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I ; 3 2 WwW B : D a bi 2 WN 8 2 E WZ z= DA ae aN = : = SA = > ay Ne =e aS -NVINOSHLINS (Sa 1uyVuYaiT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Sa 1yV = Ww a ta a tu Bares ws 4 Zz a = ee ra a a 4 = jo Lo ac = NX oc 3 e é = ag = S wWWe 4 EAC RO 5 a a a. = m 2 Ws = = 2 i 2 a Zz ey ay SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIJLOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT = Cae a8 = = on rc zs rc COMMERCIAL BEUIEW FISHERIES ce eu 47EGX Fishes UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR — Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR Gusta (Co Ubihho SSS Hsu DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER 4.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (@) A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor G.A. Albano, H. M. Bearse, and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wyatt Bldg., Suite 611, 777 14th Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 1, 1963. 5/31/68 CONTENTS COVER: The common power-lifted dredge being brought in over the roller of a typical Chesapeake Bay blue-crab fishing vessel. Vessels using this type of gear supply large quantities of blue crabs during the winter months to processing plants in Virginia and Maryland. Page 1 . .Mechanizing the Blue Crab Industry--Part III - Strengthening the Industry's Economic Position, by Charles F. Lee, George M. Knobl, Jr., and Emmett F. Deady Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Alaska: Great Lakes Fishery Investigations (Contd.): 8 .. Bristol Bay Area Office Shifted to Town of 11... Lake Trout Distribution Studies Continued King Salmon Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: California: 12... Preliminary Survey off the Coast of Vene- 8 .. Abundance and Condition of Dungeness Crabs zuela Surveyed Prior to Open Season 13... Shrimp Gear Studies Continued 9 .. Cans Shipments for Fishery Products, Jan- Gulf Fishery Investigations: uary-September 1963 14 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Hawaii: 9 .. Department of Defense Purchases, July 1963 15 .. Skipjack Tuna Landings, January-October Fish Farming: 1963 10 .. Gear Tested for Harvesting Fish from Rice Industrial Fishery Products: Farm Ponds 15 .. New Uses for Fish Oils Promoted at Annual Fish Larvae: Paint Industries Show 10 .. First Larval Fish Biology Conference Held U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles: in California Gira Production by Areas, October 1963 Fish Oils: Gira. Production, September. 1963 11 .. Composition of Fish Oils Studied by Frac- NS} gs Major Indicators for U. S. Supply, October tional Distillation and Gas-Liquid Chroma- 1963 tography U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles: Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: TESS) gi Production and Imports, January-September 11 .. Depth Distribution Studies of Chubs and As- 1963 sociated Species in Lake Michigan Con- 18 .. Review of Trends in the Use of Fish Meal in tinued Texas Area Contents continued page II. II Page 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 31 32 33 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No 1 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Irradiation Preservation: Comparative Tests Made With Irradiated Fillets and Fresh Controls Maine Sardines: Canned Stocks, November 1, 1963 Marketing: Edible Fishery Products Marketing Products, Winter 1963/64 Michigan: Lake Trout Stocking Program Continued in Fall 1963 New England: Fisheries, 1962 North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: Electrical Trawling Tests Continued North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: Pelagic Trawl Tested for Effectiveness in Catching Winter Herring Scallop Resources off Coast of Oregon Sur- veyed Survey of Deep-Water Marine Fauna off Mouth of Columbia River Continued Oceanography: Address to the National Academy of Sciences by the Late President Kennedy Committee for Scientific Exploration of the Atlantic Shelf Honolulu Laboratory Vessel Finishes First Phase of Indian Ocean Survey Indian Ocean Explorations by the Atlantis II Completed New Research Vessel to be Acquired by Duke University Research Vessel Trident Completes First Year of Operation Sea Bottom of the Caribbean Area Under Study Pollution: Potomac River Fish Losses Shellfish: Lake Erie Shellfish May Have Commercial Value Shrimp: United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, No- vember 1963 South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Preliminary Fishery Explorations off His- paniola and Scallop Survey off Florida Tuna: Age-Growth Studies of Bluefin Tuna Landed in California United States Fisheries: Commercial Fishery Landings, January- September 1963 Fish Sticks and Portions, July-September 1963 U.S. Fishing Vessels: Documentations Issued and Cancelled, Sep- tember 1963 U.S. Foreign Trade: Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, Au- gust 1963 Exports of Edible Fishery Products, Sep- tember 1963 Page 8) 06 SB) 356 35 8X3 0 38 39. AO 5G 40 are 41 42. 42 43 O55 ASK ere 44... 44 44. 45 45 45 46 G51 oo 47 48 49 ee TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): U. S. Foreign Trade (Contd.): Imports of Canned Tuna Under Quota Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts, September 1963 Wholesale Prices: Edible Fish and Shellfish, November 1963 FOREIGN: International: Fishery Agreements: Greek-Turkish Fishery Cooperative Pro- posed Food and Agriculture Organization: Working Party on Atlantic Ocean Tuna Re- sources Meets in Rome International Association of Fish Meal Manu- facturers: Peruvian Annual Conference Stresses Quality International North Pacific Fisheries Com- mission: Tenth Annual Meeting Held in Vancouver Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Fisheries Committee Meets North Pacific Fisheries Commission: Reduction of Halibut Quota for Triangle Area Recommended Whaling: FAO Appeals for Voluntary Limits on Ant- arctic Catch Angola: Foreign Trade in Fishery Products, 1962 Fisheries Trends, November 1963 Fishery Landings Sharply Lower for First Half of 1963 Australia: Japanese Take Measures to Stop Damage to Fishing Gear Canada: British Columbia Canned Salmon Pack Lower in 1963 Fisheries Development Program Proposed Long-Lining Boosts Nova Scotia's Swordfish Landings in 1963 New Brunswick Fishermen to Enter East Coast Purse-Seine Fishery for Tuna New Fish-Processing Plants for Maritime Provinces Newfoundland Fishermen to Benefit from New Shore Facilities Newfoundland Swordfish Long-Lining Experi- ments Successful Process for Dehydrating Fish-Potato Mix- ture Developed Chile: Fisheries Trends, November 1963 Colombia: Bill Establishing Territorial Waters at 200 Miles Passes House Cook Islands: Plan for Japanese-Supplied Tuna Cannery Rejected Denmark: New Trade Agreement with Soviets May In- clude Fish Freezerships Contents continued page III. January 1964 Page 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 56. 56. 57 57 58 58 58 59 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Til CONTENTS (CONTINUED) FOREIGN (Contd.): Ecuador: Manta Fishing Industry Expanding Shrimp Producers Hurt by Lower Prices in United States Market Egypt: Plans for Food-Processing Plants Include Fishery Products French Guiana: United States Shrimp Firms Continue to Ex- pand Ghana: Contract with Soviet Union Signed for Build- ing Fish-Processing Plants Domestic and Foreign Deep-Sea Trawlers Fishing out of Ghanaian Ports Greece: New Purse Seine-Type Net Hauler Developed Guatemala: Guatemalan-Japanese Shrimp Fishing Ven- ture Trends, November 1963 Hong Kong: Foreign Trade in Fishery Products, 1961 and 1962 Iceland: Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Jan- uary-May 1963 Utilization of Fishery Landings, January- May 1963 India: Fisheries Expansion Aided by Cooley Loan Fishery Landings in 1962, and Foreign Trade, 1962/63 Iran: Status of Fishing Industry, 1963 Jamaica: Market for Canned Sardines Japan: Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, April-Sep- tember 1962 and 1963 Export Quota for Canned Tuna in Brine to United States Frozen Tuna Export Prices Strengthen Frozen Tuna Export Market Trends, Novem- ber 1963 - Fishery Firm Applies to Operate Tuna Moth- ership in Atlantic Ocean Shore Facilities Improved at Malaysian Tuna Fishing Base Tuna Vessels Based at American Samoa in Difficulty Tuna Federation Hopes to Continue Refuel- ing Vessels at Sea Views on Proposals Advanced at FAO- Sponsored Meeting on Conservation of At- lantic Ocean Tuna Exports of Canned Sardines, Mackerel, and Saury, April-October 1963 Saury Landings Down Sharply in 1963 Fish Exporters Affected by Duty Imposed by Ghana Government Allots Funds for Fish Meal Im- ports Frozen Shrimp Traders Concerned Over High Inventory New Firm Plans Trawling and Fish-Meal Operations in Atlantic Page 59 59 59 GOR 61 61 62ers CP Gilo 63). 63 .. 64... 64... 64... 64... 65... G5meu 66.. Gite Gens Gees GTi 68... 68... 68... 68... 69.. 69 . 69.. Contents continued page IV. FOREIGN (Contd.): Japan (Contd.): Commercial Quality Pearls Produced From Fresh-Water Mussels Long-Range Fisheries Management Program Planned Production Targets and Composition of 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Fleets Antarctic Whaling Fleets Look for Better Oil Market in 1964 Japan-Commiunist China Fisheries Agree- ment Republic of Korea: Government Guarantees Payment of Three Private Fishery Loans New Fish Market Center at Pusan Dedicated Liberia: Freezing Broadens Market for Fish New Fishing Company Expected to Increase Landings and Consumption Mexico: Campeche Shrimp Vessel Owners Suffer From Lower Prices Cuban Fishing Vessels Inspected for Hoof and Mouth Disease Fish Meal Imports Up Sharply, January- September 1963 Morocco: Fisheries Trends, Third Quarter 1963 New Caledonia: Japanese to Expand Tuna Fishing Base Nicaragua: ‘ U.S. Fisheries Firm Begins Shrimp Proc- essing at El Bluff Norway: Antarctic Whaling Industry Encouraged by Higher Oil Prices Exports of Canned Fishery Products, Jan- uary-June 1963 Withdrawal from Whaling Convention Pro- posed Again Okinawa: Tuna Fishing Fleet Increasing Pakistan: Extension of Territorial Waters to 12 Miles Advocated Peru: Fish Meal Industry Trends, Third Quarter 1963 Philippines: Canned Mackerel Award Portugal: Canned Sardine Supply Reported Adequate to Meet Demand Senegal: Fish Landings Up Sharply in 1962 Somalia Republic: Delegation Studies United States Fishing In- dustry South Africa Republic: Fish Meal Association Contracts to Sell to Japan Sweden: Experimental Mid-Water Pair-Trawling for Large Herring Shows Promise Taiwan: Fisheries Trends, Third Quarter 1963 IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 1 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS: Thailand: Department of Commerce: WO 5 Lifting of Ban on Fish Imports by Malaya Area Redevelopment Administration: Requested TE Gq Study of Impact of New Alaska Ferry Sys- , Tunisia: tem Authorized 70 .. Detention of Italian Fishing Vessels Bureau of the Census: 70 .. Fishing Vessels To Be Built in Yugoslavia 14 2. Survey of Distributors Stocks of Canned Under Economic Aid Program Foods United Kingdom: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 71... Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised Public Health Service: Qh). Gee Fleet of Freezership-Trawlers Expanding eels Study of Fish Kills in Louisiana 71... Improved-Type Underwater TV Camera to Department of the Interior: Aid in Marine Research International Regulatory Agencies (Fishing U2 6-0 Sixteen Nations Invited to Conference on and Whaling): Fisheries Problems US) o's North Pacific Halibut Fishery Regulations Foreign Fisheries Briefs: United States Circuit Court of Appeals: Woumelie East German Fishery Research Vessel TOs Fishermen Considered Employees for Tax Participates in Joint Project Purposes 73... Soviets Participate in Indian Ocean Tuna 79 .. Highty-Eighth Congress (First Session) Fishery RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: 73... Soviet Fishing Vessels May Base at Trinidad 82... Fish and Wildlife Service Publications 73... Soviets Launch New Fishery Research Ves- 84 .. Miscellaneous Publications sel Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--America’s Department of Natural Resources--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wild- life, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre- newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con- served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Sr. Compositor: Alma Greene Jr. Compositors: Donna K. Wallace and Marjorie McGlone eK Ok KOK Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Cover--Bailey, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory; p. 25--National Science Foundation; p. 39--FAO photo; Outside back cover-- Elliot A. Macklow. ee ee ee eee For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. o|| +e) < 9% Washington, MECHANIZING THE BLUE CRAB INDUSTRY Part Ill - Strengthening the Industry’s Economic Position By Charles F, Lee*, George M. Knobl, Jr.**, and Emmett F. Deady*** ABSTRACT Because the production of meat from the blue crab has required a large amount of hand labor, the recent amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act resulted in hardship for the blue crab industry in that compliance with the minimum wage re- quirement narrowed the spread between cost and selling price, This article suggests a number of measures for strengthening the economic position of the industry by in- dicating how the spread between cost and price can be widened. These suggestions involve mechanization of the industry, developing additional markets for the product, and increasing the supply of raw crabs. INTRODUCTION The blue crab industry of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast has faced economic disaster as a result of its being included under a revision of the Fair Labor Standards Act, effective September 3, 1961. In fact, a number of plants were shut down during the first year that this revision of the Act was in effect. Picking the meat from the crab in the production of blue crab meat involves a large amount of hand labor. Prior to September 1961, crab pickers were paid on a piece-work basis, and only the faster pickers were able to earn a dollar or more per hour. Because many of the pickers could not work fast enough to earn this mini- mum wage required by the Act and because industry profits were already low even under the piecework system with many plants operating marginally--the packers were greatly con- cerned over the effect of the resulting increase in cost of production. When funds were appropriated by Congress to provide relief for the industry, a contract was granted to a research and development firm to conduct the necessary investigations into how the mechanization could be accomplished. The first step the contractor took was to survey the industry to determine what machines are needed and also what changes in the operation of the industry might be helpful to it in the interim period while the desired machines are being developed. The survey substantiated the opinion that, even aside from the effect of the Fair Labor Standards Act, the crab industry as a whole was in serious economic trouble. From the sur- vey it became clear that new machinery and methods must do more than merely offset the immediate increased cost of labor resulting from the amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act. The survey indicated that the blue crab industry, even for some time before being in- cluded under the Act, was not particularly geared to growth and profit and, indeed, had at times operated below actual cost. In short, survival of the industry in its present form was in danger, minimum wage or no. 2 Supervisory Chemical Engineer, } 2s Assistant Laboratory Director. *s% * Senior Engineer and Vice President, American Scientific Corporation, Alexandria, Va. Technological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College Park, Md. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 698 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.1 As a result of the contractor's survey, he made three major suggestions, as follows: 1. That the industry needs a''family" of four machines to provide the flexibility required because of the great differences in plant size and economic health. The purpose of the first article in the present series was to report the con- tractor's recommendations concerning this ''family'' (Lee, Knobl, and Deady, 1963). 2. That there are certain modifications in plant practice that the individual opera- tor can make to enable his plant to remain in business during the interim pe- riod required for mechanization. The purpose of the second article (Lee, Knobl, Abernethy, and Deady, 1963) in the present series was to report the contractor's recommendations concerning these modifications. 3. That in addition to mechanization, other steps are needed in order to strengthen the industry's economic position. The purpose of the present paper is to re- port the contractor's recommendations for industry action by which it might strengthen itself economically. The industry's current difficulty is due to a lack of spread between cost and selling price, which leaves little room for profit. The solution to the problem is, of course, to lower the cost by introducing economies in production and/or to improve the price structure by cre- ating greater demand for the industry's products. Accordingly, in the present article, we dis- cuss the following three main topics: 1. The lack of spread between production cost and selling price. 2. The possibility of lowering the cost by introducing operating economies (mainly through mechanization). 3. The possibility of improving the price structure by creating greater demand. LACK OF SPREAD BETWEEN COST AND SELLING PRICE Using average yield data and an average price for raw crabs based on the assumption that two-thirds of the catch is purchased during the summer season and that one-third is purchased at a higher price during the off season, we computed that the average cost of the raw crabs yielding 1 pound of crab meat (lump, flake, and claw in normal proportions) was 29 cents. The average pine cost, based on plant records and Labor Department surveys, was 27 cents per pound=’/. Costs of cooking, cans, ice, and utilities added another 28 cents, making the average direct cost of production of 1 pound of crab meat Average Price to the Packer of a Pound of Crab Meat Based on the Wholesale j Price of Lump Meat, Flake Meat, and Claw Meat in the Relative 84 cents. The BVyereee SES jist Wes Proportion Obtained from the Whole Crab computed as shown in table. Average Price Average Relative Average Price 9 Raita 4 of M d of Meat From thesefigures, it is evident Dollars Per Proportionate that industrywide, on an average ____Part of a Pound __ year-round basis, the packer has a ; Ora margin of only 16 cents per pound : 0.14 above direct costs to pay for trans- portation, losses from spoilage, sal- ary costs of management, accounting, office costs (telephone and supplies, etc.) and cover such items as depreciation, taxes, and insurance. Only a few of the plants had records that made it possible to determine these costs accurately. Records of one plant, however, indi- cated that these indirect costs totaled 15 percent, or in this case 15 cents. Although it is, perhaps, unjustifiable to speak of the crab industry in terms of an''aver- age'' plant and ''average'' costs, yet the estimate of a net profit of 1 cent per pound is certain- 1/These data were obtained during the survey period, October 1961-January 1962, and may have changed since that time. January 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 ly an indication of trouble in many plants. It is obvious that there is not sufficient spread be- tween costs and selling price to sustain the industry, even at the present $1.00 per hour min- imum wage, to say nothing of the $1.15 and the $1.25 per hour wage with which it will be faced in September 1964 and September 1965, respectively. Though it would be desirable to have a more extensive inspection of industry cost records so as to evaluate the range of spread between cost and selling price more precisely, the fore- going data are sufficient to indicate the critical situation in which the industry now finds it- self, POSSIBILITY FOR LOWERING COST OF PRODUCTION BY INTRODUCING OPERATING ECONOMIES In this section, we consider the major factors in the cost of production, which will show that one of the major factors is the cost of labor. We then consider the economic value of mechanization, cipally with: 1. Seasonal change in cost of raw crabs. This cost ranges from 33 to 9 cents per pound. 2. Cost of picking labor. At $1.00 per hour, pickers are paid from 23 to 38 cents per pound of crab meat. Experienced pickers (the main labor force) are scarce, but there are almost no trainee or recruiting programs. A large proportion of the workers are over 50 years of age. 3. Yield of meat. The average yield may range from 11-16 pounds of meat per 100 pounds of raw crabs. During months of high production when crabs are cheap- est, the yield is highest; and vice versa. 4, Proportion of lump, flake, and claw meat obtained per pound. The price per pound of lump meat is about twice that of claw meat and flake meat, so that the proportional yield of lump meat is a major factor in determining profit margin. 5. Cost of shipment of crab meat to market (and of raw crabs to plant). The cost of shipping the meat ranges from 3 to 9 cents per pound. One of the major factors in the foregoing list is the cost of labor, especially under the re- quirements of the amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act. This law sets interim mini- mum wages of $1.00 per hour until September 3, 1964. It then sets interim minimum wages of $1.15 per hour--the wage that is to prevail until September 3, 1965. At that time the in- dustry must pay a minimum of $1.25 per hour. Some uncertainty as to these $1.00 and $1.15 interim rates exists, however, because owing to their nature, various crab-packing opera- tions may have been brought under an ''enterprise' classification. This classification car- ried with it an immediate $1.15 minimum that was raised to $1.25 on September 3, 1963. To assist the packers in adjusting to the new minimum wages, the Department of Labor at first permitted handicapped-worker certificates for those elderly pickers who are below average producers as well as for those crab pickers who are handicapped for the job. How- ever, these provisions for paying handicapped workers at less than the minimum wage are being eliminated in several steps, resulting in a continuing increase in labor costs even prior to September 3, 1964. ECONOMIC VALUE OF MECHANIZATION: Since the survey showed that it was feasible to reduce the cost of labor by mechanization, it was desirable to estimate what savings would potentially result. This estimate would serve as a guide to the amount of money that the in- dividual plants might be expected to invest in mechanization, which in turn would determine 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.1 the size and complexity of the machines to be developed. In the case of any contemplated ma- chine, it is, of course, difficult to arrive at its economic value. At best, such an estimate must be based on an "educated guess.'' Making such an estimate requires estimating values for such factors as original costs, interest rates, efficiency, power requirements, mainten- ance problems, and repair costs. In the case of the blue crab industry--which is character- ized by a wide variety of economic, geographic, and other differences--the problems are compounded by the many variations possible. Based, however, onthe probable elimination of 90 percent of the picking labor when the whole family of four machines is used (10 percent of the best workers could maintain and op- erate the new equipment), direct savings of about $20,000 per year might be anticipated for a typical plant having some 25 pickers when they are being paid $1.00 per hour. If savings were figured on the basis of $1.25 hourly wage, a correspondingly larger saving would be realized. Cost of power, maintenance, and repairs would reduce the estimated savings, but possibly $15,000 per year would still be available for financing of mechanization, including original costs of the machines, interest, and depreciation. The most recent development resulting from the contractor's investigations has been the design of a novel and basically simple machine for cleaning and debacking the crabs. This machine is designed to handle about one crab per second and will probably cost about $2,000 per unit. Moreover, the machine has been designed with the idea of attaching a second rela- tively simple machine for removal of the lump meat. The contractor believes that in combi- nation, these two machines alone will enable the industry to operate at a profit with the $1.25 wage. Profits from the addition of the claw- and flake-picking machines would support much needed cooperative exploratory studies and development of new gear for catching crabs. With the successful mechanization of the cleaning and picking operations, the future government- industry program should include development of rapid pasteurization methods, and continuing biological studies of the resource, exploratory fishing and gear studies. It is reasonable to expect that the next 5 to 10 years will see a completely new crab industry with a sound eco- nomic base for the first time in many years. POSSIBILITY FOR IMPROVING THE PRICE STRUCTURE BY CREATING GREATER DEMAND To make concrete proposals for improving the price structure, the contractor conducted a brief marketing study to obtain a better understanding of the industry's marketing problem. With this factual background, he then made a number of specific recommendations. The main topics discussed in this section of the article therefore are: 1. Marketing study. 2. Proposed marketing program. MARKETING PROBLEMS: The initial survey of the industry indicated that one serious block to progress is the present pattern of marketing. A limited survey therefore was made to learn more of the nature of the problem. In this survey, the Baltimore crab market was selected for study, not because it is typical, but rather because it is the largest crab market in the country and is the main sales outlet for a great many of the smaller plants. This sur- vey revealed that: 1. With the exception of some hotel and restaurant managers who appreciate the benefit of the longer shelf life, pasteurized crab meat does not sell nearly as readily as does the fresh meat. Some prejudice against pasteurization ap- parently resulted from use of this process to hold spoiling, over-age meat during the early trial-period of pasteurization. Packers also object to the ex- tra can and storage costs and the inventory tied up in storage. However, the January 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 short (6-10 days from picking) shelf life of the fresh meat leads to consider- able loss at the retail level, which loss reverts to the crab meat packer. 2. Quality of pack is variable from picker to picker. The cans are not coded to identify the pickers for the packs of low quality. Standardization and control of quality thus are badly needed. 3. Dredged crabs, the only crabs available locally during the winter in Chesa- peake Bay, are the source of another factor that reduces quality--sand in the meat. Crab meat shipped from Florida and Louisiana during this period has a price advantage because the meat is cleaner. In the South, crabs are taken in crab pots (traps) the year around. 4, Most of the crab meat coming into Baltimore is bought by commission mer- chants. When the packer ships the meat, he often does not know what price he will receive for his product--or even that it will be sold. PROPOSED MARKETING PROGRAM: Among the packers there exists no well-organized pattern of cooperation to solve such common problems as uniformity of product, product spec - ifications, marketing, and advertising. Most of the packers attempt to sell their products in long-established markets. There seems to have been no concerted effort by the industry to develop new markets. Accordingly, the contractor made a number of specific proposals for expanding existing markets. However, it was evident that if the market for blue crab is expanded, the problem of supply of raw crabs may become critical. He, therefore, alsomade a number of suggestions relating to the supply. An increased supply of raw crabs not only would permit an expanded market and thereby strengthen the price structure but would also help stabilize production costs. Stabilization of the price of the raw crabs will benefit both the fishermen and the proc- essors. The contractor's suggestions regarding the expansion of the market for the product andthe expansion of the supply of the raw crabs are discussed in the following subsections. Expansion of the Market: A marketing program will require an industrywide cooperative effort. Emphasis should be placed on new processes that will provide more stable market forms of the product as well as greater control of quality. Pasteurization should be perfected to the point where the product is entirely acceptable by the market for fresh crab meat and to the point where most of the pack can be so treated. Greater effort should also be devoted to expanding the production of frozen specialty products. Only when stable products of uniform quality are available will it be practical to extend the market area to include the smaller towns and inland regions that are not in the present pattern of distribution of fresh, chilled crab meat. There seems little doubt that the current marketing pattern had its origin in the very short shelf life of the chilled product. A strong marketing program is needed to change this pattern. The development of a stable market would help greatly to stabilize the price of crab meat, and a stabilized price would increase industry profits by enabling management to establish a more even schedule of production. Expansion of the Supply of Raw Crabs: The conversion to general use of pasteurization and efforts to expand the market for crab meat into new regions should be preceded by, and later be concurrent with, a program to improve the supply of live crabs. Although in areas such as Chesapeake Bay, there are indications that the harvest of live crabs is already near its maximum yield, this condition is not believed to be representative of the potential yield of blue crabs in all other parts of its range. The production of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States, for example, has been approximately doubled in the past decade, and this increase has occurred without any really coordinated industry effort. There are still large regions within the range of blue crabs where there are very few or no crab plants. Exploration of these new shore areas offers an opportunity to increase pro- 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 1 uction. New gear for catching crabs, such as tangle nets or trawls that would permit exploi- tation of possible deeper-water crab populations, needs study. Crab fishermen often make but little effort to follow even local shifts in the crab populations that occur due to temporary changes in salinity in the estuarine areas where the crabs are most generally concentrated. Efforts of these types to expand the fishery for blue crabs should be accompanied by biolog- ical studies, with the objective of determining the maximum sustained yield of the fishery from the major production areas and the factors that influence the annual yield. CONCLUSIONS Briefly stated, the needs of the crab industry to place it on a solid economic base are threefold: 1. The cost of production must be reduced. It is believed that the mechanization program will achieve this objective. 2. A strong, aggressive, and sustained marketing effort by the industry is re- quired to create a stabilized and, eventually, an expanded demand for the product. 3. A concerted effort is needed to expand the catch of live crabs and to minimize the seasonal and annual fluctuation in the catch. SUMMARY A survey of the blue crab industry indicated that even before the amended Fair Labor Standards Act, many crab plants operated with little profit. Mechanization therefore will have to do more than simply enable plants to pay the minimum hourly wage required by the Act. Eventually mechanization must also ensure a sufficient margin of profit to permit a co- operative attack by the blue crab industry on such basic problems as limited markets, need to develop modern products, lack of knowledge of the resource, and need for modern harvest- ing and processing methods. Direct cost of production varies with changes in the cost of raw crabs, quality of crabs, cost of picking labor, and cost of cans, ice, cooking, etc. The average direct cost of produc- ing a pound of crab meat was calculated to be $0.84, for which the average sale price was calculated to be $1.00. The 16 cents difference is barely adequate to pay for shipping and in- direct costs, indicating that many plants are already operating at the break-even point or at a loss. Present marketing practices do not contribute to a stable economic structure for the in- dustry. The quality of the meat is highly variable, and the short shelf life of chilled crab meat causes excessive losses. Yet the pasteurized product, which has a longer shelf life, has not been sufficiently ''sold'' to either the packer or the potential customer. There has been little cooperative effort by the industry to develop a wider market. Estimated savings that are anticipated to result from mechanization of a plant employing about 25 pickers would be about $15,000 per year at the $1.00 hourly wage. Recent develop- ments in the mechanization studies indicate that the price of the machines may be less than early estimates as the contractor has now been able to simplify his design concepts of both a debacking machine and a lump-picking machine. As the result of this simplification and con- sequent reduction in the potential cost of mechanization, even the small plants should eventu- ally find complete mechanization economically feasible. Three conclusions were derived from this study: (1) the cost of producing crab meat needs to be reduced by means of mechanization, (2) a strong marketing effort by the industry is needed, and (3) the catch of crabs should be expanded and the fluctuation in catch mini- mized. January 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 LITERATURE CITED LEE, CHARLES F., GEORGE M. KNOBL, Jr., and LEE, CHARLES F,, GEORGE M. KNOBL, Jr., ROBERT K. EMMETT F, DEADY ABERNETHY, and EMMETT F, DEADY 1963. Mechanizing the Blue Crab Industry - Part I. Survey 1963. Mechanizing the Blue Crab Industry - Part II, Meas- of Processing Plants. Commercial Fisheries Review, ures for Immediate Relief Through Worker Speciali- vol. 25, no. 7 (July), pp. 1-10. Also Separate No. zation. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 25, no. 680. 8 (August), pp. 1-5. Also Separate No. 683. Flavorful scallops from cold New England waters blend readily with savory curry to capture compliments for the imaginative home- maker. Skewered scal- lops, magically mari- nated, and broiled until brown, will bring the charm of the Middle East to your table to appease apathetic ap- petites. ee SEN 6 pounds scallops, fresh or frozen 1 teaspoon curry powder | Y, cup melted fat or oil 1 teaspoon salt | cup cider or apple juice Rice Pilaf 2 tablespoons chopped parsley | Thaw frozen scallops. Rinse with cold water to remove any shell particles. Cut large scallops in half. Place scallops in a shallow baking dish. Combine remaining | ingredients except Rice Pilaf; mix thoroughly. Pour sauce over scallops and let stand for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Remove scallops, reserving sauce. Place scallops | on 6 skewers, approximately 7 inches each. Place on a well-greased broiler pan. | Brush with sauce. Broil about 3 inches from source of heat for 3 to 4 minutes. Turn carefully and brush with remaining sauce. Broil 3 to 4 minutes longer. Serve over | Rice Pilaf. Serves 6. RICE PILAF | 1 cup uncooked rice 2'%2 cups boiling water 2 tablespoons melted fat or oil Ys cup chopped parsley | 1 package (1-3/8 or 13/4, ounces) | onion soup mix Cook rice in fat until golden brown, stirring occasionally. Add soup mix and |, ee a water; stir. Cover and bring to the boiling point. Reduce heat and simmer for 30 "Pt A} to 35 minutes or until liquid is absorbed. Add parsley. Serves 6. | \ Wagan tel hf {ih BN ep EIN EI Pe ENDEARING SON ad | @ie --From Fisheries Marketing Bulletin: '"Protein Treasure from the SevenSeas."' Issued by the National Marketing Services Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Chicago 5, Ill. \ v Ve 7 y ne aad ert aes sae Alaska BRISTOL BAY AREA OFFICE SHIFTED TO TOWN OF KING SALMON: The location of Alaska's commercial fish- eries headquarters office for the Bristol Bay area at King Salmon on a year-round basis was announced by the Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game on No- vember 1, 1963. Formerly, this office was located at King Salmon during the fishing sea- son and at Dillingham, Alaska; for the remain- der of the year. The reason for the change is due to the fact that King Salmon is more centrally lo- cated to the major fishing areas, and living accommodations are now available there for the area biologist. Economy and efficiency will be best served by making King Salmon a permanent station and the area headquarters office, Two of the four biologists assigned to the Bristol Bay area were to remain at Dillingham. Kenneth R. Middleton, formerly an assist- ant biologist in the Bristol Bay area, hasbeen named Area Management Biologist. Middle- ton graduated from the University of Califor- nia and worked 18 months for the California Department of Fish and Game before joining the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in 1960, California ABUNDANCE AND CONDITION OF DUNGENESS CRABS SURVEYED PRIOR TO OPEN SEASON: M/V "N. B. Scofield” Cruise 63-S-7-Crab (October 5-31, 1963): Todetermine the preseason abundance and condition of le- gal and sublegal Dungeness crabs (Cancer COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AND OPMENTS = Vol. 26 No, 1 magister) were the objectives of this cruise by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel N. B. Scofield. The area surveyed was inthe coastal waters off San Francisco from the Russian River to Point Montara. Sampling stations were selected randomly from the crab-fishing areas between Point Montara and the Russian River. Commercial crab traps were baited with squid and rock- fish and allowed to fish overnight at each of the 71 stations visited. Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister) x A total of 5,258 crabs were taken in the traps, 3,022 legal males, 2,077 sublegal males, and 159 females, The average legal catchper trap of 4.3 crabs was only slightly higher than the 4.1 legal crabs per trap taken in 1962, The sublegal catch of 2.93 per trap was down from 1962, The best catches were north of the San Francisco Lightship in 18 and 19 fathoms of water and north of Double Point in 12 to 27 fathoms of water. Good catches were also made west of Point Montara in 16 to 26 fath- oms of water. The mean shoulder width of the crabs was 174 millimeters (6.8 inches), about 3 milli- meters (about { inch) larger than the mean January 1964 shoulder width of the crabs in the comparable survey made in 1962, According to the survey, it is believed the catch for the 1963/64 season will be 1.4 mil- lion pounds with estimates ranging from 1.1 to 1.6 million pounds. The increase in aver- age size was figured into the poundage esti- mate for the 1963/64 season. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1963 p. 21. January-September 1963 The amount of steel and aluminum con- sumed to make cans shipped to fish- and shell- ze fish canning plants during ' January -September 1963 was =! ¢__>= down 3.6 percent from that os 4 eis used during the same period in 1962, The decline was due to smaller shipments to the Eastern and Western Areas which was only partly offset by larger shipments to the Southern Area, The pack of salmon and tuna was down on the West Coast. A smaller pack of Maine sardines ac- counted for the decline in shipments to the East Coast. Onthe Gulf Coast, however, there wasa considerable increase in the pack of shrimp. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JULY 1963: Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of Defense, less *fresh and frozen fishery products were pur- chased in July 1963 by the Defense Subsistence Supply Centers than inthe previous month. The decline was 3.5 percent in quantity and 7.7 per- cent in value. Compared with the same month a year ear- lier, purchases in July 1963 were down 5.2 percent in quantity and 24.6 percent in value. Purchases this July included 540,629 pounds of shrimp, 392,098 pounds of ocean perch fil- lets, 293,486 pounds of scallops, 170,006 pounds of haddock fillets, 166,124 pounds of flounder fillets, 118,429 pounds of oysters, and 86,348 pounds of halibut, as wellas substantial quan- tities of cod fillets, sole fillets, and clams. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts bythe Department of Defense in July 1963 averaged 50.9 cents apound, 2.3 cents a pound less than in the previous month, and 13.1 cents a pound less than in the same month of 1962. U.S. Domestic Shipments of Metal Cans for Fishery Products, January-September 1963 and 1962 (Base Boxes of Metal Consumed in the Manufacture of Cans for Fishery Products) Second Quarter First Quarter . Area a 0 '1/Includes Puerto Rico. B/Includes Alaska and Hawaii. In January-September 1963, shipments to the Pacific or Western Area accounted for 68.4 percent of total shipments; shipments to the Eastern Area accounted for 27.6 percent; and shipments to the Southern Area accounted for most of the remaining 4.0 percent. Most of the fish-canning facilities are located in the Pacific Area, Notes: (1) Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. A "base box" is an area 31, 360 square inches, equivalent to 112 sheets 14'"x20" size. The tonnage figures for steel (tinplate) cans are derived by use of the factor 21.8 base boxes per short ton of steel. The use of aluminum cans for packing fishery products is small. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 24. 4 faa Third Quarter 56 1962 155, 814 158,531 215,924 189,556 276, 572 341, 193 648, 310 21,010 13, 403 38, 197 32, 668 34, 986 21,765 94, 193 67 , 836 HD 63 5 8 22 42 114 381,735 414, 199 629, 376 701, 831 594,561 562,140 | 1,605,672 | 1,678, 170 During the first 7 months of 1963, pur- chases were down 1.5 percent inquantity and 3.8 percent in value from those in the same period of the previous year. Table 1-Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, July 1963 with Comparisons QUANTITY 1963 ] 1962 | 1963 | 1962 | 1963 | 1962 | 1963 | 1962 Peers (EROS US Ln sss Do OOD) sees 1,953 | 2,061 | 13,831] 14,034 995 | 1,319 | 7,768 |8,08 Canned: Canned tuna was the principal canned fishery product purchased for use of 10 Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, July 1963 with Comparisons ual 1963 | 1962 1963 | 1962 [1963 | 1962 EUews (UAOOOMLEsS)IeNEME 3 Rails una 174 1 Salmon 2 1 Sardine 24 3 1 /Less than $500. 2,064 | 3,708 the Armed Forces in July 1963, Total pur- chases of canned tuna, salmon, and sardines in the first 7 months of 1963 were down 49.7 percent in quantity and 57.8 percent in value from those in the same period of the previous year. The decline was due to lower pur - chases of canned tuna and salmon, Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1963 p. 28. & ke, Fish Farming GEAR TESTED FOR HARVESTING FISH FROM RICE FARM PONDS: Preliminary trials of a specific commer- cial type haul seine and seine winch were successfully completed recently in a 36-acre flooded rice field pond near Dumas, Ark, These trials were part of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries program to assist the fish-farming industry to improve the meth- ods of harvesting farm pond-reared fish, Catches ranged up to 1,200 pounds of buffalo- fish and 20 catfish per haul, Over 223 buffa- lofish, averaging some 5 pounds each, were held alive for two days in a portable water tank to simulate holding the fish for market, It is felt that with additional refinements, the haul seine and seine winch could bea high- ly efficient and labor-saving harvesting de- vice particularly for ponds and reservoirs that do not have excessive numbers of snags or similar bottom obstructions, Other advan- tages of the haul seine gear are: (1) itis un- necessary to lower the pond water level to harvest the fish; and (2) the fish could be ob- tained for market on shorter notice than with the techniques presently used in the farm pond fishery. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 1 Fish Larvae FIRST LARVAL FISH BIOLOGY CONFERENCE HELD IN CALIFORNIA: Tiny and transparent, the vulnerable young or larvae of most important food fishes, such as sardine, herring, tuna, and mackerel are at the mercy of the ocean currents and fair game for predators. These fragile creatures are nevertheless considered by fisheries scientists to be an index of the productivity of the species and an important key to evalua- tion of any commercial fishery. At the University of California Conference Center at Lake Arrowhead, October 28-30, 1963, a group of scientists from Scotland, England, Austria, Germany, and the United States gath- ered to discuss progress in the comparatively unexplored field of larval fish biology. This symposium, sponsored by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, La Jolla, Calif., was the highlight of the 1963 California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries In- vestigations Conference and attracted re- searchers from other Bureau laboratories and local colleges and universities. Contributing papers to the symposium were Mr. F.G.T. Holliday of the University of Aberdeen on the physiology of marine fish larvae; Mr. J.H.S. Blaxter, Marine Labora- tory, Aberdeen, on the feeding of herring lar- vae; Dr. G. Hempel of the University of Ham- burg on larval survival; Dr. W. Hinsele, Di- rector of the Austrian Freshwater Commer- cial Fisheries Laboratory at Scharfling on the problems of survival and rearing of European fresh-water fishes; and Mr. James Shelbourne of Lowestoft, England, on the rearing of ma- rine fish for commercial purposes, The Unit- ed States was represented by Drs. E. H. Ahl- strom, an authority on larval fish taxonomy; Reuben Lasker, who has conducted basic phys- iological studies on Pacific sardine embryos and larvae; and G,O. Schumann, on behavior of larvae, all from the Bureau's Biological Laboratory at La Jolla;; Horst Schwassmann, neuroanatomist of the University of California at Los Angeles, who has studied visual path- ways in larval sardines and anchovies; and Professor John Isaacs, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who explored some basic laws governing the interrelationships of larval sar- dines and anchovies, The annual conference on the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, of which this symposium was a part is spon- January 1964 soredby the Federal Government, State conser- vation agencies, and educational institutions. Fish Oils COMPOSITION OF FISH OILS STUDIED BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: Research onthe control of chemical alter- ations in fish and fishery products during storage and processing is being conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory of Seattle, Wash. One phase, the isolation of highly unsaturated fatty acid fractions will serve the dual pur- pose of gaining further knowledge of the com- position of fish oils and to obtain fractions of the highly unsaturated fatty acids. Some of these fractions are being sent to various lab- oratories for use in medical, nutritional, and biochemical research problems, Gas-liquid chromatography of the various distillate fractions of fatty acids provided valuable retention volume data for character- ' izing certain components of critical pairs in single gas-liquid chromatography column analyses. Results of these experiments point to the value of low-pressure fractional distillation to readily produce a fraction of polyunsatu- rated fatty acids from an undistilled residue material, Further work is needed to deter- mine the extent of chemical alterations, if any, to the fatty acid chain and location of double bonds. The experiment has provided valuable qualitative standards for gas-liquid chromatography. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 22. Great Lakes Fishery Investigations DEPTH DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF CHUBS AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES IN LAKE MICHIGAN CONTINUED: M/V “Cisco™ Cruise 11 (November 6-15, 1963): To study the bathymetric distribution of coregonids (chubs) and associated species during the fall overturn and to collect materi- als for electrophoretic and serological studies were the main objectives of this cruise in southeastern Lake Michigan by the U.S. Bu- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 reau of Commercial Fisheries research ves- sel Cisco. Work was interrupted repeatedly by inclement weather, The water was homothermous from sur- face to bottom out to a depth of about 25 fath- oms. Surface water temperatures were most- yp bie Ak tom lae2ONGul (5255 e"to oos8o Hs) Om about the same dates in 1962, water in the same area was approximately 2° C. cooler at the surface and was homothermous out to a depth of 35 fathoms. One or more bottom trawl tows were made at 5-fathom intervals from 5 to 40 fath- oms, and at 3, 7, 12, and 17 fathoms, Fish distribution was noticeably different than in August 1963, the date of the last previous sampling. Appreciably warmer bottom tem - peratures in the 10- to 25-fathom depth range resulted in a generally deeper distribution of all species except sculpins andalewives, which exhibited no definite change. Blood and flesh samples for electrophore- tic and serological studies were collected from chubs caught in Lake Michigan and from northern pike and white suckers col- lected in the Kalamazoo River. Half-meter plankton nets towed at various levels over bottoms of 5, 15, and 25 fathoms did not take fish fry. Filamentous algae and large crustacean zooplankton were scarce at those depths, although a few large cladocerans (Leptodora kindti) were observed. lotes: (1) The Cisco was assigned to Lake Erie for limnolo- gical studies by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during cruise 8 (August 28-September 13) and by the U. S. PublicHealth Service during cruise 9 (September 24-October 8) and cruise 10 (October 15-29, 1963). Reports on those cruises will not be is- sued by the Bureau's Biological Laboratory at Ann Arbor, Mich. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1963 p. 21. ch smuscns camer LAKE TROUT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V “Siscowet™ Cruise 9 (October 14-29, 1963): To assess the spawning population of lake trout in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior was the main objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet. Unsea- sonably warm and calm weather extended the spawning run into late October, when unspent fish were still found in the cruise area, A total of 60,300 feet of large-mesh gill nets (44- to 64-inch mesh) fished on spawning 12 grounds near Gull Island Shoal and south of Basswood Island yielded 235 spawning lake trout, nearly all of which were tagged and re- leased, The catches included 30 females, as compared to 3 spawning females captured dur - ing the spawning season of 1962. Six lake trout were recaptured which had been tagged on the same spawning grounds in 1962. Ofthe 218 lake trout captured on Gull Island Shoal, only 3°(1.4 percent) were fin-clipped. The catches south of Basswood Island (17 fish) in- cluded 4 fin-clipped lake trout (23.5 percent). It was learned that limited fishing by the Wisconsin State Conservation Department in the inshore area of the Apostle Islands yielded 27 spawning lake trout (4 females) of which 7 (25.9 percent) were fin-clipped. The higher incidence of fin-clipped lake trout among the inshore spawning populations suggests that hatchery-reared lake troutmay tend to return to areas near the original planting site to spawn, The lengths of the spawning lake trout cap- tured by the Siscowet ranged from 20.0 to 30.6 inches and averaged 26.4 inches (com- pared to 25,8 inches in 1962), The 30 females ranged in length from 24,3 to 30.0 inches and averaged 27,8 inches (compared to 29.2 inches for the 3 females taken in 1962). Considerable difficulty was encountered in determiningages of the spawning lake trout, Tentative age de- terminations for 111 males and 30 females gave the following percentage age distribution: five years, 7.8 percent; 6 years, 26.9 per- cent; 7 years, 34.8 percent; 8 years, 29.8 per- cent; and 9 years, 0.7 percent. Small-mesh gill nets (13- and 24-inch mesh) fished on the spawning grounds caught predominately longnose suckers, with fewer numbers of round whitefish, lake northern chubs, and lake herring, No lake trout eggs were found in the several stomachs examined from each species. Water temperatures were unseasonably high throughout the cruise. Surface temperatures ranged from 12° C. (53.6° F.) south of Bass- wood Island to 13,4° C, (56,1° F.) on Gull Is- land Shoal, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p- 26. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 1 Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program PRELIMINARY SURVEY OFF THE COAST OF VENEZUELA; M/V regon Cruise 87 (September 17- November 4, 1963): The primary purpose of this 48-day cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon was to conduct a preliminary survey of the resources of the Continental Shelf and Slope off the Caribbean coast of Venezuela. That area had constituted one of the largest gaps in exploratory fishing coverage of the Caribbean, Transects were run across the shelf and slope from 30 to 100 fathoms in in- ternational waters between the Gulf of Vene- zuela and Caracas (Venezuela), and from 5 to 700 fathoms between Caracas and Trinidad, Four additional drags were made in the Gulf of Paria. Port calls were made at William - stad, Curacao; LaGuiara and Cumana, Vene- zuela; and Port of Spain, Trinidad. From the Gulf of Venezuela to Caracas, (depths shallower than 100 fathoms were marked generally by rough bottom conditions, and considerable gear damage was experienced, A few successful drags, with trawls rigged with mud rollers, resulted in catches of pink and brown shrimp (Penaeus duorarum and P. bra- ziliensis) in amounts less than 10 pounds per drag, and in 10- to 25-pound catches of 0.5- to 3.0-pound lane snapper and vermilion snapper. One drag east of the Gulf of Vene- zuela produced a catch of 50 pounds of 3- to 8-pound scamp (Myctoperca falcata), Fishing for snapper with roller-rigged fish trawls might be more productive than shrimp trawl results indicate in the general area inside 100 fathoms from the mouth of the Gulf of Venezuela to the Golfo de Triste. Extensive areas suitable for trawling were found in the 200- to 600-fathom depth range along the eastern edge of Pena Paraguana and from Punta Zamuro to the Golfo de Triste. Royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenaeus robustus) were taken in small numbers from 200 to 400 fathoms. The best catches amounted to 25 to 45 pounds (heads-on) per 3-hour drag and occurred between 220 and 240 fathoms where water temperatures averaged 10° C. (50° F.). Due to the presence of small finger coral over much of that depth range, the use of mud roll- ers was obligatory, but gear damage was slight. The pink speckled shrimp, Penaeopsis megalops, was also present on the slope in depths of 180-230 fathoms, with the heaviest January 1964 Areas investigated during Cmise 87 of the concentrations in 200-225 fathoms. Onedrag in 225 fathoms took 150 pounds (heads-on) of pink speckled shrimp. Also present in deeper drags, but generally in quantities less than 15 pounds per drag, were the scarlet prawn (Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus), two additional penseide=-arietscomoroha foliacea and Aris- teus antillensis--and the striped pandalid shrimp (Plesionika longipes), Fish catches in deep water were lower don catches in com- parable depths and temperatues in the Gulf of Mexicoor offthe east coast of the United States In those areas, whiting (Urophycis) and hake (Merluccius) often dominate the fish catches on royal-red shrimp grounds, but such spe- cies were markedly less abundant off Vene- zuela where rattail fish (Macrouridae) domi- nated many catches and were represented by at least 19 species. Trawling east of Caracas was confined largely to shelf depths, except for transects across the enclosed basin near Margarita Is- land, Those transects, running from 100 to 700 fathoms, indicated that the basin is de- void of life in its deeper depths, due probably to anaerobic conditions. Drags on the shelf /V Oregon (September 17-November 4, 1963). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 Legend: $: Shrimp trawl. 4~- 6-ft. tumbler dredge. @ - Snapper handline. inside 20 fathoms produced small to moderate catches of croakers (Micropogon) and other sciaenids and small catches of lane and ver- milion snappers. Efforts to locate concen- trations of the South American white shrimp, Penaeus schmitti, were unsuccessful along the Caribbean coast, and only small numbers were found in the limited work accomplished in the Gulf of Paria. Dredge drags between Isla Tortugas and the mainland of Venezuela yielded small numbers of scallops which re- sembled the calico scallop of the Gulf of Mexico. The largest scallop catch was 25 pounds, with other catches averaging less than 2 pounds. Trolling lines and a careful bridge watch to detect surface schooling tuna were main- tained whenthe vessel wasrunning. Few schools were seen. One unsuccessful attempt was made to sample a school of blackfin tuna in the mid-Caribbean with a 6-inch monofila- ament gill net, He OK KX SHRIMP GEAR STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V “George M. Bowers’ Cruise 48-- Phase I (October 14-25, 1963): The purpose 14 of Phase I of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel George M. Bowers was to conduct in- itial field tests of a prototype 40-foot electri- cal shrimp trawl. The tests were designed to establish the effectiveness of the experimen- tal gear in harvesting burrowed shrimp dur- ing daylight hours. METHOD OF OPERATION: A 40-foot flat trawl with a 6-foot by 32-inch doors rigged with a tickler chain was fished on the star- board outrigger. The electrical trawl was fished simultaneously on the port side, Both trawls were set and hauled at the same time and fished with identical warp lengths. Drags were of one hour duration, Tests were con- ducted at night as well as during the day. The night tests were primarily to establish the ap- proximate quantity of shrimp available in the area, AREA OF OPERATIONS: Comparative trawling tests were conducted off Florida in the Apalachicola-Carrabelle area; specifi- cally, in St. George Sound behind Dog Island in 3-4 fathoms and offshore approximately 15 miles southeast of Cape San Blas in 10-12 fathoms. St. George Sound: Physical conditions in this area during trawling tests were: (1) bot- tom type--brown mud; (2) water condition (surface)--green, turbid; (3) bottom salinity -- 33-35 parts per thousand; and (4) bottom tem- perature--22,5°-23.3° C. (72.5°-73.9° F.). Night catches in the area averaged about 30 pounds of 31-35 count pink shrimp per hour in each trawl. The night catches with the elec- trical gear were slightly greater than with the standard trawl. During the day, catches with the electrical trawl ranged from 19 to 363 pounds whereas the standard trawl catches ranged from 84 to 143 pounds. The ratio of electrical to standard catch on each drag ranged from 1.5:1 to 3,8:1. The 3 significant factors noted in this series of 15 paired drags were: (1) the electrical gear was producing significantly greater catches than the standard trawl during day- light hours; (2) the electrical gear was not producing daylight catches as largeas those taken at night with either trawl i.e., it was not taking all the shrimp available; and (3) the en- tire shrimp population was not burrowed dur- ing the day because daytime catches were made with the standard trawl. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 1 The trash fish catch with the twotrawls was approximately equal, Offshore Cape San Blas: Physical condi- tions in this area during trawling tests were: (1) bottom type--sand and mud; (2) water (surface)--blue, clear; (3) bottom salinity-- 38.5 parts per thousand; and (4) bottom tem - perature--24,5° C, (76.1° F.), Night catches in the area averaged about 22 pounds of 16-20 count pink shrimp per hour per trawl. Catches were approximately equal with each trawl, During daytime fish- ing, catches with the electrical trawl ranged from 12 shrimp to 9 pounds and standard trawl catches ranged from 0 to 7 individual shrimp. The significant factors observed in this series of tows were: (1) the electrical trawl was influencing the daytime catch but taking only a small percentage of the shrimp available; and (2) all shrimp were burrowed during daylight hours as evidenced by the lack of catch in the standard trawl. CONCLUSIONS: The tests demonstrated that the electrical shrimp trawl is capable of harvesting burrowed pink shrimp that are not available to conventional gear, They also in- dicated that field strengths developed within the electrode array were partially inadequate. This was particularly evident on the high sa- linity offshore grounds, Additional laboratory tests were scheduled to determine the modi- fications needed in the pulse generator and electrode array to improve field strength. Phase II of Bowers Cruise 48 utilizing modi- fied electrical apparatus was to be conducted during November 1963 in the localities de- scribed above, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 27. Gulf Fishery Investigations SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: M/V “Gus II" Cruise GuUS-1i0 (October 20- November 4, 1963); Catches of brown shrimp were light to moderate during this cruise off the coast of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas by the chartered vessel Gus III. The vessel (operated by the Galveston ton Biolo- gical Laboratory of the U.S, Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries) was engaged in a contin- uing study of the distribution of shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico, January 1964 2 gee 9; 30° 98° Shows the station pattem for the shrimp distribution studies in the Gulf of Mexico during Cruise 10 of Gus-II. Ten statisticalareas (10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were covered. One 3-hour tow with a 45-foot shrimp trawl was made in each of 3 depth ranges (0-10, 10-20, and over 20 fathoms) in those areas, Moderate catches of brown shrimp were made off Mississippi and Texas, and white shrimp were found in the under 10-fathom depth along the western Gulf coast. The best single catch consisted of 87 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from the 10-20- fathom range in area 19, Thatareaalsoyield- ed 25 pounds of 21-25 count white shrimp from depths below 10 fathoms. Area 18 produced 14 pounds of 26-30 count white shrimp from the under 10-fathom depth, 17 pounds of 26-30 count brown shrimp from the 10-20-fathom range, and 14 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. Off southern Texas, area 20 yielded 25 pounds of 26-30 count white shrimp from un- der 10 fathoms and 22 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. In area 21, a catch of 28 pounds of 21-25 countbrown'! shrimp was made in the 10-20 fathom range. The catch off Louisiana was generally light, although a tow in under 10 fathoms off Cam- eron, La., produced 25 pounds of white shrimp, and sampling in the Mississippi Delta area yielded 12 pounds of 21-25 count white shrimp fromunder 10 fathoms, 17 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from the 10-20-fathom depth, and 20 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. In area 11 of the Mississippi coast, a catch of 41 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp was COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 taken from 10-20 fathoms and 35 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp were caught inover 20 fathoms. In area 10 off Alabama, a tow at the over 20 fathoms station produced 17 pounds of 12-15 count brown shrimp, andtrawling inthe 10-20-fathom range yielded 6 pounds of 15-20 count pink shrimp. That was the largest catch of pink shrimp taken duringthe cruise. (The occasional catches of pink srhimp at other stations did not exceed 2 pounds each.) Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are the number of heads-off shrimp per pound. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 32. € SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS, JANUARY-OCTOBER 1963: kipjack tuna landings in Hawaii in October 1963 were about 400,000 pounds, 244,000 pounds below the 1948-62 average for the month, The cumulative total catch for Jan- uary-October 1963 was 7.8 million pounds, al- most 1.6 million pounds below the 1948-62 average for the same period. Hawaii During October there were 89 productive trips, giving anaverage of 3,074 pounds per productive trip. Individual catches ranged from 114 pounds to 10,165 pounds. Se Lor Industrial Fishery Products | NEW USES FOR FISH OILS PROMOTED | AT ANNUAL PAINT INDUSTRIES SHOW: The U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the National Fisheries Institute (NFI) jointly sponsored an exhibit and booth at the 28th Annual Paint Industries' Show held in Philadelphia, Pa., October 30-November 2, 1963, The Show was describedas an educa- tional exhibit of equipment and materials for decorative and protective coatings manufac- turers. To the exhibitor, it offered a unique opportunity to present new materials or new applications of materials and equipment to a carefully selected group of technologists and production personnel of the decorative and protective coatings industry. The Bureau's exhibit used as its theme "Marine Oils.... Progress Through Re- 16 — ete oe? BPO, ene” 00? °% woe rage 08° Sone? See *oags?” Pogo? masses? Ricca Soma | Meee Mages, — COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exhibit and booth at Paint Industries! Show, Philadelphia, Pa. (Oc- tober 30-November 2, 1963). search." It was composed of four panels telling of the properties of marine oils, one panel showing a very colorful presentation of the chemical structure of some of the fatty acids found in these oils. Many favorable comments were heard about the exhibit, and numerous questions regarding the chemistry and uses of marine oils were asked by the many visitors who stopped by the booth, Re- prints of some publications reporting research conducted on marine oils at the Bureau's Technological Laboratory in Seattle and.a fishery leaflet showing some typical uses for marine oils were distributed at the booth, In addition tothe Bureau exhibit, two other exhibitors made direct mention of marine oils, one being a producer of menhaden oil and the other a large user of such oil, The Bureau booth was manned bya member of the Technical Advisory Unit and a research chem- ist from the Seattle Technological Laboratory. % OK Kk U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production by Areas, October 1963: Pre- liminary data on U.S. production of fish meal, oil, and solubles for October 1963 as collected by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and submitted to the International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table, U. S. Production!/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, October 1963 (Preliminary) with Comparisons | Meal Oil Solubles enized>/ October 1963: East & Gulf Goastsile ys) West Coast2/ , Jan. -Oct. 1963 17, 861 13,980 7,759 [is nae 213,244 | 167, 323 86, 744 7,216 an. -Oct. 1962 ree . [275,242 | 244,009 | 105, 893 8,915 PLO tal yeMetcews ;|L/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils. {2/Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. '13/Includes condensed fish. Note: Beginning with March 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds in- stead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gallon. OK OK OK Production, September 1963: DuringSep- tember 1963, 23,247 tons of fish meal and 19.8 million pounds of oil were produced inthe United States. Compared with the same month in 1962, this was a decrease of 8,465 tons or January 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, September 19631/ with Comparisons Total Product 1/1963 | 1962 {1/1963 | 1962 1962 6016.0 0. 00°000.0.0 (ShOrteons)) evens cence een Fish Meal and Scrap: IRIGIAANNR 5 G0 GO OO OU OO OD OG O00 Ol0 737 6,459 4,548 5,095 Menhaden 2/..... OGD OTO Guo or Osa ea 27,285 | 153,748] 198,972 238,680 Sandine we Paciti xy yates leer lchssmioma sin, lel 8 16 673 702 hunayandymackerelly 77.5 wie euele ane eae 1,368 16,058 20,595 26,559 Wnclassiive divages oiemee tee) oh crculel ei 6600 2,314 17,781 24,802 27,297 500 6100610 OO DOO DOO OO 5 194,062 | 249,590 298,333 3/ 3/ 12,899 3/ 3/ | 311,232 Fish Solubles: IN Repal Ne Volal S ceoaci-chidso GiOl6 (BaOL ODEO IO LOnb IIE Ie 63,638 71,460 84,885 6-0 W10'0'D 0-070/0 10.8 D-0,01010 0016.0 a 6 13,296 22,483 28,353 co Oodgob Oa OOO atisliee 76,934 93,943 113,238 IHomogenized condensed fish 7,224 9,570 11,096 (OO Om Rounds) Peirce vies) colrcuetas Oil, Body: laireralare 5 Gig 4 6 65 6 O20! Blin bea Gronbeoldettd 196 642 4,868 4,759 5,255 Menhad entai/Myeicae sy seer ey siamese peace 18,144 29,611 | 138,230 | 192,203 237,815 SandinesePa cific nual eivselelelteteueieis like lc Z| 6 2 164 167 shunayandyumackerell si. fs. <6) see «ic elas 842 513 3,695 3,841 5,175 BORO LOuci ouch choad 639 425 6,951 6,918 7,396 allie Meotiloielsrot sl etia Michie Mlei efintusivellaitollle 19,823 |°31,197 153,746 | 207,885 255,808 i/Freliminary data. 2/Includes a small quantity of thread herring. 3/Not available on a monthly basis. Note: Beginwing with February 1963, fish oil is shown in pounds instead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gallon. '[Miliion Pounds 27 percent in meal and scrap production, and approximately 11.4 million pounds or 36 per- cent less inoil production, Menhaden meal showed a decrease of 8,722 tons or 32 percent, while menhaden oil (18,1 million pounds) was 39 percent less than in September 1962, A total of 9,476 tons of fish solubles was manufactured inSeptember 1963--a decrease of 23 percent as compared with the same month in 1962. Production of homogenized condensed fish amounted to 90 tons--a decrease of 610 tons or 87 percent less thanin September 1962. The quantity of fish meal processed during | Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. the first 9 months of 1963 amounted to 194,062 Production of marine animal oils, 1961-63. tons--55,528 tons less than in the same period 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW in 1962. Fish solubles and homogenized fish production totaled 84,158 tons--a decrease of 19,355 tons. The January-September produc- tion of marine animal oil amounted to 153.7 million pounds--54,1 million pounds less than during the same period of 1962, OK OK OK OK Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, October 1963: United States production of fish meal and fish oil in October 1963 was lowerby 51,2 and 64.7 percent, respectively, as compared Sa | Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil, October 1963 1960 1959 == 1963 1962 | 1961 ebehete ie (onOrtenons)) Item and Period Fish Meal: Production 1/: December.. November... October ... Janie ept... See ay = Jan.-Dec. final tot 249,590] 257,399 288,336] 289,039) 311,232] 311,265 December. November.. 11,904) 25,64 Imports: L October .. - 18,977] 23,268 9 5 Jan.-Sept.... Jan.~Dec., tota Is. Fish Solubles: Production 3/: DECEMbELE) 2 1.7 0.3 = 5 GCEVEGEY G5 o0G00000 = = 213.3] 109.2] 223.4 90.9 Venezuela 0 000.0.0 = = 13.7 6.0 22.3 13.6 Panamalepeneved etl lehe 5 iSO) | eels 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 Guatemala........ o 3 = r 8.5 4.6 Bahamas ........- a = x e 1.9 0.8 Dominican Republic. . 0.2) 0. 22,2 20.9 7.2 5.4 Yugoslavia....... . = >. 1.2 0. =. R Trinidad ...... eiteie 7 =. © 2.3 1.0 Other countries .... S = 2.0 2.9 0.6 1.5 Total Shellfish (ex- | cept shrimp)....] 128.0/103.6 647.9} 358.1 Grand Total .... i235. 591.9|7,560.5 |3,826.1 |6,243.4|2,952.6 1/Imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and are included. But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade between United States possessions are not included. 2/When the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown. 3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture content. 4/F.o.b. point of shipment, Does not include U.S. import duties, air freight, ‘or insurance. \| Note: These data are included in the over-all import figures for total imports, i,e., these imports are not to be added to other import data published. Source: United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, August 1963, U.S. Bu- reau of Census. He kK ok EXPORTS OF EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, SEPTEMBER 1963: Exports of processed fish and shellfish from the United States in September 1963 were up 81.3 percent in quantity January 1964 and 133.3 percent in value from those in the previous month due mainly to much larger shipments of canned salmon to the United Kingdom, Compared with the same month in 1962, the exports in September 1963 were up 16.0 percent in quantity and 90.9 per- cent in value. The gain in volume was limited by a sharp drop in exports of canned sardines not in oil which partly off- set generally higher shipments of most other canned fish ex- port items, U.S. Exports of Edible Fishery Products, September 1963 with Comparisons ] ! | - | [ Sept. [Jan.-Sept.[ Sept. | Jan. -Sept. | 1963] 1962] 1963] 1962 {1963 2] 1963 [1962 |} . «(Millions of Lbs.). J. «( Tee of $).. Fish: & Shellfish} Processed only / (excluding fresh ft Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialities. Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 9 months of 1963 were down 3.3 percent in quantity but up 7.1 percent in value from those in the same period in 1962, The decline in quantity was due mainly to lower shipments of canned sar- dines and a drop in exports of canned mackerel to the Congo Republic. There were increases in exports of the higher- priced canned salmon and canned shrimp, as well as larger shipments of canned squid, Although not covered in the table, exports of frozen shrimp were up sharply in the first 9 months of 1963 (increase mostly in exports to Japan), and there was a Susleeeyauiall increase in exports of frozen salmon. urce: United States Forei. le by Commodity), Summary Report FT 930-E, September 19¢ 1963, U. Sie nent of Cammeree Note: The quantity of U. S. imports of fishery products is not currently available insum - mary form. % OK A ok IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA UNDER QUOTA: United States imports of tuna canned in brine during January 1-November 2, 1963, amounted to 43,462,313 pounds (about 2,069,634 std. cases), according to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs, This was 8.3 percentless than the 47,404,873 pounds (about 2,257,375 std. cases) imported during January 1-Novem- ber 3, 1962. The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United ptates during the calendar year 1963 at the 123 percent rate COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 of duty is limited to 63,130,642 pounds (or about 3,006,221 std. cases of 48 7-oz. cans). Any imports in excess of the quota are duti- able at 25 percent ad valorem, HK OK OK XK IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS, SEPTEMBER 1963: ee EE EE EE Se SE U.S. Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts, September 1963 Customs Districts Maine and New Hampshire.... New York (N, Y.) Massachusetts..... Maryland .... North Carolina Georgia .... Mobile (Ala.) ... Galveston (Tex.) . Los Angeles (Calif.)..... San Francisco (Calif.).... Washington........ cece IDakotatepeacnemereiemenenssefepohen sie Duluth (Minn.) ancl Superior (Wis. yi Michigan wee e eee Note: A list of the entry ports included within each Customs District is given in Sched- ule D, Code Classification of United States Customs Districts and Ports, which may ‘may be obtained free of charge by writing to the Foreign Trade Division, | Bureau of the Cen- . Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C 20233 Wholesale Prices EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, NOVEMBER 1963: Wholesale prices for edible fish and shell- fish (fresh, frozen, and canned) moved slightly downward in November 1963, At 106.1 per- cent of the 1957-59 average, the November index was lower than the previous month by 0.7 percent, While prices were up or down for specific items in most of the subgroups, the over-all index drop was largely due to more extensive marketing of lower-priced frozen halibut and salmon as a substitute for very light supplies of the fresh product, as seasonal fishing for those species neared an end, Compared with November 1962 (when prices with few exceptions were higher for all products), the index for November 1963 was down 10.3 percent. From October to November, the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup index was down 3.8 percent and was lower than in No- 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW vember 1962 by 3.1 percent. Prices at New York City for western dressed halibut and salmon in November were considerably lower than in October because of the seasonal mar- Vol. 26, No. 1 ket transition from the fresh product to the frozen product. Those lower prices were partly offset by a substantial increase in prices for ex-vessel large haddock at Boston (up 19.9 percent) because of lighter landings, and an advance in prices for Lake Superior whitefish at Chicago. As compared with No- vember 1962, prices in November were lower for all items in the subgroup except large haddock (up 43.0 percent). November prices for frozen halibut were lower by 25.1 percent from the same month a year earlier because stocks in cold storage were substantially greater. November's higher prices for fresh had- dock fillets at Boston (up 14.9 percent) and shucked standard oysters at Norfolk were responsible for an 0.6-percent increase from the previous month in the subgroup index for processed fresh fish and shellfish. Butthose higher prices in November were offset by lower prices for fresh shrimp (down2 cents a pound at New York). During November fresh haddock fillets were higher-priced (up Table 1 = Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, November 1963 with Comparisons Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification ALL HSH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) Fresh & Frozen Products: . «oe 6 « Drawn, or Whole she O60 0 Haddock, ige., offshore, drawn, fresh .. . Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz Salmon, king, ige.& med., drsd., fresh or froz Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh . . Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish); . . . « Ele tate cere oS iP, 2 ( count), hea oysters, Sriied) Standards Indexes (1957-59=100) Avg. Prices 1/ Unit (Sea |New York e|New York «| Chicago 04,4) 99.6 83.2} 121.9 130.7) 130.7 Processed, Frozen sh & Shelifish): Fillets: Pieender, inless, l=lb. pkg. . © Haddock, smi., skins on, 1=1b. pkg. Ocean perch, Ige., skins on i=tb, pkg. Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5-lb. pkg. aint aR eee muy hee 8 Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. . Tuna, It. meat, clunk, No. 1/2 tuna (61/2 02.), ECM 166 50 6000.0 G0 OO OO jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (15 02z.), 48 cans/CS. . « 2 o« oil, 1/4 drawn 100 03.9 January 1964 31.6 percent) than a year earlier, but fresh shrimp prices were down sharply (30.3 per- cent)--the subgroup index dropped 13.5 per- cent from November 1962. The subgroup index for processed frozen fish and shellfish rose 1.1 percent from Oc- tober to November but was 18.3 percent lower as compared with the same month a year earlier. Lower prices for flounder and small haddock fillets in November were cancelled out by a price increase for frozen shrimp (up 4,1 percent). In the face of high November shrimp inventories and Gulf shrimp landings COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 that were still at a good level, the advance in frozen shrimp prices at Chicago may be at- tributed in part to trading in shrimp futures on the commodity exchange in that city. Slightly lower November prices for canned pink salmon were wholly responsible for a 0.5-percent drop in the price index for canned fishery products from October to November, Prices for other items in the subgroup were unchanged from October. As compared with November 1962, prices for all canned fishery ‘products were lower in November 1963 and ‘the subgroup index was down 7.5 percent, “FRESH. PoeEn "— GANNED, SMOKED, - 38 International FISHERY AGREEMENTS GREEK-TURKISH FISHERY COOPERATIVE PROPOSED: In a move to end the disputes between Greek fishing vessels and Turkish coastal patrols, the Greek Government was reported to have proposed the establishment of a joint Greek-Turkish Fishery Cooperative. Each country would supply half of the Coopera- tive's fishing fleet, which would be free to op- erate in waters between Greece and Turkey. If the Greek catch should exceed the Turkish catch, as a result of animbalance inthe number or capacity of the vessels supplied, Turkey would have the right to supply the Co- operative with a compensatory volume of fish caught in other Turkish waters. The proposed joint fleet would number about 1,000 vessels and would produce an estimated 5,000 metric tons a year, which would be marketed in both countries. A joint fund would be set up to fi- nance fish processing by the Cooperative. Turkey rejected a previous Greek propos- al that Greek fishermen be permitted tc buy licenses from the Turks for fishing rights outside a two-mile limit in Turkish waters. (United States Embassy, Athens, October 11, 1963.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION WORKING PARTY ON ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA RESOURCES MEETS IN ROME: A special Working Party on the Rational Utilization of Tuna Resources in the Atlantic Ocean was convened by the Food and Agri- culture Organization (FAO) of the United Na- tions in Rome, Italy, October 25-30, 1963. The United States Delegation consisted of Dr. J. L. McHugh, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States Department of the Interior, Chairman; Mr. Fred E. Taylor, Deputy Special Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife to the Under Secretary of State; Dr. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.1 = FOREIGN W. M. Chapman, Director, Van Camp Founda- tion; and Mr. Charles R. Carry, California Canners Association. Official delegations attended from Brazil, France, Japan, Nigeria, Portugal, and Spain. Observers were present from the Federal Republic of Germany and from Italy. The Working Party selected the following officers: Dr. J. L. McHugh, United States; Chairman; Sr. Fernando Lozano Cabo of Spain, and Mr. A. Takashiba of Japan, Vice-Chair- men; Dr. W. M. Chapman, United States, Rap- porteur. A Steering Committee was appointed to consist of the Chairman, the two Vice- Chairmen, Capt. Paulo de Castro Moreira da Silva of Brazil, and Mr. E. N. C. Eziuzo of Nigeria. The Secretariat was provided by the Fisheries Division of FAO. As world demand for protein food from the sea has increased, the Atlantic tuna fisheries have grown rapidly. Tuna fisheries have been prosecuted in the Atlantic by countries suchas Spain, Portugal, France, and Norway for many years. However, since 1956, the total catch has more than doubled (from less than100,000 to about 200,000 short tons) as a result of in- creased fishing and demand for tuna by Japan, the United States, Brazil, Nigeria, Senegal, and other nations. Already there are some indications that certain tuna resources in the Atlantic may be overfished. These circum- stances led the Council of FAO, by resolution at its 40th Session in June 1963, to establish the Working Party. No comprehensive and coordinated scien- tific studies nor adequate statistics on catch- es and fishing effort are being conducted for the Atlantic tuna resources as a whole. The Working Party agreed that such studies are needed urgently and outlined the kinds of in- vestigation that are necessary. The Working Party was not entirely in a- greement as to the kind of organization best suited to conduct the work. Some delegations January 1964 International (Contd.): COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 “DEPUTY DIRECTOR FISHERIES DIVISION Dr. J. L. McHugh, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fred Popper and Horacio Rosa, Fisheries Division of FAO. FAO Working Party on Rational Utilization of Tuna Resources in the Atlantic Ocean, Rome, Italy, October 25-30, 1963. wished to confer the necessary authority on an existing international organization. Oth- ers, including the United States, believed that a new organization should be established un- der an international convention among inter- ested nations. It was agreed, however, that no appropriate organization now exists which has the authority to cover the broad area of the ocean in which tuna fisheries operate. It was agreed also that, whatever kind of organ-' ization was given the necessary authority, the, areas and resources to be considered should be the entire Atlantic Ocean and its tunas and certain related species of fish. The Working Party recommended also that the relationship of this organization to FAO should be govern- ed by Article XV or other appropriate Arti- cles of the FAO Constitution. The Report of the Working Party, together with its background documents, will be cir- culated to interested member nations and ap- propriate international organizations for re- view and comment. When comments have been received and collated, they will be for- warded to the interested parties. At that time a second session of the Working Party might be considered necessary. It was the opinion of the Working Party, however, that a second session probably will not be necessary. Therefore, it would be appropriate for one or more nations to call a conference of plenipo- tentiaries, to take whatever action is deemed |appropriate and necessary. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS PERUVIAN ANNUAL CONFERENCE STRESSES QUALITY: The 4th Annual Conference of the International Associa- tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers was held in Lima, Peru, October 28-31, 1963. This private organization of associa- tions representing the fish meal industry and individual manufacturing companies was organized in 1960 and has its headquarters in England, Some 250 delegates and observers participated in the Conference, representing fish meal interests in some 17 countries (Argentina, Chile, Japan, and Mexico were repre- sented only by observers), and there were observers from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Fish Meal Exporters Organization. The United States delegation consisted of 16 representa- tives of 7 private companies and the Assistant Director of the College Park (Md.) Technological Laboratory, U.S, Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries. Peru is represented in the Association by the Sociedad Nacional de Pesqueria (National Fisheries Society), which acted as host to the 4th Annual Conference. There were 29 Peruvian delegates in the list of participants, plus 127 observers, as well as several advisers, members of a scientific committee, and a secretariat. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): Daily sessions of the Conference were held, beginning with the Inaugural Session on October 28, with the President of the Republic and several Cabinet Ministers in attendance. The opening address was made by the President of the Na- tional Fisheries Society, followed by the President of the Association. The President of Peru spoke briefly, and de- clared the Conference opened. A ‘‘Formal Session consti- tuting the Annual General Meeting of the Association’’ was followed by a Marketing Meeting on October 29, and a Gen- eral Session was held on October 30. The public meetings were largely given over to expressions of views by dele- gates on agenda items, with no recommendations or con clusions being announced, There were, in addition, meet- ings of a Scientific Committee and of the Executive Council, the latter being open only to members. The definitive busi- ness of the Conference appears to have been handled at closed-door ‘‘work sessions’’ of the Executive Council, the results of which were not made public. The work of the Conference was summarized by the As- sociation’s retiring President, at the closing session on October 31, as follows: (1) The Conference considered the improvement and standardization of quality of fish meal in order to improve the industry. (2) A study of economic aspects of the industry was un- dertaken--the need for expanded markets, stability of prices, pricing in line with competing products, and promotion of sales through advertising and education of potential users. The prosperity of the industry seems to be assured, but there must be cooperation among manufacturers and every effort must be made to eliminate speculators and specula- tion. Reference was made to a report on the industry com- missioned by the Association which will form the basis of an economic survey of the industry, to be continued from year to year. (3) Improvement of marketing fish meal throughout the world, with special emphasis on sales promotion, was dis- cussed, The industry has developed more quickly than marketing methods, which should be improved, Producers in various countries seem prepared to exchange ideas and give impetus to a study of improved methods. (4) Fish meal and fish flour for human consumption was perhaps the most significant subject of the Conference. It seemed to be the consensus of the Conference that fish meal as it is now made, if it were produced under hygienic condi- tions, could be used as a basis for human food, This would be a cheaper and more readily available product for the vast task of feeding the increasing populations of the world than more refined fish protein concentrate, Its use in this way would also result in a greatly expanded market for fish meal, The valuable cooperation of the Food and Agriculture Organization, especially in the study of fish protein, was ac~ knowledged. Fish meal manufacturers should be encouraged to do their own research looking to improvement of condi- tions under which their product is made. In closing, the Association’s President expressed the view that the 4-year old Association has done much for the fish meal industry, but that its strength depends upon the support it receives from its members, including free dis- cussion and exchange of information, attendance at confer- ences, and full representation on the organization’s scien- tific and executive committees, whenever and wherever they meet. He announced that the Chilean delegation proposed, upon its return to Santiago, to make formal application for membership in the Association, The membership of Chile, a growing factor in the fish meal industry, will strengthen the voice of the Association in the world, The Conference was closed by the Peruvian Minister of Agriculture, who pledged the support of the Peruvian fish meal industry in promoting sales, advertising uses of the product, achieving better quality, in conservation practices, Vol. 26, No. 1 in stabilizing prices, and in the scientific studies that are important for the development of the use of fish meal for human consumption, (United States Embassy, Lima, Novem- ber 5, 1963.) INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES | COMMISSION TENTH ANNUAL MEETING HELD IN VANCOUVER: The Minister of Fisheries of Canada was the principal speaker at the opening session of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Interna- tional North Pacific Fisheries Commission which opened in Vancouver, B.C., on Novem- ber 18, 1963. The meeting brought together representa- tives of Japan, the United States, and Canada. These nations are signatories to a 10-year old fishing treaty which continues to lay down the ground rules for certain activities of their fishermen in the North Pacific. The Annual| Meeting reviewed progress in research on the high seas, considered recom- mendations for halibut fishing regulations in the eastern Bering Sea and studied the prob- lems of protecting halibut stocks in the Gulf of Alaska endangered by the!rapidly expand- ing trawl fisheries in that region. The An- nual Meeting also reviewed qualification of certain fish stocks for continued abstention. Under the terms of the existing agreement, Japan refrains from fishing salmon and hali- but in the eastern North Pacific and herring off the coast of British Columbia. Prior to the beginning of the Annual Meet- ing, scientists from each of the member na- tions met in Vancouver for two weeks to an- alyze the results of research on the high seas. The Annual Meeting held at Vancouver had no connection with new treaty negotiations be- gun in Washington, D. C., in June 1963 and continued in Tokyo in September which are to be resumed in Ottawa in the spring of 1964. The present treaty will continue in force, as it has for the past ten years, until it is either terminated by one year's notice from any mem- ber or replaced, by mutual agreement, by a new treaty. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT FISHERIES COMMITTEE MEETS: The eighth session of the Fisheries Com- mittee of the Organization for Economic Co- January 1964 International (Contd.): operation and Development (OECD) was held in Paris, France, on October 14-15, 1963. Significant agenda items for this meeting in- cluded (1) an examination of a preliminary report of a study of Government subsidies and other financial support to the fishing in- dustries of member countries, and (2) the 1963-1964 detailed program of work. A large portion of the discussion was tak- en up with the examination of detailed apprais- als of the different subsidy reports submit- ted by member countries. After the exami- nation, the Committee instructed the Fisher- ies Committee Secretariat to prepare a re- vision of the subsidy study taking into account the various amendments adopted at the meet- ing. The revised version will be circulated to the respective governments in advance of the next OECD Fisheries Committee meeting. In its examination of the detailed program of work for 1963-64, the Committe considered the work in progress on a number of studies including General Services to the Fishery In- dustry, Price Systems, Influence of Recent Changes in Customs Tariffs on Fishery Prod- ucts, Harmonization of Studies on Costs and ermen, The next OECD Fisheries Committee meeting is scheduled for January 1964. NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION REDUCTION OF HALIBUT QUOTA FOR TRIANGLE AREA RECOMMENDED: The International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, (Canada, Japan, and the United States) concluded its Tenth Annual Meeting in Vancouver, B.C., on November 23, 1963. The Commission made decisions and recommendations on a num- ber of questions affecting North Pacific fishing operations by the three countries. These recommendations will not take effect until approved by the member Governments. Approximately 100 administrators, scientists, technical and industrial advisors, and observers took part in the work sessions, which covered a period of three weeks. The Commission did not recommend any change in the list of stocks of fish which Japan refrains from fishing un- der the terms of the Convention. Therefore, Japanese fish- ermen will continue to refrain from fishing salmon in waters east of 175°W. longitude, halibut in the eastern North Pa- cific Ocean except in the Bering Sea, and herring off the west coast of Canada, except in the waters west of the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Commission reviewed the results of the first year of its responsibility for management of the halibut fishery in the quota area of the eastern Bering Sea. During the sea- son in this area, which lasted from March 25 to October 15, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 1963, fishermen of the three nations very nearly attained the quota recommended by the Commission, The total catch was 10,944,000 pounds, of which Canadian fishermen took 4,058,000 pounds, Japanese fishermen took 3,670,000 pounds, and the United States fishermen took 3,216,000 pounds, All members of the Commission agreed that the avail- able evidence indicated that the 1964 quota in the eastern Bering Sea halibut quota area should be sharply reduced from the 1963 level, The Commission will recommend to its member Governments that the 1964 quota be 6,393,340 pounds, Starting dates and other arrangements will remain substantially the same as in 1963, although improvements will be made in the operation of the quota system, The sea- son will close when the quota is attained, or on October 15, 1964, whichever is earlier. The research program on halibut in the eastern Bering Sea will be continued and expanded. The Commission embarked several years ago on an am- bitious program of preparation of a comprehensive scien- tific report on the distribution and origin of salmon on the high seas, The first two volumes of this report have now ‘been published and the remaining seven volumes are in ad- vanced stages of preparation, The Commission established a program of research and collection of data to go into effect in the event that any Jap- janese fishing for herring off the west coast of the Queen (Charlotte Islands is undertaken. There is no indication of the establishment of such a fishery at present, Japanese spokesmen informed the Commission that there will be no radical increase in Japanese trawling in the Gulf of Alaska in 1964. In 1963 Japan operated a maxi- mum of four trawlers in the area, While there is no re- striction in the Convention on fishing by Japan for other ‘species of groundfish in this area, Japanese fishermen are réquired to abstain ae taking halibut. The method and scale of Japanese trawling operations in the Gulf, plus the requirement of returning to the sea any incidentally-caught halibut, are expected to minimize effects of this fishery on the halibut stocks. Research on the problems and exchange of scientists and data will be continued. (International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, news release, November 23, 1963.) WHALING FAO APPEALS FOR VOLUNTARY LIMITS ON ANTARCTIC CATCH: The Director General of the Food and Agri- culture Organization (FAO) has appealed to whaling countries to voluntarily limit their catches of fin whales to 5,000 whales during the 1963/64 season which opened on December 12, 1963. He stated in a letter to the Interna- tional Whaling Commission (IWC), thatits re- cent quota reduction from 15,000 blue whale units last season to 10,000 for 1963/64 would be ''completely ineffective as a conservation measure'' for fin whales. The Director General's letter continued, Any serious attempt to reach the new quota will further reduce the stock of fin whales and delay the time when, even by the applica- tion of stringent conservation measures, those stocks can be rebuilt to a level at which they cansustain economic yields. ...Ilam making ‘this appeal because of the need for preventing 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): further and perhaps irreparable damage to the whale stocks and in the hope of enabling your Commission to make effective regula- tions in line with scientific evidence for the rational exploitation of this important re- source--the only sizable commercial re- source of the Antarctic Ocean." For many years, the IWC limit on the to- tal Antarctic catch has been 15,000 blue- whale units. Under this system, 1 blue whale is the equivalent of 2 fin whales, 25 humpbacks, or 6 sei whales. The Chief of the Biology Branch of FAO's Fisheries Division said that most of the whales commercially caught in the Antarctic are fin whales; to achieve this season's quota of 10,000 units would mean catching as many as 16,000 fin whales in the coming season. He also said that merely to maintain the present sustainable yield of fin whales would mean catching few- er than 5,000 of them annually for a few years. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.) Angola FOREIGN TRADE IN FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1962: Exports: Angola's exports of processed fishery products in 1962 were down sharply from those in the previous year--shipments of fish meal declined 35 percent in quantity and 18 percent in value, and exports of dried and salted fish dropped 29 percent in quanti- ty and 31 percent in value. The decline was not offset by the gain in exports of lower - valued fresh and frozen fish. Italy was the leading buyer of Angola's fish meal in 1962 with 15,054 metric tons, followed by West Germany with 8,411 tons, Portugal with 2,399 tons, Austria with 1,983 tons, Poland with 1,717 tons and, France with Vol. 26, No. 1 1,036 tons. Shipments to other countries ac- counted for the remaining 1,992 tons. Angola's most important markets for dried and salted fish in 1962 were the Congo Repub- -lic which absorbed 5,614 tons and Mozambique ‘which bought 5,307 tons. Imports: Angola's leading fishery import is dried cod and arrivals totaled 2,338 tons valued at Esc. 42.9 million (US$1.5 million) in 1962, compared with 2,039 tons valued at Esc. 37.7 million ($1.3 million) in the previ- ous year. Norway was the leading supplier of dried cod in 1962 with 1,303 tons, followed by the United Kingdom with 995 tons. (United States Embassy, Leopoldville, October 31, 1963.) OK OK Ok Ok FISHERIES TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1963: The Government of Ceylon has purchased 1,500 tons of dried fish from Angola, of which 30,000 bags were exported from Benguela and 20,000 bags from Mocamedes, valued at about US$227,500. The transaction was the first entry into the Asian market from Angola. Exports from Porto Alexandre during Sep- tember 1963 amounted to 391.7 metric tons of fish meal to Italy, valued at 1,752 contos (US$60,665); 66.1 tons to Southern Rhodesia, valued at 642 contos ($22,230); 66.1 tons to Lisbon, valued at 1,152 contos ($39,889); and 19.4 tons of dried fish to the Congo valued at 103 contos ($3,566), plus 46.5 tons of semi- dried fish valued at 253 contos ($8,760). Plans have now been approved to electrify the port at a cost of approximately $700,000. (United States Consulate, Luanda, November 13, 1963.) KOK OK KOK FISHERY LANDINGS SHARPLY LOWER FOR FIRST HALF OF 1963: During the first half of 1963, landings of fish in Angola amounted to only 84,558 metric tons--down sharply from the landings made Angola's Principal Fishery Exports, 1961-1962 Commodity 1962 Metric Tons 32,592 2,655 13,412 1,630 [Fresh & frozen fish .... 19,079 US$1, 000 3, 827 2,783 1961 Metric Tons 50, 339 203 3,001 18, 866 798 A/iAS) 521 1,229 January 1964 Angola (Contd.): in the similar periods of 1961 and 1962. To- tal landings for the year 1962 amounted to 269,280 tons as compared with 241,465 tons in 1961. The shortage of fish along Angola's coast continued into the third quarter of 1963. Indications were, as of mid-November, that the 1963 fish landings would be about the low- est on record. (United States Consulate, Luanda, November 20, 1963.) Australia JAPANESE TAKE MEASURES TO STOP DAMAGE TO FISHING GEAR: The Australian Minister for External Af- fairs announced on November 14, 1963, the successful outcome of representations to the Japanese Government over recent incidents involving damage by Japanese fishing boats to the fishing gear of Australian fishermen off the coast of New South Wales. The matter had been taken up with the Jap- anese Government at the request of the Aus- tralian Department of Primary Industry after incidents in which lobster pots and other gear were damaged by drifting Japanese long-line fishing gear. The Australian minister an- nounced he had been informed by the Japa- nese Embassy in Canberra that the Japanese | COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 advised the Department of External Affairs that similar warnings and information had been sent to the major Japanese tuna and bonito fishing associations. A newspaper article which appeared sub- sequent to the Foreign Minister's announce- ment stated that Japanese Embassy officials denied reports that Japan was willing to pay compensation for lobster pot losses totaling about £A2,000 (US$4,480) caused by the drifting tuna long-lines. The newspaper ac- count reported a Japanese Embassy spokes- man as Saying the payment of compensation had not been discussed with the Australian Government, and that more talks would be held. (United States Embassy, Canberra, No- vember 21, 1963.) * fe Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNED SALMON PACK LOWER IN 1963: The pack of canned salmon in British Co- lumbia in 1963 of about 1.2 million cases was down 35.5 percent from the 1.8 million cases packed in 1962. It was also lower by about 13.0 percent from the 1958-1962 five year average pack of close to 1.4 million cases. The pack from year to year is usually de- pendent on the cycle years for pink and sock- eye salmon. However, in 1963 a tie-up of the British Columbia Canned Salmon Pack, 1958-1963 1,816,585 1/Totals are based on final revised figures. 1,410,574 |633,501 | 1,095,786] 1,900,025 Source, Chief, Economics Branch, Pacific Area, Canadian Department of Fisheries. Fisheries Agency has notified all Japanese fishing vessels known to be operating off the Australian east coast to exercise every cau- tion in their operations. To prevent the re- currence of similar incidents, Japanese fish- ing boats have also been provided with infor- mation about the areas in which Australian fishing gear is set. The Japanese Embassy salmon fishermen between July 15 and August 3 during a period of good fishing for both pink and sockeye salmon undoubtedly con- tributed to the lower canned salmon pack. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 79; February 1962 p. 59; January 1961 p. 57. Hk oe ok ok ok 44 Canada (Contd.): FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PROPOSED: Provincial representatives from through- out Canada were scheduled to attend a confer- ence in Ottawa on January 20, 1964, to dis- cuss proposals for a National Fisheries De- velopment Program. The Provincial Govern- ment of Newfoundland has pressed for sucha program, having submitted proposals to the Federal Government in February 1963 for ad- ditional Federal investment in the fishing in- dustry. The proposals due to be discussed in Otta- wa called for a Canadian National Fisheries Development Program costing over C$200 million. This would include a Federal invest- ment in Newfoundland of about $52.5 million ($10.5 million per year for 5 years) which would supplement an investment of $25 mil- lion ($5 million for 5 years) by the Provincial Government of Newfoundland. Based upon the pattern of Federal agricul- tural programs, the proposed program for Newfoundland follows: (1) Producer marketing organizations to provide price stability and to enter into inter- national commodity agreements. A salt cod marketing board similar to the wheat board would be created (cost $5 million). (2) Credit facilities to increase productiv- ity Similar to the Farm Improvement Loan Act and Farm Credit Act (cost $50 million). (3) Marketing research and expansion with self-liquidating export credits for salt fish like those used to promote grain sales (cost $3 million). (4) Rural fishing community developments like those provided under the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act (cost $5 million). (5) Establishment of federal standards, grading, and inspection to improve fish qual- ity (cost $4 million), The report which outlines these proposals stresses that Canada is the only important fishing nation in the world that does not have a national fishery development program. (United States Embassy, Ottawa, October 31, 1963.) OK OK OK OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 1 LONG-LINING BOOSTS NOVA SCOTIA'S SWORDFISH LANDINGS IN 1963: Nova Scotia swordfishermen had good catch- es during the 1963 season, but ex-vessel prices were sharply lower. Swordfish landings were up by 300 percent over 1962, but the value in- creased by only about 10 percent. A spokesman for the Canadian Department of Fisheries says it was simply a matter of supply and demand. The average price paid for swordfish in 1962 was about 45 cents a pound, but in 1963 it dropped to about 17 cents. The main factor in the bigger catch of swordfish is the shift to the long-line fishing method. The baited hook method came into common use in 1962 and the swordfish catch has soared. While traditional harpooning is still used, the greatest number of swordfish are caught by the newer method. Record catches were reported from all parts of Nova Scotia. The vessel Margaret M. landed 250 swordfish at Sydney in one trip. What is considered a record by a swordfishing vessel in the 65-foot class was established by the Caress II, with 207 fish in one trip. More than 3,000 swordfish were landed at North Sydney by offshore vessels in August 1963, and good catches also were reported at Glace Bay, Lockeport, and Barrington Pass- age. Provincial fisheries officials, who have sponsored the new technique of long-lining for swordfish, are confident that the lower prices which the consumer will pay for swordfish will result in the building up of a much bigger market, thus creating a bigger demand to off- set the lower prices offered the fishermen. (Canadian Fisherman, November 1963.) OR OK OK OK NEW BRUNSWICK FISHERMEN TO ENTER EAST COAST PURSEsSEINE FISHERY FOR TUNA: The Industrial Development Section of the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Com- mittee (formerly known as the Vessel and Gear Section) met November 13-14, 1963, in the city of Quebec. The meeting reviewed the progress in va- rious fields such as new types of fishing craft and fishing gear and methods and processing facilities ashore. One of the major develop- January 1964 Canada (Contd.): ments is the purse seine fishery for tuna a- long the Atlantic coast. Discussed at a previous meeting of the Section and by the Committee as a whole, this project has now come to fruition. New Brunswick has gone ahead with two vessels of special design with the object of establish- ing a C$1.0 million-a-year commercial tuna fishery in Charlotte County on the Bay of Fundy. Two 92-foot steel stern trawler-seiners have been provided for two groups of Campo- bello Island fishermen at a cost of $300,000 each under a Federal cost-sharing program. Agencies participating include the New Bruns- wick Fishermen's Loan Board, the New Bruns- wick Government, the Federal Department of Fisheries, and the Federal Government. With a crew of 20 men, the vessels, Green Waters and Blue Waters, were built at Bath- urst, N.B.' They are equipped with the latest in navigation and fish-detection devices. The two vessels are expected to transport 200 tons of skipjack and bluefin tuna every two weeks to a converted sardine cannery at Eastport, Maine. This is Canada's first venture into the tuna fishery on the Atlantic Coast. Some United States fishermen have been success- ful in this fishery, and as a result the Atlan- tic provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia became interested. (Canadian Fisher- man, November 1963.) — OK OK OK Ok NEW FISH-PROCESSING PLANTS FOR MARITIME PROVINCES: The subsidiary of a large east coast Ca- nadian fisheries company is constructing a new fish-processing plant in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, which is designed to handle about 80 million pounds of fish a year. The fishing fleet will also be expanded. The total cost is estimated at C$8 million with completion ex- pected in early 1964, Another new $3 million plant capable of processing 30 million pounds of fish a year is to be built at Canso, Nova Scotia. Com- pletion is scheduled for early 1965. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 The Premier of Prince Edward Island has announced that a $5-6 million fish-processing plant would be built at Georgetown. The cost will be shared by the Provincial Government and an unnamed Canadian-Norwegian company. Construction is expected to start in the spring with completion of the first stage of the proj- ect scheduled for the fall of 1964. (United States Embassy, Ottawa, October 30, 1963.) NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERMEN TO BENEFIT FROM NEW SHORE FACILITIES: A C$450,000 program to construct 23 ad- ditional community facilities in Newfoundland fishing ports to provide winter employment, and at the same time improve handling and processing facilities for inshore fishermen, was announced on November 27, 1963, by the Canadian Fisheries Minister and the Minister of Fisheries for Newfoundland. The community facilities are for process- ing and handling salt or fresh fish, and are made available to all the fishermen using the ports in which they are built. The locations will be decided upon through consultation with the provincial government, which is jointly sponsoring the project. Employment will be spread over a wide area. The province will provide the sites, supervise construction, maintain the buildings and equipment, and ad- minister the facilities when they are com- pleted. The Federal government will pay for the actual construction, which will employ lo- cal labor and materials. Sixteen of the facilities, at an estimated cost of $25,000 each, will provide salt fish processing facilities; the other 7, which will cost in the neighborhood of $5,000 each, will be for the handling of fresh fish. At present there are 30 community facili- ties along the Newfoundland coast. (Informa- tion Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, November 27, 1963.) KOK OK KOK NEWFOUNDLAND SWORDFISH LONG-LINING EXPERIMENTS SUCCESSFUL: New long-lining techniques for catching swordfish on Newfoundland's Grand Banks and other areas have been successful. The New- foundland Department of Fisheries experimen- tal and demonstration vessel Beinir landed 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): 293 swordfish at a processing plant in Har- bour Grace, Newfoundland, in the early fall of 1963. The big fish were filleted, frozen, and wrapped in cheesecloth for sale to the United States market. Fig. 1 - The fishing vessel, Beinir, used in experimental and demonstrational fishing for swordfish by the Newfound- land Department of Fisheries. The Beinir's latest catch was taken from Banquereau and the western end of the Grand Banks in 7 fishing days. The weight of the landed catch, which had been dressed at sea, was 58,662 pounds, an average of slightly over 200 pounds per fish. The crew of 11 men received about C$400 each for the 12- day trip. In the course of her exploratory opera- tions, the Beinir is collecting information on water temperatures and it has been estab- lished that swordfish are found only in water of 60° F. or higher. Also being charted is the course the fish take. The species appar- ently travels from the Cape Cod area in the spring to the fishing banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and returns in the fall. After discharging at Harbour Grace, the vessel left on another swordfishing venture, in the hope of gathering more data and an- other bumper catch. The vessel's skipper says the 200-ton Norwegian built Beinir (117 feet long) is ideally suited for swordfishing, as she is big Vol. 26, No. 1 ‘ee o Fig. 2 - Some of the Beinir's catch of swordfish being un- loaded at a Harbour Grace, Nfld., processing plant. and sturdy enough to ride out storms. He thinks that a vessel of that type would best be used in the halibut fishery for the first two months of each year, and thereafter in the swordfishery as long as possible. (Trade News, a publication of Canada's Department of Fisheries, October 1963.) OK OK OK °K PROCESS FOR DEHYDRATING FISH-POTATO MIXTURE DEVELOPED: A process developed by the Canadian Food Research In- 3titute of the Department of Agriculture for producing in- stant fish-potato flakes is now being given a full-scale commercial test. The Industrial Development Service of the Department of Fisheries has purchased and installed the necessary equipment at the fish processing experimental plant located at Valleyfield on Newfoundland’s northeast coast, and the first product has already come off the production line. In the semicommercial pilot plant operation, steps are now being taken to test and improve the product. The engineering staff of the Industrial Development Serv- ice has devised a series of tests to determine optimum op- erating conditions. These deal with such things as estab- lishing the best proportion of fish to potato since the ratio of these two can be varied over a wide range as tests have already indicated. The optimum ratio is dictated by many factors such as the workability of the wet mixture with the equipment, taste, food value, and especially, economics. The process involves the dehydration of a mixture of cooked fish and cooked potatoes on an external type drum dryer. The final product consists of snowy white, fine dry flakes, each flake containing fish and potato, However, both are so homogeneously blended that the individual ingredients are undetectable to the human eye. These flakes will re- constitute readily with the addition of water or other liquids At Valleyfield, a study will also be made of the various kinds of fish suitable for the process, Most of the work January 1964 Canada (Contd.): done to date has been on cod and it has been clearly demon- strated that this species is entirely satisfactory froma production standpoint. Also, preliminary runs using salted cod have yielded a product which should find ready acceptance with the con- sumer. The flakes have already been used in a variety of dishes. Their capacity to absorb moisture instantaneously makes them exceptionally well suited to making instant fishcakes. The simple addition of water or milk, and seasoning to taste, provides the reconstituted product. Only heating is required before eating. Deep fried fish croquettes, fish soup or chowder, and fish casseroles have been prepared in the Department’s test kitchen. Preparation of the product involves processing the two main ingredients separately. In the present method, the fish is filleted, cooked and ground, The potatoes are peeled, cooked, and diced. Both ingredients are mixed and additives are incorporated into the mash at this stage. The mash is spread mechanically on the outside of a steam-heated dryer. The thin layer which adheres to the heated surface re- mains in contact on the hot drum for about 20 seconds and is scraped off the drum by a special blade in a continuous sheet. The sheet, approximately 10 thousandths of an inch thick, is broken into approximately 1/2-inch flakes. This instant product is a very high protein food and it ap- pears that it will have good keeping qualities, It is extremely light, an important consideration in shipping, and in an emer- gency could be eaten dry without reconstitution--hence, its importance as a ration or emergency food, Contrasted with fish flour, which is white, odorless, and without fish flavor, this product maintains the identity of fish fiber and fish flavor. Besides refining the process, the pilot plant operation will provide information on the cost of production. Also, samples are being produced for wide distribution to prospec - tive manufacturers. (Canadian Fisherman, November 1963.) Chile FISHERIES TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1963: The prolonged delay in the return of ancho- vies to Chilean northern coastal waters is of major concern to the expanding fish reduction industry. The dynamic growth of this industry in the north has made fisheries a real factor in the country's economy. In three years, exports of fish meal have increased from US$1.7 million in 1960 to $7.9 million in 1962, and of fish oil from $344,000 to $1 million in the same years. In the first six months of 1963, exports of fish meal and fish oil totaled $7.8 million. An- ticipated earnings for the year, however, were being lowered in view of the loss of six weeks of fishing prior to November 9. All available fish meal was sold and a number of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 firms were concerned over their ability to meet deliveries against December contracts. The weather continued to be unseasonably cold in early November. It was said that the temperature of the coastal waters must rise 39-59 C. (5.4°-9.0°9 F.) before the anchovies are likely to return in abundance. The agreement establishing a Fisheries Development Institute was signed by the Gov- ernment of Chile and the United Nations De- velopment Fund on August 31, 1963. Theplan of operation is designed to establish a per- manent organization able to provide the tech- nical basis for accelerated development and rational exploitation and use of Chile's fish- eries resources. The United Nations Special Fund will contribute some $1.3 million (about one-third) to the financing of the 5-year proj- ect. The Special Fund, through the Food and Agriculture Organization, also will provide the Project Manager (International Director) and other experts and consultants required to carry out the approved work program. (United States Embassy, Santiago, November 9, 1963.) Colombia BILL ESTABLISHING TERRITORIAL WATERS AT 200 MILES PASSES HOUSE: A bill establishing Colombia's territorial waters at 200 miles was approved (September 12, 1963) by unanimous vote in the House of Representatives and in October 1963 was be- ing considered in a Senate committee. The only legislation concerning Colombia's territorial sea now on the books is Law 14 of 1923, which states that for the exploitation of undersea hydrocarbon deposits and fishing the territorial sea should be understood as 12 miles, In the two recent Law of the Sea Confer- ences held under United Nations auspices, Colombia held two different positions, In the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea at Geneva in 1958, the Colombian delegation supported a proposal establishing a 12-mile territorial sea. In the Second Law, of the Sea Conference in 1960. Colombia sup- ported a joint United States-United Kingdom - Canadian proposal fixing the territorial seaat 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Colombia (Contd.): 6 miles, plus 6 miles of contiguous waters for fishing rights, and recognizing "historic" fishing rights for a period of up to 10 years. Colombia had reserved the right to oppose the original tripartite proposal in which his- toric fishing rights of other countries were included on a more or less permanent basis. In order to explain Colombia's reasons for its change in policy between the First Con- ference and the Second Conference, the then Foreign Minister issued a communique on March 2, 1960. The communique stated that Colombia had been pleased with the results of the First Conference since the conventions adopted constituted almost a complete code of international maritime law. It noted that this codification could be completed with the adoption of a territorial sea convention, and that this would be a practical and positive step in accordance with the United Nations Charter in the sense that it would organize mores according to law. The declaration stated that Colombia, therefore, would show its sincerity in adhering to these principles by voting for the United States-sponsored compromise proposal, which appeared to have the best chance of being approved. In addition, the document continued, the propos- al guaranteed the exploitation of resources existing within 12 miles, '. . .which seems reasonable and sufficient for the expressed purposes.'' The communique also noted that the proposal did not ''obstruct or weaken the traditional principle of freedom of the high seas."' It said that ''this would suffer detri- ment if large extensions of sea and overhead air space were to lose the character of free zones which they have always had." It added that exclusive control over large maritime zones would increase the obligations and re- sponsibilities of the coastal state in direct proportion to the width of these zones. Men- tioning the problems of security and individ- ual and collective defense, the declaration in- dicated that the aforementioned proposal was one which would equitably and fairly recon- cile the different points of view which had thus far been proposed. On September 14, 1961, a conservative Colombian Senator presented Proyacto de Ley 188 which called for the establishment of Colombia's territorial sea at 12 miles at low tide. The bill was strongly supported by the Foreign Minister who reintroduced it in the Senate during the special sessions of 1962. Vol. 26, No. 1 The bill was passedby the Senate by a large majority on April 13, 1962. In defending the Government's change of policy on this issue, the Foreign Minister said that the 3-mile limit recognized by the United States was "inconvenient to Colombia.'' However, the 12-mile limit, he went on, ''was the universal current and convenient to Colombia.'' He noted that Panama and Venezuela both had 12- mile limits and that Colombia could not be placed in a position of inferiority vis-a-vis her neighbors. No further action was taken on the 12- mile bill in the House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the opposition introduced a count- er bill in the House which called for a 200- mile limit. During the Spring of 1963 various propos- als were put forth concerning the definition of Colombia's territorialsea. The Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee added his sponsorship to the 200-mile bill; the Arm- ed Forces proposed a 12-mile limit with 100 miles of contiguous sea; and fishing interests proposed a 12-mile limit with a contiguous sea varying from 100-160 miles. At thesame time, the influential six-man Foreign Minis- try Advisory Committee was convoked by the Ministry of Foreign Relations in the hope that it could agree upon a position. The Chairmanof the House Foreign Affairs Committee was successful in pushing through the 200-mile bill in his House committee in August 1963, and the same bill was carried unanimously by the full House on September 12. Hearings on that bill were being conduct- ed by the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee. (United States Embassy, Bogota, October 22, 1963.) Cook Islands PLAN FOR JAPANESE-SUPPLIED TUNA CANNERY REJECTED: After considerable debate, the Cook Islands Legislative Assembly in September 1963, voted 15 to 6 not to allow Japanese fishermen to land in Rarotonga to supply fish to a tuna can- nery. The question of a Japanese-supplied tuna cannery had been a lively topic in the Cook Is- lands for over two years, and had been offici- January 1964 Cook Islands (Contd.): ally supported by the New Zealand Adminis - tration. (Pacific Islands Monthly, October 1963.) » rome x Denmark NEW TRADE AGREEMENT WITH SOVIETS MAY INCLUDE FISH FREEZERSHIPS: A new Danish-Soviet trade agreement was signed in Moscow on November 22, 1963. It is valid for a period of six years from Janu- ary 1, 1964 (expiration date of former agree- ment), and according to preliminary informa- tion, envisages an exchange of goods valued at between 225 and 230 million kroner (US$32.6- 33.3 million) annually. However, the Danish Foreign Minister, who signed the agreement for Denmark, emphasized that the new pact is only a skeleton agreement and that the minimum quotas established therein will be subject to annual renegotiation. The agree- ment includes an offer to Denmark to deliver 19 additional vessels (chiefly fish refrigera- tor vessels) worth 550-600 million kroner (US$79.7-87.0 million) during the six-year period, In reporting the conclusion of the new trade agreement, the Danish press declared that the annual value of trade in the amount of 225-230 million kroner in each direction represents an increase of 35-40 percent. However, under the agreement ending De- cember 31, 1963, which envisaged trade in the neighborhood of 225 million kroner annually, actual imports from the Soviet Union aggre- gated only 162 million kroner ($25.5 million) in calendar year 1962 and 124 millionkroner ($18.0 million) in the first 9 months of 1963, The opportunity of delivering additional vessels is welcomed by Danish shipyards in view of the small amount of orders on hand, although it is realized that actual orders must be obtained in sharp competition with yards in other countries. (United States Em- bassy, Copenhagen, November 27, 1963.