREAS

BLAKE Ss.
SUPERIOR

ae CANADA

WISCONSIN

1

tame GA
_

; MICHIGAN

Among the changes discussed at the
meetings were measures aimed at giving
immature whitefish and/or lake trout greater
protection to aid the recovery of these once-
abundant species in the Great Lakes. These
proposals call for: (1) Raising the minimum
legal size of whitefish from 17 to 18 inches,
or two pounds in the round; (2) permitting
use of pound and trap nets for taking white-
fish and lake trout in any depth of water,
provided the mesh size is increased to 5;
inches to allow more undersized fish to es-
cape; and (3) increasing the minimum size of
mesh in gill, pound, and trap nets from 43 to
54 inches for taking whitefish and lake trout
in all of Michigan's Great Lakes waters, and
limiting gill nets to 203 meshes in depth.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The third change would not become effec-
tive until January 1, 1965. Since most nets.
normally need to be replaced in 3 to 4years,
this would allow commercial fishermen to.
plan ahead and save them from unexpected
changeover costs in equipment which might
be difficult to absorb if the change took im-
mediate effect. The same reason holds true
for another change proposed to take effect in
1965 which would reduce the size of mesh in
gill nets from 8 to 7% inches for taking carp
in Wildfowl Bay, off Saginaw Bay.

It was proposed that the closed season on
pickerel (northern pike) in Saginaw Bay be
changed to match the March 5-April 10 off-
limits period on yellow pike (walleye) fish-
ing in those waters.

Completing the list of proposals was a
change which would enable Michigan's De-
partment of Conservation director to issue
permits for trawling smelt and alewife in
L'Anse Bay off Keweenaw Bay in Lake Su-
perior where there is an abundance of smelt.

saz,

ped

SURVEY OF OYSTER BOTTOMS:

A survey of the productive and potentially
productive oyster bottoms of all state waters
in Mississippi Sound and bays was completed
early in 1961 by a staff member of the Mis-
sissippi Gulf Coast Laboratory at Ocean
Springs, Miss. Conducted in connection with

Mississippi

_ his work with the Mississippi Marine Con=
servation Commission, the survey was done
to ascertain the condition of the existing
reefs and bottoms so that future plans for
rehabilitating and enlarging oyster-growing
areas could be undertaken.

A barge loaded with shell to be "planted" in order to improve
public oyster-growing areas in Mississippi.

During the month of April, the replanting

of 2,500 barrels of seed oysters in the Sound

Vol. 23, No. 8

was supervised by the Laboratory. The seed
oysters were removed from overcrowded
areas and replanted on established oyster
beds where oysters were sparse.

Another phase of the oyster bottom im-
provement program was the dragging of the
once productive outside oyster reefs with
oyster dredges; this was done with the idea
that the shells would be turned over and the
clean, unfouled surfaces would be exposed
just prior to the spawning and setting period.

é

North Atlantic Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR
ATLANTIC HERRING PROMISING:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-8: Promising
midwater trawl catches of Atlantic herring
and other fishes were made during the May
24-June 7, 1961 cruise of the U. S. Bureauof
Commercial Fisheries research vessel Del-
aware. aaa

Fig. 1 - Midwater trawl catch of about 4,500 pounds of herring
on the deck of M/V Delaware.

August 1961

Utilizing a technique developed in West
Germany, a midwater trawl net was operated
successfully in Gulf of Maine waters. Control
of the depth of the net over the bottom was
effected through the use of a depth-sounder
transducer mounted on the headrope of the
trawl net. A constant indication of-the net
opening, its relation to the bottom and the
presence or absence of fish schools, was
transmitted to the vessel through a two-
conductor cable. This information was then
recorded on board the vessel using the mod-
ified depth sounder (see fig. 1). Rapid
changes in the depth of the net were brought
about by increasing or decreasing the speed
of the Delaware's main engine.

SURE ois oe se
peice erate 7 r ese oes
i ce een ae : OSE ce CO: IR aa. Bley

cinta), Hay SAMAR ERS, SORTER ot OAD AT de act mesa eR

=

Fig. 2 - Echo-sounder recording of net over bottom as seen in
the pilothouse of M/V Delaware. A constant indication is given
of the net's position in relation to the bottom, the presence of
fish schools, and the net opening (in this case about 40 feet be-
tween headrope and footrope). ¢

The cruise was divided into two parts:
The first phase, conducted off Gloucester,
Mass., was for the purpose of testing the
recently acquired electronic apparatus and
the fishing gear. After some modifications
to various components, the second phase
was carried out. This portion of the cruise
included experiments with controlling the
gear's depth in relation to the bottom and
experimental fishing.

During a 4-day period, 13 midwater
trawl tows were made during daylight hours
along the northern edge of Georges Bank.
The duration of individual tows varied from
30 minutes to over two hours. The best
catch per single tow included approximately
4,500 pounds of herring (Clupea'harengus
harengus). This catch was made in about

5 fathoms of water along the northern edge

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

of Georges Bank with the trawl fishing 6 to
10 fathoms above the bottom. Other species
represented in the catch were Atlantic mack-
erel (Scomber scombus), silver hake
(Merluccius bilinearis), and squid (Loligo
Spee
fae Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p.34;
April 1961 p. 26.

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

GROUNDFISH DISTRIBUTION AND
ABUNDANCE ON INSHORE FISHING
GROUNDS STUDIED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-7 (June Teal oalsye
1961):” Haddock were caught in Ipswich Bay,
on Stellwagen Bank, and off Nauset Béach by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Delaware. The vessel was
on a 5-day survey to investigate the distribu-
tion and abundance of groundfish on the in-
shore fishing grounds off New England. The
area off Race Point at the tip of Cape Cod
was found to have the largest concentration
of small haddock., Twenty other species of
fish were caught in varying quantities.

¢

Several species of live fish were re-
turned to the Woods Hole Laboratory for
display in the aquarium which was sched-
uled for opening to the public on July 1, 1961,

Spiny Dogfish Tagged Off New England
Coast: In addition fo the survey on distribu-
fion and abundance of groundfish conducted
on this cruise, a total of 276 spiny dogfish
were tagged and released, as part of astudy
to determine the movements and growth of
that species.

Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias).

Two kinds of tags were used. Half the
number of fish were marked with yellow
plastic discs attached through the snout
with stainless steel pins, while the other
half were marked with yellow plastic tub-
ing attached through the base of the first
dorsal fin. A reward of $1.00 will be paid
for each tag turned in, and an additional
dollar will be paid if the fish is turned in

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with the tag intact so that measurements
can be made. A letter with information on
the tagging will also be sent to the finder.

The recent dogfish tagging experiment
is part of a general fisheries research
program to determine the migrations and
growth of the spiny dogfish in the waters
off New England. Many of the tagged dog-
fish are expected to be caught during the
summer in Massachusetts and Maine
coastal waters. Finders of tagged dogfish
should take them to the nearest Federal or
state fisheries representative, or mail only
the tag to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole, Mass., giving the date and place the
fish was caught.

Previous dogfish tagging experiments
conducted by the Woods Hole Laboratory
have shown that these small sharks make
regular seasonal migrations from one area
to another. Several dogfish tagged on Jef-
freys Ledge in 1956 were recaptured over a
period of years from one area off Portland,
Maine, while one was recaptured on Georges
Bank this past spring, five years after it
was tagged. A dogfish tagged in 1960 on
Stellwagen Bank was recaptured this year
in a fish trap in Buzzards Bay.

D

“S
Oregon —
ALBACORE TUNA STUDY LAUNCHED:

An exploratory cruise to study albacore
tuna movements off the Oregon coast was
launched on June 29, 1961, by Fish Com-
mission of Oregon personnel. Twelve days
were scheduled for collecting basic oceano-
graphic data and studying migration and
distribution of tuna.

The fishing vessel Minnie was chartered
by the Commission for the cruise, which
was to be conducted from 40 to 140 miles
offshore. Surface temperatures, salinity,
and clearness of the water was to be re-
corded. Charts showing temperatures at
various depths, and observations by use of
a light lowered into the water at night to
attract fish, were also to be made. These
records are important in plotting migration
patterns and distribution of the albacore.
All of the albacore caught will be tagged
and released so that their migratory habits
can be further investigated.

Vol= 235, Nos

These studies are being made by the
Commission in an attempt to correlate
oceanographic data with the presence or
absence of albacore off the Oregon coast.
The information will be made available to
the troll fishing fleet so the fishery can be
carried out with a greater degree of effi-
clency,.

NEW POND FOR REARING SILVER
SALMON UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS:
Stocking the Wahkeena Salmon Rearing
Pond with 100,000 silver salmon fingerlings
marked the completion late in May 1961 of
the Oregon Fish Commission's newest ex-
perimental salmon-rearing facility.

The new 20-acre fish-rearing lake bor-
ders the Columbia River Highway, near
Multnomah Falls, Multnomah County. Con-
struction was financed by Federal funds,
made available to the Fish Commission
through the provisions of the Columbia River
Fisheries Development Program. ‘This Fed-
eral aid plan is designed to alleviate some
of the damaging effects to the Columbia Riv-
er fisheries due to dam construction on the
Columbia River and its tributaries.

The silver salmon fingerlings were
hatched at the Fish Commission's Sandy
Hatchery from eggs taken from adults
trapped at Cedar Creek, a tributary of the
Sandy River.

The young salmon will be on their own
for the next several months, feeding on
insects and other natural foods available in
the pond. When they are a year old, they
will be allowed to escape into the Columbia
River to begin the downstream trip to the
ocean where they will remain until approach-
ing maturity lures the survivors back into
the Columbia River on the spawning run to
the home waters, the outlet of Wahkeena
Pond.

Pond-rearing of salmon is relatively new
in the Pacific Northwest. The technique is
showing considerable promise in Oregon,
with the most outstanding success to date
being that of the Fish Commission's silver
salmon rearing project at Millicoma Pond
in Coos County where about 80 percent of
the fingerlings placed in the pond reached
the yearling state. These fish showed an
excellent rate of growth and were in prime
condition when released into the Coos River.

August 1961

Outstanding features of natural pond
rearing include low production cost, through
the elimination of the necessityfor artificial
feeding, and the high quality of young fish
produced.

SALMON PASSAGE PROBLEM
ON McKENZIE RIVER:

A taxi service for chinook salmon as of
June 1961 is in operation on the South Fork
of the McKenzie River under the supervision
of Oregon Fish Commission personnel. Site
of the unusual fish transport installation is
the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Cougar
Dam construction project.

A serious fish passage problem at Cougar
arises from the fact that the velocity of the
water passing through the diversion tunnel,
into which the South Fork has been directed
during dam construction, is so high that
adult salmon are unable to swim against it
on their upstream migration.

The temporary passage facility, operated
under the Commission's direction, consists
of a steel and cement diversion rack extend-
ing at an angle across the river and soplaced
that upriver migrant fish are guided into a
1,000-gallon steel holding tank placed in a
pit at one end of the rack. When a sufficient
number of salmon have entered the trap, the
tank is lifted by crane onto a truck, which
then hauls the fish to a point well above the
construction site and releases them into the
river to continue the one-way trip to fulfill
their destiny on the spawning grounds. A
pair of tanks, one of which is placed in trap-
ping position while the other is being used to
haul fish, assures that the trapping operation
will be continuous.

daca ae

Oysters

NEW DISEASE DISCOVERED
IN VIRGINIA:

While searching for the destructive
Delaware Bay oyster disease, a new disease
has been discovered by Virginia scientists
of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
A marine biologist from the Institute's
Wachapreague station followed the June 1961
epidemic and made daily collections from
trays and beds on Virginia's Eastern Shore.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

This new protozoan organism, the dis-
covery of which was announced on June 6,
1961, has been called SSO (Seaside Organism)
because it occurs entirely on the seaside of
Eastern Shore. The disease has been called
"curdle disease" because of its effect onoys-
ter tissue.

SSO is a somewhat sneaky killer which
attacks oysters during the oystermen's off-
season in May and June. Heavy losses are
suffered on beds of old oysters held beyond
their usual harvesting period, but damage
is minor to beds of young oysters. The pe-
riod of losses from SSO is short--about six
weeks--with peak losses occurring the first
week in June.

SSO is evidently an adjusted oyster par-
asite which has been on the seaside of East-
ern Shore a long time. As such, it presents
no great problem to the oyster farmer and
is harmless to the consumer.

Salmon

ATTACK PLANNED ON

HATCHERY DISEASE:

At a conference early in 1961, represen-
tatives of state agencies of Washington, Ore-
gon, and California, and the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries met with Bureau
pathologists and hatchery biologists to con-
sider research on ''coagulated yolk disease"
which has caused severe losses of salmon
and trout at western hatcheries.

Although cause of the disease is not
known, the group considered 20 possibile
causes, ranging from bacteria and viruses
to parasitic infection, handling, inherited
susceptibility, and quality of the water in
which the fish are held.

A new coordinated study of the disease
and possibilities for its prevention was
agreed upon among the researchers. The
plan calls for division of study into such
categories as histopathology; heredity; ef-
fects of metals and of metabolic wastes;
bacteria; temperature and water chemistry
influences; and the effects of routine treat-
ment of eggs and fry for fungus infections.

The group will meet again in the spring
of 1962 to review results and plans for

further exploration of the disease.
<= <= oat

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sea Lions

POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
OF AN INDUSTRY:

Research to control the Steller sea lion,
which too often wreaks havoc on fishing gear
and catches during harvest time and which is
accused of preying on valuable fishing stocks
at other times, may result in a new industry,
according to a report issued recently by the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

The report summarizes an experimental
sea lion harvest conducted by a commercial
fishing company under contract with the Bu-
reau. Pertinent information from earlier bio-
logical studies is included in the report.

The experimental harvest yielded more
than 200 tons of high-protein ground meat which
was sold through established channels to fur
farmers feeding mink. The report notes a
big demand for high-protein, low-fat, meat
by the fur farms and fish hatcheries of west-
ern and midwestern States. Possibilities
for other uses exist but these are dependent
upon a stable annual harvest. Sea lion meat
is about 73 percent water, five percent fat,
and more than 20 percent protein.

Numerous complaints have been made by
fishermen and fishing companies for anumber
of years concerning the depredations of sea
lions. There has been no incentive to control
the sea lion by annual harvest because the
hide is practically valueless for commercial
use and because there was little or no ap-
parent market for the meat commensurate
with the cost of harvest.

The Bureau studies and those conducted
by the Fisheries Research Institute of the
University of Washington and the Alaska De-
partment of Fish and Game indicate that
there are enough sea lions in Alaskan water
to support a commercial operation. There
are an estimated 150,000 sea lions in the
Alaska area. The Bureau says in its report,
"providing that facilities for processing can
be improved the potential for a commercial
operation is high,'' The Bureau recommends
that specialized equipment should be used to
reduce the amount of labor required to proc-
ess the 2,000-pound carcasses.

An additional hazard is the weather, the
report says. During the breeding season,
which is the best time to harvest, the sea
lions occupy rookeries along the windswept

Vol. 23, No. 8

Alaska Peninsula. At times, inclement
weather makes harvesting impossible.

During the experimentalharvest the
harem bulls made up most of the harvest.
Their places were taken immediately by
bachelor bulls. Harvest of male animals
would likely not decrease the herd appre-
ciably for a long while. If studies indicate
that a sharp reduction in the herd is nec-
essary, the harvest would have to include
female sea lions.

Anyone interested in commercial harvest
of sea lions should acquaint himself with
both the Federal and Alaska State fishery
regulations.

Hho Loe
Shellfish

NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH STRESSED
BY INTERIOR DEPARTMENT:

Proposals for a greatly expanded shell-
fish research program were placed before
the Congress on May 22, 1961, by the U. S.
Department of the Interior.

In a letter to the Chairman of the House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries, Assistant Secretary Frank P. Briggs
urged the passage of a bill (H.R. 2894) which
would provide for the construction of a shell-
fish laboratory at Milford Conn. The report
declared that present facilities are too small
for the new phases of shellfish research
which are now possible and necessary.

"Our development of techniques in recent
years for artificially spawning and rearing
oysters and clams has opened numerous
possibilities for more productive research
toward solving many important industry
problems," the Assistant Secretary ex-
plained in his letter. 'Such methods of ar-
tificially producing seed, selective breeding
for desirable characteristics, and chemical
control of predators now appear possible.
Much of this research has been accomplished
with small numbers of shellfish in the labo-
ratory; however, it is important to note that
seed production and selective breeding will
require the growing of a large number of
bivalves under controlled conditions for
considerable periods of time. Our present
facilities are inadequate to allow suitable
development of the techniques that will be of
material aid to the industry."

August 1961

To carry out the work, the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries will need such spe-
cial facilities and equipment as an extensive
sea-water system consisting of storage and
settling tanks, filtering and ultraviolet treat-
ment equipment, a heating system, and non-
toxic piping and pumps. Special constant-
temperature rooms are needed for raising
shellfish food and for controlled experiments.

The plans include pilot-plant studies of
the commercial possibilities of shellfish
hatchery procedures as well as training per-
sonnel from the industry and from State con-
servation agencies in the use of these meth-
ods.

Tuna

ALBACORE FISHING FORECAST OFF
WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 1961:

For the past year, scientists at the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, San Diego, Calif.,
have been analyzing historical oceanographic, meteorological,
and fishing records in an effort to understand variations in
availability of the albacore tuna off the west coast of North
America. The ultimate objective of this analysis is the
accurate prediction of the distribution and availability of
albacore from year to year as a practical aid to the fishing
industry. Various sources of data are being used in the
analysis: historical meteorological data from the Extended
Forecast Section, U. S, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.;
current synoptic weather and sea temperature information
from ships at sea via U. S. Weather Bureau teletype cir-
cuits; historical sea temperature data from the U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Stanford; salinities and sea temperatures from California
Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation reports;
coastal water temperatures from Scripps Institution of
Oceanography; and albacore catch and landings data from
the California Department of Fish and Game.

Forecasts will necessarily be restricted until the anal-
ysis of the historical data is completed, detailed up-to-date
albacore catch and effort data are available, and it is pos-

rere] |
Table 1 - California Landings of Albacore Tuna, 1945-1959
Landings from 5
South a Inter- Landings from
Raioanibhorden California Waters
eielenceciee 2 (Mallion® Pounds) ine. vescuels.
mionereise 0.00 32.52
VOSS ireeheitsiye 0.72 25.39
ehens 20.91 22.61
aye 21.06 15.87
Revi 19.69 9.31
VOSS ster sizer ons 11.82 14,29
EOS SwWavedstcpeyete 20.49 13,30
NGS 2eswenettets iey'>, 26.70 23.10
POSER eterelerete 17.62 13.28
UO OOP weheuersuerts 23.60 38.14
PE in go peceoigio 23.58 20.40
DOSS Te ehatierete 25.93 10.50
D948 Tiesiraney shelete 5.76 7.40
Me GoooD oO 8.96 9.10
Her) Gena oi8 12.26 8.78
Annual Average 15.94 17.60

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

sible to gather more oceanographic data at sea currently.
On the basis of relationships so far uncovered, a limited pre-
diction for the area south of the International Border (United
States- Mexican) is possible for 1961. It is based on the fol-
lowing assumptions: (1) large-scale trends now established
in the ocean climate will persist into the summer; (2) the
albacore will respond to the ocean environment as it has in
the past; and (3) fishing effort will be similar to that in the
past. Any major changes that may occur which substantially
alter these assumptions will accordingly affect forecast re~
liability.

The fishery will begin farther south than in the past
three years and 10.0 million pounds of albacore will be
taken from south of the International Border, The aver-
age catch from that region for 1945 to 1959 was 15.9 mil-
lion pounds (table 1),

The data suggest that the fishery should reach as far south
as Guadalupe Island, and even though the center.of abundance
will probably remain offshore, a limited to moderate coastal
fishery may develop.

It is too early in the year to permit a prediction for regions
north of the International Border, For previous years, re-
lationships have been noted between temperature in June and
early July and area of catch off Oregon and Washington, Sea
surface temperature from the northern region will be examined
continously and industry will be kept advised of the interpre-
tation of the information if it is thought usefulin suggesting
whether or not there will be a substantial fishery off Oregon
later ir the year.

FIRST 1961 SEASON CATCHES OF
ALBACORE MADE BY BUREAU
RESEARCH VESSEL:

On June 6, 1961, biologists aboard the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Black Douglas reported catch-
ing 3 albacore tuna--the first of the season.
The albacore were taken about 350 miles
west of San Pedro (34° 56! north latitude,
124° 27' west Longitude) in waters with a
temperature of 59.9° F. The research ves-
sel was engaged in a 3-week albacore-
oceanographic cruise which began on June l,

1961, Gees

United States Fishing Fleet// Additions

APRIL 1961:

A total of 34 vessels of 5 net tons and
over were issued ‘fable 1 -U. S. Vessels Issued First
first documents Documents as Fishing Craft
as fishing craft, By Tonnage, April 1961
during April 1961,
a gain of 10 ves-
sels over April
1960. The Pacific
area led with 14
vessels, while
the Chesapeake
1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft,

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

followed with 9, and the Gulf with 7. The
New England, South Atlantic, and Great
Lakes areas contributed the remaining 4
vessels.

Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft
By Areas, April 1961

A total of 119 vessels were issued first
documents as fishing craft during the first
4 months of 1961--29 more than during the
same period of 1960.

x FI

U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production
and Imports, January-April 1961]

During the first four months of 1961, the
United States production of fish meal a-
mounted to 13,800 tons, compared with
16,100 tons for the same period in 1960. In

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-April
1960-61 and Total for 1960

Domestic production:
Mentiaden, 253.6 05 3 «
Tuna and mackerel . .
Herring, Alaska. .

Other tay see srcves 3,080| 3, 344 38, 897
1/13, 735|1/16, 118 | 289,716

Angola ao
Union of South Africa. .

Other countries ..... 39 De
Available fish meal suppl 421,277

[Fish Solubles (wet ENoB):
Domestic production2/ 7,820} 8,841 98,929

m ports: ;

eee ee

Canada 465 273 869
Denmark ahs ).s} @hieke - 1, 858 1, 858
Other countries ..... 264 179 447
8,549} 11, 151 102, 103

1/Based on reports from firms which accounted for 93 percent of
the 1960 total production.
2/Includes production of homagenized-condensed fish.

Vol. 23, No. 8

1961 there was a drop of a little more
than 4,000 tons in tuna and mackerel meal,
but menhaden meal was up 2,000 tons. Pro-
duction of other types of fish meal in 1961
was below the comparable period in 1960.

Imports of fish meal for the first 4
months in 1961 totaled 63,400 tons--17,700
tons more than in the same period in 1960.
Imports from Peru (45,300 tons) during
January-April 1961 comprised about 70 per-
cent of the total, and were more thandouble
the imports from that country in the same
period of 1960. Canada was the next largest
supplier with 9,900 tons, but still imports
were down 5,000 tons as compared with the
first 4 months of 1960. The British Colum-
bia 1960/61 herring fishing season started
in November 1960 following a tie-up of the
fishing vessels for about a year because of
an ex-vessel price disagreement. The sea-
son closed early in March.

The remaining 8,000 tons of imported
fish meal during the first 4 months were
from Chile, Union of South Africa, and
Angola. Only very small quantities were
received from other countries. Market

conditions for domestically-produced and
imported fish meal improved considerably
since the end of 1960, and prices advanced
steadily from the beginning of the year
through April.

Loaded menhaden purse seiners awaiting turn to unload catch at

industrial products plant in Empire. La,

During the first 4 months of 1961, the
domestic production of fish solubles a-
mounted to 7,800 tons--a drop of 1,000
tons as compared with the same period in
1960. Imports of fish solubles January-
April 1961 totaled only 700 tons as com-

August 1961

pared with 2,300 tons for the comparable
period in 1960. Very low prices were re-
sponsible for the drop in domestic produc-
tion and imports of fish solubles.

Both in the United States and in foreign
countries the solubles are being added to the
meal to produce ''whole meal.'' Markets for
fish solubles also showed some improvement
in the early months of 1961 although not to
the same extent as for fish meal.

U.S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
APRIL 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and
processed fish and shellfish into the United
States during April 1961 decreased by 16.3
percent in quantity and 24.5 percent in value
as compared with March 1961. The decrease
was due primarily to lower imports of fillets
other than groundfish fillets (down 1.2 mil-
lion pounds), frozen albacore (down 2.8 mil-
lion pounds), canned tuna in brine (down 1.8
million pounds), lobster and spiny lobster
(down 1.6 million pounds), and frozen shrimp
(down 1.1 million pounds). The decrease was
partly offset by an 0.4-million-pound in-
crease in the imports of frozen tuna other
than albacore.

Compared with April 1960, imports in
April this year were lower by 7.8 percent in
quantity and 7.5 percent in value due tolower
imports of canned tuna_.in brine (down 1.7
million pounds), lobster and spiny lobster
(down 1.4 million pounds), and canned salmon
(down 1.0 million pounds), Compensating, in
part, for the decrease was an increase of
about 1.5 million pounds in the imports of
frozen shrimp.

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
April 1961 with Comparisons

Quanti
1961] 1960 | 1960

Fish & shellfish:
Fresh, frozen &
processed1/. .
Exports:
Fish & shellfish:

1,011.2 | 20.9] 22.6 | 304.8
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh

& frozen)... 48.7| 1.1 1,3

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in April 1961 were higher by
2.1 percent in quantity and 10.0 percent in
value as compared with March 1961. Com-
pared with the same month in 1960, the ex-
ports this April were lower by 51.3 percent
in quantity and 15.4 percent in value. The
lower quantity of exports in April this year
as compared with the same month in 1960
were due mainly to sharply lower exports of
California canned sardines and squid.

se" ole idk: sk Wisk.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Imports: The leading suppliers of
groundfish and ocean perch fillets and
blocks--Canada, Iceland, Norway, and
Denmark--sent increased quantities of
these products to the United States the
first quarter of 1960, Principalincreases
were in imports of fish blocks from Can-
ada and Iceland. The increase in fresh
and frozen tuna imports was primarily
the result of greater shipments from west

Africa and from Trinidad into Puerto Rico.

Table 1 - U. S. Imports of Selected Fishery Products,
January-March 1960 and 1961

Commodity

Tuna, fresh or frozen:
Albacore

una, canned in brine:
Albacore

B 3, 164 2,951

The rise in imports of tuna canned in
brine was mainly caused by an increase in

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan's albacore shipments. Country-by-
country data on shrimp imports show that,
all leading suppliers, except Japan, increased
their shipments to the United States. Mex-
ico's shipments increased by 22 percent;
those from El Salvador and Iran nearly dou-
bled. Imports of fresh or frozen lobster and
spiny lobster from the Union of South Africa
and Canada increased while imports from
Australia declined. The drop in canned salm-
on imports was largely accounted for by the
91-percent decrease in imports from Japan.

Norway supplied more than half of the
canned sardines in oil, and Portugal sent
nearly 30 percent. Japan increased ship-
ments of canned crab meat by 8 percent and
continued to be practically the only supplier
of that product. Likewise, Japan again sent
over 95 percent of the total canned oyster
imports. A decline in receipts of fresh or
frozen sea scallops from Japan was more~
than offset by an increase in receipts from
Canada. Fish meal imports from Peru in-
creased 76 percent as that country supplied
69 percent of these imports. Shipments
from the Union of South Africa also were up,
but those from Canada and Chile were down
considerably. Denmark, supplying 85 per-
cent of the imports of fish solubles one year
ago, did not send any fo the United States in
the first quarter of 1961.

Exports: In the first quarter of 1961, the
two leading foreign markets of the United
States for canned sardines not in oil--the
Philippines and Ecuador--took only one-
fourth the quantity taken during January-
March 1960. No exports went to Cuba. The
United Kingdom took 42 percent of the total
canned salmon exports, and Canada and Aus-

tralia increased their purchases substantially.

Exports of fresh or frozen salmon to Canada

Table 2 - U. S. Exports of Selected Fishery Products,
_ January-March 1960 and 1961

Commodity

238

Vol. 23, No. 8

were down about two-thirds. Canada took

62 percent of the canned and fresh or frozen
shrimp. A sharp reduction in canned squid
exports is the result of an unfavorable change
in Philippine exchange classification putting
squid in the non-essential consumer category.
Exports of fish oils increased by sizable a-
mounts, i.e., Canada, over 100 times; Nor-
way, almost 3 times; and Belgium, from
nothing to 1,322,000 pounds. This trade to
Sweden declined from 6,642,000 pounds to
nothing, and West Germany took less than
half its January-March 1960 quantity.

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of funa canned in brine
which may be imported into the United
States during the calendar year 1961 at
the 123-percent rate of duty is 57,114,714
neue Any imports in excess of the quota
will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-June 3, 1961,
amounted to 20,035,659 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.
From January 1-June 4, 1960, a total of
18,262,874 pounds had been imported.

Se tse ke Sk
2K OOK OK OK OK

FISHING TACKLE IMPORTS, 1960:

~~ Imports of fishing tackle by the United
States, valued at $10,197,461 in 1960 de-
clined 4.7 percent from the 1959 all-time
peak of $10,696,808.

A combination of causes probably
brought about the 1960 decrease in im-
ports. Among these was the exceptionally
high influx of imports in 1959 which in-
creased 56.0 percent over 1958 imports.
This was the largest year-to-year per-
centage increase since 1950 and contrasted
sharply with the annual average rate of in-
crease of 20.7 percent in the growth of im-
ports from $1,552,992 in 1950 to the 1960
figure.

Despite the over-all decline, fourclasses
of tackle imports increased in value in 1960.
These were leaders and casts, fishing rods,
baskets and creels, and tackle and parts,
not specially provided for, except lines,
nets, and seines.

The number of reels imported fell 1.3
percent to 3,377,457 in 1960 from the 1959

August 1961

figure of 3,420,411 and the value declined
4.3 percent to $5,976,152 from $6,246,153.
In both years reels accounted for 58 percent
of all tackle imports.

Purchases from Japan declined in quantity
from 2,681,891 in 1959 to 2,657,700 in 1960,
but the value increased from $2,194,965 to
$2,326,316. As a result the unweighted aver-
age price or value of Japanese reels in 1960
increased to 88 cents each from 83 cents in
the prior year. Quantitywise, reel imports
from Japan held steady at 78 percent of the
total while dollarwise her share increased
from 35 to 39 percent.

Most noteworthy in the reel import data
is the loss in sales by Sweden. Quantity
dropped from 175,048 to 141,280 and value
fell off from $1,093,537 to $885,218. Per-
centagewise this was a drop of about 20 per-
cent in both unit and dollar volume.

Fishhooks, other than snelled, the second
largest of current classes of tackle imports,
made the largest drop percentagewise of all
classes in 1960. The 19.9 percent fall from
$1,310,710 in 1959 to $1,050,598 in 1960 was
sustained almost entirely by shipments from
Norway and Japan. Imports from Norway,
traditionally the largest supplier to the U.S.
market, fell 18.4 percent from $920,913 in
1959 to $751,896. Percentagewise, imports
from Japan for the same period fell off 40
percent and amounted to $246,875 in 1959 and
$149,561 in 1960.

Contrariwise, hook imports from the
United Kingdom, the third largest supplier
by volume, increased from $116,041 to
$129,325,

Prior to 1960, the second largest class of
imports was described as fishing tackle and
parts n.s.p.f. (not specially provided for) ex-
cept fishing lines, nets, and seines, including
artificial baits, fly books, fly boxes, artificial
flies, and snelled hooks. This class in 1959
accounted for imports valued at $1,996,879.
In 1960 this major class was divided into
four classes for each of which imports were
as follows: Artificial baits not including
flies, $742,773; artificial flies, $148,051;
snelled hooks, $230,599; and other fishing
tackle, including fly books and fly boxes,
$883,133. Had the class remained intact,
the 1960 value would have been $2,004,556
for an increase of about 4 percent.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Trade with the United States in the fore-
going four classes is dominated by Japanese
products. In 1960 these accounted for 76.5
percent or $1,534,261 of the total: 57.4 per-
cent of artificial baits, amounting to $426,513;
95.¥ percent of artificial flies, $140,910; 84.2
percent of other tackle, $743,720; and 96.8
percent of snelled hooks, $223,121. France
and Sweden also participated in this trade.
France supplied 19.4 percent or $144,132,
and Sweden, 17.5 percent or $130,083 worth.

Imports of Japanese fishing rods aver-
aged 71.5 cents each in 1959 and 81.8 cents
each in 1960. Trade reports indicate this
increase may be due to a higher ratio in the
total of fitted fiberglass rods than hereto-
fore. Virtually all the imports were supplied
by Japan.

Rod imports from all countries were
valued at $486,939 in 1960 and showed a
10.4-percent increase over the 1959 figure
of $440,878. Unit volume, however, declined
from 609,809 rods to 594,816.

Rod parts are supplied to the U. S. mar-
ket principally by Japan, Germany and Por-
tugal. In every instance the 1960 figures
are lower than those for 1959. Moreover,
excepting Portugal, the percentage decreases
for each were lower than those for the entire
class. Total imports fell off 13.6 percent
from $278,512 to $240,504. Imports from
Japan fell 19.3 percent from $46,904 to
$33,168; Germany, 22 percent, from $77,550
to $60,521, Portugal's sales dipped only 6.8
percent from $145,675 to $135,845. Six
other countries participated in a small way
in this trade in either 1959 or 1960 but only
Spain had trade in both years: 1959, $4,780;
1960, $2,675.

Leaders and casts increased 16.6 percent
in 1960 in dollar volume and decreased 31.8
in unit volume from 1959 levels. Total unit
volume decreased from 431,268 dozen to
291,614. Dollar volume rose from $68,454
to $79,857. Japan supplied all but a small
part.

Baskets and creels, supplied principally
by Japan and Hong Kong, increased 8 per-
cent in unit and 18 percent in dollar volume.
Japanese shipments to the United States de-
creased from 7,474 units, valued at $63,588,
in 1959 to 71,544 units, valued at $67,592,
in 1960, Those from Hong Kong in the 1959-

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

60 period increased from 48,775 units to
61,976 and gained in value from $26,551 to
$38,358.

On the basis of dollar volume of shipments,
the nations supplying the major U. S.imports
of tackle remained in the same relative posi-
tions in 1960 as in 1959, except that the Unit-
ed Kingdom moved up from eighth to seventh
place while Portugal dropped from seventh to
eighth. (Foreign Commerce Weekly, May 15,
1960

ae Sar

Vessels

FIRST OCEAN-GOING HYDROFOIL
CRAFT NEARING COMPLETION:

In the next year or two, Americans living
along major rivers, on the Great Lakes, or
the bays and harbors of the United States may
see a 60- to 100-foot ship skimming along at
some 60 to 70 miles an hour with its hull
completely out of the water. Such craft ex-
ist today and more are on the way. They
are hydrofoil craft which, put simply, skim
the water on skis. Raising the entire hull
out of the water eliminates much of the re-
sistance to forward motion, thereby achieving
the relatively high speeds.

Artist's conception of an 80-ton, 60 to 80 knot ocean-going hy-
drofoil craft. Forward motion of craft will lift the ship out of
the water where it will run supported by the hydro-dynamic lift
of its foils, thus avoiding the drag of the friction created by con-
tact of the hull of the ship with the water.

One such craft, a massive 104-foot, 80-
ton hydrofoil to be christened the Denison,
is being built for the U. S. Department of
Commerce's Maritime Administration in a
research-and development program that may

Vol. 23, No. 8

have wide implications for the future, both
in domestic waters and offshore travel.

The first hydrofoil craft in the world to
be designed specifically as an oceangoing
vessel, the H.S. (Hydrofoil Ship) Denison is
nearing completion at Bethpage, Long Island,
N. Y., under a Maritime Administration con-
tract with Dynamic Developments, Inc., an
affiliate of Grumman Aircraft Engineering
Corp., and should be ready to take to the
water by late summer or early fall, theU.S.
Department of Commerce announced on
July 4, 1961.

The contract to build the craft was nego-
tiated after design studies had indicated its
feasibility. The government is paying about
$1.5 million of the estimated $5 millionvalue
of the ship, the remainder of the production
costs being borne by interested firms. The
ship will utilize a 19,000 shaft horsepower
gas turbine power plant and be capable of
speeds up to some 60 knots or about 70
miles per hour.

Constructed of aluminum alloy, the 104-
foot Denison will have a 213-foot beam, 63-
foot draft (173 feet with the foils down), 80
tons displacement, and be capable of carry-
ing a payload of 37 tons of cargo and fuel
combined,

With the foils retracted, the ship can
maneuver in some 6 feet of water at aspeed
of 8 knots under auxiliary power.

The 37 tons of weight which the ship 1s
capable of carrying must be distributed be-
tween cargo in the form of individuals or
goods, and the necessary fuel and operating
personnel. Obviously, if the range is short,
less fuel will be required for a trip with an
attendant increase in commercial cargo
carrying capacity. It is estimated that a
trip of 850 miles would permit the carriage
of 10 tons of paid cargo or the equivalent in
passengers.

Designed to cruise at 60 knots, the ''take-
off'' speed, or speed required to lift the hull
out of the water, when fully loaded will be
30 knots. While foil-borne, the craft's turn-
ing radius will be approximately 1,000 feet.
The design hull clearance is 5 feet above the
surface of the water, and the craft should be
capable of operating in 5- to 7-foot waves
without undue slamming.

4]

August 1961

Test and technical evaluation of the H. S.
Denison should be completed in early 1962,
at which time plans call for placing the ship
in commercial service.

Already 28 firms have applied for consid-
eration as operators of the ship. Applicants
proposed a wide variety of projected services,
ranging from commuter service in metropol-
itan areas, service from the United States
mainland to Bermuda, and also to Nassau, an
inter-island service for the State of Hawaii,
other contiguous and noncontiguous domestic
services, and U. S.-Foreign in the Caribbean
and Gulf of Mexico. Other areas of suggested
commercial operation included deep-sea fish-
ing, offshore drilling operations, and use on
the Atlantic Missile Range.

In addition to interest of private companies
in commercially operating the Denison, two
companies have been inspired by the Mari-
time Administration's research and develop-
ment into hydrofoil craft and their possible
use to begin planning the construction and
operation of their own ships.

It is known that the Russians have built at
least two experimental commercial hydrofoil
motor ships suitable for operation on their
many rivers, lakes, and canals. One vessel,
the Raketa, is of 24 tons, has a seating ca-
pacity of 66 persons, and travels at a speed
of 40 miles per hour, The other, the Meteor,
is of 53 tons, has a capacity of 150 passen-
gers and a speed of 45 miles per hour, The
Russians have announced plans to build 200
Raketa-type and 85 Meteor-type ships. Re-

portedly, 60 of the smaller craft are already

in operation,

To date, however, the nearly completed
H. S. Denison is the first such craft in the
world designed for ocean-going operation,
It is also believed to be the largest built to
date, and may well be the forerunner to a
new era in transportation.

os

SCIENTIST EXPRESSES HOPE
FOR OYSTER INDUSTRY:

A ray of hope for improvement of the Vir-
ginia oyster industry within the near future
was expressed by a scientist of the Virginia
Institute of Marine Science. Virginia oysters

Virginia

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

are currently in the throes of an epidemic
caused by the infectuous organism called
MSX.

"Evidence is nuilding that oysters ex-
posed to MSX from spat size have much
lower mortalities later as adults than oys-
ters first exposed to the disease as large
oysters,'' reports the scientist. ''This ac-
quired resistance is a very important and
conspicuous feature of our resistance to so-
called children's diseases such as measles,
chickenpox, and polio. Perhaps in a year or
two we can begin using seed from suchplaces
as Brown Shoal and Wreck Shoal (where the
disease has been active) with much better
success than we are having now with James
River seed. This means that the future of
the oyster industry may depend more upon
using seed from infested areas than from
disease-free areas."

The Gloucester Point laboratory of the
Institute has been conducting a full program
of research and field study of the oyster
disease since its introduction into Chesa-
peake waters in 1959.

There is no cure-all in sight for the com-
plex problem presented by the oyster dis-
ease. The use of chemicals to eradicate the
organism is questionable since the tremen-
dous water mass of the bay and rivers woulc
make this prohibitive.

The Institute staff is cooperating with
other scientific groups (including Rutgers
University, Maryland Department of Re-
search and Education, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service at Oxford, Md., and the Univer-
sity of Delaware) in discovering the life
history of the MSX organism. This informa-
tion will be useful in developing oysters re-
sistant to the disease.

Turning to the present extent of damage
by MSX, the scientist pointed out: 'In the
past year the lower half of the James River
seed area has become infested, and the
Rappahannock beds below Towles Point
(Urbanna) have shown a rapid increase in
intensity of disease.

"Infected material from Hampton Roads
has apparently followed the channel up the
James to form a 'tongue' of infested areain
the seed beds. Wreck Shoal is badly in-
fested (about one-third of larger oysters,
but fewer spat and yearlings) although few

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

deaths have occurred yet. Infections are
much less severe inshore of the channel on
either side of the river. Brown Shoal has al-
ready had a big death rate, and over half the
survivors are infected. Heavy losses are
expected in infested areas throughout the rest
of the summer.

"MSX is still rare above Hoghouse (Ur-
banna) in the Rappahannock River, although
it can be expected to go higher before the
year is out. At present no mortality in upper
Rappahannock is expected before August, and
whether a late summer loss occurs will de-
pend upon how effectively the lower Rappa-
hannock River oysters provide infective ma-
terial to the upper river. Upper Rappahan-
nock River oysters are essentially free of
disease now."

It has been determined that MSX is an
organism that affects oysters only, and is
harmless to humans.

Whaling

CALIFORNIA WEST COAST LAND
STATIONS LICENSED FOR 1961 SEASON:

For the United States [961 whaling season,
2 California land stations, 2 secondary proc-
essing stations, and 5 whale catchers had
been issued licenses as of the end of April.
In addition, there was one license pending
for a land station with one catcher vessel in
Oregon.

Wholesale Prices, June 1961

Due to changes made periodically in the weightings as-
signed to the product groups used in the wholesale price in-
dex, some slight revisions have been made in the wholesale
price index for edible fishery products, The over-all price
index for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned)
for June 1961 was 129.5 percent of the 1947-49 average--0.7
percent higher than in May and 2.4 percent higher than in
June 1960,

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, and whole finfish
subgroup index in June 1961 was about unchanged from the
preceding month, but was higher by 1.5 percent from June
last year. From May to June, price increases of 11.2 per-
cent for fresh large drawn haddock at Boston and 6.2 percent
for fresh drawn halibut at New York City were just about off-
set by a slight price decline for fresh king salmon plus a more
substantial decline for Lake Superior drawn whitefish (down
7.6 percent) and Lake Huron or Lake Michigan yellow pike
(down 21.0 percent), This June as compared with June a year
ago, prices were up for fresh dressed halibut by 10.4 percent,
fresh dressed salmon by 3.9 percent, and Lake Superior white-
fish by 7.0 percent. Price declines of 15.0 percent for Great

i
Vol. 23, No. 8

SN

Laver’

Lakes yellow pike at New York City and 1.6 percent for fresh
large haddock at Boston partially offset the increases.

From May to June this year the fresh processed fish and
shellfish subgroup rose 2,3 percent. Higher prices for fresh
shrimp (up 1.2 percent) and fresh oysters (up 3.5 percent)
were responsible for the increase. As compared with June
1960, the prices in the subgroup this June were up slightly
(0.4 percent). A price increase of 9.1 percent for fresh oys-
ters more than compensated for price declines of 21.6 per-
cent for fresh small haddock fillets and 5.0 percent for fresh
shrimp at New York City.

Wholesale prices this June for frozen processed fish and
shellfish were up almost 1.0 percent from a month earlier due
to increases of less than one cent a pound for frozen flounder
and haddock fillets and frozen shrimp at Chicago, During the
same period, the wholesale price for frozen ocean perch fil-
lets dropped 1.7 percent. Compared with June last year, the
subgroup price index this June was down 4.4 percent due toa
14.0-percent lower frozen shrimp price at Chicago. Price in-
creases of about 30.0 percent for frozen haddock fillets and
3.6 percent for ocean perch fillets failed to offset the lower
price for shrimp.

The canned fishery products subgroup index in June this
year remained unchanged from the preceding two months.
However, the subgroup index was up about 6.9 percent from
last June due to substantially higher prices for canned salm-
on (up 14,3 percent) and canned California sardines (up 11.8
percent), As compared with June 1960, wholesale prices this
June were slightly lower for canned tuna and unchanged for
Maine sardines, Packing seasons for Maine sardines and
Pacific salmon were under way in June. The early Maine
sardine pack was very small, but that for Pacific salmon was
encouraging,

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has made a routine re-
vision of the weighting structure of the Wholésale Price In-
dex, including the All Fish and Shellfish Group Index. The
weights of the fish group and subgroups have heen adjusted in
accordance with the value of fishery products for the year
1958 as published by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries. This revision is in accord with established policy that
the weighting structure be revised periodically.

The revised weights for 1958 were first introduced in the
index for January 1961. ‘‘Unofficial’’ indexes, however, were
published for the months of January through May 1961 until
the computations based on the new weights were completed,
Beginning with the June 1961 index, the computations of the
indexes were based on the new weights,

The weight adjustment does not result in a break in the
series, The adjustments in indexes based on the new weights
for all the months this year prior to June are only slight in
all cases as far as fishery products are concerned, and only
the groups and subgroups are affected, The individual com-
modity indexes (for example, the index for fresh shrimp at

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($) (1947-49=100)

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .
Fresh & Frozen Fi: hery Products:. einaiite Nieitet {eis

Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh ma gheiad

Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz,
Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz.
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh .

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. .....
Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-1b. tins . .
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . .
Oysters, shucked, standards , . . 2... eos

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): .....
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg... . »
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. .
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg. . .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30eount), 5-Ib. pkg. . . » «

Ganned Fishery Productss: jj -. 0. 0 « se « »
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, .
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, V2 tuna (6-1/2 02.),
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.),

ASkcans/CSaw Malte memset ietielersiel sce (et 6
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
(823/4;0Z2)5p100xcans//CStie sewer tetve setley ee

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’? should be referred to for actual prices, ' :
2/ Will not be availabie until computations are completed,
3/old series indexes, Revision based on new weighting structure not available until later,
4/N ew series index based on new weights.

|

New York City) are not affected. It means that the new in- all Government statistical agencies, will probably be intro-
dexes based on the new weights can be regarded as continuous duced in January 1962,
with and comparable to series for earlier years.

One commodity has been dropped in the fishery products

The present index reference base, 1947-49=100, will be index as of January 1961~--‘‘whitefish, Lake Erie pound or
continued throughout 1961. The new reference base gill net, round, fresh, New York City.’’ The weight assigned
(1957-59=100), which has been established by the Office of to this specification has been assigned to ‘‘whitefish, Lake

Statistical Standards of the Bureau of the Budget for use by Superior, drawn, fresh, Chicago,”’

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

International

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC
HALIBUT COMMISSION

SURVEY OF HALIBUT AND
BOTTOMFISH OFF ALASKA:

The Governments of Canada and the United States are
undertaking a comprehensive survey of the distribution and a-
bundance of halibut and other bottom-living fish in the waters
on the continental shelf off Alaska, In this region of the Pacif-
ic coast, Canada and the United States have jointly participated
in an important fishery for halibut for nearly half a century.

The two Governments requested the International Pacific
Halibut Commission to plan and conduct the survey in con-
junction with its regular investigational program, This Com-
mission has managed the Pacific halibut fishery on behalf of
Canada and the United States for the past 35 years and has re-
built the once-depleted Pacific Coast halibut stocks that pro-
duced only 44 million pounds annually prior to regulation but
now yield in excess of 70 million pounds each year. Such im-
provement is unparalleled in any other marine fishery in the
world. Most fisheries for other bottomfish are uncontrolled
and are in the declining stage.

The program calls for continuous trawling operations dur-
ing the next 12 months, rigorous winter weather notwithstand-
ing. It will cover the region from the northeastern end of
Kodiak Island as far west as Unimak Pass, a distance of 550
miles along the coast involving about 40,000 square miles of
area.

From 15 United States and Canadian vessels that tendered
bids, 3 have been chartered for the year’s operations, the
Arthur H, the Morning Star, and the St. Michael,

At the outset each vessel will work a section of the survey
area but during the rigorous and lonely months of winter the
vessels, though sturdy, will work together.

Each vessel will be manned by its captain, three experi-
enced trawl fishermen, and three members of the Commis-
sion’s staff who have been secured from the University of
British Columbia for the purpose, At the outset of the opera-
tion and from time to time during the year permanent mem-
bers of the Commission’s staff will accompany each vessel
in a supervisory capacity.

Agencies in both countries, the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada and the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
have provided all possible aid to the project and will integrate
any offshore exploratory fishing for bottomfish with the pro-
gram of the Commission,

In scope and intensity the program eclipses anything that
has ever been done before by Canada and the United States
in this field. The program will contribute information of
inestimable value to Canada and the United States in their
joint management of the Pacific halibut fishery.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION

RESEARCH ON FRAZER RIVER
SALMON RUNS PLANNED TO

MEET CHANGING CONDITIONS:

Production of Fraser River sockeye or
red salmon for the last four-year period has
increased 450 percent over similar cycle pe-
riods following the Hell's Gate slide. Whole-
sale value of the catch has increased 10 times,
partially due to higher selling prices for the
canned product.

|

ii WA COMMERCIAL
a
L = WHOLESALE

VALUE
L °

Yen
12 ye) x ~9 oO

° ° We
° o °

°

MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

3

i Sao

foes ee ees fe ime

1899 1907 1915 1923 1931 1939 1947 1955
ce

Fraser River sockeye salmon packs averaged for each four-year
cycle from 1896 to 1959 inclusive. The Johnstone Strait catch
is included only for 1958, when unusually large numbers of
Fraser River sockeye were taken in that fishery, Average
packs and values calculated from data in Pacific Fisher-
man (1914-1960).

The Commission is confident that com-
plete rehabilitation of Fraser sockeye as well
as pink salmon can be accomplished in a few
years, However, it is concerned about how
to further develop and protect this great job-
producing resource to fulfill the needs of a
rapidly increasing population.

To meet the challenge of industrialization
and the required protection of the fisheries
resource, the Commission has substantially
increased its activities during the past year.

August 1961

International (Contd.):

Construction of a unique laboratory will
commence shortly in which the water supply
can be completely controlled with respect to
temperature and chemical content. Proposed
research at the laboratory will include stud-
ies into the weaknesses of salmon hatcher-
ies, adverse effects of environmental changes
due to potential flood control and hydroelec-
tric projects, and the limits of adjustability
of salmon populations in transplantation from
one watershed to another.

Some of these studies should provide meth-
ods for artificially developing the latent po-
tential of the salmon resource. There is al-
so a drastic need for information to protect
the resource where possible from the seri-
ous effects of industrialization as exper-
ienced elsewhere.

The Salmon Commission is working on
the problem of development and protection
of the salmon resource with increasing vigor
to avoid the trial-and-error methods in con-
servation that have proven to be expensive
and often unsuccessful.

Man-made spawning Streams are also be-
ing studied on a full-scale experimental ba-
sis. An artificial spawning channel 3,500
feet long has just been completed for pink
salmon at Seton Creek near Lillooet, B. C.
The channel is expected to provide spawning
area for 10,000 pink salmon of this year's
run,

To further meet the problem of poor salm-
on runs due to unstable spawning grounds, a
full-size experimental hatchery has been
completed and is now in operation on Upper
Pitt River. New methods based on previous

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

47

Commission studies are being used to im-
prove the operating efficiency of the Station.
Other improvements in the operation of the
Station will be added when experimentally
justified.

New field projects will be undertaken as
rapidly as experiments at the new laboratory
justify the expense so that the Fraser salm-
on resource will continue to provide increased
wealth to the region. Close liaison will be
maintained with other fisheries research
agencies to permit the testing and applica-
tion of any new information as rapidly as
possible,

JAPAN-SOVIET NORTHWEST
FISHERIES COMMISSION

JAPAN-U.S.S.R. SALMON PACT SIGNED:
Japan and the Soviet Union signed an a-
greement on May 21, 1961, which established

Japan's salmon catch quota for this year in
the North Pacific treaty area under the North-
west Pacific Fisheries Commission at 65,000
metric tons--2,500 tons less than last year.
The Japan-Soviet Commission's fifth annual
meeting began in Tokyo on February 6, and
was marked by compromises on the part of
both countries as to the size of the quota. At
the outset, the Soviet Union had proposed a
50,000-ton catch for Japan, while the Japa-
nese delegation negotiated for 80,000 tons.
The Soviet Union's 1961 salmon catch target
is 80,000 tons, 10,000 tons above the target
for 1960.

The Commission also reached agreement
on the following restrictions for Japanese
fishing in the North Pacific treaty area: (1)
establishment of a new closed area 151.59 to
1550 E, and south of 48° N.; (2) establish-
ment of a restricted area north of 56° N.;

Japan and U.S.S.R. North Pacific Salmon and Trout Catches, 1960

1/Data available. through August only,

Gill-net Catches
U,S.S.R. | Mothership | Land-Based | Long line | Coastwise1/| Total

533
2/21,950

amnion analeealia a ba Ta

2/Includes Masou salmon, a species peculiar to Oriental waters.

48

International (Contd.):

(3) observance of the two closed areas south
of 48° N. agreed on at the 1960 meeting (dur-
ing the negotiations, Japan had demanded the
abolishment of the no-fishing area established
in 1960 on the understanding that it would be
in effect for only one year); (4) total catch of
red salmon to be limited to 7,750,000 red
salmon (about 14,000 tons); (5) catch of red
salmon in area west of 165° E. longitude to
be limited to 2.5 million reds (that means
that the balance of 5,250,000 fish is to be
taken between 165° E. and 175° W.); (6) catch-
er vessels to carry maximum of 330 tans (one
tan equals approximately 150 feet) of gillnets
per vessel; (7) catcher vessels to carry gill
nets of which at least 50 percent are com-
posed of nets with mesh size (knot to knot)
of 65 millimeters (about 2.56 inches); and

(8) Japan's king crab quota is 260,000 cases
(48 6.5-oz. cans). Russia's king crab quota
was set at 390,000 cases (96 6.5-oz. cans).
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 17, May 13,
21, & 25; Nipp Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May 24,
1981. )

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING:

Greater protection and conservation of
fish and seal populations in the Northwest
Atlantic fishing areas were promised at the
eleventh annual meeting
of the International Com-
mission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries
(ICNAF) concluded in
Washington, D. C., on
June 10, 1961.

Representatives of
12 nations engaged in
fishing operations in the ICNAF area, which
comprises more than one million square
miles, adopted measures designed to pro-
duce greater uniformity in the ICNAF con-
servation regulations.

The six-day meeting also produced agree-
ment among the delegates to take steps to-
ward the conservation of the fast-declining
population of harp and hood ‘seals in the area.
Following a report by the Canadian delega-
tion that the harp and hood populations "'dur-
ing the last decade have been reduced by 50
to 65 percent,"' the Commission passed a
resolution to amend the present Convention
to provide (1) that harp and hood seals of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Northwest Atlantic area be brought under the
provisions of the International Convention for
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries and (2) that
a Separate panel be established for the pur-
pose of dealing with the conservation require-
ments of the harp and hood seal populations.

The Commission elected the following of-
ficers to serve for two years: Commission
Chairman: George R. Clark, Deputy Minister
of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Commission
Vice Chairman: B. Dinesen, Under Secretary
of the Fisheries Ministry, Copenhagen, Den-
mark. The following were elected to serve
one-year terms: Chairman of the Standing
Committee on Research and Statistics: R.H.J.
Beverton, Deputy Director of Research, Min-
istry of Fisheries Laboratories, Lowestoft,
Suffolk, United Kingdom. Chairman of the
Standing Committee on Finance and Adminis-
tration: J. H. MacKichan, General Manager
of United Maritime Fishermen, Limited, Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia.

The International Commission for the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was established
under a convention between ten North Ameri-
can and European countries which came into
force on July 3, 1950. Since then, two addi-
tional Governments have become parties to
the convention, namely, the Federal Republic
of Germany (1957) and the U.S. S. R. (1958).
The present member-nations are: Canada, ©
Denmark, France, Federal Republic of Ger-
many, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United
States.

The Commission is engaged in planning
and coordinating programs of fisheries re-
search which are carried out by the fisheries
agencies of the member governments in the
Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Its meetings are
largely devoted to reports and discussion of
current research and plans for future years.
In addition, from time totime, the Commission
recommends to,Governments the adoption of
regulations for certain fisheries of the area,
for purposes of conservation of the resources.
The Commission is composed of one to three
Commissioners from each contracting govern-
ment and meets annually at Halifax, Nova
Scotia, its headquarters, or at some other
place in North America or Europe.

August 1961

International (Contd.):
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

FISH IN NUTRITION MEETING PLANS
ALMOST COMPLETED:

A total of 25 major articles summarizing the world’s
knowledge on nutrition and public health attainments in five
major divisions of fishery technology will be presented at
the International Conference on Fish in Nutrition to be held
in Washington, D, C., September 19-27, 1961. In addition
there will be 44 short manuscripts, each presenting the re-
sults of research into the many nutritional aspects’ of fishery
products.

Six outstanding nutrition and public health authorities
from the United States, Europe, and the Far East have been
called to FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, to thoroughly
review and edit the papers. In addition, two fishery technolo-
gists of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and a consultant
from the National Institutes of Health have gone to Rome to
offer technical assistance in the editing.

CONFERENCE ow Fe,
I,

ty
KS &,
iS) Ke)
md Z
oe ey oY
Spy, 2
Mey i
N,D.c. SEPTEMBER

The meeting is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations. The Department of State is
the official host. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, is in charge of arrangements with
travel funds for foreign researchers being provided by a U.S.
Public Health Service grant. An official insignia for the meet-
ing has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion,

The Conference on Fish in Nutrition, which is the first
of its kind ever held, will be held in the auditorium of the
new State Department building. Fifty nations will be rep-
resented by approximately 400 delegates. Representatives
of the fishing industry of the United States met in Washington
some months ago and pledged their support of the meeting.
Some segments of the industry will provide varied entertain-
ment for the guests, while others will acquaint the visitors
with United States fish processing and distribution methods
by providing tours in certain key industries and areas.

The agenda now being considered includes as main topics
such things as the role of fish in world nutrition, the chemical
composition of fish and fishery products, contribution of fish
and fishery products to the diets of various nations; fishery
products in animal nutrition; and possibilities for increasing
fish consumption.

Under the main titles are reports on the amino acid com-
position, of the protein in fishery products; fish oils and their
role in nutrition; food values of fresh fish compared with
processed fishery products; minerals and vitamins in fish;
fish in dietetics, including geriatric diets; incidence of world
malnutrition, by regions; fish flour and its importance in
preventing malnutrition; fish derivatives in feed for swine,
calves, poultry, and furbearing animals; economic and social
incentives for increasing production; and methods of con-
sumer education,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

IRRADIATION OF FOOD

EUROPEAN INFORMATION CENTER
ESTABLISHED IN FRANCE:

A European Center of Information about
the irradiation of foodstuffs has just been
created following an'agreement between the
European Agency of Productivity of the Or-
ganization for European Economic Coopera-
tion (O.E.E.C.) and the Center of Nuclear In-
vestigations, Saclay, France. M. Pierre
Leveque was nominated Director of this Cen-
ter, the headquarters of which are also in
Saclay.

The functions of the Center especially in-
clude the publication of an information bulle-
tin on the irradiation of foodstuffs which will
be issued 4 times a year in English and in
French. The Center will also be a linking
element between scientific workers and tech-
nicians specialized in food problems and be-
tween government spheres and the manufac~-
turers interested.

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
(UNITED STATES AND CANADA)

PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER
PROJECT NOT ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE:
The Canadian Secretary of State for Ex-
ternal Affairs announced on May 1, 1961, the
release of the International Joint Commis-
sion's Report on the International Tidal Pow-
er Project in Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine
and New Brunswick. The Commission found
that the price of power from the Tidal Power
Project, either alone or in combination with
auxiliary power sources, would not be com-
petitive with the price of power from alterna-
tive steam-electric plants and that, therefore,
the project is not economically feasible under
present conditions. The Commission recom-
mended, however, that development of the
project be viewed as a long-range possibility
which would have better prospects of realiza-
tion when other less-costly energy sources
available to the area were exhausted. The
Commission also pointed out that the econom-
ic feasibility of the project might be affected
by future changes in the costs and benefits
considered in the present evaluation and added
that Governments might wish to consider the
desirability of crediting the Tidal Project
with certain public benefits not included in
the Commission's determination of economic
feasibility.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

International (Contd.):

In determining the impact of the project
upon the local economies of Maine and New
Brunswick, the Commission found that indus-
trial development would not be appreciably
affected, although short-term benefits re-
sulting from expenditures for goods andserv-
ices might be expected. The Commission
noted that the creation of two large salt-wa-
ter lakes would provide additional facilities
for recreation and that the tidal dams, locks,
and gates could serve as foundations for an
international highway connecting the present
coastal highways in Maine and New Bruns-
wick. The Commission recognized that the
existence of a high pool in Passamaquoddy
Bay might stimulate greater traffic to ship-
ping points in the area. In the Commission's
view, the project would not be detrimental to
the region's important sardine industry and
would have only a minor effect on other fish-
eries if appropriate remedial measures were
undertaken.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 68, May
1960 p. 36, March 1960 p. 38.

CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

TREATY COMES INTO FORCE:

According to officials of the Organization
of Central American States (ODECA), the
General Treaty of Central American Eco-
nomic Intergration came into effect on June
3, 1961, eight days after Nicaragua deposited
its ratification with ODECA,.

1. General Treaty of Central American
Economic Integration ratifications: Guate-
mala--May 5, 1961; El Salvador--May 8,
1961; Nicaragua--May 26, 1961. In force
among the three countries.

2, Constitutive Agreement of the Central
American Bank of Economic Integration rat-
ifications: Guatemala--May 5, 1961; El Sal-
vador--May 8, 1961; Honduras--May 5, 1961;
Nicaragua--May 24, 1961. In force among
the four countries.

3. Protocol to the Central American A-
greement on Equalization of Import Charges
(Second Protocol) ratifications: Guatemala--
May 5, 1961; El Salvador--May 8, 1961; Nic-
aragua--May 26, 1961. In force among the
three countries. (United States Embassy,
San Salvador, June 9, 1961.)

LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE ZONE AND
FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

TREATY RATIFIED:

On May 2, 1961, representatives af Argen-
tina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay
deposited in the Uruguayan Ministry of For-
eign Relations, Instruments of Ratification of
the Treaty of Montevideo, signed in that city
February 18, 1960, which establishes the Latin
American Free Trade Zone and the Latin A-
merican Free Trade Association. (United
States Embassy, Lima, May 19, 1961.)

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

REDUCTION OF DUTIES BETWEEN
MEMBER COUNTRIES:

The British Government announced on
June 2 an order on import duties which was

Scheduled to take effect on July 1, 1961, in

accordance with the decision of the EFTA
(European Free Trade Association) in Febru-
ary to reduce by a further 20 percent the
duties on industrial products traded between
the member countries.

Following the initial 10 percent reduction
with which the EFTA group went into business
in July 1960, this will mean that the EFTA
countries will have cut their tariffs to 70 per-
cent of the basic rates, This step is in ac-
cordance with the policy of the EFTA Seven
to keep in step with the tariff reductions of
the EEC (European Economic Community)
Six: the latter group has also achieved a 30
percent reduction. (British Record, June 8
1961, issued by British Information Services,

OK ok ok ok

FINLAND AND OUTER SEVEN COUNTRIES
SIGN AGREEMENT OF ASSOCIATION:

Finland and the seven member countries
lof the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
lhave signed an agreement whereby Finland
is to become associated with the EFTA.

All the countries are expected to ratify
this agreement and deposit the proper instru-
ments of acceptance before July 1, 1961. As-
suming ratification, the first tariff reductions
and the first relaxation of quantitative import
restrictions between Finland and the EFTA
countries will take place on that date.

Under the agreement Finland will reduce
its duties toward EF TA member countries by

August 1961

International (Contd.):

30 percent for most products and the member
states of EFTA will extend to Finland the 20-
percent reduction already made among the
members as well as the further 10-percent
reduction to be made on July 1, 1961. Fin-
land also is accorded the same rights and as-
sumes like obligations in the commercial and
economic fields as the EFTA countries have
among themselves.

The reduction and eventual abolition of
tariff and other trade barriers between Fin-
land and the members of EFTA are to take
place, with a few exceptions, according to
the time schedule established by the mem-
bers of EFTA in the Stockholm Convention
originally creating the European Free Trade
Association.

Finland is authorized to reduce its duties
on some goods competing with products man-
ufactured by developing industries at a slow-
er pace. The date of final elimination of the
duties, however, will be the same as for oth-
er duties--January 1, 1970.

A significant part of Finland's foreign
trade is regulated by bilateral trade agree-
ments. To allow Finland to meet its com-
mitments under these agreements, existing
ing quantitative import restrictions may be
maintained on a limited number of goods.
Finland must, however, apply these restric-
tions in such a way that suppliers in the
EFTA countries are given the opportunity of
competing with other suppliers on fair and
equal terms for a reasonable share of the
Finnish market in these products.

Under the agreement between Finland and
the EFTA countries, a new council, known as
the Joint Council, will be established to deal
with all matters pertaining to relations be-
tween Finland and the EFTA member states.
The Joint Council will function independently
from the EFTA Council; however, a consider-
able degree of coordination between the two
bodies is expected.

The agreement of association was signed
on March 27, 1961. (Foreign Commerce
Weekly, May 15, 1961.)

KOK KK OK

CONVENTION TO APPLY TO GREENLAND:
The Danish Government, pursuant to pro-
visions of the EF TA convention, has formal-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

ly declared that the convention applies to
Greenland effective July 1, 1961.

In view of Greenland's special economic,
social, and demographic conditions, however,
certain special arrangements have been ac-
cepted by the other EF TA member states.
Benefits from an ''equalization fund" for the
purpose of stabilizing the income of Green-
land producers and the right to establish and
operate business concerns in Greenland will
remain conditional upon Danish nationality and
permanent residence in Greenland. Further-
more, Denmark retains its right to extend at
any time before July 1, 1970, the Danish cus-
toms duties and quantitative import restric-
tions to Greenland, provided that such duties
and restrictions are reduced and eliminated
progressively in accordance with Articles 3,
10, and 11 of the EFTA convention. At pres-
ent all imports are admitted into Greenland
duty-free. (United States Embassy, June 15,
1961.)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

REPORT ON EIGHTEENTH SESSION
OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES:

The Contracting Parties to the General A-
greement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) con-
cluded their Eighteenth Session at Geneva on
May 19, 1961. At this meeting, which began
May 15, 43 countries participated. In addi-
tion a large number of newly-independent
countries, which are in process of deciding
on the question of their future participation
in the Agreement, attended as observers.

Principal matters affecting the expansion
of international trade discussed at the meet-
ing were: Plans for a ministerial meeting to
be held in late November; tariff negotiations,
the second phase of which was scheduled to
start on May 29; a new program for offering
technical assistance in the commercial policy
field to newly-independent countries; the new
arrangements recently concluded in connec-
tion with Finland's association with the Euro-
pean Free Trade Association (EFTA); efforts
to accelerate the removal of import restric-
tions; and the admission of Sierra Leone to
the ranks of the Contracting Parties.

Finnish Association with EFTA: Finnish
association with EF TA was supported by the
United States. It will offer Finland scope for
strengthening her economy and for develop-
ing traditional ties with her Scandinavian
neighbors, as well as with other members of
EFTA. The agreement bringing about this as-

52

International (Contd.):

sociation generally follows the lines of the
Stockholm Convention, establishing the EFTA,
and has beén referred to a working party for
further examination.

In presenting this agreement to the Con-
tracting Parties, Finland drew attention, how-
ever, to a trade agreement concluded withthe
Soviet Union under which Finland will grad-
ually extend free entry to Soviet goods, though
like treatment is not to be extended to other
countries outside the EFTA. It was genéral-
ly agreed that this action conflicts gifectly
with the most fundamental obligatéon of the
General Agreement, namely the*commitment
to conduct commercial relations with one an-
other on the general basis of*equality of treat-
ment, or non-discrimination, As concerns
tariffs, this ''most-favored#nation principle"
means that, with certain exceptions including
special arrangements which create thorough-
going customs unions or free trade areas,
the trade of each Contracting Partyis to be
treated no less favorably than that of any
other country. The Fenno-Soviet agreement
is a clear violation of this fundamental obli-
gation, since Soviet goods will eventually en-
joy tariff treatment far more favorable than
goods of other countries,

The United States and other countries ex-
pressed serious concern with this deviation
from the most-favored-nation principle, but
took no immediate stand on what their ulti-
mate attitude might be. It was agreed that
the matter would be given further considera-
tion at the Nineteenth Session,

Ministerial Meeting Arranged: The most
important decision of the session was to con-
vene next fall a meeting of officials in the
trade policy field at the ministerial level.
Over the past three years, the countries as-
sociated in the work of the General Agree-
ment have been working on a program to at-
tack three major problems within the field
of governmental barriers to trade.

First, it is widely felt that tariffs remain
an important obstacle to the expansion of
trade. Second, the ministers will be ex-
pected to address themselves to ways of
finding a coordinated approach to the prob-
lem of excessive tariff and non-tariff protec-
tion in agriculture. Preliminary work in
this field indicates that both tariff and non-
tariff barriers to agricultural trade have
widely impaired eee expected from the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Agreement. Third, the time has come for
policy-level attention to the problem of low-
ering barriers encountered by less-developed
countries in the expansion of their internation-
al trade. Since, to a large extent, these three
major problems are inter-connected, the min-
isterial meeting offers an opportunity for ac-
tion on a broad front.

Technical Assistance for Newly-Independ-
ent Countries: A start was made at this ses-
sion in affording newly-independent countries
assistance in the development of sound trade
policies.. The Contracting Parties agreed that
upon request from a newly-independent state,
the Executive Secretary should take appropri-
ate action to furnish qualified technicians or
technical advice. This could mean undertak-
ing to train officials and offering them the
benefit of the Secretariat's experience in trade
policy problems, Or, it could mean sending a
mission to study a country's trade problems
and submitting to it a comprehensive report
with recommendations.

Action on Import Restrictions: Reports
were made to the Contracting Parties on con-
sultations which the United States initiated
with Italy and France on their remaining im-
port restrictions. The United States was able
to express satisfaction with new liberalization
steps to be taken shortly by Italy and hoped
that additional action to eliminate quantitative
import restrictions would be announced in the
near future. In discussing the consultation
with France, the United States observed that
while it found encouragement in the relaxa-
tion of French import restrictions over the
past six months, there was still much to be
done in liberalizing imports of agricultural
commodities.

Admission of Sierra Leone to the GATT:
With the admission of Sierra Leone, the num-
ber of full Contracting Parties was raised to

39,

Discussion of External Tariff of EEC:
There was considerable debate on the trade
difficulties which some contracting parties,
particularly the less-developed countries, be-
lieve will be created by the common external
tariff of the European Economic Community
and the trade advantage resulting from the
association of the overseas territories with
the EEC,

KOK OK KOK

August 1961

International (Contd.):

SECOND PHASE OF CONFERENCE
ON TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS:

In the second phase of tariff negotiations
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, which began on May 29, 1961, the
United States expects to negotiate for the
reciprocal exchange of tariff concessions
with the Commission of the European Eco-
nomic Community (EEC) on behalf of the
Member States (Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and
with other countries which are contracting
parties to the GATT or which are expected
to negotiate for accession to the General A-
greement.

During the first phase of the conference,
which began on September 1, 1960, the United
States, along with other GATT contracting
parties, has been negotiating with the EEC
Commission concerning the establishment of
a new schedule of tariff concessions for the
EEC as a whole to replace the present indi-
vidual schedules of the member states. The
United States has also been negotiating, un-
der provisions of Article XXVIII of the GATT,
with 15 other contracting parties concerning
their modification or withdrawal of individu-
al concessions in existing GATT schedules.

In accordance with the plan to increase
participation by non-governmental represen-
tatives in the United States Delegation to the
1961 GATT tariff negotiations conference at
Geneva, the Secretary of State has named 12
public advisers to serve as members of the
delegation on a rotating basis in the second
phase of the conference. This plan was de-
veloped by the United States cabinet-level
Trade Policy Committee, which is chaired
by the Secretary of Commerce.

JOINT UNITED STATES -JAPAN COMMITTEE ON
TRADE AND ECONOMIC AFFAIRS FORMED

With an exchange of notes, Japan and the
United States agreed to establish a Joint
United States-Japan Committee on Trade and
Economic Affairs. The Committee will con-
sist: for the United States, Secretaries of
State, the Treasury, the Interior, Agriculture,
Commerce, and Labor; for Japan, Ministers
for Foreign Affairs, Finance, Agriculture
and Forestry, International Trade and Indus-
try, and Labor, and the Director General of
the Economic Planning Agency; together with
such other officials of Cabinet rank as either

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

Government may designate from time totime,
as the need arises.

Among the Committee's functions shall be,
in particular, to exchange information and
views on matters which might adversely af-
fect the continued expansion of mutually prof-
itable trade on questions relating to the eco-
nomic assistance programs of the two coun-
tries which require joint consideration; to re-
port to the respective Governments on such
discussions in order that consideration may
be given to measures deemed appropriate and
necessary to eliminate conflict in the interna-

.|tional economic policies of the two countries,

to provide for a fuller measure of economic
collaboration, and to encourage the flow of
trade. (U.S. Department of State news re-
lease of June 22, 1961.)

WHALING

CERTAIN NATIONS MEET TO DISCUSS
DIVISION OF ANTARCTIC WHALE
CATCH INTO NATIONAL QUOTAS:
Representatives of Japan, the Netherlands,
Norway, and the United Kingdom met in Van-
couver, B. C., Canada, April 19 to 21, 1961,
to discuss a division of the Antarctic whale
catch into national quotas. G, R. Clark of Ot-
tawa, Chairman of the International Whaling
Commission, headed the meeting. While Can-
ada is not engaged in Antarctic whaling, it
does have an interest in international coopera-
tion in conservation measures for marine re-
sources.

The U.S. 5S. R. is also a major whaling
country and operates like the other four coun-
tries in the Antarctic. It shares the views of
the other countries regarding the need for an
allocation system and agreement had previous:
ly been reached on an allotment of the Antarc-
tic catch for the Soviet Union. The U.S.S.R.
was invited to the Vancouver conference but
was unable to send a representative.

The four countries represented at the con-
ference met to consider an allocation scheme
between themselves, Progress was made and
agreement was reached on the general frame-
work within which an allocation system could
be worked out. The details, including a num-
ber of practical problems, will be further
considered between the Governments con-
cerned and it was proposed to hold another
meeting later in the year.

The meeting followed the pattern of a
similar one held in England earlier in the

54

International (Contd.):

year where the parties could not agree ona
division of the whales caught in the Antarc-
tic.

Representatives of the Governments of
Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, and the
United Kingdom met again in London early
in June to resume discussions on a division
of the Antarctic pelagic whale catch into na-
tional quotas.

The Government of the U.S. S. R. was un-
able to accept an invitation to send an observ-
er. A proposal has now been formulated
which will be referred to the respective gov-
ernments for urgent consideration. No fur-
ther meeting is contemplated.

PRICES FOR 1960/61 ANTARCTIC
PRODUCTION TREND HIGHER:

As of late March or early April 1961,
about 242,500 short tons of 1960/61 Antarc-
tic whale oil production had been sold by the
United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Japan, and
Norway.

The bulk of the oil was sold to a large
British firm, with the remainder going to
several Norwegian hardening plants. The
reported price was £10 10s. per metric ton
(US$186.70 per short ton), an increase of
$1 a metric ton ($2.54 per short ton) over
the price reported a year ago.

According to estimates, these sales rep-
resented about 55 percent of total 1960/61
production. The Antarctic pelagic expedi-
tions have accounted for about 85 percent of
the whale oil produced in the last two sea-
sons,

The entire 1960/61 Norwegian production
of 11,574 short tons of sperm oil reportedly
has been sold. (Foreign Crops and Markets,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, April 10,
1961.)

Angola
FISHING INDUSTRY DEPRESSED IN 1960:

Despite increased production, the Angolan fishing indus~
try was in the depths of a depression in 1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

A number of steps were taken in 1960 to ease the situa-
tion, but the question remained whether the assistance would
be helpful. The main step taken during the year was the for-
mation in August 1960 of the Institute of Fishing Industries
of Angola (Instituto das Industrias de Pesca de Angola), The
Institute is to conduct scientific studies of the life cycles of
fish, oversee the reorganization of the industry into a limited
number of cooperatives (about ten), and assist in the market~
ing of Angolan fish products, A study made in 1959 esti-
mated that the cost of modernizing plants, closing down some
factories, and organizing the industry into cooperatives would
cost US$6,817,000. The Institute also took over the operation
of the Fund to Aid the Fishing Industry.

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Ocean

Angola also joined the International Association of Fish
Meal Manufacturers which is attempting to encourage the in-
creased world consumption of fish meal and to help stabilize
the world market price of fish meal, One objective of the As-
sociation was to gain the cooperation of Peruvian fish meal
producers to aid in stabilizing the market. The prices
dropped so low in mid-1960 that Angola started to grant sub-
sidies to fish meal exporters as of July 1. The subsidies
were US$15 per ton for machine~dried meal and US$10 per
ton for sun-dried meal, The market price had risen suffi-
bead so that the subsidies were withdrawn on December 31,

Other stopgap measures were taken during the year, The
fishing industry was not required to pay the sales tax on gas
and oil, and the collection of all other taxes on the industry
was suspended. Loans were made to the fish guilds at Mo-
camedes and Sa da Bandeira; and a credit was opened for
US$1,048,000 to the Fund to Aid the Fishing Industry.

These actions failed to resolve the immediate difficulties
and to get at the heart of the long-range problems; and as a
result the industry’s position became increasingly difficult.
The economies of the main fishing centers were at a stand-
still. The only realistic solution of this is the complete re-
organization of the industry to concentrate on producing more
canned and frozen fish.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Angola (Contd.):

Angola’s Exports of Fishery Products, 1959 and 1960

1959

[vane [eam] vane

Metric
Tons

51,228
13,965
1,342

Exports of fish meal in 1960 amounted to 45,085 metric
tons (valued at US$3,754,000) as compared with 51,228 tons in
1959 valued at $7,188,000. Average prices per ton dropped
from about $140 in 1959 to about $83 in 1960. Other exports
of fishery products in 1960 and 1959 included small quantities
of canned fish and fair quantities of dried fish. (United | States

» Consulate, Luanda, April 21, 1961.) 7

1

HIGHER TARIFF RATES FOR CANNED
TUNA IMPORTS RECOMMENDED:

At a public hearing on tariff rates for
canned fish held in Melbourne on May 16,
1961, by the Australian Tax Commission,
Australian tuna industry members strongly
recommended that a higher tariff rate be
placed on imports of canned tuna. Industry
members claimed that tuna is found in a-
bundance in the waters off Australia; that
the Australian tuna industry is rather small
but this was unavoidable due to the constant
threat of cheap imports hanging over the in-
dustry; and that the domestic industry should
be protected from cheap imports of canned
tuna from Peru and Japan, which have been
increasing the past few months.

Australia

The tuna industry asked that an ad valo-
rem duty of 50 percent or a duty of one shill-
ing six pence (about'16 U. S. cents) per pound
(net weight) of canned tuna, whichever is
higher, be placed on imports. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, June 12, 1961.)

FINFISH LANDINGS,
FISCAL YEAR 1959/60:

Australia's 1959/60 (July 1959-June 1960)
finfish catch of 78.1 million pounds increased
nearly 3.7 million pounds from the previous
year. Mullet was the leading species by
weight, and comprised almost 16 percent of
the total finfish landings. The bulk of the
mullet catch consisted of sea mullet but in-

cluded several other species commonly known
to Australia's fishing industry as mullet.

Shark landings (mainly school and gummy)
ranked second and made up about 11 percent
of the national finfish catch. The 1959/60
Australian salmon (Arripis trutta) landings
of 7.6 million pounds dropped 11 percent from
the previous year and were displaced from
second place by shark landings which in-
creased by 11 percent during the same period.
The greater part of the season's Australian
salmon catch was from fishing grounds in
Western Australia, New South Wales, and
Victoria. Australian salmon accounted for
almost 10 percent of the finfish catch.

Australian Marine and Fresh-Water Finfish Landings,

Fiscal Years 1959/60 and 1958/59
; 1958/59

Principal Species 1959/60

74,416

The tuna catch of 7 million pounds was up
1.6 million pounds from the previous year
and comprised over 9 percent of the total fin-
fish catch. Landings of the two varieties
fished in South Australia and New South Wales --
southern bluefin (Thunnus thynnus maccoyi)
and the northern bluefin (Kishinoélla tonog-
gol)--were nearly equal.

The 1959/60 finfish catch was supplemented
by shellfish landings of 36.8 million pounds,
bringing the total Australian fish and shell-
fish catch for the year to 114.9 million pounds.
The spiny lobster harvest of 28 million pounds
accounted for 76 percent of the year's total
shellfish landings. (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter, March 1961.)

FISH MEAL PRICES, MAY 1961:

Belgium fish-meal prices early in May
1961 were up sharply from a month earlier
for both imported meal and domestic meal.
Imported Meal: Peru, 65 percent protein,
US$120 a metric ton or about $108.86 ashort

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Belgium (Contd.):

ton, c.&f. Antwerp (80-90 percent digestible).
Domestic Whole Meal (fish solubles added):
62 percent protein minimum, $135 a metric
ton or about $122.47 a short ton f.o.b. plant
(93-94 percent digestible).

A special duty on imported fish meal of
$40 a metric ton or $36.29 a short ton be-
came effective on March 18, 1961. The ef-
fect of this duty has been to reduce fish meal
imports drastically. However, it is believed
that the Belgium fish meal importers as of
May had large stocks of fish meal imported
in the months preceding the decree. The
importers are anticipating a change in the
Government's attitude towards fish meal im-
ports, the United States Consulate in Antwerp
reported on May 15, 1961.

se se se oe ok
KK OOK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL PRICES, JUNE 1961:

Belgium price quotations for fish meal of
Peruvian origin as of early June 1961 showed
a further increase as compared with the pre-
ceding month. A more appreciable rise oc-
curred in the price of the Belgian fish meal
but, as a result of the special import duty of
$40.00 per metric ton ($36.29 a short ton)
which has been levied since March 18, 1961,
on foreign fish meal, the price of the local
product was still lower than the Peruvian
fish meal. Prices early in June this year
were: Imported Meal: Peru, 65 percent
protein, US$123.50 a metric ton or about
$112.04 a short ton, c.&f. Antwerp (80-90
percent digestible). Domestic Whole Meal
(fish solubles added): 62 percent protein
minimum, $150.00-$160.00 a metric ton or
about $136.08-$145.15 a short ton f.o.b. plant
(93-94 percent digestible).

Due to the relatively high import duty,
Belgian imports of fish meal, which rose
sharply during 1960, have now declined to an
extremely low level. Belgium importers of
fish meal and manufacturers of feedstuffs
prefer to adopt an expectant attitude in the
hope that the Belgian Government will re-
vise the decree on the special import duty.
It is rumored that the Government contem-~
plates reducing the import duty on fish meal
from the present $40.00 per metric ton to
$20.00 per metric ton ($18.14 a short ton),
according to the United States Consulate in
Antwerp, June 14, 1961.

OK ok ok Ok

Vol. 23, No. 8

CONSUMPTION OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1960:

Belgium's apparent total consumption of

fish and shellfish in 1960 remained about the
same as during 1959. The principal demand
was as usual for fresh groundfish which ac-
counted for about 40 percent of total consump-
tion of fishery products. There was an ap-
preciable increase in the consumption of can-
ned shellfish, but the total demand for canned
fishery products remained relatively low be-
cause of the population's preference for fresh

Belgian = of Fish and Shellfish, 1960

a BES ee
Herring ...
Sprati galerie
Mackerel ..
Pilchards ..
Sardines ..
Salmon ee
Other sea fish _

1/9, 808.6 |10, 804.4
1/1, 347.4
1/3, 019.7

383.5 | 20,996.5

sae 239. 1
22,094.2

| Total shellfish . .|2726,698.5| _- | 2,387.9 | 29,086.4

reg aalacmale anlar
and shellfish, . «| 86, 353.5 |11, 350.6 | 17, 693.2 1115, 397.3

1/Used mostly for canning.

2/Used mostly for fresh consumption.

Note: Actual consumption figures are not available in Belgium.
These statistics have been compiled on the basis of total land-
ings plus imports minus exports for "fresh" fish and shellfish, _
and imports minus exports for prepared and canned fishery prod-
ucts.

fish. The consumption of shrimp experienced
a notable decrease, principally due to a sub-
stantial drop in total Belgian landings. (Unit-
ed States Consulate, Antwerp, May 10, 1961.)

Brazil

TUNA FISHING BY BRAZILIAN VESSELS:

The March 1961 issue of the Review (p.
46) contained a news item indicating that on
December 20, 1960, the first tuna caught by
a Brazilian vessel was landed at Santos.
Actually, the article should have indicated
this was the first large-scale venture. The
Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento do
Nordeste, an agency of the Brazilian Govern-
ment, has written us that the information in
the article cited above was not completely
accurate.

August 1961

Brazil (Contd.):

The Agency letter points out that Brazilian,
long-line tuna fishing, although on a small
scale, has been conducted and developing a-
round Recife for the past three years. Usu-
ally boats stay out from 6 to 10 days per trip.

Brazilian tuna fishermen sell their prod-
uct locally. There are at present 8 boats (39
to 66 feet long) employed in tuna fishing, in-
cluding 2 from Escola de Pesca Tamandare,
a short distance south of Recife. One of the
boats of this Government school has this year
landed a trip of four 440-pound tuna among a
total catch of almost 2 metric tons. Also,
small sail boats fishing for tuna are tradi-
tional from the State of Rio Grande-do Norte
to Pernambuco,

The principal contribution to the Brazilian
tuna market is the result, of course, of land-
ings by two Japanese fishing companies op-
erating from Recife and Santos, according to
the letter.

kK ok ok

SAO PAULO FISHING INDUSTRY:

A total of 9 foreign and 225 domestic fishing vessels are
registered at Santos, Sao Paulo. The vessels operate not
only from the port of Santos, but also out of Ubatuba, Iguape,
Registro, Itanhaem, Peruibe, and Sao Sebastiao.

A Japanese firm is the only foreign company in the State
of Sao Paulo, The firm owns and operates a fleet of 8 trawlers
and 1 purse-seiner. These vessels are modern and well e-
quipped, and are equipped with motors. of 300 to 500 hp.
Their fishing trips, which range from northeast to south
Brazil, last from-12 to 25 days. The Japanese firm’s vessels
fish mainly for tuna, ‘‘cod,’’ ‘‘weakfish,’’ and groupers.

The Japanese firm is one of the three Japanese fishing
companies which were especially authorized by the Federal
Government in 1957 to operate out of Brazilian ports with
all-Japanese crews. As the Brazilian Fishing Code requires
that two-thirds of the crews and all masters be Brazilian
nationals, the Government authorization was valid for only
two years. The authorization has since been renewed for
another two years (ending during the second half of 1961).

Domestic vessels include: (1) A total of 57 ‘‘parelinha
sola sol’’--small vessels of some 25 to 35 feet in length,
‘made of hollowed logs, seating 8 to 10 fishermen, and using
outboard motors of 25 to 80 hp. The parelinhas operate in
pairs and drag a net between them. They fish mainly for sar-
dines. They are used in coastal waters only. As their name
indicates, they go out at dawn and return to port by sunset,

(2) A total of 39 purse-seiners, which are larger vessels,
of 45 to 65 feet in length, usually with decks or half-decks,
manned by a crew of 10 to 15 fishermen, and equipped with
motors of 150 to 220 hp. The purse-seiners are generally out
of port for 4 or 5 days,

(3) A total of 117 small trawlers, of about the same size
as the purse-seiners; and 12 large trawlers, of 70 to 100 feet
in length, manned by a crew of 15 to 20 fishermen, and e-
quipped with motors of 250 to 450 hp.

The domestic vessels are 12 to 30 years old and their
motors 8 to 10 years old.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

The fish catch is broken down into three categories:
Popular, special, first-class, Total fish production in Sao
Paulo in 1960 was approximately 67 percent popular, 24
percent special, and 9 percent first-class. Popular species
include sardines, dogfish, swordfish, catfish, mackerel,
croakers, rays, and small groupers., Major special species
are large dogfish, small shrimp, mullet, sea trout, and tuna.
First-class species are large shrimp, prime shark cuts,
spiny lobsters, ‘‘cod,’’ ‘‘weakfish,’’ dolphin (Coryphaena
hippirus), large groupers, snooks, and jewfish.

The only fish processed on an industrial scale are sar-
dines, which represent approximately 40 percent of the
popular species of fish sold on the Sao Paulo consumer mar-
kets. Approximately 15 percent of the sardine catch is sold
to 5 canning factories which sell their product on the Sao
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro markets and in towns in the in-
terior of the State, as well as in the States of.Minas Gerais,
Goias, Mato Grosso, and Parana,

Research work on the canning of ‘‘manjuba’’ (sand smelts),
carried out jointly by the Sao Paulo and Federal Government
at a pilot plant at Registro, is expected to lead to the industri-
alization of this species by the canning industry. So far, how-
ever, the project is still in its early stages and it may be some
years before canning on a commercial scale is undertaken,
(United States Consulate, Sao Paulo, May 12, 1961.)

British Guiana

WORLD BANK LOAN INCLUDES LENDING
PROGRAM FOR FISHING INDUSTRY:

The World Bank, with the participation of
two private banks, on June 23, 1961, madea
loan equivalent to $1.25 million to British Gui-
ana Credit Corporation with additional funds
for its lending program for farming, forestry,
animal husbandry, and fishing.