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 Ecuador MANTA FISHING INDUSTRY EXPANDING: The fishing industry is steadily gaining importance in Manta's economy. The recent discovery of a rich shrimp fishing area, 6 miles from Manta, was indicated by the pres- ence of some 25 shrimp vessels in Manta's harbor where only tuna vessels were Seen in the past. Other evidence of the uptrend in fishing operations includes the construction of about 7 new tuna vessels. In the industrial fish field, a United States- controlled firm is planning to double its ca- pacity for canning tuna during the coming year. Since the cannery is unable to can all the tuna available, a large part of the tuna catch is sold for freezing and export. The lo- cal price of 1,100 sucres per ton (about US$60.00 at official rate of exchange) for fresh tuna is about one-fourth the fall 1963 price paid in the United States. Despite these operations, tuna fishermen of the Manta area are often unable to sell their catch. Other interests in the Manta area are ac- tively studying the possibility of establishing additional fish-meal operations in the area. A new fish-freezing plant has been con- structed by the Direccion de Pesca y Caza of the Development Ministry. The freezing plant processes various types of fish which are fro- zen and flown to Quito and other large inland cities. The manager of the freezing plant agrees that this is a relatively costly opera- tion. One alternative is to purchase trucks capable of transporting frozenfishbut the cost per truck of about US$10,000 is beyond the re- sources of the freezing plant. The manager of the freezing plant is en- gaged in experiments to examine the feasibil- ity of processing fish through drying or salt- ing so as to make essentially cheap fish avail- able to consumers throughout Ecuador. The lack of fresh water apparently has not beena serious problem, as had been supposed, since a good source of salt water suitable for wash- ing fishis available tothe plant. (United States Consulate, Guayaquil, November 4, 1963.) ok ook SHRIMP PRODUCERS HURT BY LOWER PRICES IN UNITED STATES MARKET: The expanding Ecuadoran shrimp export business has suffered a sharp setback due to lower wholesale prices in the United States *k Ok ok 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Ecuador (Contd.): and a strengthened national currency. A good 1963 shrimp fishing season in the Gulf of Mexico oversupplied the United States market, increasing inventories 100 percent as of October 1963 over a comparable period of 1962. As aresult, shrimp prices dropped sharply. The Ecuadoran sucre has strength- ened since July 1963 from 21 per U.S. dol- lar to slightly under 19 early in November 1963. According to one producer, the net ef- fect is that the sucre return as of November 1, 1963, was 25-36 percent lower than in July 1963. Most likely to be injured by lower export shrimp prices is the small producer unable to sell to local processors. The crisis was expected to last at least 2 or 3 more months. (United States Embassy, Quito, November 1, 1963.) tg 1 Egypt PLANS FOR FOOD-PROCESSING PLANTS INCLUDE FISHERY PRODUCTS: The Cairo press reports that a plan had been drawn up by the Chairman of the Gen- eral Egyptian Organization for Foodstuffs Industries to build 23 food-processing plants throughout Egypt, including three frozen shrimp-processing plants, and a tuna and sardine cannery. The aim is to increase ex- ports of processed foods to other Arab and African countries. (United States Embassy, Cairo, November 16, 1963.) French Guiana UNITED STATES SHRIMP FIRMS CONTINUE TO EXPAND: The two United States fishing companies established in French Guiana have increased their fleets and their catch. One of the firms located at St. Laurent plans a substantial en- largement of its shore facilities. Between them, the two companies now have about 55 vessels fishing for them with a total monthly catch of about 175,000 pounds. (United States Consulate, Martinique, November 2, 1963.) Vol. 26, No. 1 Ghana CONTRACT WITH SOVIET UNION SIGNED FOR BUILDING FISH-PROCESSING PLANTS: A complex of fish-processing plants is to be built in Tema, Ghana, with Soviet assist- ance, under terms of a contract signed by the two countries on October 25, 1963. The new development is expected to have an annual ca- pacity of about 12,500 metric tons of canned, frozen, and smoked fishery products. The Ghanaian Minister of Agriculture stated that the project would enable Ghana to reduce fish- ery imports and save £5 million (US$14 mil- lion) per year in foreign exchange. (United States Embassy, Accra, November 2, 1963.) * OK OK KX DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN DEEP-SEA TRAWLERS FISHING OUT OF GHANAIAN PORTS: In response to a question in the Ghanaian National Assembly regarding the number and ownership of deep-sea fishing trawlers oper- ating in Ghanaian waters, the Deputy Minister provided the following answer: ''There are 4 Ghanaian-owned fishing ships and 17 foreign vessels operating in Ghanaian waters. The 4 Ghanaian-owned trawlers are based at Tema; 2 of these, Odaw and Kakum belong to the Ghana Fishing Corporation, the state organi- zation. The other two are owned by private organizations--Ocefish by the Oce-fish Fisheries Limited, and Pioneer by the Man- koadze Fisheries Limited. "The Ghana Fishing Corporation, Mankoa- dze Fisheries Limited, and Oce-Fisheries Limited also operate contracts held withcer- tain foreign agencies for the supply of fish as follows: "(a) The Ghana Fishing Corporation re- ceives catches from 8 Russian vessels, 2 Japanese, and 2 Polish vessels. "(b) The Mankoadze Fisheries Limited receives fish from 2 Russian vessels. "(c) The Oce-Fisheries Limited receives fish from 3 Japanese vessels.'' (United States Embassy, Accra, November 17, 1963.) January 1964 Greece NEW PURSE SEINE-TYPE NET HAULER DEVELOPED: A Greek engineering company has devel- oped a mechanically-driven net roller for purse Seines, ring nets, and other surround- ing nets. The net hauler is made in two types. Type 710 for smaller vessels has a flange diame- ter of 3 feet 4 inches and when mounted on the deck has a height of about 8 feet. The groove of the roller is rubber-coated. Type 800-E is somewhat larger all around, and is intended for larger purse Seiners, requiring a 6.3 hp. electric drive. The smaller roller turns at 18 r.p.m. and the larger at 21 r.p.m., the smaller being mechanically-driven from the main engine via a clutch. The net hauler operates in the same way as a hanging roller or power block, but in this case, the net can be laid in the groove of the roller, and does not have to be threaded. On Type 800-E, this groove is rubber-lined and has serrations for extra gripping power. The device has already been fitted to Greek fishing vessels and the manufacturers are offering an instructional service in its use. They claim that vessels using this type net hauler have been able to reduce their crews from 24 men to 11 men with greater safety and economy of time and effort. (World Fishing, November 1963. ) Guatemala GUATEMALAN-JAPANESE SHRIMP FISHING VENTURE TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1963: Reports from the joint Japanese-Guate- malan shrimp enterprise at Guatemala's Pa- cific Coast port of Champerico indicate that the joint company is operating thirteen 60- ton and seven 70-ton shrimp vessels. The vessels fish in an area about an hour's run from port. They are said to be averaging about 13 days per trip, usually bringing in about 2 tons of shrimp on each trip. The highest shrimp catch ever made on one Single tow by a vessel is 330 pounds, Even when fishing is slow, the catch-per-tow is said to exceed 40 pounds. (Suisan Tsushin, Novem- ber 20, 1963.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 Hong Kong FOREIGN TRADE IN FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1961 AND 1962: Hong Kong’s foreign trade in fish and fishery products amounted to about US$19.5 million during 1962. During this period, imports increased by 10.2 percent and exports (ex- cluding reexports) by 90.1 percent over 1961. Communist China was the largest single provider of fish and fishery products imported into the Colony during that year, supply- ing 44.5 percent of total imports. Japan ranked second, sup- plying 17.0 percent, while Macao and the United States ranked third and fourth, providing 11.3 percent and 6.4 percent, re- spectively, of total imports. Hong Kong exported US$4 million worth of fish and fish- ery products during 1962, The United States was the best customer, buying 36.8 percent of the Colony’s total exports. Japan ranked second, taking 21.2 percent, while Malaya andthe United Kingdom were 3rd and 4th, at 8.9 percent and 8.3 per- cent, Hong Kong’s fish imports. from the United States during 1962 increased 31.5 percent over the $941,902 imported dur- ing the previous year while exports increased 146.4 percent over the $597,370 exported during 1961. Reexports also showed a 6,6 percent increase over the $24,609 figure for 1961. This increase in exports is probably due in part to the August 1961 rescission-of the 1959 United States For- eign Assets Control regulation banning the importation of Hong Kong frozen shrimp into the United States. (This ban was imposed when it became known that Chinese Commu- nist origin shrimp were being included in those exported to the United States; the Hong Kong Government subsequently undertook inspection and regulatory measures satisfactory to the United States.) The $606,487 worth of frozen shrimp sold to the United States during 1962, the first full year following the lifting of the prohibition, illustrates the im- portance of this product to the Colony’s fishing industry. Other types of fish and marine products also showed an increase in sales to the United States during 1962. The fol- lowing table lists a few which have registered sharp in- creases over 1961 figures, Hong Kong Exports of Selected Fishery Products to the United States, 1962 Percent 1) | 5 BEB, 159,159 | 96,086 80,913 | 18,327 142,187 | 56,912 148, 4 The bulk of increased fish imports from the United States during 1962 was in the form of abalone, During that year, the Colony imported $1,209,769 worth of abalone, a 69 percent increase over the amount imported in 1961. The biggest increase in the importation of this product was in the preserved but not canned category, which increased 146 times over the $408 worth imported in 1961. While salt-dried or smoked abalone was not imported into Hong Kong from the United States in 1961, $756.52 worth of this category was exported into the Colony in 1962. Imports of canned United States abalone during 1962 also increased by 37.7 percent over the $829,251.83 imported in 1961. Most of the abalone imported into Hong Kong is Mexican-caught and canned and relabeled in California for reshipment to the Colony. Still not all of the imported abalone is con- sumed in Hong Kong as a good portion of it is reexported to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, At present South Africa is the biggest competitor in Hong Kong Oysters, salt-dried or smoked, : Fish fry and aquarium. fish. IFresh water fish, canned, . 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Hong Kong (Contd.): to United States canned abalone. (United States Consulate, Hong Kong, November 19, 1963.) Iceland FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL SPECIES, JANUARY-MAY 1963: c January -May Ss Peat 1963 1962 . . » » (Metric Tons). ... (SoGl) 6 %646)'66'6.656"6 GS 0 aloud 176, 938 176,572 18,059 ee ee 2 oo te 8 oO Bains GG Goa dbo 0000 D203: 6,951 EinG wets Wedleheinenes oie altel (onl 3,676 5,081 olffish (catfish) .... +o 9,637 9,621 Cuskey men weiamemelrem ene sa\ems 4,517 3,907 Ocean perch. 2). 2% «= « = « 11,875 2,811 AIT G 5 oo dO old 9 000 406 569 Gwin o5ooobocoDD SG 96,050 84, 129 Mote) Gooogoog oo 00 O 349 349 Capelinit ete! (olentetolt=) een «ile 2 Other 0 o000 0000 1,906 WMotalieee-a-memcromelente 335,019 309,955 Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are drawn weight. ok Xk ok ok UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS, JANUARY-MAY 1963: How Utilized January -May eile omen (Metricel Ons) ewes Herring!/ for: Oilfandimieal See wes enemere 65,570 57,924 Ere CZINGereMemet -th el ict Neate Medhs 17, 388 13,586 Salting Miyewenceniehiehlsnemenrett 7,475 4, 832 Rreshyonvice) sacieuehe miele 5,617 US UEMS Canningiswelseltetelctemewellts = 69 Groundfish2/ for Freshjon ice =)... . O00 16,929 15,229 Freezing and filleting .. 97,271 92,175 SaltingGieremememeom-mees omens 59,025 74,504 Stockfish (dried unsalted) . . 56, 903 36,910 Canningpeenemediem eter ene) ie 35 = Home consumption ..... 5, 394 @ilvandimleall Wiew.u elle el eiaie 1, 143 apelin for: Ere ezing eum wel oi sueloito sie os + © 2 © 2 © Freezing Canning Fresh on ice Freezing Total production ..... 335,019 309, 955 |1/Whole fish. 2/Drawn fish. Vol. 26, No. 1 India FISHERIES EXPANSION AIDED BY COOLEY LOAN: A Cooley loan (funds derived from sale of surplus United States Agricultural commodi- ties) of Rs.2,365,000 (US$496,650) has been approved to a Ernakulam (State of Kerala) fisheries company, which has collaborated with a New York City fishery products mar- keting firm for expansion and improvement of shrimp, spiny lobster tails, processing facilities, and for seafood canning and freez- ing. The expansion projects include plant and equipment for increased processing and freez- ing, canning facilities, trawler fleet, work- shop and shipyard at Cochin, and trawlers, packaging, freezing, and storage plants at Bombay. Additional production from this proj- ect is estimated at 3.7 million pounds of dif- ferent varieties of shrimp (including export of 1.6 million pounds of shrimp, 100,000 pounds of spiny lobster tails, and 160,000 pounds of frog legs), and about 2,000 tons of fresh fish annually. (United States Embassy, New Delhi, November 1, 1963.) OK OK KK FISHERY LANDINGS IN 1962, AND FOREIGN TRADE, 1962/63: Landings of fish and shellfish by India's fishing industry in calendar year 1962 totaled 973,859 metric tons compared with 960,969 metric tons in 1961. Although there was a decline in the 1962 marine fish landings, there was an increase in inland fish catches. The decrease in marine fish catches was due primarily to the shortage of oil sardines and mackerel on the west coast of India. Kerala was the most important fish-producing state in India in 1962, accounting for about 30 per- cent of the total marine fish landings. Government efforts to develop India's fish- ery resources, improve the socio-economic status of the fishermen, and promote exports continued during 1962. The program for the mechanization of fishing craft continued but at a lower rate than planned because of the shortage of foreign exchange. Exports of Indian fish and fishery products in fiscal year 1962/63 (April 1-March 31) were valued at US$8.57 million, an increase of about 4.5 percent over 1961/62. The United States was the largest single importer of Indi- January 1964 India (Contd.): an fishery products and accounted for about 50 percent of the total value of India's fish exports. Frozen and canned shrimp exports in fiscal year 1962/63 were valued at $6.74 million or about 75 percent of the total value of all fishery exports. Imports of fish into India in fiscal year 1962/63 amounted to $12.93 million, an in- crease of about 60 percent over the past year. Almost the entire quantity was im- ported from Pakistan. (United States Embas- sy, New Delhi, November 1, 1963.) lran STATUS OF FISHING INDUSTRY, 1963: A Government agency, the Iranian Nation- al Fisheries Company (Shilat), is the only commercial fishing company known to be op- erating in Iran. The Shilat concentrates on catching and processing the famous caviar - bearing sturgeon of the Caspian Sea. The Southern Fisheries Corporation, which was formed in early 1963 to aid economic devel- opment in the south of Iran and to supply the country with fish, was reported to have sus- pended operations at least temporarily in the latter part of 1963. At present, Iran does not maintain any important commercial fish- ery inthe Persian Gulf. The annual catch by private Iranian fishermen operating in the Gulf is estimated at about 5,000 metric tons, part of which is soid to the cannery at Bandar Abbas. The Gulf landings are also used for animal food. A shrimp operation in the Gulf is being carried out by a Kuwait concern under a license obtained from the Shilat on September 24, 1962. The first year's catch of the Kuwait firm was estimated at 1,000 tons of shrimp, nearly all of which was ex- ported to the United States. A Pakistanfirm is also reported to be operating in the Gulf under an agreement with the Shilat. The Shilat is intended to play a significant role in the Caspian fishing industry. The Company has the authority to regulate the size of the nets used by all Iranian fishermen and to enforce fishing seasons. All private fishermen must obtain operating licenses from the Shilat. The company is responsible for marketing all fish caught in the Caspian Sea. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 In the fiscal year beginning August 1962, Iran produced about 210 tons of caviar and 1,700 tons of sturgeon meat. During that pe- riod, the Caspian Sea fishery also yielded about 700 tons of other fish species, most of which were marketed in Tehran. Fish is lit- tle known to the vast majority of the Iranian population. With the exception of the cannery at Bandar Abbas, the Shilat's facilities are concentrated in the northern section of Iran and consist of fishing stations along the Cas- pian Sea and a cold-storage warehouse and plant for smoking and salting fish at Bandar Pahlavi. The company has been reported to own 15 mechanized vessels and four 5-ton re- frigerated trucks. The annual capacity of the cannery at Ban- dar Abbas has been estimated at 5 million 5- ounce cans of tuna, sardines, or herring, but it is said to be producing only about 400,000 cans a year. The cannery has been described as modern in every respect, and an Iranian newspaper reported on August 8, 1963, that the cannery had contracted to supply a foreign company with one million cans of sardines. The potential of the Iranian fishing indus- try, particularly in the south, seems consid- erable. Fish could become important not on- ly as a consumer item in Iran, but as an ex- port product. The Irano-Soviet Agreement for Economic and Technical Cooperation, signed in mid-1963, may stimulate the Irani- an fishing industry. The Agreement is re- ported to contain the following fisheries proj- ects: (1) construction of a sturgeon hatchery with an annual capacity of 3.5 million young fish; (2) a Soviet study of fish resources in the Caspian Sea; and (3) the stocking of the Caspian with 10,000 fish of the white Amur species from the Amur River in East Asia. The sturgeon-breeding plant is intended to replace the loss of natural spawning grounds with the construction of the Sefid Rud Damin northern Iran. The white Amur fish are ex- pected to eat the weed growing in the Bandar Pahlavi marshes which consumes the water's oxygen. The Amur fish are also expected to increase the supply of edible fish in the Cas- pian Sea. In addition, the Soviet Union is re- ported to have agreed to train an unspecified number of Iranians in fishery technology at Soviet schools and processing plants, (United States Embassy, Tehran, November 5, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1963 p. 52, July 1963 p. 79, June 1963 p. 73, September 1962 p. 80. P| 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Jamaica MARKET FOR CANNED SARDINES: In Jamaica, canned sardines are very popular consumer items stocked by almost every grocery and supermarket on the Island. Canned sardines entering Jamaica are dutiable at 5 percent ad valorem from preferential (British Common- wealth) sources and 15 percent from other sources, but they are not subject to exchange restrictions or other limitations. In 1962, Jamaica imported 6,417,304 pounds of canned sar- dines with a c.i.f. value of £623,415 (US$1,745,562), Canada was the leading supplier of canned sardines in oil, followed by Venezuela and the United States. Canada was also the leading supplier of canned sardines not in oil, followed by the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, Import prices and wholesale prices in Jamaica for popu- lar packs of imported sardines are given below: Case Size and Type Wholesale Price C.I1.F. Price without key, packed in US$/Case C$/Cs.| US$/Cs, vegetable oil 7,56 7,25 6.71 48/7-oz. (oval cans), without key, packed in| tomato sauce 6.72 6.10 24/13-0z. (oval cans), without key, packed in tomato sauce...... 100/3-1/4-oz, (flats), Commercial circles have stated that, as regards canned sardines in oil, consumers show a preference for Canadian 3-1/4-o0z, cans packed in vegetable oil, which has a low re- tail price of 9 cents per can, The same 3-1/4-oz, cans of sardines packed in other types of oil retail for almost 45 percent more than those packed in vegetable oil. (United States Embassy, Kingston, November 7, 1963.) Japan EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN OIL, APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1962 AND 1963: Data compiled by the Japan Canned Tuna Producers Association indicate that canned tuna in oil approved for export by that Asso- ciation for the period April-September 1963 totaled 1,041,904 actual cases, as compared Table 1 - Japanese Canned Tuna in Oil Exports by Country of Destination, April-September 1962 and 1963 Country of April-September Destination - - e - (Actual Cases}. ... 321, 150 162, 856 157, 643 135,554 Rokuinae 100,571 28, 850 61, 680 38, 305 59, 133 42,092 57, 205 40, 113 50, 237 15, 664 43,043 11,764 31,959 13,074 27,923 7, 287 131, 360 59, 372 Vol. 26, No. 1 Table 2 - Japanese Canned Tuna in Oil Exports by Species, April-September 1962 and 1963 April-September 1963 1962 - e e -(Actual Cases)... © 368, 671 138, 627 170,451 154, 378 Species to 554,931 cases for the same 6-month period in 1962. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, November 19, 1963.) sk ok ok ook ok EXPORT QUOTA FOR CANNED TUNA IN BRINE TO UNITED STATES: The Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso- ciation, at a meeting held on November 4, 1963, announced the establishment of an ex- port quota of 2.5 million cases of cannedtuna in brine for export to the United States for the business year beginning December 1, 1963, and ending November 30, 1964. This represents an increase of 200,000 cases over the export quota for the previous business year. As in the past, the new quota will be allocated to Japanese exporters on the basis of their past performance records. (Suisan- cho Nippo, November 15, 1963.) mK OK OK Ok Ok FROZEN TUNA EXPORT PRICES STRENGTHEN: Data compiled by the Japan Frozen Tuna Sales Company indicate that f.o.b. export prices for frozen tuna and tuna loins contracted for shipment to the United States from Ja- pan proper have recovered remarkably since July 1963, when prices were at their lowest level. In October, alba- core (frozen, round) prices averaged US$347 per short ton, compared to $285 in July, while yellowfin (gilled & gutted, 20-100 lbs.) averaged $309 per short ton, as compared to an average of $250 in July. (Suisan Tsushin, November 6 & 7, 1963.) [ Table 1 - Average Export Prices for Frozen Tuna Shipped to United States Direct from Japan, April-October 1963, with Comparisons Albacore 1/| Yellowfin 2/ 1963 | 196211963 | 1962 (US$ F.O.B. Per Short Ton) IAD EGA eosin usual ey si ices 365 | 337 | 348 Mayers a (at ne onto 380 | 379 | 325 | 346 3/ | 384 | 252 | 359 Asche ...{ 285 | 379 | 250 | 347 EPA U DN aeoenh gh aria 305 | 372 | 262 | 340 O/0n0s.0 Gc 010,0.650 0-9 374 | 279 327 elfelisilefisielts 358 | 309 308 1/Round. 2/Gilled & gutted, 20-100 lbs. 3/No albacore contracted for export. January 1964 Japan (Contd.): Table 2 - Average Prices for Tuna Loins Shipped to United States Direct from Japan, April -October 1963, with Comparisons Albacore Yellowfin 1963 | 1962] 1963 1962 (US$ F.O.B. Per Short Ton) Ce ee eee ee oe oe oe oe ee FROZEN TUNA EXPORT MARKET TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1963: Japanese press reports in early Novem- ber 1963 indicated that albacore exports to the United States continued to be very slow, and that very few sales had been concluded with United States packers. The United States poor demand for Japanese albacore was attributed primarily to the very good al- bacore catches by United States fishermen. The price of Japanese frozen albacore for export to the United States in early Novem- ber was reported to be about US$390-400 per short ton (c. &f.)., Albacore ex-vessel prices in Japan were quoted at a high of a- round 140 yen per kilogram ($353 per short ton). Since Japanese tuna packers were ex- pected to switch to tangerine canning, indica- tions were that the November export price level of $400 might decline in the following 2 or 3 months. Yellowfin tuna were being exported to the United States in limited quantities atc. & f, prices of $360-370 per short ton. The United States packers were said to be offering to buy Japanese yellowfin tuna because of poor yel- lowfin landings in the United States and also because they expected a recovery of canned light meat tuna sales in the domestic market. The price of yellowfin tuna for export to European countries was reported to be ad- vancing. In Italy, where buying was said to be very active, yellowfin (gilled & gutted) were reported being sold at a record high c.i.f. price of $410 per metric ton. The high price offered for yellowfin tuna was attributed to inadequate supply. Yellow- fin are said to comprise only 20-30 percent of the total Japanese Atlantic tuna landings. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Bluefin, followed by big-eyed, are the princi- pal species being landed by the Japanese long- line vessels but those two species are not popular in Italy. Italy continues to refuse to accept pure shipments of big-eyed. For mixed deliveries of yellowfin and big-eyed, Italy of- fered a c.i.f. price of $340 per metric ton, provided shipments did not contain more than 40 percent big-eyed. Czechoslovakia, asteady buyer of big-eyed, was said to be offering c.i.f. prices of $325-330 per metric ton, and was reported to be likely to continue importing that species of tuna. (Suisancho Nippo, No- vember 11; Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Novem- ber 10, 1963.) *K OK OK 2K Ok FISHERY FIRM APPLIES TO OPERATE TUNA MOTHERSHIP IN ATLANTIC OCEAN: One of the largest Japanese fishing com- panies is reported to have submitted a peti- tion to the Japanese Fisheries Agency re- questing that the Government authorize moth- ership-type tuna vessel operations in the At- lantic Ocean. The Agency planned to an- nounce its decision regarding this request after the Central Fisheries Coordination Council meeting in December 1963, at which time licensing requirements for tuna mother- ship-type operations were expected to be dis- cussed. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, Novem- ber 8, 1963.) ok ok kk SHORE FACILITIES IMPROVED AT MALAYSIAN TUNA FISHING BASE: A Japanese overseas fishing company and the Japan Federation of Tuna Fishermen's Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN), which are involved in the operation of the Japanese tuna base at Penang, Malaysia, have been making concerted efforts since in early 1963 to improve shore facilities and to at- tract tuna vessels (ice boats) to fish out of their base. The overseas fishing company has enlarged the existing inadequate cold- storage facilities, and the expanded facilities now include a 1,200-ton capacity cold-storage plant and a 40-ton quick-freezing plant. The company has also established an advance base at Port Luis, Mauritius Island, east of Mala- gasy, near the principal albacore fishing grounds in the western Indian Ocean. Now catches made in the western Indian Ocean can be unloaded at that port for transshipment to Penang. 56 Japan (Contd.): NIKKATSUREN, which financially support- ed the cold-storage expansion project at Pe- nang, is launching a nationwide drive to so- licit Association members to participate in the Penang fishing operation. The Federa- tion has also made arrangements with the Agriculture and Forestry Central Bank Gov- ernment-operated) for advancement of loans to cover predeparture expenses and refriger- ation equipment installation expenses for par ticipating vessels. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, October 27; Suisan Shuho, October 15, 1963.) The Penang base has a 6,000-ton fresh tuna quota and a 4,000-ton frozen tuna quota. Although the base originally started opera- tions in 1960 as a joint (Japanese-Malaysian) canning enterprise, it has, in the last year or so, begun concentrating its effort on pro- moting and expanding frozen tuna transship- ments to the United States. Heretofore, the base has not been able to fulfill its freshtuna quota due to its failure to attract sufficient ice boats. Ice-boat operators were reluctant to fish out of Penang due to the lack of ade- quate shore cold-storage facilities at that port and its great distance from the better fishing grounds in the western Indian Ocean. The concerted effort made to improve re- ceiving and holding facilities for fresh fish is intended to overcome apathy of ice-boat operators to fish out of their base. KK KOK OK TUNA VESSELS BASED AT AMERICAN SAMOA IN DIFFICULTY: Virtually all Japanese tuna vessels (ice boats) based at American Samoa are re- ported to be operating at a loss due toa drastic decline in catch rate in nearby wa- ters since early 1963. It was reported that many of those vessels are terminating their operations out of Samoa and are returning to Japan. Consequently, Japanese tuna deliver- ies to Samoa were expected to fall far short of the Japanese export quota established for that island, and it was reported that the tuna supply shortage already appeared to be threatening United States Samoan canning operations. Overseas-based Japanese ice boat opera- tors are said to be restudying their opera- tions in an effort to seek a solution to the critical problem confronting them. They are said to be seeking Government authorization COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 1 to equip their vessels with freezing equipment, as well as planning to transfer their fishing operations to the Indian Ocean or the Carib- bean Sea. (Suisan Tsushin, October 31, 1963.) KOK OK OK OK TUNA FEDERATION HOPES TO CONTINUE REFUELING VESSELS AT SEA: The Japan Federation of Tuna Fishermen's Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN) is reported to favor the continuance of the pro- gram it instituted on an experimental basisin October 1963 of refueling tuna vessels at sea. To eliminate loss of fishing time to its mem- ber vessels, the Federation had chartered the 1,500-ton tanker Shimmei Maru to refuel vessels in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. The experiment has been criticized by the fishermen!'s unions, which claim that the ex- tension of fishing trips creates undue hard- ships on crew members. The Japanese Min- istry of Transportation is studying this mat- ter and is said not to be in favor of the con- tinuance of refueling vessels at sea unless other provisions, like food and fresh water, can be furnished at the same time. (Suisan Tsushin, November 20, 1963, and other sources.) KOK OK OK OK VIEWS ON PROPOSALS ADVANCED AT FAO-SPONSORED MEETING ON CONSERVATION OF ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA: The following editorial on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) sponsored meeting on Atlantic tuna conservation (held at Rome, October 25-30, 1963) appeared in the Japanese fisheries periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, dated November 22, 1963. The translation of the editorial follows: ''A working party organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization to develop con- servation measures for the Atlantic Ocean tuna resources recently held its first meet- ing in Rome. At that meeting, the United States delegation is reported to have strong- ly criticized Japan's increasing fishing inten- sity in the Atlantic Ocean and stressed the need for establishing a regulatory agency, similar to the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, to regulate the Atlantic Ocean tuna fishery. To this, the Japanese delega- January 1964 Japan (Contd.): tion is said to have argued that all concerned countries should, first of all, carry out a thorough investigation of resources on a co- operative basis. Apparently, the meeting adjourned without agreement being reached. "With regard to the regulatory agency, the United States delegation proposed that the expenses for the operation of the agency be shared by member countries in propor- tion to the quantity of tuna landed by each country. It is understood that a total of US$1 million would be needed to operate that or- ganization. The annual tuna harvest in the Atlantic Ocean amounts to approximately 150,000 tons, of which Japan accounts for 80,000 tons, France 40,000 tons, and Spain and Portugal 10,000-15,000 tons each. If the expenses were to be shared solely on the basis of catch, Japan's share would exceed $500,000, which would be financially difficult for her to meet. "Perhaps the Atlantic Ocean tuna re- sources will eventually be placed under inter- national management, although, at the present time, the status of those resources is still not well known and tuna catch reports avail- able from the fishing countries are inade- quate. The United States, in advocating the need for a regulatory agency, claimed that the an- nual Atlantic Ocean tuna production had in- creased to about 200,000 tons and attributed the increase to the intensification of Japanese longline fishing effort, adding that the decline in yellowfin tuna has led Japan to pursue al- bacore and big-eyed tuna. Moreover, the United States asserted that yellowfin and big- eyed tuna taken in the Atlantic Ocean belong to a common stock, which the coastal nations also fish, and intimated that the present in- tensity of Japanese fishing effort would wipe out the tuna resources in the Atlantic. How- ever, the United States arguments, based solely on her data related to fishery trends, would be meaningless or merely academic unless other countries similarly submit catch statistics compiled under standardized pro- cedures or present data compiled through co- operative investigations. "Tt may perhaps be necessary to estab- lish an agency to regulate the tuna fishery. However, it must be preceded by cooperative investigations and compilation of catch re- ports by which to establish the need for reg- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 ulation. That was the reason for organizing the FAO working party. In other words, that party was formed not only to consider catch restrictions but to develop conservation meas - ures for tuna and to promote their rational utilization. At present, there are no concrete data by which to definitely establish the need for regulation. "The United States maintains that 'unless regulatory measures are developed, the tuna resource will be destroyed.’ Japan is a coun- try dependent on fishing and cannot afford to destroy that resource. The United States as- sertion can only be construed to indicate a lack of respect for the Japanese fishing indus - .' (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, November 22, Ok OK OK OK EXPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES, MACKEREL, AND SAURY, APRIL-OCTOBER 1963: Data compiled by the Japanese joint sales company handling the sales of canned sar- dines, mackerel, and saury indicate that a to- tal of 996,000 cases of canned sardines, mack- erel, and saury were contracted for export Japanese Export Sales of Canned Sardines, Mackerel, and Saury, April-October 1962 and 1963 April-October Country of Destination during the period April-October 1963. This is more than double the comparable 1962 ex- ports which totaled 488,000 cases, (Suisan Tsushin, November 16, 1963.) KK OK OK OK SAURY LANDINGS DOWN SHARPLY IN 1963: The 1963 saury fishing season in Japan was reported in early November 1963 as be- ing very poor, with landings down substantial- ly from 1962, Saury production for the peri- od April 1-November 10, 1963, totaled 232,713 metric tons, a decrease of 42 percent or 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): 166,728 metric tons below the landings of 399,441 tons made in a comparable period of 1962. Saury catches in the Okhotsk Sea were good, exceeding comparable 1962 land- ings by nearly 30 percent, but catches off eastern Hokkaido and Honshu (Japanese main island) were down 40-60 percent. Despite the decline in total production, Japanese saury fishermen were reported to have op- erated profitably in 1963, due to substantial increases in ex-vessel prices as compared to 1962. Due to poor fishing conditions, Japanese canned saury production in 1963 was expect- ed to decline to an uprecedented low--to a- bout one-twelfth of the 1962 production. Can- ned saury production as of November 10, 1963, amounted to only 200,000 cases. This compares with a total pack of 2.5 million cases in 1962, 3.4 million cases in 1961, and 1.7 million cases in 1960. Japanese exporters, following a November 20 meeting, were planning to export to Egypt only about 40,000 cases of canned saury due to the short supply. They hoped to increase saury exports to that country if additional supplies became available. (Suisan Tsushin, November 16 & 20; Minato Shimbun, Novem- ber 14, 1963.) FISH EXPORTERS AFFECTED BY DUTY IMPOSED BY GHANA: According to information received in Ja- pan from Japanese exporting firms in Ghana, the Government of Ghana issued an ordinance on October 21, 1963, placing an import duty (where there previously was none) of six pence (6.96 U. S. cents) a pound, or about US$139 a short ton, on fresh and frozen fish- ery products. At least two Japanese firms will suffer from the effects of the ordinance. Fishery exports to Ghana of one of the Japanese firms are reported to average about 1,000 metric tons a month. Average prices paid for those exports range from $180-230 per metric ton. On the basis of those figures, assessment of the six pence per pound import duty will raise that company's export prices by 60-77 percent. Vol. 26, No: 1 This firm was expected to send a repre- sentative to Ghana to report on the situation. (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, October 31, 1963.) se se se ole ook K oK OK 3k GOVERNMENT ALLOTS FUNDS FOR FISH MEAL IMPORTS: The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has approved a foreign fund allocation of US$9.1 million for the purchase of 70,000 metric tons of foreign fish meal. Japanese importers planning to import fish meal must submit applications for foreign fund allocations to MITI by March 10, 1964. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, October AE), LOGS) Se e030 0a) ote ots HS BPs) eRe! a ES FROZEN SHRIMP TRADERS CONCERNED OVER HIGH INVENTORY: Japanese shrimp importers and distribu- tors were reported to be alarmed over possi- ble price disruptions occurring in the Japa- nese domestic shrimp market due to heavy frozen shrimp inventories, estimated at over 2,000 tons at the end of October 1963. They expected to be compelled to sell at a loss their stocks of shrimp, much of which they imported at high prices, since the Japanese Taisho’ shrimp season would commence soon after the end of October, and also since new shipments of Mexican shrimp were scheduled to arrive in Japan in mid-Novem- ber. In addition, there was the possibility that shrimp from Mainland China might be imported if satisfactory price agreements could be reached with that country. Market prices for frozen shrimp in Japan toward the end of the year and in the early part of the following year are largely deter - mined by the amount of ''Taisho'' shrimp pro- duction in Japan and the quantity of imports. At the end of October, 21-25 count brown shrimp were being traded in Japan for around 2,100 yen (US$5.83) per 5-lb. carton. Mexi- can shrimp exporters were said to be offer- ing (for mid-November delivery in Japan) 21- 25 count brown shrimp (5-lb. carton for 1,800- 1,900 yen (US$5-5.28). Consumption of frozen shrimp in Japan is estimated by one trading firm at 500-600 metric tons per month. (Minato Shimbun, October 30, 1963.) January 1964 Japan (Contd.): NEW FIRM PLANS TRAWLING AND FISH-MEAL OPERATIONS IN ATLANTIC: A Japanese fishing company, which was organized in early 1963 with a paid-up capi- tal of 15 million yen (US$41,667), and which voted to increase its paid-up capital to 30 million yen (US$83,333), is reported to be seeking Government authorization to operate two trawlers (one 990-ton and another 500- ton) in the Atlantic Ocean. Should approval be granted, the company plans to increase further its paid-up capital by 3 or 4 times. The Japanese firm is also reported to be negotiating with Angolan authorities the re- establishment of a fish-meal venture off An- gola. (Suisan Tsushin, November 6, 1963.) Beginning in the winter 1961/62, another Japanese firm operated the fish-meal factory- ship Renshin Maru (14,094 gross tons) for two seasons off Angola under a year-to-year arrangement whereby Angolan fishermen de- livered their catch to the factoryship for processing into fish meal. However, this firm decided to terminate that arrangement in 1963 rather than enter into a permanent partnership and form a joint company in An- gola, as requested by Angolan authorities. COMMERCIAL QUALITY PEARLS PRODUCED FROM FRESH-WATER MUSSELS: A pioneer in Japan's fresh-water pearl culture industry has succeeded in raising pearls commercially in the fresh-water mus- sel (Anodonta japonica). The pioneer, whois chairman of the Lake Biwa Pearl Culture As- sociation, carried out his experiments on the black crow mussels at Tauchiura on the large freshwater Kasumigaura Lagoon northeast of Tokyo. Starting in the spring of 1963, he has already harvested cultured pearls 5 milli- meters (about 2 inch) in diameter and ex- pects specimens 3 times as large in 3 years. He says that experiments with another type of shellfish found in the same lagoon are prom- ising. His previous work at Lake Biwa produced large quantities of coreless pearls without nuclei, although only 2 percent were market~- able. Raising black crow mussel pearls is much more complex and employs use of a core or nucleus. He anticipates that about COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 8 percent of this pearl harvest will be mar- ketable for jewelry. He has made arrange- ments for 4 million live mussels which should yield 7,260 pounds of pearls. Si ieleuis 3! Sense tei seuase LONG-RANGE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PLANNED: The Japanese Fisheries Agency Director at a press conference held on October 28, 1963, revealed that the Agency plans to draw up a blueprint for a broad, long-range. fisher- ies management program covering roughly a 5-year period, beginning from 1967. The long-range program is to be prepared for public release by 1967, when all fishing ves- sel licenses become renewable. It will show the number and size of fishing vessels to be licensed for each of the designated fisheries, and is expected to take into full consideration the condition of fishery resources, fishing ef- fort, technological developments, internation- al trends, and supply and demand relation- ships. According to the Director, the purpose of the program is not to define the requirements for each designated fishery but to develop from an over-all viewpoint a coordinated man- agement program for the Japanese coastal, offshore, and distant-water fisheries, which are intimately related to each other. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, October 29, 1963.) PRODUCTION TARGETS AND COMPOSITION OF 1963/64 ANTARCTIC WHALING FLEETS: Seven Japanese whaling fleets were sched- uled to depart Japan in early November to take part in the 1963/64 international Antarc- Table 1 - Japanese 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Expedition's Production Target Whaling Fleet Blue-Whale Units 766.66 766.66 111.83 1, 645.10 710.73 710.70 1,421.43 766.66 766.66 1, 533.32 4,599.90 isshin Maru. . INisshin Maru No. 2... (Nisshin Maru No. 31/ ....... 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): [ Table 2 - Composition of Japan's 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Fleets Support Vessels Freezer Supply Factoryship!/ | Vessels | Tankers | Vessels Mothership Nisshin Maru .. Nisshin Maru No. Nisshin Maru No. Zunan Maru Zunan Maru No. Kyokuyo Maru Re 2 Kyokuyo Maru No. 3 1/Includes 5 motherships employed in the 1963 salmon fishery, 5 of the larger factoryships employed in the 1963 Bering Sea bottomfish fishery, and 5 other factoryships, some of which were employed formerly in the salmon mothership and tuna mothership fisheries. Ma josina+ tic whaling season which began on December 12, 1963. The production targets and the composition of the seven fleets are found in the tables. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Septem- ber 29, 1963, and Suisan Shuho, September 1S, 18s.) ANTARCTIC WHALING FLEETS LOOK FOR BETTER OIL MARKET IN 1964: The success of Japan's 1963/64 interna- tional Antarctic whaling expeditions is ex- pected to depend primarily upon the world market for whale oil in 1964. Of the antici- pated production, Japan hopes to export 123,000 metric tons of whale oil (Editor's Note: Believed to include liver oil since to- tal Japanese whale oil--not including liver Table 1 - Baleen Whale Production Target of Japan's 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Expedition Vol. 26, No. il oil--production target amounts to 98,751 tons), valued at an estimated US$22. 9 million, based on October 1963 world market price trends. In 1963, Japan exported 95,200 tons of oil valued at over $13 million. Whale oil prices rose sharply in 1963 and this development has buoyed the hopes of the large Japanese whaling companies which hope to operate their fleets at a profit during the coming season, despite the reduction in the international Antarctic whale catch quota. The Japanese fleets which participated in the 17th Expedition (1962/63) are reported to have lost, on an average, from 200- to 300-million yen (US$556,000-$833,000) due to a drastic decline in the world price for whale oil, and also to the decline in price of whale meat. The 1963 rise in whale oil price is attri- buted to the decline in production of Peruvi- an fish oil and of European vegetable oil. As of October, the whale oil market was de- scribed as having definitely turned into a sellers' market. Reportedly, in July 1963 Japan sold, from the production of last sea- son's North Pacific whaling operations, 5,000 metric tons of baleen whale oil to an inde- pendent European fat- and oil-processing firm for ac.i.f. price of US$218 per metric ton. This represents a price increase of more than 70 percent over that paid in 1962 forthe North Pacific production, which brought $126 per metric ton. The $218 price also repre- sents an increase of over 35 percent over the average price ($176 per metric ton) which a large British processor paid for Japan's Fleet Catch Quotal/ Blue=WhaleWnitsiy)|(easeueteeeele INisshin Maru ....2.. 761 INisshin Maru No.2 ... 761 INisshin Maru No. 32/..., 111 Ziinane Viarieemen tet tiie ve 706 Zunan Maru No.2 .... 706 761 761 4,567 1/Japan's catch quota is 4,600 blue-whale units, 2/Will fish primarily for sperm whale. -— Table 2 - Sperm Whale Production Target of Japan's 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Expedition Catch Target No. Whales INisshin MER ING By 'O-G.0 160. 0.6.0 500.6 2,100 linanyMaruMyeye em etek en eloNeh elretementonte 200 per Ment INOS B86 G00 010.000 O°0 ° 200 an aN lana eo ee eatebre NO ow |wno NN |WwWwW |wWwwN Ww WwW er) ee beereer ome fhe, coN PhD Naw wow Ne Onn ow _ ° wo io) le a e ° wo oO ° w Nu ° °o ANA le 8 noo nO eee Arw Nu ° a NNN °° OnN PPO oo e oN 0 NNN se ure Note: See table 1 for explanation of source data. In terms of mean days fished by active vessels, the vessels in the 60- to 69-gross-ton class were consistently higher than the vessels in the other size classes. The seasonal pat- tern was less well defined by this measure of vessel utilization, although for the smaller ves- sel size classes it was still well defined. Seasonality was well pronounced in terms of mean 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 landings per day fished for all vessel size categories, but the advantage of vessel size was less apparent. Mean landings per fishing trip and mean days fished per trip by vessel size class clear- ly indicated differences associated with vessel size. The fishing trips of the larger vessels were longer and landings were greater. The vessels in the 60- to 69-gross ton class caught more shrimp per trip and made longer trips than the vessels in the other size classes. Fur- ther investigation revealed that the vessels in this size class were those which ranged the greatest distance over the Gulf of Mexico fishing the Campeche-Obregon area in the winter and spring, moving off the Texas coast in the summer and early fall, and then returning to Campeche. SHRIMP RECIPES SHRIMP DE JONGHE SHRIMP MACARONI SALAD 4 cans (45 or S ounces each) 1 teaspoon crushed garlic shrimp 3 cup toasted dry bread crumbs + cup chopped green onions 3 cans (45 or 5 ounces each) shrimp 2 cups cooked shell macaroni 1 cup chopped raw cauliflower 1 cup sliced celery + cup chopped parsley 3 tablespoons garlic French dressing 1 tablespoon lemon juice 1 teaspoon grated onion 1 teaspoon celery seed 1 teaspoon salt teaspoon nutmeg 4 teaspoon salt Dash pepper + cup butter or margarine, melted and tops + cup chopped parsl 4 chpicio ppe ci palsy) A ss i cup chopped sweet pickle or 3 teaspoon crushed tarragon 7 DET drained pickle relish 3 Cup mayonnaise or salad dressing t teaspoon pepper Salad greens 1 hard-cooked egg, Drain shrimp. Cover shrimp with ice sliced water and let stand for 5 minutes; drain. Combine crumbs, onion, parsley, and season- Drain shrimp. Cover shrimp with ice ings. Add butter and sherry; mix thoroughly. Combine crumb mixture and shrimp; toss lightly. Place in a well-greased, shallow 1- quart casserole. Bakein ahot oven, 400° F., for 15 to 20 minutes or until lightly browned. Serves 6. SHRIMP CHOWDER 3 cans (44 or 5 ounces each) shrimp 1 cup diced potatoes 4 teaspoon salt Dash pepper 2 cups milk Chopped parsley re cup chopped onion 2 tablespoons melted fat or oil 1 cup boiling water Drain shrimp and rinse with cold water. Cut large shrimp in half. Cook onion in fat ntiltender. Add boiling water, potatoes, and Seasonings. Cover and cook for 15 minutes or until potatoes are tender. Add milk and shrimp; heat. Garnish with parsley. Serves 6. water and let stand for 5 minutes; drain. Cut large shrimp in half. Combine macaroni, cauliflower, celery, parsley, pickle, and shrimp. Combine mayonnaise, French dress - ing, lemon juice, onion, and seasonings; mix thoroughly. Add mayonnaise mixture to shrimp mixture and toss lightly; chill. Serve on salad greens. Garnish with egg slices. Serves 6. PATIO SHRIMP PLATE Lettuce Patio Shrimp Sauce 3 cans (44 or 5 ounces each) shrimp 1 large cucumber, sliced Drain shrimp. Cover shrimp with ice water and let stand for 5 minutes; drain. Ar- range Shrimp and cucumber slices on lettuce. Serve with Patio Shrimp Sauce. Serves 6. PATIO SHRIMP SAUCE 1 cup sour cream 1 tablespoon horseradish 1 tablespoon grated onion + teaspoon paprika 3 teaspoon salt Combine all ingredients and blend well. February 1964 Alaska MAJOR CHANGES IN COMMERCIAL FISHING REGULATIONS FOR 1964: Major changes in Alaska's commercial fisheries regulations for 1964, which were adopted by the Board of Fish and Game at Ketchikanin December 1963, were as follows: The definition of long-line gear was amend- ed to include the type which can be used for fishing salmon, This change coupled with an amendment to the International Water Area section prohibits United States nationals tak- ing salmon by both net or long-line gear in International Waters. This action is being taken by all Pacific Coast States as well as (Canada to prevent the possibility of such a high-seas fishery becoming established. Under the General Provisions section, ap- plicable to all Alaska waters or designated areas, the use of mechanical clam diggers is permitted in the Kodiak, Chignik, Alaska Pen- insula, and Aleutian Islands areas, A further amendment to this section pro- hibits aliems not lawfully admitted to the Unit- ed States from engaging in fishing activities in waters of the State of Alaska, Under the International Waters section, the species and covered waters was broadened to include tanner and dungeness crab besides king crab, and the area was increased to in- clude any waters seaward of that officially designated as the territorial waters of Alaska to a depth of 200 meters, or beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of these crabs. This action, expanding the covered International Waters from only those seaward of Cook Inlet and Kodiak, was taken by the Board to assert and demonstrate Alaska's interest in the con- servation of the resources of the continental shelf as outlined in the 1958 Geneva Confer - ence on the Law of the Sea, Regulations pro- mulgated by the Board for these species in Cook Inlet and Kodiak will apply in the Inter- AND = OPMENTS £24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 Sea national Waters previously described in the regulations for these areas. Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Area: Subdis- trict No. 3 of the Yukon River, which is lo- cated from Owl Slough near Marshall up- stream to the mouth of the Koyukuk River, will be open to commercial fishing 6:00 p.m, Monday to 6:00 p.m. Friday, four daysa week, until the quota of 3,000 king salmon is taken. Commercial fishermen fishing this subdis- trict! cannot transfer and fish in subdistricts No, 1 and No, 2 ata later date, Commercial fishing for king salmon in subdistrict No. 1 of the/|Kuskokwim River is open two days a week, 6:00 p.m. Monday to 6:00 p.m, Tuesday and from 6:00 p.m, Friday to 6:00 p.m. Saturday. It was the Board's de- cision that the king salmon run in this subdis- trict should be managed by a weekly fishing period which can be adjusted according to the abundance of fish, rather than on a quotaba- sis. Also, commercial fishing in subdistrict No, 1 of the Kuskokwim River will be allowed four days a week after August 1, Those persons licensed to fish commer- cially in Norton Sound, with the exception of subdistrict No, 1, and the Kotzebue district, shall not be allowed to subsistence fish for six hours before each commercial fishing period, The intent of this regulation is to limit the \illegal selling of fish, reduce fish wastage, and still allow commercial fisher- men to take sufficient quantities of salmon for subsistence, A permit will be required for all subsist- ence fishermen fishing in the Tanana drainage above the mouth of the Wood River and in the Pilgrim River drainage near Nome on the Seward Peninsula. Permitsare free and may be obtained from the local Department of Fish and Game office prior to fishing. Bristol Bay Area: The outer Naknek- Kvichak boundary was extended approximately five miles at the west end to Tank Creek, 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW The Egegik outer boundary was enlarged to a rectangular area projecting three miles offshore from Big Creek, due south approxi- mately eight and one-half miles, and then due east three miles to a shore marker at Aba- lama Creek. The Egegik inner boundary was enlarged slightly to just below Egg Island, The inner boundary line of the Ugashik dis- trict was adjusted slightly to a straight line across the Ugashik River 500 yards below the terminus of King Salmon River. A new regulation was adopted which re- quires each fisherman to indicate at the time of initial registration whether he is operating as an independent or a company, Other slight changes were made in the dates to allow for calendar changes in 1964, Alaska Peninsula Area: The Herendeen- Moller Bay section will open to fishing with set nets, drift nets, hand purse seines, and purse seines from May 4 through July 17. Closures were placed on the heads of the bays to give the milling areas protection. All other changes concerned closed areas. Sandy and Bear Rivers will be closed 2,000 yards off the mouths during the peak of the runs, after which they will be reduced to 500 yards, Warmsprings Bay will be closed 1 mile from the mouth of the main stream. The closure at Thin Point Coveand Lagoon was extended to encompass the entire cove. The closure at the head of Cold Bay was en- larged, Also adopted was an extension of the clo- sure at San Diego Bay to 1 mile after July 18, and the upper end of Stepovak Bay, from Dent Point to Kupreanof Point, will close after July 15, A razor clam season was opened with hy- draulic dredges, forks, and shovels as legal gear. No changes were made in the Aleutian Is- lands Area, Chignik Area: Opening and closing dates for the Eastern district were adopted for tak- ing salmon as follows: June 8 through Au- Vol. 26, No. 2 gust 14 and from August 31 through Septem - ber 25. This district formerly was opened and closed by field announcement, Use of a hydraulic clam digger is now le- gal and a season for razor clams was estab- lished, January 1 to July 15 and September 15 to December 31. Hardshell clams may be taken from January 1 to December 31. Kodiak Area: The Moser-Olga Bay and Alitak Bay sections of the Alitak district will open on July 13 and close on August 14, The weekly fishing period during this time will be seven days. The Inner Karluk and Uyak sections of the Karluk district will have a mid-season clo- sure from July 3 to July 13, The weekly fish- ing periods will be seven days to July 3, five days from July 13 to August 7, three days from August 10 to August 21, and seven days from August 24 to September 25, The Uganik and Afognak sections of the Karluk district will be closed from July 3 to July 13 with a seven day weekly fishing period, The Red River, Sturgeon River, Uyak Bay, Uganik, Afognak, General and Mainland dis- tricts will have a five day weekly fishing peri- od from June 1 to July 17, and a seven day weekly fishing period from July 20 to Septem- ber 25, The inshore end of all set nets must be at- tached to the shore above mean low water in 1964, The Deadman Bay, East Arm (Mush Bay), Sharatin Bay, and Seal Bay closures were en- larged, Legal gear for taking razor clams will in- clude hydraulic mechanical diggers. Cook Inlet-Resurrection Bay Area: Regu- latory changes enacted by the Board of Fish and Game for the Cook Inlet-Resurrection Bay Area for 1964 include closing the king salmon season to commercial fishing. Pro- vision was made that king salmon caught ac- cidentally while fishing for other species may be used for subsistence and welfare purposes only. Along with this major conservation move, the Board set June 25 as opening date for other species of salmon in the Northern, North Central, and South Central districts, Opening date for these districts last year was February 1964 June 6; most of the Inlet's king salmon catch in recent years has been taken prior to June 25, In another move aimed at helping to re-build depleted king salmon runs in the Inlet, the Board established a maximum mesh size of six inches for all gill nets in the Inlet. Other action by the Board on Cook Inlet- Resurrection Bay regulations includes re- defining the Southern and Kamishak Bay dis- tricts to allow a larger area for unlimited pot fishing by king crab fishermen, and a southern boundary at the latitude of Cape Douglas was established for both the Outer and Eastern districts. June 8 was set as opening date for the Southern district, and allopening and clos- ing times for salmon fishing were changed to 9:00 a.m, A seven day week fishing period was established for the Kamishak Bay district, Gill nets were made illegal in the eastern dis- trict, except for subsistence fishing, and all set nets are now to be restricted to 45 meshes in depth. The east shore of Port Graham was closed to fishing by set nets, and three traditionally fished set net areas near Harriet Point were opened to set nets, New subsistence fishing regulations in- clude a mandatory permit for salmon and freshwater species (except that no trout, gray- ling, or char may be taken for subsistence in fresh water), and a report is required of all subsistence fish taken. A limit of 50 salmon was set for subsistence fishermen, and no subsistence fishing will be allowed in areas closed to commercial fishing for salmon ex- cept for the northwest shore of Knik Arm, Subsistence fishing will not be allowed north of Cottonwood Creek on Knik Arm, Except for the opening dates, subsistence fishing in the Northern, North Central, South Central, and Southern districts will be incon- formance with all commercial regulations, with identification of gear to consist of name and address of owner, August 20 has been set for opening dates for subsistence fishing in the North Central, South Central and South- ern districts, with August 3 for the Northern district, except for that part of the district in the Moquawkie Indian Reservation, which opens June 25 for subsistence fishing. Subsistence fishing in the Easternand Outer districts will be in conformance with com- mercial regulations, and identification of fish- ing gear shall consist of name and address of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 Owner. Subsistence set nets will be allowed in the Eastern and Southern districts in all areas of these districts open to commercial fishing for salmon, Prince William Sound Area: The Prince William Sound purse seine season will open July 13 with a weekly fishing period from 6:00 a.m. Monday to|6:00 a.m. Saturday. Also in 1964, purse seines will be allowed to fish with drift gill nets in the early Coghill dis- trict fishery. Eshamy district will be closed again in 1964, Changes in the crab fishery included a color-marking system for crab-pot buoys in- stead of the present numbering system. To allow additional crab fishing area, open throughout the year, the ''Inside'’ area north boundary was changed to run from Johnstone Point to Sheep Point. Copper and Bering River drift gill-net districts will open May 14, Changes in the subsistence fishery were made to restrict the up-river fishing to the main Copper River. In addition, the lower Copper River subsist- ence limit was reduced, allowing a catch of five kings, ten reds, and ten silvers. Yakutat Area: No changes were made in the Yakutat regulations from those in effect during 1963. Southeastern Alaska Area: Several of the fishing districts had minor changes in that some sections were renumbered and one dis- trict, number 9 in Southern Chatham Strait, was divided into two sections: 9-A on the west side and 9-B on the east, District 1 in the Ketchikan area was re- divided into six sections. Seymour Canal in District 11 was desig- nated as Section 11-D., The section changes are to simplify emer- gency regulations and will be incorporated into the new Southeastern maps that accom- pany the printed regulations, Trolling 7 days per week in District 8 was extended to include the whole district instead of the old "extended area;'' this to be effec- tive except during the gill net season, when both types of gear will fish three days per week. Troll restrictions were relaxed in Koot- znahoo Inlet, Idaho Inlet, Tenakee Inlet, Port 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Althorp and off the Salmon River in Icy Pas- sage. Commercial dungeness crab fishing was prohibited in several bays near Ketchikan: Carroll Inlet, George Inlet, Bostwick Inlet, Traitors Cove, Smugglers Cove, Spacious Bay, Moser Bay, Helm Bay, Yes Bay, and Port Stewart, Minimum mesh sizes for shrimp trawls were prescribed for cotton and synthetic mesh in Districts 6, 8, and 10, The purse seine regulations had one minor change adopted requiring the marking on the cork line of all purse seines, every ten fath- oms of length by double corks, that must be of a color that is in contrast with the color of the corks in the cork line, All purse seine openings are to be by field announcement, Amendments to the gill net section of the regulations provide for opening dates in sec- tions 1-A and 1-B (formerly 1-B and 1-C), on June 14, sections 6-A and 6-B open on June 15, Additional areas were added to the list of closed waters in 115,21, Among them were Edwards Passage, Nakat Bay, Nossuk Bay, Salt Lake Bay, Navy Creek, Canoe Pass, Menefee Inlet and Union Bay. The closure in Redfish Bay in District 13 was relaxed, (Alas- ka Department of Fish and Game, Decem- ber 20, 1963.) x OK OK ok OK COOK INLET CLOSED TO KING SALMON FISHING IN 1964: In December 1963, the Alaska Board of Fish and Game issued regulations closing Cook Inlet to all king salmon fishing (both sport and commercial) during 1964, It had become apparent that this once important run of fish was declining in abundance, The most obvious cause was overfishing, During the late 1930's and the 1940's the annual commercial catch of king salmon in the Cook Inlet area was steady at around 77,000 fish and in 1951 it increased to a high of 187,000, But the largest catch since 1958 was only 28,000 fish with a low of 17,600 in 1963. The sport fishery has brought increas- ing pressure on the resource as the number Vol. 26, No. 2 of people in the Anchorage and Kenai areas has grown, Since 1959, sport and commercial fishing for Cook Inlet king salmon has been increas- ingly restricted, but king salmon escapement has not improved. It was felt, therefore, that drastic action was needed to rebuild the run before it declined to a point where extensive and expensive artificial aids would be needed for recovery, The Alaska Commissioner of Fish and Game pointed out that many miles of spawning streams used by Cook Inlet king salmon remain intact and have the fish-pro- ducing potential of the 1940's, What is re- quired is a greater number of fish on the rearing grounds. This should be provided by the action taken by the Alaska Board of Fish and Game, (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, December 14, 1963.) HK OK ok ok FOREIGN FISHING EFFORTS REDUCED IN OCTOBER 1963: With the onset of autumn storms in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, Soviet and Jap- anese fishing efforts continued to decline, By the end of October most vessels had departed the Gulf area, The Soviet fleet strength di- minished to less than 20 vessels in waters off Alaska and Japanese fisheries comprised about 20 vessels in the eastern Bering Sea at the close of October 1963, U.S.S.R.: The trawl fisheries off southwest Kodiak Island, which since early summer 1963 have received the major Soviet effort, were con- tinually reduced throughout October and by the last week of that month had entirely withdrawn from the area. Sovietfisheries had then dwin- dled to relatively minor trawling efforts in the mid-Aleutian chain region and a whaling fleet operating far westinthe Attu Island area, Japan: Japanese fishing efforts during Oc- tober were reduced to a shrimp fishery near the Pribilof Islands and two factory trawlers conducting ''exploratory'' fishing off south- west Kodiak. The Japanese ''exploratory" ef- forts in the Gulf of Alaska were scheduled to terminate at the end of October 1963. me OK OK OAK UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA APPOINTS FISHERY EXTENSION COURSE SPECIALIST TO FACULTY: The University of Alaska has appointed John P, Doyle as a member of its faculty to February 1964 to conduct extension education courses for commercial fishermen patterned after the Uni- versity's prospecting and mining extension courses. This development is a direct result of the enthusiastic acceptance of the Fisher- man's Short Courses offered the past two years by the University of Alaska in coopera- tion with the Ketchikan Technological Labora- tory. : Alaska Fishery Investigations LARGE REDSALMON SPAWNING POPULA- TION DISCOVERED IN.NAKNEK RIVER: In early October 1963, while preparing the King Salmon station for the winter, several trips were made by U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries biologists to the outlet of Nak- nek Lake to observe the progress of redsalm- on spawning. In the past it was known that reds spawned in the upper end of the Naknek River, but it was thought their numbers were insignificant in relation to those occupying the better known areas in the upper lakes of the system. Observations made in the fall of 1963 indicate that, at times, spawners utilizing that area represent a substantial segment of the Naknek run, That section may have escaped notice up to now because the spawners are difficult, if not impossible, to observe from the air because of water depth and coloration of the bottom. Spawning took place over a distance of a- bout three miles, from one-half mile below Gull Island to the head of the rapids. Spawn- ing began in the first week in September and continued through the first week in October, occurring first in the area just above the rap- ids. By mid-October 1963 only a few spawners were left on the shallow shelf at the outlet. Kok ek KARLUK RIVER RED SALMON SPAWNING VERIFIED: e upper rluk River study was termi- nated on October 1, 1963, and Portage weir was removed, A mark and recapture tech- nique was used to estimate the number of red salmon spawning in the upper Karluk River. Salmon were tagged at Karluk Portage, on the Karluk River seven miles downstream from the lake outlet, and tagged fish entering the lake were recorded as they passed through Karluk weir, An estimated 47,000 red salmon, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 representing 10 percent of the total escape- ment, remained in the river to spawn. The fraction remaining in the river to spawn is in close agreement with past estimates based on aerial surveys. Adult escapement of red salmon to Karluk Lake numbered 404,543 by October 14, Oe KOK HEAVY FISHING RATE SHOWN ON TAGGED KING CRABS: About 20 percent of the tagged king crab released during August and September 1963, have been recaptured by fishermen on the Portlock and Albatross Banks north and east of Kodiak, It was expected that a further sub- stantial percentage of the 1963 tags would be returned during the 1963/64 winter as the fishing effort intensifies in the offshore areas, HOOK OK Kk OK SHRIMP POTS IN VERTICAL STRING FISH BETTER WITH BLACK MESH: After preliminary trials in August 1963,a vertical string of six shrimp pots was set again in Tutka Bay in 45 fathoms of depth, Since there was a question of avoidance by shrimp of the pots covered with white nylon mesh, the pots were fished in black mesh-- white mesh pairs at each level, The results of this preliminary experi- ment were interesting. Light catches of shrimp were taken at all levels and the black mesh- covered pots appeared to be more effective than the natural white nylon at all levels ex- cept the topmost. At the 1-fathom level mostly pink shrimp were taken, pinks and coonstripe were caught at the 10-fathom level, and mostly coonstripes were taken at from 10 to 45 fathoms. California FISHERMEN'S INCOME, 1962: bout $17,596,000 was paid in wages dur- ing 1962 to approximately 2,076 California fishermen covered by State unemployment in- surance, The annual average wage paid the covered California fishermen was $8,476, A- bout one-half of California's covered fisher- men worked out of ports in San Diego County and a little over one-third of the fishermen were from Los Angeles and Orange|Counties. 