The British Guiana Credit Corporation is
the only institution providing development
credit for agriculture and industry in British
Guiana. It was established in 1954 along gen-
eral lines recommended by the General Sur-
vey Mission organized by the World Bank in
1953. Its purpose is to promote economic de-
velopment through credits for agriculture, in-
dustry, forestry, fisheries, and rural and
urban housing. Its capital is provided by the
Government in the form of advances with no
fixed repayment date.

Funds from the World Bank loan will be
used for agricultural development credits
and will provide the foreign exchange needed
for imports. Credits will be made for the
purchase of machinery to further mechanized
farming; breeding stock; fencing and other
materials and equipment for dairying-and
poultry farming; equipment and materials for
the construction and improvement of rice
mills and of plants processing other agricul-

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

British Guiana (Contd.):

tural products, for the expansion of logging
operations and sawmills, and of marine and
river fisheries.

The Bank loan is for a term of 8 years
and bears interest of 5% percent annually
including the 1-percent commission which
is allocated to the Bank's Special Reserve.
Amortization will begin November 1, 1963.
The loan is guaranteed by the United King-
dom.

Canada

GOVERNMENT PROPOSES TO INCREASE
ASSISTANCE FOR CONSTRUCTION
OF FISHING VESSELS:

On May 12, 1961, the Canadian Govern-
ment announced a program to assist in the
modernization of its fishing fleet. A pro-
posed capital subsidy of 50 percent of ap-
proved costs will be paid for those costs in-
curred after May 12, 1961, towards the con-
struction in Canada of steel fishing trawlers
where the new trawler will replace one old
vessel, which will then be withdrawn from
service. In addition, the present special as-
sistance of up to $165 per gross ton payable
toward the cost of construction in Canada of
wooden fishing vessels over 45 feet inlength
will-be increased to $250 per gross ton.

In the case of all vessels currently under
construction, the new assistance will apply
only to work which may actually be carried
out from May 12, 1961, and not to construc-
tion work performed before that date. The
methods of determining approved costs will
be prescribed by regulations yet to be an-
nounced. The regulations will include the
proportion of non-Canadian content to be in-
cluded in costs eligible for subsidies, (Unit-
ed States Embassy, Ottawa, May 17, 1961.)

oe) Sk (Sk: sk oe
LARGE TRAWLERS ON
ATLANTIC COAST STILL RESTRICTED
TO FISHING BEYOND TWELVE MILES:

Until zones have been designated off Can-
ada's Maritime provinces where large Cana-
dian fishing trawlers can operate to within
the three-mile limit, they are still required
to stay beyond 12 miles, the Canadian Fish-
eries Minister announced on June 2, 1961.

Vol. 23, No. 8

The amendments to the Canadian Fisheries
Act (Bill C-86) passed the House of Commons,
received the third reading in the Senate, and
Royal Assent on June 1, 1961.

In clarifying the first‘’major amendment to
the Fisheries Act since 1932, the Minister
pointed out that until the zones have been de-
fined and published in the Canada Gazette, the
large Canadian fishing vessels are still pro-
hibited from fishing closer to shore than 12
miles. The Minister made it clear that the
interests of local fishermen would be consid-
ered when certain zones are established al-
lowing large trawlers to operate in areas be-
tween 3 and 12 miles from the coast of the
Maritime or Atlantic Coast provinces.

1K OK OK OK XS

PRICES FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
HERRING OIL DELIVERED AT
TORONTO, APRIL 1961:

The following prices for British Columbia
herring oil delivered at Toronto, Canada,
were furnished on June 2, 1961, by the United
States Foreign Agricultural Service in Otta-
wa: In Canadian cents per pound: 1960: Jan-
uary 8.58; February 8.32; March 8.25; Octo-
ber, November, and December 8.93. 1961:
January 9.07; February 9.57;. March 9.67;
and April 9.92.

The prices in April 1961 for British Co-
lumbia herring oil delivered at Toronto,
Canada, amounted to 9.92 Canadian cents a

3

Working from boats in a circle, sardine fishermen of Black's Har-
bour, New Brunswick, Canada, take up the slack in the net to
make it easier to brail out the fish.

August 1961

Canada (Contd.):

pound as compared with the price of 9.67
cents in March this year. Since the start
of the 1960/61 British Columbia herring
fishing season, prices have advanced about
11.1 percent from the 8.93 cents a pound for
sales made in October-December 1960 and
wereup.close to 20.2 percent from the
March 1960 price of 8.25 cents a pound.
(United States Embassy, Ottawa, June 2,
1961.)

Kose ok ok ook

NEW BRUNSWICK FISH MEAL
PRICES, JUNE 1961:

Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick producers early in
June 1961 averaged about C$114 a short ton
($1.90 a protein unit) for both exports and
domestic sales. Due to short supply and good
demand, fish-meal prices have advanced
steadily since May and as of early June were
up about $12.00 a ton from the $102 a ton
($1.70 a protein unit) quoted by producers in
mid-May this year. (United States Consulate,
St. John, June 20, 1961.)

E0305 0 Me
icbasict secon

NEW OCEAN RESEARCH VESSEL
FOR NORTH PACIFIC:

Canada has awarded a contract for the
construction of an ocean-going research ves-
sel to operate in North Pacific waters to a
British Columbia shipyard. To be namedthe
G. B. Reed, after a former chairman of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, the 177-
foot vessel will be the newest addition to the
fleet of the Board, the scientific arm of the
Canadian Department of Fisheries.

The new vessel will cost C$1,786,817, and
will be a sistership to the Board's deep-sea
research vessel A. T. Cameron which was
launched in May 1958, and operates in the
Northwest Atlantic.

The G. B. Reed will be, in essence, a
floating scientific laboratory and her facili-
ties will incorporate the latest developments
in fisheries research vessel design. She will
have ample laboratory space and the most
up-to-date equipment to enable scientists
sailing on her to carry out all aspects of
scientific research related to Canada's Pa-
cific fish stocks. Such research programs
are essential not only for the conservation

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

and development of these fish stocks but also
to meet Canada's commitments in high-seas
investigation under the International North
Pacific Fisheries Commission,

The vessel, the hull of which will be of
welded steel construction, will be propelled
by a Single modern marine Diesel engine
capable of a cruising speed of 12 knots.
She will be able to cruise for 8,500 miles
without refueling, and will carry a comple-
ment of 36, including scientists.

The G. B. Reed will be equipped for fish-
eries research purposes employing bottom
and mid-water trawls, gill nets, long lines,
and other specialized fishing gear as well as
winches and rigging for conventional oceano-
graphic survey operations.

Refrigerated holds and dry storage will be
provided and will enable the vessel to remain
at sea for a period of six weeks. Navigation-
al equipment will include radar and echo-
sounders. (Facts on Fish, May 1961.)

Curacao

NETHERLANDS APPROVES
ESTABLISHMENT OF
JAPANESE FISHING BASE:

The Netherlands Government has announced
through its Embassy in Tokyo that a Japanese
fishing company's plans to use Curacao in the
Caribbean Sea for an overseas fishing base
will be approved. The possibility of the plans
materializing was strengthened with the pro-
spects of the Japanese Fishery Agency giving
permission for the establishment of the base.

The Netherlands Government is said to be
welcoming the Japanese firm's plans thatare
in keeping with its policy of fostering new in-
dustries. The Netherlands side has concluded
with the company an agreement to lease about
6 acres of land and begin the establishment of
a large fishing base. The Japanese firm plans
to store fish landed by Japanese tuna vessels
fishing in the Atlantic and prepare the fishfor
export to the United States and Europe. At the
same time, it will export for other producers
and also buy tuna. By careful handling and
storing of fresh fish, the firm hopes to pre-
vent claim problems on exported tuna.

Some US$555,556 will be invested in the
base, and to establish a cold-storage facility

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Curacao (Contd.):

of 1,500 tons and a fish ham-fish sausage
manufacturing plant of a small size toutilize
the fish that are not suitable for export.

Yearly landings of some 10,000 metric
tons and one-twentieth of the total tuna ex-
ports, including canned goods, will be the
firm's production goal. Cristobal, Canal
Zone, where Japanese tuna vessels dock at
present, is too far from the fishing grounds,
and while Curacao has 15-16 foreign vessels
constantly at anchor, only a few ships are at
Cristobal, making it difficult to load the fish
for shipment when they are landed. Even on
this score, Curacao has a promising future
as an overseas fishing base with free access
to carriers. (Fisheries Economic News,

June 7, 1961.)

Czechoslovakia

JAPANESE FIRMS DELIVER
FROZEN TUNA:

Two Japanese fishing companies planned
to deliver a total of 1,050 metric tons of fro-
zen tuna to Czechoslovakia. The announce-
ment that Japan had concluded a frozen tuna
trade agreement with Czechoslovakia was
made in April 1961. One Japanese firm ex-
pected to deliver 600 metric tons of frozen
tuna to Czechoslovakia in late June 1961.
This shipment was to be transshipped from
Monrovia, Liberia, by carrier vessel and
delivered to Hamburg, Germany, and then
shipped by rail to Prague, Czechoslovakia.
The other Japanese firm expected to ship
450 metric tons of frozen tuna to Czechoslo-
vakia in late July. This shipment was to be
hauled directly to Hamburg by fishing ves-
sels. A Japanese trading corporation lo-
cated in Hamburg was to handle both trans-
actions.

Negotiations for future deliveries of fro-
zen tuna are reported to be under way, al-
though Czechoslovakia will not commit her-
self to any future purchase until she has
examined the above-mentioned shipments.
Should they prove satisfactory, Czechoslo-
vakia has indicated that she may stop im-
porting frozen tuna from Norway (present
imports from Norway are given as 4,000 to
5,000 tons) and shall purchase tuna from
Japan instead. According to an official of
one of the Japanese firms, his firm has ac-

Vol. 23, No. 8

cepted malt in exchange for the frozen tuna.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 31, 1961.)

fay

Denmark

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY BYPRODUCTS EXPORTS,
MARCH 1961:

Denmark’s exports of fresh and frozen fish fillets and
blocks during March 1961 amounted to 7.7 million pounds,
an increase of 2.5 million pounds as compared with March
1960 exports. Of this total, 2.7 million pounds (principally
frozen cod fillets and blocks) were shipped to the United
States,

In the first quarter of 1961, Denmark shipped slightly
over 4,4 million pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks
(almost entirely cod and related species) to the United
States.

Total exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks
from Denmark in the first 3 months of 1961 totaled 19.1
million pounds, or 8 million pounds more than the com=-
parable period in 1960. Exports of fillets and blocks of
cod and related species during the first three months of
1961 were up 50 percent, and flounder and sole increased
55 percent as compared to the same period in 1960. Near-
ly 3 million pounds of herring fillets were-exported in the
first three months of 1961, compared with only a small
quantity in the first.three months of 1960.

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks, and Fishery Byproducts, January-March 1961

March |January~ March
| 1961 | 1960 1961 1960

Product

Fillets and blocks:
Cod and related species
Flounder and sole....

Fish meal, fish solubles,
and similar products
1/Includes herring fillets.
Note: Shipments from the Farve Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not|
included.

In March 1961, Denmark's exports of 4,741 tons of fish
meal, fish solubles, and similar products were more than
double the quantity shipped in March 1960. Exports of fish-
ery byproducts for the first quarter of 1961 were 47 per-
cent more than in the comparable period of 1960.

KOK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES PRICES,
MAYol=6 e196ii:

During the week ending May 6, 1961, ex-
port prices for Danish herring meal were
quoted at 850-960 kroner a metric ton
(US$111.81-126.28 a short ton) f.o.b. Esbjerg.
Demand for Danish herring meal has beenin-

August 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

creasing, due mainly to the failure of the
Norwegian winter herring fishery.

Light sales of fish solubles averaged only
490 kroner a metric ton ($64.46 a short ton).
This price represents a substantial decrease
from an early April price of about $94.06 a
short ton. (United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen, May 23, 1961.)

steno ate fase
2K OK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL PLANTS
WIDELY DISTRIBUTED:

A Danish manufacturer in Esbjerg has
delivered 24 complete fish meal plants,
Dansk Fiskeritidende (a fishery trade peri-
odical) reported on May 19, 1961. Eleven
are in operation in Europe, 5 in Africa, 2 in
Turkey, 3 in the Far East, 1 in Mexico, and
2 in South America. The most recent orders
are for 2 plants for the Philippines and 1 for
Nigeria. The cost per plant is about 250,000
Danish kroner (US$36,100).

A Copenhagen manufacturer has made five:
fish meal plants for Japan. They are to be
installed in factoryships and will utilize the
catch of 25 small trawlers.

East Africa

STUDY OF ROCK COD SPECIES:

The 35 species of rock cod in the Indian
Ocean off Kenya and Tanganyika are being
studied by the senior scientific officer of
the East African Marine Fisheries Research
Organization at Zanzibar.

The purpose of the study is to identify the
rock cods, Serranidae. Along the East Afri-
can coast some 35 varieties are caught and
sold in the local markets. The fish average
20 to 40 pounds each;

The job is to identify the commercially
important species, and because so far no
one knows just what they are, he catches
them from the Research Organization's ves-
sel Manihine, and then in the laboratory
examines them to see what they have
been feeding on and their breeding con-
dition.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

The study in March 1961 was focused on
the fishing potential of the North Kenya Banks,
which are about 40 miles long and 30 miles
wide, with a steep valley separating the south-
west part, and probably composed of alluvial
soil swept from the Tana River centuries ago.
They may prove to be a very valuable and
quite new source of fish food for Africa. (The
African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review, April 1961.)

BAIT FISHING BY
FOREIGN VESSELS PROHIBITED:

A law prohibiting foreign vessels from
bait fishing off the coast of Ecuador was
signed by the President of Ecuador in May
1961 and will enter into effect when published
in the Registro Oficial, Bait fishing is pro-
hibited between Point Santa Elena, Guayas
Province, and Cape Pasado, Manabi Province.

Ecuador

An official of the Department of Fisheries,
Ministry of Development, has explained that
no distance into the ocean was mentioned in
the law since bait fishing is done within''about
three miles" of shore and, therefore, alleged-
ly does not involve the problem of territorial
waters.

France

MULTIPURPOSE SIXTY -FOOT
FISHING VESSEL:

The sardine purse-seine fishery of Lori-
ent, France, has found increasing difficulty
in obtaining a full crew for its vessels during
the summer season when a 60-foot vessel
normally carries a crew of 13-14 men. When
the season is over, the boats fit out for trawl-
ing or shellfish dredging with a crew of 6-7.

In an effort to overcome this problem, one
French company has introduced a new design,
which utilizes a ''power block" to haul the sar-
dine nets, and so cut crew requirements by
half. Two of these new vessels, whichare 52
ft. 9 in. in length, were to go into service in
May 1961. These represent the first of six.

The new vessels are built of steel instead
of the traditional wood, have a crew of 7 men,

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

France (Contd.):

and can make 6-day trips. A trawl winch,
mounted aft of the forward-placed wheel-
house, carries over 300 fathoms of warp.
Starboard gallows are fitted for trawling and
other gallows on the port quarter can be used
for dredging.

The fish hold has two insulated tanks of
refrigerated sea water with a total capacity
of 424 cubic feet. One of these could, it is
suggested, be used as a live-bait container
for tuna fishing by cutting out the cooling
system. The refrigerator compressor is
powered by the main engine, which will be
of 180 hp., or two engines of 80-90 hp. driv-
ing through a common gearbox.

The use of refrigeration is a new concept
for this fishery. Present vessels return to
port each day, regardless of their catch. On
the new vessels, the fish will be placed in
perforated aluminum containers before being
stored in the tanks; the total capacity will be
4 metric tons of fish. (World Fishing, May

1961.)
a

French Guiana

EXPANSION OF FISHING
INDUSTRY PLANNED:

An economic plan("Plan de Development
Economique de la Guyane Francaise") pub-
lished last year, includes plans for expand-
ing the fishing industry of French Guiana.

The coast off of French Guiana is rich in
untapped fish and shrimp resources. How-
ever, the fishing industry is primitive and
unorganized, French Guiana imports about
$90,000 worth of fish. To reduce this drain
on the country's economy and to realize the
export potential of the shrimp and fish, the
Plan proposes the modernization of the do-
mestic fishing industry and the encourage-
ment of heavy private capital investments
for large-scale exploitations. (United States
Consulate, Martinique, May 24, 1961.)

Vol. 23, No. 8

Gabon

FISH RESOURCES OFF COAST
REPORTED TO BE PLENTIFUL:
According to reports, fish are plentiful off
the coast of Gabon (formerly part of French
equatorial Africa), and the area is fished by
a number of Gabonese and Dahomey natives.
However, thus far the fishing, with one ex-
ception, has been for the domestic market.
The one exception is a Franco-Norwegian
whaling company, operating off the coast of
Gabon.

The processing of whales is done at the
company's facilities near Port-Gentil. This
Company began operations in 1949 and cap-
tured 4,000 whales in its first three seasons.
In 1952, the whales disappeared, and the
company was forced to suspend operations.
In 1959, the Government renewed the Com-
pany's permit for one year and authorized
the company to take 600 whales. The factory
near Port-Gentil resumed operation but, only
178 whales were taken during the entire year.
With the decline of the whaling industry,
oceanographic research is being conducted
with the hope that additional commercial fish-
ing possibilities may eventually be found.
(United States Embassy, Libreville, May 15,
1961.)

German Federal Republic

NEW STERN-TYPE FACTORYSHIP
TRAWLER RETURNS WITH RECORD TRIP:
The new West German stern-type factory-
ship trawler Henrich Kern, 1,244 gross tons,
returned from its maiden 37-day trip to West
Greenland's cod banks with a record catch,
according to the May 12, 1961, issue of Dansk

Fiskeritidende, a Danish fishery periodical.

It caught 900 metric tons of fish, of which
600 tons were processed on board into 220
metric tons of frozen fillets worth 300,000
marks (about US$75,000).

In addition, the trawler landed 4,250 boxes
(50 kilos or 110 pounds each) of iced fish
(mostly cod) at the auction, plus 1,410 sacks
of fish meal and 110 barrels of fish oil.

The skipper reported that the trawler
fished for some time in below zero weather
off Greenland and in the beginning was in the
company of 10 British and German trawlers.

August 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

A great advantage for the Henrich Kern was
that the catch immediately could be sent be-
low deck for processing.

Every half hour the trawl was hauled in
with a catch of 10 to 15 metric tons (22,000-
33,000 pounds) of cod, so that soon the crew
and filleting equipment could not keep up with
the catch. Thereafter, the trawler drifted
for 12 to 14 hours without fishing whilc
two watches worked on the catches. During
the end of the trip, the hold was filled with
215 tons of round fish in a period of four days
and six hours.

* kk KK

DIRECT LANDINGS BY SWEDISH
FISHERMEN REGULATED:

At a meeting some time ago between
Swedish and German fishery representatives
in Hamburg, the Germans requested that di-
rect landings of herring by Swedish fisher -
men be limited to fixed quantities in order to
protect the price structure.

The Swedish fishery representatives said
they were unable to comply with the request
as stated, but that they could through a sys-
tem whereby Swedish fishermen receive di-
rectives as to which German port to proceed
to for direct landings be able in the future to
prevent boats from landing herring in places
where the demand had already been met.
These directives are issued by the Vastkust-
fiskarnas Fiskforadling (West Coast Fisher -
men's Fish Processing) organization in Gote-
borg. They are the result of an agreement
reached with Swedish west coast trawler own-
ers whereby the Swedish boat teams give the
West Coast Fishermen's Fish Processing
organization at least 36-hour notice of their
intended landing port.

West Germany in late years has become
a very important sales area for Swedish-
caught North Sea herring. Cuxhaven is the
direct landing goal for most of the Swedish
fishermen, although landings are also made
in Hamburg and Bremen. (United States Con-
sulate, Goteborg, May 16, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ghana

SEINERS AND TRAWLERS ORDERED
FROM GREAT BRITAIN:

The Government of Ghana has signed in
Accra a contract for £1 million (US$2.8 mil-
lion) worth of seiners and trawlers to be built
in British shipyards. Six vessels are to be
built--four tuna purse-Seiners and two stern
trawlers.

The contract is scheduled to be completed
by April 1962, all vessels being constructed
on the hydroconic hull design after some
months of research and test by a British firm
in consultation with the Ghana Fisheries De-
partment.

A British shipyard firm has agreed totrain
in Britain a selected number of Ghanaians in
the steel shipbuilding industry during the pe-
riod of construction of the new fishing vessels.
The trained personnel will, on their return to
Ghana, form the nucleus of the repair and
maintenance staff for the vessels in operation.

The tuna purse-seiners will consist of
single-screw vessels, approximately 130 feet
over-all, each propelled by a single Diesel
engine of about 1,000 hp. with accommodations
for a crew of 18, including four single berth
cabins for officers and a spare two-berth
cabin for scientists, marine biologists, etc.,
who may accompany the vessel for research
work. Refrigeration machinery will be manu-
factured in Denmark, and the electrical gen-
erators will supply 440 v., 3 phase, 50 cycles,
a. c. power throughout, with suitable connec-
tions for shore supply to maintain refrigera-
tion, etc., when in port. The tuna purse-sein-
ers' equipment will be of United States de-
sign.

The stern-trawlers will be of similar di-
mensions and power but with the Unigan stern-
gantry arrangement. Many features are being
embodied for the handling and treatment of
the catches, including a large blast-freezing
plant.

Both the seiners and trawlers will have
fuel capacity to undertake long voyages at
comparatively high speeds. In the case of
the stern-trawlers, provision is made for
alternate types of fishing to take advantage
of the abundance of fish which occurs in Afri-
can coastal waters at certain times of the
year. Up-to-date navigational and fishing
aids will be provided.

64

Ghana (Contd.):

The first two vessels to be completed are
expected to commence fishing early in No-
vember 1961.

The vessels are intended to form the nu-
cleus of a state-owned fishing fleet. (The
Fishing News, May 12, 1961.)

Guatemala

JOINT JAPANESE-GUATEMALAN SHRIMP
FISHING COMPANY PLANNED:

A large Japanese exporting firm (major
tuna exporting company) hopes to establish
a joint shrimp fishing company in Guatemala,
The firm plans to send a fishing vessel tothe
Caribbean Sea off Guatemala in August or
September 1961 to conduct exploratory fish-
ing for shrimp for two months. Should this
operation be successful, the firm will then
proceed with its plans to establish a joint
firm, contributing 39 percent of the capital
outlay, and construct an ice plant and a 300-
ton capacity cold-storage plant.

According to available information, the
Guatemalan fishermen employ small fishing
boats with 2- to 3-mencrews, and catch an
average of 827 pounds of shrimp per vessel
per day. The local fishing boats make about
15 trips a month and land about US$2,500
worth of shrimp monthly. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, May 29, 1961.)

Editor's Note: One other Japanese trade
paper states that the Japanese firm will con-
tribute 49 percent of the capital. On Febru-

ary 18, a news release in The Suisan Tsushin

reported two Japanese firms were planning
to set up a Japanese-Guatemalan firm to fish
for shrimp off Central America. The report
had indicated the company was to start oper-
ating in April-May 1961, but no more has
been heard about this venture.

es .

Iceland

NEW TWELVE-MILE FISHING LIMITS
REGULATIONS ISSUED:

Government on March 11, 1961, issued
regulations relating to fishing (principally
trawling) in waters off Iceland. The regula-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

tions are applicable both to foreign and Ice-
landic vessels.

The new regulations are complicated, but
the basic points are:

(1) By drawing new base lines, the oldfish-
ery limits have been pushed seaward to in-
clude an area embracing 5,065 square kilo-
meters of fishing grounds on which trawling

is barred.

(2) No trawling operations are permitted
by vessels of any nation within the new closed
areas.

(3) Within the old 12-mile fishing limits
zone around Iceland, Icelandic trawlers can
continue the trawling operations they were
permitted under previous trawling regula-
tions, the most recent being those of August
29, 1958.

(4) The British obtained concessions to
trawl in certain pockets within the old 12-
mile Icelandic fishing limits. Under the new
March 11, 1961, regulations, Icelandic trawl-
ers are likewise permitted to trawl in those
areas made available to British vessels. Like
the British, the Icelanders can only trawl in
these pockets during specified times of the
year over the next three years.

Therefore, Icelandic trawlers have been
given all concessions for trawling within the
12-mile zone during the next three years
which the British trawlers obtained from the
fishery settlement. Icelandic trawlers re-
tained the rights they previously had for
trawling at certain places and times within
the old 12-mile zone, but like all other trawl-
ers, they are barred from the new protected
areas formed by pushing the base lines sea-
ward,

The Icelandic trawlers will have a smaller
area open to them after the three years are
up than before the British settlement, provid-
ing the regulations remain the same; Even
during the next three years they will be ina
less favorable position than before because
the new barred zones contain some of the
best fishing areas off Iceland.

Vessels of all other nations--those par-
ticularly concerned being Belgian and West
German--are also barred from fishing with-
in the new 12-mile fishing limits.

| The chief beneficiaries of the new regula-
| tions will be the smaller non-trawling Ice-

August 1961

Iceland (Contd.):

landic fishing vessels, as all trawling has
been prohibited within the rich base areas
off the southwest coast of Iceland. Only they
will be allowed to fish those areas. (United

States Embassy, Reykjavik, April 17, 1961.)
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p, 48.

ke KKK

ICELAND'S FISH PRODUCTION,
JANUARY -FEBRUARY 1961:

How Uetized pe

- (Metric Tons). .

504
52,074 58, 986

ES igesy includes shrimp--14 tons for freezing, and 30 tons for

KEKKX

FISHERY TRENDS, MAY 1961:

Although the main fishing season official-
ly ended May 11, 1961, a number of Icelandic
trawlers recently sailed for fishing grounds
off Greenland. The herring fishery con-
tinued sporadically, encouraged by higher
fish meal and oil prices. New shrimp
grounds were discovered off the northwest
tip of Iceland.

Fishing was almost entirely for Western
markets since no agreement has been
reached on ocean perch sales to the Soviet
Union. A reason for the departure of the
trawlers to Greenland waters was to put
them out of reach of impending strike action
at home. A full assessment of the main fish-
ing season has still to be made, but it was
obviously less profitable than that of 1960
and left a number of localities, particularly
the Westman Islands, in a worse position
than last year.

Despite the large number of ocean perch
to be caught off the coast of Newfoundland,
the Freezing Plants Corporation stopped
processing these fishin May and ordered the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

trawlers to stop the ocean perch fishery until
a 1961 sales contract was made with the Sov-
iet Union. On May 11, the daily Morgunbladid
(Conservative Party) stated that the price for
frozen perch should rise to compensate for
the decline in prices of fish meal.

KOK OK KOK

PRODUCTION OF PROCESSED
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1959-60:

Iceland's production of processed fishery
products and byproducts in 1960 amounted to
236,600 metric tons (521.6 million pounds),
valued at $55.5 million. As compared with
1959, this represented a decrease of 9 per-
cent on the basis of weight with a drop in
value of $10.8 million. The value of frozen
and cured fishery products was lower than
the previous year. The more pronounced
decline in value was for fishery byproducts
with a drop of nearly $8 million from the
previous year. The world market for fish
meal and oil was depressed in 1960, and af-
fected prices for Icelandic fishery byprod-
ucts. (See table on following page.)

Less fish was frozen in 1960 than the pre-
vious year. This was partly due to a short-
age of fish which confronted the Icelandic
trawler industry late in 1959, and which be-
came gradually worse in 1960. Frozen fillet
production was lower by 13 percent, and the
amount of herring frozen was 40 percent less
than in 1959. More fish waste, mainly used
for animal feeding, was frozen in 1960 than
the previous year.

Iceland's 1960 cured fish production de-
clined 11 percent when compared with 1959
principally due to the lower output of salted
herring. The drop in salted herring produc-
tion was mainly due to the larger proportion
of lean and inferior quality herring which was
processed into meal and oil. Stockfish pro-
duction in 1960 was up about 40 percent from
the previous year with a value increase of
$1.7 million.

The 1960 Icelandic fish meal and oil pro-
duction was 16 percent less than the previous
year. Less meal was processed from her-
ring, ocean perch, and fish fillet trimmings
and waste than in 1959.

Fish on ice landed abroad (United King-
dom and West Germany) directly by Icelandic
vessels in 1960 amounted to 27,800 metric
tons valued at $2.9 million. This was

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

Vol. 23, No. 8

Icelandic Production of Processed Fishery Products and Byproducts, 1959-60

Quanti

4
7
2
1
ot
3
0
3
6
8
6
i
8

Total Cred c/s igicid set | 63,9 2 Ja 71.8

w

2/0.5 3/0.

Value

2.2 58 3.5 92
720.9 18,972 751.0 19,763

2/21.3 2/561

3/21.7

oe ems
ANOUORNUORY

Total Miscellaneous. z 3 z
Grand Total _. . os s-2 2

1/Not shown.

2/Mostly unclass., includes 60 tons canned shrimp valued at US$135, 600.

3/Canned shrimp data not shown separately.
Note: Values converted at rate of 38 kronur eq

double the quantity landed abroad the previ-

ous year and the value was up $1.2 million.

Italy

JAPANESE FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS
WILL NOT BE TAXED UNTIL 1971:

The Italian Government, in response to
questions submitted by the Japanese Frozen
Food Exporters Association, announced that
Italy will not tax imports of Japanese frozen
tuna until 1971. The announcement did not
clarify what the Italian Government intends
to do after 1971. The Italian Government
also stated that in the future it will cooper-
ate with the Japanese Government on mat-
ters pertaining to the import of frozen tuna
to Italy. This message was relayed to Ja-

als US$1.00 in 1959 and 1960.

pan through the Italian Embassy in Tokyo.
(Shin Suisan Shimbun, May 22, 1961.)

KK KKK

PRODUCTION OF MARINE FISH
AND SHELLFISH, 1953-60:

Italy's landings of marine fish and shell-
fish in 1960 amounted to 188,100 metric tons
(414.7 million pounds). This was only slight-
ly below the 1959 landings, and held at about
the same average as during the years 1953-59.
The 1960 finfish catch accounted for 78 per-
cent of the total landings for that year while
shellfish (molluscs and crustaceans) account-
ed for the remainder. The sardine and mack-
erel harvest in 1960 comprised 40 percent
of the total fish landings. Tuna and tunalike
landings (not including those landed direct
by foreign fishing craft or reefer ships) in
1960 amounted to 1,393 tons, substantially
less than the 2,064 tons landed in 1959.

August 1961

Italy (Contd.):

Italy's Landings of Marine Fishery Products, 1953-1960

[aS Es Pie vo]
Sardines, Grand
Total | Anchovies, &| MoHuscs |Crustaceans | Total1/
Mackerel

(1, reer ee silelyelicl efere
188.1
189.5
185.9
186.7
195.3
° 194.8
69.3 194.6
69.1 189.1
1/Does not include sponge production; and quantities landed by
Italian fishing craft in foreign ports and quantities landed by
foreign fishing craft in Italian po

1960 .

58. 3
61.2
60.4
67.1
75.9
67.6

The 1960 total finfish landings of 146,000
tons did not change greatly since 1957, but
were 10 percent less than the 1953 finfish
catch. The mollusc catch in 1960 dropped
10 percent from the previous year but ex-
ceeded production for each of the years 1953
through 1957. (United States Embassy, Rome,

June 1961.)
@eey
© &

Japan

EXPORT TARGETS FOR
FISHERY PRODUCTS FOR 1961:

Japanese export targets for fishery prod-
ucts during 1961 were approved at a meeting
of the Agricultural-Fisheries Product Ex-
port Council held by the Ministry of Interna-
tional Trade and Industry (MITI). Approved
programs are to be submitted to the Highest
Export Council.

The value of 1961 export targets for fish-
ery and aquatic products other than canned
amounts to US$78,340,000; for all types of
canned products (including fish and shellfish)
$140, 930,000; and for whale oil $21,865,000.
Compared with 1960, the export target for
fishery products other than canned is up
$6,650,000, for all canned products itis
up $3,635,000, but for whale oil it is down
$1,570,000.

In order to achieve the targets, the Gov-
ernment is requested by the Council to con-
sider the (1) establishment of bases on the
Atlantic coast for frozen tuna, (2) a publicity
program in overseas markets for cultured
pearls, (3) accelerate imports of scallops
and keip from the Soviet Union, and (4) order-
ly measures for agar-agar imports from
Korea for export.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

The 1961 export targets for fishery and
aquatic products other than canned are: fro-
zen tuna $36,300,000, frozen broadbill sword-
fish $5,250,000, cultured pearls $27,270,000,
agar-agar $1,200,000, dried cuttlefish
$2,640,000, kelp $840,000, scallops $750,000,
and salted and dried fish $2,250,000. For can-
ned fishery products the targets are: tuna
$26,732,000, salmon and trout $54,145,000,
crab meat $11,821,000, sardines $6,220,000,
mackerel-pike $4,803,000, and horse-mack-
erel $3,608,000. For whale oil the target
is $21,865,000.

With regard to frozen tuna, the Council
asks bases be established in the Atlantic; also}
provide financing to adjust demand and supply.
For cultured pearls, the Council asks for a
study of overseas markets, strengthening of
publicity activities, together with an effort to
obtain long-term financing for production.

For salted dried products, the Council sug-
gest that dried cuttlefish be imported from
Korea, using similar procedures as for agar-
agar, for the purpose of re-export. Govern-
ment's appropriate guidance is wanted for
full execution of the Japan-Taiwan Trading
Agreement as to its trading plans. Consid-
eration is requested for import of Russian
scallops and kelp in view of domestic demand.

On canned products, the Council asks for
counter-measures to import restriction and
advancing import tariffs in the United States;
Government subsidy for continued publicity
to.stimulate demand and exhibitions overseas;
ask for a change in United States import quota
on canned tuna-in-brine to a country-by-coun-
try quota based on previous import records;
request increases in import quotas of canned
sardines and mackerel-pike by Southeast Asi-
atic countries, but particularly, Burma, In-
donesia, and Egypt; continue trading on the
basis of letter of credit; and reduce the price
of tinplate for manufacturing cans to the in-
ternational price level.

Also, in order to compete favorably in the
international market on whale oil, an effort
should be made to improve redemption ratio
on vessels, lower interest, and to secure mar-
kets for steady and permanent exports. (Sui-
san Keizai Shimbun, June 2, 1961.)

FISHERY AND MARINE PRODUCTS
EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES
DECLINE IN 1960:

The bulk of Japanese exports of fishery
and marine products to the United States in
1959-1960 was made up of fresh or frozen

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Conid.):

Japan's Exports of Selected Fishery and Marine Products
to the United States, 1959-60

1/Not available. E

tuna, But exporis of that commodity de-
creased from 65,482 metric tons valued at
US$19.5 million in 1959 to 64,924 tons
valued at US$19.0 million in 1960. Exports
of canned tuna were also off slightly. The
greatest decline, however, was in the ex-
ports of other canned fish which dropped
from 29,549 tons valued at US$23.8 million
in 1959 to 17,737 tons valued at US$14.0 mil-
lion in 1960 (see table). (United States Em-
bassy, Tokyo, May 22, 1961.) _

wee He
Sm or

JAPANESE FEEL TUNA FISHERY
MAY EVENTUALLY BE
REGULATED INTERNATIONALLY: |

The feeling is spreading in Japan that
there will come a time in the future when the
tuna fishery will be regulated on an interna-
tional basis, like the salmon, bottomfish, and
whale fisheries. This feeling is supported
by the fact that many more countries are now
engaged in tuna fishing or are interested in
engaging in tuna fishing, and the fact that the
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission,
which had been established to study the tuna
resource in the Eastern Pacific, is now re-
ported to be favoring the enactment of regu-
lations to control the Eastern Pacific tuna
fishery.

The Japanese National Federation of Tuna
Fisheries Cooperative Associations is con-
cerned over what appears to be a growing
trend in the world to establish regulations to
control the tuna fishery and hopes to have
this matter fully explored by the National
Tuna Research Council. The Federation
hopes to have the Council analyze trends
and developments in other countries, as well
as conditions of the tuna resource through-
out the world, for the purpose of clarifying
Japan's position in regards to the establish-

Vol. 23, No. 8

ment of international agreements to control
the tuna fishery. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 16, 1961.)
SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA

FISHING OFF JAPAN:

Fishing conditions in this year's summer
albacore tuna fishery offJapan in mid-May
were reported promising-:as compared with
the past three years. Landings of small alba-
core were becoming heavy as in 1956, a bump-
er catch year. However, the decline in the
number of vessels fishing--about 30 percent
less than last year--is expected to adversely
affect the season's catch. At last year's peak,
280 vessels were fishing, and this year a lit-
tle more than 200 vessels are expected to op-
erate.

The fishing ground as of mid-May was lo-
cated at 137°-144° E, longitude, 289-300 N.
latitude in the sea area south of the Kii Penin-
sula. Some 100 vessels were fishing the area.
Fish weighing 13-15 pounds (considered to be
extremely small) and medium 37-39 pound
fish were mixed in the catches. Ex-vessel
prices were down around $276 per ton be-
cause of lack of enthusiasm on the part of the
canners. Bait, which was scarce last year,
is abundant this season. (Suisan Tsushin,

May 15, 1961.)

Kk K KX

ALBACORE TUNA FISHING
REPORTED POOR:

Early in June albacore fishing off Ja-
pan was reported very poor. As of June 10,
1961, albacore landings at the two major Jap-
anese ports of Yaizu and Shimizu totaled
8,086 short tons. This was about 60 percent.
of the production of 13,282 short tons for the
same period last year.

The price of albacore gradually rose since
the start of the season and on June 10 the
price of albacore (28-pound size) was 128 to
131 yen per kilogram (US$322 to $330 ashort
ton), with practically all fish being used for
canning. In mid-May, albacore sold for 110
yen‘a kilogram ($277 a short ton). (Suisan
Tsushin, June 12, 1961.)

KeKEE

SKIPJACK TUNA FISHING IN FULL
SWING NEAR TOKYO:

On May 23 a total of 122 metric tons of
skipjack arrived at the Tokyo Central Market.

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

This was about two times as much as on pre-
vious days. Besides skipjack, 38 tons of
bluefin, 74 tons of yellowfin, and 80 tons of
big-eyed arrived at the market.

The striped tuna schools that had been de-
layed from appearing by the cold-water mass
which appeared just to the south of Kii Pen-
insula, suddenly began their northward move-
ment and the spearhead of the run arrived at
only 10 miles from the tip of Izu Peninsula.
As of May 24, a good fishing ground was re-
ported around 34° N, latitude, 139° E. longi-
tude. Vessels from the port of Shimoda in
one or two hours arrive in the fishing area,
but the capacity of each vessel is only 5 to
10 tons of skipjack. The skipjack on the To-
kyo market was caught two-thirds by seine
and only one-third by poles. Skipjack is
generally recognized as poled fish, but this
year's seine catches contradict this assump-
tion.

KEKE X

CATCH OF TUNA MOTHERSHIPS
IN SOUTH PACIFIC:

The two Japanese tuna motherships pres-
ently fishing in the South Pacific are reported
to have caught the following amounts of fish:

No. 3 Tenyo Mam
as of

Nojima Maru

ne 6 as of May 31

No. 3 Tenyo Maru early in June was fish-
ing in the area 10° S, latitude, 176° E. longi-
tude; Nojima Maru was fishing in the area
11°31' S. latitude, 174910' E. longitude.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 8, 1961.)

KOK OR OK OK

TUNA CANNERS PROPOSE LIFTING
OF LICENSING RESTRICTIONS ON
MEDIUM-CLASS TUNA VESSELS:

The Japanese Canned Tuna Packers As-
sociation is instigating a movement to have
the Japanese Fishery Agency remove the li-
cense restrictions on medium-class tuna
fishing vessels (vessels between 40 and 100
gross tons). At present, only tuna vessels
under 40 gross tons do not require fishing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

licenses. The Association hopes that by hav-
ing the restrictions on licenses removed more
vessels will enter the tuna fishery, resulting
in an increased supply of tuna. The canners
claim that liberalization of regulations per-
mitting larger tuna fishing vessels has brought
about a situation where there are now fewer
pole-and-line vessels in the 40- to 100-ton
size category, thereby contributing to the pres-
ent critical shortage of tuna in Japan.

The Fishery Agency opposes the proposal,
as does the National Federation of Tuna Co-
operatives Associations. Figures compiled
by the Cooperative Association show that the
pole-and-line tuna vessels have declined in
numbers since the peak years of 1952 and
1953 and presently total 348 vessels. Of
these, 140 vessels fall within the category of
medium-type vessels (40 to 100 gross tons).
The Association claims that an increase in
numbers of fishing vessels in the medium-
class will cause tuna prices to drop. For
this reason, it opposes the proposal by the
canners. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 31,
1961.)

OK OK KOK

THREE FISHING COMPANIES ASK TO
USE PURSE SEINES IN
ATLANTIC TUNA FISHERY:

Three Japanese fishing companies (all af-
filiated with one large fishery firm) filed ap-
plications with the Fisheries Agency for per-
mission to operate the American-type tuna
purse seines in the Atlantic fishery.

The Japanese have been studying the suc-
cess the United States fishing industry is hav-
ing purse-seining tuna in the coastal waters of
of California and off Central and South Ameri-
ca. The three companies intend to adopt the
purse-seine fishing method for skipjack and
other tuna fishing.

The plan presented calls for the construc-
tion of tuna purse-seine vessels of the 450-
ton class for tuna fishing off the west coast of
Africa and off the eastern coast of Central
America. According to the three companies‘
estimates, some 300 tons of tuna may be ex-
pected to be caught during one trip of some
40 days. Since the fishing grounds are far,
the catch will naturally be landed in Africa
or Central and South America. Sales to the
United States and European markets will be
handled entirely by the large fishery firm
with which the three companies are affilated
since they will be concerned only with fishing.

70

Japan (Contd.):

The Fisheries Agency has not indicated
its attitude towards the venture. The under-
taking is not without problems, according to
well-informed sources, particularly (1) as to
what extent success is assured of the Ameri-
can-type tuna purse-seining in the Atlantic
and it is realized that it can't be successful
if fish schools are scattered; (2) since new
vessels are being constructed, the initial in-
vestment will be large and failure will mean
a large loss. (Suisan Shimbun, May 30, 1961)

sk
co

* Ok
FISHING COMPANY PLANS
TUNA BASE IN CARIBBEAN AREA:

A large Japanese overseas fishing base
at Curacao, Lesser Antilles (island in Carib-
bean Sea north of Venezuela, which belongs
to the Netherlands), appears to be well on its
way to becoming a reality. On May 25, 1961,
a large Japanese company received word
from the Netherlands Government that it
fully supported the company's proposal and
hoped that the company would immediately
proceed with its plans. The company was
awaiting approval from the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency to start this undertaking. Ap-
proval was expected to be granted about mid-
June.

The port of Curacao is a one-industry oil-
refining town. The Netherlands Government
wants to bring in new industry and, for this
reason, is openly welcoming the plan to es-
tablish a Japanese fishing base at Curacao.

The Japanese company will lease more
than 215,000 square feet of land and invest
about 200 million yen (US$555,555) for the
construction of a 1,500-ton capacity cold-
storage plant, a small fish sausage plant,
and other base facilities. The base will be
used to handle tuna caught by Japanese fish-
ing vessels. Catch will be sorted at Curacao
for export to the United States and Europe.
Tuna unsuitable for export shall be used for
the production of fish sausages and fish hams.
Present plans call for landing about 10,000
metric tons of tuna per year at Curacao and
for this base to eventually produce about
one-twentieth of all Japanese tuna (including
canned tuna) for export.

At present Japanese fishing vessels are
using the port of Cristobal, Panama, but this
port is far from the tuna fishing grounds.
Also, since few foreign vessels call at Cris-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Volz: iNoss

tobal, it is not possible to ship out frozen tuna
immediately from this port. In this respect,
Curacao has no shipping difficulties since a
number of foreign ships call at Curacao.
(Suisan Keizei Shimbun, May 27, 1961.)

KOK OK KOK

REGULATIONS FOR EXPORTS OF
FROZEN ATLANTIC TUNA TO
EUROPE AND AFRICA:

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Association
in mid-May 1961 decided on the regulations on
frozen Atlantic tuna for export to Europe and
| Africa in 1961 (July-August).

There is little difference from the previous
year's regulations. For Europe and Africa,
the production quota for each vessel is 2 fish-
ing trips (up to 3 trips are possible for those
that are less than 150 tons). For Italy, the
top limit is 12,000 metric tons for the fixed-
base quota added to a quantity equivalent to
what is produced by one-half a trip per ves-
sel. For a new market the quota will be out-
side of the two-trip limit if approved by the
board of directors. (Suisan Tsushin, May 16,
1961.)

EXPORTERS DISCUSS EXPORTS OF
FROZEN TUNA TO EUROPE:

The Japanese Frozen Tuna Exporters As-
sociation met on June 13, 1961, to discuss the
amount of frozen tuna to be exported to Italy
in the second quarter (July to September),
frozen tuna exports to Czechoslovakia, and
the matter of sending a delegation to Italy to
negotiate changes in the present trade agree-
ment.