12 The average wage paid to fishermen in 1962 was $10,427 in San Diego County and $7,956 in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. The aver- age wage paid covered California workers in "all industries" in 1962 was $5,891, (State of California, Department of Employment.) HK OK ok OK GROWTH STUDIES OF ENGLISH SOLE AND BOTTOMFISH IN MONTEREY BAY: M/V Nautilus ruise 63-N-5a-b-Bottom- fish (October 8-12 and December 3-7, 1963): These two cruises to collect juvenile and adult English sole in Monterey Bay in the vicinity of Moss Landing were the first of a series by the California Department of Fish and Game re- search vessel Nautilus. The fish were meas- ured, and interopercle bones were taken for age determinations to be used in growth anal- ysis. A modified 14-inch mesh Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl with a 1-inch cod end was used on these cruises. Trawling covered both sides Santa Cruz - Area of trawling. = — —s a * - Trawling stations. PACIFIC OCEAN Cruises 63-N-Sa and b (bottomfish) by research vessel Nautilus, showing trawling area and stations. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No, 2 of Monterey Canyon in depths of 5 to 48 fath- oms and the net was towed about 15 minutes at each station, A total of 44 trawls was made during both cruises. From the stations worked, 1,372 juvenile and adult English sole were meas- ured and their sex determined, The fish ranged from 86 to 380 millimeters (about 3.4 to 15 inches) long. Females were most abun- dant in the 200-250 millimeter (about 7.9 to 9.8 inches) size group. Two interopercle bones from each centimeter size group were selected for each sex, Samples of Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) and petrale sole Eopsetta jordani) were also measured and their sex determined, All cephalopods were preserved for study. OK OK OK PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 63-10 (October 8-9, 1963): Surveys to determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools in the southern California area were continued by the California Department of Fish and Game Twin Beechcraft N5614D in the inshore area from Point Conception to San Diego and the - Anchovy school. - Sardine school. - Jack Mackerel. - Porpoise school. - Unidentified school. Pt. Conception Santa Barbara Scale 1" = 20 ml. Pelagic fish survey flight 63-10. February 1964 offshore islands and banks off southern Cali- fornia and northern Baja California, Mexico, General haze throughout the flight area (Pt. Vicente to San Diego, Sixtymile and Cor- tez Banks, and San Clemente and Santa Cata- lina Islands) on October 8, reduced aerial visibility to 15 miles. Water visibility was good although there was some surface glare. At Cortez Bank, one school of large tuna- like fish was seen but not identified as to spe- cies. Two schools of smaller unidentified fish were also seen. Positive identification was not possible because those fish sounded whenever the plane passed nie One small school of Pacific sardines (Sardinops caeruleus) was seen off Church Rock at =a south end of Santa Catalina Island. On October 9, the inshore area between Pt. Vicente to Point Conception and the offshore area in the vicinity of San Miguel, Santa Cruz, and the Anacapa Islands were surveyed. Air and water visibilities were fair. No fish schools were sighted around the islands. In northeast Santa Monica Bay, between Pt. Vicente and Pt. Dume, 18 jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) and 2 unidentified porpoise schools were seen. Twelve schools of sardines were noted north of Santa Barbara and one off Pt. Mugu. ecember 1963 p. 17, lote: See ? November 1963 p. 21, September 1963 p. 14. wk Kk KOK Airplane Spotting Flight 63-11 (October 14- 17, 1963): The survey to determine the in- shore distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools was continued by the California Department of Fish and Game Cessna "182" 9042T during flights over the inshore area from the United States-Mexican Border to Monterey, California, The area from Point Vicente to Monterey was flown on October 14, Weather and visi- bility were poor south of Jalama Park (Point Arguello) but very good to the north. Water visibility followed the same pattern. A large school group ofnorthern anchovies (Engraulis mordax) was seen between Mussel Point and Piedras Blancas, This group, com- prising 293 separate schools, was one of the largest observed from the air in several months. Many of the schools were being har- assed by sea lions and porpoises from below and birds from above, Twenty-four anchovy COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 schools were counted in exceptionally clear water between Piedras Blancas and Point Sur where fish schools are seldom seen, Coastal waters from the United States- Mexican Border to Point Vicente were scouted on October 15. Watervisibility was poor. Air visibility was limited to 10 miles by haze and smoke, Thirty-two anchovy schools were sighted, all off the La Jolla-Torrey Pines area, On October 16, the scheduled flight was cancelled by bad weather, The inshore area from the United States- Mexican Border to Jalama Park was flown on October 17, Air and water visibility were only fair. Twenty-five schools of "pinhead" janchovies were seen off of the ''barn,"' a sail- lor's landmark on Camp Pendleton. Hight killer whales (Orcinus orca) were seen 2 miles north and = miles offshore from Point Dume; the 6 adults and 2 juveniles were slowly swimming south, This was only the second sighting of those mammals since the monthly flights were inaugurated in 1956, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 19. ap — =~ Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations TUNA STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V “Charles H. Gilbert” Cruise 6955 Ahipalaha II (October 7-December 13, 1963): A study of the spawning seasons and spawning areas in the albacore fishing grounds of the South Pacific Ocean was the primary objective of this 10-week cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries;research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. The purpose of the cruise is re- flected in its designation, for ''ahipalaha" is the Hawaiian name for albacore tuna, The first survey in this series was made in the spring of 1962, The investigation centered around the New Hebrides Islands, Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, and American Samoa. In that area, the ex- pedition fished Japanese-type long-line gear for 19 days and took over 200 albacore, The rate of catch compared favorably with that of Japanese and Korean long-liners that work the same waters. In addition to the albacore, the 19 long-line stations fished within that area also yielded 21 yellowfin, 17 big-eyed, and 4 skipjack tuna, as well as 6 other tuna 14 which were damaged beyond recognition, Other species caughtwere: 10spearfishes, 20 sharks, and 51 miscellaneous fish. The albacore (48 females, 147 males, and 9 unsexed) were gen- erally large adults ranging in size from 85 to 108 centimeters (33.5 to 42.5 inches). Of the females, 21 percent had either spentor im- mature ovaries, 73 percent had maturing Ovaries, and 6 percent had near-ripe ovaries, indicating that the albacore were not quite ready to spawn, Scientists on the Charles H. Gilbert re- ported that the albacore were generally ap- proaching a spawning condition, but were not quite ready to spawn. The expedition also made many hauls in the survey area with fine- Legend: * - Long-line station (no.) number of albacore caught. e - Plankton station. V - Night-light station. A -Night-light gill-net station. O - Trawl station. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 2 mesh nets designed to collect the young of tuna, Detailed laboratory study of the larval and juvenile specimens will provide a check on the information drawn from examination of adult spawners. The stomachs of large fish which prey on young tuna were also col- lected to provide an additional check on spawning information inferred from the ex- amination of the adults. Blood samples were collected from alba- core, yellowfin, big-eyed, and skipjack tuna, and blue marlin, In addition, blood samples were collected from white-tip and great blue sharks, A sample of bloods was airshipped to the Bureau's Honolulu Laboratory from Suva, Fiji. CHRISTMAS La ZING | Nar i \ Flul e M/V Charles H. Gilbert, Cruise 69 (Ahipalaha il), October 7-December 13, 1963. February 1964 A total of 152 surface and 140-meter o- blique plankton tows, three 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl hauls, 8 night-light collections, and 4 small-mesh gill-net stations were made in order to capture larval and juvenile tunas. Gross examination of plankton samples at sea indicated the presence of a fair number of larval tunas, One juvenile tuna was caught by night-light fishing but nothing was taken by the small-mesh gill nets. None of the tuna ovaries examined con- tained eggs in suitable condition for artificial fertilization, One sample of albacore eggs which was quite advanced in development, though not fully ripe, and measuring 0.88 to 1,06 millimeters (0.03 to 0,04 inches) in di- ameter, was fertilized, but due probably to un- suitable milt condition none of the eggs showed any sign of embryonic development, The milt used in this instance was quite thick and not freely flowing as those usually encountered in running ripe males. One juvenile tuna of undetermined species about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long was — caught at a night-light fishing station (latitude 08°10" N.; longitude 178°907' W.) onOctober 13. Shipboard rearing was not attempted because the juvenile tuna was in an extremely weak- ened condition, Since emphasis was placed on the collec- tions of data for serological and gonad condi- tion studies, only a few albacore tuna were tagged, Seven albacore which were considered to be in good condition were tagged and re- leased. Those albacore ranged in length from 89 to 99 centimeters (35 to 39 inches), In ad- dition, three small yellowfin, 67 to 75 centi- meters (26.4 to 29.5 inches) long, which came up in viable condition were tagged and released. Other developments and observations dur- ing this cruise were as follows: 1, The condition of all albacore ovaries was noted, Although no ripe ovaries were en- countered, a few ovaries were preserved for laboratory examination, 2. No ripe ovaries of other tunas or mar- lins were found, 3. Stomach contents of 128 fish were pre- served, 4, Enough drift cards to make 34 releases were available for this cruise. These were COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 released with the first 35 bathythermograph (BT) observations, 5. The thermograph and barograph were operated continuously during the cruise, 6. A total of 197 weather observations were made at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 G.C.T. daily and transmitted to the Weather Bureau whenever possible, 7. A total of 172 BT casts were made dur- ing the cruise, Surface salinity samples were collected with each BT cast. 8. Two lures were trolled during daylight hours, The catch consisted of only one dolphin, 9, “During the cruise, 55 surface fish schools and bird flocks were sighted. Twelve were identified as skipjack tuna and 43 were unidentified, 10, All remoras found attached to fish and other objects were collected and brought back alive in the research vessel's bait tank, as requested by the University of Hawaii, The remoras will be used for physiological studies. 11, Flying fish that landed on deck were preserved, 12. Two long-line stations were fished in “big-eyed tuna waters,''yielding only 2 big- eyed tuna, 2 yellowfin, 1 skipjack, 2 sharks, and 12 miscellaneous fish. 13, At Marakei Atoll, Gilbert Islands, a poison station was conducted to collect reef fishes for ichthyotoxism studies by a scientist of the University of Hawaii, 14, A participant scientist of the Agency for International Development (AID), studying tuna long-line fishing, completed the first phase of his training program aboard the Charles H. Gilbert, He disembarked at Pago Pago, American Samoa, to continue on the second phase of his training, lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 25. Chesapeake States FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962: The 1962 commercial catch of fish and shellfish landed in the Chesapeake States 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (Maryland and Virginia) totaled 521.5 million pounds valued at $33.6 million ex-vessel. This was an increase of 43.6 million pounds or 9 percent but a decline of $3.5 million (9 percent) compared with 1961. Menhaden Crabs, blue Alewives 75 90 315 330 Chesapeake States catch, 1962. The gain in quantity was due chiefly to menhaden landings of 327.9 million pounds-- 29.2 million pounds more than in 1961. The catch of hard blue crabs (81.3 million pounds) exceeded the peak production of 1950 by 7.4 million pounds and established a new record. The production of alewives (more than 27 million pounds) was up about 10 million, and there were moderate increases in production of sea bass, spot, white perch, and clams over the previous year. The yield of oyster meats (20 million pounds) declined 7.6 million pounds, while slighter decreases occurred in the catch of croaker and striped bass. The decline in value resulted largely from reduced landings of high-priced oys- ters. The value would have dropped even Oyster meats f: Crabs, blue Menhaden Clam meats Striped bass >= Other Value of Chesapeake States catch, 1962. Vol. 26, No. 2 more except for the increased production of crabs and menhaden. Virginia landings of 454 million pounds ac- counted for 87 percent of the total produc- tion in the Chesapeake States. Virginia also led in value of the catch with $21.7 million or 65 percent of the total. The Maryland and Virginia catch was taken by 16,806 fisher- men operating in 1,191 vessels of 5 or more net tons, 8,759 motor boats, and 1,045 other boats. Films NEW FILM ON OCEANOGRAPHY PRODUCED BY U. S. NAVY: A new motion-picture film, "Oceanogra- phy--Science for Survival,'' was previewed by the Interagency Committee on Oceanog- raphy (ICO) on November 21, 1963. The film is in color, has a sound track, and runs 42 minutes. It was financed by the United States Navy and produced by the Naval Photograph- ic Center. This picture of an oceanographic survey ship under way is taken from the Navy's newest motion picture, "Oceanography --Science for Survival." Early in 1964 the film will be distributed under the auspices of the ICO. The film gives an excellent, fast-moving account of Government oceanography activities, includ- ing those of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. It begins and ends with scenes February 1964 in which the late President Kennedy speaks in behalf of a strong National Oceanographic Program. The work of the Federal Council for Science and Technology and of the ICO in coordinating the oceanographic program is strongly emphasized. The film serves a useful purpose in explaining oceanography to Members of Congress, to students, and to the public in general. Fish Farming SLAT TRAPS TESTED FOR HARVESTING FISH PONDS: To determine their effectiveness for catch- ing small numbers of catfish on short notice, slat traps were testedin the fall of 1963 in an Arkansas fish pond. The testing was done by gear experts of the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries. An apparent relationship to the catch rate was the decoying effect of early-caught catfish attracting others to the same trap. One fairly high catchof121 pounds of channel catfish made during a 48-hour set emphasized the decoying effect. Over one- half of the fish were reported taken by one of the 10 traps set, and it was jammed so full that one more fish could not have forced it- self through the opening. This behavior is successfully used in other fresh-water fish- eries and Bureau personnel will continue to study it in future slat-trap fishing tests. Great Lakes FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962: “The 1962 United States and Canadian com- mercial catch of fishery products in the Great Lakes, Lake St. Clair, and the International Lakes of northern Minnesota amounted to 123.4 million pounds. The catch was 3 mil- lion pounds more than in 1961, with domestic landings accounting for slightly more than half of the total volume. From those lakes in 1962, United States fishermen took 65.6 million pounds of fish valued at $5.5 million. The quantity declined 5 million pounds (7 percent) and the value, $1.4 million (21 percent) compared with 1961. ‘The reduction in value resulted largely from ‘increased landings of low-priced fish taken COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 for industrial use and a decline in the catch of fish taken for human food, United States and Canadian catch, 1962. United States landings of sheepshead, chubs, and lake herring declined sharply in 1962 and slighter decreases occurred in the production of smelt, white bass, catfish, yel- low pike, carp, common whitefish, and suck- ers, There was a substantial increase in the catch of yellow perch and alewives during 1962 while tullibee landings were up slightly compared with the previous year. The State of Michigan led in production with a catch of over 22 million pounds--a loss of more than 2 million compared with 1961, Wisconsin was next with landings totaling 19 million pounds (down nearly 3 million from 1961), while Ohio was in third place witha catch of 15 million pounds--slightly less than a year earlier, For the third successive year, Lake Michi- gan was the leading contributor to the United States catch with a take of 23.5 million pounds--down 2millionfrom 1961, Lake Erie was second with 19.7 million pounds, followed by Lake Superior with landings of 12.6 million pounds, The Lake Erie production was about the same as the previous year but the Lake Superior catch fell 2 million pounds below the 1961 level. Catches in the remaining lakes showed little change compared with 1961. Bertin § Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN AND GREEN BAY CONTINUED: R/V Kaho" Cruise 14 (October 23-Novem- ber 25, 1963): The fourth ina series of cruises 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW to determine the commercial feasibility of otter trawling in Green Bay andnorthern Lake Michigan has been completed by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries research ves- sel Kaho, Technical objectives of the cruise were to extend seasonal knowledge concerning (1) geographic and depth distribution of vari- ous fish stocks, (2) effectiveness of commer- cial-type otter trawls for catching abundant species such as alewife, chub, and smelt, and (3) effects of trawling on certain protected species. Alewife were taken in all areas fished ex- cept off Frankfort, and chubs were taken in all areas fished except in Green Bay and off Manistique. Although the four cruises have provided good indications that trawling is feasible in these waters, production rates have been somewhat smaller and species composi- tion of catches is different from that ex- perienced in the lower end of Lake Michigan, A portion of the time originally scheduled for this cruise was utilizedfora short survey in the Whitefish Bay area of Lake Superior in an effort to determine the suitability of otter- trawl gear for taking lake herring (cisco). mare Tas aplizs Say 87 MANIS TIQUE Legend: —— - Trawl drag. —« - Snag. Wht ty ME NOMINEE MARINE T TE }-45° RGEON BAY Ay | FRANKFORT uit —4| TWO RIVERS baa eae =i Lake Michigan explorations R/V Kaho Cruise 14 (October-Novem- ber, 1963). My ir LUDINGTON wl 87, yw Vol 26, No, 2 A total of 65 drags was made with a 52- foot (headrope) Gulf of Mexico type fish trawl during 17 days of operation. Twelve drags were made in Green Bay and 53 were made at 5 stations in Lake Michigan proper, Depths fished ranged from 4 fathoms in Green Bay to 80 fathoms in Lake Michigan, All drags were of 30 minutes except for three shorter ones in Green Bay which in- cluded one that hung up and two that were terminated when set nets were encountered and one other drag in Green Bay which lasted 80 minutes, Bottom topography and bathymetric dis- tribution of fish were continuously recorded with a high-resolution, ''white-line" type depth recorder, Obvious rough bottom areas were avoided during the cruise, and relatively minor gear damage was experienced during only two drags. FISHING RESULTS, GREEN BAY: Two catches of alewife--800 and 900 pounds-- were taken at 4 and 5 fathoms in the southern end of the bay (see table 1). Four catches of alewife, ranging from 480 to 625 pounds, were made at depths of 10, 12, and 20 fathoms just north of Menominee, Significant individual catches of smelt, spottail shiner, carp, and sucker of 320, 125, 85, and 50 pounds, re- spectively, were taken in separate drags. Other than the above, the catches included Table 1 - Summary of Catch Rate and Species Composition Resulting from 30-Minute Trawl Drags at Stations in Green Bay 1/Tr. -trace, less than 1 pound. 2/Includes: 85 lbs. carp, 33 lbs. yellow perch, 7 lbs. sucker. , 4/Includes: 190 lbs. spottail shiner, 75 lbs. sucker, 20 lbs. yel- low perch. S/Terminated drag in less than 30 minutes when gill nets were encountered, Catch figures equated to 30-minute period. 6/Equated to 30-minute period--actual catch was 1, 400 lbs. in 80-minute drag February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 Table 2 - Summary of Catch Rate and Species Composition Resulting from 30-Minute Trawl Drags! at Certain Stations in Wisconsin Waters of Northern Lake Michigan Alewife Small Chubs Large Chubs Total Depth Interval Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught 2 1 10 14 30 s 2 2 2 881 _ tIinnonwn 2/No effort--rough bottom conditions. 3/Tr. - trace, less than 1 pound. 4/Mostly sculpin. 5/Cod end damaged--no fish caught. Table 3 - Summary of Catch Rate and Species Composition Resulting from 30-Minute Trawl Drags at Certain Stations in Michigan Waters of Northern Lake Michigan Small Chubs Total "Depth interval | Couaht. | Case Caught Depth Interval Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught Catch Caught 10 40 98 1/Tr. - - 1 2 15 92 10 3 11 20 70 28 9 8 I(NWNRFWNWWNe-e |] aS SHSOrrtieer 15 iY) 14 0) 2 ie) 4 te) 3 5 3 8 7 2 3 2 °) = 9 4 126 1 91 4 4 9 2 S 1 5 1 4 4 3 5 1/Tr. -trace, less than 1 pound. 2/Mostly sculpin. 3/Mostly smelt, 20 very small quantities of bullheads, burbot, lake herring, sculpin, trout-perch, whitefish, and yellow perch, FISHING RESULTS, WISCONSIN WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN: Good to excellent catches of alewife, ranging from 400 to 985 pounds, were taken at 15, 20, and 25 fathoms in both areas fished and also at 30 fathoms off Two Rivers (see table 2). One large catch of chubs (960 pounds) was taken at 35 fathoms off Two Rivers. Other significant catches of chubs were obtained at 25 to 45 fathoms in bothareas. Smeltand sculpins were the most common other species taken, FISHING RESULTS, MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN: The best catch of ale- wife made in Michigan waters was 650 pounds taken at 20 fathoms off Ludington, Fair catches were made at 20 and 25 fathoms off Manistique (see table 3). There is evidence that the 250 pounds of alewife takenin 50 fathoms off Manistique were caught from midwater concen- trations as the net was being set or hauled, Very good catches of chubs, ranging from 515 to 1,120 pounds, were taken at 25, 30, and 35 fathoms off Ludington and at 30, 35, 40, 45, and 60 fathoms off Frankfort, Smelt and scul- pins accounted for most of the other fish taken in these waters, HYDROGRAPHIC DATA: Thirty-six bathythermograph casts were made, and air and surface water temperatures were recorded continuously, Surface water temperatures ranged from 56°-57° F, off Ludington early in the cruise to 45°-46° F, off Manistique late in the cruise, Kok ok ok ok TRAWL GEAR TESTED FOR CATCHING LAKE HERRING IN EASTERN LAKE SUPERIOR: R/V Kaho, pecial Cruise, November 16- 20, 1963: As part of the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries program to assist the Great Lakes fishing industry adjust to changing con- ditions, a preliminary exploratory cruise in the Whitefish Bay area of Lake Superior was conducted by the Bureau's research vessel Kaho, Fishing industry members had requested that trawl fishing gear be tested for catching lake herring when they are concentrated dur- ing the spawning season and most readily a- vailable. Usually at that time of year, prices for lake herring drop to a level that makes production with the traditional gill-net fishing COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 gear marginal. It is felt that trawling may prove to be an economical method under those conditions, The Michigan Department of Conservation cooperated fully in the opera- tion, It was not expected that a thorough investi- gation could be completed in a 5-day period. However, inspite of the slim chances for at- taining success during the brief survey, the collection of general information in respect to bottom conditions and fish distribution in the Whitefish Bay area willbe helpful in plan- ning future Lake Superior operations. Although lake herring fishing was the pri- mary consideration this cruise, other infor- mation was gathered as follows: (1) seasonal abundance and distribution of various species, (2) commercial availability of all species to otter trawls, and (3) delineation of areas suit- able for otter trawl fishing. Fair catches of alewife and chub were taken in bottom trawls at depths greater than 30 fathoms. Smelt appeared to be widely scattered at depths between 20 and 38 fathoms, and those of salable size were caught in only small amounts, Lake herring, lake trout, and whitefish trawl catches were insignificant. Concentrations of lake herring near the sur- face were not located, Seventeen trawl drags were made with a 52-foot (headrope) Gulf of Mexico-type fish trawl. Although efforts were made to keep each drag at a uniform depth, this was not always possible due to the uneven bottom to- pography. All trawl drags were of 30 min- utes' duration, except 2, which were termi- nated when the net became fouled on bottom obstructions. Commercially significant catches of chubs and alewife were taken at several localities in eastern Lake Superior. The best catch of chubs, 305 pounds, was obtained north of Whitefish Point at 34-36 fathoms. Alewife were taken in 6 drags and appeared to be most abundant in southern Whitefish Bay, where one drag yielded 200 pounds, Herring apparently were either scarce or had not as yet concentrated prior to spawning because of the unseasonable mild weather this year, Only a few individuals were taken at 6 stations during the survey. Lake trout, both native and planted, appeared in 4 catches in amounts of 6 pounds or less. Two trawldrags February 1964 in depths of 20-21 and 32-34 fathoms yielded whitefish in amounts of 53 and 5 pounds, re- spectively. Smelt appeared to be widely dispersed throughout Whitefish Bay. Ten stations yield- ed smelt in amounts of 15 pounds, or less, however, most catches were small individ- uals (40 or more per pound). Miscellaneous species appearing in very small numbers in the trawl catches were: pigmy whitefish, round whitefish, sculpin, spottail shiner, stickleback, and trout-perch. Continuous echo-sounding (using a Kelvin Hughes MS-28 echo-sounder--30 kc/s, pulse LEGEND: TRAWL DRAG SNAG BATHY THERMOGRAPH CAST- BT ECHO SOUNDING TRANSECT °—*—* COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 length 1 to 3 milliseconds) was carried on during both cruising and fishing operations. Although the Kaho cruised over 250 statute miles in and near Whitefish Bay, no surface or extensive midwater concentrations of fish were located, Near bottom concentrations of fish were noted at various depths beyond 15 fathoms. The survey revealed a bottom con- figuration inconsistent in form and composi- tion. In general, shoal areas display highly irregular bottom topography while, beyond 10 fathoms, the slope becomes very steep until maximum depths are reached. A fair amount of good trawling bottom was located in the southern reaches of Whitefish Bay and north of Whitefish Point. Fig. 1 - R/V Kaho Lake Superior explorations (November 16-20, 1963). 22 Ten bathythermograph casts were made at various stations to determine verticle thermal gradients. Surface water temperature ranged from 45.0° F, to 46.0° F, Bottom temperature \ We yw \ \ \" AN \\ co \ ‘ BOTTOM Fig. 2 - Eagan from a Ronee echo -sounder showing concentrations of fish from the same area and depth (36 fathoms) during daylight anddarkness. A - Distribution of fish at 8:30a.m. B - Distribution of fish at 6:30 p.m. Distance covered is 4stat- ute miles. a le Gulf nee ree Program SHRIMP GEAR STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V eorge M. Bowers Cruise 48-- Phase II (November 6-27, 1963): To continue field tests of a prototype 40-foot electrical shrimp trawl was the purpose of Phase II of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No, 2 ranged from 45,0° F, at depths less than 28 fathoms to approximately 39.0° F. at depths of 36 fathoms. een SURFACE ~ suRFACE == ig. 3 - i typical bottom topography off shoal areas in Whitefish Bay, Lake Superior. A - Near Point Iroquois. B - Near Pendell Creek. Distance covered is 4 statute miles. this cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel George M. Bowers. Two modifications were made to the electrical gear prior to Phase II of the cruise. Changes were made in the elec- trode array to provide amore efficient dis- bution of electricity in the field, using the ex- isting electrical equipment. Also, provision was made for using two pulse units ona single net, effectively increasing the electrical strength at the net. The specific objectives February 1964 of Phase II were to determine the effective- ness of the modified electrical gear as com- pared with the equipment used during Phase Iof cruise 48. METHOD OF OPERATION: A 40-foot flat trawl with 6-foot by 32-inch doors rigged with atickler chain was fished on the starboard out- rigger. The electrical trawl was fished sim- ultaneously on the port side. The twonets were set and hauled at the same time and fished with identical warplengths. Drags were of one hour duration. Tests were conducted atnight and during the day. The night tests were pri- marily to establish the approximate quantity of shrimp available in the area. AREA OF OPERATIONS: Comparative trawling tests were conducted off Florida in the same area of the Apalachicola-Carrabelle area as during Phase I; specifically, in St. George Sound behind Dog Island in 3 fathoms, offshore approximately 15 miles southeast of Cape San Blas in 10-12 fathoms, and immedi- iately seuthof St. Vincents Island in 4-5 fath- oms. Tests were also conducted in St. Andrew Bay. ST. GEORGE SOUND: Only one day was spent in that area. The only known change from the conditions present during Phase I was adrop in bottom temperature from 239 C, (73.4° F.) to 19° C. (66.29 F.). Results in this area followed the same general pattern as previously, although there were fewer shrimp present. Night drags yielded 15-20 pounds of pink shrimp per hour, with the electric gear again catching slightly more than the standard gear. The daytime catches with the electric trawl rangedfrom 6.5 to 11 pounds, compared to 3.5 to 4.5 pounds for the standard gear. The ratio of electric to standard catch per drag rangedfrom 1:5to2:1. Thesame fac- tors were apparent as in Phase I. The elec- tric gear produced more shrimp during day- light hours, but not as many as were avaii- able. OFFSHORE CAPE SAN BLAS: Conditions were essentially the same during this phase, with the exception of water temperature, which had declined several degrees. Night catches in this area dropped from 20 pounds the first night to 7 pounds on all follow- ing night tows. Daytime catches with the e- lectric trawl ranged from several individuals to 4.5 pounds. The standard trawl usually produced no shrimp, but on one occasion 0.5 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 pound was caught. Attempts were made on several drags to slow the bottom speed and also to drag at an angle to the bottom con- tours and prevailing current, Weather and bottom conditions made it impossible to se- cure enough information to draw any conclu- sions. ST. VINCENTS ISLAND: Physical condi- tions in the area were: bottom type--brown mud; water (surface)--green, turbid; bottom salinity--35.6-35.9 parts per thousand; bot- tom temperature--17.0° C.-17.5° C. (62.6°- 63.5° F.), The electrode array used on drags in the area was modified by using two pulse generators simultaneously. Each pulse generator powered one-half of the electrodes. This provided a pulse of approximately twice the width of that obtained with a single power unit, Night drags here yielded approximately 18 pounds per hour of white shrimp. Day- time catches with the electrical trawl ranged from 13 to 27 pounds; catches with the stand- ard trawl ranged from 2 to 8 pounds, ST. ANDREW BAY: Tests in this area were carried out with the same electrical system described above (dual pulse genera- tors). Night fishing yielded pink shrimp catches of approximately 14 pounds per hour. Daytime catches with the electric gear ranged from 14 to 21 pounds, and with the standard trawl from 9 to 12 pounds. CONCLUSIONS: The modification to the electrical system which produced a more uniform electrical field did not significantly improve catches over the original electrical system on either the soft or hard bottoms. But the increased strength of pulses achieved by using dual pulse generators appeared to produce the result sought, i.e., the electric trawl caught what shrimp were available, However, due to the limited testing, the re- sults cannot be considered conclusive, Phase III of cruise 48 was to be conducted during December 1963 in the Apalachicola- Carrabelle area using another pulse generator capable of producing various pulse widths and/or peak voltages. This unit should estab- lish whether a greater peak voltage or along- er pulse than that uséd to date will success- fully andconsistently stimulate 100 percent of the shrimp available. ae OK OK OK OK 24 M/V "George M. Bowers" Cruise 48-- Phase Ill (December 4-14, 1963): This Phase continued experimentation with the Bowers electrical shrimp trawl. Following Phase II, modifications were made to the electrode array to reduce line loss and a new pulse generator was acquired, This unit is capable of producing a much greater field strength than previously possible and is also capable of producing pulse characteristics not attain- able with previous gear. The primary objective of this phase was to determine whether or not inadequate field strength was the principal reason for reduced effectiveness of the electrical trawl on the off- shore grounds. Bad weather severely limited tests on the offshore grounds; consequently tests were not as comprehensive as desired. AREA OF OPERATIONS AND METHODS: _Three areas were worked; (1) southeast of Cape San Blas in 10 fathoms, (2) immediately south of St. Vincents Island in 4 fathoms, and (3) in St. George Sound behind Dog Island, The latter two areas were worked when weath- er conditions precluded operations offshore, The experimental methods were the same as used during Phases I and II, OFFSHORE CAPE SAN BLAS: The pink shrimp density, as indicated by night trawling here, was approximately 20 percent of that during Phase I, i.e., 43 pounds per hour per trawl (starboard and port trawls fished simul- taneously) versus 22 pounds per hour. This was accompanied with significant changes in water temperature and general catch com- position, Daytime catches with the electric trawl ranged from 53 pounds to 7 pounds; with the standard gear from 0 to 1; pounds. Night catches with both trawls were 4 to 43 pounds. ST. VINCENTS ISLAND: Catches of white shrimp both day and night in this area were too erratic to allow evaluation of the effect of the electrical gear. This was due probably to ''schooling,'’ vertical movements, burrow- ing behavior, or all three, ST. GEORGE SOUND: Bottom temperature was down to 13° C, (55,4° F.) and the night catch density was down to 14 pounds per hour early in the trip and to 6 to 7 pounds at the end of the trip. Earlier work here yielded 30 pounds per hour, Day catches with the electric trawl ranged from 4 to 14 pounds per hour and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 2 with the standard trawl from ? to 42 pounds. In all day tows the electric gear produced sig- nificantly greater catches than the standard gear. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: Results ob- tained during Phase III indicate the improved electrical characteristics achieved with the new pulse generator and electrode array pro- duced daytime catches equal to or greater than night catches with the standardtrawl. How- ever, quantitative evaluation is difficult due to the changes inenvironment. These changes produced known reduction in shrimp density and unknown variations in their behavior pat- terns. CRUISE 49; This cruise was scheduled for the Tortugas shrimp grounds during January- February 1964 to verify cruise 48 results on commercial concentrations. In addition to providing greater shrimp concentrations, the Tortugas grounds will provide a more stable environment than that which has existed in the Apalachicola-Carrabelle area recently. This should facilitate evaluation of results. Also, tests will be conducted with the elec- trode array built into the trawl. To date, the array has been operated separately in the manner of a tickler chain. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 12. HK OK OK AK SURVEY OF SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROYAL-RED SHRIMP CONTINUED: M/V regon Cruise 88 (November 18- December 13, 1963): To obtain seasonal data on the availability of royal-red shrimp Hy- menopenaeus robustus) in the Tortugas area and to conduct deep-water faunal transects in the Florida Straits, off the northest coast of Yucatan, and off the Mississippi River Delta, were the principal objectives of this 26-day cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon, Shrimp catches were extremely light com- pared with previous efforts in the Tortugas area, A total of 28 drags yielded slightly over 1,200 pounds of shrimp (heads on) com- pared with some 5,000 pounds in 31 drags on the same grounds in August 1963, Previously established optimum bottom temperatures for royal-red shrimp fishing (499-51° F.) oc- curred over a more extensive depth range than usual--from 190 to 235 fathoms, Sever- al hundred feet of still and movie film, ex- posed in the red shrimp depth range, will be studied closely for indications of lowered February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 shrimp density as wellas for gear perform-| of Yucatan at 100 fathom intervals to 800 fath- ance, oms. A 10-foot beam trawl was used when bottom conditions were unsuitable for shrimp Faunal transects were conducted in the trawls. The scheduled transect off the Mis- Florida Straits and on the northeastern slope | sissippi River Delta was only extended to 500 OF MEXICO Legend: @ - Shrimp trawl. O - Gill net stations. YUCATAN A - Camera station. 4 - Plankton net. @ - Beam trawl. PENINSULA M/V Oregon Cruise 88 (November 18-December 13, 1963). 26 fathoms due to wire losses on the Yucatan slope. Rattail fishes (Macrouridae) predomi- nated the transect catches; other faunal ele- ments were represented by several rare specimens, especially along the Yucatan slope. Preliminary investigations on off-season menhaden occurrence were initiated on this cruise in cooperation with the Bureau's Bio- logical Laboratory at Beaufort. Gill-net sets (surface and bottom) were ynade at 10 locali- ties, in depths between 4 and 62 fathoms off Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) were taken in one bot- tom set off Horn Island Pass in 73 fathoms. Thirty-eight plankton tows were made for study by the Beaufort laboratory staff, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1963 p. 34. % OK OK KOK Menhaden airplane spotting Flight No. 1. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW LEGEND: FLIGHT TRACK: ee OUTBOUND ‘ > Pro gaTHome: Vol, 26, No. 2 MENHADEN OFF-SEASON POPULATION SURVEY: Airplane Spotting Flight 1 (November 19- 22, 1963): To determine the occurrence of adult menhaden and related species in the Gulf of Mexico during the off-season period from November through April, the first of six monthly aerial observation flights was initi- ated in late November 1963 by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries chartered air- plane Apache N2229P, The search zone is from the Florida Keys to Galveston, Tex. The waters being canvassed generally extend from the shoreline to the 20-fathom curve. But in some areas off Alabama and Louisiana, coastal observations will be extended out to the 50-fathom curve. INBOUND February 1964 During the initial flight heavy seas off Mis- sissippi, Louisiana, Texas, and the west coast of Florida limited the effectiveness of aerial observations. In addition, low ceilings and overcast skies interfered with observa- tions between Galveston and the Mississippi River Delta on November 22, Surface menhaden schools were sighted in three areas off the Florida coast. In the Apalachicola area, 31 schools were observed, ranging in estimated size from 1 to 20 tons; although the majority were considered to be less than 10 tons, In waters west, southwest, and south of Cedar Keys, 16 schools were sighted, Those schools were estimated to be less than 10 tons each, In the area off Venice and southward to Cape Romano, 36 schools were observed; 3 of the schools were within 1 mile of the shoreline and the others ranged offshore as far as 12 miles, with the majority in the 2- to 4-mile zone. Most of those schools were estimated to be in the 10- to 15- ton category, but 2 schools 3 miles northwest of Naples and 2 schools 5 miles southwest of Venice, showed distinctive reddish color and were estimated to contain from 25 to 50 tons each, In all three areas in which fish schools were observed, sea conditions were good and birds were present, United States shrimp and snapper vessels were seen fishing off Florida. Shrimp ves- sels were also seen in Louisiana and Texas waters. No foreign fishing vessels were ob- served, An infrared radiation thermometer to record surface water temperatures will be installed aboard the plane and used during fu- ture flights. Gulf Fishery Investigations SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: us III Cruise GUS-11(Novem- ber 20-December 2, 1963): Catches of brown and white shrimp were light to moderate dur- ing this cruise off the coast of Louisiana and Texas by the chartered research vessel Gus Ill, The vessel (operated by the Galveston — Biological Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) was engaged in a con- tinuing study of the distribution of shrimp in COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 the Gulf of Mexico. Hight statistical areas (13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were cov- ered, One 3-hour tow with a 45-foot shrimp trawl was made in each of 3 depth ranges (0-10, 10-20, and over 20 fathoms) in those areas, The best catches off Louisiana were taken in the vicinity of the Mississippi Delta which yielded 73 pounds of 26-30 count white shrimp from under 10 fathoms and 37 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. Moving westward, area 14 yielded 28 pounds of 31-40 count white shrimp from under 10 fathoms, 15 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from the 10-20 fathom depth, and 11 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms; area 16 produced 17 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from over 20 fath- oms, The best catches off Texas were made in area 18 which yielded 24 pounds of 31-40 count white shrimp from under 10 fathoms, 14 pounds of 26-30 count brown shrimp from 10-20 fathoms, and 56 pounds of 12-15 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. Area 19 produced 39 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from the 10-20 fathom range. Tows in area 20 took 10 pounds of 31-40 count white shrimp from the under 10-fathom depth, 19 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from the 10-20 fathom range, and 29 pounds of 15- 20 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. Area 21 yielded 11 pounds of 26-30 count white shrimp from under 10 fathoms and 15 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from 10-20 fathoms, Catches of white shrimp were almost en- tirely limited to the under 10 fathom depth. The catch of pink shrimp did not exceed one pound at any station during the cruise. HK OK OK Ok M/V "Gus III" Cruise GUS-12 (Decem- ber 10-22, 1963): Bad weather hampered operations of the chartered research vessel Gus III during this cruise off the Alabama coast extending westward off the coast of Texas, A totalof tenstatistical areas (10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were cov- ered and one 3-hour tow with a 45-foot shimp trawl was made in the three depth ranges of each area. Despite adverse weather condi- tions all stations were fished, Catches were generally spotty but good white shrimp catches 28 of up to 40 pounds were made inthe 0-10 fath- om depth of areas 13, 14, and 16. The largest haul of 40 pounds of white shrimp (26-30 count) from that depth range was from area 13 which also yielded 32 pounds of 21-25 count brown shrimp from over 20 fathoms. Area 16 yielded 38 pounds of 15-20 count brown shrimp from the 10-20 fathom depth and there were relatively good catches of the same size shrimp in over 20 fathoms ofareas 14 and 20. Area 11 off the Mississippi coast yielded 33 pounds of large shrimp ranging from 15 to 25 count from the over 20-fathom depth di- vided about equally between the brown and white species. Catches from the other two depths in that area were negligible. A catch of about 20 pounds from up to 10 fathoms in area 10 off the coast of Alabama was largely 21-25 count white shrimp. Each tow in the other two depth ranges of that area yielded less than one pound of brown and pink shrimp. This was the last cruise of this series by the Gus III. A slightly different pattern will be fished in 1964, Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are the number of heads-off shrimp per pound. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 13. ei == = Gulf States FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962: Fish and shellfish landings during 1962 in the Gulf States (west coast of Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) reached an alltime high of over 1.4 billion pounds valued at a record $94.5 million ex- vessel, This was an increase of 60.3 million pounds (4 percent) and $19 million (25 per- cent) as compared with 1961. The gain in quantity over 1961 was due principally to record menhaden landings of 1,1 billion pounds (up 36 million); improved shrimp production totaling 142 million pounds (up nearly 8 million); and a 97-million-pound catch of unclassified fish for use as bait, re- duction, and animal food (up 18.5 million), There was also some improvement in land- ings of Spanish mackerel, groupers, oysters, and mullet. However, compared with 1961, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 2 there were notable reductions in landings of blue crabs, catfish and bullheads, black drum, and red snapper. Menhaden Shrimp »Bait, reduction and animal food Mullet Crabs Other 100 120 Gulf States catch, 1962. 140 1,020 1,040 1,060 The value increase resulted chiefly from larger catches of high-pricedshrimp. There were also moderate gains in the value of men- haden and oysters. Three States (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) accounted for 1.3 billion pounds or 91 percent of the total quantity; while Texas, Louisiana, and the west coast of Florida ac- counted for $84 million or 89 percent of the value. Shrimp Menhaden Oyster meats Red snapper Crabs Other Million dollars Uys US 20 25 30 35 40 45 5% 55 60 Value of Gulf States catch, 1962. There were 23,212 fishermen engaged in the Gulf fishery in 1962. Commercial fishing craft operating in those States during the year consisted of 3,219 vessels of 5 net tons and over, 9,639 motor boats, and 638 other boats. Hawaii SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1963: - Skipjack tuna landings in Hawaii in Novem- ber 1963 were about 280,00 pounds, 35,000 February 1964 pounds below the 1948-62 average for the month, The cumulative total catch for Jan- uary-November 1963 was 8,045,000 pounds, or 1,592,000 pounds below the 1948-62 aver- age for the same period, During November there were 71 productive trips, giving an average of 2,665 pounds per productive trip. Individual catches ranged from 121 pounds to 9,827 pounds. 3 OK OK ok COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS, JULY-JUNE 1962/63 AND 1961/62: The commercial fish landings of the State of Hawaii during the 1962/63 fiscal year (July-June) totaled 10,879,389 pounds, valued at $2,566,045 ex-vessel. Compared with the 1961/62 fiscal year, the State landings de- creased 3,051,782 pounds or 21.9 percent, and the ex-vessel value decreased $307,229 or 10.7 percent. The drop in weight and value of the 1962/63 landings was due primarily to the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) landings which declined 3,262,717 pounds or 31.6 per- cent in weight and $326,118 or 25.9 percent in value. Table 1 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings and Ex-Vessel Value, ___July-June_1962/63 and 1961/62 fuly-June 19 6 uly-June 76 Specles ix antity | Value | Quantity | Value Peay ish Name Hawaiian Name 1,000 Lbs. | $1,000 000 Lbs. 2 Amberjack .......6 Kahala 97 28 69 21 Big-Eyed Scad Akule & Hahalalu 173 123 244 165 Crevalles..... + | Ulua, Omilu 77 34 76 33 Dolphin, .,... . | Mahimahi 129 51 109 47 Goatfishes ... . | Weke-ula, Weke Moelua, \' Moano Kumu, Malu 115 62 111 59 Mackerel scad ..... Opelu 437 139 221 89 Uku 66 27 56 22 Opakapaka, Kalekale 127 63 123 29 Ulaula Koae, or Onaga Ulaula or Ehu 113 15 68 60 5 498 139 579 151 +++... | Ahipalaha 18 4 16 5 ig-Eyed......... | Ahi 4,175 573 1,182 579 Yellowfin ........ Ahi 449 156 385 142 Skipjack ......... Aku 7,057 935 10,319 1,261 Bonito or little tuna_. | Kawakawa 34 6 3 1/ Shellfish: -_— Kona & misc, species 24 34 Opihi Other important species that showed de- creased landings in 1962/63 were the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira ampla), 69,537 pounds or 27,1 percent; and the big-eyed scad (Tra- churops crumenophthalmus), down by 71,543 pounds or 29.3 percent, Landings of two species in 1962/63 that increased substantially were the yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterus) and the mack- erel scad (Decapterus pinnulatus), The in- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 crease for the yellowfin tuna amounted to 64,497 pounds or 16.8 percent and that for mackerel scad amounted to 215,715 pounds or 97.5 percent, Table 2 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings by Islands, July 1962-June 1963 y The Island of Oahu in the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1963, accounted for 8,059,000 million pounds (valued at $2,566,000) or about 74,1 percent of the quantity and 75.8 percent of the value, The Island of Hawaii was the second most important in landings and value and accounted for about 13.5 percent of the total landings and 13.8 percent of the value. Table 3 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishe July 1962-June 196 a Sees Pond Catch Total Catch 5 | Quantity] Value [Quantity] Value [Quantity[ Value | 1, 000 T, 000 1, 000 yy Landings by Months, | 1962 | July August September October | November December FPNUNNYW Ubpwuunn PRP AR [NHWOWWA HE une 2 i 10, 837_| 2,535 10, 880 | 2,566 | Note: Due to rounding, totals in Table 2 and 3*do not agree in some cases. The only other Island of the six reporting commercial fishery landings of more than 1 million pounds was Maui. Landings in July made up about 19.1 per- cent of the 1962/63 fiscal year's landings and, as in past years, the peak season for the skip- jack fishery (June-September) accounted for about 51.5 percent of total landings, (Depar.- ment of Land and Natural Resources, Hono- lulu, November 20, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 33. 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Industrial Fishery Products TRENDS IN USE OF FISH MEAL IN MAINE AND MASSACHUSETTS: j Animal feed manufacturers and experiment station scien> tists in Maine and Massachusetts, fish reduction plants in Maine, and a feed mill in New Hampshire were visited in De= cember 1963, by the Chief of the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technical Advisory Unit and the Animal Nutrition- ist attached to the Unit. Observations made during the trip were as follows: The State of Maine is among the 10 leading states in the production of broilers and therefore is a relatively large consumer of fish meal. On the other hand, swine, which like poultry, consume fish meal, are reared in relatively small numbers, and there appears to be an opportunity in that State for an increase in pork production, Only half the eggs consumed in Massachusetts are produced in that State; this offers poultrymen an opportunity for expansion, These pose sible increases in poultry and swine production obviously would work to the advantage of fish meal producers by in= creasing the total consumption of fish meal, The average levels of fish meal utilization in northeastern broiler, layer replacement, and laying rations appear to be about the same as those in the Southeastern States, namely, 2.5 percent in rations for broilers and chicks reared as lay er replacements and 0,5 percent in laying rations. This is true despite the fact that fish meal is produced in the area, However, the level of utilization may be influenced by the fact that it has been necessary to import fish meal from ae broad in order to supply the demand, and, as is true in the southeast, the necessity of using imported meal tends to de= press the level of utilization, Almost without exception, the animal nutritionists ex- pressed high regard for fish meal. In the opinion of one nu- tritionist employed by a large concern, there is, without doubt, no other product available having as much potential as a balanced source of amino acids as has fish meal; this ap- pears to be the opinion of most poultry nutritionists. Some of the feed manufacturers stated that they would prefer bulk shipments to sacked shipments of fish meal. Most animal nutritionists and laboratory directors exe pressed lively interest in any advances that can be made in determinations of protein quality of fish meal, One concern is carrying out active research to determine to what extent enzymatic digestibility tests can be relied upon in compari> son with the much more time*consuming chick or rat tests, Another feed mill depends upon chemical tests to tell wheth= er or not there is a great deal of variation between different shipments of meal from a given source. A poultry nutritionist at the University of Maine has ree cently completed some experiments in which fish meal sig- nificantly stimulated growth of layer flock replacement chicks during the first 9 weeks following hatching. Also, a Maine professor said that a number of egg producers in his State are building their own feed mills. Operators of these mills, in an effort to decrease the variety of feed ingredients that must be stored, have been exploring the possibility of eliminating fish meal and some other feed ingredients from their formulas. The Maine professor, who had been consult= ed concerning the proposed formula simplification, indicated that the elimination of fish meal from poultry feed formulas would be highly inadvisable, in his opinion, because it would mean the lowering of the quality of the rations, At the University of Massachusetts, some very basic ex- periments on the endocrinology of fowl are being carried out. Such studies usually lead to a better understanding of physi- ology and, eventually, to increased economy and profits. 