On the question of exports to Italy, the As-
sociation set an export target of 3,000 metric
tons of frozen tuna for July 1961. By agree-
ment, Japan is to export 30,000 metric tons
of frozen tuna to Italy in 1961 (April 1, 1961,
to March 31, 1962) and the Association sets
quarterly targets to meet that goal. The fish-
ing companies and exporting firms had sup-
plied figures as to the amount of fish they
could supply for the second quarter, but the
Association set an export target for July only,
and not for the entire quarter due to poor fish-
ing conditions. This matter of targets was to
be explored further at the next meeting sched-
uled for June 20.

Concerning the question of frozen tuna ex-
ports to Czechoslovakia, the Association dis-

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

cussed a letter from Czechoslovakia that
stated that Czechoslovakia would decide
whether or not to import additional Japanese
frozen tuna after first inspecting the initial
shipments of frozen tuna from Japan, which
were expected to be delivered sometime in
late June; that, if the quality of the initial
shipments was good, Czechoslovakia would
then import from Japan 2,500 to 3,000 metric
tons of frozen tuna which had previously been
imported from Norway.

On the subject concerning sending a dele-
gation to Italy to negotiate changes in the
trade agreement which Japan now has with
Italy, it was pointed out that Italy wants to
revise the clause in the present agreement
which states that Japan will not be respon-
sible for claims once a transaction has been
completed, although in practice Japan has
been adopting corrective measures whenever
claims were filed.

A Japanese delegation of four members
was selected to leave for Italy sometime a-
round mid-July to study the tuna situation in
Italy. The visit of this delegation was re-
quested by tuna buyers in Italy. One of the
problems that this group will explore in-
volves claims. (Suisan Keizei Shimbun, June
15, and Suisan Tsushin, June 20, 1961.)

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO
YUGOSLAVIA:

Japanese frozen tuna exports to Yugoslavia
are expected to total about 12,000 metric tons
in 1961. In 1960, frozen tuna exports to that
country amounted to 11,364 metric tons, or
approximately 18 percent of the 40,000 metric
tons of Atlantic Ocean tuna which was ex-
ported by Japan. The fish, mainly yellowfin,
sold for approximately $260 to $270 a metric
ton. These are c.i.f. prices and include five
percent commission. In mid-June it was re-
ported that there were two tuna buyers from
Yugoslavia in Japan. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 14, 1961.)
OVERSUPPLY OF ATLANTIC TUNA
THIS SUMMER NOT LIKELY:

The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Pack-
ers Association and Frozen Food Exporters
Association held a joint meeting on May 19,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

71

1961, to discuss the marketing situation of
frozen Atlantic tuna this summer. Ordinaril:
there is an oversupply of Atlantic Ocean tuna
in July and this meeting was convened to dis-
cuss measures of meeting the problem.

The joint committee takes the view that
there is not a great likelihood of an oversup-
ply of tuna occurring this year. Japanese
landings of tuna from the Atlantic Ocean fish-
ery as of May were about half of what they
were in 1960 for the same period. Due to the
poor fishing conditions, some of the vessels
normally engaged in the tuna fishery off West
Africa switched to other fishing grounds.

The price of Atlantic tuna as of May was
holding firm at about $280 a metric ton.
Should poor fishing continue, it is expected
that tuna (species unidentified) will sell for
$300 a metric ton towards fall. (Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, May 23, 1961.)

Se

TUNA SHORTAGE CREATING PROBLEM
FOR CANNERS AND EXPORTERS:

Tuna canners and frozen tuna exporters
in Japan continue to be plagued by the tuna
shortage. Frozen tuna exporters presently
cannot compete for the high-priced fish, and
canners, in order to maintain their export
quota which is annually allotted to each firm
on the basis of production, must pack tuna
even if it means operating in the red for a-
while. The high ex-vessel prices are proving
a great hardship on the smaller canners in
particular.

Fish sausage producers, on the other hand,
are reported to be able to pay higher prices
for tuna than tuna canners and still show a
margin of profit. They are said to be paying
as much as 130 yen a kilogram (US$330 a
short ton) for tuna, and the fact that they are
paying this high price is making it most dif-
ficult for tuna canners, not to mention frozen
tuna exporters, to compete for the raw sup-
ply. Some circles are requesting that meas -
ures be adopted to correct this situation.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, June 7, 1961.)

PROSPECTS FOR EXPORT OF FROZEN
TUNA TO RUSSIA APPEAR DIM:

The president of a large Japanese com-
pany flew to Moscow in early March 1961 to
consult with Soviet Government officials on

72

Japan (Conitd.):

the possibility of exporting Japanese frozen
tuna to the Soviet Union. He returned to To-
kyo in early May and stated that talks had
not reached’a stage where sales could be
made because there are problems connected
with exporting frozen tuna to the Soviet Union
inasmuch as the Soviet Government classifies
frozen tuna as a nonessential item. He added
that if Japan should agree to import items
such as petroleum, lumber, and iron ore
from the Soviet Union, it is possible that the
Soviet Union would allow the importation of
nonessential goods.

The food situation in the Soviet Union is
reported to have improved considerably and
marine products such as canned salmon and
canned saury are said to be found in many
of the Russian stores. The Soviet Govern-
ment is also reported to be encouraging the
consumption of marine products and-is re-
ported to be constructing tuna fishing ves-
sels. But hope is still held for exporting
Japanese frozen tuna to the Soviet Union
sometime in the future. (Suisan KeizaiShim-
bun, May 10, 1961.)

eee eH
i i i

ALBACORE TUNA SHORTAGE MAY
FORCE CANNERS TO PACK MORE
LIGHT-MEAT FOR EXPORT:

The 47 tuna-canning plants in Japan af-
filiated with the Canned Tuna Packers As-
sociation started to pack tuna in May 1961,
but the plants are reported to be faced with
a shortage of raw albacore tuna. The Asso-
ciation held a meeting on May 24 to discuss
ways and means of meeting this problem,
but did not arrive at any concrete plan. It
has requested the Japanese Fishery Agency
to study the problem.

In the latter part of May the f.o.b. prices
of canned tuna for export were $9.15 a case
for whitemeat and $6.80 a case for lightmeat.
The ratio of canned whitemeat to canned
lightmeat tuna for export purposes is not
fixed, and in. the past this ratio was about
2 to 1 in favor of lightmeat tuna, although
emphasis was placed on packing whitemeat
tuna since it brought a better price. Indus-
try seems to hold the view that it may now
have to switch to packing more lightmeat
tuna. due to the shortage of albacore. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, May 27, 1961.)

KK KK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

TUNA CANNERS IN SHIZUOKA INDICATE

OUTLOOK IS UNFAVORABLE:

The outlook for the tuna canning industry in the Shizuoka
area is considered unfavorable because of a drop in the
sales of canned tuna for export to the United States and a
number of difficult problems on materials, labor, and selling
policy. Albacore and skipjack tuna catches cannot be ex-
pected to increase much because of the decline in the number
of fishing vessels fishing seasonally for tuna off Japan.
Probably landings large enough to meet the requirements of
the canners cannot be expected.

The packing industry in Shizuoka Prefecture has been
growing with the packing of albacore, skipjack in summer,
and oranges in winter. In recent years, however, the year’s
production schedule has been disrupted by the continued poor
fishing for summer albacore,. Statistics on landings in Yaizu,
where more than ‘half of the summer albacore is landed,
show 8,500 tons landed in 1958, 5,500 tons in 1959, and 11,600
tons in 1960. The large landings of 15,000-20,000 tons in
1955 or thereabouts seem like unattainable goals.

The drop in landings is attributable to the seasonal and
unpredictable nature of the summer al]bacore fishing re-
source, Also in recent years, vessels fishing seasonally for
tuna have found it unprofitable and they have switched to
year-round fisheries. This reduced the number of vessels
fishing for albacore and was partly responsible for a further
drop in catch. For this reason, ex-vessel prices rose from
$251 per metric ton in 1958 to $301-$326 per ton. The rec-
ognized fact that the profit made on exports of canned prod-
ucts covered or offset the losses on domestic sales is no
longer true, since profits have shrunk to almost zero.

As of mid-May 1961 canned whitemeat tuna was exported
at $9.15 per case f.o.b, and, judging from market conditions,
it would not be desirable to raise the price even though the
ex-vessel price is high. It is considered absolutely essential
for the canners to maintain the present price in order to re-
tain the position of the Japanese products on the market. Con-
sequently, the packer is compelled to continue production at
the $9.15 price and he can afford to pay only around $276 per
ton for his raw tuna. Many in the industry feel that buying
raw tuna at a price high enough to make packing unprofitable
is unavoidable. Under the circumstances, the industry is
seriously studying how to reduce costs, Buying the raw fish
needed for canning cooperatively is again being considered,

a proposal which has been shelved for the past few years.
The objective is to get adequate fish and prevent an increase
in the ex-vessel price. The canners seem to be thinking a-
bout concluding a price agreement with the fishermen.

Obtaining adequate labor is also troubling canners. Up
to a few years ago, they were able to get the desired number
of workers, but recently, considerable difficulty has been ex-
perienced because the labor supply is dwindling. This is due
to the fact that food processors, including packers around
Yaizu and Shimizu, have increased in number and, at the
same time, the packers are in need of more workers to fully
utilize their expanded facilities. Also, a number of large in-
dustrial plants have sprung up which are siphoning off much
of the labor supply.

The industry is making an effort to lure the workers back
by modernizing its facilities and establishing a minimum
wage system, but the industry finds it impossible to compete
with the larger industries. The canners succeeded in obtain-
ing new graduates from schools this spring, but the number
was far short of what they needed. . They were still plagued
with lack of labor in mid~May as the peak in the canning
season was approaching.

Usually, May is the peak of the season, Last year,
200-300 metric tons of summer albacore per day were landed
at the Yaizu market beginning the latter part of April. This
year, however, their vanguard had not yet been seen and the
fishing season seemed to be late getting started. The packers
who had been packing other minor products, after finishing
with orange canning, were impatiently waiting for the be-
ginning of the summer albacore fishing. (Suisan Keizai

| Shimbun, May 12, 1961.)

OK KOK ®

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

STOCKS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE:

The Japan Export Canned Tuna Fisheries
Association announced late in May 1961 that
the stocks of canned tuna in brine on hand in
Japan as of March 31, 1961, amounted to
301,789 cases, of which 297,243 cases were
white tuna and 4,546 cases lightmeat tuna.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May 26, 1961.)

KK RR K

EXPORT PRICES OF CANNED
TUNA IN BRINE RAISED:

The Japanese export price of canned tuna
in brine produced from skipjack will be
raised 50 cents a case, from $6.80 to $7.30
a case f.o.b. Japan. This new price was
agreed on at a meeting held between packers
and exporters on June 5, 1961. Thisincrease
applies to canned skipjack only. On June 6,
canned tuna exporters submitted to the pack-
ers a proposal to increase the export price
on canned yellowfin in brine by 80 cents a
case.

Packers came out strongly for the in-
crease due to a shortage of skipjack tuna,
which has resulted in higher prices being
paid for that species. However, very little
skipjack has been canned since January of
this year and it will be interesting to see if
this price increase will stimulate the pro-
duction of canned skipjack. Depending on
production, this price may possibly be
changed again in the future.

The Tuna Standing Committee of the Ja-
panese Canned Food Exporters Association
held a meeting on June 6, 1961, to discuss
the next sale of canned tuna and raising the
export price of canned lightmeat tuna. The
Association drafted the following proposals
for submission to the tuna packers for their
approval:

1. Raise the export price (now about
$6.80 a case) of canned yellowfin tuna in
brine by 80 cents a case. However, the
sale of canned yellowfin at the next sale
(200,000 cases) of canned lightmeat tuna
for the period June to August would be
limited to a maximum of 100,000 cases,
with consideration being given to the sale
of large-size cans of canned yellowfin.

2. In addition to 150,000 cases of canned
whitemeat tuna, the Association will sell all

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

the canned lightmeat tuna (6,000 cases of
skipjack and 22,000 cases of yellowfin) pres-
ently held in stock by the joint sales company.
Also, canned skipjack will be sold as sup-
plies become available.

Although the market in the United States
for Japanese canned tuna in brine seemed to
be fairly firm as of early June, prices for
United States-packed canned tuna in oil have
shown no tendency to rise. Therefore, Ja-
panese trading firms are inclined not toraise
the price of the Japanese pack by $1.50 acase
as asked by the canners.

Canned tuna exporters met again on June
12 to discuss ways of marketing canned skip-
jack and canned yellowfin under the new prices
since both products are sold as lightmeat tuna
and it is not possible to differentiate between
them, Agreement was reached at this meet-
ing to consider 7-ounce cans of lightmeat tuna
as being made wholly from skipjack and 13-
ounce and 4-pound cans of lightmeat tuna as
being a mixture of yellowfin and skipjack.
Definite prices for the different sizes of light-
meat tuna have not been made public as yet,
but the exporters will include this informa-
tion in the proposal which they will submit
to the joint sales company. The proposed
prices will affect only the 200,000 cases of
canned lightmeat tuna in brine to be offered
between the period June to August 1961.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 6, 7, and 13, 1961, and

Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 8, 1961.)

OK ROK OK

CANNED TUNA SUPPLY REPORTED LOW:

The shortage of tuna in Japan appears to
be getting more serious. On May 8, 1961,
four members of the Export Canned Tuna
Packers Association called on the Japanese
Fishery Agency to request that a part of the
increase of 9,300 metric tons of tuna given
to the tuna mothership companies be allotted
for the production of canned tuna. Earlier
the Japan Fish Sausage Association had ap-
proached the Fishery Agency and requested
that 80 percent of the increase in the tuna
mothership catch quota be allotted for the
production of fish sausages. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 10, 1961.)

KOR KOR OK

CANNED SARDINES NOT BEING
OFFERED TO PHILIPPINES:

The National Marketing Corporation
(NAMARCO) of the Philippine Government

74

Japan (Contd.):

planned to hold the second quarterly bid open-
ing for canned sardines in mid-June 1961,

but Japan will not be tendering any offers for
three reasons: (1) Instability of the Japanese
sardine fishery this year. Japan is not con-
fident that a sufficient supply of sardines will
be available. (2) The embossed label restric-
tion which prevents Japan from going into
production before a contract is agreed upon.
(3) The belief that Japan will be able to sell
canned sardines to other countries. This
belief seems to be influenced by the unhappy
experience Japan had with NAMARCO over
claims.

On the other hand, some quarters in Japan
are suggesting that Japan should perhaps
tender offers at about the same price as the
United States. In the past, Japan offered can-
ned sardines at $7.00 to $8.00 a case; the
United States $10 to $10.50 a case.

Rumors are spreading that NAMARCO
may stop accepting further bids from the
Union of South Africa. Also, the Philippine
Central Bank is reported to be considering
a proposal to reject license applications to
import South African products. It appears
that the African-Asian bloc of nations which
strongly opposes the apartheid policy of the
Union of South Africa is advocating the adop-
tion of these measures.

The Philippine Islands is a leading im-
porter of South African canned sardines.
Statistics show that the Philippine Islands
imported approximately 500,000 cases of
canned sardines from South Africa in 1959,
or roughly one-third of South Africa's total
export of canned sardines. In 1960, the
Philippine Islands is estimated to have im-
ported a greater amount of canned sardines
from South Africa on a percentage basis,
since such countries as Ghana, Malaya, and
Burma, which previously imported large
amounts of South African canned sardines,
began to boycott South African products in
1960. (Suisan Tsushin, June 15, 1961.)

See kk
Serpe tases ite

STANDARDS FOR MANY CANNED.
FISHERY PRODUCTS PLANNED:

The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry on May 20 announced new Japanese
agricultural standards for 21 canned aquatic
products made of six species such as skip-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

jack tuna, other tuna, horse-mackerel, sar-
dine, mackerel-pike, and mackerel. The pur-
pose for establishing the standards is to as-
sure a uniform quality for exports. The date
when the standards go into effect is expected
to be after August 1961. The Ministry also
plans to establish standards for canned orange,
salmon, and trout, and crab meat in the near
future. Standards for three canned whale meat
products were established not long ago.

The standards for canned aquatic products
are similar to those issued for canned meat
products. Standards provide that (a) labeling
which misrepresents the contents is pro-
hibited; (b) the label should clearly state the
species, the type and size of the contents, in-
cluding the seasonings used; (c) the label
should clearly state the name of the product,
weight of the contents and over-all weight,
and the percentage of each major ingredient
used, and should contain the standards shield.

The standards for aquatic products differ
from those for meat products. For aquatic
products: (1) names of the kind of product
and brand are not required to be shown to-
gether but should be clearly shown; (2) no
designation need be made of the weight of
solid contents of sardines in oil and various
products canned in water, but solid contents
must be more than 80 percent of the total
weight of the contents; (3) in case of tuna in
oil, it should be identified as to whether it is
white or light meat.

The 21 canned marine products which are
to be covered by standards are: tuna in oil,
skipjack in oil, seasoned tuna in oil, seasoned
skipjack in oil, tuna in vegetables, skipjack in
vegetables, Pacific mackerel natural, Pacific
mackerel seasoned, Pacific mackerel in soy-
bean paste, sardines in oil, sardines natural,
sardines seasoned, sardines broiled, sardines
in tomato sauce, saury natural, saury sea-
soned, saury broiled, saury in tomato sauce,
jack mackerel natural, jack mackerel sea-
soned, and jack mackerel in tomato sauce.
(The Suisan Tsushin, May 29, 1961, Shin Suisan
Shimbun, May 22, 1961.)

Note: Japanese make a distinction between skipjack, albacore,

and other species of tuna.
eyed, and bluefin,

"Tuna" includes yellowfin, big-

SMALL FISH-CANNING COMPANIES TO BE
ACQUIRED BY LARGE FIRMS:

The large fishing companies and commer-
cial houses in Japan are reported to be push-

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

ing ahead with plans to control the smaller
fish-canning companies for the purpose of
increasing the production and consumption
of their own brands. In this regard, the large
fishing companies, which started to expand
their marketing activities on a nation-wide
scale since last year, are reported to have
succeeded in limiting the number of different
brands appearing on the market. To meet
this competition, the large commercial
houses, which own well-known brands and
have excellent sales networks in Japan as
well as in foreign countries, are reported

to be seeking new tie-ups with the smaller
fish-canning companies to protect their name
brands and to acquire supplies. This com-
petition within Japan has served to focus at-
tention on the need of consolidating brands
for the export market, such as in the United
States, to meet the competition of other for-
eign products.

The above trend gained momentum last
year following the poor tuna fishing season,
and has been further accelerated this year
due to the continuing poor season. Many
smaller packers, in order to maintain their
export quota which is allotted to them on the
basis of production, have had to remain in
production despite operating in the red. To

continue operations, they obtained loans from |

the large fishing companies and commercial
houses to tide them over the successive poor
seasons, and have found themselves compel-
led to tie-up with these larger firms, which
attached strings to the loans. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, June 17, 1961.)

STEEL COMPANY MAKES
CHROME-PLATED STEEL
SHEETS FOR CANS:

A Japanese iron and steel firm has suc-
ceeded in manufacturing chrome-plated thin
steel sheets for the manufacture of cans and
announced that it would put the product on
sale in October 1961. The characteristic of
the new product as compared with regular
tin plate is that the new product is cheaper
and resists corrosion. The manufacturing
technique is entirely Japanese and the com-
pany intends to apply for a patent in the
United States.

The price of the new product is expected
to be $194 per ton, compared with $250 per
ton for tin plate. The only difficulty with the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

new product is that it is harder to solder than
ordinary tin plate or galvanized steel sheets.

The Japanese, firm making the chrome-
plated steel sheets is one of the largest iron
and steel mills in Japan and was reported to
have succeeded in obtaining a loan of
$16,700,000 from the Import-Export Bank in
the United States recently. (Japanese news-
paper, June 5, 1961.)

se ok
Kk

se ok ok
*k Kk OK OK

PRODUCTION OF FISH
HAM AND SAUSAGES:

Japanese production of fish hams and sau-
sages for 1960 amounted to 85,442 metric tons,
compared with 64,670 tons in 1959--an in-
crease of 32 percent for 1960, according to
the Fish-Meat Ham and Sausage Society.
Judging from sales during January-May this
year, production is expected to amount to
more than 100,000 tons in 1961, 30 percent
more than 1960, according to estimates by
the largest companies producing these prod-
ucts. Nearly all large Japanese fishery com-
panies are engaged in processing fish hams
and sausages.

sk ok te sek
1K ok OK OOK

FISHERY AGENCY HOPES TO ESTABLISH
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES
ADVISORY GROUP:

The Japanese Fishery Agency hopes to es-
tablish a single body called the International

| Fisheries Policy Study Committee," which

would be staffed by experts from Government
and industry and concentrate on problems re-
lating to international fisheries. The primary
function of the International Fisheries Policy
Study Committee would be to study available
data on resources, inasmuch as all interna-
tional fisheries disputes involve the basic prob-
lem of resource, and make recommendations
to the Fishery Agency.

At the present time, problems concerning
international fisheries involving Japan on the
one hand and such countries as the Soviet
Union, China, Korea, etc., on the other, are
being handled by separate groups composed
of Government and industry members. Indus-
try members naturally express views with an
eye to their own company's welfare, whereas
the Fishery Agency is concerned with the wel-
fare of the nation as a whole.

The idea of establishing an International
Fisheries Policy Study Committee is not new.

76

Japan (Contd.):

Its formation had been considered in the past
but this was as far as it got due to difficulties
over policy and budget. It is likely that the
Ministry of Finance may contend that such
foreign activities are the responsibility of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and may be re-
luctant to allot funds to establish this activity.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 9, 19611.)

oN
Ss is i

SALMON OPERATIONS IN THE
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN:

On May 21, 1961, a total of 12 Japanese
salmon motherships accompanied by 410
catcher vessels departed from Hakodate and
Kushiro in northern Japan for the salmon
fishing grounds in the North Pacific Ocean
and Bering Sea. The salmon fleet left port
as soon as the Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission (Soviet Union and Japan) con-
cluded its fifth annual meeting at Tokyo on
May 21. The fishing fleets were due on the
fishing grounds about May 28 and were sched-
uled to operate until the end of the season on
August 10.

Japan's 1961 salmon quota in the Treaty
area will be 65,000 metric tons and the Japa-
nese Government has divided this quota as
follows: 53,600 metric tons to the salmon
mothership fleets and 11,400 metric tons to
the land-based gill-net fishing fleet operating
in the Treaty waters south of 489 N. No
salmon long liners are permitted to operate
in the Treaty area. The Soviet Union's 1961
salmon catch target is 80,000 metric tons.

As a result of the new fishing agreement,
Japan's salmon catch for this season is ex-
pected to be 65,000 tons inside and 70,000
tons outside the Treaty area for a total of
135,000 tons--4,500 tons less than last year.

se se ese ose
mR OK OE OAS OOK

SALMON MOTHERSHIP FLEETS IN NORTH
PACIFIC MAKE EXCELLENT CATCHES:

Early in June 1961, the Japanese salmon
mothership fleets in the North Pacific were
reported to be concentrated in the area South
of Attu Island and were said to be catching
an average of over 100 metric tons of salmon
per fleet per day. Red salmon of large size,
according to reports, made up the bulk of the
landings.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Volni23 Now

The Japanese salmon fleet departed port
two days later this year but was reported to
have exceeded last year's catch for the period
up to June 1.

Around June 9 the Japanese press reported
all 12 salmon motherships concentrated in the
area between 170°25! east and 180° and 49°
and 52° north. Catches were reported the
highest in the postwar period with an average
daily catch per fleet of 80 tons (evidently as
fleet continued fishing average dropped) as
compared to 65 tons in 1960. Catches were
composed of 60 percent red or sockeye salm-
on and about 40 percent chum, with only nomi-
al showings of pink. (United States Embassy,
Tokyo, June 9, 1961.)

se te Se sk oe
TK OK OK OK 3K

KING CRAB FLEETS IN NORTH PACIFIC
REPORT GOOD FISHING:

The Japanese king crab fleets operating in
the Okhotsk Sea and in Bristol Bay are re-
ported to be having excellent crab fishing.
All crab fleets are said to be averaging about
12 crabs per tan of tangle nets. The Okhotsk

Japanese King Crab Fleets' Production as of May 22, 1961

30.1
28.3

16, O21
18, 900

15, 483 30.2
Shirane Maru | 14,244 27.8

Bristol Bay i

Sea fleets have packed 25 percent of their
quota of 260,000 cases of canned crab meat
and the Tokei Maru (Bristol Bay) 45 percent
of its quota of 80,000 cases. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 26, 1961.)

HALIBUT CATCH TARGET OF 28
NORTH PACIFIC BOTTOMFISH FLEETS:
The halibut catch target of the 28 Japanese
bottomfish fleets scheduled to operate in the
North Pacific (of which 20 are already on the
fishing grounds) totals 47,000 metric tons.
This represents an increase well over six
times that of last year's catch of 7,200 metric
tons. Of this year's catch, about 2,000 to
3,000 tons of frozen halibut are expected to
be exported to the United States.

In 1960 the price of frozen halibut steaks
exported to the United States was 35-38 cents

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

a pound, c.i.f. delivery east coast of the
United States. In view of the much larger
production this year, the export price is ex-
pected tofallto 32-33 cents a pound. (Suisan
Tsushin, June 2, 1961.)

Editor's Note: Previous reports had an-
nounced the halibut catch target for 24 of the
28 fleets as 37,891 metric tons.

le le sk ye
wk OK OK

GOOD FISHING REPORTED BY SHRIMP
FACTORYSHIP IN NORTH PACIFIC:

A large Japanese fishing company's fac-
toryship Eijin Maru (7,400 gross tons) com-
menced shrimp fishing in the Bering Sea on
May 20, 1961. As of May 23, the Eijin Maru
packed 723 cases of canned shrimp, and 103
metric tons of frozen shrimp, and 21 tons of
other products. Eijin Maru was operating in
the vicinity of 579 N, latitude, 170° W. longi-
tude.

The factory ship is scheduled to fish and
pack for 130 days and is expected to return
to Japan in mid-October 1961. The produc-
tion target is 60,000 cases (48 7-oz. cans) of
canned shrimp and some 3,500 tons of frozen
shrimp, rockfish, Alaska pollock, and cod.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 26, and June 8,
1961.) i

sk se ok
I

NORTH PACIFIC BOTTOMFISH
FISHERY TRENDS AS OF MAY 22, 1961;

A large Japanese fishing company's stern
trawler, No. 50 Akebono Maru (1,470 gross
tons), operating in Aleutian Island waters was
reported to have caught 1,581 metric tons of
fish as of May 22, 1961. Catch by species
was: flatfish 1,062 metric tons, cod 37 tons,
Alaska pollock 267 tons, rockfish 82 tons,
shrimp 133 tons. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
May 28, 1961.)

4K OK OK Ok

FISHING COMPANY PLANS
EXPERIMENTAL TRAWLING OFF
KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA:

A large Japanese fishing company is plan-
ning to carry out experimental trawling off
Kodiak Island, south of the Alaskan Peninsu-
la. It is reported that the area has stocks of
halibut, shrimp, and silver cod. Last year
two other fishing companies, plus the one
planning to trawl this year, conducted indi-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW rer

vidual experimental trawling operations and
found that catch prospects were good.

This year's operation is expected to be on
a small scale, using 2 or 3 research vessels.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 31, 1961.)

ANOTHER COMPANY PLANS TRAWLING
OPERATION OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA:

A third Japanese fishing company plans to
participate in pelagic trawling beginning next
year in the Atlantic off the west coast of Africa.
The company will construct two large stern
trawlers of the 1,500-ton class. One of the
two will be completed'by the year-end and the
other by April 1962. At first, they will be
used for fishing off New Zealand and later for
development of fishing grounds off the north-
west coast of Australia prior to being sent to
the Atlantic off northwest Africa. Previously,
two other companies had announced plans for
trawling operations off northwest Africa.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 2, 1961.)

He OK OK OK OK
GOVERNMENT TO SUBSIDIZE
CONSTRUCTION OF TWO
COLD-STORAGE PLANTS:

The Japanese Government has launched a
four-year plan to subsidize the construction
of 12 cold-storage plants and facilities in Ja-
pan. To get this program started, the Japa-
nese Fishery Agency was allotteda budget of
100 million yen (US$277,777) for FY 1961
(April 1, 1961 to March 31, 1962). This sum
includes 97,500,000 yen ($270,833) for subsi-
dizing up to 30 percent of the construction of
two cold-storage plants and 2.5 million yen
($6,944) for subsidizing the construction of
refrigerated rail cars.

For 1961 the Fishery Agency has selected
the ports of Miyako (Iwate Prefecture) in
northern Japan and Fukuoka (Fukuoka Pre-
fecture) in southern Japan to receive this aid.
Miyako was selected to help stabilize its
saury fishery and Fukuoka was chosento as-
sist that city's mackerel fishery. Under the
Government-aid plan, in addition to financial
assistance to construct a freezing plant, Miya-
ko will get two refrigerated rail cars and
Fukuoka one. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, May
26, 1961.)

Kok kK OK

78

Japan (Contd.):

FISH MEAL PRICES,
JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

Average domestic wholesale and export
fish meal prices for January-April 1961
quoted by the Aquatic Oils Association of
Japan were as follows:

Japanese Average Fish Meal Prices, January-April 1961

Domestic
Wholesale Price

US$ Per US$ Per
Metric Ton| Short Ton | Metric Ton] Short Ton

1/161.67
165.00
166.67
163.89

1/146.67

149.69
151.20
148.68

2/Not available.

The average price for April includes
prices for saury, atka-mackerel, launce,
jack mackerel-sardine meal, and fish waste
cake (45 percent protein of cod and pollock).
The price of fish waste cake was $125 a met-
ric ton.while the prices of the other types
ranged from $161.11 to 166.67 a metric ton.
(United States Embassy, Tokyo, June 9, 1961)

ke
*

se ok se ok
OF * 78

LANDINGS OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS IN 1960:

Japan’s total landings (excluding whaling operations)
in 1960 amounted to 6,192,000 metric tons--5 percent
more than the previous year when 5,880,000 tons were
reported. For the first time, landings surpassed the
6,000,000-ton mark and established a new record. While
in 1960 flatfish landings by mothership-trawling operations
in northern Pacific waters almost doubled and horse-mack-
erel and common mackerel landings increased, mackerel-
pike landings dropped as compared to 1959. In spite of in-
creased landings, the average ex-vessel price of 13 tents
per kilogram (5.9 U.S. cents a pound) was 18 percent higher
than in 1959. Total ex-vessel value was $922,222,222, a-
bout $150 million more than the previous year. Whaling
production amounted to 18,800 blue-whale units, a decrease
from the previous year.

Marine landings amounted to 5,812,000 tons, 4 percent
over the previous year. The increase is attributed to the
catch in the North Pacific of fish for reduction (420,000
metric tons of fish utilized in the production of fish meal,
twice as much as in 1959), horse-mackerel landings from
the East China Sea, and tuna long-line catches in the At-
lantic. Increases in those landings were partially offset by
poor fishing for mackerel-pike, dip-netting, and hook-and-
line skipjack tuna fishing. But prices were unexpectedly
good. Trawling west of 130° in the North Pacific, medium-
size trawling, and purse-seining catches were fairly stable.
On the basis of species alone, 1960 landings were down by
43 percent for skipjack, 45 percent for saury, and 34 per-
cent for sardines.

The catch of fresh-water fisheries amounted to 73,000
tons, and fish-culture yielded 280,000 tons.

The tuna long-line fishery with bases in Japan in 1960
caught 322,000 tons, 10 percent more than in 1959, Landings
by the tuna long-line fishery with bases in the Atlantic were
up 44 percent and amounted to 72,000 tons. The landings by
the North Pacific mothership trawling operations in 1960 were |

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Japanese Landings of Principal Species, 1959-60

Mackerel pike

Skipjack tuna'si..) 0). 9.020246 94
IBINefinktuinage sraleneneveie te 65
A‘lbacore/tunats) svete ener 89
Big=eyedttina..t.n. sce eee 72

Yellowfin tuna

Flatfish, flounder

Codi ea teds he eucheneteniei tee . 67
Alaska pollock...... 5 379
Atka mackerel..:... . 115

Othersheweewene terete ods q

Totalfishs 5.5 «ss. 6

Shelilfishes Givens svetere ts: ;
Other aquatic animals. .
DCAW.CEOS Ns irs iol. eilerele 5

Grand itotaln ss s.s
1/No explanation is given as to why this total is less than the total of 6, 192,000 tons
mentioned in the text.

226 percent more than in 1959. The skipjack hook-and-line
fishery landed 109,000 tons, 40 percent less than in 1959.
(Japanese newspaper and Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 1, 1961.)

* ok

se ose
*K OK

*
SCIENTIST SUCCEEDS IN HATCHING
TUNA YOUNG:

The Nankai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory (Kochi, Kochi Prefecture) reports
that one of its scientists has succeeded in
rearing big-eyed tuna from the egg stage and
obtained valuable information concerning the
morphology of the young of that species.

The experiment was conducted by strip-
ping eggs from a ripe female big-eyed tuna
and fertilizing them with sperm from a male
big-eyed tuna. Water temperature was held
between 28° and 29° C, (82.4°-84.2° F.). The
first cell cleavage occurred in 40 minutes
and tuna young (1.5 millimeters long) emerged
after 21 hours.

This hatching experiment was done on the
research vessel Taisei Maru, 579 gross tons,
of Mie Prefectural Fisheries Research Sta-
tion, while the vessel was engaged in tuna re-
search in the Indian Ocean in February 1961.
Three separate experiments were run, two of
which met with success and two baby tunas
were hatched.

The results of this work are to be reported
at the Pacific Science Congress to be held in
Honolulu in August. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,

May 31, 1961.)
*

August 1961

Japan (Contd.):

MODERN OYSTER CANNING
AND FREEZING PLANT:

In Hiroshima, Japan, there was opened in
1960 a modern oyster-freezing and canning
plant. It is owned and operated by a leading
Japanese salmon-canning firm.

The oyster processed is Ostrea gigas,
known on the North American west coast as
the Pacific oyster. The oysters are grown
in Hiroshima Bay. Raft culture only is em-
ployed. The oysters are grown on wires
suspended from bamboo rafts and thus never
touch the sea bottom. This method keeps
them free from mud and drills and in a con-
tinuously moving current of water which pro-
motes rapid growth.

The frozen and canned products are for
export. Before entering the building, the
shell oysters are spray-washed with water
containing 100 parts per million of chlorine,
and during processing the oysters are
washed with water which meets drinking
water standards, The oysters are hand-
opened because steam opening has a tendency
to shrink and toughen them.

Both frozen and canned oysters are hand-
packed. The former are frozen individually
in polyethylene sheets, formed into individual
pockets and with a labeled cover which is
heat-sealed before freezing. Freezing is
done in 20 minutes at -309 F. Tunnel-freez-
ing capacity is 10 tons of shucked oysters in
8 hours.

Technical guidance in plant design, equip-
ment, and sanitary and quality control was
provided by a west coast United States firm,
which has been in the oyster business for
many years, utilizing spat imported from
Japan. This firm has world distribution
rights to the oyster products produced by
the Japanese plant. (Fisheries Newsletter,
March 1961.)

TOKYO'S FISH MARKET
LARGEST IN ASIA:

Fish dealers throughout Tokyo converge
each morning at the Uogashi fish market in
Tsukiji, the largest wholesale fish market
in Asia, The market is formally called the
Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market.
Although it also deals with fruits and vege-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

tables, itis commonly known asthe "fishmar-
ket,'' and supplies a daily average of 1,600 tons
of fish to the nine million citizens of Tokyo.

Approximately 1,600 licensed brokers and
25,000 retail fishmongers are at the market
every morning, where a day's transaction
reaches an average of Y¥Y150 million
(US$417,000).

The origin of this market dates back to
1590 (18th year of Tensho) when Ieyasu Toku-
gawa established his Shogunate headquarters
in Tokyo, then called Edo. Chief fisherman
Mogoemon Mori, together with 30 others, was
ordered by Ieyasu to supply fish required by
his headquarters. The fish market was lo-
cated on the banks adjacent to the Nihon-bashi
in the center of Tokyo, and it prospered until
destroyed by the 1923 earthquake. Immediate-
ly after the earthquake, it was relocated at
its present site.

A typical day at the market, except for
three regular holidays a month, begins at 4
a.m. The dim lights from the ceiling illumi-
nate a vast variety of fish, some placed di-
rectly on wooden boards and others packed in
wooden pails and cases. The first trickle of
men are the brokers who act as middlemen
between wholesalers and retail fishmongers.
They check the variety and freshness of the
fish displayed for the auction sales. The fish
have been carried into the market from all
parts of the country by trains, trucks, and
vessels, arriving at the market from 10 p.m.
of the previous night.

In the market, there are seven wholesale
firms to which the fishermen entrust the sale
of their fish--at a margin of six percent. A-
bout 60 percent of the fish is transported to
the market by freight trains, 25 percent by
trucks, and the rest by fishing boats. These
fish are sorted and displayed by cargo agents
who work throughout the night. The fish is
sold to the highest bidder at the daily auction.
Scores of brokers surround the wholesalers
and go through the auctioning procedure with
shouts and unique hand-signs. The bidding
closes within an hour or so, and the fish is
then carried to the stalls of brokers in the
market to be sold later in the morning to re-
tailers.

The brokers classify the fish by size and
kind for the convenience of the retailers. A-
mong the 1,600 auctioneers engaged in the
bidding are several large independent buyers

80

Japan (Contd.):

for chain restaurants, schools, and institu-
tions such as the Japan Self-Defense Forces
and others. When the auction sales are
closed, registered fish retailers come to the
market. The rush hour created by these re-
tailers is around 8 a.m., when the 200,000-
square-meter market is filled with trucks,
tricycles, and handcarts.

There are five ice plants inside the area,
and five ice rooms capable of storing up to
9,000 metric tons of fish. In addition, there
are offices and space for transport compa-
nies, restaurants, barber shops, fish com-
panies, and labor unions.

All of the market buildings and the lots are
owned by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
which receives some ¥500 million ($1,390,000)
in annual rentals. About 200 employees of the
Tokyo Metropolitan Government work at the
market to facilitate its operations and man-
agement.

The most popular varieties of fish handled
in the market are sardines, tuna and bonito,
swordfish, red sea-bream, mackerel, mack-
erel-pike, flatfish, yellowtail, cuttlefish,
whale, and blue shark. (Japan Report, May
15, 1961, Consulate General of Japan, New
York City.)

PANE GOVERMENT

rr

Liberia

TUNA FISHING COMPANY
ESTABLISHED BY JAPANESE:

As a second venture in West Africa, one
of the large Japanese fishing firms has
formed the Tuna Fishing Company of Liberia,
according to the May 12, 1961, issue of Dansk
Fiskeritidende, a Danish fishery periodical.

Soon there will be constructed in Monrovia,
Liberia's capital, a fishery plant which will
can tuna landed by six Japanese tuna vessels.
In the next two years the fleet will be ex-
panded to 30 vessels.

It is understood that the Liberian company
will form the Japanese mother company's
main undertaking in Africa. A similar af-
filiated enterprise already has started opera-
tions in Freetown, Sierra Leone, also on the
West African Coast.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Malaya

JAPANESE-MALAYAN TUNA COMPANY
IN FULL OPERATION:

During a period of 15 months to the end of
April 1961, the Japanese-Malayan tuna com-
pany at Penang, Malaya, bought 1,234 metric
tons of tuna from Japanese fishing vessels.
The Malayan firm produced from the fish
70,610 cases of canned tuna (mainly in oil),
240 tons of frozen fish, and some fish sau-
sages and fresh fish.

Offers for canned tuna from Europe came
in as soon as sample cans had been distributed.
Forward sales for six months have been con-
tracted.

The firm's needs for Japanese fishing ves-
sels have been filled. (Japanese periodical,

Jane 1, 1961.)

Netherlands
ANTARCTIC WHALING PRODUCTION

FOR 1959/1960 AND 1960/61 SEASONS:

The management of the Nederlandse Ma-
atschappij voor de Walvisvaart (Netherlands
Whaling Company) of Amsterdam has an-
nounced final figures on the total production
of its Antarctic whaling expedition for the
season ending April 6, 1961.

[Netherlands Antarctic Whaling Production, 1959/60 and 1960/61

Season

1960/61 | 1959/1960

e « (Metric Tons). .

21,588
1,708
3,947 4,711
pee) 1,725
5, 187 -

23, 505
337

Since total production of whale oil is over
20,000 metric tons, it is expected that the
maximum dividend of six percent will be paid
for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1961.
The contract between the Netherlands Whaling
Company and the Netherlands Government
stipulates that the maximum dividend of six
percent will be paid when production of whale
oil is over 20,000 tons.

The entire 1960/1961 whale oil production
has been sold to a British firm at £73/10
(US$205.80) a long ton as compared to #72/10
($203.00) a ton in the previous year. (United
States Embassy, Amsterdam, April 20, 1961.)
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 68.

x KKK

August 1961

Netherlands (Contd.):

PROFITS FROM 1960/61 ANTARCTIC
WHALING SEASON DECLINE:

The Netherlands Whaling Company of
Amsterdam has released preliminary finan-
cial figures for the 1960/1961 whaling sea-
son. In the statement accompanying the fig-
ures the management states that operating
profits amounted to approximately f1.6.5
million (US$1,796,000) as compared to fl. 6.8
million ($1,878,000) for the 1959/1960 sea-
son. Net profits will reportedly amount to
only fl. 100,000 ($28,000), as compared to
fl. 1.1 million ($304,000) for the previous fis-
cal year as a result of a loss of fl. 900,000
($249,000) caused by the revaluation of the
guilder. However, a paper profit on the sale
of the former factoryship Bloemendael to a
Japanese company will compensate the re-
valuation loss, since the Bloemendael was
sold before the revaluation. The dividend for
1960/1961 is expected to remain unchanged
at six percent, the United States Consulate
in Amsterdam reported on June 6, 1961.

Note: One guilder (abbreviated fl.) is equal to about US$0. 276.

P=*)

Nigeria

JAPANESE-NIGERIAN JOINT FISHERY
ENTERPRISE PLANNED:

An economic mission of the Nigerian
Government was expected to arrive in Japan
in mid-June 1961 to ask for a long-term loan
to establish a joint Nigerian-Japanese fish-
ing, canning, and reduction company. The -
company would be capitalized at ¥500 mil-
lion (US$1,389,000) at the first stage, con-
sisting of ¥150 million ($416,000) of cash
plus other assets from Japanese interests,
¥200 million ($556,000) from the Nigerian
Government, and ¥150 million ($416,000)
from one Nigerian shipping and trading com-
pany.

During the 3-year plan, about a dozen
Japanese tuna vessels of 100-150-ton class
would be sent to Nigeria to catch annually
about 25,000 metric tons of tuna. A cold-
storage plant for 2,000 tons of frozen fish,

a cannery, a reduction plant, and a process-
ing and salt fish plant would be built.

It is said that most of the products pro-
duced would be marketed locally and that in
the future a fish school with laboratory

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

would be constructed. (Japanese fishery pe-
riodical, March 31, 1961.)

KKK KK

SURVEY OF FISHERIES POTENTIAL OF
WESTERN REGION PLANNED:

The western region of Nigeria has been
allotted $564,000 from the United Nations
Special Fund for a survey of the area's fish-
eries. In addition to the Special Fund alloca-
tion, the Government of Nigeria will contrib-
ute the equivalent of $265,000 towards the
cost of the survey, which will be conducted
by the Food and Agriculture Organization.

Due to the high consumption of fish in the
Western Region of Nigeria, half of which is
imported, it has been decided to explore the
possibility of setting up a modern system of
fish production and distribution. The Special

Fund assistance in carrying out a fisheries ©
survey of the area will involve two phases.
The first, lasting one year, will consist of a
survey to determine the most economical way

A 20-foot aluminum surf boat designed and built in England for
the Nigeria Fisheries Department. It is an experimental ves-
sel designed under Food and Agriculture Organization
guidance for ring-net fishing. Shows the iudder being placed
in position during the first trials of the boat.

of catching fish and of collecting fish from
scattered villages and delivering them to a
central distribution point on land. This phase
will also cover fish production, handling,
processing, and possibly the feasibility of
fish pond culture. If the survey confirms
the feasibility of developing fisheries, the
project will then proceed to demonsiration
and pilot schemes to determine the most
economical methods of undertaking develop-
ment and expansion of the fishing industry.

82

Norway

NEW DESIGN OF STERN TRAWLER
PROVIDES PALLETIZED
STOWAGE OF CATCH:

A “look-all-round wheelhouse and fish
stored in aluminum pallets are two of the
interesting features in a new sShelterdeck
stern-trawler design developed by a Bergen,
Norway, shipyard. Designs have been devel-
oped for trawlers of 186 feet and 213 feet.
Before laying the designs, observations were
made of the factoryship-trawler Fairtry II;
and Russian, German, and Dutch designs for
stern trawlers were studied.

Particular attention was paid to factors
such as range and versatility, as the vessels
must be equally suitable for long salt-fish
trips or short trips to provide fresh fish for
coastal processing plants.