3 OK KK OK Vol, 26, No, 2 UPWARD TREND IN USE OF FISH MEAL IN SOUTHERN STATES: Mixed animal feed manufacturers and experiment station scientists in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Louisiana were visited during mid-November 1963 by the Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technical Advisory Unit and the animal nutritionist attached to the Unit. Fish reduction plants in Mississippi and Louisiana also were vis~ ited. The observations and conclusions resulting from the trip were as follows: Interacting factors are discernible, in the area visited, that tend on the one hand to encourage and on the other to discourage liberal use of fish meal in poultry rations. A factor encouraging more liberal utilization has been the feed-ingredient price structure. During November 1963, relative prices of feed ingredients encouraged a trend to- ward relatively liberal utilization of fish meal. This trend was exemplified by commercial broiler rations that con- tained 6, 8, and even 10 percent fish meal. In general, such rations are formulated on a ‘‘maximum profit’ basis, i.e., the cost per pound of feed is disregarded and the feed is formulated to produce a maximum of broiler meat per dol- lar invested in feed. A number of factors tend to depress the level of fish meal utilization. One such factor is the result of competi- tion between firms to produce rations of given quality to be sold at competitive prices. In order to reduce costs, for- mulators may substitute less expensive protein concentrates for part of the fish meal of a ration. Such concentrates are likely to be inferior to fish meal because of lower coeffi- cients of digestibility, less desirable balance of essential amino acids, and lower content of the essential amino acids methionine and lysine. In addition, most protein concen- trates other than fish meal lack the unidentified growth fac- tor (UGF) of fish. Thus, as most formulators freely ac- knowledge, a reduction in the level of fish meal to lower the sale price of the feed mixture usually results in a somewhat less desirable ration, A second factor tending to discourage liberal use of fish meal is the present unavailability of domestic meal. Of the feed mixers visited, most either had exhausted their sup- plies of domestic fish meal or were rapidly depleting their remaining stores, Many feed producers expressed a definite reluctance to use imported meal in liberal amounts. This re- luctance is based upon what feed mill operators appear to be- lieve is the extreme variability in the quality of imported meal, For example, according to one feed mill operator, in amounts no larger than a carload lot, sacks of meal have been found that appear to have originated in six different re- duction plants, and variations in quality within such carload lots are, as one would expect, considerable, According to an industrial nutritionist, a third factor his- torical in nature has tended to depress fish meal utilization in broiler rations in the Southern States. The nutritionist said that when the broiler-producing industry first got its start, rations ordinarily consisted of such suitable grain products as were readily available, plus a protein-mineral- vitamin mixture purchased from one of the firms special- izing in such ‘‘premixes,’’ The latter ordinarily contain fish meal in amounts too small to represent a liberal sup- ply of fish meal in the finished ration, Fish meal utiliza- tion subsequently has tended to follow the levels established earlier by feed producers using premixes, As a result of the interplay of factors, just described, the average fish meal content of broiler rations produced in the Southern States appears to be about 2.5 percent. This estimate is based upon information given both by experiment station specialists and by industrial nutritionists. Even though the average utilization level is relatively low percent- age-wise, very large amounts of fish meal are utilized in the Southern broiler-producing States because of the tremendous poultry production in that region. The evidence collected on this trip, and earlier, suggests that the demand for fish meal will continue to increase in the February 1964 Southern broiler-producing States but that the rate of in- crease cannot be expected to be rapid. Several industrial nutritionists expressed some concern with present methods of quality control of fish meal, pointing out, as have many others in the past, that biological (chick and rat) tests are too protracted to yield the desired data be- fore the feed mixtures containing the protein being tested have been sold and perhaps consumed, The need for a rapid test for quality is apparent. One nutritionist pointed out that microscopic examination of fish meal by a skilled technician reveals a great deal concerning the quality of the meal, as for example, whether or not even slight scorching has taken place. Broiler production is still on the increase in the Southern broiler-producing States, but such increase is taking place at a decelerating rate, In contrast with this decline in rate of increase in broiler production, a marked increase in egg production is now taking place, Some new egg production units are of 1-million hen size and a few are even larger. This increase in egg production will add to the demand for fish meal for the reason that laying mashes usually contain some fish meal and rations for layer replacement flocks or- dinarily contain relatively liberal amounts of such meal, The production of dogfood and other petfoods seems to be increasing in the states visited. A large portion of the out- put of some large concerns now consists of petfoods. Be- cause fish meal is used in low concentrations in some of these petfoods, this expanding branch of the mixed feed in- dustry can be expected to have a limited but positive influ- ence on the demand for fish meal. (U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Technical Advisory Unit, Boston, Mass., December 16, 1963.) % OK OK KX U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production by ‘Areas, November 1963: Pre- liminary data on U.S. production of fish meal, oil, and solubles for November 1963 as col- lected by the U.S. Bureauof Commercial Fish- eries and submitted to the International As- sociation of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table. U. S. Production1/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solnbles: fan.-Nov. 1963 __ | 1963 tom eieViuiliolrawell’e Nov. 1962 “Total 0:'0-0.0°0700 221,654__| 178,273 | 88,514 | 7,216 295,730 | 255, 129 10, 964 OK OK OK OK ajor Indicators for U.S. Supply, Novem- ber SS ELae United States production of fish COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 meal and fish oil in November 1963 was high- er by 17.8 and 24.9 percent, respectively, as compared with November 1962, Fish solubles production was down 4.5 percent, Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil, November 1963 Fish Meal: | Production 1/: December. . November . Jan,-~Oct. . Jan.~-Dec. . Imports: December. November. Jan.-Oct, . Jan.-Dec, . Production: December... November. Jan.-Oct. . Jan.-Dec.. 2/ 4,604| 4,819] 5,140 2/ 91,126 |117,677|102,165 Imports: December. November. Jan.-Oct. . Jan.-Dec.. Fish Qils: Production: December. November. Jan.-Oct. . Jan.-Dec.. 2/10,309| 8,254} 10,599] 12,464 2/167, pas 246,875/244,507/195,209|169,814 Exports: December. . November. . Jan.~Oct. . . Jan.-Dec..... Does not include crab mp, '2/Preliminary data for 1963 Laged on poset which Dreccented! for the following percentage of production in 1962: Fish meal, 93 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 97 percent, and fish oil, 75 percent. 3/Includes homogenized fish. 4/Beginning with March 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds instead of gallons. Conversion fac- tor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gallon. Note: Data for 1963 are preliminary. eK OK OK Production, October 1963: During October 1963, 15,608 tons of fish meal and 14.2 million pounds of oil were pro- duced in the United States. Compared with October 1962, this was a decrease of 20,357 tons or 57 percent in meal production, and 24,8 million pounds or 64 percent in oil production, Menhaden meal production for October amounted to 11,420 tons--a decrease of 20,708 tons or 64 percent, Men- haden oil (12.3 million pounds) was 25.7 million pounds or 68 percent less than in October 1962, Fish solubles manufactured in October 1963 amounted to 6,678 tons. This was a decrease of 6,636 tons (approxi- mately 50 percent) below the production of the same month in 1962. Menhaden solubles (4,494 tons) made up 67 per- cent of the October fish solubles production, Fish meal production amounted to 209,670 tons during the first 10 months of 1963, This was a decrease of 75,885 tons or 27 percent. Oil production for the same period of 1963 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW amounted to 168.0 million pounds--a decrease of 78.9 mil- lion pounds. Production of fish solubles for the first 10 months of 1963 amounted to 83,902 tons--a decrease of 23,355 tons or 22 percent. U. S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, October 19631/ with Comparisons October Jan,~Oct. Total Product i 1/1963 1962 | 1/1963 1962 1962 eee (Short Tons).......-.-- [Fish Meal and Scrap: Herring . 824 487 7,283 5,035 5,095 Menhaden Ale 11,420 165,168| 231,100 | 238,680 Sardine, Pacific. 1 29 689 70: Tuna and mackerel, 2,225 18,907 209,670 Unclassified ... 1.1... +e e ee ee eee | 285,555 298,333 Shellfish, marine-animal meal and scrap . 3/ 3/ 12,899 onooDoD 3/ 3/ 311,232 4 — poousedsoooobODOCOOOS 68,422| 82,198 | 84,885 Gthenteeeeeee eile erst orate 15,480| 25,059| 28,353 oe 83,902 | 107,257 | 113,238 10,420 Menhaden aes Sardine, Pacific” Tuna and mackerel.... . wee Other (including whale)..........4- 398 246 7,349 38,990 | 167,964 dana. ‘Includes a small quantity of thread sen |3/noe avallablaronts monthly basis, HK kK U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES: Production and Imports, January~October 1963: Based on domestic production and imports, the United States avail- able supply of fish meal for January-October 1963 amounted U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January~October 1963 with Comparisons Jan.~-Oct. Total 1/1963 1962 Eieicneeen (SHOrt Tons) ey-eaas Item ish Meal and Scrap: Domestic production; Menhaden....... Tuna and mackerel. HENrIng epee siee ioe Other eu senenoetsice ee © oe ee ee ee ee ee ee Total production Imports: Canaday ie veierctelcke PES '6 16". 0,0-0'0b:0 Ghiletyeretenieiorhene So. Africa Republic Other countries... Total imports...........| 335,259|221,426 | 252,307 Available fish meal supply. ....] 544,929/506,981 | 563,539 Fish Solubles: Domestic production 2/. Imports: Canadavirciencienchetencnsnamenenenen oie Icelandhiepenonsuckenenedeneneonens wee So. Africa Republic ........ Other countries ......ccccce "Total imporis.....+-.--.] 3,442] | 5,486 | 6,308 Available fish solubles supply .. | 94,568) 123,163 | 130,642 |1/Prelim: 2/S50-percent aaa coil Includes production of homogenized condensed fish. Vol. 26, No, 2 to 544,929 short tons--37,948 tons (or 7.5 percent) more than during the same period in 1962, Domestic production was 75,885 tons (or 26.6 percent) less, but imports were 113,833 tons (or 51.4 percent) higher than in the same pe- riod in 1962, Peru continued to lead other countries with shipments of 256,433 tons. The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho- mogenized fish) during January-October 1963 amounted to 94,568 tons--a decrease of 23,2 percent as compared with the same period in 1962, Domestic production and imports dropped 22.6 percent and 37.3 percent, respectively. Inventions "BATHYKYMOGRAPH" MEASURES SPEED AND DEPTH OF NET WHILE FISHING: A device known as a bathykymograph has been designed to measure how deep and how fast a net sinks while fishing. The informa- tion may help fishermen in placing their nets, The bathykymograph is cylindrical, 12 inches long and 4 inches in diameter, The cylinder is equipped with a sealed piston and stylus. The device is attached to the net. As the capsule sinks, water pressure on the pis- Frank J, Hester, the inventor, holds bathykymograph which can tell how fast and deep a fish net sinks. February 1964 ton compresses a spring which moves the stylus and a clock-like device, recording depth and time. The bathykymograph has been patented by Frank J. Hester, 2033 Abbott Street, San Diego, Calif. XK OK Ok MULTI-IMMERSION QUICK FREEZER: The inventor claims this is a quick-freez- ing process designed for enterprises having limited complementary facilities other than freezer storage. It is ; said to decrease the cost of operation by maintaining higher re- frigeration efficiency and low energy load by freezing in stages with very simple devices, (Patent No, 3,078, 687, SIC No, 3585, granted Willis R. Woolrich, 700 Texas Avenue, Austin 5, Texas.) OS ISS UBSCES rah Sioweaaas oo 2 A METHOD OF ATTACHING FISHING SINKERS: The inventor claims this is a simple meth od of handling split-shot type weights and at- taching them to a fishing line. It involves joining the weights together in a chain effect with a plastic ribbon, gummed paper tape, or integrally cast connectors, It is said that at- tachment of one or more of the weights is then simplified by their symmetricarrangement on the connector. (Patent No. 3,084,469, SIC No. 3949, granted Thomas H. Stratton, Box 454, State Farmers Market, Columbia, South Carolina.) % OK OK Ok Ok FISH HOLDER PATENTED: A new device has been designed for grasp- ing the body of live fish while removing hooks, The risk of hand in- jury from fins, scales, or spines is thereby avoided, ac- cording to the inven- tor. The device is adjustable in size and can be made of various corrosive-resistant materials, (Patent Num- ber 3,081,576, granted Harry C, Collins, 11 West Third Street, Ocala, Florida.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 Irradiation Preservation PRELIMINARY TESTS ON OILY FISH INDI- CATE FLAVOR AND STORAGE PROBLEMS: Research on the irradiation of fish and fish products in the Seattle Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries have consisted primarily of the investigation of non-oily species such as sole and crab, Dur- ing the Atomic Energy Commission contract year (July 1963-June 1964), a series of spe- cies of oily fish (either containing a high oil content or oil with a high degree of instability) are to be irradiated and their storage-keep- ing quality tested. Such fish as the various species of salmon, herring, sablefish, and some of the rockfishes will be included. The first species (pink salmon) tested has pre- sented some very serious problems. Not only does rancidity limit the storage life of the irradiated samples to a shorter period than that of the unirradiated controls, but al- so the initial desirable, normal salmon fla- vor is largely destroyed by the irradiation process. It is obvious that considerable basic research will be necessary if satisfac- tory results are to be realized using irradia- tion as a tool for increased storage life of fish with high oil content, (> Maryland. OYSTER STUDIES IN 1963 INDICATE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS FOR SPAWNING AND SETTING: The late 1963 oyster spat in Maryland's tidewaters was generally light and ended by mid-September at all stations where test shells were exposed, This was earlier than usual, as evidenced by a number of years when fair sets were recorded as late as mid- October. Factors that contributed to the early end of setting were the lower than normal water temperatures that occurred during late summer and early fall and the completely spawned out condition of most oysters that had produced such excellent midsummer sets, At most stations water temperatures dropped below 70° F, shortly after mid-September, about three weeks ear- lier than normal, A survey of the commercial or surviving set on all State plantings was conducted in late 1963by the Tidewater Fisheries Depart- 34 ment survey vessel Tiny Lou with a biologist cooperating full time in making the observa- tions. Excellent spat counts on bars in many areas confirmed the good sets whose potential had previously been indicated by the test shell bags. In general, 1963 has produced one of the best oyster sets on record with high counts of spat particularly in the Eastern Chesapeake Bay area, lower Choptank tributaries, Little Choptank River, and St. Marys! River. An exceptionally heavy set was found in the upper Wicomico tributary of the Potomac River, the third such set recorded in the past 24 years with little or no set during intervening years. The conditions needed to bring about a good oyster set result from a complicated combination of factors that are not all fully understood, However, certain features of 1963 that favored a good set in Maryland were: Weather during March was much warmer than normal and accompanied by copious rainfall, This started oysters feeding vigorously with an abundance of food early in the season. May was cooler than normal so that feeding condi- tions were excellent while the beginning of oyster spawning was delayed. The result was that oysters generally were exceptionally fat and in top condition by the beginning of June before spawning commenced, Late spring and summer 1963 were marked by drought conditions and an absence of storms or strong winds, Salinity of the bay was much higher than normal and the lack of fresh water run-off retarded the formation of low oxygen conditions in deep water that are caused in part when a layer of fresher water floats near the surface. The spawning of oysters is known to be favored by the higher salinities, and two periods of sharp temperature rises occurred during the summer that would tend to trigger mass spawning, The above conditions favored production of an abundance of oyster larvae wherever brood stock was present, Newly hatched oysters while in the 2-week swimming stage are microscopic and, though able to swim slowly up or down, are entirely at the mercy of water currents in their long distance movement, Since only a small per- centage of the bottom is shell covered and suitable for setting it is not unusual for a large part or even all of a good brood of lar- vae to be swept away from the oyster beds and into deep channels or over unfavorable bottom where they will smother and be lost at COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 the time when setting must occur. Thus good broods of larvae often are observed in the water that become totally lost in storms be- fore they can set, The relatively calm wa- ters of last summer permitted a greater por- tion than usual of the oyster larvae to be re- tained in the creeks and bays where there were shell beds upon which they could set. The flow of heavier salt water from the ocean along the Bay's bottom and the spinning of the earth tend to carry oyster larvae near the bottom upstream and swing them towards their right as they move up the channel, Thus concentrations of larvae can occur in the upper part of small tributaries or embay- ments where there is no strong downstream flow of fresh water. They also concentrate along the right hand bank, as you look up- stream, of the Bay proper and of large tribu- taries such as the Potomac and James Rivers. This is one of the reasons why setting usual- ly is higher along the eastern side of the Bay than along its western side. A sustained flow of wind from one direc- tion may produce currents that carry larvae into a given area and at the same time carry them away from another location so that ideal setting conditions do not occur in all places at the same time. That is one of the reasons why, even in a particularly good setting year, some areas failed to receive good sets. Still another factor that can sharply re- duce an oyster set is the presence or absence of oyster enemies such as the oyster drill or "screw borer.’ Oyster drills must have quite salty water and so are seldom a serious problem in Maryland except on the seaside and in the low- er portions of Somerset Coun- ty waters. There have now been several years that were drier than normal and this has permitted a strong build-up of the drill population in Tan- gier Sound and even up into the lower part of Fishing Bay, Hooper Straits and the lower Honga River. Each young drill can eat several young oyster spat per day so that many newly set spat never get big enough to be easily seen by the naked eye. The abun- dance of drills in 1963 in the Tangier Sound area was quite destructive and was a major factor in the sharp reduction in the surviving oyster set. February 1964 Oysters grew quite well during 1963 and there were no reports of serious oyster mor- talities since the late 1963 winter. A survey showed that the fungus Dermocystidium, while favored by high salinity, was apparently checked by cooler water temperatures and though present in the lower part of the Mary- land area, and in some instances found further upstream than usual, produced no serious problem where it had been monitored, The parasite ''MSX"' has remained as a light infestation on certain bars in the Poco- moke and Tangier Sound areas. It is possible that the higher salinities may result in some increase of infection by this parasite with the extent of future damage somewhat dependent upon salinity conditions in 1964, The reports of much lower losses in 1963 from ''MSX" in Delaware Bay and in the lower Chesapeake continue to be a most hopeful sign. The condition of oyster meats was better in the fall of 1963 than in the fall of 1962. Oysters were generally fat on most bars ex- ceptfor afewlocalities Water temperatures had fallen rapidly during the 1963 fall period to curtailfattening. Late fall 1963, temperatures were too low for effective feeding so that oys- ter condition is expected to decline slowly during the winter period of hibernation and not improve until warming in the spring of 1964, A few reports of oysters that were poor and shucking out only a few pints were re- ceived, These were checked as of early De- cember 1963 and no parasite had been found associated with the condition. One apparent cause of poor yields in pints per bushel was the rapid growth in 1963 that enabled many young oysters to reach legal size but with thin shells, long bills, and shallow cups. Ex- pecially when clustered, these thin flat oys- ters cannot yield many pints even when fairly fat. (Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., December 10, 1963.) Michigan STOCKS OF LAKE TROUT INCREASE DUE TO RESEARCH: Latest studies give United States and Ca- nadian conservation agencies another solid vote of confidence behind their joint efforts to control the parasitic sea lamprey and re- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 build lake trout populations in the upper Great Lakes. Good survival and growth among lake trout in Lake Superior continue as the result of lamprey control and fish plantings in recent years, according 'to reports made during the December 1963 meeting of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission in Ottawa, Canada. Al- so, catches of adult sea lamprey remained relatively low in 26 streams along the south shore of Lake Superior where electrical bar- riers are in operation, Although up somewhat from 1962, the 1963 lamprey take is still 79 percent below the av- erage catch of these eel-like predators dur- ing the 1957-61 period. Barrier operations and commercial catches underline the combined effectiveness of lam- prey control and fish plantings in Lake Michi- gan, Through September 1963, commercial operators had taken 26,000 pounds of lake trout in those waters, their highest total since 1949. A year earlier they had netted only 325 pounds from Lake Michigan. Lamprey catches in 1963 declined 55 per- cent from 1962 in 2 of 3 Lake Michigan streams where barriers are inuse. The re- duction was recorded in the Bark and Sturgeon Rivers which were chemically treated. In the untreated Cedar river, there was a 12-per- cent jump in the number of lampreys cap- tured, Lake trout studies show a drop in the num- ber of lamprey-scarred fish caught in Lake Superior, Too, they reveal a continued im- provement in the average size of lake trout which has increased from 2,5 to 3.4 pounds during the last five years. The U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries reported that lake trout 29-32 inches long were more abundant in 1963; those in the 25- 28-inch group made smaller gains, Fewer fish were available from 1962 to grow into the 21-24 inch category. Lake trout less than 21 inches long were more numerous in 1963, virtually all of them being hatchery fish. As expected, hatchery-reared fish again accounted for a larger percent of lake trout catches in Michigan's Lake Superior waters. East of the Keweenaw Peninsula, hatchery fish made up almost 55 percent of the legal catch through September 1963 as compared 36 to only 1.2 percent in 1959, Among the under- sized fish, the hatchery figure climbed from less than 3 percent in 1959 to 94 percent in the fall of 1963, In Wisconsin waters there also had been a marked increase in the abundance of juvenile lake trout in Lake Superior, due almost en- tirely to large plantings of hatchery fish. Fisheries officials are particularly en- couraged by signs of lake trout spawning in most areas along the Michigan shore of Lake Superior from Grand Marais westward, Last fall's spawning run was the largest since 1958 in Wisconsin's waters, and there is good rea- son to expect that 1964 will see another large increase of spawning fish in these and other parts of Lake Superior. The lake trout restoration program is co- ordinated by the Great Lakes Fishery Com- mission, Federal, Canadian, and state agen- cies, including the Michigan Department of Conservation, are cooperating in the long- range effort. (Michigan Department of Con- servation, Official News Bulletin, Decem- ber 12, 1963.) New England Fisheries BOTTOMFISH AND SCALLOP LANDINGS IN 1963 AND FORECAST FOR 1964: Changes in the abundance of groundfish on New England fishing banks are expected to be mixed during 1964, and the abundance of sea scallops will decline, according to the Act? ing Director of the North and Middle Atlantic Region of the U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, This forecast is based on information provided by biologists of the Bureau’s Woods Hole Laboratory who monitor the landings of commer= cial fishermen, and study the population of fish and shellfish on offshore fishing banks by sampling with the Bureau's new fishing research vessel Albatross IV. Haddock landings in New England in 1963 will be about 112 million pounds, a decline from the 117 million pounds landed during 1962, The stocks of haddock on New England banks are expected to remain in only fair supply during 1964, so landings in 1964 will not improve, The drop will be most no= ticeable in the scrod category because of the scarcity of small fish which has been due to the age groups spawned in 1960, 1961, and 1962 being below average in abundance, However, things will be brighter in the haddock fishery after 1964, The survival of fish spawned in 1963 appears to have been unusually high. Both the summer and fall surveys of the offshore banks by the Albatross IV indicate the greatest abundance of young fish since the surveys were started in 1953. These young fish will reach marketable size and thus begin to be important to the fishery in the summer of 1965. This 1963 age group is expected to support the fish= ery for several years. _ Landings of cod in 1963 will be slightly less than the 35 million pounds landed in 1962, There has been an upward COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 trend in cod landings during the past few years, and abund= ance in 1964 is expected to remain at a relatively high level. Surveys by the Albatross IV show a fairly strong age group spawned in 1963 which should enter the fishery in late 1964 and early 1965. Landings of ocean perch in 1963 will be somewhat over 100 million pounds with abundance holding steady. There is some indication that there will be more fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1964, If so, total United States landings in 1964 will exceed those of 1963. Yellowtail flounder landings in 1963 will be nearly 75 million pounds, an all time high. This is due to increased abundance of fish which resulted from excellent survival of the age groups spawned in 1958, 1959, and 1960. The oldest of these age groups will be of less importance in 1964, and the following age group (1961) appears to be a poor one, Therefore, abundance and landings are expected to be lower in 1964, although still at a relatively high level. United States landings of whiting (silver hake) in 1963 will total about 92 million pounds which is slightly less than the figure for 1962. The U,S.S.R. fleet probably removed an equal quantity of whiting from the area during the year, What effect the Russian fishing will have on the stocks of whiting cannot be determined at this time, according to Bus reau biologists, Thus they are withholding any estimate of the availability of this species to United States fishermen during the year 1964, There is, however, no indication at present of any serious decline in abundance, Sea scallops have suffered a decline in abundance during 1962 and 1963 although total landings by United States and Canadian fishermen did not slip much in 1963. United States vessels landed about 19.7 million pounds of scallop meats in 1963, which was 16 percent less than the 23.5 million pounds landed in 1962, Canadian landings, however, increased from 13.9 million pounds in 1962 to 16.4 million pounds in 1963, Research vessel surveys show that the downward trend in abundance is continuing and landings are expected to decrease again in 1964, North Atlantic Fishery Investigations GROUNDFISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE STUDIES: M/V “Albatross IV" Cruise 63-7-2 (De- cember 2-16, 1963): To determine the fall distribution and relative abundance of ground- fish species from Georges Bank to Hudson Canyon and to study marine food and its avail- ability to a number of groundfish species were the main objectives of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re- search vessel Albatross IV. Around-the-clock fishing operations were conducted with a No. 36 trawl (lined), FX Hoavisad lvnov ~~ Ae @ bry 42 stream tributaries, Other migrants in the Delta are striped bass, shad, and sturgeon, nes which live their entire lives in the Delta rea include bass, crappie, sunfish, catfish, and carp. There are many species of inverte- brates in the Delta, the most. prominent being shrimp and clams, Over two hundred species of birds have been reported, Mammals pres- ent include mink, beaver, racoon, and river otter, Tidal estuaries in many parts of the world today are providing important commercial quantities of protein, Scientific investiga- tions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta can aid in solving basic problems in the de- velopment of estuarine fisheries. The Aquatic Research Institute will be aided by its nearness to other research groups such as the Delta Wildlife Study, which is a California State project with headquar- ters and laboratories in Stockton. The San Joaquin Delta College, and the University of the Pacific are also located in Stockton, and the universities in the San Franciso Bay re- gion are only a short distance away. The Asian Program: An enormous re- source of food is believed to be available in the seas and estuaries surrounding tropical Asia, The.development of fisheries to har- vest those resources is a major goal of the Aquatic Research Institute. The George Vanderbilt Foundation, which was the forerunner: to the Aquatic Research Institute, accomplished considerable work in Asia between 1950 and 1961, Fishery sur- veys were conducted in the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean, French Oceania, Line Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the Hawaiian Is- lands, A handbook of the food fishes of the Gulf of Thailand and a book on the fisheries of the Western Caroline Islands were com- pleted, In addition, training programs were carried out for fisheries officers, aquatic biologists, and ichthyologists of the United States, Thailand, Hong Kong, South Viet Nam, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and other countries of southeast and east Asia. The plans of the Aquatic Research Insti- tute call for: (1) completion of Asian research programs initiated by the George Vanderbilt Foundation; (2) preparation and publication of handbooks, manuals, and technical reports on COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No, 2 the food fidh, fisheries, and aquatic ecology of Asian regions; (3) establishment and oper- ation of an overseas regional laboratory and training center in Bangkok, Thailand; and (4) initiation of a training program for Asian and American students, Refrigeration TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM ON FREEZING OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: e€ semiannual convention of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- conditioning Engineers was held at the Hotel Roosevelt, New Orleans, La., January 27-29, 1964, It featured a symposium on the freez- ing of seafoods chairmaned by Charles But- ler of the U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, Washington, D. C., who is a member of the International Institute of Refrigeration, The purpose was to acquaint managers, en- gineers, and technical people in the refrigera- tion and seafood industries with developments that have taken place in the freezing of fish and fishery products over the past 40 years, A review paper on the history, of refrigera- tion in the United States fishing industry was given by Harden Taylor, one of the pioneers in the freezing of fishery products, It re- viewed some of the early methods of freezing fish and discussed the growth of the frozen seafood industry, Quality changes that occur in shrimp and methods for further improving product ac- ceptability and wholesomeness were discussed by Dr, Arthur Novak of Louisiana State Uni- versity. New preservation techniques on the use of ionizing radiation in extending the nat- ural fresh qualities of refrigerated shrimp were also described, Time-temperature tolerance of frozen foods was the subject of a paper by John Peters of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Glouces- ter, Mass. It included a discussion of re- search on the quality changes that occur in frozen foods during storage and distribution; and some recent results of research being conducted at the Gloucester laboratory and their importance to the refrigeration industry. Quality changes in fishery products was the subject of a paper presented by Dr, William February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 Dyer of the Fisheries Research Board of Can-| resentative. He also pointed out that volume ada. The biochemical changes that take place | movements in a recently launched export mar- in fish prior to, during, and after freezing, ket development program have further helped and their significance to fish quality were dis-| to bring inventories into favorable balance, cussed, The freezing of seafood now and in the fu- ture was discussed by Joseph W. Slavin, Act- : ing Chief of the Bureau of Commercial Fish- Shrimp eries Branch of Technology. Information was UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY given on methods for estimating the freezing INDICATORS. DECEMBER 1963: rates of fishery products and on commercial : freezing techniques. Item and Period . « «(1,000 Lbs., Heads-Off)... Total landings, So, Atl, and Gulf States: A paper on the role of the refrigeration engineer in the seafood industry by Luke St. February .....-..+.-- Onge of V. C, Patterson and Associates con- orate A Seren ars alin110900|erae115||ia(6%538 cluded the session, The daily problems of ..| 13,212] 12,477 refrigeration engineers in designing fish stor- age and freezing installations were discussed; Quantity canned, Gulf States 1/: some specific applications were dealt with in February ae detail. January ..... December.... : : 4 November.... 2 2 Registration at the convention was open to January-October. s 18,604 the public and registrants were invited to at- 237210 tend the symposium, February 28 ..... January 31 ...... December 31..... November 30 4/ October 31 4/.. September 30 . S ardines Imports 5/: February ...... MAINE PACK, 1963: January Bop Noo lecember.....ee A total of 1,584,000 standard cases (100 NEHER Laues 14°759| 177964| 147852 32-0z. cans) of Maine sardines was canned January-October . 120,474[/107,421| 95,988 during the 1963 packing season, according to January~ December 3/ Tastes {Toe 268 113,418 =| (¢/1b., 26-30 Count, Heads=Off) |Ex-vessel price, all species, So, Atl. and Gulf Ports: the Maine Sardine Council. Although this was considerably less than the 2,117,000 cases 3 3 Mebruanyaepaeveniarsletene eke |e ooad 78.9 |) 53.5 51.8 produced during the 1962 season, it was well January eo++ece+er++ +], 85.0 | 76.3 | 52.5 | 49.5 = Decembermiyeemieiite 54-65| 82.9 | 75.2 | 54.2 ahead of the critically small pack of only Novemberails saul wie Val Giganealmiaais. li7ais alusato 671,000 cases in 1961, when there was ashort-| | October ............ b/s1 64 90.0 68.7 | 53.0 0 September ...........|0/55-64| 90.9 70.1 52.2 age of fish. Avigust iit 22: Os nce 59v0!* |e 83ie2!|\tce |p s2r0 July speweteysestes eysteehedel ses | OS 69 82.1 | 55.8 | 54.6 s : aah : The Maine Sardine Council's Executive aan Hoe tos. biden’ (6-15 GRE) Chicazen i: Secretary said that fish were abundant in all February ....... 102-106] 93-95 | 69-71 | 65-67 areas along the coast for most of the season January .. see 91-94 | 69-71 | 64-66 5 i : December....... 101-107} 91-92 | 68-70 in 1963 and that this gave canners a wide se- NOMS risen ee a 105-110| 89-92 | 69-73 lection which enabled them to produce a high October ...... .- 108-115} 83-90 | 69-73 quality pack. He said that a policy of balanced ACeeueat eee Tae Teil tes ete lentes production from season to season by most Julypiepoim te eeaeale 3/ | 70-75 | 72-77 canners had resulted in an increasingly favor- Pod fag Bip demoed me emp aTamlal ey reed able inventory situation which should further See) eat 1963 on the basis of a new conversion factor (formerly 33.0 improve with the usual high Lenten demand, Pat ete Cian Gc uae prea dcanereyediand deveined, ete "Markets and distribution temporarily lost to REY of September Oe oee mincluces|zy 868, pod pounds) and November 30, 1963, includes pounds for S$ not reporting previously, imports because of the 1961 shortage have B/lncludes fresh frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bureau been mostly recovered so that the Maine sar- P/Rawaslin prices at Tempe ia; Morpan\ City La.» areas Port leabel and Browurville; dine industry now enjoys well over 50 pens te: December 1963 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information 4 x; published daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to cent of the total sales of all sardines in the heads-on weight multiply by 1.68. United States,'' according to the Council's rep- Raceuee 44 POSTLARVAL STUDIES INDICATE POSSIBLE VALUE AS INDEX OF ADULT POPULATION: The first year of the postlarval shrimp study being made by the Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory under a U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries contract was completed in October 1963, Although identi- fication of all specimens to species has not been completed, it seems likely that a satis- factory index for prediction of the adult popu- lation of commercial species of shrimp is being established, Retention of all samples has produced a large quantitative collection of many species living along the shores of Mississippi Sound and adjacent bays. Records of hydrographic data are extensive. The contract with the Bureau has been re- newed and data for another year will be col- lected and compared to what has already been completed, Smoked Fish STATUS REPORT ON SMOKED FISH-PROCESSING STUDIES CONDUCTED IN GREAT LAKES REGION: e progress made on smoked fish proc- essing studies to test the effects of certain process time /temperatures for the production of smoked chub is outlined in a report issued on January 10, 1964, by the Regional Director, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ann Arbor, Mich, The studies were conducted at the Bureau's Great Lakes Technological Lab- oratory in Ann Arbor, One of the first objectives of these smoked fish-processing studies was to evaluate prod- uct quality as affected by interim processing guidelines provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and States con- cerned with the subject. Initial tests were completed by early January, and procedures that were used, results obtained, and their significance to the fishing industry follow: General Procedures: ils Raw Material: Fifty -pound blocks of dressed "medium" chub frozen at 0° F, in alginate were used, 2. Thawing of Blocks: The 50-pound blocks were removed from frozen storage and thawed by immersing ina tank of cold COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 tap water for periods of time ranging from 8-12 hours. 3. Brining: The brining operation was conducted in a large plastic tank, Granulated salt was poured into the empty tank in an a- mount estimated to make a sufficient quan- tity of brine. Cold tap water was then added to the tank by use of a hose. Hose pressure was used to stir the mixture to facilitate solution. Salometer readings were made at frequent intervals to achieve desired brine strength, 4, Smoking: After brining, the. fish were individually hung head-down on '"'smoke- sticks,'' The weight of fish on each stick was then obtained to the nearest 0.1 pound for "brined weight.'' These sticks have a series of pairs of sharp-pointed nails protruding on two sides, The fish are hung on the sticks by skewering them at the tail-end on thenails. Each stick held about 5 pounds of fish, and 2 sticks were used to evaluate each of the sub- sequent treatments, Traditional wood-fired ovens were used for tests 1 and 2, For subsequent tests, a small gas-fired smokehouse was used in or- der to achieve controlled conditions of tem- perature (no control of relative humidity). During each test, thermocouples were in- serted into several representative fish and others were left exposed in several locations within the smokehouse., Continuous record- ings were made of internal temperature of product and smokehouse temperature by use of a gas-fired 24-point recording potentiome- ter. For all tests using the gas-fired oven, the smokehouse remained cold until the fish were loaded therein, After loading, heat was ap- plied to the oven, at which time the smoke generator was turned on and smoking was continued throughout the process. After processing, the fish were removed from the smokehouse and placed ina 0° F, freezer for a minimum of one hour to cool. After cooling, the fish were weighed to the | nearest 0.1 pound to obtain "smoked weight," 5. Holding Conditions: Upon completion of weighing, the fish were packaged either in bulk or vacuum packs, and either frozen at 0° F, or stored at 36° F, February 1964 Yield: Percentage yield was obtained by the following formula: smoked wt, brined wt. x 100 = % yield Results: 1. Raw Fish: Analyses of frozen, raw con- trol samples were as follows: % water - 75.9 % fat - 7.0 % salt - 0.1 2. Smoked Fish: Analyses of smoked sam- ples heated to various internal temperatures were as follows: as sea inne af Brine Strength |Internal Temp.| Water |Fat]Salt| Yield] OF 250-12hrs, | ‘1650 25° - 12 hrs. 180° 25° - 15 hrs. 180° . . 25° - 15 hrs. | 180° for30min.} 67.3 |7.2}60| 67 25° - 15 hrs. {160° for 5 hrs. | 57.8 |9.5 Note: Unless otherwise indicated, product was remove oven when maximum internal temperature was attained. Otherwise, maximum internal temperature was maintained for time period indicated. Tests 1-2 conducted in wood-fired smokehouse. Tests 3-5 conducted in gas-fired smokehouse. Tests 3-4 total process time of 24 hours, Test 5 total process time of 62 hours. 3. Pasteurization after Smoking: Samples of smoked fish were vacuum-packaged in plastic pouches and placed in water heated to 190° F, It required 40 minutes for the inter- nal temperature of the product to reach 180° F.; this temperature wasthen maintained for an additional 30 minutes, The plastic pouch used for water-bath pasteurization was a lamination of cellulose and polyethylene, Although the pouch re- mained intact during the treatment, it ac- quired a "frosted" appearance, However, more suitable materials would be readily a- vailable commercially. It was noted that little or no moisture or oil was rendered from the smoked fish into the pouch as a result of pasteurization such that the product's appearance would be ob- jectionable. The meat of the pasteurized fish remained firm and moist. Discussion: The primary purpose of the tests was to determine the effect on product quality of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 processing smoked chub to an internal tem- perature of 180° F, for 30 minutes, The at- tribute of quality was considered, for this purpose, to be the general eating qualities of flavor, texture, and degree of moistness of the edible portion, plus the general appear- ance of the product as contrasted with that of chub smoked in the traditional manner, Also considered were such economic factors as percentage of yield of smoked product and time required to process. The results of the tests indicated that chub can be processed ina controlled smoke- house to an internal temperature of 180° F., maintained at this temperature for 30 min- utes, and produce an acceptable product in terms of eating quality. Comparison of this product to chub smoked to lower internal temperatures (i.e., 165° F,) in wood-fired ovens permits the following general observa- tions: 1, Over-all appearance of the new prod- uct seemed reasonably acceptable, Some wrinkling of the skin was noted, but was not judged to be excessive, Color was poor (light), but could probably be corrected with amore suitable smoke generator, 2. Yield of products smoked conventional- ly in a wood-fired smokehouse equalled 70 percent, Yield of products processed to 180° F, for 30 minutes in a gas-fired smokehouse equalled 67 percent (total process time = 27 hrs.). 3. Incidence of fish dropping from the smoke sticks during heating was extremely low (of 300 pounds processed, a total of 3 fish fell to the bottom of the oven), 4, Taste test indicated the meat to be somewhat less moist than the conventional product, but not objectionably so. 5. Texture of meat was somewhat firmer than the conventional product, 6, Preliminary comparisons of frozen versus refrigerated samples clearly indicated significant "softening" of the texture as a re- sult of freezing. Smoked Fish Manual: One action the Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries planned was the preparation of a manual that would de- scribe good commercial sanitary processing and handling techniques and the significance 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 of Cl. botulinum type E to the industry. Such a smoked fish-processing and handling manual.,. providing interim guidelines for process and sanitation control, is being prepared and is expected to be available to industry in draft stage at least, in a relatively short time, In- cluded in the manual willbe sections on botu- linum food intoxication,, process and sanita- tion control recommendations, anda sanitation checklist for processors. Research on Cl, Botulinum Type E: Type E botulism has been traced to smoked fishery products manufactured in Great Lakes States. Review of the botulinum outbreaks and other information on the distribution and properties of the organism clearly indicates that Cl. botu- linum type E represents a serious potential _ hazard in smoked fishery products, Recogniz- ing the seriousness of this matter, regulatory agencies have taken emergency interim meas- ures considered adequate to safeguard the consumers. Aside from the impact of these events on the consumer, these emergency regulations have dealt the smoked fish in- dustry a crushing blow, particularly in the Great Lakes region, Recognizing the need for prompt attention to certain problem areas requiring special- ized knowledge and research on Cl, botulinum type E, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has initiated contract research studies, the results of which will allow for the more order- ly development of the required processing and handling codes for the smoked fish industry. A contract has been effected with the Universi- ty of Wisconsin, Professor E, M. Foster, Bac- teriology Department, will be conducting stud- ies for the development of thermal death time curves for Cl, botulinum type E toxin and spores on smoked fishery products, as affected by certain product variables, A research con- tract has also been negotiated with Michigan State University. Professor R, Lechowich, Department of Food Science, willbe concerned with methodology for recovery of low levels of type E toxin and spores from smoked fish as well as with heat resistance of the spores and temperature requirements for toxin formation in smoked fish, When results of the processing work and the contract work, described before, have been obtained, it will then be possible to go to FDA and the various cooperating states with a definite proposal to modify the interim processing regulations now in effect with the intent to substitute regulations based on scientific evidence that the industry can live with, Progress eae and Consumer Edu- cation: Consumer confidence in all fishery products marketed in the Great | Lakes has |been badly shaken, and in some instances destroyed, as a result of the publicity stem- ming from the botulism incidents and the FDA warning to the public about the use of smoked fish from Great Lakes processing plants. The publicity was erroneously interpreted by the public to include fresh and frozen fishery products despite efforts on the part of indus- try to clarify FDA action, As a result, sales of fish in retail outlets dropped off 30 to 50 percent, and even more in some localities. Restaurants have re- ported sales of fish dinners off 25 to 60 per- cent, Fish have been taken off some school lunchroom menus. Inventories of fish used for smoking in the Great Lakes/area persist at high levels and most Great Lakes fisher- men have been informed to stop fishing. United States consumer fear of Great Lakes fishery products has international im- plications as well, The Canadian Consulate at Detroit, Mich., reported that sales of Ca- nadian fresh-water fish to United States cus- tomers have drastically declined--whitefish as much as 80 percent, Great Lakes fishery associations have re- quested Bureau of Commercial Fisheries as- sistance in developing and implementing an intensive market promotion program in the Midwest. In response to that request, the Bureau's marketing program in the Midwest has been reoriented, and the marketing staff was active for six weeks in a stepped-up con- sumer education effort calculated to restore consumer faith in fishery products, Emergency consumer education activities by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to help restore confidence in fishery products included: 7 live TV fish-cookery demonstra- tions, 6 taped TV demonstrations, 4 radio interviews, 4 TV interviews, and 1 presenta- tion for an Executive Chef Association, These were presented in five states. In addition, three 10-minute video tapes of fish-cookery methods were made at a Chicago educational television station at the Bureau's expense, Copies of the tapes will be used by the Bu- reau's marketing specialists in scheduling pro- grams throughout the Midwest and other areas. February 1964 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries person- nel from the Ann Arbor Regional Office have COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 ‘South Atlantic Exploratory held meetings with fishery association groups ||Fishery Program in Michigan, Dlinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ohio, to explain the botulism problem, to discuss the effects of the adverse publicity on the fishing industry, and to plan avenues of corrective action, It is generally agreed that an all-out industry-Government promo- tional effort is needed to restore the good im- age of fishery products to Midwest consumers and, almost as important, to help restore the confidence of the fishing industry in itself and in its products. It has been agreed further that such a promotion was to begin immedi- ately, with a gradual buildup occurring dur- ing the Lenten period, peaking in the spring, and continuing at a high level throughout the coming year, It is generally recognized that this will not be an easy task and that intensive cooperative industry-Government efforts will be necessary if normalcy is again to be re- stored to the markets for fishery products in the Midwest. Some promotional activities have been un- dertaken by the fishing industry. The Fish- eries Council of the Great Lakes was formed in Detroit, This group sponsored a fish buf- fet served in the Michigan Capitol Rotunda to almost a thousand persons. The Wisconsin Fisheries Council planned promotional activ- ities to begin the first week in February. Similar plans have been stimulated for a Minnesota promotion through industry mem- bers in Duluth. Chicago industry members were also studying promotional action, Pros- pects look favorable that these groups and others can be drawn together for concerted action. i Major Great Lakes industry associations were organizing a concerted market pro- motion effort in the Midwest. At the request of industry, an industry-Government market- ing assistance proposal was prepared for con- sideration, Invitations were sent to the as- sociations and to major industry members to send representatives to a meeting held Jan- uary 11, 1964, in the Bureau's Ann Arbor Regional Office to discuss the initiation of an action program, It was further hoped that this meeting will be the vehicle for organiz- ing a Great Lakes-wide action group to speak and act for the entire industry, in all of its phases. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 8. SCALLOP DISTRIBUTION SURVEY OFF FLORIDA: M/V “Silver Bay" Cruise 51 (November 6- 19, 1963): To assess the seasonal distribu- tion and availability of calico scallops (Pecten gibbus) off the east coast of Florida between St. Augustine and Stuart was the primary ob- jective of this 14-day cruise by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay. A total of 177 dredging stations were oc- cupied with 6- and 8-foot tumbler dredges fitted with 2-inch bag rings and 2-inch mesh nylon liners, The best catches were made in a strip roughly 10 miles long and 2 miles wide, centered at latitude 28° 30! N., ata depth of 26 to 27 fathoms. There the average catch rate was 12 bushels of shell stock per 30-minute drag. The largest individual scal- lop catch was 12 bushels in 15 minutes, The scallops in that area averaged 50 to 55 milli- meters (1.97-2.17 inches), Their shucked yield averaged 107 meats per pint (see map on page 48). In all areas surveyed, dead shell dominated the catches. In depths of 12 to 32 fathoms, catches of small scallops--25 to 45 milli- meters (0.98-1.77 inches) in diameter--were common, Seven shrimp-trawling stations were oc- cupied with a 50-foot flat trawl with 6-foot chain doors. Only small catches of white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) resulted. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 29. South Carolina FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRESS, JULY-DECEMBER 1963: A report on the progress of biological re- search by the Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., for July-December 1963, follows: Oyster Studies: Experiments were con- tinued during the last half of 1963 to test the effectiveness of supplemental feeding of oys- ters, Experiments were again carried out in COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 2 - Scallop dredge station. - Shrimp trawl station. LITTLE BAHAMA: BANK oR Area investigated off Florida during Cruise 51 of the M/V Silver Bay. February 1964 three 12x12 foot concrete tanks. The over- flow in the tanks was arranged so that each tank held approximately 1,350 gallons of wa- ter. Approximately 100 oysters were used in each experiment, Each feeding experiment lasted 30 days. Individual oysters used for controls in one experiment were fed in the second experiment. In some experiments the situation was reversed and oysters which had been fed during one month were used as con- trols during the second month, In all experi- ments those oysters which were fed with var- ious forms of carbohydrates increased in weight over the control experiments. In broad generalities, the gain in weight of the fed oys- ters was usually three times that of the con- trols. Further work will continue on the sup- plemental feeding of oysters. Shrimp Studies: Brown shrimp were slightly more numerous jat regular survey sta- tions during the last half of 1963 than in that period of 1962. White shrimp, however, were almost five times less plentiful at regular survey stations from July through December of 1963 as during that time in 1962. Of the major kinds of commercial fish and shellfish sampled by experimental trawling, white shrimp were the only species which showed a marked decline during the last half of 1963as compared with that period in 1962, The rea- sons for the decline in the numbers of white shrimp this year are not known, but it is pos- sible that the extremely cold winter of 1962/63 was responsible, White shrimp, considerable numbers of which normally winter-over in coastal sounds and rivers, disappeared from inshore waters during the winter of 1962/63 and very few roe shrimp appeared in the spring of 1963. = Fin Fish: Experimental trawling at regu- lar stations from July through December re- vealed that croakers were slightly more abun- dant in inshore waters during that period than during the same period of 1962, The catch for spot was also approximately the same dur- ing the two periods, indicating that there has been no major changes in population of those fish during the past two years, Fish apezing Through December 1963, over 300 fish of various species had been tagged with Peterson disc tags and released throughout coastal waters, Only five tags were returned (all by sports fishermen) as of the end of 1963, The principal species tagged were croaker, spot, flounder, pigfish, whiting, sea trout, and black fish. Tags from COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW | predaceous fishes, 49 two croakers, two pigfish, and one large king whiting were returned, The croakers and pigfish had moved only short distances from the place where they originally were caught and tagged, in spite of the fact that one fish had been free for 85 days before it was caught, The king whiting was caught on hook and line about one month after being tagged and re- leased, approximately 22 miles from where it was originally captured, This study will continue during 1964 and it is felt that valuable information will be ob- tained concerning the movements, growth rates, etc., of various species of marine fish- es in South Carolina waters. Blue Crabs: Blue crabs were slightly more abundant in experimental trawling in coastal waters during July through December 1963 as compared with that period of 1962, The average catch per unit of effort for immature crabs at regular survey stations for the July- December period of 1963 was 9.9 crabs, as compared with a catch per unit of effort of 7.5 in 1962, The average catch per unit of effort for adult blue crabs was 15,2 during the 1963 period, whereas in 1962 the average catch per unit of effort was 13.9, Large female blue crabs were very plenti- ful in sounds and offshore during November and early December, but the sudden drop in water temperatures in mid-December ap- parently caused a migration to deeper waters offshore as trawl catches declined markedly at this time, Pond Cultivation: Two one-acre ponds were harvested in October 1963. One of the ponds, the ''fish pond,"' had been allowed to stock naturally by opening the flood gates on March 11 and allowing postlarval shrimp to "flow'' into the pond until it was closed on May 7. The flood gates were reopened again from June 25 to August 30 for further inflow- ing of postlarval shrimp. The other pond, the "oyster pond," was stocked by hand during May to September with approximately 1,100 shrimp of mixed species, Both ponds were treated with rotenone on May 7 and August 7, 1963 (each pond treated twice), to remove Crab pots were used in each pond to remove crabs. As food for the shrimp over 500 pounds of chopped ‘trash fish was put in each pond during June to September, In 1963 the fish pond yielded 14 pounds of ishrimp, heads-on, in73 months, However, in 50 1962 the same pond treated in the same man- ner yielded a harvest of 163 pounds of shrimp, heads-on, in 4 months. In 1963 the oyster pond, hand-stocked with 1,100 shrimp, gave a harvest of 855 shrimp weighing 43 pounds 6 ounces in 73 months. In 1962 the same pond, hand-stocked with 8,164 shrimp, gave a harvest of 15,500 shrimp weighing 238 pounds 14 ounces in 4 months. Obviously in addition to the hand-stocking some shrimp as postlarval or as small juveniles entered the pond naturally when exceptionally high tides forced open the flood gates. The difference in the yield of the ponds, particularly the fish pond, seems to be a re- flection of the scarcity of postlarval shrimp in estuarine waters of South Carolina, New Research Vessel: On September 7, 1963, the hull of the new research vessel for Bears Bluff Laboratories was launched at ‘Cainhoy, S.C. The boat was designed to fit specifications for estuarine research. She is 58 feet long with a beam of 18 feet and draws only 42 inches of water, After launching, the boat was towed to Wadmalaw Island and a Diesel motor was installed by the staff of the Laboratories, Carpenter work and finishing of cabin, laboratory space, and living quarters is nowunder way. Trial runs to check the en- gine were made just before Christmas. The performance of the boat was excellent, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 51. Sports Fishing NEW FEDERAL SPORTS FISHING RESEARCH LABORATORY TO BE BUILT ON UNIVERSITY PROPERTY: One of the final steps to locate a Federal sports fishing research laboratory in Rhode Island, was taken when the University of Rhode | Island President reported on December 16, 1963, that the University and the U. S. Depart- ment of the Interior had reached an agree- ment, allocating a three-acre site of land for the laboratory. The University is processing the deed which will give the Federal Govern- ment a parcel of land on its Narragansett Bay Campus, directly to the west of the Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Center, The Narragansett Bay Campus of the Uni- versity of Rhode Island is well on its way to COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No; 2 becoming one of the world centers for research in the marine sciences, the University's Presi- dent stated. He added, the location of a third Federal facility in the area will give added impetus to this trend. He also stated that the area will be of great benefit to the economy.of Rhode Island and the nation, Though popularly neglected, there is a growing feeling that research into the sea may hold as great a potential for the future as space science, The initial Federal investment in the area is expected to exceed $3.5 million, Counting the staff at the headquarters for the Uni-- versity of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, this will result in the employ- ment of over 300 scientists, technicans, and staff people. eT | ~ To Providence, R I. Marine Sports Research Station Sali 04 cn Wate ie FAestn, Ths) Reactor UR. I. nS 2 [Morth Laboratory sp piireerey a =, ‘ estarch Center (U.S. PHS) Berth\\ fr URI Research Vessel Trident Legend: *& - Proposed structures. —-—-— - Property line. & Sketch showing the site and where proposed structures for the new Federal sports fishing research laboratory is to be built on the University of Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay Campus. Shortly after receipt of an allotment for site selection and engineering design, the Chief of the Division of Sports Fisheries of the In- terior Department's Bureau of Sport Fish- eries and Wildlife said his Unit wanted to find out what it takes to produce game fish and how they can spawn in large numbers, and get enough food, In addition, the Division is interested in studying the effects of pollution and pesticides on fish. The Rhode Island facilities would also be usedasa base to move up or down the coast to check fish migration, Previously, the University donated 5.3 acres of land for the $1,165,000 Northeast Shellfish Sanitation Research Center, now nearing completion, and 7.2 acres for the pro- posed $1,750,000 Water Quality Laboratory. Still another parcel was given to the Rhode Island Atomic Energy Commission for the $1 February 1964 million nuclear reactor, (Public Information Department, University of Rhode Island, De- cember 13, 1963.) Striped Bass TAG RETURNS SOUGHT FROM LONG ISLAND MARKING PROGRAM: total of 579 large striped bass have been tagged along the south shore of Long Island by the New York State Bureau of Marine Fish- eries, The fish--ranging in size from 6 to 50 pounds--were marked with red and white plas- tic disc tags, The Fish Research Unit of the New York State Bureau of Marine Fisheries late in 1963 had completed a three-year program of tag- ging striped bass from the surf along the south shore of Long Island (Fire Island), New York. Only fish of six pounds or heavier were tagged in an effort to learn more about the move- ments and seasonal migration of larger, ma- ture striped bass. Although many thousands of striped bass have been tagged at various times and stations along the Atlantic Coast, very few of the fish have been of considerable size, Biologists of the U.S, Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries, having consolidated and ana- lyzed data from several sources in North Carolina and Chesapeake Bay, concluded that large striped bass which concentrate on the North Carolina coast in winter and in Chesa- peake Bay in later winter and spring move northward as far as Massachusetts in spring and summer, It is important to know, from the point of view of striped bass management and utilization, if this great movement is an- nually cyclic and to learn if fish from the more northern part of this species’ extensive range return in the fall as far south as the North Carolina coast and the major southern spawning grounds, During the past three years almost 4,200 striped bass from the ocean front along Fire Island Beaches were carefully examined and, of those, 579 (about 14 percent) were in the large category. The larger fish--rangingfrom 6 to 50 pounds--were marked with two red and white plastic, serially numbered: Petersen disc tags by fastening the discs on the upper back between the dorsal fins with a stainless steel pin, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 For efficient management and utilization, it is important to investigate further the ex- tent and time of striped bass migrations. Co- operation of fishermen is needed to insure the success of the current study, Tags re- covered from the striped bass tagged off Long Island should be returned, together with the date and location of capture, to New York State Conservation Department, D-J Fish Re- search Unit, Oakdale, New York, 11769. A nominal reward of one dollar, as well as in- formation concerning the tagged fish, will be given for each set of red and white discs, Transportation RATE INCREASE SOUGHT BY NEW ENGLAND TRUCKERS: The New England Motor Carrier Rate Bu- reau held public hearings on December 18, 1963, on its proposal to increase rates and wages approximately 83 percent to cover higher cost of labor and supplies. Over 100 shippers and trade associations voiced stren- uous opposition to the proposal. This proposal is not intended to cover any jincreases in wages which may result from the current negotiations between the Teamsters Union and the trucking industry for nation- wide wage increases totaling $200 million a year, It is reported that an official of the Teamsters Union opened the negotiations with a statement that truckers will be required to increase rates 7 percent to cover the cost of increased wages, and should get a 15-percent increase to cover past increases, HK OK OK ae REA EXPRESS FILES TARIFFS TO INCREASE CHARGE: Tariffs have been filed by REA Express which would increase charges on all express movements by 25 cents per shipment effective January 27, 1964, On February 8, 1962, an increase of 10 cents per shipment was ef- fected by this carrier and a widespread ad- justment to fishery rates was made in No- vember 1961, Any protests by the fishing industry on the proposed increase were to be filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) be- fore January 17, 1964. HA HK 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ALASKA-WASHINGTON RAIL-BARGE SERVICE EXPANDED: A West Coast firm announced the launch- ing, on December 11, 1963, of the Kenai, a hydro-train barge, reported as being the larg- est ocean vessel of that type ever built. The barge is 342 feet long with a capacity of 42 normal length railroad cars. The Kenai is to be used in weekly sailings from Seattle, Wash., to Whittier, Alaska. It will supplement the service provided by the Clair Engle, the origi- nal barge link in the all-rail route between Seattle and Whittier. Tuna RESULTS OF BLUEFIN TAGGING IN ATLANTIC OCEAN BY WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION: Included in the Cooperative Game Fish Tagging Program of the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution is the bluefin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean, The 1963 report on the game fish-tagging program points out that the most important results concern the bluefin tuna, Increasing commercial pressure on that spe- cies is shown by the dramatic increase in re- turns from the northwestern Atlantic fishing area, from Maryland waters to off southern New England, These rose from a total of 6 for the years 1954-1962 combined to 19 for the 1963 season alone, No less than 7 of 29 bluefin marked in the inshore waters of that area last summer have been already recap- tured, as have 4 of 29 marked further offshore early in June, about 120 miles southeast of Nantucket, The other 1963 returns were ob- tained from 4 fish marked in 1962, 3 in 1961, and 1 in 1960, These returns suggest that in the 1963 season a group of bluefin in the 100- pound class moved west southwest from off Oceanographer Canyon to coastal waters off Ocean City, Md., then northward and eastward to off Block Island and finally into Massachu- setts Bay, while smaller individuals moved from off Montauk eastward toward the Martha's Vineyard grounds and then back to the west- ward again, Unfortunately these samples are too small to be of conclusive statistical sig- nificance, More tags from all species of game fish tagged by the Institution's cooperative game fish-tagging program were returned in 1963 than in the 8 previous years combined. Vol. 26, No. 2 Since May 1954, about 1,500 bluefin tuna, 4,350 Atlantic sailfish, 2,350 white marlin, 950 Pacific sailfish, 600 striped marlin, 200 blue and black marlins, 750 greater amber- jack, 200 yellowfin tuna, and 875 other fish have been marked--a grand total of nearly 12,000 fish. Returns have been obtained from 32 bluefin tuna, 31 Atlantic sailfish, 3 white marlin, 1 striped marlin, 70 greater amber- jack, 2 yellowfin tuna (from only 6 Pacific taggings), 7 stripedbass, 5 crevalle jack, 1 bar jack, 3 dolphin, 2 great barracuda, 1 fluke, and 1 sea bass--a total of 159 returns. Participation by individuals and clubs con- tinues to increase, the Institution reports. Acknowledged is the valuable cooperation from the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries in marking fish and also in recovering tags with the necessary data, Assistance in the latter endeavor has also been furnished by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Com- mission and by the Cape Cod Tuna Corpora- tion, Eastport, Maine, and the Maryland Tuna Corporation, Cambridge, Md. Basic financial support for the program is from the National Science Foundation, supplemented by grants from the Charles W. Brown, Jr. Memorial Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Sport Fishing Institute, the International Game Fish Association, the Van Camp Foun- dation, the Associates of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and numerous oth- er organizations and individuals. Increased tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna in all possible areas is the Institution's most urgent objective at present. The importance of prompt and accurate reporting of taggings is emphasized. Some very important returns have proved of dubious value due to lack of tagging data, U. S. Fishing Vessels FISHERIES LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID FOR VESSELS, OCTOBER 1-DECEMBER 31, 1963: From the beginnning of the program in 1956 through December 31, 1963, a total of 1,341 loan applications for $35,872,047 were received by the U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the agency administering the Fed- eral Fisheries Loan Fund, Of the total, 689 applications ($15,737,240) have been approved, February 1964 459 ($11,531,721) have been declined or found ineligible, 157 ($6,084,422) have been withdrawn by applicants before being processed, and 36 ($842,733) are pending. Of the applications ap- proved, 273 were approved for amounts less than applied for, The total reduction was $1,675,931. The following loans were approved from October 1, 1963, through December 31, 1963: New England and Middle Atlantic Areas: Bradford Reed, Boothbay Harbor, Maine, $1,800; Silver Sea, Inc., Boston, Mass., $25,000; Agatha and Patricia, Inc., Medford, Mass., $50,000; Dias Fishing Corp., New Bed- ford, Mass., $18,296; and Peter Edson Sprague, Narragansett, R. I, $32,000. California Area: Michael F, Schroeder, Aptos, $5,365; Dean Holder, Crescent City, $6,000; and Donald E, Dodson, Santa Cruz, $20,000, Pacific Northwest Area: Frank A, Taylor, Newport, Oregon, $3,000, Alaska Area: Fred L, Birch, Auke Bay, $3,472; Albert Lauth, Craig, $2,600; and Wal- ter R. and Leota Farmer, Valdez, $6,000. Under the Fishing Vessel Mortgage In- surance Program (also administered by the Bureau) during the last quarter of 1963, 6 ap- plications for $330,162 were received and 1 application for $36,412 was approved. Since the program began (July 5, 1960), 36 applica- tions were received for $3,889,129. Of the total, 28 applications were approved for $2,359,046 and 8 applications for $1,503,750 were pending as of December 31, 1963, Since the mortgage program began, applications re- | ceived and approved by area are: New England Area: Received 10 ($1025,365), approved 8 ($775,365); California: Received and approved 1 ($557,000); South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Received 18 ($780,468), approved 12 ($437,164); Pacific Northwest: Received 6 ($1,486,296), approved 4 ($507,546); Alaska: Received 1 ($40,000). Not yet ap- proved. No applications for the Fishing Vessel Construction Differential Subsidy were re- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 ceived from July through December 31, 1963, as the authority toaccept applications expired on June 12, 1963, Since the beginning of that program on June 12, 1960, 13 applications were received for $1,101,770, of which 6 applica- tions were approved for $546,103, and 7 ap- plications for $555,667 were pending, kk ok Ok DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND CANCELLED: November 1963: During November 1963, a total 37 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fishing craft, as Table 1 - U. S, Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, November 1963 with Comparisons ae Area (Home Port) voodoo (Number)...... Issued first documents 2/: New England yy os oie 1 2 21 27) 28 Middle Atlantic .......... 1 =. 17 2 3 Chesapeakeliansucteielsuetsleneiene 6 6 60 41 43 South Atlantic 2.3.3.6 ae oe 6 6 71 46 47 Gulfieeneucheteucnsieletenele ieee 20 12 229 | 106] 110 Pacific yuouencnonsieusionehelcnenens 2 5 | 152 | 127) 130 Great cakes esis teitetele stele o0 1 1 5 5 5 iPuertomRicoreneyeusdoteioienenenene ° 2 2 -2 2 otallfveieeonedoncmevonckeneiers 37 34 | 557 | 356] 368 Removed from documentation 3/: NewsEnglandei ei eilonetenece 2 1 43 20} 24 MiddlevAtlantici style: cnetelele ve 2 1 44 34] 39 Chesapeake). ic) ol. 2). ie lee une 4 1 23 23 23 SouthvAtlanticyeieiecuel eo cceve 2 3 49 38] 38 Gulisiteretisistenererectonetvoenetcns 11 3 111 98} 104 [DAcifichwasiosiendtestchenehelcuens 7 11 82 103} 111 Greatilakes a cieienele. esha se 1 3 14 21 22 HaWwaligepeisdecevonetenek nov omenchore o = 3 3 3 PuertopRic Oleumaenencmenceioiehee a = = 1 1 Total Wit en ea ee 29 | 23 | 369 | 341] 365 Table 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, November 1963 Issued 2/ Cancelled 3/ net tons and over. 2/Includes 2 redocumented vessels in November 1963 previously removed from records, Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: 27 in 1963; 1 in 1956; and Bureau of jource: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Customs, U, S, Trea Departm 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW compared with 34 in November 1962, There were 29 documents cancelled for fishing ves- sels in November 1963 as compared with 23 in November 1962. He KK KOK October 1963: During October 1963, a to- tal of 36 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fishing craft, as compared with 25 in October 1962. There were 28 documents cancelled for fishing ves- sels in October 1963 as compared with 30 in October 1962. Table 1 - U. S. Fishing Vessels 1/-- Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, October 1963 with Comparison Issued first documents 2/: New England.........-+.-| 2 1 MiddlevAtlanticieyeieyseneterene el a > 16 2 3 Ghesapeake encicystelciieteneiien es 9 6 54 35 43 South Atlantic .......c-..e6 6 3 65 40 47 Cure Sebo oooo doo ooo ON ed 7 | 209 94] 110 PACILIC TE Ciesejleielle eis) efe} efelell eile 4 7 150 122] 130 Greatpakeshmuie cieeienevensnerelll oy 1 4 4 5 Puerto Rico . Total wo an nN uo jt on iJ (=) w iS) i] wo nD co Removed from documentation 3/: New England... Middle Atlantic Chesapeake. . South Atlantic Guilfeweiarairenerte Pacific .... Great Lakes . Hawaii.... Puerto Rico Hretawrow 'owo 2° © © © © © © © 2° © © © © © © © eo 6 © © © © © 8 G=0°O0"08020-0-0: 0 eo © © © © © eo Total... Table 2 - U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, October 1963 . A vessel is defined as a craft of 5 net ace Teal over. 2/Includes 3 redocumented vessels in October 1963 previously removed from records. Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: 29 in 1963; 1 in 1962; 5 prior to 1951; and 1 unknown. aiineludes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc. Bureau of ee Vol. 26, No, 2 U. S. Foreign Trade IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA UNDER QUOTA: nite ates imports of tuna canne brine during January 1-November 30, 1963, amounted to 48,238,342 pounds (about 2,297,064 std. cases), according to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs. This was 6.9 per- cent less than the 51,796,996 pounds (about 2,466,524 std, cases) imported during Jan- uary 1-December 1, 1962. The quantity of tuna canned in brine which could be imported into the United States dur- ing the calendar year 1963 at the 123-percent rate of duty was limited to 63,130,642 pounds (or about 3,006,221 std. cases of 48 T-oz, cans). Any imports in excess of the quota were dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem, Hk KK OK AK IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS, OCTOBER 1963: eee U. S. imports of fish meal and scrap in October 1963 to- ‘taled 31,449 short tons, a decline of 9.3 percent from the 34,666 tons imported in the previous month, but a sharp in- crease from the 12,732 tons imported in October 1962, About 87.9 percent of the fish meal and scrap imports in October 1963 entered through the Customs Districts of Mary- land, Georgia, Mobile (Ala.), Galveston (Tex.), Los Angeles (Calif.), San Francisco (Calif.), and Washington. U. S. Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts, October 1963 October 1963 Maine and New Hampshire. Maryland .... 5 o. North Carolina . Georgia ..... . Mobile (Ala.) . és Sabine (Tex.).. 5 Galveston (Tex.) .. Los Angeles (Calif.) . San Francisco (Calif.) Duluth (Minn.) andi Superior (Wis. ) Michigan .........00- Other Customs Districts....... ert. Note: A list of the entry, ports included within each Customs District is given in Schedule D, Code Classification of United States Customs Districts and Ports, which Boy be obtained fee fom the Foreign Tr ign Trade aDivision) Bureau of the Census, U.S. partment of Commerce gton, D. 20233. TRENDS IN UNITED STATES EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS BY COUNTRY, 1962: In 1962, the annual value of United States exports in- creased slightly over 1961. The value of fishery products exported during 1962 was $35,728,000, up 3 percent from the previous year, February 1964 Table 1 - Value of United States Exports of Fishery Products, 1953-1962 Trend by Countries: During 1962, U.S. fishery products were exported to 103 countries. Of total exports, 63 per- cent was shipped to five countries: Canada, United King- dom, Netherlands, Switzerland, and West Germany (table 2). Table 2 - United States Exports of Fishery Products by Selected Countries of Destination, 1958-62 Country 10,265 | 10,309 4,554] 8,460| 8,928] 5,785 2,385| 4,350] 4,352] 2,007 738 | 1,082 762 387 1,555] 2,201] 2,888] 3,043 1,665| 2,613] 3,176 681 1,007] 1,048 766 68 2,984| 3,295 928 501 423 643 303 158 351 537 746 948 364 313 306 136 2,390] 1,390] 1,296] 1,063 368 269 229 127 459 616 663 393 582 | 2,494] 5,587] 2,578 360 461 614 641 - 175 787 490 458 444 82 293 Other... 3,720 | 3,172 Total.. CANADA: Canada has been the principal market for United States fishery products. In 1962, Canada took prod- ucts valued at $8,846,000 or about 25 percent of the total U.S. exports of fishery products, Fresh or frozen fish and shellfish made up most of the U.S, exports of fishery prod- ucts to Canada, Some of the important commodities ex- ported to Canada were: 1962 1961 pees Shrimp, fresh or frozen .... | $2,081,000 $ 1,675,000 Shrimp canned! i.) 5. mises 1,462,000 1,570,000 SCalelunsmersnercoctleteuey clatel eta 1,024,000 1,777,000 Fish, fresh or frozen. 3... 766,000 891,000 Fish, shellfish, and other marine animal products, in- ediblewrrtersnacheeyore aaena 703,000 703,000 Shellfish, fresh or frozen d'6-0 1,874,000 2,928,000 Where onvchenstolekeneecicre 936,000 722,000 OLA weuleUemelokonelelele sisusceusn | 605046; 000 $10,266,000 UNITED KINGDOM: In 1962, exports to the United King- dom rose to the 1959 and 1960 Tevell of $8,000,000, an COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 81-percent increase over 1961. Sharp increases in the major commodities accounted for this rise as fish oil alone more than doubled in value, Major fishery commod- ities exported to the United Kingdom were: 1962 Salmon, canned .......... | $5,622,000 $3,056,000 Fish and marine-animal oils . 1,511,000 568,000 Shrimp, canned .......ce-e-. 682,000 557,000 Salmon, fresh or frozen,.... 138,000 141,000 (Other peveteiishe ch eteliefeneiishe cits 296,000 232,000 Motalyqece nie ae rocrspe waste $4,554,000 | $8,249,000 OTHER COUNTRIES: Exports to Norway, Sweden, Neth- erlands, and West Germany consisted mainly of fish oils. Switzerland took largely seal furs. Principal products ex- ported to Japan were frozen shrimp and unmanufactured shells, France received significant amounts of frozen salm- on and canned and frozen shellfish, Trend by Areas: During 1962, Europe remained the principal destination for fishery products exported from the United States (table 3). Products valued at $18,800,000 or 53 percent of total exports went to Europe, North Amer- ica was second with $10,856,000 or 30 percent. Table 3 - United States Exports of Fishery Products by Area of Destination, 1962 Edible Inedible lefetensiele) «(USSL, 000) tre neue North America, See ie es 13,258_| 35,728 Trend by Commodities: Canned salmon was the principal dollar earner among U.S, fishery exports, Fish oil was sec- ond in importance, Exports of seal furs showed some gain with Canada and Switzerland taking 65 percent of the total. Table 4 - Value of United States Exports of Fishery Products by Selected Commodities, 1958-62 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 Se ius ae NS (US$1000) Seas Fish oils....... .| 6,047 8,908 10,688 }11,902 | 7,761 Seal furs ...... .|3,851 | 3,097 3,309| 2,580 | 1,511 Shells, unmanufac~ tured........./1,285 | 1,380 2,636 977 624 Miscellaneous fish (mostly fresh- water), fresh or Commodity fHOZENUs etal ELS: 809 947 622 | 1,036 ustets. shucked,. 311 448 497 575 567 almon: Bnesheeeorteniexe eos 647 1,677 659 476 Gireths do can ell Fes 593 435 372 357 Gannedie teen 292 | 5,580 9,830 {10,639 | 6,669 Mackerel, canned. .| 671 581 211 135 Miscellaneous fish (mostly California anchovies), canned| 460 391 355 326 Sardines, canned NOt In OU. 5 less e | L200 1,336 3,443 | 5,843 Shrimp: Fresh or frozen, .|3,299 | 3,694 2,303 | 1,682 Canned,.......|2,572 | 2,487 | 3,383 | 2,898 = ss Squid, canned.....| 729 | 353 | 691] 906 Kok KOK OK 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW TRENDS IN UNITED STATES FISHERY IMPORTS, BY COUNTRY 1962: The value of annual imports of fishery products entering the United States increased to a new high in 1962. In that year, 113 countries shared in the United States market for fishery products. The value of fishery products imported was $475,248,000--19.7 percent over the 1961 value. The imports of edible fishery products amounted to $400,882,000; inedible $74,366,00. Trend by Countries: Canada, Japan, and Mexico continued to be the leading suppliers of fishery products to the United States (table 1), These countries accounted for 58 percent of the value of fishery imports, Canada provided 24 percent of the total, Japan 22 percent, and Mexico 11 percent, Peru, South Africa Republic, Norway, Australia, and Iceland were the next leading suppliers with imports ranging from $11,000,000 to $24,000,000. Imports from Brazil, El Salva- dor, Ecuador, Panama, Portugal, India, and Denmark, each were valued over $5,000,000. CANADA: Canada, with fishery products valued at $116,168,000, continued to be the principal supplier of fish- ery products to the United States. The value of fishery im- ports increased 7.5 percent over 1961. ties were as follows: Leading commodi- Fresh or frozen: Lobster ....... $ 15,000,000 | $ 14,570,000 Fresh-water fish....... 11,737,000 12,173,000 Fish blocks......2..cc0-. 15,162,000 14,294,000 Groundfish fillets....... 12,526,000 11,581,000 Salmonteyeveve hele velit elicyeyietre 5,298,000 5,860,000 Halibutirereveiehewenoncet ele iens 7,791,000 6,133,000 Flounder fillets........ 5,422,000 5,210,000 Fresh-water fillets...... 2,187,000 5,404,000 Scallops\eiereieeteliciey cieeene 4,810,000 Other fresh or frozen.... 7 Canned lobster.........- 'Fish meal and scrap...... Cod, haddock, etc., pickled or salted..-.....505 Other fishery products .... 11,527,000 $116,168,000 JAPAN: The value of fishery imports from Japan was $105,246,000, an increase of 19 percent over 1961. Tuna and pearls remained the leading commodities. U.S, imports of fishery products from Japan were as follows: 1962 1961 $ 9,759,000 | $ 8,544,000 8,732,000 $108,035,000 Fresh or frozen: Mibaconeyeyetreie cene re Albacore loins and discs .. 669,000 1,127,000 Otheritunaser ee tees 16,025,000 9,462,000 Other loins and discs .... 3,118,000 1,626,000 SOGUMP wen emehoneten selenite tare! 2,740,000 1,201,000 SWOKGLISH ye) ing of food from the oceans and inland waters. It is expect= ed that proposals for reorganizing the Fisheries Division will be presented by the Director-General of FAO to the next meeting of the FAO Council, which is scheduled for September 1964 in Rome, The Technical Committee on Fisheries, and later the FAO Conference, approved the 1964°65 program of work and budget proposed for the Fisheries Division by the Director= General, Included in that budget were four new professional positions (with supporting staff), as follows: (1) A marine fisheries biologist to handle the work of the Advisory Com=- mittee on Marine Resources Research and to work on spe> cific matters such as tuna research and methods of determ- ining fish abundance; (2) a fish processing technologist to work on the development of new fishery products; (3) a fish processing technologist to work on UNICEFrrelated projects; and (4) a fisheries economist to work on an expanded proj- ect for the development of protein production. In addition to the approved budgeted posts, the Technical Committee on Fisheries and the FAO Conference approved strengthening of four additional areas of work: (1) Stock as= sessment studies and the analysis of catch, fishing effort, and biological statistics on whales, tunas, and other species; (2) development of management practices in the inland fish- eries of developing countries; (3) fishing boat design; and (4) regional fisheries work in East Africa, The cost of the additional posts needed to conduct these four areas of work was estimated to be $143,600 for the coming biennium, The Conference approved a total FAO budget of $38,838,300 for 1964-65, and requested that the Director- General make appropriate adjustments within FAO in order to take into account the requests for new posts that were submitted by all the Technical Committees, and approved by the full Conference. The total budget voted by the FAO Conference was an increase of about 25 percent over that approved for 1962°63, The budget allocation for the Fish- eries Division (not taking into account the $143,600 in new positions requested by the Technical Committee) is $2,224,600 for the biennium 196465, or an increase of about 16.5 percent over that approved for the Division dur- ing 1962-63, The FAO Conference also approved the holding during 1964-65 of a number of international meetings, many of in- terest and importance to the United States fisheries, In the field of fishery biology, the FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research will hold two meetings during the coming two years, and the Expert Panel for the Facili- tation of Tuna Research will hold one meeting. A World Symposium on Fish Culture will also be held during this coming biennium, In the field of fishery technology, the fol- lowing meetings were approved: A Technical Meeting on Boats Concerning Small Units for Developing Fisheries; a Symposium on the Significance of Fundamental Research in the Successful Utilization of Fish; a Symposium on Improved Fish Handling and Distribution, to be held in conjunction with the forthcoming 11th Session of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council; and participation in a joint FAO/CCTA Symposium on the Preservation and Distribution of Freshwater Fish in Africa. In the field of fishery economics and statistics, ap- Vol. 26, No. 2 proval was given to convening in 1965 a World Meeting on Fishery Administration; holding early in 1964 in Australia a Seminar on Fishery Development Planning and Administra= tion for the Indo-Pacific Region; and holding in 1964 a Meet= ing on Business Decisions in Fishery Industries. RESOLUTION ON FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: THE FAO CONFERENCE: Realizing that the most pressing need in human nutrition is to make available to people in all parts of the world an ad= equate supply of high-quality protein such as that derived di= rectly from animals; Noting that whereas there are great difficulties in rapid- ly increasing supplies of animal protein in many parts of the world, the oceans and inland waters offer exceptional possibilities for meeting this urgent need; Observing that world fisheries production has doubled within the past decade and that opportunities exist for com= parable increases in the next several decades; Noting the increased attention which, in recent years, has been given to the rational exploitation of the living resources of the oceans and inland waters by national and international governmental and nongovernmental bodies concerned with re- search, management, and development; Emphasizing that wasteful duplication in international fish= ery work can be avoided only if all efforts are properly coor= dinated; Recognizing the constitutional responsibility of FAO in this field, and the increasingly important role that the Fish= eries Division should play in the rational use of aquatic re= sources in order to supply food needed for the world; Realizing the limited attention which the Fisheries Divi- sion has been able to give to this responsibility; Requests that the Director=-General prepare, for consid= eration by the Council and the 13th Session of the Conference, proposals outlining measures which can be taken to assure that FAO, through its Fisheries Division, has in future years the status of being the leading intergovernmental body in en= couraging rational harvesting of food from the oceans and in= land waters, bearing in mind the dynamic relationship be= tween the living aquatic resources and the environment and also bearing in mind the importance of fisheries in provid= ing needed animal protein; Also requests that means for carrying out the proposals which are to be outlined by the Director-General take into account resources not only under the Regular Program budget but also from all other possible sources; Further requests the Council to consider the status of the Fisheries Division in order to determine how the fish= eries activities could be given full recognition in the Or;,ani= zation and among other international bodies that concern themselves with matters related to fisheries. GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION INTERIM MEETING HELD IN OTTAWA: Continued progress in the joint Canadian- United States attack onthe predatory sea lam- prey in the Great Lakes was reported atan in- terim meeting of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission held in Ottawa, Canada, on De- cember 6, 1963. The Commission is an in- ternational body formed eight years ago to find means of protecting and, in the case of some species, rehabilitating the commercial fish stocks of the Great Lakes. February 1964 International (Contd.): The sea lamprey, which has played havoc with the once valuable stocks of lake trout and whitefish in many fishing areas of the lakes, is the biggest problem facing the Com- mission, First priority in the fight against the lamprey was given to Lake Superior, last of the Great Lakes to be invaded by the pred- ator. The lamprey population there was re- duced by 80 percent in 1962 through the use of a chemical lampricide, and was kept at about the same level in 1963. Sea Lampre’ (Petromyzon marinus) The Commission and its advisers were welcomed by Canada's Deputy Minister of Fisheries of Canada, who said it was gratify- ing to note that new means of bringing the lamprey under control are being developed. He stated that the research sponsored by the Commission showed promise and had broad value but pointed out that questions regarding long-term economic control of lampreys still remained unanswered. The meeting, under the chairmanship of Dr. A. L. Pritchard, Director of the Conser- vation and Development Service of the De- partment of Fisheries of Canada, heard prog- ress reports from its agents, the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries and the Fish- eries Research Board of Canada, as well as certain state agencies. Other members of the Commission are D. L. McKernan, vice- chairman, who is Director of the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries; Claude Ver Duin, of Grand Haven, Mich.; Lester Voight, Director of the Wisconsin Conservation De- partment; Dr. A. O. Blackhurst, Manager of the Ontario Council of Commercial Fisher- ies, Port Dover, Ont.; and Dr. J. R. Dymond, Consultant to the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Representatives of fed- eral, provincial, and state agencies concern- ed with fisheries management in the Great Lakes and their advisers took part in the dis- cussions. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 There are 110 lamprey-producing streams tributary to Lake Superior, 98 of which have been treated with chemicals to kill the young lamprey. The chemical treatments have now been extended to Lake Michigan, and surveys recently completed on Lake Huron have lo- cated 90 lamprey-producing streams there. In Lake Michigan, 66 of the 99 lamprey-pro- ducing streams have received initial treatment. An interesting development noted at the meet- ing was the discovery that a molluscacide used to destroy snails in tropical countries could be used to improve the action of the lampri- cide. Small amounts of that chemical, added to the lampricide now being used, can almost double its effectiveness, and will reduce con- siderably the cost of treating the remaining Lake Michigan streams, particularly those with high flows. In addition to reports given on the lamprey control program, the Commission heard re- ports on the lake trout rehabilitation program from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota, as well as from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and Canada's Fisheries Research Board. In Lake Superior, the improvement in the lake trout population is most pro- nounced in Wisconsin, where there was a marked increase in the numbers of large fish (over 25 inches) and in the numbers of spawn- ing trout. Hatchery fish planted in Wisconsin waters of that lake were found to have sur- vived well. It was reported that hatchery plantings are expected to be the mainstay of the inshore fishery until natural reproduction reaches its former levels. The survival of large mature fish indicates that this will oc- cur and that the natural population will be re habilitated. There has also been evidence of improved survival of larger and older trout in Canadian waters in Lake Superior, and the over-all improvement appears to be continu- ing The Commission and its advisers also dis- cussed the yellow pike (walleye) situation in Lake Erie. After several years of high pro- duction in the mid-1950's, \the yellow pike pop- ulation in that lake has declined drastically, although some recent recovery is in evidence for certain year classes. A program is under way to find the causes of the changes in abun- dance of that species and the means of improv- ing the fishery. At the December 6 meeting, the Commis- sion received for study, proposed programs of investigations of the Great Lakes fisheries prepared by both Canadian and United States 64 International (Contd.): fishery scientists concerned with fishing in the Great Lakes. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 71. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHING ENDED NOVEMBER 30, 1963: The 1963 North Pacific halibut fishing season was marked by the failure of fisher- men to fullfill catch quotas in both Area 2 and in the newly created Area 3B North Tri- angle. Areas 1 and 2 in the North Pacific were closed to halibut fishing at 6 p.m. (P.S.T.), November 30, 1963, in accordance with regu- lations of the International Pacific Halibut Commission, At that time, the catch limit of 28 million pounds in Area 2 had not been at- tained; no catch limit was provided for Area 1. On October 17, 1963, the Commission an- nounced that a total of 2.4 million pounds of halibut was still needed for attainment of the quota in Area 2. After that announcement, the halibut fleet discarded the 8-day lay- over period. Areas 3B North and 3B South (without catch limits) were closed on October 15, 1963. Area 3B North Triangle with a catch limit of 11 million pounds was also closed on October 15, 1963. Although landings from that new area were Still slightly below the quota, the total catch was 10,944,000 pounds, of which Canadian fishermen took 4,058,000 pounds, Japanese fishermen took 3,670,000 pounds, and United States fishermen took 3,216,000 pounds. Area 3A was closed on August 9, 1963, with attainment of the catch limit of 34 million pounds, In 1963, Areas 3B North and 3B North Triangle were opened to halibut fishing on March 25, Area 3B South was opened on April 19, and Areas 1, 2, and 3A were opened on May 9. The failure of fishermen to attain the catch limit in Area 2 resulted in an extremely long fishing season. In 1963, Area 2 was open to halibut fishing for 205 days, as compared to 122 days in 1962, 120 days in 1961, 91 days in 1960, 68 days in 1959, 59 days in 1958, 47 days in 1957, and 38 days in 1956. Halibut seasons in Area 2 were even shorter before the adoption in 1956 of the "lay-over" pro- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 vision requiring fishing vessels to remain in port for a specified rest period after each trip. The fishing season in Area 2 was only 24 days in 1955, 21 days in 1954, and 24 days in 1953, Preliminary data indicate that the United States and Canadian catch of halibut in the North Pacific in 1963 totaled 70.6 million pounds--33.8 million pounds or 48 percent of that total caught by United States fishermen and the balance of 36.8 million pounds or 52 percent of that total by Canadian fishermen. Not included in the total is almost 3.7 million pounds of halibut caught by Japanese fisher- men in Area 3B North Triangle. Canadian fishermen in 1963, for the first time since the fishery has been under international con- trol, caught over 50 percent of the total Unit- ed States-Canadian landings. Since 1936 the Canadian share of the landings has beenstead- ily increasing while the United States share has been declining. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1963 p. 56, Aug. 1963 p. 70, and March 1963 p. 41. NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION STATEMENT BY U.S. DELEGATION CHAIRMAN AT SEPTEMBER CONFERENCE IN TOKYO: The second Meeting of the Parties (Canada, Japan, United States) to the International Con- vention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean to consider a revision of the Convention began on September 16, 1963, and came to a close on October 7, 1963. At the closing session, Benjamin A. Smith II, Chairman of the United States Delegation, made this statement: "We have just concluded 3 weeks of inten- sive discussions with delegations of Canada and Japan on the future of fisheries treaty ar- rangements in the North Pacific. The three nations did not reach complete agreement in these talks. In view of the wide differences which remained at the end of the first round of discussions at Washington in June 1963, it would perhaps have been unrealistic to have expected complete agreement at this time. "Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in narrowing the differences of view. The delegations are recommending to their respective Governments that a further conference be held next spring, probably at Ottawa. I personally look forward with con- siderable hope to a resumption of these talks February 1964 International (Contd.): and to the prospect of an eventual reconcilia- tion of views among the three nations. "As President Kennedy stated on Septem- ber 10, 1963, shortly before my departure for Japan, the United States believes that the abstention principle is sound and reasonable and that without restraints of this nature the nations of the world would run serious risks of depleting fisheries. This was our position at the meeting in Tokyo. At the same time we recognized that certain difficulties had arisen with respect to the present formula- tion of the principle and to the language of the present treaty. For example, the Japa- nese people have come to interpret the treaty as an unfair arrangement imposed upon them during the period of military occupation. "With this in mind, we submitted at the Tokyo conference a new draft treaty. This new draft involves no compromise of the principles on which we stand but does, in my view, constitute a major effort toward ena- bling the Japanese to accept our position. "The United States proposal was not com- pletely acceptable to Japan. However, Japan was willing to recognize the special interest of the United States in the salmon and halibut stocks of the eastern North Pacific and on the basis of this recognition was prepared to continue to accept substantial restrictions on its fishing in this area. This constituted a major departure from the rigid position which Japan took at the Washington talks. "T believe that the discussions have less- ened the prospects of a break in the existing relationships in the field of fisheries and that, with further patient consideration of the requirements of each country, the three na- tions will ultimately reach agreement!' (The cee of State Bulletin, November 4, 1963. NORWEGIAN-SOVIET SEAL COMMISSION SIXTH SESSION HELD IN OSLO: The sixth session of the Norwegian-So- viet Seal Commission met in Oslo November 28-30, 1963, to consider the conservation of seal stocks in the northeastern Atlantic. The Commission, which was presided over by the leader of the Norwegian delegation, was pre- sented with reports on the 1963 seal catch by both Norway and the Soviet Union. The Com- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 mission agreed to extend scientific investiga - tions aimed at protecting seal stocks in the northeastern Atlantic and providing for a ra- tional exploitation of seal herds in the area. The seventh session of the Commission will be held in Moscow, either at the end of 1964 or in early 1965. (United States Embassy, Oslo, December 7, 1963.) OCEANOGRAPHY INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF JAPANESE "BLACK CURRENT" PLANNED: An international working conference of oceanographers and biologists (Kuroshio In- vestigation Planning Meeting) met in Tokyo October 29-31, 1963. The Hawaii Area Di- rector of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries served as a Member of the United States Delegation, Representative of the Indo- Pacific Fisheries Council, and Rapporteur of the sessions. According to the Area Director, the meetings convened at the Japanese Minis- try of Foreign Affairs, for presenting plans and background information for a long-term, multination program of research on the Kuro- shio, Japan's famed ''Black Current." The idea of an international cooperative survey of the major ''ocean river" of the west- ern Pacific was put forward in a resolution of the International Oceanographic Committee in late 1962, and the Tokyo meeting, held un- der the auspices of United Nations Education- al, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Government of Japan and sev- eral Japanese scientific organizations, was the first step in implementation of that reso- lution. The recommendations of the planning meeting will be reported back to the Interna- tional Oceanographic Committee for its guid- ance in setting up detailed plans for the oce- anographic investigations. The Kuroshio is one of the main arteries in the circulation of the Pacific Ocean. It moves warm water from the Equator north- ward past Formosa and Japan and thence east- ward across to the American coast, perform- ing functions similar to those of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic. It deeply affects the climates of northeastern Asia and northwest- ern America and helps to create, where it mingles with cold Arctic waters, some of the richest fishing grounds in the world. For these reasons its cycles of flow are of con- cern to many countries, a fact that was evi- denced in the attendance of representatives of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, the Philip- 66 International (Contd.): pines, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Viet Nam at the Tokyo conference. The meeting was presided over by Japanese me- teorologist Kiyoo Wadati, assisted by Claro Martin of the Philippines as vice-chairman. The consensus of the meeting was that the Kuroshio investigations should cover an area from the Equator to 43 degrees north (rough- ly the latitude of Hokkaido) and from 160 de- grees east longitude to the shores of Asia. Multiship research cruises would be carried out in summer and winter of 1965 and 1966. The results would then be reviewed and plans made for continuing studies of the oceanog- raphy and fisheries of the area. It is ex- pected that Japan and the Soviet Union will assign a number of large ocean research ships to the survey. The United States is not yet committed to active participation in the study, although United States marine scien- tists are interested in the area and the scien- tific problems which it presents. Aden NEW FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL: A new 67-foot fisheries research vessel for the Department of Fisheries, Federation of South Arabia, is under construction in Scotland and scheduled for delivery in mid- 1964. The new all-steel vessel, planned for extended operations in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, will have a purse-seine design with accommodation and navigating space for - ward, leaving a large, and open deck aft. Other specifications are beam 19 feet and draft 103 feet. A 320 horsepower Diesel engine will drive the vessel at 10 knots. It will have a refrigerated hold with a capacity of 35 metric tons. The new vessel will have navigational and fish-finding equipment such as radar, echo- sounder, and radiotelephone. The electronic equipment should open up waters previously inaccessible to the Federation's two smaller vessels, the Gulf Explorer and the Federal Star. It will ‘be possible to track and plot the movements of fish both near the surface and at depths up to 500 fathoms. Fishing gear on the vessel will include a large purse-Seine net and a special line haul- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 er constructed to handle Japanese-type long- lines. The vessel will also be fitted for pole- and-line fishing for tuna with live bait. The cost of the new vessel is being shared by Aden State and the Federation of South Arabia because it is expected to benefit both. This is the third vessel commissioned by the Federation of South Arabia Fisheries De- partment in the last 16 years. The other two, both of which will remain in service, have servedas bothsurvey and training vessels. Their activities in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea have added to knowledge of the fish- eries potential in those areas, which are now attracting considerable fishing interest. (Unit- ed States Consulate, Aden, December 14, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 56. Argentina FISH MEAL PRODUCTION ESTIMATES REVISED: Predictions made in October 1963 as to Argentina's fish-meal production were con- siderably overoptimistic. Total production for 1963 is expected to be about 6,800 metric tons, rather than the 20,000 tons previously forecast. This revised estimate is based up- on data from the Argentine Bureau of Fisher- ies for the first nine months of 1963. Produc- tion in that period amounted to 4,838 tons-- 3,947 tons from the ocean catch and 891 tons from the fresh-water catch. The largest of Argentina's 5 major fish- meal plants began production in March 1963. The new plant is located in Mar del Plata and was originally intended for installation in Deseado in the Patagonian province of Como- dora Rivadavia. Its daily capacity is about 20 tons of fish meal, surpassing the 13-ton ca- pacity of another plant in Mar del Plata, which began operations early in 1961. There are 3 | other modern fish-meal plants processing ocean fish at Mar del Plata. As of late 1963, the annual capacity of the industry producing fish meal from the ocean catch was about 9,600 metric tons. The ca- pacity of the industry that processes fresh- water fish is about 2,400 tons to make an an- nual capacity of 12,000 metric tons. Two or three firms are seriously considering new February 1964 Argentina (Contd.): plants for processing ocean fish, but whether these projects will be sufficiently advanced to come into production during 1964 is un- certain. The growth of the Argentine fish-meal in- dustry, however, is expected to continue, fi- nanced primarily by the earnings of the local fishing industry. While the uncertainty of business conditions in Argentina may have an immediate inhibiting effect on expansion, trade sources believe that the pace of devel- opment will depend primarily on the world market for fish meal, and the complementary growth of markets for Argentine fish. The 1963 landings are running 20 percent above the level of the previous year, and 1963 is certain to be a record year (estimated at 120,000-130,000 tons) for the Argentine fish- ing industry. Aires, November 30, 1963.) Brazil SPINY LOBSTER LANDINGS AND EXPORT TRENDS: In 1962, exports by the steadily growing Brazilian spiny lobster industry were up 18.8 percent from 1961 and 73.1 percent from 1960, according to data supplied by the Bra- zilian Government. (Most of those exports are shipped to the United States in the form of frozen prdducts.) Brazilian spiny lobster production amounted to 3,048 metric tons in 1961, compared to 2,944 tons in 1960; 1,015 tons in 1959; and 1,100 tons in 1958, The Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Pesca (SUDEPE) was recently established as a governmental coordinating agency for national fisheries development in (United States Embassy, Buenos COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 lithe form of vessels, equipment, techniques, and possibly the services of United States fishermen, although not limited to such categories. (United States Embassy, Rio de Janeiro, November 22, 1963.) Canada SALMON TAGGING PROGRAM IN THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA: In early December 1963, biologists of the Canadian Department of Fisheries began a 6- week coho and chinook salmon tagging pro- gram in the Strait of Georgia area using the commercial purse-seine vessel Naughty Lady. This program represents the second phase of a field study initiated in May 1963, aimed at providing information on the factors govern- ing the coho and chinook salmon production of the area. The tagging study is being con- ducted to measure, specifically, the move- ment and exploitation of resident coho and chinook salmon grilse within and away from the Strait of Georgia area. Tag returns from the first phase of this project were very satisfactory largely be- cause of the excellent cooperation of both sport and commercial fishermen. The suc- cess of the current tagging program will also be dependent on the degree of tag recovery obtained, and cooperation is again requested in returning tags to the Canadian Department of Fisheries, 1155 Robson Street West, Van- couver 5, B.C., together with the date, meth- od, and location of recovery. A nominal reward of 50 cents for each tag is offered. Special postage prepaid tag re- turn envelopes are available at most boat rent- Brazilian Exports of Spiny Lobsters, by Ports, 1958-1962 + earner BO teal ee Wesel gsoe MO cea ct ole al and boat moorage facilities and fishcamps Brazil. The Chief of the Technical Staff of SUDEPE has stated that there are good opportunities for United States investment in the Brazilian spiny lobster industry; how- ever, he stressed that such investment would have to collaborate with Brazilian capital. United States invest- ment, he suggested, might be particularly attractive in inthearea. Tags may alsobe returned to any Fishery Officer. (Canadian Department of Fisheries, Vancouver, November 29, 1963.) SS 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Congo Republic FRESHWATER FISHERIES PRODUCTION DRGPS SHARPLY: In 1959, the Kivu area of the Congo Re- public produced about 37,000 tons of fish from Lakes Tanganyika, Kivu, and Edward, including fish caught by traditional as well as by modern methods. Since that time, the catch has been reduced to a small fraction of the 1959 total, and retail prices have risen to a point where only the most well-to-do citizens can afford to eat fish. Causes of this drop in production are the lack of nets, vessels, and organization. For the modern section of the industry, technicians and nets are needed, as well as some way of getting the vessels and the refrigeration plant back into operation. Solution of those problems could result in a catch of 40,000 tons a year, which would be of considerable value to the Kivu area economy. In addition, the area could not only supply a part of the fish needs of the rest of the Congo, but could also ex- port fish. (United States Consulate, Bukavu, November 6, 1963.) . German Federal Republic NEW RESEARCH VESSEL ''METEOR II': The new research vessel Meteor II was launched in Germany during August 1963 under the joint ownership of the German Hydrographic Institute of Hamburg and the German Research Association of Bad Godes- bert. The Meteor Il is a 265-foot, Diesel-elec- tric vessel displacing 2,200 tons. Its main engine gives a speed of 14 knots ona single screw, but it also has both an active rudder and a bow propulsion unit, giving extreme maneuverability. Active antirolling tanks were also fitted. The vessel will carry a to- tal complement of 57, including 24 persons in the scientific party. (National Oceanographic Data Center, Newsletter, October 31, 1963.) She Vol. 26, No. 2 Ghana FISHERIES TRENDS, THIRD QUARTER 1963: Programs by Ghanato expand the produc- tion of fish, principally by the purchase of large modern fishing craft, received particu- lar attention during the third quarter of 1963. The Government signed an agreement on July 9 with a Norwegian shipbuilding group for the delivery of sixfishingtrawlers. A £G0.7 mil- lion (US$15, 960,000) contract was also signed with a large Japanese shipbuilding company for the construction of 10 sterntrawlers and 2carriers. Allofthe vessels aretobe used by the Government-owned fishing corporation and deliveries are scheduled to start inmid-1964. The Government fishing corporation took delivery in early August 1963 of two British- built stern trawler fishing vessels. Those vessels were the first to be delivered to the corporation, which left a total of 36 fishing vessels still on order--18 stern trawlers (6 from Norway, 10 from Japan plus 2 carriers), 8 side trawlers (Soviet Union), and 10 purse seiners (Soviet Union). A private Ghanaian fishing company has on order 4 fishing trawlers from Japan and Yugoslavia. The 2 Japanese trawlers were to cost £G180,000 ($504,000) each; the 2 smaller Yugoslavian vessels £.G42,000 ($117,600). The Ministry of Agriculture has announced plans to increase the production of fishthrough the development of fisheries in the Volta Riv- er and its tributaries. Particular emphasis was to be placed on the development opportun- ities which would be provided by the creation of the 3,200-square mile Volta Lake after completion of the Akosombo Dam. (United States Embassy, Accra, December 1, 1963.) KKK KOK FISHERY IMPORTS PLACED UNDER THE CONTROL OF STATE CORPORATIONS: The Ghanaian Minister of Trade announced on November 28, 1963, that, effective immedi- ately, all imports of fresh and frozen fish would be handled by the Government-owned Ghana Fishing Corporation. All licenses issued to private firms for the importation of fish and for the charter of foreign fishing ves - sels were withdrawn. Affected firms, how- ever, were permitted to continue to operate their own vessels. The Minister indicated February 1964 Ghana (Contd.): that the new regulations were designed to permit the Ghana Fishing Corporation to ex- ercise complete control over the supply and price of fresh and frozen fish. The announcement followed a similar dec- laration on November 13, 1963, that, effec- tive January 1, 1964, the Government-owned Ghana National Trading Corporation would be the sole importer of a number of essential commodities including canned fish. (United States Embassy, Accra, December 1, 1963.) Greece FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1963: Greek freezer and refrigerated trawlers operating in the Atlantic delivered 14,352 metric tons of frozen fish during January - September 1963, compared with landings of 11,888 tons during the same period of 1962 and 10,131 tons in the first 9 months of 1961. Contributing to the increased production in January-September 1963 was the expansion of the fleet of large freezer trawlers to 19 vessels; 2 more freezer trawlers were to be added in late 1963 and 6 were scheduled for delivery in 1964. The new vessels could raise the annual productive capacity of the Greek Atlantic fleet to 30,000 tons of frozen fish in 1964. Because of the increased catch, Greek operators are seeking a curtailment of fishery imports: Greece sponge fishing in Greek, Egyptian, and Libyan waters through 1963 was expect- ed to yield about 20 percent more than the 1962 production of 71 tons. Some Greek divers switched to aqualung devices in 1963 following the Greek Government's approval of SCUBA diving equipment. Favorable conditions exist for the devel- opment of a Greek pearl culture industry, according to a Japanese report issued in October 1963. (Alieia, October 1963, and United States Embassy, Athens, November 22, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 63. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 Iceland ICELANDIC FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL SPECIES, JANUARY-JULY 1963: e196 3a : Converted to whole ungutted fish regardless of how landed. Kok KK OK ICELAND'S UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS, JANUARY -JULY 1963: How Utilized January -July 1963 2 » e « (Metric Tons)... . Oil and meal Freezing Salting Fresh on ice P roundfish¢/ for: Fresh on ice . Freezing and filleting Salting Stockfish (dried unsalted) ... Canning Home consumption Oil and meal... 126, 696 20, 605 Fresh on ice Freezing Source: Statistical Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 4, November 1963, The Statistical Bureau of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. * OK OK KOK EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1963: During January-September 1963, there was a considerable increase in exports of frozen herring, herring meal, and cod-liver oil as compared with the same period in1962, according to the Statistical Bureau of Ice- land's Statistical Bulletin, November 1963. Exports of fish meal and uncured salted fish showed a considerable decrease in the first 9 months of 1963 (see table). 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 Iceland (Contd.): Salted fishsidried es ca). +) sce Salted fish, uncured ....... Salted fish fillets........ 0 Wings, salted ........... SUOMI 550.000.0610 0 6 600 Herring onice ..... oe eee Other fshvonjiceyeysisneues-acmene Herring wirozenterearce cs) oie oe Other frozen fish, whole .... Frozen fish fillets ..... oo 6 Shrimp and lobster, frozen .. ROS PEGOZENE case ker ewedeite 500 Gannedhtish ey ser cienercioeie DO Cod-liver oil..... ooo ODO Lumpfish roes, salted ..... Other roes for food, salted .. Roes for bait, salted....... Henning aSaltedy succes laKpasaye Ol. 5 yoo Goo 00 eisie Oceantpercheoilinwarcne cc eneiene WATS Obs aic.0 66 clo 0.6.6" 6 Mishpme alyeaeesisieemenciieree sixcite Herring) meal” sere elec) «) sie Oceantperchymeal ie jee-isncheneur Wastes of fish, frozen...... Ieiviersme ales creas ttelskeioneneneue Lobster and shrimp meal ... Whaleimealin Ss eweuoues sufelsuenene Whale meat, frozen ...... lreland NEW FISHING COMPANY AIDED BY JAPANESE AND FRENCH INTERESTS: Irish, Japanese, and French interests have combined to form a new offshore fishing com- pany. The company will be based in Ireland, but fish will be landed for export only. The major shareholder in the new company, which was registered in Dublin early in December 1963, is a large Japanese fishing company. The French interest comes from the impor- tant fishing center of Lorient in Brittany. Icelandic Fishery Exports, January-September 1963 with Comparisons Jan.-Sept. 1963 Jan.-Sept. 1962 Product Veteee orb. Value f.0.b. Metric Tons 1,938 23,892 1,090 983 6,550 4,899 17,045 17,076 1,134 40,322 328 648 222 3,751 401 2,745 1,387 26,685 It is expected that the new company will operate 6 deep-sea vessels, built to the most modern design, and each costing about £750,000 (US$2.1 million). It is possible that three of the vessels may be built at a shipyard in Cork. Each vessel would employ about 100 men. The vessels will fish in the North Atlantic and none of the catch will be marketed in Ire- land. The bulk of the catch is expected to be packaged on board and delivered directly to British and other European markets. The balance will be landed at an Irish port and processed for export. The new company ex- pects a gross returnof about £3 million ($8.4 million) a year from its operations. February 1964 Ireland (Contd.): No definite decision has yet been made on the choice of a base port but Galway, where harbor facilities are good and a fish-process- ing factory is close at hand, might be a like- ly choice. (Irish Press, December 12, 1963.) Italy 1963 QUOTA FOR FRESH AND FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS INCREASED: The Italian Government on October 31, 1963 (Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 316, December 5, 1963), increased the import quota for fresh and frozen tuna by 8,000 metric tons for the last two months of 1963. The quota, which is duty-free, was opened to all coun- tries. (United States Embassy, Rome, De- cember 14, 1963.) Japan VALUE OF FROZEN AND CANNED TUNA EXPORTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1963: Japan’s exports of frozen tuna to the United States in the first 9 months of 1963 were down 45.7 percent in value as compared with the same period in 1962, For the same pe- riod the export value of canned tuna increased 4.0 percent. Value of Japan’s Exports of Selected Fishery Products, January~September 1962-63 Jan.~Sept. 1963 Jan.~Sept. 1962 U.S. U.S. U.S. | Total |Ratio| U.S. | Total |Ratio Product ‘una, frozen.. una, canned. . (In US$1,000)]| % | (In US$1,000)| % 13,900 | 33,384} 41.6 | 25,603] 40,500] 63,2 10,763 | 16,702} 64.4 |10,652| 15,341] 69.4 Note: Exports are valued f.o.b. Japan. Source: Customs Bureau, Japanese Ministry of Finance. The United States took 41.6 percent of Japan’s total fro- zen tuna exports during the first nine months of 1963 as compared with 63.2 percent in the same period of 1962, The United States ratio of Japan’s total canned tuna exports was 64.4 percent as against the same period in 1962 when it was eee pepe? (United States Embassy, Tokyo, November 1 OK OK OK OK CANNED TUNA SALE TO THE UNITED STATES: The Tuna Standing Committee of the Ja- pan Canned Foods Exporters Association de- cided that the first canned tuna sale to the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 United States in the business year which be- gan December 1, 1963, should consist of 100,000 cases. Since this quantity is exactly half that which the Canned Tuna Packers As- sociation approved for release for the first sale, the two organizations expected to meet to resolve their differences. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 15, 1963.) Ok OK KOK NEW TYPE CANNED TUNA PRODUCT DEVELOPED: A new canned tuna product--''tuna steak''-- has been developed by a Japanese fishing company. Seasoned with soy sauce and cook- ed in vegetable oil, the product is said to be very tender and meaty in taste, unlike the usual tuna pack in which some fish odor is generally present. The ''tuna steak," which is packed in 160-gram (5.6-o0z.) cans, was placed on sale on the Japanese domestic mar- ket on December 1, 1963, and retailed at 60 yen (17 U. S. cents) per can. The Japanese firm is reported to be ex- perimenting with other cooking and season- ing methods for the manufacture of specialty packs suitable for export to foreign countries. (Suisan Tsushin, December 2, 1963.) KOK kK OK FROZEN TUNA EXPORT MARKET IN EARLY DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese frozen tuna export market, which had been described as favorable early in December 1963, had turned sluggish due to few tuna vessel arrivals in Japan and re- sultant high ex-vessel prices. The market quotation for frozen gilled-and-gutted yellow- fin for export to the United States from Japan proper was US$375 a short tonc.&f. How- ever, the ex-vessel price of yellowfin when converted to the c.&f. export price reported- ly is equal to US$390 a short ton. This situ- ation has resulted in very few export con- tracts being concluded with United States tuna buyers, according to reports. On the other hand, the European frozen tuna import market is reported to be firm. Japanese frozen gilled-and-gutted yellowfin exported to Italy were reported to have brought US$400-410 a metric tonc.&f. Fro- zen gilled-and-gutted big-eyed tuna were said to be selling for US$325-330 a metric ton c.&f., and mixed shipments of big-eyed 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): and yellowfin tuna (with a preponderance of big-eyed) sold for $340 a metric ton. Reportedly, yellowfin tuna made up about 30 percent of the total catch of tuna in the Atlantic Ocean for the first 11 months of 1963. (Suisancho Nippo, December 7, 1963.) OK OK KOK ALBACORE TUNA EX-VESSEL PRICE TRENDS, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese ex-vessel price for alba- core tuna increased sharply in the latter part of 1963. In late November, the ex-ves- sel price of albacore at Kesennuma ranged between 90-120 yen a kilogram (US$227-302 a short ton), with a high of 136 yen a kilo- gram ($343 per short ton) reported on No- vember 30. On December 6, the ex-vessel price of albacore at Kesennuma was report- ed as 115-159 yen a kilogram ($290-401 per short ton), and at Shimizu 165-185 yena kilogram ($416-467 per short ton). However, on the same day, about 16 short tons of fro- zen albacore landed at Yaizu sold at ex-ves- sel prices of 70-130 yen a kilogram ($176- 328 per short ton). A day earlier, on De- cember 5, the ex-vessel price of frozen al- bacore at Yaizu ranged from 100-165 yena kilogram ($252-416 a short ton). During the following week (December 14), 1,650 pieces of albacore landed at Kesen- numa brought from 120-160 yen a kilogram ($302-403 a short ton); and at Miyako, an un- determined quantity of albacore landed on the same day sold for 146-158 yen a kilogram ($368-398 a short ton). On December 10 at Shimizu, 390 pieces of albacore brought ex- vessel prices of 110-160 yen a kilogram ($277-403 a short ton). (Suisan Keizai Shim- bun, December 6, 7, 11, and 15, 1963, and other periodicals.) ES I I FROZEN TUNA EXPORT MARKET TRENDS, MID-DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese export frozen tuna market as a whole was considered dull in mid-De- cember 1963, with few export agreements concluded with United States tuna buyers. However, one large United States packer was reported seeking frozen gilled-and-gutted yellowfin tuna in Japan and offering US$10 a short ton above the existing Japanese f.o.b. Vol. 26, No. 2 export price of $325 a short ton. The same firm was also said to be offering nearly $30 a short ton above the prevailing export mar- ket price for tuna loins. Reportedly, the United States firm planned to ship tuna pur- chased in Japan to its Puerto Rico plant on a chartered freighter in late December. (Suisan Tsushin, December 16, 1963, and other sources.) KK KKK NEW FROZEN TUNA EXPORT REGULATIONS PLANNED: The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Producers Association met December 12, 1963, and ap- pointed chairmen of those committees which are expected to meet early in 1964 to begin drafting tuna export regulations for fiscal year 1964 (April 1964-March 1965). The committees involved are the Direct Export Committee, the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean Committees, and the Tuna Loin Com- mittee. The chairman of the Producers Associa- tion has been delegated the responsibility of appointing a committee to study the problem involving the landing of frozen tuna at over- seas tuna bases, such as American Samoa. Under current regulations, Japanese vessel owners operating vessels out of certain over- seas tuna bases can only operate ''ice'' boats and must land their catches in fresh form. (Suisan Tsushin, December 14, 1963.) KKK KX DENMARK CONTRACTS TO IMPORT FROZEN TUNA: Denmark is reported to have contracted to purchase 250 metric tons of Atlantic Ocean- caught frozen tuna (160 tons of bluefin and 90 tons of big-eyed) from Japan. The sale, nego- tiated by a Japanese trading company, report- edly was contracted at export prices of US$425 per metric ton for gilled-and-gutted bluefin and $365 per metric ton for gilled-and-gutted big-eyed, both prices c.i.f. Esbjerg and Skag- en, Denmark. Shipment was expected to be made by the end of 1963. This is believed to be the first time that Japanese frozen tuna have been exported to Denmark, which normally purchases bluefin tuna from Norway. Norway had a poor blue- fin season in 1963 and was unable to supply Denmark's demand, hence the special pur- February 1964 Japan (Contd.): chase from Japan. (Suisan Tsushin, Decem- ber 7, 1963.) OK kK OK TUNA FISHING TRENDS IN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC, NOVEMBER 1963: An examination of catch statistics as of November 30, 1963, reveals that Japanese tuna vessels fishing the vast equatorial wa- ters of the Pacific Ocean (from the vicinity of Samoa to the waters off the Philippine Is- lands and off Borneo) averaged about one metric ton of tuna per day per trip. Very few vessels caught over two tons per day. Due to extremely poor fishing during the first 11 months of 1963 in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, many vessels in December 1963 re- portedly moved to the fishing grounds south- east of Australia, where they were catching an average of 1.5 metric tons a day, ascom- pared to an average of 3-4 tons a day in 1962, Also, many Japanese tuna vessels were reported to have moved to the tuna grounds in the eastern South Pacific. Those vessels were said to be averaging 2.5-3 tons per orl (Suisancho Nippo, December 9, 1963. OK KOK OK TUNA TRANSSHIPMENT OPERATIONS AT DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA: A large Japanese fishing company has es- tablished a 5,000-ton transshipment target in 1964 for its base in Durban, South Africa. To meet the target, the firm is actively encour- aging Japanese tuna vessel owners, opera- ting vessels in the Indian Ocean, to deliver their catches in 1964 to Durban. At least 7 tuna vessels delivered their catches to Dur- ban in late 1963. The Japanese firm's 1963 operation at Durban (started in June 1963) was reported to be less than successful. For the period June-November 1963, trans- shipmentsl/ of frozen tuna to Japan proper from Durban totaled: 739 metric tons of round albacore; 373 tons of gilled-and-gutted yellowfin; 74 tons of yellowfin fillets; 10 tons of round big-eyed; 138 tons of big-eyed fil- lets; 116 tons of dressed spearfish; 60 tons of spearfish fillets; and 75 tons of shark. (Suisancho Nippo, December 13, 1963.) 1/Transshipments to the United States not permitted. OK OK OK Ok COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 NEW LONG-LINE GEAR TESTED OFF WEST AFRICAN COAST: A Japanese fishing company has dis- patched the 350-ton tuna-fishing vessel Koyo Maru to the Atlantic Ocean to explore the wa- ters off Angola, Congo, and South-West Afri- ca, Reportedly, the vessel will test a new type of gear described as ''vertical long-line" designed to fish tuna and other fish of that type at different depths simultaneously. (Suis- an Tsushin, December 11, 1963.) * OK OK OK OK FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION PERMITS, LATE 1963: On December 7, 1963, the Japanese Fish- eries Agency issued permits for the construc- tion of 84 fishing vessels, including 47 tuna vessels. Of the tuna vessels, 42 were vessels of the 39-ton class. In November 1963, the Agency authorized the construction of 140 39- ton vessels. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Decem- ber 15, 1963, and other sources. *OK OK KOK FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION PERMITS, NOVEMBER 1963: During the month of November 1963, the Japanese Fisheries Agency issued permits for the construction of 240 fishing vessels. Of these, 140 were permits for the construc- tion of 39-ton tuna vessels, for which fishing licenses were not required in 1963 but will be required in 1964. In addition, the Agency issued permits for the construction of 18 tuna vessels ranging in size between 70-300 tons gross (mostly over 200 tons), two 19-ton port- able tuna-fishing boats, and two 3,430-ton distant-water trawlers. The trawlers are expected to be assigned for operation in the Bering Sea. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Novem- ber 7, 17, & 29, 1963; and other sources.) Ok OK OK OK GOVERNMENT STOPS APPLICATIONS FOR PERMITS TO CONSTRUCT SMALL TUNA VESSELS: Effective December 7, 1963, the Japanese Fisheries Agency stopped accepting applica- tions for permits to construct 39-ton tuna fish- ing vessels by publishing in the Government Gazette the ministerial ordinance relating to the establishment and requirements of the newly designated ''coastal (offshore) tuna fish- ery'' (north of 10° N. lat. and west of 160° E. long.). Under this ordinance, tuna vessels in 74 Japan (Contd.): the 20- to 39-ton size classification, which heretofore operated freely without fishing li- censes, will henceforth be brought under a licensing system. At the same time, the op- eration of tuna vessels in the 20- to 50-ton size category will be restricted to the ''off- shore tuna fishery." The Fisheries Agency had been flooded in October and November 1963 with applications for permits to construct 39-ton tuna vessels when it became apparent that the Government intended to regulate the operation of this class of vessels. Reportedly, to control the flow of applications for licenses to operate tuna ves- sels in the newly designated fishery, includ- ing application for permits to construct new 39-ton vessels, the Agency published the ministerial ordinance somewhat earlier than generally anticipated. The number of tuna vessels in the 20- to 50-ton size classification to be licensed for operation in the newly established "offshore tuna fishery'' was scheduled for governmen- tal decision in January 1964. Reportedly, the Agency intends to restrict the number of operational vessels to about 1,200 vessels, although it is estimated that the Agency, as of December 7, was in receipt of over 2,000 applications to operate tuna vessels in the "offshore tuna fishery.'’ (Suisan Tsushin, December 9, 1963.) OK KOK XK LICENSES APPROVED FOR DISTANT-WATER TRAWLERS: The Japanese Fisheries Agency on Novem- ber 28, 1963, met with the Central Fisheries Coordination Council (highest government- industry advisory group on fisheries) to re- view applications for distant-water trawl li- censes filed before the October 18 deadline by Japanese fishing companies. At that meet- ing, the Fisheries Agency approved the Coun- cil's recommendation that the government license a total of 18 vessels for distant-wa- ter trawl operation and also adopted the Council's proposed licensing requirements for those vessels. Licensing requirements and number of trawlers approved for distant-water opera- tion are: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 (1) The two Japanese fishing companies currently operating over 10 trawlers in the Atlantic Ocean shall not be granted licenses to operate additional trawlers in that ocean. (2) Regardless of the number of applica- tions submitted by the fishing companies, not more than one trawler license shall be is- sued to any company for each area of opera- tion. The 13 vessels newly licensed for opera- tion in the Atlantic Ocean (off Africa) are 6 vessels of 299 gross tons; 1 vessel of 500 tons; 1 vessel of 1,500 tons; 1 vessel of 2,000 tons; 1 vessel of 2,500 tons; 1 vessel of 2,800 tons; 1 vessel of 3,000 tons; and 1 vessel of 3,500 tons. The 5 vessels licensed to oper- ate in the Southwest Pacific (off Australia and New Zealand) are as follows: 1 vessel of 299 tons; 1 vessel of 990 tons; 2 vessels of 1,850 tons; and 1 vessel of 2,000 tons. (Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 29, 1963; Suisan Tsushin, November 28, 1963.) se ok ee KF A a AS ATLANTIC TRAWL FISHERY TRENDS, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese trawler Aoi Maru No. 2, (1,104 gross tons), which had been operating in the North Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland for approximately a year, arrived at the Japa- nese port of Nagoya on November 24, 1963. The trawler was scheduled to depart for the North Atlantic fishing grounds again in late January 1964, (Suisan Tsushin, November 27, 1963.) The Japanese Fisheries Agency authorized Japan's two largest fishing companies to con- duct experimental trawl fishing in the Atlan- tic Ocean off Argentina for a period of one year, beginning December 1, 1963. One of the companies plans to use the 1,800-ton trawler Taiyo Maru No. 66. The other com- pany will work “from the 1,100-ton trawler Ikoma Maru. The Fisheries Agency has de- fined the experimental trawling area as the waters south of latitude 25° S. and west of longitude 40° W. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 11, 1963.) The Fisheries Agency is reported to have under study a plan to permit distant-water trawlers, operating out of overseas bases such as those in the Atlantic Ocean, to trans- fer their catches at sea. The plan, if ap- Vol. 26, No. 2 Japan (Contd.): proved, is expected to assist materially the operating efficiency of trawlers under 1,000 gross tons. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Decem- ber 11, 1963.) OK OK KOK SAURY FISHERY PRODUCTION AND EXPORT TRENDS LATE NOVEMBER 1963: The Japan Saury Sales Company was re- ported early in December 1963 to have con- tracted to sell a total of 90,000 cases of can- ned saury (80,000 cases of No. 1 small and 10,000 cases of No. 4) to Egypt. The sale was concluded at export prices of US$6.54 per case for No. 1 small and $6.53 per case for No. 4, f.o.b. Japan, with shipment to be made pending issuance of an import license by the Egyptian Government. The import license was expected to be issued by the end of 1963. Saury fishing in Japan, which was very poor as of early November, picked up sharp- ly after mid-November with 4,000-5,000 met- ric tons per day being landed. The increased landings resulted in a sharp drop in the ex- vessel price, from the US$103 a ton reported in early November to about $50 a ton in late November. To stabilize landings and prices, the National Saury Production Adjustment Association began to curtail fishing opera- tions by closing the fishery for 48-hour pe- riods every 5-7 days, depending on fishing conditions. On December 5, the ex-vessel prices of saury at the fishing ports of Kesen- numa, Onagawa, and Ishinomaki had recover- ed somewhat and were quoted at $71-78 a ton. (Suisan Tsushin, December 2, 7, & 9; Nihon Suisan Shimbun, November 27, 1963; and other sources.) Kok KOK PLANS CALL FOR DOUBLING SALMON HATCHERY FACILITIES: In 1962, Japan's Fishery Agency began a three-year program to double the number of artificially hatched salmon to 1,000 million fish a year. However, a curtailment of funds reduced the capital from US$1,667,000 ayear to $750,000 a year. Due to this development, the privately supported Japan Fisheries As- sociation, contributor of one-third of the funds for the Government program (initial plan $556,000 a year, now $250,000), is plan- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 ning to initiate its own program to supplement the present plan. To this end the Fisheries Association will establish a new salmonhatch- ery in Eastern Hokkaido costing about $278,000 over a two-year period. It is evident that the Japanese authorities are putting considerable effort into the im- provement of their facilities. One of the best stations is at Abashiri on the Sea of Okhotsk where modern facilities are producing about 20 million small salmona year. That station is particularly effective because the salmon are released into a lake for further growth before leaving for the sea. One problem, however, that remains out- standing in Hokkaido is the effect on natural- ly spawned salmon of industrial waste and agricultural chemicals which are increasing- ly polluting the rivers. (United States Em- bassy, Tokyo, December 3, 1963.) KKK OK K UNMANNED OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS TO BE SET UP OFF COAST: The Japanese Fisheries Agency has an- nounced a three-year plan to establish 42 unmanned oceanographic observation towers off various coastal areas of Japan beginning in FY 1964 (April 1964-March 1965) as part of a long-range program to forecast oceano- graphic and fishing conditions. The unman- ned towers will continuously record oceano- graphic \conditions in coastal waters where severe changes in sea conditions are believed to exert considerable influences on the coast- al fisheries. Initially 10 of these towers will be installed off nine prefectures during FY 1964. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, November 27, 1963.) Malaysia MARKET TRENDS FOR IMPORTED CANNED SARDINES: A recent survey of Malaysian markets shows that sales of United States canned sar- dines are as popular as other brands in the higher income groups and that there is nopar- ticular preference as to type of can or pack. In the lower income groups, canned sardines from Japan (which are lower-priced and of acceptable quality) are reported to be most popular. United States sardines packed in to- 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Malaysia (Contd.): pe and Price of Canned Sardines by Country of Origin Size, Type of Can Country of and Pack Origin c.i.f. Price/Case 100/34- to 4-oz. “without key (dingley): Soybean oil Tomato sauce .... Olive oil 100/3%-. to 4-o0z. (flats) 48 or 24/15-o0z. (oval cans): Tomato sauce .... Natural or brine... 48 or 24/8-oz. “(oval « cans): Tomato sauce .... Soybean oil Natural or brine... 48 or 24/715- SOZe “(tall cans): eros] Canada eae Waleilal 12,75 5.88 Japan 5.88 W 6.21 ut eee U. S. (Calif.) Tomato sauce .... | 42.00 13.73 Natural or brine. . 42.00 373) iL00/5-oz. (tall cans): Tomate sauce .... | 32.00 10.46 U.S. (Calif.) Natural or brine... | 32.00 10.46 " mato sauce in 5-ounce tall cans are also popular with the lower income groups. Many stores reported that they have discontinued selling canned herring and pilchard, especial- ly United States brands, because of a lower demand, due mainly to price and lack of sup- plies. Canned salmon and horse mackerel from the United States are not much in de- mand, although in the lower income groups there is a market for Japanese horse mack- erel packed in tomato sauce. With the ex- ception of the higher income groups, the low- er income groups prefer canned fish packed in tomato sauce. The information in the table on canned sardines marketed in Malaysia was obtained from the survey. (United States Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, December 20, 1963.) FISHERIES TRENDS, THIRD QUARTER 1963: A temporary ban on trawling in Malaysian waters was imposed by the Government in July 1963. Trawling permits had been sought by many prospective enterprises, including a number backed by joint Japanese-Malaysian interests. The lifting of the trawling ban de- pends on the completion of plans being drawn by the Ministry of Agriculture and Coopera- tives to ease the hardships that trawl fishing will cause fishermen using more primitive methods. Vol. 26, No. 2 In September 1963, prospects for improved east coast fishery marketing facilities were brightened by a M$1.5 (US$490,000) million Canadian contribution through the Colombo Plan. The money will provide cold-storage facilities at several locations. The first freezing plant will be installed at the port of Kuantan in 1964 and used by the Government to popularize local frozen fish. (United States Embassy, Kuala Lumpur, November 26, 1963) Morocco CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JUNE-SEPTEMBER 1962-63: Exports of canned fish by Morocco during June-September 1963 were substantially high- er than for the same period in 1962, but lower thanin1961. Total canned fish exports amount- ed to 963,942 cases during June-September 1963 as compared with 897,382 cases in1962, and 1,053,531 cases in 1961. Exports of sar- dines during the 4-month period of 1963 totaled 728,542 cases as compared with 733,574 cases in 1962 and 828,393 cases in 1961. Canned tuna exports amounted to 36,737 cases during June-September 1963 as compared with60,125 cases in 1962. Exports of other fish rose to 198,663 cases from 103,684 cases in 1962. (United States Embassy, Rabat, November 28, 1963.) ® Netherlands VIEWS ON NORTHEAST ATLANTIC AND EUROPEAN FISHERY POLICIES: The Netherlands Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries has announced that the Northeast At- lantic Fisheries Commission, set up under the 1959 Northeast Atlantic Fisheries Con- vention, will hold its first meeting in The Hague, May 11-17, 1964, at the invitation of his Government. The meeting should show whether participants are willing to implement the Convention's provisions which are de- signed to prevent overfishing in the north- eastern section of the Atlantic Ocean. As far as the Netherlands is concerned, meas- ures going beyond those laid down in the pre- vious Convention are acceptable only if made subject to international inspection. February 1964 Netherlands (Contd.): The Minister welcomed a British initiative in inviting European Economic Community (EEC) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries as well as Ireland, Iceland, and Spain to an international conference in London on December 3, 1963, to discuss the problem of unilateral extension of national fishing limits. In addition other problems were aired including access to fishing areas, trade in fish, fisheries policy, and police supervision. The Government is also in favor of a com- mon EEC fisheries policy which would rule out any national measures detrimental to Community partners and preferably make territorial waters of EEC countries accessi- ble without restriction to all fishermen of all present or future members. (United States Embassy, The Hague, December 10, 1963.) OK OK Ok Ok OYSTER INDUSTRY DECLINES: In the 1961/1962 Season, a total of 30 mil- lion oysters was harvested in the Netherlands, but a few more years may see the end of this century-old oyster culture which is concen- trated around the port of Yerseke in Zeeland, that province of islands in southwest Holland. The Oosterschelde estuary (which is the cra- dle of the Dutch oyster industry) will be cut off from the sea by the construction of the Delta flood-prevention dyke. That famous oyster area will become a lake unfit for oys- ter culture when the Delta project is com- pleted in about 10 years. The intense winter cold of the 1962/1963 season created a crisis in the industry. Out of 150 million oysters, only 0.05 percent sur- vived, and those few were not capable of con- tinuing propagation. Under normal circum- stances, Dutch oyster farmers would not have hesitated to import foreign oysters to continue their trade. But shortly after the winter disaster, the threatened industry was further discouraged by cancellation of the Government's project to develop an artificial oyster-rearing basin. (The artificial rearing project was said to have failed because of changes in the structure of the Delta flood control project.) It was reported in the fall of 1963 that only 13 of the 150 Dutch oyster farmers would continue their culture. The others had COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW UU various choices. Indemnification was expect- ed from the Government. Some were report- ed to be planning to switch to mushroom farm- ing. Others were discussing the possibility of of seeking new areas for oyster cultivation in foreign countries. (Fishing News, October 4, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1961 p. 58. Nicaragua SPINY LOBSTER FISHING REGULATIONS ESTABLISHED: By a decree, effective November 20, 1963, the Government of Nicaragua has established regulations on spiny lobster fishing in Nica- raguan waters. The regulations are as fol- lows: Article 1. It is forbidden to catch, buy, keep, process, store, transport, sell, and export lobsters which show exter- nal eggs, as well as to remove them by any means. Article 2. It is forbidden to catch lob- sters whose length is inferior to 20 centimeters (7.9 inches), measured from the "pinzers'' to the terminal part of the tail. Article 3. Upon the violation of the dis- positions contained in the present de- cree, when reported by the respective inspector, the Director of Natural Re- sources of the Ministry of Economy is authorized to impose a fine on the violator, not higher than Five Thousand Cordobas |(@5,000 or about US$714) and not less thanOne Thousand Cordobas (@1,000 or about US$143). In case of repetition of the offense, the imposed fine can be increased to double in each case. The payment will be effective by law. Besides the established sanctions in the above paragraph, the respective authorities can impose on the offender the following penalties: thirty days of arrest, confiscation of the seized lob- ster, of the working implements, and the cancellation of the license or fish- ing permit. Article 4. In case of arrest, referred to in the above article, the police judges 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Nicaragua (Contd.): will be competent in their respective jurisdictions, admitting all proofs and resources established by the Law. (United States Embassy, Managua, De- cember 12, 1963.) Norway EXPORTS OF CANNED FISH, JANUARY 1-SEPTEMBER 28, 1963: Norway's total exports of canned fish in January 1-September 28, 1963, were 10.5 percent less than in the same period of 1962. The decline affected all of Norway's princi- pal canned fish products. Norwegian Exports of Canned Fish, January 1-September 28, 1962-63 Ifi963_ | _1962 ets Tons). 1/Preliminary, In 1963, the small sild canning season opened on May 2. By October 26, 1963, the small sild pack amounted to 537,087 stand- ard cases, up 15.6 percent from the pack of 464,470 cases in the same period of 1962. The 1963 brisling packing season extend- ed from June 4 to October 15. At the close of the 1963 season, a total of 276,904 stand- ard cases of canned brisling had been pack- ed, a decline of 33.6 percent from the pack of 416,887 cases in the previous year. The Norwegian brisling catch was rather poor in the fall of 1963. The production of canned mackerel up to October 12, 1963, amounted to 1,365 metric tons as compared with 2,062 tons by the Same date in 1962. (Norwe ian Canners Ex- port Journal, November 1963. KOK KK OK Vol. 26, No. 2 PROPOSED REFINANCING OF STATE-CON TROLLED FISH-PROCESSING COMPANY: A Government proposal for the refinancing of A/S Finmark og Nord-Troms Fiskeindustri (FiNoTro), a fish-processing company oper- ating seven plants in the Troms and Finmark Counties of northern Norway, was submitted to the Norwegian Storting (Parliament) in late 1963. More than 90 percent of the stock of FiNoTro is owned by the Government and the rest of the shares are held by various fishing unions and the Norwegian Society of Coopera- tives. The proposed refinancing would pro- vide FiNoTro with N. Kr.12 (US$1.7 million) to modernize its plants, and Kr. 2.5 million ($350,000) to settle certain debts. A total of Kr. 10 million ($1.4 million) of the company's Kr.14.5 million ($2.0 million) share capital is considered lost and is to be written off. The Storting was asked to grant Kr.12 mil- lion ($1.7 million) in the current fiscal year for new share capital in FiNoTro, and to au- thorize the Norwegian Ministry of Finance to transfer Kr.2.5 million ($350,000) from a special fisheries fund to FiNoTro. The re- mainder of the capital needed will be supplied by the other shareholders in FiNoTro. The bill also recommends certain measures de- signed to improve the efficiency of the com- pany, including a reorganization of its man- agement. Two of the seven plants making up FiNoTro are to be closed down. (United States Embassy, Oslo, Norway, December 7, 1963.) Panama SPINY LOBSTER EXPLORATORY FISHING PROJECT CONCLUDED: M/V Pelican” Cruise 16 (December 5-19, 1963): The last survey of stocks of spiny lob- sters off Panama by the chartered commer- cial fishing vessel Pelican was conducted dur- ing a 2-week cruise in December 1963 when experimental and simulated commercial lob- ster fishing was carried out in the northwest section of the Gulf of Panama. The cruise off Panama was one of a series conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries through an interagency agreement with the U. S. Agen- cy for International Development (AID) Mis- sion to Panama as an Alliance for Progress program. February 1964 Panama (Contd.): The total catch during the cruise in De- cember 1963 amounted to 2,847 lobsters (2,758 pounds). The catch was composed of 1,034 spiny lobsters (Panularis gracilis) or 1,255 pounds, and 1,813 rock lobsters (Scyl- larides sp.) or 1,503 pounds. The first week of the cruise was devoted to training and involved the use of 180 wood- slat traps. During that time, 154 lobsters (227 pounds) were caught. During the second week, operations were centered in the San Carlos-Rio Hato area where trawling on rocky bottom was conduct- ed with a 40-foot shrimp trawl rigged with plastic mud rollers and a tickler chain. Of the total of 45 drags (averaging 90 minutes each), 40 were successful in taking lobsters. The total trawling catch was 990 spiny and 1,803 rock lobsters. The best drag produced 207 lobsters. Gear damage was limited to 1 torn net and 4 broken tickler chains. Comparative drags made during daylight and nighttime revealed no discernable differ- ences in catch rate, indicating good possibili- ties for successful round-the-clock commer- cial fishing. The presently unused rock lobster, which is of excellent quality in both meat yield and flavor, appears suitable for commercial ex- ploitation. A brief visit was made to the scallop fleet which was working the beds discovered dur- ing Pelican Cruise 15 in September 1963. The 15 vessels in the area were each fishing with two 6-foot dredges. Due to high catch rates, the fishermen were allowing only 5 to 7 minutes per drag. Full vessel loads were being taken in two days of fishing, working only during daylight hours. The M/V Pelican was scheduled to return to the United States in early 1964. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 76. iPeru FISHING INDUSTRY LONG-RANGE FORECAST: In Peru, an annual growth rate of 5 per- cent for the tuna industry and 12 percent for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 the fish meal industry during the current dec- ade is predicted by the Peruvian National So- ciety of Industries in a publication based upon material from the Peruvian Central Reserve Bank's study ''Programacion del Desarrollo." The forecast of 5 percent growth in the tuna industry for the period 1961 to 1971 was based on estimated domestic Peruvian con- sumption alone. Increased Japanese compe- tition in foreign tuna markets could limit the growth of Peruvian export tuna sales. It was estimated that the international market for fish meal could reach 3 million metric tons per year by 1967. Assuming Chilean production may reach 550,000 tons, Icelandic 150,000 tons, South African 230,000 tons, and other countries 300,000 tons, the demand for Peruvian meal could still reach 2 million tons. This assumption was the basis for the prediction that Peruvian fish meal production increases for the period 1961 to 1971 should average 12 percent per annum. The future of fish oil production was viewed as uncertain, and no estimate was made of possible increases. Production of sperm oil and whale meal will remain about at present levels, according to the forecast. (United States Embassy, Lima, December 5, 1963.) XK OK OK OK ESTIMATED EXPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL, 1963: Unpublished estimates of Peru's 1963 ex- ports of fish meal and fish oil were: fish meal, 1,160,000 metric tons; fish oil, 106,863 tons. Fish meal stocks on hand as of Septem- ber 30, 1963, were estimated to be 114,659 tons. No estimates were given on stocks of fish oil on hand as of that date. Although Peru's production of fish meal in 1963 was expected to be less than earlier predicted, the January-October 1963 produc- tion was well ahead of the same period a year earlier (903,437 metric tons as against 819,638 tons). Exports of fish meal in 1963 were up from 1962 as a result of the good world demand, and stocks of both fish meal and fish oil at the end of 1963 were expected to be lower than usual. (United States Embassy, Lima, December 20, 1963.) 80 Peru (Contd.): FISH MEAL EXPORT AGREEMENT EXTENDED: By the Supreme Decree of December 12, 1963, the Peruvian Government ratified for another three years the international fish meal export agreement which was originally signed in Paris on October 1, 1960, by rep- resentatives of the Peruvian National Fish- eries Society (Sociedad Nacional de Pesque- ria) and the international Fish Meal Export- ers Organization (FEO). FEO establishes quotas for fish-meal ex- porting countries in order to maintain a bal- ance between supply and demand. Under the original Paris agreement, Peru was allocated an export quota of 600,000 metric tons. Due to the rapid expansion of the fish meal mar- ket, the Peruvian quota has been steadily in- creased, having been set at 1 million long tons for 1963 and 1.2 million long tons for 1964. (United States Embassy, Lima, Janu- ary 3, 1964.) Poland LANDINGS OF MARINE PRODUCTS AND SIZE OF FISHING FLEET, 1962-63: Poland's target for ocean fish landings in 1963 was reported by the periodical Zycie Warszawy of December 13, 1963, to be more than reached. The prediction was that the 1963 marine fish landings would be at least 207,000 metric tons. As a result of the good landings, market supplies for home consump- tion increased. The target for the 1964 ocean fish landings has been set at 222,000 tons. Table 1 - Poland's Fleet of Fishing Vessels, 1950, 1955, and 1960-1962 [ype of Vessel | 1962 [1961 | 1960 | 1955 | 1950 | Factory ees Super trawlers+/ In 1962, Poland's marine fish landings were down 3.1 percent from the previous COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 year due to a sharp decline in the herring catch. Cod landings, however, were up sub- stantially from 1961 and there were good in- creases for sprats and other species. Table 2 - Poland's Marine Landings of Fishery Products, 1950, 1955, and 1960-1962 1959 Poland's fleet of sea fishing vessels con- tinued to expand in 1962. The fleet gained 3 factory trawlers that year, as well as 9 super trawlers, and 7 cutters. There was a decline in the number of smaller trawlers and vessels classified as ''luggers.'' The gross registered tonnage of the fishing fleet in 1962 was 14.4 percent greater than in 1961, and was about five times greater than in 1950. (Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1963 p. 87. Portugal CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1963: Portugal's total exports of canned fish dur- ing the first 9 months of 1963 were down 7.8 percent from those in the same period of 1962, due primarily to lower exports of sardines. The decline was partly offset by a consider - able increase in exports of mackerel. Sar- dines accounted for 73.7 percent of the 1963 exports of canned fish, followed by mackerel with 9.8 percent, anchovy fillets with 7.4 per- cent, tuna and tuna-like fish with 5.6 percent, and chinchards with 2.9 percent. Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-September 1962-1963 January -September 1963 21362 Product Tuna and tuna-like | Anchovy fillets .. Others eee ee oo Portugal's principal canned fish buyers during January-September 1963 were Italy . February 1964 Portugal (Contd.): with 7,664 metric tons, followed by Germany with 7,397 tons, the United Kingdom 5,276 tons, the United States 5,073 tons, France 3,931 tons, and Belgium-Luxembourg 2,992 tons. (Conservas de Peixe, November 1963.) CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1963: Portugal's total pack of canned fish in oil or sauce in the first 9 months of 1963 was down about 25 percent from that in the same period of 1962. The decline was due mainly to a sharp drop in the pack of sardines. Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-September 1962-1963 January -September 1963 1962 1,000 Cases In Oil or Sauce: Sardines ...... 1,043 Chinchards..... 123 Mackerel os ovo 216 Tuna and tuna-like 180 Anchovy fillets .. Cthersiewemeleieine Total... 2. 296 : 1 2 8 3 Landings of sardines in January-Septem- ber 1963 totaled 65,285 tons. For January- August, tuna landings were 905 tons and bonito 154 tons--mostly used for canning. (Conser- vas de Peixe, November 1963.) South-West Africa QUOTAS FOR 1963 AND 1964 PILCHARD FISHERY INCREASED: The Walvis Bay fishing industry in South- West Africa has been granted an additional pilchard quota of 60,000 short tons for the 1963 season, to be divided equally among the six factories. This makes a total quota for the 1963 season for the pilchard industry of 600,000 tons, 100,000 tons per factory. By the end of August the total catch was 433,285 tons. In announcing this extra quota the South- West Africa Administration stipulated that it would not be a permanent increase. The extra quota prolonged the season at Walvis Bay for another month and the first factories closed early in October. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 Most of the production from this extra quota was reduced to fish meal and used to meet an order from Japan for 20,000 tons of fish meal. Delivery of this order was due late in 1963 or early in 1964. It is also un- derstood that the Japanese have been very impressed with the quality of South African fish meal. The extra quota had to be granted to en- able the industry to meet this order, as ear- lier production was sold in advance. It was estimated that at the end of the normal sea- son the industry had about 5,000 tons of fish meal on hand. The extra 60,000 tons have been given on the licenses of the two new fishing concerns in South-West Africa which were licensed by the Administration to catch and process pil- chards into fish meal and oil. This means that the existing six factories will pay a share to the new companies for use of part of their quota. At the time the new firms were licensed it was decided to fix the permanent yearly quota for the South-West African pilchard in- dustry at 90,000 tons per factory, or 720,000 tons for the industry. The two new factories must be in full pro- duction by the start of the 1965 season and may in the meantime work their quota through an existing factory. (The South African Ship- ping News and Fishing Industry Review, Octo- ber 1963.) Sweden FISHING INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1962, AND ESTIMATE FOR 1963: Summary: An oversupply of herring in 1963 forced prices down and checked the rec- ord prosperity experienced by the Swedish fishing industry in 1962. The large herring landings in 1963 were expected to result in new limitations on landings by both Sweden and Denmark. The extension of fishing limits by other countries has not yet affected Swed- ish fishermen, but an agreement made with Norway will handicap Swedish shrimp fisher- men in 1965. No large change in the struc- ture of the Swedish fishing fleet is expected within the next few years. 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Sweden (Contd.): Table 1 - Swedish Over-all Fishery Landings!/, by Principal Species, 1961-1962 Species - (Metric Tons). Herring . . . | 145, 121/133, 435 \Baltic herring 16,520} 16, 100 Sprat .... 5,054] 4,949 Cod .....| 30,600] 30,839) 22,552 addock .. 3,321] 4,410] 3,993 iting .. 3,051} 1,468) 2,328 Ping tewee ene 1,227| 1,214] 1,696 Other cod species. . © 4,270] 3,612) 4,458 \Flatfish 0 35308) meses meonte7 Mackerel . .| 14,627] 13,593} 10,796 eee ieee er eiee742l| a Ounl i oeanS almon ... 1,339} 1,564] 6,078 Shrimp ... 5,724) 4,462] 25,763 feacree Veen 1,534] 1,774] 5,879 nclassified fish ....| 4,073] 4,009] 5, 166 Industrial fish | 41,433] 26,255] 7,316 ? 2 [Total . . [282, 944252, 732)216, 243|21, 600 1/Includes landings in foreign ports. Table 2 - Swedish Fishery Landings in Swedish Ports and in Foreign Ports, by Principal Species, 1961-1962 Landings in Landings in Swedish Ports Foreign Ports Pise2 [i961 | i962 _[ 1961 | valued at Kr, 30.2 million ($5.8 million), 1/Included are direct landings by Swedish fishermen in foreign ports: (US$13.4 million); in 1961--85, 300 metric tons, valued at Kr. 40:6 million ($7.8 million); and in 1960--66, 100 metric tons, Vol. 26, No. 2 Landings: In 1962, Swedish fishery land- ings were up 12.0 percent in quantity and 17.3 percent in value from those in 1961, due to heavier direct foreign landings and higher prices in foreign ports. But in 1963 an over- supply of herring filled cold-storage plants, drove prices down, and caused Swedish fisher- men's income to drop by almost 30 percent. Limitations on landings in Swedish and Dan- ish ports in 1963 were imposed too late to prevent market gluts. In the first half of 1963, direct landings by Swedish vessels in Danish and West German ports totaled 66,813 metric tons as compared with 45,345 tons in the same period of the previous year. Foreign Trade: In 1962, Danish over-all exports of fishery products (including direct landings in foreign ports) were up 15.7 per- cent in quantity and 29.8 percent in value from those in 1961. Again, the increase in exports was due mainly to larger direct landings in foreign ports by Swedish vessels. Export landings and shipments of fresh and frozen fish accounted for almost 97 percent of the total exports. The leading buyer of Swedish fishery products was Denmark, followed by West Germany and East Germany. Swedish imports of fishery products in 1962 were up 11.2 percent in value from those in 1961, but the quantity was almost the same in both years. Norway was the leading sup- plier of Swedish fishery imports, followed by Denmark and Iceland. Fishing Fleet: The value of the Swedish fishing fleet in 1961 was calculated to be S. Kr. 217.5 million (US$41.9 million) for fish- ing craft and Kr. 76.4 million ($14.7 million) for gear, indicating a total investment of Kr. 293.9 million ($56.6 million). It was esti- mated that in 1962 the value of fishing vessels increased by 25 percent and that of gear by 3 percent. In the first half of 1963, only 1 new 5 Million | Million Metric Tons} S. Kr. in 1962--117,500 metric tons, valued at Kr. 69.9 million February 1964 Sweden (Contd.): Table 4 - Value of Swedish Exports!/ of Fishery Products, by Country of Destination, 1960-1962 Country of Destination _— | 1962__ | 1961 | 1960 | « (Million Swedish Kronor) . 35 7 1 _ OANNEN eb wmounwuourew Other countries . {Total Value of ey cias Fishery Exports!/ 116.7 2/84.7 1/Includes the value of direct landings in arial countries. @/Does not agree exactly with corresponding total in table 3. steel trawler was delivered as compared with 18 in 1962, It appears that the moderniza- tion of the Swedish fishing fleet has leveled off with Swedish fishermen carefully study- ing market developments before planning fur- ther investments. The number of full-time Swedish fisher - men in 1962 was 8,967, only a small decrease from the 9,041 reported the previous year. Better fishery employment opportunities on COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 the west coast in 1961 halted that area's down- ward trend and arrested the national decline in fishing employment evident since 1946. | Outlook: Little change in the structure of the Swedish fishing fleet is anticipated in the next few years. The size of vessels used by Swedish fishermen is not expected to exceed 100 feet, the size of the largest trawlers now in use. Modernization of the fleet will con- tinue on a small scale in the form of more powerful engines and more efficient gear and equipment. The number of fishermen is ex- pected to decrease in the areas where fishing is not as profitable as employment in other industries. This will particularly affect the number of fishermen on the east and south coast of Sweden. Herring: The large herring landings in 1962 and particularly in the summer and fall of 1963 revealed that the organizations con- icerned with landings and prices do not have ‘sufficient control over the situation during jperiods when there is an oversupply. Repre-: |sentatives of Swedish and Danish fishery or- ganizations in late 1963 discussed the ques- tion of landings in Danish ports. Danish fish- iermen and their organizations, which had Table 5 - Swedish Imports!/ of Fishery Products, by Commodity Group, 1960-1962 Product Salted, spiced, or Eee herring Other salted, dried, and smoked fish . 1/Included are direct landings by Danish fishermen in Swedish ports: lor 1,000 Metric Tons 13.0 5.8 19.5 in 1962--600 metric tons, valued at Kr. 2.5 million (US$0.5 million); in 1961--200 metric tons, valued at Kr. 1.6 million ($0.3 million); and in 1960--100 metric tons, valued at Kr. 0.6 million (US$0.1 million), Table 6 - Value of Swedish Imports1/ of Fishery Products, by Country of Origin, 1960-1962 - (Million Swedish Kronor) . Ge 2.0 1.8 42.1 38.4 31.7 - - 0.1 21.2 19.3 9.8 2.4 2.0 3.6 58.8 49.9 45.8 2.0 1.1 1.4 3.6 3.0 2.6 7.3 CD) 8.3 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.8 4.3 4.5 Bo Total Value of Swedish Fishery Imports 146.6 131.8 |2/111.2 1/Includes the value of direct landings by Danish fishermen in Swedish ports. 2/Does notagree exactly with corresponding total in table 5. previously neglected limitations on herring landings and the maintenance of minimum prices on herring for consumption, agreed to follow the principles established by Swedish fishermen and their organizations. The heavy landings were partly the result of a good sup- ply of 1960 class herring, but the increase in the number of fishing vessels from Denmark, West and East Germany, and the United King- dom contributed to the large landings. Swed- ish fishery organizations have emphasized the importance of having a domestic processing industry with a high capacity, but fluctuations in the market have been a hampering factor. It has been suggested that Swedish west coast fishermen could change over from fish- 84 Sweden (Contd.): ing for herring to fishing for white fish. But the supply of white fish in the North Sea has been smaller than usual and herring fishing is under normal circumstances much more profitable. In addition, the craft and gear used by those fishermen have been adapted particularly to herring fishing. As can be seen from recent import data (table 5), Sweden imports large quantities of salted, spiced, and sugar-salted herring. Previously, Swedish fishermen were active- ly engaged in herring fishing with drift nets in Icelandic waters, but for various reasons this type of fishing ceased. In 1963, however, the west coast fishermen's organization put up a guarantee, and 8 west coast trawlers made a 2-months trip to Icelandic waters in order to fish for herring with floating trawls. The experiment was not completely success- ful as out of an anticipated catch of 4,000 bar- rels, the vessels returned with only 2,000 barrels of salted herring. Bad weather with heavy storms and a general poor supply of herring were the reasons for the disappoint- ing result. It was proved, however, that it is possible to catch Icelandic herring with float- ing trawls. The experiment also showed a possible way for the fishing organizations to decentralize fishing areas and landing ports, thus reducing the number of vessels in cer- tain overworked areas and limiting landings in certain ports. Shrimp: Shrimp fishermen on the north- ern part of the Swedish west coast will be excluded as of January 1, 1965, from a rich deep-water area in the Oslo Fjord. The west coast fishermen's organization has com- plained bitterly over the agreement between Norway and Sweden creating the exclusive area and will request financial assistance from the Swedish Government for the loss that fishermen may suffer. The organization has also proposed a Swedish import ban on Norwegian shrimp and crab, claiming that Norwegian fishermen are Selling shellfish at prices which make it impossible for Swedish fishermen to compete. (United States Con- sulate, Goteborg, November 29, 1963.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vo. 26, No. 2 Taiwan SHRIMP EXPORTS INCREASED IN 1963: Exports of shrimp to Japan and the United States were reported by the Industrial Devel- opment and Investment Center of the Republic of China to have amounted to about 250,000 pounds prior to the date of the report (Octo- ber 31). As of that date, an additional 120,000 pounds were ready for shipment to Japan. The Center estimated that 500,000 pounds of shrimp valued at about US$500,000 would be exported in 1963. (Taiwan Industrial Pano- rama, October 31, 1963.) U.S.S.R. FISHERIES CATCH GOAL INCREASED FOR 1964: A 1964 goal of 4.9 million metric tons of fishery landings (including whales and other marine mammals) has been announced by the Soviet press. The 1964 goal represents an increase of about 8.9 percent over the esti- mated 1963 Soviet catch of 4.5 million tons. In addition to working developed fishing areas in 1964, the Soviet Union plans to send a fish- ing expedition into the Arabian Sea. Explora- tory cruises will be conducted in the East China Sea and in the area off Iceland. (United States Embassy, Moscow, January 3, 1964.) KOK OK KOK MARINE FISHERY PRODUCTION GOALS FOR 1963 EXCEEDED: The Soviet periodical Izvestiva has an- nounced that the 1963 U.S.S.R. plan for produc- tion of fish, marine animals (including whales), and other marine fishery products has been fulfilled ahead of schedule, with the total catch for 1963 estimated at 4.5 million metric tons. In 1962, the Soviet catch goal of 3.9 million metric tons was also reached ahead of schedule. (United States Embassy, Moscow, December 6, 1963.) OK OK KOK SPECIFICATIONS OF FISH FACTORYSHIPS BUILT BY WEST GERMAN SHIPYARD: A contract to build 8 floating fish factories for the Soviet Union was negotiated in August 1963 by the Government-owned shipyard at Kiel, German Federal Republic. Although February 1964 U.S. S. R. (Contd.): press reports at the time of the announce- ment of the contract stated that the vessels were to be of approximately 17,000 tons dead- weight each, shipyard officials now state that the vessels will be of 10,000 tons deadweight each. Other specifications of the vessels: over-all length 545 feet; beam 79 feet; molded draft 49 feet; draft 25 feet; engine 5,600 hp. Diesel; and estimated speed 14 knots. Unlike the whaling mothership Vladivostok and her sistership the Daljnij Vostok, which ‘ were built for the Soviets by the same ship- yard, the 8 vessels on order will not be de- signed for whaling but will have facilities for processing fish oil, fish meal, and frozen and canned fish. The vessels are scheduled for delivery during 1965 and 1966 and it is not now known in what areas they will operate. From a technical point of view it is reported that they will be capable of operating in a full arctic to tropic range. (United States Con- sulate, Hamburg, December 20, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 67; June 1963 p. 70; February 1962 p. 93. United Kingdom — CANNED FISH MARKETING TRENDS: The per capita consumption of canned fish in the United Kingdom increased steadily between 1953 and 1958, rising some 113 percent in the 5-year period. On the other hand, per capita consumption of canned fishinthe United Kingdom is still below that in the United Statés. The relatively smaller use in the United Kingdom offers an opportunity for increasing sales, particularly since the British market for convenience foods is growing. _ Imports satisfy 90 percent of the British market for canned fishery products. Between 1958 and 1962, the value of the im- ports averaged US$95 million per year with, however, some wide annual fluctuations. Canned salmon accounts for about two-thirds of British imports of fishery products. Since the removal of exchange Value of British Imports of Canned Fishery Products, 1958-1962 and 5-Year Average i Canned ] 5-Year Avg. Fishery Product 1962] 1961 1e60 rese)1958 | 1958-1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 controls in 1958, British purchases of canned salmon in the United States have averaged $6 million per year, varying from $7 million to $3 million per year. In 1962, the United Kingdom took about 75 percent of all United States canned salmon ex- ports. Canned brisling and sild sardines, pilchards, and sturgeon roe imports (which are dominated by exclusive suppliers) ac- count for about seven percent of the value of British canned fishery imports. Excluding those products as well as canned salmon still leaves British canned fishery imports valued at about $20 million per year. These include various packs of crabs, tuna, shrimp, lobsters, oysters, clams, sardines, roe, fish paste, and other products. Tuna is not presently a widely recognized canned fishery product in the United Kingdom. Canned tuna imports were valued at only about $2 million in 1961, the only year for which statistics are available. Peru supplied 80 percent of that total. British tuna consumptionis probably less thanthree percent of canned salmon consumption. However, distributors say consumption is increasing and, in view of the growing im- portance of convenience foods, there is every reason to be- lieve that high-quality tuna could be marketed on a large scale, if supported by adequate advertising. There is certainly a sales potential at least as a specialty food. A display of canned fishery products at a Trade Center ex- hibit in the United Kingdom could attract attention from Brit- ish distributors, buyers, caterers, and other consumers. Foods other than fish could be included in an exhibit since most buyers and importers handle a variety of lines. (United States Embassy, London, December 13, 1963.) KOK OK KOK STERN TRAWLING REVIEWED AT CONFERENCE: Stern trawling was the subject of the first major conference organized by the Brit- ish White Fish Authority. The meeting was held in Grimsby, England, September 10-11, 1963. The 300 or more delegates from nine countries were a clear indication of the anx- iety of both the catching and construction sides of the industry to put stern trawling under the microscope in order |to assess its true poten- tial. Although some nations and some individ- ual companies have already made the decision to adopt stern fishing completely, there are still those who regard it as being economic only for large distant-water vessels. This conference offered an ideal opportunity for experiences to be compared and arguments for and against to be put forward. Many of the delegates were representing ancillary industries such as engine builders, hauling gear manufacturers, and so on, all vitally interested in the various techniques so far employed on stern trawlers, and in their effectiveness. In a comparatively new field such as this, shipbuilder, owner, and gear manufacturer must pool resources in order to achieve the most effective solution for hauling and shooting the trawl. 86 United Kingdom (Contd.): The subjects covered by the speakers tended to conform to this pattern. A British speaker set the scene by stating the problems of the trawler owner contemplating his first stern trawler and the economic factors which he has to consider. For the designer, a West German spoke on structural, layout and sta- bility problems and later on hauling methods, trawl deck length, etc. Later speakers de- scribed operational experience with existing vessels; a Norwegian described how the Hek- ktind, Vaagtind, and smaller Hessatral and Hessagut were designed to suit the legislative and economic restrictions of Norway; a Frenchman spoke on the Thalassa and Hiram Iand another speaker described Colonel Pleven Il. British experience was illustrated by talks on the Junella and on the Fairtry's. The latter half of the meeting looked to- ward future trends, with papers from two ex- perts of the White Fish Authority. Certain key points of discussion were of especial interest, and the views of various speakers on those points follow: While the stern trawler had undisputed advantages as a long duration freezer vessel, its catching power as a fresh-fish trawler must be compared with that of the less ex- pensive side trawler. Quicker handling of the gear and ability to work in worse weather gave the stern trawler an advantage in time actually spent fishing, but this could be offset by the higher speed of the conventional ves- sel, which also had a morale-boosting effect on the crew, Said one British speaker. In practice, a 13-knot stern trawler compared with a 15-knot side trawler in catching pow- er. Another British speaker had observed a desirable trend on the Junella, namely a high- er average age of crew, which suggested that the stern trawler might help solve labor prob- lems, and this was confirmed by another Brit- ish speaker who had found that stern trawl- ing seemed to attract the crew most suited to it. The Junella spent 327 days out of 365 at sea and with eight men on deck could haul, change a trawl, and shoot againin30 minutes. The Vaagtind's trawl was on the bottom for 58 percent of her sea time, and the time taken to change a trawl was 10 minutes. The shelterdeck stern trawler, with its extra freeboard and high ramp aft was in- herently safer than a side trawler. This as- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 sumed that there were ample freeing ports on deck as that there were no 'tween deck aper- tures open. There was little evidence to show that following seas could be a great danger, but a stern gate could minimize the risk; fish hatches must be able to be closed quickly, and though pneumatics were fast, they could freeze. Hydraulics can do the job in four seconds, how- ever. A safety gate of the Fairtry type, which rose vertically by hydraulic power, couldclear most cod end bags at a man's waist height so that he has something to grasp if swept aft. Stability was good on a stern trawler andthere was less danger from icing. It should not be imagined that the stern trawler's warps always lay fair behind her. Angles of 90 degrees to the vessel had been experienced and with the towing point so far aft, manoeuvring was difficult. One solution suggested was a bow propeller or "thruster," utilizing spare electric capacity when towing. The other possibility was a rudder nozzle, un- less some method could be found of taking the towing strain further forward. For the same reasons, it was difficult to come round on fouled gear as a side trawler could. Most could be cleared by hauling the ship back over the gear and using sheer force, though the Fairtry ships, with their after gal- lows, had found it possible to go astern be- tween the warps, and so tow the gear free. It was important that the shape of the stern and the design of the warp fairleads was suchthat up-and-down warps and warps at 90 degrees horizontal angle should not chafe the hull plat- ing. Opinion was general that, in order to get the trawl aboard in no more than three heaves, the slip deck, or trawl deck should be as long as possible--75 feet being favored as a mini- mum. However, as one speaker pointed out, it was questionable whether the one heave eliminated by carrying the deck right forward was worth the loss of weather protection. The advantage of the Colonel Pleven II observation bridge wing was considerable, however. As for the system whereby the bight of the net was left trailing aft, the speaker thought this would be a drawback when having to change grounds or steam back over the tow. He thought there was a risk of over-complication of hauling gear, and enumerated no less than 10 wires and messengers which had to be op- erated. To use independent, specialized winch- es and capstans would mean 7 of these--too much for remote control by one man. Proper- February 1964 United Kingdom (Contd.): ly arranged through divided fairleads, they offered no problem to the whipping drums. The Fairtry's had used an independent cod end winch, with spring accumulator gear to absorb surge and had found it ideal. They also had a warping capstan aft for an out- haul messenger when shooting. The French speaker described in detail, the special movable warp fairlead fitted to the sides of the Thalassa's ramp to prevent the danleno butterfly fouling the rampslip and to stop chafe between ramp and warp, bridles, etc. This seemed to provoke little interest, possibly because the detailed description sug- gested a lengthy procedure. In fact, there seemed little to choose between hauling meth- ods, the long-established Fairtry method seeming to hold its own with newer systems. Emphasis was placed on the need for a bar- rier around which the bobbins could be hove tight to stop them rolling and split cod ends were favored by |Several speakers --they stop- ped the "bag" rolling and they halved the chance of loss through torn meshes. The Va- agtind had hauled a 35-ton bag without trouble and in one heave. Rollers at the top of the ramp were no longer considered to damage the catch, and saved much chafe. 