To facilitate the discharge of raw fish to
the processing plants, the catch will be boxed
in aluminum boxes or trays stacked on pal-
lets, and the floor of the fish hold will be kept
clear for the movement of forklift trucks.
The fish hold will have a capacity of 2,900
boxes. Each box will hold a layer of ice and
100-110 pounds of fish. In the lower hold,
each pallet will hold 22 boxes and in the
'tween decks, 18 boxes. In the smaller of
the two designs, there is provision for two
tanks in which it is hoped to store minced
waste, if means can be found to preserve it.

The deck layout will be such that there is
a minimum trawl deck length of 70 feet, and
gear will be handled in a manner similar to
that developed on the original Fairtry. Below
decks, it is intended to keep the fishing gear
operations and fish-stowing and gutting ac-
tivities sharply separated by means of struc-
tural division. The fish will be gutted below
the trawl deck aft, and processing machinery
and fish meal plant may be installed at the
owners! discretion. At present it is planned
to keep the bulk of the fish in boxes ina
chilled fish hold. Prime fish such as halibut
will be frozen in the round and kept in cold
storage. (World Fishing, May 1961.)

OE
i ie Se Sd

STERN TRAWLER EXPECTED TO
EXTEND FISHING TIME AT SEA:
Norway's first stern trawler, the 630-
gross ton, 151-foot long, Hekktind, was built
in North Norway at a cost of about Kr. 3.5
million (about US$489,500). Designed for

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

deep-sea fishing, it can carry about 380 metric
tons of fresh fish in 2,400 standard size alumi-
num cases. Its refrigerated storage room has
a capacity of over 10,000 square feet.

An ordinary Norwegian trawler operates a-
bout 250 days a year, but its effective fishing
time is much less. With the Hekktind, it is
hoped, the effective fishing time canbe extended
to about 250 days out of 325 operating days a
year.

Before the contract was signed for con-
struction of the Hekktind, nearly Kr.1 million
(US$140,000) was spent on preparatory work
and tests in the Ship Model Tank at the Insti-
tute of Technology in Trondheim. (News of
Norway, May 4, 1961.)

wt we
Kook ok ok ok

COD FISHERY TRENDS,
JANUARY 1-MAY 5, 1961:

The 1961 season's total landings of mature
cod and young cod in Norway January 1-May
5, 1961, amounted to 108,325 metric tons,
compared with 96,209 tons last year. Of the
landings, 60,263 tons were sold for drying,
24,808 tons for salting, while 23,254 tons were
sold fresh (including 14,007 tons for filleting).
The fishery also yielded for the season 48,049
hectolitres (4,469 metric tons) of cod-liver
oil. (Fiskets Gang, May 11, 1961.)

o

FISH MEAL PRICES AND SALES,
FEBRUARY 14-APRIL 30, 1961:

In an attempt to help stabilize the world market for fish
meal, Peruvian producers have formed an association (Con-
sorcio Pesquero del Peru) or Consortium. The Consortium
will administer Peru’s 600,000-metric-ton export quota and
allocate the quota among the Peruvian producers, The Con-
sortium became effective on February 15, 1961, and set up
quarterly export quotas for 1961 as follows: first quarter,
200,000 tons; second quarter, 140,000 tons; third quarter,
90,000 tons; and fourth quarter, 170,000 tons,

Peru

As a service to the members of the Consortium, a Boletin
Informativo is being issued reviewing fish meal prices, mar-
ket conditions, sales, and other information of value. The
following review of fish meal prices and sales in the Euro-
pean market and United States markets were included in the
March 15, April 15, and April 30, 1961, issues of the Bole-

During February-April 1961, f.o.b. prices for Peruvian
fish meal advanced from about US$70.00 to about $90.00 a
short ton for shipments both to European and United States
markets.

When the Consortium began operations, there were offers
of only $90 c.&f. a metric ton or $81.65 a short ton c.&f,; al-

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Peru (Contd.):

Table 1 - Peruvian Fish Meal Prices, February 14-April 15, 1961

Period Price Range in US$
and Unit
Destination Opening, Highest Lowest Closing
Flat Market Prices1/:
United States East Coast Shipments:
March 16-April15.......- short ton c&f. N N N N
February 14-March15..... S57 tie Ih 92.08 92.08 92.08 92.08
mp SE PSs slay eve short ton f,0.b.3/ 71.67 TL.67 71.67 TL67
European Shipments:
March 16-April15...2.006 short ton c&.f, 92.53 92.53 92.53 92.53
OP diy RES Cerys ey short ton f.0.b.3/ 73,48 13.48 73.48 13.48
February 14-March15..... short ton c& f. 86.18 92.53 86.18 92.53
sae SNE short ton f,0.b.3/ | 67.13 73,48 67.18 oe
i
Protein Market Prices 2/:
United States West Coast Shipments:
Marchi G=Aprililowesercistelce protein unit c& f. 1.497 1.497 1.497 1.497
A aE es mare short ton c& f, 97.30 97.30 oie oie)
3 Ba Meena erevetetevers short ton f.o.b.3/ 70,99 1 710.99 70.99 10.99
February 14-March15 ..... protein unit c&f. 1.433 1.497 1.483 1.497
ay HE Sas © Nhe Tetevevene short ton c.& f, 93.15 97.30 93.15 97.30
” Bm Ne hiker aiscce short ton f,0.b.3/ 66.84 710.99 66.84 70.99
European Shipments:
March 16-April15........ protein unit c&f, N N N N
February 14-March 15 ..... protein unit c& f, 1,325 1.475 1.325 1.475
3 i S Batetersvers short ton c& f, 86.13 95.88 86.13 95.88
eae Ne eaves short ton f,0.b.3/} _ 67.08 16,83 S108 GES

N** - No sales.

1/ ‘‘Flat’’ market is for sales made with a guaranteed minimum of protein (usually 65 percent), Any excess of protein is

~ to the buyer’s advantage, The most important flat markets for Peruvian fish meal are the east (including Gulf of
Mexico) coast of the United States and West Germany.

2/ ‘‘Protein’’ market is based on the price per unit of protein and buyers must pay for any excess protein found by labora-
tory analysis of shipments on arrival, The most important market on this basis is the west coast of the United
States,

3/The Boletin Informativo showed prices in metric tons c&f, F.o.b. prices were calculated by subtracting

~ ~* US$19.05 a short ton (equal to $21.00 a metric ton) for cost of freight to Europe, $26.31 a short ton (equal to $29.00
a metric ton) for freight to the United States west coast, and $20.41 a short ton (equal to $22.50 a metric ton) for
freight to U. S, Gulf of Mexico ports. Prices per unit converted to prices per short ton on basis of 65 percent pro-
tein meal,

Table 2 - Peruvian Fish Meal Prices, April 16-April 30, 1961
Destination Price Range in US$
and
Type of Meal

Flat Market Prices 1/;
United States Shipments ..... | short ton c&f.

European Shipments:
Anchovy meal (regular) .... | short ton c&f,
a fh ve ---. | Short ton f,0.b. 3/

Anchovy meal (steam-dried) . | short ton c&f,
28 2 He 7... | short ton f.0.b.3/
Bonito meal,....... «+. | Short ton c&f,
EY Maeiveteleteieiel stot ele/eiei | SUOLLItONLOsba/,

Protein Market Prices 2/:
United States Shipments: .... | protein unit c&f,
28 % 2 short ton c& £.
-..~ | Short ton f.o.b, 3/
European Shipments .... ... | Short tonc.&f,
For footnotes see table 1.

83

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Peru (Contd.):

so that it was not considered desirable to sell at the maximum
price for June of $100 a metric ton or $90.72 a short ton
c.&f., since the average price at the end of the February 15-
March 15 period was $102 a metric ton or $92.53 a short ton
c.& f.

A representative of the Consortium provided the following
information about prices between April 21 and the close of the
month: The c.&f. price for shipments to Europe was $121 a
metric ton. Since freight to Europe is $21 a metric ton, the
f.o.b. price would be $100 a metric ton or $90.72 a short ton.
The Consortium made some sales at $132 c.& f. Belfast.
Since the freight rate to that point is $28, the f.o.b. price
would be $104 a metric ton or $94.35 a short ton. The high-
er price for the Belfast sales was because it was steam-
dried fish meal which sells at a premium. On May 10 the
price for the regular meal was $100 a metric ton or $90.72
a short ton f.o.b. Peruvian ports, and for shipment to the
U. S. west coast the price was $1.98 per unit of protein c.&f.,
or $90.45 a short ton for 65 percent meal.

Table 3 - Peruvian Fish Meal Sales!/, Feb. 14-April 30, 1961

1/Exclusive of future contracts =e prior to ae i
1961.
"N" - No sales.

On the basis of payment on the actual protein content, the
metric ton-price to the United States west coast for the peri-
od March to June ranged from $1.58 to $1.65 per unit of pro-
tein c.&f., and for shipment to Europe the price ranged from
$1.48 to $1.55 per unit of protein c.& f.

The Consortium received more than 200 firm buying
proposals, of which 73 were approved as of mid-May and
contracts have been closed for 26,600 metric tons between
March and June, with a sales value of about $2.5 million.
These sales represented the total of producers’ offerings for
sale during that period.

The Consortium contracted for freight rates outside Con-
ference rates at $20.50 to Europe, $22.50 to the United States
Gulf of Mexico coast, and $28-$30 to the United States west
coast. But it was reported that the Conference decided upon
the rate of $21.00 to Europe until further notice.

The Executive Committee of the Consortium on March 27
decided to reduce to 1 percent the broker’s commission for
sales to the United States.

At a meeting in Paris in September 1960, of the repre-
sentatives of fish meal manufacturers of the five leading
fish meal exporting countries, it was agreed that the total
exports by the five countries would be a maximum of one
million tons for 1961. The agreement was signed on Octo-
ber 1, 1960. Peru was allotted the annual export quota of
600,000 or 60 percent of the total, The Peruvian Govern-
ment subsequently ratified this agreement by.a Supreme
Decree of December 16, 1960. (United States Embassy,
Lima, May 15, and May 18, 1961.)

=o

Vol. 23, No. 8

Poland

NEW FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR
FISHING INDUSTRY:

Poland is planning to extend the operations
of her deep-sea fishing vessels to grounds of
the north and central Atlantic, as part of her
latest Five-Year Plan for the fishing industry.

The plan also provides for the employment
of 7,000 more men in the fisheries during the
next five years, over 4,000 of them on land,
and the extension of the fisheries training
school at Gdynia to teach potential deep-sea
captains and future masters of factory-trawl-
ers. A midwater trawl is to be used for catch-
ing herring.

Details of this latest Polish plan are given
in Polish Maritime News, which recalls that
during the last Five-Year Plan, for 1956-60,
the Polish fisheries economy recorded con-
siderable rises in fish landings. These to-
taled 167,700 metric tons in 1960, exceeding
the plan by 12,000 tons.

The new Five-Year Plan, for 1961-65,
aims at these landings; 1961--173,000 tons;
1962--181,500 tons; 1963--205,200 tons;
1964--235,000 tons; 1965--270,000 tons. Thus
the landings fixed for 1965 are greater by
102,300 tons than those in 1960.

This rapid rise is based on the assump-
tion that Polish shipyards are to build 13
factory-trawlers, 6 freezing-trawlers, 28
motor trawlers, 1 steam trawler, 36 79-foot
and 20 56-foot cutters.

Improved supplies of fish products on the
home market are expected to cut down im-
ports of fish. In 1960 a total of 19,600 tons
of fish and fish conserves were imported
against only 6,500 tons exported.

Imports in 1965, it is claimed, will be
limited to 5,000 tons of herring. ''The value
of the 10,500 tons of fish and conserves to
be exported will be seven times greater than
the total value of the imports,"' says the
paper. It also declares that the value of the
fishing industry's products will rise in 1965
by 72.2 percent as compared with 1960.

It is assumed that up to 1965 the state-
owned fisheries flotilla will require 100 new
captains, 213 navigators, 55 radio officers,
217 engineers, 20 chief stewards, and 20-
fish-processing technicians.

August 1961

Poland (Contd.):

The first course at the Gdynia training school

is being attended by 26 experienced captains
of fishing vessels.

There is also a steady flow of graduates
from the Deep-Sea Fisheries School, and
various courses for training ship's officers
and a second sea fisheries school is fore-
seen.

Fishing technique is to be improved by
adopting midwater trawls on the cutters and
drifter-trawlers when fishing for sprats and
herring. ''Detachable fish-bags"' are being
adopted this year with trawls and midwater
trawls on the Baltic and North Sea fishing
grounds, also along the West African coast.

The paper declares that in February 1961,
during four days of fishing on the grounds off
the SW. Norwegian coast, a 79-foot cutter
caught about 75 tons of herring by mid-water
trawls. It says the catch average per hour
was five times higher than when using the
traditional trawl.

Machines for the manufacture of scale ice
and for the icing up of boxes to be shipped
inland are also to be set up this year, and
three firms will soon receive home-made
machines for ice.

Plans for the processing industry are also
being extended, involving the production of
fish conserves reaching 19,900 tons in 1965,
against 10,800 tons in 1960. In view of the
planned rise in landings of fresh and frozen
fish by about 50 percent, and the rapid in-
crease in the manufacture of fillets on the
factory-trawlers--16,000 tons in 1965--the
rebuilding of refrigerated stores has become
urgent. Seven fish refrigeration stores are
to be built in various centers by 1966. (The
Fishing News, May 12, 1961.)

wn-
-

Portugal

CANNED FISH PACK,
JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Portugal's total pack of canned fish in oil
or sauce for the first quarter of 1961 a-
mounted to 3,738 metric tons. The sardine
pack and the anchovy fillet pack combined
accounted for 91.8 percent of the total pack.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1960-1961

Product

The pack in 1961 was substantially less than
in the first quarter of 1960 due to a sharp
drop in sardines offset slightly by an increase
in anchovy. There was also a sharp drop in
the pack of tuna in the early part of 1961.
(Conservas de Peixe, May 1961.)

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

Portugal's exports of canned fish during
the first quarter of 1961 amounted to 16,468
metric tons, only slightly less than in the
same period of 1960. Sardines accounted for
83.5 percent of the 1961 exports, followed by
anchovy fillets with 10.2 percent.

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1960-1961

Product

Portugal's principal canned fish buyers in
the first quarter of 1961 were Germany with
3,060 tons, followed by the United States with
2,192 tons, and Great Britain with 2,151 tons.
(Conservas de Peixe, May 1961.)

Senegal

1960/61 TUNA FISHING SEASON:

The Senegalese 1960/61 tuna fishing sea-
son began November 1, 1960, and came to a
close April 30, 1961, one month behind sched-
ule. The catch was still almost 6,000 metric
tons short of the 13,500 tons expected from
the season's operations. Also, the Senegalese
partially committed themselves by agreement

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Senegal (Contd.):

to catch that amount for French and other
markets.

=
Cletmioria *

ie <>
ubanva)

Repustic f @ iy

t
xewra (9
or tue = A5-+-L0

Briavanva—

‘RUNDE

CONGO

- TANGANYIKA

or ¢
SOUTH AFRICE”

The 1960/61 season was a discouraging
one for Senegal because of the scarcity of
tuna in local waters, and some of the ves-
sels were compelled to travel as far as the
Ivory Coast for their catch. Further adver-
sity occurred on March 10 when 18 vessels,
or more than a third, abandoned the fleet
and returned to their home ports.

Fresh and Frozen Tuna Landings at Dakar, Senegal,
November 1960-April 1961

Fleet

[Frozen tuna French
Senegalese

French
Spanish
Senegalese 162

2 2 © © o

Total fresh and frozen

The number of vessels engaged in the
Senegalese tuna fishing season from Novem-
ber 1960 through April 1961 ranged from a
low of 31 vessels in November to a high of
50 vessels during January. Of this number,
an average of about 10 vessels a month op-
erated as freezer-fishing vessels (principal-
ly French and 1 or 2 Sengalese). In addition,
Spanish, other French vessels, and one Sene-

Vol. 23, No. 8

gales vessel accounted for most of the fresh
tuna catch for the season.

The season's tuna landings were utilized
as follows: 6,300 tons were canned for ex-
port to the French market, and 400 tons were
shipped to outside markets. If the French
commitment is to be met, an additional 3,700
tons would have to be shipped to the French
market, and 3,100 tons for export to other
markets.

At the start of the fishing season, France
had agreed to purchase 10,000 tons of canned
tuna from Senegal, and 3,500 additional tons
were to be exported to markets outside the
franc area. The poor season, however, re-
sulted in most of the canned tuna being ex-
ported to France where a high guaranteed
price is paid, but commitments to other ex-
port markets could not be filled.

In order to fulfill its commitments, the
Government of Senegal was seeking to pur-
chase tuna from other suppliers than the
French, who were then returning home for
the start of their season. France agreed to
this, and to provide the necessary dollars,
but only under the condition that the canned
tuna be shipped entirely outside the franc
area, At that time it appeared as if several
Spanish clippers would be obtained to pro-
vide 500-600 tons of tuna. The remainder of
the more than 2,000 tons to be exported could
be purchased from the Japanese, although the
Senegalese are extremely hesitant about tak-
ing such action. But it was believed, too, that
the Japanese may not be overly anxious to
make sales to Senegal.

Senegal is already looking about for a
solution to its problem for the next season.
The primary requirement, in the eyes of the
Government, is to create a Senegalese fleet.
This would be done by inducing French or
Spanish vessels to transfer registration to
Senegal, and by forming a joint public-private
company to purchase additional clippers.
Continued emphasis is reportedly placed up-
on export markets, so as to free the Senegal-
ese from dependence upon France. (United
States Embassy, Dakar, May 29, 1961.)

August 1961

South-West Africa
TUNA FISHING WITH LONG-LINE TESTED:

Early this year, the initiative of two Walvis Bay fishing
industrialists has resulted in the first local attempts to
catch tuna off the South-West African coast using the Japa-
nese long-line method, Tests of this method followed the
encouraging results in Union of South African waters where
research into the Japanese long-line method was started by
the Division of Fisheries vessel Kunene and by the commer-
cial motor trawler Cape Point.

Two Walvis Bay pilchard fishing boats, the Karimona

and the Curlew, were equipped with line haulers and with

other long-line gear. Ina trip lasting six days, they fished
successfully about 120 to 180 miles northwest of Walvis in

1,000 to 1,200 fathoms of water. The average surface tem-
perature of the water was 17 to 18° C. (62.6-64.4° F.)

Two to three miles of lines were fished with the baited
lines hung 20 fathoms apart, The depth fished was 15 to 20
fathoms. With this test gear, about 100 tuna were caught--
bluefin, yellowfin, and albacore--weighing from 20 to 300
lbs. In addition, two blue marlins were taken. The results
are considered to be encouraging and have shown that tuna
is readily available in South-West African waters. (The
South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
April 1961.)

HL Os
kook ok ok ok

MORE RUSSIAN FISHING VESSELS
OFF COAST:

The total of Russian fishing and transport
vessels identified off the coast of South-West
Africa has now moved up to nine. In addition
to the research trawler Muksun, the stern
trawlers Radichev, Izumrud, and Taras
Schewtchenko, and the larger vessel Atiubin-
sk seen in February 1961, two more stern
trawlers, the Marmin Siberyk and the
Tchernychewsky, have been seen in company
with a tanker and a supply ship.

According to a report in the Namib Times,
the previously identified trawlers were
sighted about the middle of March about 65
miles west of Pelican Point. In addition, the
Tchernychewsky was seen taking fuel from a
7,000-ton tanker. The supply ship Provorny
was lying about 500 yards away from the
trawler and tanker.

Interest in this Russian venture into South-
ern African fishing waters flared early in
April when it was announced from Moscow
that a Soviet scientific expedition ship had
found a huge rich fishing ground "off the
Cape of Good Hope.'' This ship, presumably
the Muksun, located an area estimated at
6,000 square miles packed with fish, par-
ticularly mackerel and sardines. According
to the report, which was given out by Moscow
radio, a fleet of refrigerated ships had been
sent to the area and one trawler was catch-
ing 70 to 80 tons a day.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

By early April, however, no Russian ships
had been sighted in Union of South Africa Cape
waters. The Moscow report, therefore, may
well refer to the Kaliningrad fleet operating
off South-West Africa.

There seems little doubt that the Soviet
vessels are in African waters primarily to
exploit the rich fishing resources. Expensive
factory trawlers, each costing R2,000,000
(US$2.8 million) are being used. (The South
African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review, April 1961.)

Spain

PRODUCERS HOPE FOR HIGHER IMPORT
DUTIES ON FISH MEAL:

Fish meal manufacturers in Spain's Canary
Islands are expressing the hope that higher
import duties against foreign fish meal will
be recommended by the Customs Board now
studying proposals for changes in Spain's
tariff.

The Government has issued a decree ex-
tending for six months (until December 1961)
the period for revising the customs tariff,
which went into effect in June 1960. The Tar-
iff Law of May 1, 1960, provided that the Gov-
ernment could make a one-time revision of
the tariff within one year after it became ef-
fective. The apparent reason for the exten-
sion was that there had not been sufficient
time to study the many requests received
from interested parties, domestic and foreign,
for tariff revisions.

It has been pointed out that imports of fish
meal into Spain totaled 66,452 metric tons in
1960 as compared with only 886 tons in 1958
and 20,081 tons in 1959, Present production
in the Canary Islands approximates 80 percent
of Spain's total requirements of fish meal.
The press reports plans for the expansion of
production in the Canaries with the goal of
fully meeting Spain's requirements. (United

States Embassy, Madrid, June 2, 1961.)

Sweden

FUTURE OF HERRING FISHERY
OFF ICELAND UNCERTAIN:

The future of Swedish herring fishing off
Iceland is in an uncertain stage. In 1960 par-

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

Sweden (Contd.): crease the minimum prices for cod landed
on the Swedish south coast during the period

July 1-December 31, 1961.

Prior to that period, the minimum price
was 0.59 crowns per kilo (5.2 U. S. cents a
pound) for skinned cod with head on and with
a length of 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) or
more, and 0.56 crowns per kilo (4.9 U.S.
cents a pound) for skinned cod with head on
and with a length of between 35 and 49 centi-
meters (13.8-19.3 inches). For unskinned cod
the minimum price for the larger type was 0.51
crowns per kilo (4.5 cents a pound) and for the
smaller type the minimum price was 0.48
crowns per kilo (4.2 cents a pound). For this
type of cod the minimum price increased by
0.04 crowns per kilo (0.35 cents a pound).

For skinned cod without head and with a
length of at least 40 centimeters, the mini-
mum price was 0.84crowns per kilo (7.4 cents
a pound), whereas for skinned cod without
head and under 40 centimeters (15.7 inches)
in length the minimum price was 0.74 crowns
per kilo (6.5 cents apound). The price increase
for this type of cod was 0.06 crowns per kilo
(0.5 cents a pound) based on the new prices.

An official of the West Coast Central As-
sociation stated that the increase in the mini-
mum prices for cod must be considered as
an effort to reduce the surplus of herring that
normally is landed during the months of Au-
gust and September. He thought, however, that
the increase in price is too small to encour-
age west coast fishermen to change over from
herring fishing to cod fishing. It may, on the
other hand, be sufficient to encourage some
south coast fishermen to remain with cod fish-
ing rather than turning to salmon at that time
of the year. (United States Consulate, Gote-
borg, May 18, 1961.)

seo eee
i I I od

MARINE OIL SUPPLY AND FOREIGN TRADE:
Sweden's total supply of marine oils was
expected to increase in marketing year

ticipation was limited to only 11 of the 23
vessels which had announced their intention
to take part. With this in mind, the Swedish
Government has declared that if the partici-
pation is equally bad this year, the patrol
vessel will be redirected to the Fladen fish-
ing grounds in the North Sea.

The lack of interest displayed by Swedish
fishermen in herring fishing off Iceland is at-
tributed by the chairman of the Swedish Ice-
landic Fishing Association to (1) late fixing of
prices; (2) freight rates which made cargo-
carrying more attractive than fishing; (3)
change inownership of a number of vessels,
etc. In additionthere is the difficult problem
of manning thefishing vessels. This grows
out of the circumstance that income from fish-
ing has not kept pace with earnings ashore.

Finally, there is the problem arising out
of the size of the new fishing vessels. They
have become too big for Icelandic fishing in
the opinion of the Association official. By
way of explanation he says that a good catch
is one of between 800-900 barrels. The new
fishing vessels, however, can carry about
1,300 barrels and it is extremely seldom
that a catch is that large.

A positive factor, which encourages the As -
sociation official to feel that Icelandic herring
fishing will continue despite the handicaps, is
che relatively large demand for Icelandic her-
cing. Yearly imports total 125,000-150,000
parrels. The canning factories and the salted
herring trade never buy less than 100,000 bar-
rels a year, the United States Consulate in
Goteborg reported on May 23, 1961.

ee
7, OF

%
4
3

MINIMUM EX-VESSEL PRICES
FOR COD INCREASED:

In order to stimulate fishing for cod, the
Swedish Board of Agriculture decided to in-

Opening stocks, July 1.
Production: :<//s js io) /slcle

Imports
Total Supply € Utilization aso [ig ego [37.9001 Se.so | ages] ose
(Exports. 222 eeees | - | [10,000 _| 2, 698

ac
1, 000 3,000 12, 000 700 7.300 2

2/Mainly refined SIA = oe ss AE 3/Not available.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

Sweden (Contd.):

Table 2 - Sweden's Foreign Trade in Marine Oils, July 1959-December 1960

Item Imports Exports

Whale oil, raw ....
Sperm oil, raw ....
SealNOib TAWsteriel(es\\0
Herring oil, raw .. .-
(Vitamin oil products .
ish-liver oil, etc. .
Other marine oils...
Hydrogenated marine oil,
including refined ..

Lotalinanvew wees 24, 618 15,904 18,174 5, 134 3, 862

1/Notireportedian table 3.

able 3 - Sweden's Imports of Marine Fats and Oils by Country .
of Origin, Calendar Year 1959-19601/ 1960/61 (ending June 30, 1961) as compared

with marketing year 1959/60. Production
will remain constant during that period, but
imports, utilization, and exports should in-
crease in 1960/61 (table 1).

Sweden's total imports of marine oils
Sperm Oil, Raw: amounted to 18,174 metric tons during the

None sitelie) sie) a) le leifslielie\teifaiie! « last 6 months of 1959. During the first 6

: months of 1960 they decreased to 15,904

tons, but increased sharply in the last half
of 1960 to 24,618 tons due mainly. to in-
creased raw whale oil imports. Exports of
marine oils from Sweden are not as impor-

Norway ....
West Germany
Denmark ...
Iceland...

Table 4 - Sweden's Exports of Marine Fats and Oils by Country
of Destination, Calendar Years 1959-601/

erring Oil, Raw:
Norway ....

Refined, but not Otherwise Prepared:
Finland’ ./ 5). .
France ...

Morocco .. .
Jamaica.) .
Switzerland .

Tran’) sj at's. el's

French Antilles

British Guiana

Austria ...

Norway .. e ©
West Germany
Ja Giota
Denmark ...
Iceland). i...
Belgium ...
Great Britain .

Denmark . .
Great Britain

F

Hes
Refined, but not Otherwise
Norway 2.6.
Denmark). shes

Soviet Union .
Spain Wierieee tere

Great Britain

Norway .. :

de “Vitamin oil products and 395|
tons of fish-liver oil, etc., imported in early half of 1960 as

1/Does not include a small quantity of "other marine oils" ’
shown in table 2.

shown in table 2.

90

Sweden (Contd.):

tant, but increased slightly in the first half
of 1960, duetoincreased shipments of hydro-
genated marine oil (table 2).

The United States was Sweden's leading
supplier of marine oils in 1959 and 1960.
Japan was the second most important source
of marine oils in 1960 due to her large ship-
ments of raw whale oil to Sweden. In 1960,
imports of raw whale oil from Norway fell
drastically. Imports from West Germany of
fish, marine animal, and other fats and oils
increased in 1960 as against 1959, but im-
ports of raw herring oil decreased (table 3).

Sweden's exports of marine oils increased
from 7,963 tons in calendar year 1959 to
9,934 tons in 1960. Exports consisted mainly
of hydrogenated marine fats and oils (sent
mostly to Great Britain and Jamaica) and
herring oil (most of which was sent to Nor-
way)--See table 4.

Table 5 - Sweden's Utilization of Marine Oils for Food,
Year Ending June 30, 1960

156
20,595
20,751

With animal fat
With vegetable fat .

100-Percent Fat:
Coconut oil

1/Including the mangarine part i in “so-called "restaurant mix-
ture.

2/Less than one ton.

In April 1961,f.0.b. export prices of ma-
rine oils in Sweden ranged from £71 10s.
per long ton (8.93 U.S. cents a pound) for
crude hydrogenated oil, to £75 a ton(9.37
cents a pound) for refined hydrogenated oil,
£38 10s. a ton (4.81 cents a pound) for dis-
tilled oil, and £1.45 10s. (5.68 cents a pound)
for distilled hydrogenated oil. (U.S. For-
eign Agricultural Service Report, Stockholm,
April 14, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960 p. 71.

rs,
i,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Taiwan

GOVERNMENT PROMOTING
EXPANSION OF FISHERIES:

Under the program titled Plan to Develop
High Seas Fishery" (part of a Four-Year Eco-
nomic Plan), the Taiwan Government has ac-
tively helped finance the construction of fish-
ing vessels, development of new fishing
grounds, establishment of overseas bases,
and the repair of port facilities. This Gov-
ernment aid to different segments of the fish-
ing industry has resulted in a tremendous ex-
pansion of the fisheries in the last few years.

The catch of the distant-water fishery in
1960, which totaled 85,210 metric tons, in-
creased 94 percent over the 1956 catch of
43,988 metric tons. The number of fishing
vessels engaged in the distant-water fishery
in 1960 totaled 366 (total of 36,532 gross tons).
This was an increase of 162 vessels (total of
18,613 gross tons) over 1956.

Production of the distant-water fishery
was boosted by 15,000 tons in 1960 as a re-
sult of Government financial aid provided in
1959 to construct 30 130-ton trawlers, which
could also be used for pole-and-line fishing,
and six distant-water vessels. This aid was
provided to fishermen under the ''Plan to De-
velop High Seas Resources."

As of mid-1961, Taiwan was constructing
four large tuna vessels of 250 tons each and
two 550-ton tuna vessels. The latter two
large tuna vessels are scheduled to be sent
to the Atlantic Ocean. Taiwan is alsoplan-
ning to construct a research vessel of 700
tons.

Taiwan sent out research vessels in 1959
to the waters off Viet Nam, Malaya, and North
Borneo to locate new fishing grounds. Good
bottom fishing grounds were discovered off
Viet Nam, as well as off Formosa, to which
large vessels were immediately dispatched.

As far as overseas bases and overseas
operations are concerned, a supply base (for
fueling and repairing vessels) has been es-
tablished at Singapore. In 1960, one vessel
of 350 tons was sent to the Atlantic Ocean
off West Africa to fish on an experimental
basis. This vessel landed 450 tons of fish
(presumably tuna) in six months, and Taiwan
plans to send another vessel of this size to
West Africa this year.

The catch of the adjacent-seas fishery in
1960 amounted to 94,856 metric tons, an in-

August 1961

Taiwan (Contd.):

crease of 49 percent over the 1956 catch
(63,663 metric tons). In 1960 the vessels en-
gaged in this fishery numbered 5,092 (total
of 41,326 gross tons). This was an increase
of 281 vessels (total of 13,632 gross tons)
over 1956, and the Taiwan Government will
be subsidizing the construction of 45 vessels
in the 30- to 50-ton class and 12 purse-seine
vessels in the 25-ton class under the ''Plan
to Develop High Seas Resources."

Purse-seine vessels contributed the larg-
est amount of the catch of the adjacent-seas
fishery in 1960. The pole-and-line tuna ves-
sels produced less tuna in 1960 than in 1959
since their operations were curtailed tosome
extent due to the dispute with the Philippine
Government over territorial waters. Taiwan
fishermen are hoping for a quick settlement
of the dispute. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June
11, 1961.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 85;
correction: In that issue, the landings shown for ''deep sea fish-
eries" in the table should have been "85,210" instead of 85, 310
metric tons. \

Union of South Africa

FROZEN TUNA IS EXPORTED
FOR FIRST TIME:

The development of a South African tuna fishing indus-
try has taken another step forward by three large fish-
ing concerns working in cooperation with a fishery prod-
ucts export and equipment supply house. Early in 1961, a-
bout 100 short tons of frozen tuna, caught by long-line
from Union of South Africa boats normally engaged in pil-
chard fishing, were exported to the United States and Italy.

Initial efforts to assess the potential of the tuna re-
sources off the Cape coast and to attempt to catch the fish
by the Japanese long-line method were started last year by
the Union’s Division of Fisheries and by the South African
Museum. The Division of Fisheries has been using the
70-ft. long research vessel Kunene northwest of Slangkop;
the South African Museum has had the use of a commercial
70-ft. motor trawler Cape Point. Although both vessels have
done their fishing on a comparatively small scale, they have
taken some outstanding catches, And, during the 1960 closed
season for pelagic shoal fishing, the Kunene took some of
the pilchard boat skippers to sea so that they could gain prac~
tical long-lining experience.

In September-October 1960 the first commercial at-
tempts at long-line fishing were made and then in Novem-
ber three large fishing concerns placed 6 to 7 vessels ina
larger-scale commercial project based on Hout Bay. The
long-line gear--synthetic fiber line, hooks, and line haul-
ers--was supplied by a company which had previously sup~
plied gear for the Cape Point. The United States parent
company of that firm was among the pioneers of the tuna
import-export trade and, through its world-wide network of
associate companies, the local company was able to find a
ready market for South African frozen tuna.

The boats engaged in long-lining off the Cape are typical
pilchard vessels fitted with long-line haulers, They have

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

been using about 30 baskets each about 300 yards long with
six hooks to a basket. Each boat is out for 18 to 20 hours and
the line is laid and taken in usually three times during that
period,

Fish are gutted and’ bled aboard the vessel and, on landing,
the head and fins are cut off. After freezing, the fish are
stored for a short period and then glazed ready for shipment
at temperatures between 0° and 5° F, in the refrigerated
holds of ships destined for the United States or Italy.

Although the shipping of frozen tuna is generally done with
the fish unwrapped, Italy’s shipping requirements have obliged.
the exporters to wrap each fish in a stockinette or hessian
covering. Exports to Italy and America bring about £100
(US$280) a short ton and the fish is used in those countries
for canning.

The firms carrying out these larger-scale tests of a
commercial tuna fishery are reported to be planning further
developments in the future, and the useful initial work of the
research vessels may lead eventually to the establishment of
a substantial tuna industry in the Cape. (The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, April 1961.)

se skew
FT Rm

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1961:

The Union of South Africa Cape west coast
pilchard-maasbanker fishery for the first two
months of the 1961 season yielded 163,930
short tons pilchards, 7,735 tons maasbanker
(jack mackerel), and 8,756 tons mackerel,
The total catch was 180,421 tons.

Union of South Africa--Products Produced from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fishery Landings, January-February 1961

The February catch comprised a record
94,051 tons pilchards, 990 tons maasbanker,
and 4,935 tons mackerel. These figures com-
pare with 19,609 tons pilchards, 13,037 tons
maasbanker, and 17,728 tons mackerel in
February last year; and with 26,443 tons pil-
chards and 9,588 tons mackerel in February
959:

The February catch this year yielded
19,034 short tons fish meal, 1,883,381 Im-
perial gallons fish body oil, 5,708,048 pounds
canned pilchards, 189,888 pounds canned ma-
asbanker, and 2,113,656 pounds canned mack-
erel. (The South African Shipping News and
Fishing Industry Review, April 1961.)

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERIES
TRENDS, APRIL 1961:

The Union of South Africa's fishing sea-
son, which opened on January 1, 1961, was
off to a record start, according to the statis-

92

Union of South Africa (Contd.):

tics onlandings of pilchard, maasbanker, and
mackerel during the first quarter of 1961.
Landings of those species for the quarter to-
taled 246,622 short tons. Raw fish intake at
the factories for the first quarter of 1960 to-
taled 169,533 short tons. With the April
landings expected to reach 80,000 short tons
and the season due to run until July 31, the
prospects are that the Union fishery will set
a new record for this year. The record1960
pilchard, maasbanker, mackerel catch to-
taled 453,387 short tons. (United States Em-
bassy, Pretoria, May 17, 1961.)

U.S.S.R.

EXPANSION OF FISHING
FLEET CONTINUES:

At the Admiraltskij Zavod shipyard in
Leningrad there is being built a second large
fish-canning factoryship for the Far East, ac-
cording to the April 20, 1961, issue of Len-
ingradskaja Pravda. The vessel has been
given the name Pavel Tsjebotnajagin.

The Esthonian fleet has taken over a new
large fast trawler of 3,800 tons displacement,
87 meters (285.4 feet) long with a beam of
14 meters (45.9 feet). According to Vodny J
Transport of April 25, it was to leave soon
for the Newfoundland Banks together with the
motherships Johannes Vares and Jan Anvelt.
Somewhat later the new freezer vessel Sov-

jetskaja Rossija was to depart.

The Baltijskij Zavod in Leningrad has be-
gun the building of a series of large freezer
trawlers of the Krylov and Ljudas Gira type.
This type has modern equipment with large
freezing capacity and also equipment for the
manufacture of canned products, fish meal
and oil. The crew is 45 times larger than
for medium trawlers, according to Sovjetska-
ja Litva for April 20. (Fiskets Gang, May 18,
1961, a Norwegian fishery periodical.)

United Arab Republic

REGULATIONS GOVERNING FREEZING
AND EXPORT OF SHRIMP:

There are no laws or regulations present-
ly in force in the United Arab Republic re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

garding sanitary requirements applicable to
the culture, harvesting, or processing of vari-
ous species of shellfish.

The only fishery product covered by regu-
lations within the United Arab Republic ap-
pears to be shrimp, the freezing and process-
ing of which is governed by the Republics De-
partmental Order No. 271 issued in 1958 by
the Ministry of Industry.-

The Departmental Order as published in
the Egyptian Official Journal No. 62, dated
August 11, 1958, listed the following regula-
tions:

"Specifications of Frozen Shrimps:

"I - Frozen shrimps are fresh shrimps
fit for food consumption which are exposed to
such a degree of cold temperature as to cause
the freezing of all the liquids they contain.

"TI - Shrimps intended for freezing must
be fresh and have preserved their natural
properties. Care must be taken, immediately
after they are fished, to have them kept inice
or in mechanically refrigerated rooms at a
temperature not exceeding 0° Centigrade so
as not to expose them to damage.

"TII - The freezing of shrimps must take
place between -4° C, and -17.79 C. (24.89 F.
and 0° F.) and the storing and shipping of
frozen shrimps be in refrigerators the tem-
perature of which does not exceed -15° C,
(5° F.). Exporters must give evidence that
shipments are effected at this temperature.

"TV - Frozen shrimps for exportation must
be graded according to size and wrapped in
paper impervious to humidity and packed in
containers made of wax carton. Frozen
shrimps also may be covered with a thin lay-
er of ice and placed in boxes covered with
wax paper impervious to humidity and sus-
ceptible of sealing by heat.

"Vv - The containers must bear the name
of the factory, that of the product (frozen
shrimps), the net weight, and the name and
percentage of added substances, if any. To
make easy transportation, the containers of
frozen shrimps must be placed in larger boxes
made of reinforced cardboard or in wooden
cases.'' (United States Embassy, Cairo, May
17, 1961.)

August 1961

United Kingdom

WHOLESALE FIRM PREDICTS
CONTINUED BIG DEMAND
FOR FRESH FISH:

Frozen fish is not a substitute for fresh
fish, and never will be,'' remarked a spokes-
man of a prominent London, England, whole-
sale fish firm in an address at a dinner meet-
ing in April 1961. The reference was
prompted by a work stoppage at Grimsby and
Hull where skippers objected to Icelandic
boats landing fish, which resulted in a scar-

city of fresh fish.

The speaker went on to say that in the
last year or so there had been comments
that the fish trade was in the doldrums, and
that his firm's policy to concentrate solely
on the sale of quality fresh fish had been
criticized by those who claimed the future
of the industry was in frozen fish. He pointed
out that his firm sold more fresh fish in the
past year than ever before. Fresh fish, he
continued, will maintain its demand for a
mighty long time, and that despite the exten-
sive television advertising of frozen fish,
there is and will remain an enormous demand
for fresh fish. The firm's policy, he stated,
was to continue to buy good fresh fish.

The firm's spokesman predicted that
in the years ahead there would still be
many people who would demand and buy
fresh fish. (Fish Trades Gazette, April
as) able sia)

TRAWLER '! PRINCE CHARLES"
WINS SILVER COD
TROPHY FOR 1960:

The winner of the coverted Silver Cod
Trophy for 1960 in Great Britain was the
Hull trawler Prince Charles. The total
landings of the 691-ton trawler for trips
made during 1960 were somewhat more than
39,604 kits or 5,544,560 pounds (valued at
US$425,986), the highest amount landed dur-
ing the year by any distant-water trawler
fishing out of Britain's three main ports.
The 1959 winner of the trophy, the Falstaff,
came in second in the 1960 competition with
total landings only 118,440 pounds less than
the Prince Charles. The Falstaff's winning
total in 1959 was 39,695 kits or 5,557,300
pounds. (Fish Trades Gazette, January 14,
1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ON
WHETHER OR NOT FISH SEE TRAWL NET:

A question that has puzzled fishermen for

countless years is--do fish see the trawl?
Experiments have been carried out to obtain
the answer by the Marine Laboratory, Aber-
deen, Scotland,

in the spring of 1960, the Laboratory was
able to establish shoals of herring in some
large disused oyster cleaning tanks near
Stranraer, The tanks were 50 feet by 40 feet
with about 4 feet of water, and it was possible
to test the behavior of herring when various
types of obstacles were approaching them,

A number of different devices were used--
various types of trawl ground ropes, strings
of seine-net floats or trawl floats, a string of
underwater lights, a curtain of air bubbles,
and some netting and model trawls.

In daylight it was found that any device that
could be seen easily would herd the herring
quite effectively. The fish generally first re-
acted to the approaching obstacle when it was
only 4 to 5 feet away and then swam about
the same distance in front of it.

The best herding was obtained with ob-
stacles at the same level as the fish. The
speed of approach was also important. In
most experiments it was between 1 and 2
knots and there was time for the fish to be
herded. At speeds in excess of three knots
the fish were quickly overtaken.

As a marked contrast, indarkness, the her-
ring weren't herded by these moving obstacles.
When they were pulled through the tank, the
herring passed above or below or were struck
by them. This held true even with the cur-
tain of air bubbles and string of underwater
lights.

These contrasting observations between
daylight and darkness suggest the importance
of sight when herring react to obstacles.

By doing repeated experiments at dusk as
the light became reduced, it was possible to
measure the minimum amount of light required
for herding. Ina later survey at sea it was
found that the light on the sea bed will very
often be below this minimum, even in broad
daylight.

This will occur either in fairly clear wa-
ter at a good depth or in shallower depths
where the water is murky.

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

This may mean there will be many times
when sight will be inaffective in herding fish.
Where sight is important, for instance, in
clear or shallow water in daylight, these de-
vices will have to be very effective to per-
form their function in the short time avail-
able at normal trawling speeds before the
fish are overtaken.

It is difficult to say at this stage how im-
portant other factors such as vibration or
noise are. It is not possible to produce the
same conditions in a tank as those resulting
from the use of a trawl at sea,

The Laboratory hopes this year to start
solving this problem by the use of recorded
trawl noises and by devices for producing
vibrations and to see what effect these have.
(The Fishing News, May 26, 1961.)

Viet-Nam

ACHIEVEMENT IN
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT:

Major achievements in the area of fish-
eries development in Viet-Nam during the
first quarter of 1961 were three: the devel-

VIETNAM ®

p re

@2
INDONESIA® ~~

opment of new export markets, the discovery
of large schools of threadfin further north
than ever before, and the undertaking of a
survey of the nation's fisheries resources.

Vol. 23, No. 8

In the field of exports, new contracts were
signed by fishermen's cooperatives--2 with
Bangkok firms, 1 with a Singapore firm.

Considerable progress was made toward
identification of Viet-Nam's fisheries re-
sources and toward the development of a sta-
tistical section within the Fisheries Direc-
torate under the supervision of a Japanese
Government fishery statistician employed by
a United States consultant firm under a U.S.
International Cooperation Administration con-
tract. A series of four questionnaires were
used by Vietnanese officials to secure infor-
mation on the fishing industry--numbers and
distribution of fishermen, numbers and type
of boats, type of gear used, amount and type
of catch, at what Seasons and depths, etc. At
the end of the reporting period, data from the
survey was beginning to come in. ICA tech-
nicians say that it will probably not be rea-
sonably complete until September 1961, but
will be ultimately important as a basis for
scientific fisheries management, and avoid-
ing overexploitation of fishing resources.

At the beginning of March, through the use
of one of the fish-finding devices supplied by
U.S. Operations Mission to the Fisheries
Directorate, a large concentration of thread-
fin (Polynemus) was discovered approximate-
ly 35 miles southeast of the fishing port of
Ham Tan in Binh Tuy Province, which repre-
sented the first discovery of this type of fish
in commercial quantities north of Cap St.
Jacques, and has resulted in new prosperity
for fishermen of the area. (They receive
VN$60 per kilo (almost 78 U.S. cents a pound
for threadfin as opposed to VN$14 (18 cents a
pound) for tuna and VN$4 (5 cents a pound) for
sole.) Threadfin from the Ca Mau area has
for several years been an important export
item to Singapore, with exports to Bangkok
now Starting. Fisheries technicians have
cause to believe that the discovery of these
fish in that area may indicate the presence
of considerable schools further north.

In other developments, there was continu-
ing progress in developing new methods of
preserving and processing marine fish and
shellfish. Two specific achievements of the
technology section of the Fisheries Direc-
torate were: (1) the development of a meth-
od for reducing nuoc mam (fish sauce, a
staple item and important source of protein
in the Vietnamese diet) to solid form, which
has important military uses, and (2) develop-
ment of a high-quality agar-agar, a driedsea-

August 1961

Viet-Nam (Contd.):

weed product made from a blend of 5 types:
of seaweed found in the coastal waters of
central Viet-Nam, a commodity which has
not been produced before in Viet-Nam.

Motorization of the Vietnamese bamboo-
bottom fishing junks, which continued during
the first part of 1961, has vastly expanded
the fishing range, and has made possible lo-
cation of offshore fishing areas previously
out of reach by sail or oar. Approximately

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

300 specially-adapted engines were distributed
during the first quarter of 1961, though not
all had been installed,

A complete listing of the types of commer-
cial fish commonly found in Viet-Nam was
prepared by U.S. Operation Mission and con-
tract technicians. The list identifies the fish
by scientific name, Vietnamese name, and
common English name. (United States Em-

bassy, Saigon, June 8, 1961.)

Note:

Values converted at rate of VN$35 equal US$1.

FISHERY BYPRODUCTS SUBJECT TO SPONTANEOUS HEATING

od Liver Oil

Usual Shipping
Container or
Storage Method
Drums, Cans,
Glass

Tendency to

Spontaneous
Heating

High

Precautions Against

Spontaneous Heating Remarks

Impregnated organic
materials are ex-
tremely dangerous.

Avoid contact of leak-

age from containers

with rags, cotton, or
other fibrous com-
bustible materials.

Keep moisture 6% to
12%. Avoid expo-
sure to heat.

Avoid contact of leak-
age from containers
with rags, cotton, or
other fibrous com-
bustible materials.

Dangerous if over-
dried or packaged
over 100° F.
Impregnated porous
or fibrous materi-
als are extremely
dangerous. Tend-
ency of various fish
oils to heat varies
with origi
Scrap loaded or
stored before cool-
ing is extremely
liable to heat.
Dangerous on fi-
brous products.

Fish Meal High Bags, Bulk

Barrels, Drums,
Tank Cars

Fish Oil

Avoid moisture ex-
tremes.

Fish Scrap Bulk, Bags

Avoid contact of leak-
age from containers
with rags, cotton, or
other fibrous com-

bustible materials.
Avoid contact of leak-
age from containers
with rags, cotton or
other fibrous com-
bustible materials.

Barrels, Drums,
Tank Cars

Moderate to
High

Impregnated fibrous
materials may hea
unless ventilated.
Tendency varies

with origin of oil.

Barrels and
Tank Cars

Whale Oil Moderate

96

y —
al

“at y ACTIONS |

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

PETITION FILED FOR USE OF SODIUM
NITRITE IN TUNA PRODUCTS:

A petition filed with the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (Federal Register, May 10, 1961)
by a New England tuna products processor pro~
poses aregulation to provide for the safe use of
sodium nitrite at 10 parts per million (0.001 per-
cent) in cured tuna and products made from tuna
for fixation of color, improvement of texture, and
development of flavor.

Kk OK KK OK OK

REGULATIONS ON EXTENSION OF
EFFECTIVE DATE FOR
FOOD ADDITIVES AMENDMENTS:

The U. S. Commissioner of Food and Drugs
is authorized (Public Law 87-19, 75 Stat. 42,
enacted April 7, 1961) to further extend the
effective date of the food additives amend-
ment to the Federal Food, Drugs and Cos-
metic Act when facts are presented to sup-
port this action. To administer this provision
of the law, the Commissioner announced a
specific policy which was published in the
April 15, 1961, Federal Register. All exten-
sions of the effective date of the food additives
amendment as announced previously were
continued in effect to July 1, 1961, unless
prior to that time regulations had been issued
covering the subject matter of the extension
or a regulation of further extension had been
denied.

Legal action was not instituted under the
food additives amendment before July 1,1961,
involving the use of any food additive for
which an extension request was pending be-
fore the Commissioner prior to March 6,
1961, unless the Commissioner denied the
request prior to July 1, 1961.

If certain specific data were submitted,
the Commissioner would consider requests

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

w, FEDERAL @

Vol. 23, No. 8

The data
to be submitted were indicated in the Federal
Register of April 15, 1961.

for extensions beyond July 1, 1961.

se gle sk ose ook
WK OK OK OK OK

SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED
AS SAFE INCORPORATED INTO FOOD
ADDITIVES REGULATIONS:

A large number of spices, seasonings,
essential oils, oleoresins, and natural ex-
tractives (listed in the May 19, 1960, Federal
Register with reference to a proposed order
listing them as safe for their intended use)
have now been determined to be safe within
the meaning of section 409 of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The Food
and Drug Administration made this determi-
nation after having considered all comments
filed and all data accumulated with reference
to the proposed order. The final order in-
corporating this decision in the regulations
appeared in the June 10 Federal Register
and it became effective on the date of publi-
cation.

The list in the June 10 Federal Register
includes almost 280 substances (gives the
common name and botanical name of plant
source) under the categories of spices and
other natural seasonings; essential oils,
oleoresins and natural extractives; additives
used in conjunction with spices and other
natural seasonings and flavorings; natural
extractives used in conjunction with spices,
seasonings, and flavorings; and a group of
miscellaneous items. To mention afew, in-
cluded are such substances as citrus peels,
clove, coriander, dill, lemon peel, lime, onion,
nutmeg, saffron, algae, dulse, kelp, allspice,
capers, caraway, celery seed, chives, cinna-
mon, cloves, garlic, ginger, mustard, oregano,
paprika, parsley, pepper, sage, thyme, etc.
The list of substances has been incorporated
in the regulations as ''Part 121--Food Additives,
subject B, §121.101."

The same Federal Register of June 10
lists a group of substances (four) for which

August 1961

an additional period of time is given for ob-
taining tolerances or denials of tolerances or
for granting exemptions from tolerances. The
extension is until July 1, 1962, with the pro-
viso that a minimum quantity of the additive
will be incorporated in the food consistent
with good manufacturing practice. This order
which became effective on June 2, 1961, is
incorporated in the regulations as '' Part 121--
Food Additives, Subpart A, $121.91."

Also included in the same issue of the
Federal Register are certain food additives
used in food containers or equipment and food
additives otherwise affecting food. These two
substances are included in the regulations as
"Part 121--Food Additives, Subpart F,
§121.2510 for polyethylene and 8121.2508
ethylene-butene-1 copolymer."

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 68, April
1961 p. 91; December 1960 p. 94; July 1960 p. 79; June 1960
p- 67; May 1960 p. 70.

se ook

FOOD ADDITIVES REGULATIONS
AMENDED TO INCLUDE ADDITIONAL
SUBSTANCES USED IN PAPER
PRODUCTS FOR FOOD PACKAGING:

A substantial number of substances migra-
ting to food from paper and paperboard prod-
ucts used in food packaging have been indi-
cated as safe for their intended use. The or-
der amending the food additives regulations
to include those substances was published in
the Federal Register, June 17, 1961, and be-
came effective on the date of publication. The
list of substances has been incorporated in
the regulations as ''Part 121--Food Additives,
Subpart B, Section 121.101 (h)."

Among the 67 substances listed in the a-
mendment as safe for their intended use are
acetic acid, calcium chloride, casein, copper
sulfate, cornstarch, corn sugar (sirup), glyc-
erin, invert sugar, magnesium sulphate, so-
dium carbonate, ae others.

Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

PROPOSAL TO PERMIT USE OF EITHER
VOLUME OR VALUE OF CATCH IN
DETERMINING ELIGIBILITY FOR FISHING
VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY:

The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pub-
lished in the June 13 Federal Register apro-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

97

posed change in the fishing vessel construc-
tion differential subsidy procedures.

It is proposed to amend the fishing vessel
construction differential subsidy procedures
to provide, in the definition of a fishery, per-
mission for the owner to use either volume
or value of the catch in determining eligibil-
ity for a subsidy. At present the regulations
prescribed the use of only volume.

As proposed, the definition of a fishery
provides that a vessel ''To be considered as
operating in a fishery, the catch of species
in that fishery must amount to at least fifty-
one percent (51%) (at the option of the owner
by ex-vessel weight or ex-vessel value) of
the total catch of the vessel during the calen-
dar year. '

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR SELECTED:

Promotion of Harold E. Crowther, Chief
of the Division of Industrial Research of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, to
the position of Assistant Director of the Bu-
reau was announced on June 27, 1961, by the
Department of the Interior.

Crowther replaces Andrew W. Anderson
who has transferred after more than 30 years
of service to become Fishery Attache to the
American Embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Crowther's appointment was effective June
14. Anderson began work with the Depart-
ment of State a few days earlier.

Crowther came to the Bureau in 1949 as
a fishery engineer engaged in gear research
and exploratory
fishing. From
1950 to 1953, he
was Chief of the
Section of Fish-
ery Technology.
He resigned to
go with a private
fishing firm. He
returned in 1956
as a Fisheries
Products Tech-
nologist. In 1957,
following the re-
organization of
the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service,

Harold E, Crowther
he became Chief of the Division of Industrial
Research and Services, a position he held un-

98

til his promotion to Assistant Director. For
the past year he has been at the Bureau's Area
Office at Terminal Island, Calif., on an execu-
tive training program.

As fishery attache in Europe, Anderson will
work to improve reporting from this important
fishery production and trade area, and also be
concerned with developments in such organi-
zations as the European Common Market, the
European Free Trade Association, and the Or-
ganization for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment.

Anderson become Assistant Director of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in April 1957
following the
reorganization
directed in the
Fish and Wild-
life Act of 1956.
He had been
Chief of the
- Branch of Com-
mercial Fisher-

ies of the Fish
and Wildlife

_ Service for the
_ previous 14

_ years.

Anderson
has been regu-
larly employed with the Bureau since June
1930, although he had summer employment
with the organization in 1919. His first regu-
lar position was Statistical and Marketing A-
gent in the Middle Atlantic States. The follow-
ing February he became Assistant Fisheries
Technologist and served successively in Wash-
ington, D. C.; Gloucester, Mass.; Seattle and
Anacortes, Wash.; Astoria, Oreg.; and Larsen
Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska. He returned to
the Washington Office in 1937.

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*
A
Andrew W. Anderson

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION

HEARING TO INVESTIGATE
AND RECOMMEND MINIMUM WAGES
FOR AMERICAN SAMOA:

The U. S. Secretary of Labor appointed
Industry Committee No. 4 to recommend min-
imum hourly wage rates under the Fair Labor
Standards Act for all industries in American
Samoa. The committee was to begin its pub-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

lic hearings on July 19, 1961, in Pago Pago,
American Samoa.

The Act authorizes industry committees
for American Samoa to recommend minimum
wage rates at or below
the $1.00-an-hour min-
imum applicable in the
continental United States.
These committees are
equally representative
of employers, employees,
and the public, and in-
clude residents of both
American Samoa and the
mainland. Committee
No. 4 is also authorized to consider rates for.
employees who will be newly covered by the
Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961.

At present the minimum wage rates in
American Samoa are 75 cents an hour for
fish canning and processing, shipping and
transportation, and petroleum marketing,
and 55 cents an hour for other industries.

Members of the committee are:

For the Public:

James C, Hill (Chairman), Labor Arbitrator,
New York, N. Y.

S. P. Aumoeualogo, House of Representatives,
Government of American Samoa, Pago Pago,
American Samoa.

For the Employers:
Charles R. Carry, Executive Director, Cali-

fornia Fish Canners Association, Inc., Ter-
minal Island, Calif.

Leonard B. Quamma, Van Camp Sea Food
Company, Pago Pago, American Samoa.

For the Employees:

George J. Richardson, Special Representative,
Office of the President, AFL-CIO, Washing-
ton, DiC.

Philip J. Nomura, Assistant Director of Pub-
lic Works, Government of American Samoa,
Pago Pago, American Samoa.

The formal notice of appointment was pub-
lished in the June 21 Federal Register.

le gle sk sk
(Saat omits ea

REGULATIONS ISSUED FOR REVIEW
COMMITTEES IN PUERTO RICO AND
VIRGIN ISLANDS:

Regulations which set forth the procedures

governing applications for appointment of

August 1961

wage review committees for industries in
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were pub-
lished in the May 27, 1961, Federal Register.
The regulations, designated as Part 512, Title
29, of the Code of Federal Regulations, were
issued pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards
Amendments of 1961 by the Wage and Hour
and Public Contracts Divisions of the U. S.
Department of Labor.

The amendments provide, among other things,

that any employer, or groupof employers, em-
ploying a majority of employees in an industry
in Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands may apply,
no later than July 4, 1961, to the Secretary of La-
bor for the appointment of a review committee to
recommend the minimum rate or rates to be paid

such employees in lieuof the rate or rates result-

ing from the 15-percent statutory increase pro-
vided by the amendments.

The Secretary may appoint a review com-
mittee only if proper application has been
made and he has reasonable cause to believe,
on the basis of financial and other information
contained in the application, that compliance
with the statutory rate will substantially cur-
tail employment in the industry.

The amendments indicate that an applica-
tion for the appointment of a review commit-
tee is to be made for an industry, and not for
part of an industry.

The regulations specify items of informa-
tion which would generally be essential for a
determination, as a guide to the applicant.
Sufficient information must be supplied to
permit the Secretary to conclude that there
is reasonable cause to believe that the indus-
try cannot pay the 15-percent increase with-
out substantial curtailment of employment.

If the information furnished is not sufficient
to make such a determination, the application
will be denied.

All information submitted with an applica-
tion will, if the application is granted, be re-
ferred to the review committee appointed for
that industry. It will also be available to the
public after the date that the application is
granted. If an application is denied, none of
the information will be made available to any
persons outside those in the Department whose
duties require the examination of such appli-
cations.

The regulations also provide that regula-
tions, Part 511, on wage order procedure,
will apply to review committees, except where

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

inconsistent with regulations, Part 512, or
the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of
1961. Thus, review committees will operate
under the same rules and have the same
authority as the usual industry committees.
They will be tripartite in membership and
will receive prehearing statements from
those who wish to participate as parties.
They may also establish classifications with-
in an industry and may recommend rates up
to the new statutory minimum of $1.15 an
hour.

The regulations as published include sec-
tions on scope and application, statutory re-
quirements prerequisite for appointment of
review committees, industry, confidentiality,
identification and filing date, majority of em-
ployers in the industry, financial and other
information, payroll and employment data,
other information, action on application, re-
view committee procedure, effective period
of the 15-percent increase or the review com-
mittee wage order, and surety undertaking.

Treasury Department

BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

REGULATIONS AMENDED ON ENTRY OF
PRODUCTS OF AMERICAN FISHERIES
TRANSFERRED AT SEA:

Relating to entry of products of the Ameri-
can fisheries taken on the high seas when
they are shipped to the United States by be-
ing transferred at sea to another fishing ves-
sel of the same fleet returning to port, the
May 17, 1961, Federal Register, amends
Customs Regulations, Sections 10.78 and
10.79, as follows:

Title 1S—CUSTOMS DUTIES

Chapter I—Bureau of Customs,
Department of the Treasury
[T.D. 55384]

PART 10—ARTICLES CONDITIONALLY
FREE, SUBJECT TO A REDUCED
RATE, ETC.

Products of American Fisheries

Sections 10.78 and 10.79, Customs
Regulations, relating to entry of prod-
ucts of American fisheries, amended.

To clarify the phrase ‘‘imported by the
taking vessel,” in § 10.79, and to elimi-
nate the requirement for entry of prod-
ucts of American fisheries taken on the
high seas when they are shipped to the
United States by being transferred at

100

sea to another fishing vessel of the same
fleet returning to port, the following
changes are made in the Customs
Regulations:

Section 10.78(a) is amended to read as
follows:

§ 10.78 Entry.

(a) Except as prescribed in § 10.79(d),
no entry shall be required for fish or
other marine products taken on the high
seas by vessels of the United States or
by residents of the United States in
undocumented vessels owned in the
United States when such fish or other
products are brought into port by the
taking vessel, or are transferred at sea
to another fishing vessel of the same
fleet and brought into port.

§ 10.79

The first sentence of §10.79(a) is
amended to read as follows: “When
products of American fisheries claimed
to be free of duty under paragraph 1730
(a), Tariff Act of 1930, are imported
from a foreign country or its territorial
waters by the taking vessel, or are
shipped, except as provided for in § 10.78
(a), to the United States by the master,
owner, or agent of the taking vessel
otherwise than in the taking vessel, a
declaration, customs Form 3295, of the
master of the taking vessel, verified by
at least two members of the crew, shall
be required in connection with the

[Amendment]

entry.”
(R.S. 251, sec, 624, 46 Stat. 759; 19 U.S.C. 66,
1624)

{sEAL] D. B. STRUBINGER,

Acting Commissioner of Customs.
Approved: May 10, 1961.

A. GILMORE FLUES,
Assistant Secretary of
Treasury.

the

sk ook ole ok ook
KOK KOK

CANADIAN GREAT LAKES FISHING
VESSELS MAY NOT LAND IN U. S. PORTS:

Canadian fishing vessels have been report-
ed operating in United States and/or Canadian
waters on Lake Superior and landing their
catches in United States Great Lakes ports.
These vessels were licensed by the State of
Michigan to fish in Michigan waters of Lake
Superior,

On April 10, 1961, the Bureau of Customs,
U. S. Treasury Department, ruled that Sec-
tion 251, title 46, United States Code, denies
to foreign-flag vessels ''the privileges of ves-
sels employed in the... fisheries," thus ex-
cluding Canadian fishing vessels from taking
fish in the territorial waters of the United
States. Section 4.96(e) of the Customs Regu-
lations, among other things, permits a Cana-
dian nonconvention fishing vessel to come in-
to a port of the United States for the purpose of
securing supplies, equipment, or repairs, sub-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

ject to compliance with the usual requirements
applicable to foreign vessels in ports of the
United States. However, landing the catchof
any such vessel is prohibited, regardless of
where the catch is taken.

Accordingly, Canadian vessels are prohib-
ited by Section 251 from engaging in commer-
cial fishing in territorial waters of the United
States and from landing in a port of the United
States fish taken by such vessels regardless
of where the catch is taken.

Eighty -Seventh Congress

(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may di-
rectly or indirectly affect the fisheries and
allied industries are re-
ported upon. Introduc-
tion, referral to com-
mittees, pertinent leg-
islative actions by the
House and Senate, as
well as signature into
law or other final dis-
position are covered.

FEDERAL BOATING ACT OF 1958 AMENDMENTS:
On June 14, the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries met in executive session and ordered reported to
House §. 883, a bill to extend the application of the Fed-
eral Boating Act of 1958 to the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam.

FISH AND WILDLIFE AID THROUGH EQUIPMENT
TRANSFER: S. 2173 (McCarthy & Humphrey), introduced
in Senate June 29, a bill to provide that excess personal
property of the United States may be donated to the States
for the promotion of fish and wildlife management activ-
ities, and for other purposes; to Committee on Govern-
ment Operations. Similar to H. R. 4724 (Barry).

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: United
States Contribution to the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation (Hearing before the Subcommittee on International
Organizations and Movements of the Committee on For-
eign Affairs, House of Representatives, Eighty-Seventh
Congress, First Session on draft legislation--Executive
Communication 825--to amend the joint resolution pro-
viding for membership of the United States in the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, May
24, 1961), 31 pp., printed. Contains statements of vari-
ous officials of Department of State, and Department of
Agriculture. Proposed legislation would remove the
dollar ceiling on the amount authorized to be appropri-
ated annually for United States ccntribution to the FAO.
United Nations program of technical assistance carried
out by FAO includes fisheries (fishing resource surveys
fishery technology, and fish processing and marketing);

August 1961

and among the projects executed by FAO approved by
the Special Fund Governing Council is included one on
fisheries institutes.

FUR SEAL OPERATIONS: On June 21, Executive
Communication 1056, a letter from the Comptroller
General of the United States, transmitting a report on
the review of fur seal operations and administration of
the Pribilof Islands, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the In-
terior, was submitted to the House; to Committee on
Government Operations. Identical report received in
Senate same date.

GAME AND FOOD FISH CONSERVATION IN DAM
RESERVOIRS: H. R. 7795 (Sikes), introduced in House
June 21, a bill to direct the Secretary of the Interior to
establish a research program in order to determine
means of improving the conservation of game and food
fish in dam reservoirs; to Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries. Identical to H. R. 2722.

GULF OF MEXICO OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
RESTRICTIONS: On July 12 and 19, the full House Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs considered H. R.
6745, to provide for the restriction of certain areas in|
the Outer Continental Shelf, for defense purposes and
for other purposes (Matagorda Water Range); and H. R.
6849, to provide for the restriction of certain areas in
the Outer Continental Shelf, known as the Corpus Christi
Offshore Warning Areas, for defense purposes and for
other purposes.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H. R. 7858
(Harvey of Indiana), introduced in House June 26, a bill
to regulate the foreign commerce of the United States
by providing for fair competition between domestic in-
dustries that supply articles imported into the United
States, and for other purposes; to Committee on Ways
and Means. Also, on June 29 introduced in House, H. R.

7986 (Merrow).

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL PERSONNEL: H. R.
8029 (Hansen), introduced in House July 10, abillto
provide medical care for certain persons engaged on
board a vessel in the care, preservation, or navigation
of such vessel; to the Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce. Identical to S. 367.

METRIC SYSTEM STUDY: On June 29, Subcommittee
No. 1 of the House Committee on Science and Astronau-
tics held a hearing on H. R. 269 and H. R. 2049, bills
to provide the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a
study to determine the practicability and desirability of
the adoption by the United States of the metric system
of weights and measures. Public witnesses were heard.

NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY: H. R. 8046 (Mrs.
St. George), introduced in House July 10, a bill to pro-
vide for the establishment, under the National Science
Foundation, of a National Science Academy; to Commit-
tee on Science and Astronautics. Similar bill H. R. 8085
(Martin), introduced in House July 11.

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM:
H. R. 8181 (Kirwan), introduced in House July 17, a
bill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to con-
struct a National Fisheries Center and Aquarium in the
District of Columbia; to Committee on District of Co-
lumbia.

NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: On July
13 Executive Communication 1135 was-received in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

House, from the President of the United States, trans-
mitting a draft of a proposed bill entitled "A bill to pro-
vide for the optimum development of the Nation's natu-
ral resources through the coordinated planning of wa-
ter and related land resources, through the establish-
ment of a Water Resources Council and river basin
commissions, and by providing financial assistance to
the States in order to increase State participation in
such planning;'' to Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs.

NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE: H. R. 8045
(Geo. P. Miller), introduced in House July 10, a bill to
change the name of the Hydrographic Office to United
States Naval Oceanographic Office; to Committee on
Armed Services.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: Oceano-
graphy 1961--Phase 1 (Hearing before the Subcommittee
on Oceanography of the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, House of Representatives, Eighty-Sev-
enth Congress, First Session, on H. R. 4340), 104 pp.,
printed. Contains communication from the President;
and reports from the Departments of Commerce, Treas-
ury, Interior, and Navy; statements of various officers
of Coast Guard and Navy. Also contains ''Report of
Coast Guard Facilities and Operations in Activities Re-
lating to Fields of Oceanography;"' "United States Na-
tional Oceanographic Program, Fiscal Year 1962," by
the Interagency Committee on Oceanography of the Fed-
eral Council for Science and Technology; and 'Intera-
gency Committee on Oceanography," a roster of mem-
bership and panels. New legislation would allow the
Coast Guard to collect, analyze, and evaluate scientific
data concerning the high seas and the navigable waters
of the United States; cooperate and participate with
other Federal agencies in the collection, analysis, and
evaluation of such data.

On June 19 the Subcommittee on Oceanography of the
House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
heard testimony of various Government witnesses on
H. R. 4276, to expand and develop the aquatic resources
of the United States. Hearings continue. Hearings were
continued on June 20, 21, 22, 27. On July 14, the Sub-
committee on Oceanography concluded hearings on H.R.
4276.

On June 20 the Senate Committee on Commerce sub-
mitted a report (S. Rept. 426) on S. 901, a bill to advance
the marine sciences, with amendments. Bill amended
in Committee to provide for long-term grants, contracts
or other forms of assistance by the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries to scientists, laboratories, or other non-
Federal agencies for research, equipment, or facilities
to be used in furtherance of bill's objectives.

The section of the bill concerning studies of econom-
ic and legal aspects of commercial fisheries and the
utilization of marine products was amended to provide
that "such studies may be carried out through contracts
with institutions, agencies, or organizations competent
to make such studies, or by grants to such institutions,
agencies, or organizations.'"' Through this amendment,
the report explains, the committee wished to make it
clear that the Bureau would not be required to under-
take these studies itself but could utilize the services
of authorities in these fields.

Rept. 426, Advancement of Marine Sciences--Ma-
rine oe and Research Act of 1961 (87th Congress,
lst Session, June 20, 1961, report from Committee on
Commerce to accompany iS 901), 103 pp., printed. Con-

102

tains provisions of S. 901; various discussions such as
"Marine Science--the Neglected Frontier;" 'Minerals
for the Future;'' ''The Unfenced Pastures of the Sea;"
"Health from the Seas;'' ''The Menace to Health from
the Seas;"' "The Highways of International Trade and
Friendship;" ''Where Land and Ocean Meet--Our 12,255-
Mile Coastline;'' "Service Agency of the Seas and Lakes;"
"Weather in the Oceans;" "Research for Security;"' 'The
Role of Research in Undersea Warfare;"" "Needs for
Oceanographic Research;" ''The Need for Legislation;"
"The Inland Ocean;" "Genesis of the Program;" "Cost;"
"Analysis of S. 901 by Sections;" and "Agency Reports."

House on June 29 disagreed to Senate amendments to
H. R. 6845, to expand the functions of the Coast Guard
to include oceanographic research, requested a confer-
ence with the Senate, and appointed conferees. On July
12 the Senate insisted on its amendment to H. R. 6845,
agreed to conference asked by the House, and appointed
conferees.

PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION: On July

7, the Senate received executive communication, a let-
ter from the Chairman, Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-
mission, Portland, Oreg., transmitting, pursuant to law,
a report of that Commission, for the year 1960 (with
accompanying report); to Committee on Commerce.
Same communication received in House July 17; to Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

POLLUTION OF SEA: On June 20, Executive Com-
munication 1053, a letter from the Secretary of State,
transmitting a draft of a proposed bill entitled "A bill
to implement the provisions of the International Conven-
tion for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by
Oil, 1954,"" was submitted to the House; referred to Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. On June 21,
an identical communication was received in the Senate.

S. 2187 (Magnuson), introduced in Senate June 29, a
bill to implement the provisions of the International ‘Con-
vention for the prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by
Oil, 1954; to Committee on Commerce. Identical bill
H. R. 8152 (Bonner) introduced in House July 13.

POLLUTION OF SEA TREATY IMPLEMENTATION:
H. R. 8152 (Bonner), introduced in House July 13, abill
to implement the provisions of the International Conven-
tion for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil,
1954; to Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATIONS, 1962: Part I--
Civil Functions, De] Department of the Army (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropria-
tions, House of Representatives, 87th Congress, First
Session), 1053 pp., printed. Under the part on the North
Pacific Division, discusses a treaty between the United
States and Canada which covers development of the hy-
droelectric potential of the Columbia River basin, as
well as flood control and irrigation and navigation needs.
This has resulted in a program of construction of major
dams, which has raised the problem of fish passage over
these dams to their spawning areas. Covers investiga-
tions of the Fish and Wildlife Service in helping to solve
this problem. This part of the hearings also has refer-
ences to fish and wildlife studies by the Fish and Wild-
life Service.

Part 2--Civil Functions, Department of the Army
(Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations; House of Representatives, 87th Congress
First Session), 1361 pp., printed. Contains list of project
allocations on the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
studies (totaling 103), in the amount of $550,000.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vole 23.eNosss

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: H. R. 8034 (Kilgore), in-
troduced in House July 10, a bill to amend the Tariff
Act of 1930 to impose a duty on shrimp and to provide
for duty-free entry of unprocessed shrimp annually in
an amount equal to imports.of shrimp in 1960; to Com-
mittee on Ways and Means. Similar to S. 1571 (Long).

SPORT FISH STUDY: H. R. 7826 (Berry), introduced
in House June 22, a bill to authorize and direct the Sec-
retary of the Interior to conduct studies of the genetics
of sport fishes and to carry out selective breeding of
such fishes to develop strains with inherent attributes
valuable in programs of research, fish hatchery pro-
duction, and management of recreational fishery re-
sources; to Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisher-
ress

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY 1962:
On June 19 the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee
on Appropriations continued hearings on H. R. 7371,
fiscal 1962 appropriations for the Departments of State
and Justice, and the Judiciary. Testimony was received
from State Department witnesses. Hearings continued
on June 21, 22, 27, and July 10 and 11. Hearings were
recessed subject to call of Chair.

UNDOCUMENTED VESSEL NUMBERING REGULA-
TIONS: On July 14, the Senate received executive com-
munication, a letter from Assistant Secretary of Treas-
ury, transmitting, pursuant to law, a copy of interpre-
tative rulings and definitions of terms used in certain
regulations regarding numbering of undocumented ves-
sels, statistics on numbering, and boating accident re-
ports and accident statistics (with accompanying paper);
to Committee on Commerce.

VESSEL MEASUREMENT: H. R. 8150 (Bonner), in-
troduced in House July 13, a bill to simplify the ad-
measurement of small vessels; to Committee on Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries. Identical to S. 1936 (Mag-
nuson).

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: On June 22, the
Senate passed H. R. 6441, a bill to amend the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act so as to provide a more
effective program of water pollution control, after Com-
mittee on Public Works was discharged from its further
consideration. It was amended by substituting for its
text the amended language of S. 120, companion bill.
Prior to these actions, S. 120 had been amended by a-
doption of all committee amendments (with two technical
perfecting amendments); and an amendment by Case (S.
Dak.), providing that when need for pollution control in
a community is due to Federal activity an additional al-
location may be Ynade to meet an equitable portion of
such need. Senate insisted on its amendments, asked
for conference with House and appointed conferees. S.
120 was indefinitely postponed.

On June 27 the House disagreed to Senate amendments
to H. R. 6441, agreed to a conference with the Senate;
and a appointed conferees.

On June 28 conferees in executive session agreed to
file conference report (H. Rept. No. 675) on differences
between Senate- and House-passed versions of H. R.
6441.

On July 6 the Committee on Conference reported on
H. R. 6441 without amendment (H. Rept. No. 675).

H. Rept. No. 675, Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of of 1961 (July 6, 1961, report from the
committee of conference to accompany H. R. 6441), 14

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103

pp., printed. Contains amendments to bill as agreed on
by conference committee; and a statement of the man-
agers on the part of the House explaining of the effect
of the action agreed upon by the conferees and recom-
mendations in accompanying conference report. On
July 14, the Senate adopted conference report on and
cleared for President H. R. 6441.

On July 13, the House adopted conference report on
H. R. 6441.

WATER RESOURCES CONSERVATION: S. 2246 (An-
derson), introduced in Senate July 14, a bill to provide
for the optimum development of the Nation's natural re-
sources through the coordinated planning of water and
related land resources, through the establishment of a
Water Resources Council and river basin commissions,
and by providing financial assistance to the States in
order to increase State participation in such planning;
to Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. This bill
is the President's water resources bill of 1962 in ac-

cordance with executive communication received in
Senate also on July 14. Also H. R. 8177 (Aspinall), in-

troduced in House July 17, identical to S. 2246.

WORLD TRADE: S. Report No. 446, The United
States and World Trade, Challenges and Opportunities
(June 26, 1961, 87th Congress, ist Session, Final Re-
port of the Committee on Commerce, United States Sen-
ate, prepared by its special staff on the study of U. S.
Foreign Commerce, pursuant to 5. Res. 243, 86th Con-
gress), 340 pp., printed. Report is made up of two
parts--Part I. World Trade: The challenge to U. S.
Policy; and Part II. Essentials of a modern trade poli-
cy. Contains two appendices, 45 tables, and 6 charts.
This report maintains that the United States should have
a dynamic national trade policy, reflecting our confi-
dence inthe power, the resiliency, the ingenuity and
creative capacity of the American economy. A number
of proposals and recommendations are advanced with
respect to various aspects of trade policy and adminis-
tration.

SALMON STAIRCASE AT DAMS

A spiral water "staircase" for salm-

mon hurdling over dams during their mi-
gration upstream to spawn received an-
other patent. The invention of James M.
Wardle of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, won
patent No. 2,978,873. Rights were assigned
to Northwest Power Industries Limited,
Ottawa. A series of steps, or pools, pro-
vide a passageway for both the spawning
salmon and their returning fingerlings, with
every 12th pool designed as a stop-over,
or resting place. (Science News Letter,
April 29, 1961)

104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

INDICATORS _...

>

SS = =

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for “SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds
MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND wee = ASEAN DINE WRORE

CUMULATIVE DATA —_—— 1961 CUMULATIVE DATA

5 gS. 1961 - 80
= 1960 - 6
12 1960 - SQl-

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Na area
—————— AN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

S mgs. 1961 - 70.3
5 ae 1960 - 69.6
2 1960 - 190.6)

CUMULATIVE DATA

0
JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 1/

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 211.1
1960 - 197.7
1960 - 543.2

Pa

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK recent OCEAN PERCH

(Maine and Massachusetts) lowe (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA CarpOrrers CUMULATIVE DATA
5S Mgs. 1961 - 51.3 mgs. 1961 - 50.3

S 1960 - 45.9 1960 - 48.3)"
12." 1960 - 104.5) "1960 - 142.6

JAN FEB

1/. SHRIMP : WHITING
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1961

oe

OSS cr Sad

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC R_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/tA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE-NOT COM- =

PLETE. In Thousands

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

MENH/.DEN
(California)

(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

Ss . 1961 178.0,
Ss je 1760 106.0)
12 1960 - 996.

PN
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
In Thousands

PILCHARD TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

(California)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON, 6 MgS. 1961 - Br
TOTAL - 27.1 Gn) ae ree

1959/60 SEASON, 2 1960 - A
TOTAL - 35.4

LEGEND:

* 1960/61
———— 1959/60

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. HOLDINGS ane U. S. FREEZINGS

—_—— 1961

1960 CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1961 - 132.7
6 ba 1960 - 12
h2 1960 - 32

eee

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2!

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

=e

pert

FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds
COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2

1/ a
RECEIPTS —' AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK
22 CUMULATIVE DATA
6 mgs. 1961 - 80.2 CITY
20 [16 | | 1960 - 83.8
12 1960 - 168.8
18

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1961 - 36.0 =
oe 1960 - 41
12 1960 - 87.1

poe On Ae Ones, gscerecen ene tee.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
SEATTLE BOSTON
COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1961 - 37.8
6 , 1960 - 45.8
12 1960 - 97.6

FISH OIL,
In Millions of Gallons

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 46.7
1960 38.4

1960 - 289.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:
eS 2/
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA ——- 1961 MACKEREL ~' - CALIFORNIA
CUMULATIVE DATA seeneeeeee 1960 | [260 CUMULATIVE DATA

6 HQS. 1961 - 5,246.0
6 | 1960 - 5554
12 1960 - 10°79

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

5 mgs. 1961 - 13.6 1g. 1961 - 175.8
5 4 1960 - 11.4 1 1960 - 155.8
12 1960 - 24.9 12 MOS. 1960 -'2,648.8

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ =
SARDINES—' (Estimated) STANDARD CASES

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs . oa - os Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.
1960 -
SARDINES } drawn 32 oz.

== 5 oz.

#5 tuna 6&7 oz.
PILCHARDS... # 1 oval 15

SALMON i=l satali 16

ANCHOVEES... lb. 8

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -JUNE - 543.0
1959/60 SEASON,
AUG. -JUNE - 639.4
1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

* 1960/61
os eee 280

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL 615.9
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL 54.6

- 812.5

SOOT errr.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY oS SEPT OCT NOV DEC

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS oo FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH

Fresh and ome 1961 (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA eecseecees 1960

5 mgs. 1961 - 5 mgs.
5 , 1960 - Er natZ Sa
12 1960 - 155.6 12

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
5 mgs. 1961 - 29.8 5 mgs. 1961 - 23.9
)

1 - PY Ss 1960 - 24.8
12th Toeoes ace 12" 1960 - 53.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1
ie Tuna ¥ ) SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
resh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MgS.1961 - 9.9

4 4 1960 - 11.9
12 1960 - 74.2

CUMULATIVE DATA
. 1961 - 87.0

1960 - 86.3
1960 - 234.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ EXCLUDES LO{NS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CANNED SARDINES
(in Oil and in Brine) z = - i

in Oil and not in Oil

5 Mgs. 1961 - 16,1
5 , 1960 - 13.8
12 1960 - 27.4

CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1961 - 24,6)
1960 - 22.8;
1960 - 61.7)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

110

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

pa :

Eee,

Vol 2S. sNouns

Ge

&

Tae.

“RECENT

a
ns

ee

ta Le OT ER RY Ch SS PEE ED OP PPP OR SLERS DO SO A De a= =

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

graphs showing harvest of seals, 1820-1960; and
production of fur seal meal, 1935-1960.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised):
SL- 4 - Rhode Island, 1961.

SL- 7 - New Jersey, 1961.

SL-10 - Maryland, 1961.

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. SL-27 - Indiana (Great Lakes Area), 1960.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. Bae ee

MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES. SL-28 - Michigan (Great Lakes Area), 1960.
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS | SLL-29 - Ohio (Great Lakes Area), 1960.

OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SL-31 - New York (Great Lakes Area), 1960.

SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
Sep. No. 622 - Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp

Number Title : 3
SSS : ———— Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice: Part 5 - In-
CFS-2557 - Florida Landings, 1960 Annual Summary, terchange of Canine in a Shrimp-Ice System.

13 pp.
CFS-2578 - Imports and Exports of Fishery Products,
1956-1960 Annual Summaries, 12 pp.
CFS-2582 - Michigan Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2583 - Florida Landings, March 1961,9 pp.
CFS-2584 - Frozen Fish Report, April 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2585 - Maine Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.

Sep. No. 623 - A $700 Million Food Buyer Offers Spe-
cial Opportunities to Small Business Firms.

CFS-2586 - FishMeal & Oil, 1960 AnnualSummary, 4 pp.

to the Congress of the activities of the U. S. Bureau

ehenenae’ rain PSnaio ee LE bO anne one. of Commercial Fisheries during the fiscal year end-
CFS-2590 - Mississippi Landings, 1960 Annual Summary, Fee ceeig net cet provision’ Oh eee
5 pp. : Ban eg Pee
2 e : available funds from import duties collected on for-
aa u ae re pone aisle aa aes eign fishery products for the promotion of the free
CFS-2594 - Apaiaae anes Fae eTOCOLA al 5 PP: flow in commerce of domestic fishery products and
ee ees a pays provides for a wide range of research and services
2 a apes : supporting the development and wise utilization of
eres a RRS par meR pile ee Paar 4 pp. the nation's fishery resources and the stabilization
CFS-2600 Ser anni neo pete wm eae enh Ds of the domestic fishing industry. Among the impor-.
CFS-2601 ii earpatmnt ad eee eer 4 pp. tant research programs of work during fiscal year
CFS-2602 - nee P fe Aas eke Geil 2 2 = BPs 1959; (1) in New England, studies showed that oys-
CFS-2603 naa eal vests ed ie aveu DE: ter and clam enemies can be controlled by using
CFS-2608 z Pisclda P ecaiigae meet 16ei oe 2 pp. heavy oils mixed with dry sand; (2) in the Gulf area,
CFS-2612 - Maryland Landings, March 1961, 3 pp. exploratory operations revealed commercial concen-

FL-516 - Fur Seal Industry of the Pribilof Islands,

1786-1960, by Francis Riley, 19 pp., illus., May 1961.
Discusses the discovery of the Pribilof Islands, the
sole breeding grounds of the Alaska fur sea herd;

the early exploitation and near-extinction of the seals;
and evolution of international control--first by the
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 and later
by the Convention of 1957, participated in by Canada,
Japan, U. S. S. R., and the United States. Covers the
history of production of byproducts from seal car-
casses since 1910. Includes statistical tables show-
ing harvest of fur seal skins, 1786-1950; production
of fur seal meal and oil, 1919-196); and shipment
and sale of fur seal bones, 1917-1919. Also includes

trations of royal-red shrimp southwest of the Dry
Tortugas and east of the Mississippi Delta; (3) in
the Pacific Northwest, relatively tasteless and odor-
less fish oil products were prepared by molecular
distillation; and (4) experimental results show fish-
oil derivatives may be effective in reducing blood
cholesterol, a major contributing factor in heart
ailments. In the industrial field, new or expanded
emphasis in research was placed on: (1) improving
the quality of fishery products, the development and
promulgation of grade standards, and conducting
voluntary continuous inspection in fish processing
plants; (2) a study of the long-term outlook (to 1975)
for production and consumption of fishery products.
New or expanded service functions included: (1) sea-
food merchandising clinics for retailers conducted

August 1961

in three cities in Massachusetts; (2) expanded Market
News and statistical coverage; (3) cooperation with
industry on the ''Fish 'n' Seafood Parade" and Lent
promotion campaigns; (4) participation in trade agree-
ment negotiations, the preparation of legislative po-
sitions concerned with tariffs and with trade matters,
and work with industry on specific import-export
trade problems; and (5) the production of films on
fishery subjects, the distribution of fishery publica-
tions, and the presentation of fish-cookery demon-
strations.

A Prospectus for Marine Game Fish Research, 14 pp.,

illus., processed, December 1959.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW iba

Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611
Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States
shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab
meat production;-LCL express shipments from New
Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on
the New Orleans French Market; fishery imports at
Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; and
sponge sales; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in

Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, May 1961, 4 pp. (Market News Service,

18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and
production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads,
Chincoteague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower
Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam-

bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas
of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together
with cumulative and comparative data; for the month
indicated.

BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. Se FISH
AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25) Diawi Gis

Number Title
WMNL-52 - Menhaden Fish Oil Prices at New York City, New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, April 1961,
1950-1961. 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild-

MNL-22 - Union of South Africa's Fisheries, 1960.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE

SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

(Baltimore) MonthlySummary--Fishery Products, March

1961, 8 pp. (Market NewsService, U.S. Fishand Wild-
life Service, 103 S.Gay St., Baltimore 2,Md.) Re-
ceipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish at
Baltimore by species and by states and provinces;
total receipts by species and comparisons with previous
periods; and wholesale prices on the Baltimore mar-
ket; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,

Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, April 1961, 14 pp. (Market News Service, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish and other species used for canning;
pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and an-
chovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa
Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona
imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-
vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon and Washing-
ton receipts (domestic and imports) of fresh and
frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,

Part II - Fishing Information, May 1961, 10 pp.,
illus. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-
logical Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. LomaStation,
San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains albacore forecast,
1961; landings of albacore, 1945-59; tropical storm
warnings; and sea-surface temperature charts, east-
ern Pacific Ocean; for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and

Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, May 1961, 14 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for
the month indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of

Fishery Products, April 1961, 8 pp. (Market News

life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery
ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and
species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices;
imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery products in
New England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-
vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston,
Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods
Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island
(Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen
fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at
Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; landings and
ex-vessel prices for trips landed at Atlantic Ave.,
Boston; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares
landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the
New England Fish Exchange; for the month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly

Summary for April 1961, 18 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes sum-
maries and analyses of receipts and prices on whole-
sale Fulton Fish Market, landings at Fulton Market
Docks and Stonington, Conn., imports entered at

New York City, primary wholesaler prices for fro-
zen products, cold storage movements and holdings
and marketing trends; for the month indicated.

Production of Fishery Products in Selected Areas of

Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, 1960, by
William N. Kelly, 48 pp. (Market News Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hamp-
ton, Va.) A summary of commercial landings of
fish and shellfish and the production of crab meat
and shucked oysters as reported by producers and
wholesalers from selected principal fishing locali-
ties of Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. The
statistics contained in this annual summary repre-
sent the approximate commercial fisheries produc-
tion only and do not represent complete commercial
landings or production for a given area, individual
state, or the Chesapeake Bay area as a whole. How-
ever, the statistics give an indication as to the trend
in fisheries production for the specific areas desig-
nated and reflect the over-all production trend by
species, localities, and states.

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and

Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas
and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, May 1961, 9 pp.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-

112

ice, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes landings
and local receipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale
prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and
Astoria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers; shipments of fish-
ery products; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings;
and Washington shrimp landings; for the month indi-
cated.

Glossary of Terms Used in Alaska Fur Seal Research
and Management, 15 pp., processed, January 9, 1961.
(U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Marine
Mammal Biological Laboratory, Sand Point Naval
Air Station, Seattle 15, Wask.)

In the listing of three English translations of foreign
language articles in Commercial Fisheries Review,
vol. 23, no. 4, April 1961, pp. 105-106, the source
where copies may be obtained is incorrectly shown.
They are available, not from the U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, P.O.
Box 3830, Honolulu, but from the U. 5. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-
logical Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Blvd., Seattle, 2,
Wash,

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON
2oyuoRTce

Abundance and Life History of Shad, St. Johns River,
Florida, by Charles Herman Walburg, Fishery Bul-
letin 177 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wild-
life Service, vol. 60), 19 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents,
1960.

"Effect of Starvation and Feeding on the Chemical Com-
position of Brook Trout,'' by Arthur M. Phillips, Jr.,
and Donald L, Livingston, article, The Progressive
Fish-Culturist, Vol. 22, October 1960, pp. 147-154,
printed.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD-
LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANI ZATION
ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW
SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATION OR PUBLISHER

MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

AIR BUBBLE CURTAIN:

"Study on the Fish-Gathering Effects of Air Curtain,"
by Yutaka Imamura and Michio Ogura, article, Jour-
nal of Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 45, no. 2,
March 1959, pp. 173-177, printed. Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Study on the Response of Trachurous japonicus to
Air-Bubbles,'' by Yutaka Imamura and Michio Ogura,
Journal of Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 45,
no. 2, March 1959, pp. 196-203, printed. Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ALBANIA:
"O Rybolovstve Albanii" (on the Albanian Fisheries),
by K. E. Babaian, IA. K. Gololobov, and A. S. Rievin,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 11, 1959,
pp. 74-82, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glav-
iniiproekta pri Gosplanie, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

ALGAE:

"Contributions to the Marine Algal Flora of Chile,"
by Tore Levring,. Reports of the Lund University
Chile Expedition 1948-49, No. 39, pp. 4-83, illus.,
printed. Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 1960.

The Ecology of Algae, by C. A. Tryon and R. T. Hart-
man, The Pymatuning Symposia in Ecology, Special
Publication No. 2, printed. Pymatuning Laboratory
of Field Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pa.3, [959%

The Marine Algae of East-Greenland. Part I--Taxo-
nomical; Part Il- r@eographic Distribution, by Soren
Lund, Middeléser om Gronland, bd 1569 rie. 1, 1lluss
printed. Middelelser om Gronland, C. A. Reitzel,
Copenhagen, Denmark, 1959.

AMINO ACIDS:

"The Amino-Acid Sequence of Sperm Whale Myoglobin:
Chemical Studies,'' by A. B. Edmundson and C. H. W.
Hirs; ''A Partial Determination by X-Ray Methods,
and Its Correlation with Chemical Data," by J. C.
Kendrew and others; ''Comparison Between the
Amino-Acid Sequences of Sperm Whale Myoglobin
and of Human Haemoglobin," by H. C. Watson and
J. C. Kendrew, articles, Nature, vol. 190, no 4777,
May 20, 1961, pp. 663-672, illus., printed. Nature,
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York
LOL N.Y:

"Nutrition of Salmonoid Fishes. VIII--Indispensable
Amino Acids for Sockeye Salmon," by John E. Hal-
ver and Warren E. Shanks, article, Journal of Nu-
trition, vol. 72, November 1960, pp. 340-346, printed.
American Institute of Nutrition, 36th St. at Spruce,
Philadelphia 4, Pa.

ANTIBIOTICS:

"El Hielo-Antibiotica en la Conservacion de Algunos
Productos Pesqueros" (Preservation of Some Fish-
ery Products with Ice and Antibiotics), by C. Mateu
and G. Varela, article, Anales de Bromatologia, vol.
12, no. 3, 1960, pp. 271-331, printed in Spanish. So-
ciedad Espanola de Bromatologia, Ciudad Universi-
taria (Edificio Facultad de Farmacia), Madrid, Spain.

ATLANTIC OCEAN:

Atlantic Ocean Fisheries, edited jointly by Georg
Borgstrom and Arthur J. Heighway, 344 pp., illus.,
printed, E3 7s. 6d. (US$10). Fishing News (Books)
Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet Street, London E.
C. 4, England, March 1961.

With the world's population increasing steadily and
the growing realization that there is a lack of protein
in the diet of many nations today, the search for
protein foods is becoming more intensive. The seas
and waters of the world seem to promise a potential
for protein foods that has not been fully exploited.
The North Atlantic Ocean has from the days of the
Vikings and Norsemen always been a rich storehouse
of fish. But today both the North and South Atlantic,
a well-stocked larder, is being explored for larger
supplies of fish by the nations bordering this great
body of water in order to find food for their growing
populations. ‘i

The importance of the fishery resources in the
Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the other seas of the

August 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE ©ROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OETAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

world, is highlighted (1) by the far-flung fleets of
Japan, Russia, Norway, the United States, and others
exploring unfished areas of the Atlantic for new re-
sources and (2) by the demands of some nations like
Norway, Iceland, and South American Countries for
extension of territorial fishing limits seaward.

Can the Atlantic be overfished? What is the status
of the nations fishing this huge fish pond? This book
marshalls an impressive array of facts to answer
these questions and gives essential background infor-
mation of value to administrators, politicians, fish-
ermen, businessmen, and scientists.

The book is well illustrated with photographs and
maps and presents numerous tables with detailed
data on the fishery resources of the Atlantic and the
fishing industries of the nations operating in that
great sea which extends from the extremities of
South Africa and South America to the Arctic Circle.
No matter what your interest or how slight it is, this
book is not only good reading but is an excellent
book to have for ready reference. It is adequately
indexed.

Divided into four main sections, the first of these
deals with the fundamental factors necessary to un-
derstand the Atlantic Ocean, including physical char-
acter, deeps and currents, biology of the life that
inhabit that ocean, the availability and commercial
value of the fish, the necessary cooperation that is
evolving between the nations concerned with the At-
lantic as a vital source of food, the question of claims
for extended territorial waters and fishing limits,
and the practical development of new techniques and
tactics for catching fish. Each chapter is written by
an authority on the subject. For example, that deal-
ing with the nature and currents of the Atlantic is by
Dr. J. N. Carruthers of the National Institute of Oce-
anography. The biology and nature of fish life inhab-
iting the ocean are covered by Dr. Taivo Laevester,
FAO Fisheries Division bidlogist, and he concludes
with an estimate of the future potential yield which
can be secured by maximum exploitation without de-
stroying the stocks. A historical outline of the evo-
lution of international accord on conservation and
the fact that the present economics plight of the fish-
ing fleets underlines this need is the subject of the
chapter by Basil Engholm, Fisheries Secretary for
England and Wales.

A factual account of the actual operations, fishing
practices, present and future industrial developments
and trends, and statistics of the fisheries of the 22
major nations fishing the Atlantic makes up the sec-
ond section of the book. There is a chapter, written
by an expert, on each of the major nations, starting
with Norway and progressing down the western coast
of Europe, Sweden, Poland, West Germany, Denmark
(including Greenland and the Faroes), Netherlands,
Great Britain, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal,
Italy, Angola and Morocco, and South Africa on the
southern point of Africa. Crossing to the western
Atlantic off the east coast of South America, a chap-
ter reports on the fishery prospects on the Patagon-
ian Continental Shelf. Working up the east coasts of
the Americas, there are chapters on Argentina, Bra-
zil, the Caribbean, Mexico, the United States, Canada,
and Iceland in the North Atlantic.

There is some scattered information on the fisher-
ies of Russia, but the third section ("Russia's Giant
Effort") of this book presents a full and authoritative

AUSTRALIA:

picture of the Soviet's efforts and progress in both
marine and inland fishing. The second of the two
chapters in the section is devoted to the subject of
the book and covers the Atlantic fisheries of the
U.S. S. R., but it goes somewhat beyond that since
included are historical data, catch pattern by species
and areas, utilization, whaling, foreign trade, major
fishery centers, combines, freezing and refrigeration,
curing, canning factoryships, mechanization, re-
search and education, research institutes, planning
bodies, and nearly every phase of the fisheries of
Soviet Russia. The first of the two chapters rounds
out the picture of Russia's fisheries by discussing
her development of some marine and inland fisheries,
and fish utilization. The section on Russia outlines
in considerable detail the Soviet Union's tremendous
strides in the last ten years to become one of the
top-ranking fishery nations of the world. Outlined

in the section are the activities of the more than
9,000 fishery scientists and technologists recruited
by Russia and trained to find new fishery resources,
and new methods of catching and processing them.

Although almost all-inclusive, the book neglects
Japan, the leading fishery nation of the world, which
in the past few years has entered the Atlantic fish-
eries, principally fishing for tuna in the tropical
Atlantic and trawling off the west coast of Africa.
But possibly in a future reprint of this book or in
the companion volume on the Pacific Ocean, which
is now in preparation, Japan's role in the Atlantic
fisheries may be covered.

The fourth and concluding section of the book lists
the scientific and common names of some 500 species
of fish, and a summary of the report of the British
Committee of Inquiry into the British fishing indus-
try.

--Joseph Pileggi

_

Additions to the Fish Fauna of Western Australia--2
by G. F. Mees, Fisheries Bulletin No. 9, pt. 2, 9 pp. F
printed. Director of Fisheries, Fisheries Depart-
ment, Perth, Australia, 1960.

Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, Annual Re-
port 1959-1960, 24 pp., processed. Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,
Marine Laboratory, Cronulla, N.S.W., Australia.

BEHAVIOR OF FISH:

"Studies on Air Screen in Water. 1--Preliminary Ob-
servation of Behavior of a Fish School in Relation
to an Air Screen," by Kiichiro Kobayashi and others,
article, Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hok--
kaido University, vol. 10, November 1959, pp. 222-
228, printed in Japanese with English summaries.
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Kameda-
Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

The Chemistry of Fish Blood, A Bibliography, by
~ Joseph B. Hunn, CWL Special Publication 2-22,
20 pp., processed. Physiology Division, Directo-
rate of Medical Research, U. S. Army Chemical
Warfare Laboratories, Army Chemical Center,
Maryland, May 1959. ‘

"Isolation and Properties of Fish Myosin," by G.
Hamoir, H. A. McKenzie, and M. B. Smith, article,
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 40,1960, pp-
141-149, printed. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,

114

Elsevier Publishing Co., 215 4th Avenue, New
Yorkis Na.

CALIFORNIA:

Statistical Report of Fresh, Canned, Cured, and Man-
ufactured Fishery Products, Year 1960, Circular No.
35, 16 pp., printed: Department of Fish and Game,
Biostatistical Section, Marine Resources Operations,
Sacramento, Calif., 1961. This report, the latest in
a series of annual reports on commercial fishery
production in California, includes statistical tables
on landings by species and area, tuna imports, fish
processing plants, and packing of canned fish. Data
also cover volume of other types of processed fish,
canned sardines, sardine meal and oil production,
and the annual pack of anchovies, tuna, bonito, and
yellowtail.

CANADA:

"The Effects on Fisheries of Man-Made Changes in
Fresh Water in the Maritime Provinces," by A. L.
Pritchard, article, The Canadian Fish Culturist, Is-
sue 25, October 1959, pp. 3-6, printed. The Canadian
Fish Culturist, Dept. of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa
Canada,

"The Effects on Fisheries of Man-Made Changes in
Fresh Water in the Province of Quebec," by Vadim
D. Viadykov, article, The Canadian Fish Culturist,
Issue 25, October 1959, pp. 7-12, printed. The Cana-
dian Fish Culturist, Dept. of Fisheries of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada,

"The Effects on Fresh water Fisheries of Man-Made
Activities in British Columbia," by P. A. Larkin,
article, The Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 25, Oc-
tober 1959, pp. 27-59, printed. The Canadian Fish
Culturist, Dept. of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa,
Canada.

"The Effects of Power, Irrigation, and Stock Water
Developments of the Fisheries of the South Saskatch-
ewan River," by Richard B. Miller and Martin J.
Paetz, article, The Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue
25, October 1959, pp. 13-26, printed. Canadian Fish
Culturist, Dept. of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa,
Canada.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1959 (Quebec), 57 pp.,
illus., printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada,
May 1961. Consists of tables giving the quantity and
value of the principal species of fish and shellfish
landed in Quebec in 1944-59; quantity and value of
landings by species and fisheries districts, 1958-59;
quantity and value of manufactured fishery products
by species, 1958-59; capital equipment employed in
the primary fisheries operations by fisheries dis-
tricts, 1958-59; and number of persons engaged in
primary operations by fisheries districts, 1958-59.

"Marine and Freshwater Fishes of the Miramichi
River and Estuary, New Brunswick, ' "by R. A.
Board of Canada, vol. 16, no. 6, 1959, pp. 807-833,
printed.

Trade of Canada--Imports--December 1960 and Twelve
~ Months Ended | December 1960, vol. 17, no. 12, 1961, _
205 pp. Pp., “printed, 75 Canadian cents. Dominion Bureau
of Statistics, Ottawa, Canada. (For sale by Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

Includes details on fishery products, byproducts,
and other commodities of interest to fisheries.

CANNING:
"Canning: Reduction of Free Liquor in Herring Packs,"
article, Torry Research 1958, pp. 19-20, printed.
H. M. Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway,
London WC2, England.

"La Industria Noruega de Conservas de Pescado, en
1960"' (The Norwegian Fish Canning Industry in
1960), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 27, no. 261,
March 1961, pp. 67-68, printed in Spanish. Industria
Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo,
Spain.

"Instant Check on Sterilized Cans with 'Scotch' Tape,"
article, Food Industries of South Africa, vol. 12, no.
10, 1960, p. 33, printed. Odhams Press, South Africa
(Pty) Ltd., Trust House, Thibault Square, Cape Town,
Union of South Africa. A new instant and economical
check on industrial sterilization of canned foods op-
erates by means of a small strip of adhesive tape on
one can in each batch put through the autoclave. If
sterilization has been complete, a series of dark
brown stripes appear on the tape; if the stripes do
not show, the batch is put through again. It is re-
ported that this device cuts spoilage losses to 0.01
percent and accounted for substantial savings inone
canning season.

CANS:

"Aluminum Fish Cans," article, Norwegian Fishing
and Maritime News, no. 3, 1960, p. 35, printed. Nor-
wegian Fishing and Maritime News, P. O. Box 740,
Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway.

"Is this the Can Food of the Future?" by N. Leinen,
article, Food Processing, vol. 21, no. 3, 1960, pp.
36-37, illus., printed. Putman Publishing Co.,

111 E. Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, Il. Describes

a new can featuring a lid that, upon opening, leaves
no sharp edges to cut fingers, nor any occasional
metal slug, shaving, or sliver to fall into can con-
tents. The lid cannot fall or dip into contents, nor
can the contents ooze over the lid. And, when re-
placed, the lid provides a friction-type reclosure.
According to the author, the cans should find major
use in hot-canned-food vending machines, and since
the cans are opened in such a way as to eliminate
can-opener contamination, the opened cans may
safely be placed directly to the lips.

CARIBBEAN:

Index to the Vernacular Names of the Fishes ¢ the
lected Papers” Publi Publication No. 16, "25 pp., proc-
essed. Caribbean Commission, San Juan, Puerto
Rico.

The Sea Fisheries of the Netherlands Antilles, by
~ Jacques S. Zaneveld, “Collected Papers™ Publication
No. 17, 29 pp., illus., processed. Caribbean Com-
mission, San Juan, Puerto, Rico.

CARP: :

"Glucose Metabolism in Carp,"' by W. Duane Brown,
article, Journal of Cellular and Comparative Phy-
siology, vol. 55, February 1960, pp. 81-85, printed.
Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 36th St.
and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

August 1961

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

"Water Content of Cod (Gadus Callarias L.) Muscle,"
R. M. Love, article, Nature, vol. 185, no. 4714, 1960,
p. 692, illus., printed. MacMillan and Co. Ltd., St.
Martin's St., London, WC2, England.

CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Chesapeake Science, vol. 1, nos. 3-4, December 1960,
pp. 127-222, illus., printed. Department of Research
and Education, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, Md. Includes, among others, the following
articles: 'Investigations of Inner Continental Shelf
Waters off Lower Chesapeake Bay. Part I--General
Introduction and Hydrography," by Edwin B. Joseph,
William H. Massmann, and John J. Norcross; "Zoeal
Stages of the Stone Crab, Menippe mercenaria Say,"
by Hugh J. Porter; "Some Observations on Rearing
Blue Crab Larvae," by John D. Rust and Frank Carl-
son; ''Homing Tendency of American Shad, Alosa
sapidissima, in the York River, Virginia," by Paul
R. Nichots; "Restriction of Very Young Red Drum,
Sciaenops ocellata, to Shallow Estuarine Waters of
Chesapeake Bay during Late Autumn,"' by Romeo J.
Mansueti; and "A Notable Range Extension of the
Southern Drill, Thais haemastoma floridana, into
Chincoteague Bay,” byFred W. Sieling.

CHILE:

Revista de Biologia Marina, vol. 10, nos. 1, 2, and 3,
September 1960, 255 pp., illus., printed in Spanish.
Estacion de Biologia Marina, Universidad de Chile,
Valparaiso, Chile. Includes, among others, these
articles: ''Tiburones, Rayas y Quimeras en la
Estacion de Biologia Marina de Montemar, Chile"
(Sharks, Skates, and Chimaera, at the Montemar,
Chile, Marine Biological Station), by Fernando de
Buen; and ''Estudio de las Expediciones Oceanogra-
fico-Pesqueras Realizadas en Tarapaca y Antofag-
asta, 1954-55" (Study of the Oceanographic-Fisheries
Expeditions Carried Out at Tarapaca and Antofagasta,
1954-55), by Regina Cubillos M.

CHIMAERA:

"Havmusa (Chimaera monstrosa)"' (Chimaera, Chim-
aera monstrosa), by Levy Carlson, article, Fiskets
Gang, vol. 47, no. 13, March 30, 1961, pp. 284-286,
illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskerid-
irektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

COD:

"The Labrador Floater Codfishery,"' by W. A. Black,
article, Trade News, vol. 13, no. 10, April 1961, pp.
12-15, illus., processed. Information and Education-
al Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.

COLD STORAGE:

"Experimental Storage of Fatty Fish at Low Tempera-
tures," by A. Piskarev, L. Luk'janica, and K. Fom-
iceva, article, Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, no. 5, 1960,
pp. 43-46, illus., printed in Russian. Kholodil'naia
Tekhnika, c/o Four Continent Book Corp., 822 Broad-
way, New York 3, N. Y.

"Keeping Quality of Pacific Coast Dogfish. II.,"' by
B. A. Southcott and others, article, Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 17, Decem-
ber 1960, pp. 811-814, printed. Queen's Printer &
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

"Phospholipid Hydrolysis in Cod Flesh Stored at Var-
ious Temperatures," by June Olley and J. A. Lovern,
article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul-
ture, vol. 11, November 1960, pp. 644-652, printed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, So-
ciety of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, Tors
don, SW1, England.

CRAB MEAT:

"Studies of the 'Browning!' of Canned Crab Meat (Parali-
thodes camtschatica Til.),'' by Yoshio Nagasawa, arti-
cle, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido U-
niversity, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-98, illus., printed. The
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate,
Japan, 1960.

CRAYFISH:
Crayfishes of the Cheat River Watershed, West Vir-
inia and Pennsylvania. Part I--Species and Local-
ities, by Frank J. Schwartz and William G. Meredith,
Contribution No, 125,14 pp., illus., printed. Depart-
ment of Research and Education, Biological Labora-
tory, Solomons, Md., 1960.

DELAWARE RIVER:

Delaware River Basin Study, Information Bulletin, 44
pp., illus., printed. U.S. Army Engineer District,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 1961, revised. A brief sum-
mary of water needs and recommended plan of de-
velopment.

DENMARK:

Journal du Conseil, vol. 26, no. 2, April 1961, 100 pp.,
~ illus., printed. Conseil Permanent International pour
l'Exploration de la Mer, Charlottenlund Slot, Den-
mark. Includes, among others, these articles: "New
Sea Temperature Measuring Devices," by P. G. Book-
er; ''The Effect of Salinity on the Survival and Dis-
tribution of Larval and Young Fish," by H. M. Bis-
hai; ''The Effectiveness of Sampling Methods Used
to Study the Distribution of Larval Herring in the
Gulf of Maine," by J. B. Colton, Jr., K. A. Honey,
and R. F. Temple; ''The Selection Characteristics of
Nylon Gill Nets for Tilapia esculenta Grahm," by
D. J. Garrod; ''The Estimation of the Effect on
Catches of Changes in Gear Selectivity," by J. A.
Gulland; ''The Selection of Clarias mossambicus
(Peters) by Nylon Gill Nets,” by J. A. Gulland and
and D. Harding; and "Diving Behaviour of Hawaiian
Skipjack Tuna,'' by Donald W. Strasburg.

DETECTION OF FISH:

"Sonobuoy ni Yoru Gyoguntanchi ni Tsuite'' (Detection
of Fish by Sonobuoy), by T. Hashimoto, M. Nishimura,
and Y. Maniwa, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 245-249, illus., printed in Japanese with English
summaries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

DIRECTORIES:
A Directory of Foreign Organizations for Trade and

~ Investment Promotion, 111 pp., illus., printed, 35
cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C., revised Jan-
uary 1961. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington
25, D. C.) This directory identifies for United States
businessmen the principal governmental and private
organizations abroad actively engaged in promoting
and facilitating trade and investment in the free world.
Listings are limited to those organizations that have
demonstrated a willingness to receive inquiries from
United States firms and an ability to supply informa-
tion within the organization's competence or to give
publicity to the inquiries. Mostof the organizations
are concerned with all or a major part of a country's
economy. Names and mailing addresses are listed
alphabetically by country in the language of the coun-

116

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT- USUALLY MAY BE

try, with English translations included. Addresses
of the offices maintained in this country are also
given. The specific types of activity in which they
are engaged are sketched; names of any periodicals,
publications, or other media used for publicizing
trade and investment opportunities are cited.

Fishing News Directory and Diary, 1961, by Arthur J.
Heighway and Lloyd G. B. Butcher, 387 pp., illus.,
printed, B1 (US$2.80). Arthur J. Heighway Publica-
tions Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London,
EC4, England, November 1960. A directory covering
all major trade categories connected with the fishing
industry throughout the United Kingdom; a diary or
memo pages for day-to-day use and record; and a
pictorial presentation of the catching of fish by many
different types of vessels used by British fishermen.

ECOLOGY:

"Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie,
N. S. W., With Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish.
VIlI--Trends of the Commercial Fish Catch and
Management of the Fishery,"' by J. M. Thomson,
article, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research, vol. 10, no. 3, 1959, pp. 354-364, printed.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization, 314 Albert St., East Melbourne, C2,
Australia.

"Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie,
N.S. W., With Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish.
XII--Summary Review," by J. M. Thomson, article
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re-
search, vol. 10, no. 3, 1959, pp. 399-408, printed.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization, 314 Albert St., East Melbourne, Aus-
tralia. The nature of the entrance channel deter-
mines the peculiar attributes of Lake Macquarie.
The food of the fish appears to be derived ultimately
from the benthonic flora, including epiphytes, rather
than from the plankton. In terms of the commercial
fish catch per man, the lake is as productive as it
ever has been. The fall in catch of certain species
during the period of 1946-1955 is attributed to the
reduction of food consequent upon stratification of
the lake waters after prolonged periods of heavy rain.

EXPORTS:

United States Exports of Domestic and Foreign Mer-
chandise (Commodity by Country of Destination),
Calendar Year 1960, Report No. FT 410, processed,
Part L 196 pp., $1.25; Part I, 340 pp., $2. Bureau
of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C., May 1961. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The statistics in Part
I cover United States exports of domestic and foreign
merchandise (including fishery products and byprod-
ucts) under group 00 through group 5. Part II covers
merchandise under groups 6 through 9 (some items
of interest to the fishery and allied industries are
included). Data are shown by commodity and coun-
try of destination.

FACTORYSHIP:

'Promyslovye Ispytaniia B. M. R. T. Maiakovskii"
(Tests of B. M. R. T. Maiakovskii under Commercial
Fishing Conditions), by S. A. Minovich, article, Ry-
bone Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 3, 1959, pp. 32-38,
ulus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniiproekta pri
Gosplanie, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

FISH CULTURE:
"Apparatus for Rearing Early Stages of Fish," by H.
Swarup, article, Journal of University of Saugar, no.
6, 1957, pp. 99-100, printed. Journal of University
of Saugar, N. Madhya Pradesh, India.

FISH FARMING:

"Promising Results from Fish Farming," article, Food
Manufacture, vol. 35, October 1960, pp. 408-419,
printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., Strat-
ford House, 9 Eden St., London NW1, England.

FISH FOOD:
"Development of the Oregon Pellet Diet,'' by Wallace
F. Hublou, Joe Wallis, and Thomas B. McKee, article,
Research Briefs, vol. 7, no. 1, 1959, pp. 28-56,
printed. Fish Commission of Oregon, Portland, Oreg.

FISH-LIVER OIL:

"Fatty Acids and Glyceryl Ethers in Alkoxydiglycerides
of Dogfish Liver Oil," by D. C. Malins, article, Chem-
istry and Industry, no. 44, October 29, 1960, pp. 1359-
1360, printed. Chemistry and Industry, Society of
the Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London
SW1, England.

FISH MEAL:

The Known Nutritional Properties of British Columbia
and Related Herring Meals, by H. L. A. Tarr, Cir-
cular No. 24, 12 pp., printed. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Technological Station, Vancouver,
B. C., Canada, September 1960.

FISH OILS:

"Studies on the Chemical Essentials to the Discolora-
tion of Fish Oil," by J. Nonaka, article, Journal of
the Tokyo University‘of Fisheries, vol. 43, 1957, pp.
127-165, printed. Tokyo University of Fisheries,
6-chome Shiba kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH PASSAGE:

Annual Fish Passage Report, North Pacific Division,
Bonneville, The Dalles and McNary Dams, Columbia
River, Oregon and Washington, 1959, 190 pp., illus.,
processed. U.S. Army Engineers District, Portland,
Oreg., 1960.

FISHERIES RESEARCH:

Research in Fisheries, 1960, edited by Ted S. Y. Koo,
Contribution No. 116, 32 pp., illus., printed. Fisher-
ies Research Institute, College of Fisheries, Univer-
sity of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

Directory of Fisheries Institutions (Asia and the Far
East), 87 pp., processed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Council, Regional Office for Asia and the Far East,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, Bangkok, Thailand.

Mediterranean Trawling (Fifth Report), by J. Scharfe,
GFCM Studies and Reviews No. 14, 27 pp., illus.,
processed. General Fisheries Council for the Med-
iterranean Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, May 1961.
Deals with the fifth experimental project to study
and improve the trawling gear for the Mediterra-
nean, which was conducted in Yugoslavia, in collab-
oration with that Government, in October 1960. The
present trials were mainly concerned with ascer-
taining the fishing efficiency of two types of experi-

August 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

mental trawl nets of modified Northern European
design in comparison with the conventional Mediter-
ranean-type trawl gear. Observations indicate that
under the prevailing fishing conditions along the
Yugoslavian coast, midwater trawling is not likely
to become a commercially feasible substitute for the
present "lampara" fishing technique (purse seining
with light attraction). The author states, however,
that "further experience and observations will have
to be accumulated, particularly in regard to special
fishing conditions in certain limited areas and at
certain seasons, before the comparative virtues of
both methods can finally be established." As a sep-
arate project, demonstrations and tests with electric
underwater lamps (incandescent and mercury vapor)
for attracting fish were initiated, to establish the
comparative advantages of the electric above-water
lamps presently used in Yugoslavia. Recommenda-
tions on the use of larger trawl gear and future trawl
studies are included.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under the
Expanded Technical Assistance Program for develop-
ing the fisheries of many countries. These reports
have not been published on a sales basis, but have
been processed only for limited distribution to gov-
ernments, libraries, and universities. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Report to the Government of Libya on the Fisheries of
Libya, by C. D. Serbetis, FAO Report No. 18, 82 pp.,
illus., November 1952,

Chile on Food Fishes of Chile, by Erik M.
Poulsen, FAO Report No. 45, 91 pp., illus., Novem-
ber 1952.

Finland on Possibilities for Fishery De-
velopment, by A. C. Taft, FAO Report No. 72, 38 pp.,
illus., January 1953.

India on the Present and Prospective Ac-
tivities of the Pilot Deep Sea Fishing Station in Bom-

bay, by M. O. Kristensen, FAO Report No. 117, 29 pp.,
illus., May 1953.

Israel on Inland Fisheries, by A. E. Hof-

stede, FAO Report No. 327, 58 pp., January 1955.

Saudi Arabia on Possibilities for Develop-
ment of Marine Fisheries, by M. K. El Saby and Luigi
Farina, FAO Report No. 330, 32 pp., illus., Decem-
ber 1954,

Jamaica--Inland Fisheries, by Shimon Tal,
FAO Report No. 339, 11 pp., November 1954.

Burma on Inland Fisheries Development,

by S. W. Ling, FAO Report No. 361, 11 pp., March
1955.

Sudan on a Brief Survey of the Sudanese
Red Sea Fisheries (July 1955), by Hilmar Kristjons-
son, FAO Report No. 510, 40 pp., illus., June 1956.

of Fish Detection and Capture in Inland Waters, by
Arno Meschkat, FAO Report No. 556, 58 pp., illus.,
1956.

Guatemala sobre el Fomento de la Pesca
Continental (Guatemala on the Development of the
Inland Fisheries), by S. Y. Lin, FAO Report No. 574,
52 pp., illus., Spanish, 1957.

15 pp., Spanish, 1957.

Finnland uber die Verunreinigung der Nat-
ulichen Gewasser (Finland, on the Contamination of
Inland Waters) by F. Berger, FAO Report No. 609,
illus., German, 1957.

Hashimite Kingdom of the Jordan on Freez-
ing, Cold Storage, Transportation, and Distribution of
Fish, by Christen Eriksen, FAO Report No. 645, 8pp.,
1957.

Israel on the Operation of Fish Canneries,
by Ernst Tengberg-Hansen, FAO Report No. 658, 27
pp., illus., 1957

Syria on Marine Fisheries, by Luigi Fauso
Farina, FAO Report No. 691, 45 pp., illus., 1957.

Ecuador sobre el Proyecto y Construccion
de la Estacion Experimental para la Elaboracion de
Pescado de Manta y sobre los Metodos de Elabora-
cion de Pescado (Ecuador, on the Plan and Construc-
tion of the Experimental Fish Processing Station at
Manta and on Fish Processing Methods), by K. Oydal,
FAO Report No. 720, 65 pp., illus., Spanish, 1958.

Union of Burma on Inland Fisheries Devel-
opment, by J. Alan Tubb, FAO Report No. 776, 67 pp.,
illus., December 1957.

Iraq on the Development of Inland Fisher-
ies, by A. van den Eelaart, FAO Report No. 777, 24
pp., illus., December 1957.

Relatorio sobre a Preparacao de Peixes
Salgados na Regiao Amazonica (Report on the Prep-
aration of Salt Fish in the Amazon Region), by A.
Torres Botelho. FAO Report No. 880,53 pp., illus.,
Portuguese, 1957.

India on the Organization and Operation of
a Central Fish Processin Research Laboratory, by
Ernest Hess, FAO Report No. 925, 40 pp., May 1958.

Chile sobre la Industria de la Pesca en
Chile (Chile on the Fish Industry in Chile), FAO Re-
port No. 991,173 pp., Spanish, 1959.

Pakistan on Hilsa Fishery and Fish Passes,
by G. B. Talbot, FAO Report No. 1008, 16 pp., illus.,
1959.

Republica de Cuba--La Industria Pesquera
y el Exceso de Comercializacion de Pescados y Mar-
iscos (Republic of Cuba--The Fishing Industry and
the Excess of Commercialization of Fish and Shell-
fish), by D. A. Quiroga Rios, FAO Report No. 1082,
98 pp., Spanish, 1959.

Turkey--Processing of Fish and Establish-
ment of a Fish Preservation and Quality Control Lab-
oratory, by R. Vesterhus, FAO Report No. 1088, 29
pp., April 1959.

117

118

Brazil--Improvement of Fish Marketing in

the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro and in Sao Paulo,

by John Fridthjof, FAO Report No. 1169, 49 pp., illus.,
1959.

Brazil--Organization of Fish Processing
Research, by Stanley A. Beatty, FAO Report No. 1174,

72 pp., ilus., January 1959.

India--Fishing Harbors, by Carl G. Bjuke
and C. Ragnar Bjuke, FAO Report No. 1242, 240 pp.,
illus., 1960.

Report on the Training on
the Countries of the African Region at Tanga, Tanga-

FRANCE:

Peches Continentales--Biologie et Amenagement (Inland
Fisheries--Biology and Management), by R. Vibert
and K. F. Lagler, 744 pp., illus., printed in French,
88NF (about US$18.00). Dunod, 92, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris-6©, France, 1961.

"Toute la Peche Francaise en 1960" (The French Fish-
ing Industry in 1960), by J. S. Parquic, article, France
Peche, vol. 6, no. 50, April 1961, pp. 13-36, 41-78,
illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-
Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France. This article,
which is the entire report of the president of the
Central Committee of Maritime Fisheries, covers
such topics as Second Geneva Conference on the Law
of the Sea, London Convention on Overfishing, foreign
trade in fishery products, plan for expansion and
modernization, gear problems, scientific and technical
research, reports on numerous committees on fish,
and the market for fish and shellfish.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Accelerated Freeze-Drying," article, Modern Refrig-
eration, vol. 63, no. 749, 1960, pp. 808-809, illus.,
printed. Refrigeration Press Ltd., Maclaren House,
131 Great Suffolk St., London SE1, England.

"Europeans Probe Accelerated Freeze-Drying," article,
Food Engineering, vol. 33, no. 6, June 1961, pp. 33-
36, illus., printed. Food Engineering, Chilton Co.,
Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia 39, Pa.

"Freeze-Drying Makes New Production Strides," by
Leonard Trauberman, article, Food Engineering, vol.
32, November 1960, pp. 98-99, printed. Food Engi-
neering, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W.
42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y.

"Freeze-Drying--a New Method to Preserve Fish,"
by K. Stewart, article, Trade News, vol. 13, no. 10,
April 1961, pp. 8-11, illus., processed. Information
and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries,
Ottawa, Canada. Describes the process of freeze-
drying, by which it is possible to dry solid foods such
as fish so that. they will keep without refrigeration
and will reconstitute with the addition of water to look
and taste like fresh foods. Freeze-drying is the re-
moval of moisture from a product after it has been
frozen. The process is carried out in several steps.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

First, a food item--say cod steaks--is quick frozen.
Next, it is placed on shelves in a vacuum chamber
from which air is pumped until a high vacuum is
induced. It is then dried at very low pressure by
the controlled input of a small amount of thermal or
microwave energy. Key to the process is that below
a critical pressure level, water can exist only as a
solid or a gas. When the pressure in the vacuum
chamber is maintained below a critical level and
heat is applied, the frozen moisture in the steaks
flashes into vapor without melting. As a result, the
structure of the steaks remains unchanged. The
escaping vapor does not cause shrinkage, and dis-
solved salts are not carried to the surface. If
vacuum-packed or packed in an inert gas such as
nitrogen, either in metal containers or strong well-
sealed flexible packages, the cod steaks will keep
for months or even years at room temperature. The
normal weight and texture are restored by soaking
in water for afew minutes. According to one author-
ity, "freeze-drying is the greatest breakthrough in
food preservation since the invention of the tin can."

"Industry Interest Mounts in Freeze Drying," by How-
ard P. Milleville, article, Food Processing, vol. 21,
November 1960, pp. 28-31, printed. Food Processing,
Putman Publishing Co., 111 East Delaware Place,
Chicago 11, Il.

"Progress in Freeze-Drying," article, World Fishing,
vol. 9, December 1960, pp. 64-67, printed. John
Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Richard's House,
Eversholt St., London, NW1, England.

FREEZING:

"Freezing and Cold Storage: Freezing of Whitefish at
Sea," by United Kingdom Department of Scientific and
Industrial Research, article, Torry Research 1958,
pp. 10-11, printed. H. M. Stationery Office, York
House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, 1959.

FRESHNESS TESTS:

"Examination on the Freshness of Bottom Fish," by
Yoshihiro Sato, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, March 1960, pp. 312-
316, printed in Japanese with English summaries.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FROZEN FISH:
"Temperature Measurement of Frozen Fish," by J.
Graham, article, Modern Refrigeration, vol. 63,
no. 751, October 1960, pp. 1048-1049, printed. Mod-
ern Refrigeration, Maclaren House, 131 Great Suffolk
St., London SE1, England.

FROZEN FOODS:
"Ship Frozen Foods any Distance Safely without Ice
or Mechanical Refrigeration," article, Food Proc-
essing, vol. 20, November 1959, p. 39, printed. Food
Processing, Putman Publishing Co., 111 E. Delaware
Pl., Chicago 11, I.

FUR SEALS:
"Selfangsten 1960'"' (Seal Catch 1960), by Sverre Mol-
lestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 10,

August 1961

March 9, 1961, pp. 208-211, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Rad-
stuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

GEAR:

"Osnovy Gidrodynamicheskogo Rasscheta Tralovykh
Ploskikh Raspornykh Dosok" (Principles of Hydro-
dynamic Calculation of Flat Otter Boards), by A. I.
Yakovliev, article, Trudy, vol. 30, 1955, pp. 61-76,
illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Pishchepromizdat,
Moscow, U.S. S. R.

"Priblizhennyi Grafoanaliticheskii Metod Rasscheta
Ugla Ataki Tralovoi Doski"' (Approximated Graphic

Analytical Method for Computing the Angle-of-Attack
of Otter Board), by V. V. Sevost'ianov, article, Trudy,

vol. 30, 1955, pp. 57-60, illus., printed in Russian,
VNIRO Pishchepromizdat, Moscow, U.S. S. R:

"Relative Efficiency and Selectivity of Gear Used in
the Study of Stream Fish Populations," by John L.
Funk, article, Transactions of the Twenty-third
North American Wildlife Conference, 1958, pp. 236-
247, printed. Wildlife Management Institute, Wire
Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.

GENERAL:

"Problemas Cientificos das Pescas e sua Resolucao"

(Scientific Problems of Fisheries and Their Solution),

by J. A. Serra, article, Revista Portuguese de Zoo-
logia e Biologia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1957, pp. 33-87,
printed in Portuguese. Revista Portuguese de Zoo-
logia e Biologia, Geral, Serra, Brazil.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 119

ress Report on Experimental Fishing for Sardine-
Like Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico," by Harvey R.
Bullis, Jr. The shellfish session part includes pa-
pers on: "Status of Researches on Oyster Diseases
in North America," by J. G. Mackin; ''Delaware Bay
Oyster Mortalities," by Harold H. Haskin; 'Rehabil-
itation of Disease-Depleted Oyster Populations in
Eastern Canada," by R. R. Logie, R. E. Dirnnan, and
E. B. Henderson; "Recent Advances in the Control of
Shellfish Predators and Competitors," by Victor L.
Loosanoff; ''Economic Aspects of Markets for Middle
Atlantic Oysters," by John D. Abrahamson; ''The
Future of the United States Oyster Industry from a
Biologist's Viewpoint," by John B. Glude; and 'In-
dustry's Appraisal of the Future of the Oyster In-
dustry," by David H. Wallace. The Caribbean and
general session part contains papers on: ''How Can
Research Production be Measured? ,"' by George A.
Rounsefell; ''Tagging of Anchovetas, Cetengraulis
mysticetus, in the Gulf of Panama," by Edward F.
Klima and William H. Bayliff; 'Movements of Sea-
trout on the West Coast of Florida," by Alan Moffett
and Albert C. Jones; ''A World-Wide Approach to
Fish Culture Improvement," by Cecil Miles; ''The
Contribution by the Outboard Motor to the Mechani-
zation and Development of the Fishing Industry," by
Ernst Ott; and "Effect of Pesticides on Commercial
Fisheries," by Philip A. Butler.

HERRING:
"De Bereiding van Gemarineerde Haring met Behulp

van Melkzuur (Preparation of Marinated Herring
Using Lactic Acid), by H. Houwing, article, Conserva,
vol. 8, no. 10, 1960, pp. 252-253, printed in Dutch.

GULF AND CARIBBEAN:

Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries In-
stitute, Thirteenth Annual Session, Miami Beach, —
Fla., November 1960, edited by James B. Higman,
[86 pp., illus., printed, $2. The Gulf and Caribbean
Fisheries Institute, Institute of Marine Science, Uni-
versity of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami
49, Fla., April 1961. This report is divided into five
parts, each one containing papers presented during
each of the special sessions comprising the general
session. The section on the shrimp session includes
papers on: ''The Role of International Commissions
in World Fisheries," by Donald L. McKernan; ''Syn-
optic Rationale of Existing Florida Shrimp Regula-
tions,'' by Robert M. Ingle; ''Promote Your Product
or Lose Your Market,'' by J. Roy Duggan; and "A Re-
port on Federal Programs of Financial Aid to Com-
mercial Fisheries,"' by C. E. Peterson and Luther L.
Long. The part on industrial fisheries session con-
tains papers on: "Potential for Fish Solubles--Liq-

Moorman's Periodieke Pers. N. V., 1 Zwarteweg,
The Hague, Netherlands.

"Vintersildfiskets Lonnsomhet 1960" (Winter Herring
Fishery Economics 1960), by Gunnar Olsmo, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 10, March 9, 1961, pp. 212-
225, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

ICELAND:

"Den Islandske Fiskerinaering i 1960" (Fishery in
Iceland, 1960), by Havard Angerman, article, Fiskets
Gang, vol. 47, no. 15, April 13, 1961, pp. 311-316,
printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirek-
toratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

IMPORTS:
United States Imports of Merchandise for Consumption
(Commodity by Country of Origin), Calendar Year

uid Fish in the Fertilizer Industry,"' by Roy C. Ste-
vens; "Effect of the 1960 Law of the Sea Conference
on the High Seas Fisheries," by Wilbert M. Chapman;
"Fractionation and Purification of Triglycerides,
Fatty Acids, and Methyl Esters from Fish Oils," by
Edward H. Gruger, Jr.; ''The Multiple-Use of Shrimp
Trawlers,"' by John S. Robas; and ''A Challenge to
the Fish Meal and Oil Industry in the Gulf of Mexi-
co," by John W. Reintjes and Fred C. June. The
section on technology and exploratory session con-
tains papers on: 'New Methods of Purse Seining
for Tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean,'' by Gordon
C. Broadhead and Arthur R. Marshall; ''Air-Bubble
and Electrical-Field Barriers as Aids to Fishing,"
by Keith A. Smith; "Fishery Products and Food Ad-
ditives," by L. M. Beacham; ''The Economic Poten-
tial of the Calico Scallop Fishery of the Gulf and
South Atlantic with Special Reference to the East
Coast of Florida," by Jack T. Brawner; and ''A Prog-

1960, Report No. FT 110, 205 pp., processed, $1.
Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington D. C., May 1961. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The import
statistics include government as well as nongovern-
ment shipments of merchandise (including fish, shell-
fish, and fishery byproducts) from foreign countries.

IRON ORE FLOTATION:
"Effects of Structure and Unsaturation of-Collector on

Soap Flotation of Iron Ores," by Strathmore R. B.
Cooke, Iwao Iwasaki, and Hyung Sup Choi,-article
Mining Engineering, September 1960, pp. 1-8, printed.
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 W. 39th St., New York
18, N. Y.

120 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8
THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,
IRRADIATION: the Content of Muscular Nucleotides of Some Sea-

"A Critical Review of Irradiation in the Food Industry,"

shells (2)," by Ken-ichi Arai; "Studies on the Biology
by D. Rose, article, Canadian Food Industries, vol. 31,

no. 5, 1960, pp. 99-103, printed. Federal Publications
Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Canada.

ISRAEL: :

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 7 (27), March 1961,
40 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew. Fishermen's Bul-
letin, P. O. B. 996, Haifa, Israel. Includes, among
others, these articles: ‘Israeli Fishing Experiments
in Ethiopian Waters," by Y. Ariav; Report on Exper-
iments in the Trawl and Shore Fishery," by Y. Assaf;
and "Problems in the Use of Plastics in Fishing," by
J. H. White, A. Abramov, and B. Komarovsky.

JAPAN:

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. 11, no. 1, May 1960, 31 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with summaries in English. Faculty of
Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan.
Contains the following papers: ''Studies on the Bio-
logy of the Sea Urchin. I--Superficial and Histologi-
cal Gonadal Changes in Gametogenic Processes of
Two Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus and Ss.
intermedius," by Akira Fuji, "Studies on Whale Lipase.
I--Lipase of the Pancreas of Little Finner,"' by
Yoshio Ishihara; 'New Type Otter-Boards for Mid-
Water Trawl," by Kiichiro Kobayashi and Naoichi
Inoue; and "Notes on the Blood of Masu Salmon dur-
ing Inshore Migration with Special Reference to the
Osmoconcentration."

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. 11, no. 2, August 1960, 46 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with summaries in English. Faculty of
Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan.
Contains, among others, the following papers: "I--
Acid-Soluble Nucleotides in Muscle of Marine Inver-
tebrates. Effects of Storing Temperature upon the
Content of Muscular Nucleotides of Some Seashells
(1),"" by Ken-ichi Arai; "Studies on the Biology of
the Sea Urchin. II--Size at First Maturity and Sex-
uality of Two Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus
and S. intermedius," by Akira Fuji; "Studies on the
Biology of the Sea Urchin. III--Reproductive Cycle
of Two Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus nudus and
S. intermedius, in Southern Hokkaido,” by Akira

Fuji; and "Chemical Studies on Marine Algae. XIV--

On a New Amino Acid, 'chondrine', Isolated from the

Red Alga Chondria crassicauiis,"' by Mitsuo Kuri-

yama, Mitsuzo Takagi, and Kiichi Murata.

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. T1, no. 3, November 1960, 112 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with summaries in English.
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate,
Japan. Contains, among others, the following papers:
"Studies on Fixed Nets in Funka Bay. 4--A Study on
the Efficiency of the Secondary Bag Nets for Catching
Yellowtail," by Hideo Nakamura, Sakuzo Nishiyama,
and Giichi Kawasaki; and ''Mechanical Properties of
Marine Products. I--Tensile Strength and Elongation
of Dried Squid,'' by Tetsuo Ohkawa.

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. 11, no. 4, February 1961, 49 pp., illus,
printed in Japanese with summaries in English.
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate,
Japan. Contains, among others, the following papers:
"II. Acid-Soluble Nucleotides in Muscle of Marine
Invertebrates. Effects of Storing Temperature upon

of the Sea Urchin. IV--Histological Observation of
the Food Canal of Strongylocentrotus intermedius,"
by Akira Fuji; and "Hydrocarbons in Pollack Liver
Oil," by Isami Tsujino.

Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima Uni-

versity, vol. 9, December 1960, 114 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Faculty
of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima,
Japan. Includes among others, these articles: "Im-
provement in Efficiency of Icing of the Catch in a
Fishing Boat. I.--The Bacterial Contamination in a
Fish Hold and the Sterilizing Effect of a Germicidal
Lamp," by Muneo Sameshima and Kaname Saito;
"Study on Vitamin B Content in Pyloric Caecum of
Skipjack. III.--On Vitamin Bg," by Daiichi Kakimoto;
"Fishing-Ground Constitutional Studies on the White
Marlin, Marlina marlina (Jordan & Hill), over the
East China Sea. II.--On the Characteristics of
Marine Environments of the White Marlin on the
Fishing-Grounds,"' by Tomokazu Morita; "Studies on
the Relation between the Fluctuation in Catch and the
Environmental Factors of the Principal Fishes in
Kagoshima Bay. IV.--On the Young Horse-Mackerel,
Trachurus japonicus," by Toyotaka Tanoue; ''Further
Report on the Physical Analysis of the Fixed-Fish-
ing-Net Resistance," by Masaji Kanamori; "Occur-
rences of Maxima Pearl Oyster in the Oshima Strait,
Amami-Oshima, a Northern Limit of the Distribu-
tion,"' by Seija K. Wada, in English; and ''Studies on
Some Marine Algae from Southern Japan. III," by
Takesi Tanaka, in English.

KENYA:

"A Study of a Small Basket-Trap River Fishery in
Kenya,'' by Vernon D, Van Someren, article, East
African Agricultural Journal, vol. 24, no. 4, 1959,
pp. 257-267, printed. East African Agricultural
Journal, Government Printer, Nairobi, Kenya.

LAMPREY:

"Estimates of Length of Larval Life in Three Species
of Lamprey Found in Britain,'' by T. H. MacDonald,
article, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 28, no.
2, 1959, pp. 293-298, printed. The Journal of Ani-
mal Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 24
Broad St., Oxford, England.

"Vred, Nanosimy Minogami Rybnym Zapasam"' (Dam-
age to Fish Supply Caused by Lamprey), by V. A.
Abakumoy, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no 4, April
1959, pp. 32-33, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoz-
iaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR,
Moscow, U.S. S. R.

LANGOSTINOS:

"Tangostino: 'Sleeper' in the Seafood Market," article,
Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 23, December 1961, pp.
129-131,135, printed. E. W. Williams Publications,
Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y.

LIGHT FISHING:

"Study on the Disposition of Fish Towards Light. No.
4--The Strength of lumination Comfortable to Mack-
erel and Trachurous japonicus," by Yutaka Imamura,.
article, Journal of Tokyo University of Fisheries,
vol. 45, no. 2, March 1959, pp. 185-193, printed.
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-
chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

August 1961

LINGCOD:
"Further Results from Tagging Experiments on Ling-
cod," by B. M. Chatwin, article, Progress Reports
of the Pacific Coast Stations, no. 107, 1957, pp. 19-
Pacific “isheries Experimental Station, 898 Richards

St., Vancouver B. C., Canada.

MARINE BORERS:

Rasprostranenie Drevotochtsev v Moriakh, SSSR (Dis-
tribution of Marine Borers inthe Seas of the U.S.S.R.),
by P. I. Raibchikov, 266 pp., illus., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Institut
Okeanogogii, Moscow, 1957, pp. 1-229). Technical
Services Branch, Division of Oceanography, U. S.
Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., 1960.

MARINE FISHES:

Guide to Marine Fishes, by Alfred Perlmutter, 431 pp.,
illus., printed, $6.50. New York University Press,
Washington Square, New York 3, N. Y., 1961. To
our knowledge, this is the first complete guide to
employ identifying silhouettes of all the marine fish

Hogchoker, Flounders

No pectoral fins

Hogchoker

Pectoral fins
present

Atlantic halibut

Ty pe of identify ing silhouettes used in book, "Guide to Marine Fishes."

-and fish-like vertebrates that inhabit the coastal
temperate-water zone from Cape Cod to Cape Hat-
teras, together with some of the more common
stragglers from North of Cape Cod, south of Cape
Hatteras, and from the deep waters offshore. It is
written specifically for the fisherman and amateur
biologist. In the first part of the book, 616 labeled

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

121

SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

silhouettes enable the reader to identify the unknown
fish through easily distinguishable characteristics.
Identification of the various species is based prima-
rily on easily seen external characters which are
employed for rapid identification of fish in the field.
The silhouettes of the fish show the identifying char-
acters. This makes it possible for even the amateur
to identify most species, not only in the adult sizes
but also in the young, at least in those sizes most
likely to be seen. The second part contains 260
species and gives a brief description of all of them,
plus information on the distribution, color, life his-
tory, and economic importance of the fish identified
in the first section. Also, both the most popular of
the common names and the most generally accepted
scientific name are given for each species. Bound
with water-resistant cover, the book can be taken
along on fishing trips to help identify the catch on the
spot.

MARINE MAMMALS:

O Povedenii i Zvukovoi Signalizatsii Kitoobraznykh (On
“the Behavior and Sound Communication of Cetaceans),
by A. G. Tomilin, 44 pp., illus., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian, Transactions of the Institute of

pp. 28-47, Moscow, 1955.) Technical Services Branch,
Division of Oceanography, U. S. Navy Hydrographic
Office, Washington, D. C., 1960.

MENHADEN:

"Lateral Lines and an Undescribed Sensory Area on
the Head of the Gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia patronus,"
by Gordon Gunter and William J. Demoran, article,
Copeia, no. 1, March 17, 1961, pp. 39-42, illus.,
printed. American Society of Ichthyologists and
Herpetologists, 34th St. and Girard Ave., Philadelphia
4, Pa. :

NETS:

"Die Entwicklung aer Deutschen Lachstreibnetzfisch-
erei und die Erprobung Neur Treibnetze" (The De-
velopment of German Driftnets for Salmon and the
Test of New Types of Nets), by F. Thurow, article,
Das Fischerblatt, vol. 7, no. 9, 1959, pp. 197-201, ~
illus., printed in German. Landesfischerei-Verband
Schleswig-Holstein, 108 Holstenstrasse, Kiel, Ger-
many.

"Mery po Predotvrashcheniiu Avarii Drifternykh Pori-
adkov'"' (Measures for Preventing Damages to Drift-
nets), by N. K. Piaterikin, article, Rybnoe Khoziais-
tvo, vol. 34, no. 11, 1958, pp. 30-38, illus., printed
in Russian. VNIRO Glavniiproekta, pri Gosplanie,
Moscow, U.S. S. R.

"Sokobikiamiyo Sho Sokuteiki o Shiyo Shite no Issobiki
Kisensokobikiami no Sokutei Jikken" (Results of
Measure Experiments by Several Meters on Net
Shape of One-Boat Trawl Net--Danish Seine Net), by
C. Hamuro, article, Technical Report of Fishing
Boat, no. 13, 1959, pp. 55-59, illus., printed in Japan-
ese with English abstracts. Fishing Boat Laboratory,
Fisheries Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Supplement to Relative Selectivity of Freshwater Com-
mercial Fishing Devices Used in Louisiana, by
James Davis and Lloyd Posey, Jr., 144 pp., printed.
Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission, Wild-
Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans
16, La.

122

NORWAY:

"Beskatningen av Fiskebestandene i Vare Nordlige Far-
vann--Norsk og Internasjonalt Arbeid for a Motvirke
Overfiske'' (Harvest of Fish Population in Our North-
ern Waters--Norwegian and International Work to
Prevent Overfishing), by A. Hylen and G. Saetersdal,
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 7, February 16,
1961, pp. 151-157, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Ber-
gan, Norway.

"F/F Johan Hjort's Tokt til Vest-Afrika 1960" (F/F
Johan Hjort Cruise to West Africa, 1960), by Finn
Devold, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 11, March
16, 1961, pp. 236-241, illus., printed in Norwegian.
Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

"Fiskeflaten 1960" (The Fishery Fleet 1960), by Sverre
Mollestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 8, Feb-
ruary 23, 1961, pp. 171-176, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstup-
lass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Forekomst av Egg og Yngel av Fisk i Vest-og Nord-
Norske Kystog Bankfarvann Varen 1960" (Fish Eggs
and Larvae in the Norwegian West and North Coast-
al Waters and Fishing Banks in Spring 1960), by Kr.
Fr. Wiborg, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 9,
March 2, 1961, pp. 190-195, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstup-
lass 10, Bergen, Norway.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Searchers of the Sea: Pioneers in Oceanography, by
Charles Michael Daugherty, 160 pp., illus., by Don
Miller, printed, $3.- Viking Press, Inc., 18 E. 48th
St., New York 17, N. Y. About famous explorers of
the sea, from the Argonauts to the Piccards.

"The Seasonal Variation in Oceanic Production as a
Problem in Population Dynamics," by D. H, Cushing,

nent International pour 1'Exploration de la Mer,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Charlottenlund-Slot, Denmark.

ODORS:

"Fishy Problem," article, Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, vol. 32, December 1960, pp. 38A-39B
printed. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, The
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street NW,
Washington 6, D. C.

OILS AND FATS:

"Further Studies of Cholesterol, Fats and Fatty Acids,"
article, Nutrition Review, vol. 18, 1960, pp. 146-147,
printed. The Nutrition Foundation Inc., 99 Park Ave.,
New York 16, N. Y.

OKLAHOMA:

"An Annotated List of the Fishes of Lake Texoma, O-
klahoma and Texas," by Carl D. Riggs and Edward
W. Bonn, article, The Southwestern Naturalist, vol.
4, no. 4, 1959, pp. 157-168, printed. Southwestern
Naturalist Assn., Dallas, Tex.

OYSTER SHELLS:
"Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt Content of Oyster Shells,"
by R. S. Young, article, Journal of Agriculture and
Food Chemistry, vol. 8, November-December 1960,

Viol.-235 Noms

pp. 485-486, printed. Journal of Agriculture and
Food Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1801
K St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

OYSTERS:

"New Glycolipide in the Oyster. V--The Nitrogenous
Components and Structure of the Glycolipide,' by
Yasuo Nakazawa, article, Journal of Biochemistry
(Tokyo), vol. 46, 1959, pp. 1579-1585, printed.
Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt.

PARASITES:
Parasites in Summer-Caught Pacific Rockfishes, by
John Liston, John Peters, and Joseph A. Stern, Con-
tribution No. 47, 10 pp., illus., printed. College of

Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,
19585

Some Aspects of the Zoogeography of the Digenetic
Trematodes of Shallow- Water Fishes of the Gulf of
Mexico, by Albert K. Sparks, Contribution No. 62,

13 pp., printed. College of Fisheries, University of

Washington, Seattle, Wash., 1960.

PEARLS:

Studies of Pearl, by S. Kobayashi and N. Watabe, illus.,
printed in Japanese with English table of contents.
Gihodo, Tokyo, Japan. A comprehensive review of
current knowledge on pearl culture, biological im-
plications, and studies related thereto.

PERU: ;

"Industrie des Conserves de Poisson au Perou" (Can-
ning Industry for Fish in Peru), article, Revue de
la Conserve, vol. 15, no. 6, October 1960, pp. 256-
260, printed in French. Revue de la Conserve, 1
Rue de la Reale, Paris 1, France.

POLAND:

The following English translations of foreign language
articles are available from the Office of Technical
Services, Department of Commerce, Washington,

D. C., at 50 cents each. Order by OTS number.

essed. (Translated from Polish Prace

Morskiego
Instytutu Rybackiego, no. 9, 1957, pp. 633-679.)
An Investigation of Polan, Ramie, Cotton and Hemp

Fishing-Net Fabrics from the Standpoint of Fishing
Technology, by Stefan Wojan, OTS 60-21373, 27 pp.,
illus., processed. (Translated from Polish Prace
Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego W. Gdyni, no. 9,
1957, pp. 597-632.)

POLLUTION:

"Marine Pollution," by D. J. Reish and J. L. Barnard,
article, Water and Sewage Works, vol. 106, no. 6,
1959, pp. 259-262, printed. Water and Sewage Works,
Scranton Publishing Co., 185 North Wabash Ave.,
Chicago 1, Il.

POPULATION STUDIES:

"On the Confidence Limits Corresponding to the Esti-
mate Obtained by DeLury's Logarithmic Catch-
Effort Method,'' by Yukio Nose, article, Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24,
no. 12, 1959, pp. 953-956, printed. Japanese Soci-
ety of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

August 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

123

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

Symposium on Evaluation of Fish Populations in Warm-
Water Streams, 118 pp., printed. Iowa Cooperative
Fisheries Research Unit, Iowa State College, Ames,
Iowa, 1957.

PRESERVATION:

Some Applications of Okra in the Food Industries, by
William Saenz, Contribution No. 299, 4 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Florida

State Horticultural Society. vol. 73, 1960, pp. 297-
300.) Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. This article
covers among other topics, a preliminary experiment
to preserve fresh shrimp in okra ice. Okra solutions
used as a glaze on shrimp protected the product a-
gainst desiccation and discoloration twice as long as
the plain water glaze. The experiment indicated that
the treatment offered some protection against devel-
opment of decomposition odors. Work is now in prog-
ress to verify the findings of the preliminary experi-
ment, to find optimum concentrations for the okra
ice, and to explore the antioxidant properties of okra
for the preservation of fatty fish and the protection
of colored fish against oxidative discoloration.

PRESERVATIVES:
Preservatives for Scrap Fish, by G. A. Carpenter and
June Olley, Torry Technical Paper No. 2,1960. Torry
Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland.

PROCESSING:

"Fish Processing in Poland," by W. G. Cass, article,
Food Manufacture, vol. 35, June 1960, pp. 238-239,
261, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill Ltd.,
9 Eden St., London NW1, England.

PROTEINS:

"Proteins in Fish Muscle, 16--Adenosinetriphosphatase
Activity of Cod Myosin and Actomyosin," by J. R.
Dingle and J. A. Hines, article, Canadian Journal of
Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 38, December 1960,
pp. 1437-1447, printed. Canadian Journal of Bio-
chemistry and Physiology, Division of Administra-
tion, National Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa,
Canada.

QUALITY:

"Quality of Flatfish from Hakodate. Part 3--Factors
Deciding the Quality. 6--Relations between the Qual-
ity and the Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle
Extractives,'' by Keiichi Oishi, article, Bulletin of
the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol.
10, February 1960, pp. 319-331, printed in Japanese
with English summaries. Faculty of Fisheries, Hok-
kaido University, Kameda-Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

RADIATION: :

"The Ways in Which Radiation Damage Appears in
Early Development of Fish," by A. A. Neifakh and
N. N. Rott, article, Doklady, Akademii Nauk, SSSR,
vol. 119, no. 2, 1958, p. 261, printed. Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Podsosenski per. 21, Moscow
B-64, U.S. S. R.

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES:

Application of Radioactive Isotopes in the Food and
Fishing Industries and in Agriculture (a portion of
the Proceedings of the All-Union Scientific and Tech-
nical Conference on the Application of Radioactive
Isotopes, Moscow, 1957), 94 pp., illus., printed,
English translation, $30.00 (single report $12.50).
Consultants Bureau, Inc., 227 W. 17th St., New York
11, N. Y., 1959. Of particular fishery interest are

the reports on: ''Results and Prospects of Applying
Radioactive Carbon (C!4) to the Study of the Circu-
lation of Organic Matter in Waters," by Iu. I. Sorokin;
"Research on the Biological Productivy of Waters

by Means of Radioisotopes,''byV.I. Zhadin, A. G.
Rodina, and A. S, Troshin; ''On Methods: of Tagging
Fish with Radioactive Calcium," by N. P. Rudakov;
and "The Application of P32 and Ca45 to the Study of
Some Aspects of Phosphorus and Calcium Metabolism
in Young Carp and Sturgeons," by M. P. Bogoiavlen-
skaia and I. A. Shekhanova.

RED TIDE:

"The Red Tide of 1958 at Ensenada, Baja California,
Mexico," by Rudolf Stohler, article, Veliger, vol. 2,
no. 1, 1959, pp. 32-35, printed. Veliger, Northern
California Malacozoological Club, Berkeley, Calif.

RESEARCH VESSELS:

"Oceanographic Survey Ship Delivered," article,
Marine Engineering, vol. 65, no. 6, 1960, pp. 70-76,
illus., printed. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corp.,
30 Church St., New York 7, N. Y.

SALMON:

"Adrenocorticosteroids in Salmon Plasma (Qncorhy-
nchus nerka),'' by J. G. Phillips, W. N. Holmes, and
Philip K. Bondy, article, Endocrinology, vol. 65,1959,
pp. 811-818, printed. Endocrinology, Charles C.
Thomas, 301-27 E. Lawrence Ave., Springfield, Tl.

"Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawn-
ing Migration. XIII--The Distribution of Phosphorus
Compounds, Creatine and Inositol in the Major Tis-
sues,'' by V. M. Chang, H. Tsuyuki, and D. R. Idler,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, vol. 17, July 1960, pp. 565-582, printed. we
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

"Growth of Marked Silver Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisu-
tch) of the 1950 Brood in Puget Sound," by George H.
Allen, article, Transactions of the American Fisher-
ies Society, vol. 88, no. 4, 1959, pp. 310-318, printed.
American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429, McLean,
Va.

Main-Stem and Tributary Sampling of Red Salmon
Scales for Population Studies, by Ted S. Y. Koo and
Howard D. Smith, Contribution No. 58, 10 pp., illus.,
printed. College of Fisheries, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle, Wash., 1960.

"The 1955-1956 Silver Salmon Run into the Tenmile
Lakes System," by Alfred R. Morgan and Kenneth A.
Henry, article, Research Briefs, vol. 7, no. 1, 1959,
pp. 57-77, printed. Fish Commission of Oregon,
Portland, Oreg.

Pacific Salmon in International Waters, by Allan C.
Hartt, Contribution No. 78, 7 pp., illus., printed.
College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seat-
tle, Wash., 1960.

Predation ot Young Coho Salmon on Sockeye Salmon
Fry at Chignik, Alaska, Contribution No, 42,2 pp.,
illus., printed. College of Fisheries, University of
Washington, Seattle, Wash., 1960.

Use of Dynamite to Recover Tagged Salmon, by Rich-
ard W. Tyler, Contribution No. 75, 9 pp., illus., printed.
College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seat-
tle, Wash., 1960.

124

SARDINES:

Fangmethoden in der Sardinenfischerei (Catching
Methods in the Sardine Fisheries), by A. von Brandt,
92 pp., illus., processed in German. (Reprinted from
Protokolle zur Fischereitechnik, Heft 26, Bd. 6, pp.
65-115.) Institut fur Netz-und Materialforschung der
Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei, Hamburg,
Germany. A paper submitted to the FAO World
Scientific Meeting on the biology of sardines and re-
lated species, Rome, September 14-21, 1959. Covers
the catching of pelagic shoal fish; useful equipment
and catching methods for the sardine fishery; devel-
opment of nets, trawls, and hooks; and sardine catch-
ing methods used throughout the world.

SCALED-FIN GRUNTS:

Western Atlantic Fishes of the Genus HAEMULON
(Pomadasyidae): Systematic Status and Juvenile Pig-
mentation, by Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., 84 pp., illus.,
printed. - (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science
of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 1, March1961,
pp. 66-149.) The Marine Laboratory, University of
Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.
These fish, referred to as the scaled-fin grunts, in-
clude the nominal genera Bathystoma and Brachy-
genys which are here considered synonyms of Hae-
mulon.

SEA CUCUMBERS:

"Studies on the Proteins of the Meat of Sea Cucumber
(Stichopus japonicus Selenka)," by E. Tanikawa, ar-
ticle, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido
University, vol. 3, no. 1, August 1955, printed. Fac-
ulty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Kameda-
Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

SEA TROUT:

"Distribution and Abundance of Gray Weakfish in the
York River System, Virginia," by W. H. Massmann,
J. P. Whitcomb, and A. L. Pacheco, article, Trans-
actions of the Twenty-third North American Wild-
life Conference, 1958, pp. 361-369, printed. Wild-
life Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Washington
be DaG:

SEAWEED:

"New Species of Gelidium and Pterocladia from the
Pacific Coast of the United States and the Hawaiian
Islands," by N. H. Loonis, article, All-Hancock
Foundation Occasional Paper No. 24, pp. 1-10, illus.,
printed. The University of Southern California Press,
Los Angeles, Calif., 1960.

SHARKS:

"Pigghaundersokelser i Omradet Krakenes--Sandness-
joen i Januar 1961" (Shark Research in the Area
Krakenes--Sandnessjoen, January 1961), by Olav
Aasen, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 14, April
6, 1961, pp. 296-297, illus., printed in Norwegian.
Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Cost Control Problems of Small Manufacturers, by
William C. Flewellen, Jr., Management Research
Summary No. 3, 4 pp., processed. Small Business
Administration, Washington 25, D. C., November
1960. A summary of a report, titled ''An Analysis
of Cost Control Problems of Small Manufacturers in
Alabama."' This study is directed at the cost control
problems of the small manufacturing firm. It pre-
sents selected accounting control techniques and a-
nalyses which were found useful in the day-to-day

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 8

AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

operations of 15 small manufacturing firms in 4 in-
dustrial groups. In conducting the research, atten-
tion was centered on three major areas: analysis of
the balance sheet and income expense statement;
budgeting, with emphasis on control of costs; and
special problems faced by small businessmen. In-
vestigation sought to disclose the adequacy or inad-
equacy of (1) bookkeeping systems and payroll pro-
cedures, (2) inventory and receivable controls, and
(3) controls over waste and scrap. In addition, the
uses of statement analysis and budgeting were inves-
tigated, as were the various reports made to manage-
ment.

Expanding Distribution and Warehousing in Alaska, by
Vernon R. Kiely, Management Research Summary
No. 5, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Administra-
tion, Washington 25, D. C., January 1961. A sum-
mary of a report, titled ''Economic and Business
Situation in Alaska, with Special Reference to Whole-
sale and Retail Trade in Fairbanks and Anchorage."
This research study found that retailing, wholesaling,
and warehousing in Alaska are inseparably bound
with its economic background. There is a definite
need for an increase in wholesaling activities. Costs
are an important factor in expansion and are influ-
enced strongly by the labor force, the length of sup-
ply lines, climatic conditions, and transportation
limits. The amount of loan capital available in A-
laska has never met the demand.

Facts about Small Business Financing, by Olin S. Pugh,
Management Research Summary No. 10, 4 pp., proc-
essed. Small Business Administration, Washington
25, D. C., Februray 1961. A summary of a report,
titled ''Financing 689 Small Business Firms inSouth
Carolina, 1958-1959: A Study of the Sources, Avail-
ability, and Terms of Financing fox Small Business
Firms in South Carolina." The principal purpose of
the survey was to analyze the sources and terms of
credit extended to small businessmen. The small
business must always rely heavily upon personal
investment as a source of equity funds. Within the
structure of small business, it was found that larger
loans have lower rates. An educational program built
around both requirements and capabilities of small
business, designed for and reaching all borrowers
and lenders, could go far in alleviating many of the
conditions or problems of small business financing.

Problems of Small Retailers, by J. L. McKeever, Man--

agement Research Summary No. 9, 4 pp., processed.

Small Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C.,
January 1961. Asummary of a report, titled ''A Study
of the Problems of Small Retailers in Wyoming."
The extension of credit, with slow payment by cus-
tomers, was the financial problem most frequently
mentioned by the businessmen cooperating in this
study. A build-up of accounts receivable to the det-
riment of cash balances inevitably leads to a short-
age of capital for the financing of other basic busi-
ness functions. Most problems concerning labor dealt
with competence, initiative, attitudes, and productivity
of employees.

Research Summary No. 4, 4 pp., processed. Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C., Jan-
uary 1961. A. summary of a report, titled "The Turn-
over and Mortality Experience of Manufacturing
Firms in the Hartford, Connecticut, Economic Area,
1953-1958."" This report is based primarily on an

August 1961

intensive study of manufacturing turnover and mortal-
ity in the Hartford, Connecticut, economic area, It
was found that small manufacturing firms are not
necessarily more liable to turnover and failure than
large manufacturers. The small manufacturer can
minimize his risk of failure or loss by paying close
attention to the mortality pattern among industries in
his area.

The Squeeze-Out in Small Business Ownership, by F.
Hodge O'Neal and Jordan Derwin, Management Re-
search Summary No. 7, 4 pp., processed. Small Busi-
ness Administration, Washington 25, D. C., January
1961. A summary of a report, titled ''Expulsion or
Oppression of Business Associates: 'Squeeze-Outs'
in Small Enterprises." A ''squeeze-out" is the use of
strategic position, management powers, or legal de-
vice by some owners in a business enterprise to e-
liminate other owners or to deprive them unfairly of
income or advantages. The primary means through
which small business managers can avoid squeeze
plays is competent legal counsel who will foresee
problems that might arise and provide methods to
forestall them. Minority interests could be given
greater protection through State legislative action.

SMELT:

"Variation in the Life History of the American Smelt
in Inland Waters of Maine," by Robert S. Rupp, arti-
cle, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,
vol. 88, no. 4, 1959, pp. 241-252, printed. American
Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429, McLean, Va.

SMOKED FOODS:

Biuro Ekspertizy i Registratsii Izobretenii, Moscow,
U.S. S. R.

SPILLWAYS:

"Iz Opyta Stroitel'stva i Ekspluatatsii Uproshchennykh
Vodoslivov" (Building and Operational Experience
with Simplified Spillways), By A. G. Savitskiy, arti-
cle, Meteorologiia i Gidrologiia, no. 10, 1958, pp.
48-49, printed in Russian. Meteorologiia i Gidrolog-
iia, Moscow, U. S. S. R. :

SPOILAGE:
in Ice Storage, by J. Liston, Julia G. Chapel, and
J. A. Stern, Contribution No. 92, 4 pp., illus., printed.
College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seat-
tle, Wash., 1961.

SQUID:

"The Purification and Properties of a Ribonuclease
from Squid," by Mary Edmonds and Jay S. Roth, ar-
ticle, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.
89, August 1960, pp. 207-212, printed. Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, c/o Academic Press
Inc., New York 3, N. Y.

"Studies on the Tropomyosin of Squid," by K. Yoshimura,
article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokka-
ido Univeristy, vol. 3, no. 2, December 1955, printed.
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Kameda-
Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

STRIPED BASS:
"Field Tests of Petersen, Streamer, and Spaghetti Tags
on Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum)," by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

125

William S. Davis, article, Transactions of the Amer-
ican Fisheries Society, vol. 88, no. 4, 1959, pp. 319-
329. American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429,
McLean, Va.

"Problems Relative to the Atlantic Coast Striped Bass
Fishery and Status of its Biological Research," by
James E. Sykes, article, Transactions of the Twenty-
third North American Wildlife Conference, 1958, pp.
370-377, printed. Wildlife Management Institute,
Wire Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.

"The Striped Bass in Relation to the Multiple Use, of
the Roanoke River, North Carolina," by William W.
Hassler, article, Transactions of the Twenty-third
North American Wildlife Conference, 1958, pp. 378-

391, printed. Wildlife Management Institute, Wire
Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.

TAGGING:

A Technique for Mass-Marking Fish by Means of Com-
pressed Air, by C. F. Jackson, Technical Circular
No. 17, 8 pp., printed. New Hampshire Fish and

Game Department, Concord, N. H., 1959.

TIDES:
Tide Tables--East Coast North and South America

vey, Washington 25, D. C., June 1961. High andlow
water predictions.

TRADE LIST:

The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published
the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may
be obtained by firms in the United States from that
office or from Department of Commerce field offices
at $2 each.

Canneries and Frozen Foods-Producers and Export-
ers--Denmark, 9 pp. (April 1961). Lists thenames
and addresses, size of firms, and types of products
handled by each firm. Includes canners and export-
ers of canned fish and shellfish. Also processors
of frozen fishery products. The principal markets
for canned fishery products are the United States,
United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria, and France.

TRAWLERS:

"O Dal'neishem Sovershenstvovanii Bol'shikh Moro-
zil'nykh Rybolovnykh Traulerov s Kormovym Trale-
niem" (On Further Improvement of Large Freezing-
Fishing Stern Trawlers), by S. L. Fridman, article,
Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 6; 1959; pp. 38-51;
printed in Russian, VNIRO Glavniiproekta priGos-
planie, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

"The First Large Norwegian Stern Trawler Delivered,"
article, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol.
8, no. 1, 1961, pp. 9, 11, 13, illus., printed. Norwe-
gian Fishing and Maritime News, P. O. Box 740,
Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway. Discusses the main
characteristics and capacities of Norway's first
stern Trawler Hekktind, a 151-foot vessel designed
for operation in Arctic and North Atlantic waters.
The technical equipment and results of trips already
taken by the Norwegian vessel are also discussed in
detail.

TRAWLING:
"Kontrol Napolneniia Trala Ryboi"' (Indication of
Catches in Trawling), by N. V. Vershinskii and

126

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Molni2 3s Noms

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

others, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 7,
1958, pp. 34-40, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO
Glavniiproekta pri Gosplanie, Moscow, U. S. S. R.

"Trawling for Herring in the Bay of Fundy," by G. J.
Gillespie, article, Trade News, vol. 13, no. 10, April
1961, pp. 3-7, illus., processed. Information and Ed-
ucational Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. Describes experimental trawling for herring
in the Bay of Fundy sponsored by the Canadian De-
partment of Fisheries and the New Brunswick Fish-
eries Division. The project was designed to deter-
mine if midwater and bottom trawling for herring
could provide employment for inshore trawlers dur-
ing the winter season when groundfish are scarce.

In addition to the basic electronic instrument--acon-
ventional white-line recorder--used in the experi-
mental project, a new electronic device was added
that removes any guesswork with respect to the depth
of the trawl. The new device was a net-sounder which
consisted of a transducer mounted in a kite on the
trawl's headline. Along with the conventional trans-
ducer on the vessel's hull, the net-sounder was linked
by cable to the electronic recorder. Employment of
this new piece of sounding equipment in the Bay of
Fundy marked the first time it has been used on the
Atlantic seaboard. The net-sounder is a European
development and has been used in those fishing waters
with singular success.

TRAWLS:

"Pribory dlia Izmereniia Natiazhenii v Otdel'nykh De-
taliakh Trala'' (Instruments for Measuring Tension in
Various Parts of Trawl), by V. K. Savasov, article,
Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 8, 1958, pp. 47-50,
illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniiproekta,
pri Gosplanie, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

TROUT:

"An Analysis of Sixty-five Years of Fishing in a Trout
Pond Unit," by H. R. McCrimmon and A. H. Berst,
article, The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.
25, no. 2, April 1961, pp. 168-178, illus., printed.
The Wildlife Society, 5921 Anniston Rd., Bethesda
14, Md.

"Cystoma Found in the Liver of Rainbow Trout, Salmo
gairdnerii irideus Gibbons," by Yoshiharu Honma
and Kaoru Shirai, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 12, 1959,
pp. 966-970, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori, 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Managing Farm Ponds for Trout Production, by Alfred
W. Eipper, Cornell Extension Bulletin no. 1036, 31
pp., printed. New York State College of Agriculture,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., 1960.

"Trout Growth in Hatcheries," by David C. Haskell,

nal, N. Y. Conservation Dept., Albany, N. Y.

TUNA:

"El Bonito del Norte, o Albacora y Los Mercados Ex-
teriores" (The Northern Bonito, or Albacore, and the
Foreign Market), article, Industria Conservera, vol.
27, no. 261, March 1961, pp. 64-66, printed in Span-
ish. Industria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valla-
dares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

"On the Cause of Annual Variation of Fishing Condi-
tion of Bigeyed Tuna in the Area from Marshall Is-
lands to Palmyra Island. I--On the Annual Variation
of Fishing Condition; II--Comparison between 1956
and 1958 in Regard to Fishing Period and Fishing
Ground and Relation between Fishing Condition and
Fishing Effort; III--Relation between Monthly and
Annual Variations of Fishing Condition and Those of
Surface Water Temperature of the Fishing Ground;
and IV--Relation between Annual Variation of Rate-
of-Catch and that of Body-Length or of Age Frequen-
cy," by Jun Nakagome, article, Bulletin of the Japan-
ese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, April
1960, pp. 401-410, printed in Japanese with English
summaries. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigan-
dori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Chemical Composition of Raw, Precooked, and Canned
Tuna. I--Core Sampling Methods," by Clarence J.
Carlson, Claude E. Thurston, and Maurice E. Stans-
by, article, Food Technology, vol. 14, October 1960,
pp. 477-479, printed. Food Technology, The Garrard
Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Il.

Fabrication des Conserves de Thon du Maroc (Can-

ning of Tuna in Morocco), by R. Méesemaecker and
Y. Sohier, 27 pp., illus., printed in French. (Re-
printed from Revue de la Conserve, December 1960
and January 1961.) Laboratoire du Froid et de la
Conserve, 70, Allee des Jardins, Ain-Sebaa, Moroc-
co.

"Hermaphroditic Skipjack,"' by Richard N. Uchida, ar-
ticle, Pacific Science, vol. 15, no. 2, 1961, pp. 294-
296, printed. Pacific Science, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu 14, Hawaii.

"Lipids of the Muscle of Tuna, Thunnus orientalis.
IlI--Lecithins of the Dark-Colored and Ordinary
Muscles," by Hisanao Igarashi, Koichi Zama, and
Muneo Katada, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, 1957, pp. 273-
277, printed. (Translated by George Kudo, U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Technological
Laboratory, Seattle, Wash.) Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries c/o Tokyo University of Fisher-
ies, Shiba-kaigandori,6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Lipids of the Muscle of Tuna, Thynnus orientalis.
VI--Sphingolipids of Dark-Colored and Ordinary
Muscles," by Muneo Katada, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
April 1960, pp. 421-424, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-Ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

Scripps Tuna Oceanography Research (STOR) Pro-
gram (Final Report, June 21, 1957-June 30, 1960),
by Maurice Blackburn, 88 pp., illus., processed.
University of California, Scripps Institution of O-
ceanography, La Jolla, Calif., August 5, 1960.

"The Tuna Season in N. S. Wales," by Pat Warren,
article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 20, no. 4, April
1961, pp. 9, 27, printed. Commonwealth Director
of Fisheries, Department of Primary Industry,
Canberra, Australia. Discusses the tuna season in
New South Wales beginning July 1960. Covers the
location of the main body of fish in the Bermagui
and northeast Eden areas and the heartening results

August 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

127

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM,

obtained, quota fishing, the accomplishments of the
Eden cannery, and the activities of the Tuna Boat
Owners' Association.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

The South African Fishing Industry, by Peter Hjul, 12
pp., ulus., printed. Standard Bank of South Africa
Limited, Johannesburg, Union of South Africa, 1961.
This booklet, well illustrated in color, describes the
development of South Africa's fisheries. It discusses
ocean currents abounding in nutrients, industrializa-
tion of the fisheries, establishment of large fishing
companies, and record landings of the past three
years. Also discussed are the growth of the pelagic
shoal fishery, operation of canneries and reduction
plants, Cape West coast fishery production, and mar-
keting organizations. Covered briefly are the spiny
lobster fishery, trawling industry, line fishing, and
possible future landings.

U.S.S.R.
"The All-Union Conference on Agricultural Fishing,"
article, Vestnik Vysshei Shkoly Sovetskaya Nauka, no.
5, 1957, p. 95, printed in Russian. Vestnik Vysshei
Shkoly Sovetskaya Nauka, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

BY OTS NUMBER,

Contribution to the Study of Pacific Ocean Moridae
(Pisces, Gadiformes), by T. S. Rass, OTS 60-51040,
6 pp., illus., processed. (Translated from Russian
Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Instituta Okeanologii,
vol. 11, 1954, pp. 56-61.

Increasing the Effectiveness of Trawlboards by a Slot-
ted Design which Produces the Necessary Moments
of Force, by I. R. Matrosov, 10 pp., illus., processed.
(Translated from Russian Rybnoe Khozyaistvo, vol.
34, no. 9, 1958, pp. 40-49.)

Means of Restoring and Increasing the Schools of Kam-
chatka Salmon, by F. V. Krogius and E. M. Krokhin,
OTS 60-51039, 12 pp., processed. (Translatedfrom
Russian Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaya

Komissiya, Trudy Soveshchanii, no. 4, 1954, pp. 10-
21.)

VENEZUELA:

Estudio de un Plan General de Puertos Pesqueros
(Master Plan for Fishing Ports), by Gustavo Oramas,
248 pp., illus., processed in Spanish. Ministerio de
Obras Publicas, Division de Puertos y Aeropuertos,
Caracas, Venezuela, April 1961.

VESSELS:

"Deux Navires Congelateurs" (Two Freezerships), by
A. Andre, article, Revue Pratique du Froid, vol. 13,
no. 175, October 1960, pp. 26-27, illus., printed in
French. Revue Pratique du Froid, 254 Rue de Vau-
girard, Paris 15, France. Degcribes a tuna fishing
vessel and a lobster fishing vessel. The tuna fishing
vessel is equipped for fishing with live bait. Its hull
is constructed of welded steel; its gross tonnage is
266 tons, and it has a capacity of 200 tons of frozen

tuna. The lobster fishing vessel has a gross ton-
nage of 933 tons. The holds are cooled by direct
expansion of ammonia and can be maintained at
28°C. (-18° F.). On the fishing grounds, the lobsters
are beheaded live and the tails are frozen immedi-
ately.

"Fischereifahrzeuge mit Auswechselbaren Fischrau-
men im Zusammenwirken mit Einem Mutterschiff"
(Fishing Vessels, with Removable Fishrooms in
Operation with a Mothership), by W. von Sangerlaub,
article, Schiffbautechnik, vol. 10, no. 3, 1960, pp.
129-133, printed in German. VEB Verlag Technik,
13/14 Oranienburgerstrasse, Berlin C2, Germany.

"Plastic Sheathing of Wooden Hulls" article, Ship and
Boat Builder, vol. 13, no. 2, 1960, 50 pp., printed. _
John Trundell Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt
St., London NW1, England.

VIRGINIA:

River, by Robert D. Ross and Benjamin D. Perkins,
Technical Bulletin 145, 35 pp., printed. Virginia
Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytech-
nic Institute, Blacksburg, Va., 1959.

A Key to the Fishes of the Shenandoah River System
in Virginia, by Robert D. Ross, Technical Bulletin
142, 14 pp., printed. Virginia Agricultural Experi-
mental Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacks-
burg, Va., 1959.

VITAMINS:

"Effect of Gamma-Radiation on Vitamin A and Influ-
ence of Antioxidants on It,'' by Mitsuo Hata and Tos-
hio Onishi, article, Tohoku Journal of Agricultural
Research, vol. 11, no. 4, December [980 pp. ov1-
375, printed, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku Uni-
versity, Sendai, Japan.

WATER POLLUTION:

Impacts of Pollution on Fish and Wildlife, Recreation
and Esthetic Values, by Seth Gordon, 14 pp., proc-
essed. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Washington 25, D.C.,
1960.

WHALE MEAT:

"Automatically Operating Plants for the Freezing of
Whale-Meat on Board a Modern Whaler," by A. Zim-
mer, article, Bulletin de L'Institut du Froid, vol.
60, 1960, pp. 1014-1016, printed. Institut du Froid,
Paris, France.

"Whale Meat Freezing, Transportation in the USSR,"
by A. Kan and E. Pavlov, article, Quick Frozen
Foods, vol. 23, October 1960, pp. 288-289, printed.
Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publications,
Inc., 82 Wall Street, New York 5, N. Y.

WHALES:

"Studies on Crystalline Whale Pepsin," by Yoshio
Ishihara, article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University, vol. 8, no. 1, Novem-
ber 1960, pp. 1-81, illus., printed. Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University, Kameda-Machi,; Hako
date, Japan.

WORLD TRADE:
The following World Trade Information Service Ec-
onomic and Operations Reports, published by the

128 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., are for sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Food Regulations of Federal Republic of Germany and
West Berlin, Operations Report No. 61-12, 20 pp.,
printed, 10 c cents, March 1961.

Establishing A Business in the Union of South Africa,
Economic Report No. 61-13, 12 pp., printed, 10 cents,
March 1961.

Economic Developments in in Peru, 1960, Economic Re-
port No. 61-20, 8 pp., printed, 10 cents, April 1961.

THE PLACE OF FISH...

ENERGY V °
“\@
N\ ss PROTEIN
eS

MINERALS

2S” VITAMINS

READILY DIGESTIBLE WV

. in CHILDREN’S DIETS

Establishing a Business in Egypt (UAR), Economic
Report No. 61-24, 4 pp., printed 10 cents, April 1961.

Certificate and Other Requirements on Imports into

Canada, Operations Report No. 61-28, 8 pp., printed,
10 cent cents, April 1961.

Licensing and and. Exchange Controls--Ceylon, Operations
Report No. 61-29, 4 pp., printed, 10 cents, April 1961.

Import Tariff System of Gambia, Operations Report
No. 61-33, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, April 1961.

WHATS THE BEST WAY To GET
1. Rapid growth 2
2. Greate Lamina ?
3, Lowes | Cost pr pound 2

THE PLACE OF FISH. .

GOOD PROTEIN

Vol. 23, No. 8

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHINOOK SALMON EGGS FOR NATIONAL

FISH HATCHERY PROGRAM

Fall chinook salmon returning to the Columbia River for spawning
in the fall of 1960. ne anal LS aac 44 million eggs for the season's

Hatchery employees at Spring Creek Fish Cultural Station (near Under-
wood, Wash.) removing and fertilizing salmon eggs.

National Fish Hatch-
ery program. Twen-
ty-six percent of the
adult fall salmon that
passed Bonneville
Dam onthetrip from
the seato the Colum-
bia River for spawn-
ing returned to Na-
tional Fish Hatch-
eries.

The taking of eggs--
approximately 35 mil-
lion at the Spring
Creek hatcheryand
8.5 million at the
Little White Salmon
hatchery--was not far
from average.

Some of the eggs
taken early in the

season had started hatching by the end of 1960. All of the fall chinook
salmon produced at National Fish Hatcheries are held inrearing ponds
for at least 90 days and then released. No fry will be planted in 1960
since survival rate among the fishheld for 90 days is much higher than

among fry.

129

130 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 8

BALANCE FAT-INTAKE WITH FISH

“CONSCIOUS
HOMEMAKER — WONDERS
ANS

SURE, THEY'RE WHAT ELSE? WELL..
DELICIOUS .. . LET’S TAKE A GOOD CLOSE

HIGH GROWTH FACTOR

ANIMAL. PROTEIN VS. VEGETABLE PROTEIN

HIGH ——

in VITAMINS

August 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 131

FOR BETTER HEALTH

7

HIGH
in PROTEIN

a FeEg
H de ae
FOR STRONGER B Fy

i} | Yj

SPECIAL DIETETIC VALUES

byearbre sclruel >

+

SEAFOOD DIP

cup flaked or canned fish

packages (3 ounces each) cream cheese
cup chopped stuffed olives

cup mayonnaise or salad dressing
tablespoons coffee cream

teaspoon grated onion
drops tabasco

Potato chips

Pretzel sticks

Parsley

1
2
pl
3
i
4
3

Drain cannedfish. Reserve 6 piecesoffish for garnish. Soften cream
cheese at room temperature. Add olives, mayonnaise, cream, onion, ta-
basco, and fish; blend into a paste. Chill. Serve in a bowl surrounded by

potato chips and pretzel sticks. Garnish dip with parsley andfish. Makes
about 1 pint of dip.

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