'Ulstrom" was now widely used for the whole trawl and the Norwegian oval trawl door was recom- mended by British experience. The split-trawl winch, with mechanically- driven warp guiding gear was generally ac- cepted as the future pattern. There was a wider acceptance, too, of hydraulic power, remote control, and (with one notable excep- tion) multiple specialized winches in key po- sitions. Another British speaker, in discuss- ing the Ross Daring, was quite confident that the skipper could handle the winch from the wheelhouse. There was some concern over winch brakes. Ona side trawler, friction was ap- plied to the warps by their circuitous path round the bollard fairleads, but on a stern trawler the winch brakes took the whole load when paying away the warps. Some improve- ment had been made on the Fairtry vessels by using special linings, but-one British speaker thought that some tensioning system ‘was desirable. A Norwegian discussed the use of regenerative braking, by which the winch drives its motor, which acts as a gen- erator and applies braking effort. However, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 this required specially designed worm gear, or better, bevel gear, which would take the reverse loads. Although hydraulics would act in this way, there was a danger of damage should a high pressure system be overspeed- ed. One speaker reported no trouble, proba- bly due to slower shooting speeds. No men- tion was made of warp tensioning or metering devices, and the United States-type powered drum for winding on the trawl was criticized on the grounds that net repair and inspection was made difficult. The conference ended with papers by the two White Fish Authority experts. One of the speakers suggested the need for designing now for the pattern of fisheries which we can expect in, say, 10 years' time. He had in mind the possibility of a greater protection of home grounds and greater exclusion from distant grounds, which could call for a more efficient inshore and near-water fleet. A number of ''standard'' designs were described, some of which had already been built in Nor- way. The other British expert discussed the relative merits of various engine arrange- ments, Diesel electric drive, and stern trawl- er specification generally. In closing the meeting, the chairman of the White Fish Authority made an outspoken ap- peal to trawler owners, asking them to beless secretive and more ready to add their experi- ence to the general pool of knowledge. (World Fishing, November 1963.) Venezuela NEW SHRIMP-PROCESSING PLANT: A new Venezuelan shrimp-processing plant was opened on the west side of the Paraguana Peninsula, northeast of Maracaibo, Venezuela, during the latter part of 1963. The plant ca- pacity is not known. The new firm, which is associated with a [Philadelphia fishery firm, plans to process and export shrimp to the United States. The plant is adjacent to the Gulf of Venezuela which, together with Lake Maracaibo, are the principal fishing areas of shrimp vessels operating in Venezuela. (Unit- ed States Embassy, Caracas, December 24, 1963.) 88 % tig Department of Commerce AREA REDEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION WILLAPA BAY, WASHINGTON, OYSTER INDUSTRY STUDY APPROVED: Improved techniques designed to increase the yield of marketable oysters from the Wil- lapa Bay, Wash., area could result from a $34,170 technical assistance study approved on December 17, 1963, by the Area Redevel- opment Administration (ARA). Favorable results could lead to improvements in that industry creating new jobs during the oyster season, when large numbers of workers in logging operations are unemployed. Seasonal shifts between those two industries would be in the unskilled and semi-skilled categories which would not require retraining. The ARA funds will be used by the Wash- ington State Department of Fisheries fora one-year investigation of problems now block- ing economic development in the industry. The three-part project will concentrate on ways to increase the meat yield of oysters, raise the nutrient level of beds through appli- cation of chemical fertilizers, and boost production of oyster seeds from local beds. Willapa Bay is located in Pacific County which was designated as eligible to partici- pate in the ARA program as a small area of persistent and substantial unemployment. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION PUBLIC HEARING ON STANDARDS OF IDENTITY FOR FROZEN RAW BREADED SHRIMP: A notice of public hearing regarding es - tablishment of definitions and standards of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 identity for frozen raw breaded shrimp and frozen raw lightly breaded shrimp was an- nounced by the Food and Drug Administration on December 18, 1963. The notice was pub- lishedin the Federal Register of Saturday, December 21, 1963. The hearing was origi- nally scheduled for January 20, 1964, at Wash- ington, D.C., but was later postponed to Feb- ruary 17, and was to continue thereafter at such times and places as directed by the hearing examiner. All interested persons were invited to attend the hearing and pre- sent evidence. The changes in hearing and prehearing conference dates were announced by the Food and Drug Administration on January 9 and published in the January 11, 1964 Federal Register. TR A prehearing conference for the simplifi- cation of the issues, exchange of documen- tary evidence, the scheduling of witnesses, and such other matters was to be held onJan- uary 8, 1964, also in Washington, D.C. The prehearing date was later moved to February le Pertinent sections of the notice of public hearing regarding establishment of definitions and standards of identity for frozen raw breaded shrimp and frozen raw lightly breaded shrimp as shown in the December 21, 1963, Federal Register follow: A notice of proposed rulemaking was published in the FEDERAL REGISTER of March 31, 1961 (26 F.R. 2722), setting forth the joint petition of the National Fisheries Institute, Inc., 1614 Twentieth Street NW., Washington 9, D.C., and the National Shrimp Breaders Associ- ation, Inc., 624 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 5, Illinois, for the establishment. of a definition and standard of identity for frozen raw breaded shrimp. Based upon comments received from interested persons and other information avail- able, an order by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs was published in the FEDERAL REGISTER Of May 7, 1963 (28 F.R. 4556), promulgating definitions and standards of identity for frozen raw breaded shrimp (21 CFR 36.30) and fro- February 1964 gen raw lightly breaded shrimp (21 CFR 36.31). Objections were filed to the order, and a public hearing was requested as provided in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (sec. 701(e) (2), 70 Stat. 919; 21 US.C. 371(e)(2)). A notice was published on July 6, 1963 (28 F.R. 6915), announcing that objec- tions had been filed and that the order was stayed pending a resolution of the tssues at a public hearing. ~The Commissioner of Food and Drugs has concluded that the objections state reasonable grounds for a hearing on the following issues: 1, Whether it will promote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of the consumer to require the following mini- mum amounts of shrimp material: a. Fifty percent for frozen raw breaded shrimp (21 CFR 36.30) or should the minimum percentage be increased to sixty percent. b. Seventy percent for frozen raw lightly breaded shrimp (21 CFR 36.31). 2. Whether it will promote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of the consumer, in the label declaration of the food and the optional ingredients, to: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a. Require that a prominent label declaration of optional ingredients shall immediately precede or follow the name of the food, without intervening written, printed, or graphic matter, wherever such name appears on the label so con- spicuously as to be easily seen under customary conditions of purchase (21 CFR 36.30(f) ). b. Require the naming of composite units of shrimp (21 CFR 36.30(e) (6) ) as “Breaded shrimp cutlets”, if cutlet- shaped; “Breaded shrimp sticks’, if stick-shaped; and if in a shape other than cutlet or stick, “Breaded shrimp eee ”, the blank to be filled in with the word or phrase that accurately describes the shape but is not misleading. c. Permit the item consisting of units prepared from pieces or parts of shrimp to be designated as anything other than “Breaded shrimp pieces” (21 CFR 36.30 (e) (5)). at d. Permit as an alternative designa- tion for “Breaded round shrimp” (21 CFR 36.30(e)(3)) which have tail fins on, the designation “Breaded round fan- tail shrimp.” e. Require the size of the raw shrimp used to be listed on the label and to establish standards for size based on the 89 number of shrimp per pound, including a definition of size for prawns based on number of shrimp per pound. f. Require the percentage of breading present to be listed on the label. g. Require a designation of geograph- ical origin of the raw shrimp. 3. Whether the regulation for the method of determining shrimp material should vary from that prescribed by the United States Department of the Interior in 50 CFR 262.21, specifically: a. By providing for the use of a rub- ber-tipped glass stirring rod (21 CFR 36.30(g) (1) (ix) ). b. By the use of the term “+2” instead of “+5” in the formula for calulating the percent of shrimp matter (21 CFR 36.30 (g) (2) (i) ). 4. Whether a provision should be added to the standards of identity limit- ing the time raw frozen shrimp may be held in storage prior to breading. Objections were also received referring to absence of regulations for rules for inspections, regarding tolerances for and the handling of “out of grade” packs, and regarding the establishment of a standard of quality. It is the opinion of the Commissioner that these matters are not proper to be included in the pro- posed standards. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 114; June 1963 p. 94. U. S. Tariff Commission and U. S. Trade Information Committee HEARINGS HELD ON SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS PRELIMINARY TO 1964 GATT NEGOTIATIONS: The U.S. Tariff Commission and the U.S. Trade Information Committee began public hearings on December 2, 1963, to permit the United States industry to advise the Govern- ment of its interest in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations scheduled tobe held during 1964inGeneva. The Tariff Commission scheduled the following or- ganizations of the United States fisheries indus - try for oralappearances and testimony on Dec- ember 11, 1963: Alaska Fishermen's Union; Association of Pacific Fisheries; American Tunaboat Association; Tuna Research Foun- dation; Maine Sardine Packers Association; Romanoff Caviar Company; and the Alaska King Crab Association. The Tariff Commission is to advise the President as to the probable economic effects of possible tariff reductions on United States industries producing like or directly com- petitive articles. The public hearings were an important part of the Commission's in- vestigation and collection of information. Hearings by the Trade Information Com- mittee (an inter-agency body chaired by a representative of the Office of Special Repre- sentative for Trade Negotiations), will cover all aspects of the tariff-swapping sessions, including the lowering of trade barriers on articles on the United States public list. The Committee hopes to be able to focus on de- termining which foreign tariffs and trade re- strictions are most burdensome to United States exporters and should be reduced or eliminated in the interest of expanding United States exports. The Notice of Investigation and Hearings was announced by the Tariff Commission on October 22, 1963, and published in the Fed- eral Register of that date,as follows: TARIFF COMMISSION [TEA-221(b)-1] PRESIDENT’S LIST OF ARTICLES FOR POSSIBLE CONSIDERATION IN TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIA- TIONS Notice of Investigation and Hearings 1. Tariff Commission public hearings will begin on December 2, 1963. 2. The final date for filing requests to testify at the Tariff Commission public hear- ings is November 20, 1963. On October 22, 1963, the President, pursuant to section 201(a) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (hereinafter re- ferred to as “the Act”), furnished the United States Tariff Commission (here- 90 inafter referred to as “the Commission”) a list of articles (hereinafter referred to as the “President’s list”) to be consid- ered for modification or continuance of United States duties or other import re- Strictions, or continuance of United States duty-free or excise treatment, in connection with trade-agreement ne- gotiations to be. conducted under the Act. The President’s list is published in the FEDERAL REGISTER concurrently with this notice. I. Investigation instituted. In accord- ance with Part 205 of the Commission’s rules of practice and procedure, the Commission has instituted an investiga- tion for the purpose of obtaining, to the extent practicable, information of the kind described in section 221(c) of the Act for use in connection with the prep- aration of advice to the President re- quired by section 221(b) .of the Act, namely, advice with respect to each arti- cle included in the Presidents list of the Commission’s Judgment as to the prob- able economic effect of modifications of duties or other import restrictions on industries producing like or directly competitive articles. II. Procedure for conduct of hearings and submission of written views. A. Public hearings in connection with the investigation will commence at 10:00 &.m. on Monday, the 2d day of Decem- ber, 1963, in the Hearing Room, Tariff Commission Building, 8th and E Streets NW., Washington, D.C. 1. Requests to appear at the public hearings must be filed in writing with the Secretary of the Commission on or be- fore November 20, 1963. Such requests must contain the following information: a. The item number or numbers in the Tariff Schedules of the United States covering the article or articles on which testimony will be presented. b. The name and organization of the witness or witnesses who will testify, and the name, address, telephone num- ber, and organization of the person fil- ing the request. c. A statement indicating whether the testimony to be presented will be on behalf of importer or domestic-producer interests. d. A careful estimate of the aggregate time desired for presentation of oral testimony by all witnesses for whose ap- Ppearances the request is filed. 2. Allotment of time: Because of the extensive scope of the President's list, limitation of time for the presentation of oral testimony is in the public interest. Accordingly, in scheduling appearances at the hearings the time to be allotted to witnesses for the presentation of oral testimony will be limited as circum- stances require. Supplemental written statements will be allowed in all cases, and should be submitted at the time of presentation of oral testimony. 3. Notification of date of appearance: Persons who have properly filed re- quests to appear will be individually notified in advance of the date on which they will be scheduled to present oral testimony and of the time allotted for presentation of such testimony. 4, Order of hearings: To the extent practicable the hearings will follow the order of the Tariff Schedules of the United States, beginning with Schedule 1, Animal and Vegetable Products. 1See Presidential Notice of October 21, 1963, supra. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5. Questioning of witnesses will be lim- ited to members of the Commission. B. Written information and views in lieu of appearance at the public hear- ings may be submitted by interested persons. A signed original and nine- teen true copies of such statements shall be submitted. Business data which it is desired shall be treated as confidential shall be submitted on separate sheets, each clearly marked at the top “Business Confidential.” All written statements, except for confidential business data, will be made available for inspection by in- terested persons. To be assured of con- sideration by the Commission, written statements in lieu of appearance should be submitted at the earliest practicable date, but not later than the date of the closing of the public hearings. Ill. Requests for reservation of certain items from negotiations. Under condi- tions set forth in section 225(b) of the Act, certain articles included in the President’s list must be reserved by the President from negotiation for the re- duction of duty or other import restric- tion or the elimination of duty. This reservation provision applies to any article with respect to which (1) the Commission, in escape-clause proceed- ings concluded prior to October 11, 1962, found by majority vote that it was being imported in such increased quantities as to cause or threaten serious injury to an industry, (2) there was not in effect on October 11, 1962, any action taken under section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, (3) a request in behalf of the industry concerned is filed with the Commission not later than 60 days after publication of the President’s list, and (4) the Commission finds and advises the President that economic con- ditions in such industry have not sub- stantially improved since the date of the report of the finding referred to in (1). A. Articles subject to request for res- ervation under section 225(b) of the Act are listed in the Annex to this notice. B. Requests for reservation may be filed by or on behalf of any firm or firms which in 1962 accounted for more than 50 percent of the production (by quan- tity) of the domestic article concerned in an escape-clause investigation which resulted in a majority Commission find- ing of serious injury or the threat there- of. Interested persons who intend fil- ing requests are urged to do so within the time specified in part II A 1 for the filing of requests to appear at the pub- lic hearings in~ connection with the President’s list. Persons doing so will be allowed additional time for the pres- entation of evidence at the hearings. (Note § 205.9 of the Commission’s rules of practice and procedure (19 CFR 205.9) which provides that investiga- tions for the purposes of section 225(b) of the Act will be consolidated with the in- vestigation for the purposes of section 221 of the Act.) C. Requirements for requests. Re- quests for reservation shall include the following: (1) The names and addresses of the firms known by the persons filing the request to be producing the domestic article. concerned, and the location of the separate establishments, if any, of such firms in which such article is pro- duced; (2) data on production by quan- tity of the domestic article concerned for each of the years 1958 through 1962; and (3) @ statement of the facts form- Vol. 26, No. 2 ANNEX—ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN PaRT III oF Tarirr Commission NOTICE [NotE: ‘‘TSUS” refers to “Tariff Schedules of the United States’; “pt” after an item number means that only part of the item is involved] Number TSUS and date item No. Articles of Tariff Commis- sion report 110. 50 | Cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pol- | 7-47 110.55 | lock,and Atlanticocean perch | 10/12/56 (rosefish), “otherwise pro- 126,23 | Alsike clover seed 186.20 | Fur, not on the skin, prepared | 178, 2d for hatters’ use, and carrotted jer. furskins. 11/9/51 346. 15 Eo a ‘Velveteens, of cotton____________ 7-49 346, 24 372.65(pt)| Screen-printed scarves, of silk___| 7-19 425.94 | Tartaric acid. 426. 76 632.21(pt)| Ceramic mosaic tiles (except | 7-100 such tiles valued at 95 cents or 5/10/61 more per square foot, and ex- cept tiles in sheets (1) contain- ing over 300 tiles per square foot, or (2) having none, or not more than half, of the tiles with faces which (disrega: rounded corners) are in the form of triangles, rectangles, or polygons and with such tri- angles, rectangles, or polygons as there may be fo. an in- tegral part of the pattern). vou. 91 | Scissors and shears and blades | 7-24 therefor, valued over $1.75 per 3/12/54 dozen. 725. 04(pt)| Violins and violas valued not 7-65 over $25 each. 1/20/57 732. 02 732. 04 732. 06 732. 08 72.12 Bicycles. 2 sess seee nee eee 7-37 732.14 732. 16 SERS 732.18 732. 20 732. 22 732. 24 784. 55(pt)| Baseball (including softball) | 7-97 gloves and mitts. 5/1/61 745. 52 | Dressmakers’ or common pins... Leal bil 751. 20(pt)| Ribs and stretchers of metal for | 7-62 751. 25(pt)| umbrellas or parasols of the 1/14/58 kind commonly carried insthe band when in use, in frames or otherwise, and tubes (rods) for such umbrellas, whether or not of metal. 755. 35(pt) pe errocen aa and other cerium | 7-4 allo 1 756. 20(pt)| Tobacco pi lipine} bowing |izaTo anion . t acco pipes and pipe bow! - e of brier wood or root, valu 12/22/52 not over $5 per dozen. 790.05 | Spring type clothespins_________ 7-57 9/10/67 ing the basis of the claim that. economic conditions in the industry producing the domestic article concerned have not im- proved since the date of the report of the Commission which contained the finding of serious injury or the threat thereof. IV. Related hearings before the Trade Information Committee. Published in the FEDERAL REGISTER concurrently with this notice is an announcement by the Trade Information Committee* regard- ing public hearings to be held by the Committee on the articles included in the President’s list, and on other mat- ters, to begin on December 2, 1963. Oral testimony and written statements of in- terested persons recelved by the Com- mission in connection with its investiga- tion for the purposes of section 221 of the Act will be made available by the 2 See F.R. Doc. 68-11183, in Notices section, supra, February 1964 Commission to the Trade Information Committee. Accordingly, as stated in the Trade Information Committee's no- tice, appearance before the Trade Infor- mation Committee for the purpose of submitting the same information, al- though permissible, will not be neces- sary. V. Communciations to be addressed to Secretary. All communications regard- ing the Commission’s investigation should be addressed to the Secretary, United States Tariff Commission, Wash- ington, D.C., 20436. Issued October 22, 1963. By direction of the United States Tariff Commission. [SEAL] Donn N. Bent, Secretary. U. S. Tariff Commission HEARINGS ON EXCLUSION OF GROUNDFISH AND OCEAN PERCH FILLETS FROM TARIFF MODIFICATION: The U.S. Tariff Commission on December 23, 1963, announced hearings for January 28, 1964, to determine whether or not groundfish and ocean perch fillets (cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pollock, and Atlantic ocean perch, under Tariff Schedules of the United States Item Nos. 110.50 and 110.55) will be eligible for exclusion from the President's list of arti- cles up for tariff modification in the forth- coming trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Notice of Investigations and Hearings announced by the Tariff Commission on Dec- ember 26, was published in the Federal Reg- ister of December 27, 1963. Note: Earlier, on December 11, 1963, fishing industry represen- tatives appeared before the U.S. Tariff Commission and the Trade Information Committee to give testimony as to why their products should or should not be included on the negotiating list for possible tariff reductions which the United States will take to the GATT conference scheduled to open in Geneva in May 1964, 5 TARA, eh ty y a, Portes s ‘s + e © Department of the Treasury HALIBUT STEAKS FROM JAPAN NOT BEING SOLD AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE: A determination that halibut steaks from Japan are not being, nor likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value within the meaning of section 201 (a) of the Anti- dumping Act, 1921, as amended (19 U.S.C. 160 (a)), was announced by the U.S. Depart- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 ment of the Treasury on December 12, 1963. The statement of reasons as published in the Federal Register of December 27, 1963, fol- lows: Statement of reasons: The imported product is halibut steak. The quantity of halibut steaks sold for home consump- tion is inconsequential. Dressed hali- but, however, is sold for home consump- tion. The dressed halibut is deemed to be similar to halibut steaks within the Meaning of the Antidumping Act. The quantity of dressed halibut sold for home consumption was sufficient to furnish a basis for a fair value comparison. There is no relationship between the seller and the purchaser in the United States within the meaning of section 207 of the Antidumping Act. The appropriate comparison for fair value purposes, therefore, is between purchase price and adjusted home market price. Purchase price was computed by de- ducting inland freight and shipping charges from the f.o.b. Japanese port price. Adjusted home market price was com- puted by adding to the price of dressed halibut in the home market, the cost of processing it into steaks. The proceeds from the sale of certain by-product wastes produced in the manufacture of the steak were deducted. An addition was made to reflect the additional cost resulting from the fact that the halibut steak yield was less than 100 percent of the dressed halibut. The extra cost of export packing was also added. Purchase price was found to be not lower than adjusted home market price. The determination was the result of a complaint received by the Treasury Depart- ment that halibut steaks from Japan were be- ing sold in the United States at less than fair value within the meaning of the Antidumping Act of 1921. Se) ick ics Seite PUBLIC HEARING HELD ON ANTIDUMPING REGULATIONS: A public hearing on Treasury Department regulations (19 CFR 14.6-14.13) now in effect under the Antidumping Act (19 U.S.C. 160- 173) was held on January 23, 1964, at Wash- ington, D.C. The Notice of Hearing dated December 19, 1963, that the Treasury Department is pre- sently reviewing its regulations on the Anti- dumping Act was published in the Federal Register of December 24, 1963. 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Eighty-Eighth Congress (First and Second Sessions) CONGRESS ADJOURNS: After the longest session in 20 years, the first session of the 88th Congress adjourned sine die on Dec. 30, 1963. The second session of this Con- gress will convene on Jan. 7, 1964. All pending legislation before either the Senate or House will retain its status as of adjournment and will be subject to further considera- tion in the second session. Bills introduced in the first session do not have to be reintro- duced. Bills that were reported out of acom- mittee or passed by one body of the Congress remain in status quo and do not have to again retrace their legislative steps. CONGRESS RECONVENES: The second session of the 88th Congress convened on Jan. 7, 1964. FOOD-FOR-PEACE, AND FISH: The President on Dec. 16, 1963, signed H. R. 7885, an act to amend fur- ther the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P. L. 88-205). Included in this law is a provision for the inclusion of domestically-produced fishery products under Public Law 480 (Sec. 403 (c)). This would amend section 106 of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (P. L. 480) to include, in title I and titleIV programs, any domestically-produced fishery product if the Secretary of the Interior determines that the product at the time of export is excess of domestic re- quirements, adequate carry-over, and anticipated ex- ports for dollars. Fish flour (fish protein concentrate) will not be included until approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The amendment with respect to title I will not become effective until Jan. 1, 1965. IMPORT COMMODITY LABELING: The President on Jan. 1, 1964, vetoed H. R. 2513, to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 to require certain new packages of imported articles to be marked to indicate the country of origin, and for other purposes. Ina statement explaining his veto of the labeling measure, the President said it would: (1) "Raise new barriers to foreign trade and invite retaliation against our exports at a time when we are trying to expand our trade and improve Western unity; (2) ' ‘Impose new costs on merchants and con- sumers; (3) "Saddle new and unworkable burdens upon our Bureau of Customs at a time when we are trying to reduce Government expenditures... .'' The Presi- dent also stated ''there is no need for this bill" because the Federal Trade Commission already has authority to require disclosure of the foreign origin of articles offered for sale in this country whenever ''there maybe danger of deception of the purchaser.'' The President's statement appeared in the Congressional Record of Jan. 7, 1964, pp. 5 and 6. inh SBGMa NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL CONVENTION: On Jan. 16, 1964, Senator Fulbright (Arkansas) announced Vol. 26, No. 2 from the floor of the Senate that hearings would be held by the Committee on Foreign Relations on Jan. 21, 1964, concerning the protocol amending the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention. PRICE-QUALITY STABILIZATION: The Special Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Commerce will resume hearings on Jan. 22 and 23, 1964, on S. 774, to amend the Federal Trade Commission Act, to pro-_ mote quality and price stabilization, to define and re- strain certain unfair methods of distribution, and to confirm, define and equalize the rights of producers and resellers in the distribution of goods identified by distinguishing brands, names, or trademarks, and for other purposes. RUSSIAN TRAFFIC IN UNITED STATES TERRITO- RIAL WATERS: Russian Trawler Traffic in United States Territorial Waters (Hearings before the Subcom- mittee for Special Investigations of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 88th Con- gress, lst Session), 129 pp., printed. Contains hearings held July 9 and 10, 1963, on Russian trawler traffic in territorial waters of the United States, particularly on the coast of Florida; and testimony or statements of various Government officials and members of Congress. SHELLFISH INDUSTRY PROBLEMS: Molluscan Shellfish (Hearings before the Subcommittee on Fish- eries and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on Merchant and Marine and Fisheries, House of Repre- sentatives, 88th Congress, 1st Session), 234 pp., printed. Contains hearings held Oct. 2 and 3, 1963, to consider the problems confronting the oyster industry and to appraise all the problems besetting the molluscan shell- fish industry. Also contains the statements or testi- mony of various Government agencies, state govern- ments, and industry people. SMALL BUSINESS DISASTER LOANS: The House on Jan. 16, 1964, received the report (H. Rept. 1097) from the Committee on Banking and Currency on S. 1309, to amend the Small Business Act to increase the revolving fund and broaden disaster loan authority. The bill, which was passed by the Senate on Nov. 21, 1963, contains an amendment which would provide disaster loans to firms which have "'suffered substantial econom- ic injury as a result of the inability of such concern to process or market a product for human consumption because of disease of toxicity occurring in such a prod- uct through natural or undertermined causes. STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY 1964: Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judi- ciary, and Related Agencies sencies Appropriations, S64 mena (Hearings before the Siecon antics of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 1st Session), 1,208 pp., printed. Contains hearings held on H.R. 7063, making appropriations for the Depart- ments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1964, and for other purposes. Included in the funds for the Department of State are appropriations for the International Fisheries Commissions. H.R. 7063, was passed by the House June 18, 1963, and by the Senate, with amendments, Dec. 12, 1963. S. Rept. 747, Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, cake lated Agencies Ap- propriation Bill, 1964 (Dec. 5. , 1963, Report from the February 1964 Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 88th Congress, lst Session), 35 pp., printed. Contains the report of the Committee and the various amend- ments. A conference on H.R. 7063 by the Committee of Conference was held on Dec. 17, 1963, and was report- ed (H. Rept. 1056) to the respective Houses on the same date. H. Rept. 1056, Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Ap- propriation Bill, 1964 (Dec. 17, 1963, a Conference Re- port from the Committee of Conference, House of Rep- resentatives, 88th Congress, 1st Session, toaccompany H.R. 7063), 7 pp., printed. The Committee of Confer- ence came to agreement and presented their recom- mendations to the respective Houses. Included in the appropriations for the Department of State are funds for the International Fisheries Commissions for which the Committee of Conference recommended $2,000,000, an increase of $90,000 over the amount approved in FY 1963, but $53,000 less than the amount requested by the State Department. The allocations for the Com- missions are shown in the tabulation. Requested Approved Approved FY 1964 FY 1964 FY 1963 Inter-American Tropical Tuna. . 399,000 392,100 354,000 International Pacific Halibut. . . 194,350 187,100 355,300 International Pacific Salmon.. . 363,000 344,500 241,900 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries.. . 6,000 6,000 6,000 International Whaling....... ° 900 900 900 North Pacific Fisheries..... . 24,800 24,800 19,000 Great Lakes Fisheries...... 0 1,051,050 1,030,700 919,000 North Pacific Fur Seal...... a 1,900 1,900 1,900 Expenses, U.S. Commissioners. 12,000 12,000 12,000 LOCAL Te WeeMelcieielloieleVelieiensi sits $2,053,000 $2,000,000 $1,910,000 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 The Senate and the House agreed to the Conference Report Dec. 18, 1963. The President on Dec. 30, 1963, signed H. R. 7063 into Public Law 88-245. SUGGESTED CHANGES INVITED IN TARIFF SCHEDULES OF UNITED STATES OF AUGUST 31, 1963: The Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, on December 13, 1963, announced that the Committee had invited inter- ested persons and groups to submit, in writing, to the Committee suggested revisions and changes in the Tar- iff Schedules of the United States (TSUS) which became effective August 31, 1963. The suggested changes and revisions were to be limited to those provisions of the TSUS wherein it ap- pears that through (1) oversight or inadvertence or (2) lack of information, errors have been made or clarify- ing language may be necessary. The suggested changes and revisions were not to include matters which were timely presented to the Tariff Commission in connection with their Customs Simplification Study and were considered by the Com- mission, unless the factors in the paragraph above were involved. The suggested changes were also not to in- clude matters presented to the Committee on Ways and Means when the proposed new tariff schedules were being formulated in 1961. The Chairman stated that the purpose of the written statements would be to enable the Committee on Ways and Means to determine whether or not certain changes and revisions should be made where there have been errors, inadvertences, or a lack of sufficient informa- tion at the time the schedules were adopted by the Con- gress. Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--America’s Department of Natural Resources--is con- cerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest,and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable Tesources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are conserved for the fu- ture, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Sr. Compositor: Alma Greene Jr. Compositors: Donna K. Wallace and Marjorie McGlone 1 OK OK OK OK Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue, Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P, 16--U. S. Naval Oceanographic. 94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW my g ie a Ape £; = Z Y - Sr pe FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING- TON, D. C. 20240. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL- LOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES. SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. STATISTICAL LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISH- ERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUTION). SL Number Title CFS-3214 - Shrimp Landings, November 1962, 8 pp. CFS-3258 - Massachusetts Landings, March1963, 7 pp. CFS-3259 - Massachusetts Landings, April 1963, 7 pp. CFS-3309 - Texas Landings, 1962 Annual Summary, 6 pp. CFS-3320 - Frozen Fishery Products, September 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3325 - Great Lakes Fisheries, 1962 Annual Sum- mary, 9 pp. CFS-3332 - Fish Sticks and Fish Portions, July-Sep- tember 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3333 - Maryland Landings, August 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3334 - Virginia Landings, August 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3335 - Louisiana Landings, August 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3336 - Georgia Landings, September 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3337 - North Carolina Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3338 - Michigan Landings, July 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3339 - Mississippi Landings, August 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3341 - South Carolina Landings, September 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3342 - Texas Landings, April 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3343 - Texas Landings, May 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3347 - Rhode Island Landings, August 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3348 - Maine Landings, August 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3349 - Fish Meal and Oil, September 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3350 - Florida Landings, September 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3351 - Michigan Landings, August 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3353 - Chesapeake Fisheries, 1962 Annual Sum- mary, 7 pp. CFS-3354 - Maryland Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3355 - Ohio Landings, August 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3359 - Alabama Landings, August 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3364 - Shrimp Landings, July 1963, 7 pp. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Mississippi River and Tributaries), (Revised): SL-32 - Minnesota, 2 pp. SL-36 - Iowa, 2 pp. Vol. 26, No. 2 Sep. No. 698 - Mechanizing the Blue Crab Industry - Part III - Strengthening the Industry's Economic Position. Sep. No. 699 - Foreign Fisheries Briefs. FL-455 - Blue Sac Disease of Fish (Also Known as Dropsy, Yolk Sac Disease and Hydrocoele Embry- onalis), by Ken Wolf, 5 pp., illus., revised May 1963. FL-553 - Delicatessen Fish Products, by Norman D. Jarvis, 7 pp., illus., printed, August 1963. Presents recipes for the preparation of large quantities of fish salads, fish and crab cakes, marinated salmon, and other fish dishes. FL-556 - Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, as Amended (an ex- cerpt from Title 15 of the United States Code), 4 pp., September 1963. Contains Sec. 713c-3. Provides for the promotion of the free flow of domestically- produced fishery products. FL-557 - Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as Amended (an excerpt from Title 16 of the United States Code), 10 pp., September 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 414 - Zooplankton Volumes Off the Pa- cific Coast, 1959, by James R. Thrailkill, 79 pp., illus., processed, April 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 447 - The Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acan- thias) in the Northeastern Pacific, by Dayton L. Alverson and Maurice E. Stansby, 28 pp., illus., processed, July 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 465 - Stream Catalog of Southeastern Alaska, Regulatory Districts Nos. 3 and 4, edited by Russell F. Orrell, Carl Rosier, and Lyle R. Simpson, 239 pp., illus., processed, August 1963. | Index of Fishery Biological Papers by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Authors Appearing in Nongovern- mental Publications, 1940-56, by Lola T. Dees, Cir- cular 151, 140 pp., illus., 1963. Let's Get Hot with Cool Tuna, Load Up on These Hot Selling Tips for Cool Cash Returns, Special Fisher- ies Marketing Bulletin, 2 pp., illus., 1963. Quick Cool Tuna for Long Hot Summer, Take It Eas with Tuna, Special Fisheries Marketing Bulletin, 2 pp., illus., 1963. February 1964 THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE, U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHER- 1ES, WYATT BLDG., SUITE 611, 777 14TH ST. NW., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20005. Number Title MNL-10 - Swedish Fisheries, 1962/63, 13 pp. MNL-12 - Major Developments in Peru's Fishing In- dustry, 1962/63, 19 pp. MNL-13 - India's Fishing Industry, 1962, 23 pp. MNL-85 - Iran's Fishing Industry, 1963, 9 pp. MNL-86 - Hong Kong Fishing Industry, 1962/63, 22 pp. THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. (Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, September 1963, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 103 S. Gay St., Baltimore, Md. 21202.) Receipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces; total receipts by species and com- parisons with previous periods; and wholesale prices for fresh fishery products on the Baltimore market; for the month indicated. California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market Data, October and November 1963, 18 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv - ice, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif. 90731.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish and other species used for canning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies; mar- ket fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona imports; can- ned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vesselprices for cannery fish; for the months indicated. California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part Il - Fishing Information, November , Spp., illus. (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio- logical Laboratory, P.O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta- tion, San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains sea-surface tem- peratures, fishing and research information of in- terest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and marine scientists; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re- ceipts, Prices, and Trends, Cae 1963, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, U.S. Customs House, 610 S. Canal St., Rm. 1014, Chicago, Ill. 60607.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month indicated. Gulf of Mexico Monthly Penge, Production and Ship- ments of Fishery Products, October 1963, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ‘ice, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans, La. 70130.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL ex- press shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; Gulf menhaden landings and production of meal, solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the month indicated. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, November 1963, 21 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston, Mass. 02210.) Review of the principal New England fishery ports. Presents data on fishery landings by ports and species; industrial-fish landings and ex- vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fish- ery products in New England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachu- setts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province- town, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rock- land), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to pri- mary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by species; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthl Summary--October 1963, 19 pp. (Market News ae ice, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York, N. Y. 10038.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh-wa- ter sections; imports entered at New York customs district; primary wholesalers’ selling prices for fresh, frozen, and selected canned fishery products; marketing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Mar- ket docks; for the month indicated. Pacific Game Fishing Atlas, by James L. Squire, Cir- cular 174, 28 pp., illus., printed, 1963. (Tiburon Marine Laboratory, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, P.O. Box 98, Tiburon, Calif. 94920.) A synoptic presentation of the most important ma- rine fishing areas in California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. In addition to locating areas for the different kinds of game fish, the locations of surf fishing areas, kelp beds, artificial reefs, fishing piers and barges, ramps, and charter boat and rental skiffs are pinpointed. Halibut and Troll Salmon Landings, and Ex-Vessel Prices for Seattle, Alaska Ports and British Colum- bia, 1963-1962, 35 pp., December 1963. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., Seattle, Wash. 98104.) Gives landings and ex-vessel prices of troll salmon and halibut at leading United States ports of the Pacific Coast; ex-vessel halibut prices and landings at lead- ing British Columbia ports; United States and Cana- dian Pacific Coast halibut landings, 1936-1963; Se- attle season averages of ex-vessel halibut prices, 1954-1963; and troll salmon landings and receipts at Seattle and Alaska ports, with comparative data. (Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish- eries, Monthly Summary, November 1963, 8 pp. (Market News Service, ey S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Se- attle, Wash. 98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; landings of halibut reported by the Inter- national Pacific Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl vessels as reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Association of Washington; local landings by independent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways; imports from British Columbia via rail, motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports from other countries through Washing - ton customs district; for the month indicated. 96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ADDITIVES: Specifications for Identity and Purity of Food Addi- tives. Vol. 1--Antimicrobial Preservatives and Antioxidants, printed, 1962. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. ALASKA: 1962 Alaska Commercial Fisheries Catch and Pro- duction Statistics, by P. E. Chitwood, Statistical Leaflet No. 5, 19 pp., printed, 1963. Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau, A- laska. ALGAE: "Antibiotic Activity of Some Marine Algae of Puerto Rico," by P. R. Burkholder, L. M. Burkholder, and L. R. Almondovar, article, Botanica Marina, vol. 2, no. 1/2, 1960, pp. 149-156, printed in English with German and Frenchsummaries. Studiengesellschaft zur Erforschung von Meeresalgen, e.V. Hamburg, Germany. "How to Fight Algae,'' by William S. Service, Jr.,ar- ticle, Aquarium Journal, vol. XXXIV, no. 9, Septem- ber 1963, pp. 387-388, 390, printed. San Francisco Aquarium Society, Inc., Steinhart Aquarium, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 18, Calif. "The Protein Quality, Digestibility, and Composition of Algae, Chlorella 71105," by Joseph A. Lubitz, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 28, March- April 1963, pp. 229-232, printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510-522 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Ill. ANCHOVY: La Pesca de la Anchoveta--Estadistica de Pesca y Esfuerzo en Abril, Mayo y Junio de 1962 (The An- chovy Fishery--Statistics of the Fishery and Fishing Effort in April, May, and June 1962), by W. F. Doucet, G. Saetersdal, and I. Vasquez A., Report No. 5, 11 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1962. Library, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. 1962), by W. F. Doucet, G. Saetersdal, andI. Vasquez A., Report No. 2, 11 pp., illus., processed in Span- ish, 1962. Library, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. La Pesca de la Anchoveta--Estadistica de Pesca y Esfuerzo en Octubre, Noviembre y Diciembre de 1961 (The Anchovy Fishery--Statistics of the Fish- ery and Fishing Effort in October, November, Dec- ember 1961), by W. F. Doucet, G. Saetersdal, and I. Vasquez A., Report No. 1, 14 pp., illus., proc- cessed in Spanish, 1962. Library, Instituto de In- vestigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. Vol. 26, No. 2 Synopsis of Biological Data on Anchovy, ENGRAULIS ENCRASIC L Linnaeus), 1758 (Mediterraneanand Adjacent Seas), by N. Demir, FAO Fisheries Synop- sis No. 26, 43 pp., illus., processed, February 1963. Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. ANIMAL NUTRITION: Nutrition of Pigs and Poultry (Proceedings of the Uni- versity of Nottingham Eighth Easter school in Agri- cultural Science), edited by J.T. Morgan and D. Lewis, 375 pp., printed, 70s. (about US$9.80). But- terworth and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., Bell Yard, Tem- ple Bar, London WC2, England, 1962. ANTARCTIC: "Pelagic Gadoid Fish in the Antarctic," by N. R. Mer- rett, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Nor- wegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 52, no. 9, September 1963, pp. 245-247, illus., printed. Hvalfangerforen- ingen, Sandefjord, Norway. ANTIOXIDANTS: "Evaluation of Antioxidants by a Rapid Polarographic Method," by J. W. Hamilton and A. L. Tappel, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, vol. 40, February 1963, pp. 52-54, printed. American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Til. AQUATIC WEEDS: Aquatic Weeds; Their Identification and Methods of Control, by A.C. Lopinot, Fisheries Bulletin No. 4, 47 pp., printed, 1963. Illinois Department of Con- servation, Springfield, Ill. "Biological Controls for Water-Weeds,'' by Roy A. Grizzell, Jr. and William W. Neely, article, Trans- actions of the Twenty-Seventh North American Wild- life and Natural Resources Conference, pp. 107-113, printed. Wildlife Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Washington 5, D.C., 1962. "The Grip of the Water Hyacinth," by A. D. Evans, article, New Scientist, vol. 19, no. 358, September 26, 1963, pp. 666-668, illus., printed. Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, England. Abnormal growth of water weeds can in- terfere with fishing, seriously reduce fish popula- tions by deoxygenating the water and blocking the spawning grounds, and lead to increased populations of disease-carrying water snails. A native of Brazil, the water hyacinth now threatens many rivers in Africa and Asia. AUSTRALIA: Coastal Hydrological Investigations in the New South Wales ee ites Area, 1963, by A. D. Crooks, Oceanographical Station List, vol. 53, 84 pp., illus., processed, 1963. Division of Fisheries and Oceano- graphy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- search Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Coastal Investigations at Port Hacking, New South Wales, 1960, by A.D. Crooks, Oceanographical Sta- tion List, vol. 52, 137 pp., processed, 1963. Divi- sion of Fisheries and Oceanography, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Establishing a Business in Australia, OBR 63-108, 16 pp., printed. Bureau of International Commerce, February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1963. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C. 20402.) Discusses Government policies on investment, external capital, and aiding industry; expropriation and compensation; land tenure reg- ulations; rights of aliens; regulations governing entry and repatriation of capital; tariff policy; and laws regarding the various types of business organi- zation. Also covers patent licensing; mining laws; regulations affecting employment; the various forms of taxation to which businesses are subject; and the availability of factory sites. Manufacturing Industries, 1961-62, No. 23--Meatand Fish Preserving, by K. M. Archer, 10 pp., proc- _ essed, October 3, 1963. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Canberra, Australia. The Results of an Expedition to Bernier and Dorre “Islands, Shark Bay, Western Australia, in July 1959, by W. D. L. Ride and others, Fauna Bulletin No. 2, 128 pp., illus., printed, 1962. Fisheries Depart- ment, 108 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, Western Aus- tralia. Seventh Annual Report on the Operation of the Fish- "ing Industry Act 1956 during the Year Ended 30th June, 1963, 8 pp., processed. Department of Pri- mary Industry, Canberra, Australia. This report outlines the operations of the Fisheries Develop- ment Trust Account, established for the purpose of financing activities designed to foster the develop- ment of the Australian fishing industry, for the year ended June 30, 1963. It discusses the shrimp fish- ery in the Gulf of Carpentaria, research on sperm whales off Western Australia, training school for fisheries field officers, tuna long-lining, and West- ern Australian spiny lobster biological research. BAIT: "The Bloodworm Industry in the Maritimes," by M. C. Cormier, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 2, Au- gust 1963, pp. 3-5, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. BARNACLES: "Effects of Copper Ion on Oxygen Uptake by Plank- tonic Cyprids of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite niveus, ' by Francis J. Bernard and Charles E. Lane, Contribution No. 465, 3 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from Procedures of the Societ for Experi- mental Biology and Medicine, vi vol. 113, 1963, pp. 418-420.) University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, 1 Rickenbacker Cause- way, Miami 49, Fla, BELGIUM: Market for U.S. Products in Belgium (Supplement to “International Commerce), by Robert H. Walker, 60 pp., illus., printed, 45 cents. Bureau of Internation- al Gameaae U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., February 1963. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Provides general marketing information on Belgium, guidance on prospects for sales of selected commodities of special interest, and related material essential to the U.S. businessman preparing to sell goods in Belgium. Includes a section on the market for fro- zen and convenience foods. BIOCHEMISTRY: ; "Autoxidation of Beef and Tuna Oxymyoglobins," by W. Duane Brown and Ami Dolev, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 28, March-April 1963, pp. 207- 210, printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510- 522 N. Hickory St., Champaign, II. "Flavors from Fat," article, Food Processing and Packaging, vol. 31, no. 369, 1962, pp. 212-217, printed: Putian Publishing Co., 111 E. Delaware 1., Chicago 11, Ill. BOTULISM: "FDA Investigating Botulism Outbreak from Smoked Whitefish," article, FDA Report on Enforcement and Compliance, October 1963, p. 18, processed. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 20201. BRAZIL: Pesca--1961, Estrutura e Producao (Fishing Industry, 1961, Structure and Production), 45 pp., processed in Portuguese. Ministerio da Agricultura, Servico de Estatistica da Producao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 1963. BUFFALOFISH: Consumer Acceptance of Fresh Buffalo Fish, by W. R. Morrison, Report Series No. 116, 24 pp., printed, 1963. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark. CALIFORNIA: A Historical Review of the Fish and Wildlife Re- “sources of the San Francisco Bay Area, by John E. Skinner, Water Projects Branch Report No. 1, 236 pp., illus., printed, June 1962. Water Projects Branch, Department of Fish and Game, The Resources Agency of California, 722 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, Calif. 95814. Discusses the fishing ports; the early history of the commercial fisheries; the fisheries from 1870 to 1915, and from 1915 to the present; the fisheries of the Bay area today--schooling and pelag- ic fish, flatfish, bottomfish, sharks and skates, salt- water perch, croakers, molluscan and crustacean fisheries, freshwater fish, anadromous commercial fisheries; and economic aspects of the commercial fisheries. A section on anadromous fisheries covers king salmon, silver salmon and steelhead trout, striped bass, sturgeon, and American shad. The section on molluscan fisheries includes information on oysters, clams, abalone, and marine borers. The section on the crustacean fisheries discusses crabs, shrimp, and freshwater crayfish. The freshwater fisheries and marine mammals of the area are dis- cussed. Included are many statistical tables giving historical data on various aspects of the fisheries. CANADA: Canadian Fisheries Reports, no. 2, October 1963, 31 pp., illus., printed. Information and Consumer Serv- ice, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. In- cludes articles on: ''Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Antibiotic Dips for Fresh Fish Fillets," by C. M. Blackwood, J. Liston, and J. A. Stern; "AW Critical 98 Survey of Differential Media for the Demonstration of Coagulase- Positive Staphylococci in Food," by N. Neufeld and R. Garm; Coliform Contaminiation in Lobster Meat Traced to Cooler Construction," by John M. Graham; and "Quality Changes in Vac- uum Packed and Non-Vacuum Packed Frozen Lob- ster Meat during Storage at Different Tempera- tures," by W. A. Murphy and H. L. Newson. Fishes of Ontario, by H.H. MacKay, 300 pp., printed, . Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fishing and Hunting in Canada, 1961, by D. A. Benson, 5 pp., printed, 1963. Canadian Wildlife Service, National Parks Branch, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa, Canada. A report on an economic survey. Rapport Annuel, 1962 (Annual Report, 1962), 209 pp., printed in French, 1963. Station de Biologie Ma- rine, Grande-Riviere, Quebec, Canada. "Trends in Canadian Atlantic Fisheries," by R. U. Mahaffy, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 50, no. 11, November 1963, p. 17, printed, single copy C$2. National Business Publications Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Canada. "Trends in Canadian Atlantic Mainland Fisheries Past, Present, and Future," by W.R. Martin, arti- cle, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 2, August 1963, pp. 8-15, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. CANNING: "Cools Cans Three Times Faster," article, Food Processing, vol. 23, no. 6, 1962, pp. 37-38, printed. Putman Publishing Co., 111 E. Delaware Pl., Chi- cago 11, Ill. "Spin Processing of Canned Foods," article, Food Preservation Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 3, 1962, pp. 76- 77, printed. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Food Preserva- tion, P.O. Box 43, Ryde, N.S. W., Australia. "Vacuum Sealing Machine with Gas Supply, article, Technological Digests, vol. 7, no. 4, 1962, p. 67, printed. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2 Rue Andre Pascal, Paris, France. CARP: "Kanibalizm u Lychynok i Mal'kiv Sazana" (Canni- balism among the Larvae and Fry of the Carp), by O.1. Kudryns'ka, article, Dopovidi Akad. Nauk Ukrain. R.S.R., vol. 1, 1962, pp. 111-113, printed in Russian. Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSSR, Kiev, Ukraine, U.S.S.R. CASPIAN SEA: "Pump Fishing in the Caspian Sea," article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-September 1963, p. 304, illus., printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publica- tions Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 CETACEANS: Riesenfische, Wale und Delphine (Giant Fishes, Whales and Dolphins), by J. R. Norman and F.C. Fraser, 342 pp., illus., printed in German, 1963. Verlag Paul Parey, Spitalerstrasse 12, Postfach 1129, 2000 Ham- burg 1, Federal Republic of Germany. (Also avail- able in an English edition from Putnam, 42 Great Russell St., London WC1, England.) Part I of this book is concerned with fishes, such as sharks, rays, perch-like fishes, barracuda, etc. Part II is con- cerned with cetaceans, such as whales, porpoises, and dolphins. The book includes a description of the better known forms but does not necessarily include every animal in these families. A biological de- scription of these classes of animals is given for ready use to identify those that are covered. The book is designed to help the layman and scientist to make quicker and more ready identification. --Walter H. Stolting CEYLON: Administration Report of the Director of Fisheries for 1961-62, Part IV--Education, Science and Art (Lj, _ 70 pp., printed in Singhalese and English, 2/40 (about 55 U.S. cents), August 1963. Government Publica- tions Bureau, P. O. Box 500, Secretariat, Colombo, Ceylon. Reports on the activities of the Ceylon De- partment of Fisheries for 1961-62. Includes infor- mation on programs of the organization, disputes and regulations, loans to fishermen, cooperative societies, coastal navigation aids, and fishing harbors. Also covers fresh- and‘ brackish-water fisheries, pearl fisheries, Mutwal fisheries factory and harbor, trawl- er fishing, and fishery research. Included are statis- tical tables giving data on production of fresh-water and marine fish, mechanized fishing vessels, and im- ports and exports of fishery products. CLAMS: Seasonal Growth of the Northern Quahog, MERCENARIA MERCENARIA, and the Southern Quahog, M. CAM- PECHIENSIS, in Alligator Harbor, Tlondae by R. W. Menzel, Contribution No. 184, 10 pp., illus., proc- essed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the National Shellfish Association, vol. 52, 1961, pp. 37-46.) O- ceanographic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Monthly shell length measure- ments were made of Mercenaria mercenaria for 3.5 years and of M. campechiensis for 2 years, in Alli- gator Harbor, Franklin County, Florida. The north- ern clams were laboratory-reared natives of Long Island Sound. They showed the best growth recorded for any locality, with greatest growth in spring and fall, less in winter,.and least in summer. The south- ern clams, which originated in Alligator Harbor, grew faster than the northern species, with greatest growth in spring and fall, almost as much in summer, and least in winter. COD: "Kolichestvennaya Otsenka Skoplenii Baltiiskoi Treski s Pomoshch'yu Ekholota"' (Quantitative Assessment of Cod Concentrations in the Baltic Using Sonar), by K.1I. Yudanov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 1, 1962, pp. 26-32, printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavni- proekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S. R. February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT. AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. "Laanemere Tursk Randab." (Migrations of the Bal- tic Cod), by I. Stsukina, article, Eesti Loodus, vol. 6, 1961, pp. 361-363, printed in Estonian. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSSR, Tartu, U.S.S.R. "Svyaz' Gidrologicheskikh Uslovii s Kolebaniyami Chislennosti Pokolenii Treski"' (Relationship be- tween Hydrological Conditions and Fluctuations in the Numbers of Successive Year-Classes of Cod), by A.G. Kislyakov, article, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiol. Komissiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, 1961, pp. = , printed in Russian. Akademia Nauk SSSR; Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Where Do Seven Islands Cod Come From?" by Yves Jean, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 2, August 1963, pp. 6-7, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Otta- wa, Canada. CRABBING: "Zinc Anodes Save Money for Commercial Crabbers," article, Fish Boat, vol. 8, March 1963, p. 13, printed. H.L. Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orleans 9, La. CRABS: Influence of Hosts on the Behavior of the Commensal Crab, PINNOTHERES MACULATUS Say, by A.N. Sastry and R. Winston Menzel, Contribution No. 181, 8 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Biological Bulletin, vol. 123, no. 2, October 1962, pp. 388-395.) Ocean- ographic Institute, Florida State University, Talla- hassee, Fla. CUBA: Afloramiento y Corrientes Cercanas a Cuba (Upwell- ing and Currents Near Cuba), by Juan J. Tapanes, Contribution No. 17, 28 pp., illus., printed in Bpan- ish, July 1963. CentrodeInvestigaciones Pesqueras, Departamento de Pesca, Playa Habana, Bauta, Cuba. DAHOMEY: Investment Law in the Republic of Dahomey, OBR 63-104, 12 pp., printed, 15 cents. Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 1963. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) The In- vestment Code of the Republic of Dahomey was en- acted by the National Assembly on December 31, 1961, as part of the Dahomean Government's pro- gram to encourage foreign private investment. The Code guarantees basic rights to all private inves- tors and provides preferential benefits for under- takings contributing to the country's national devel- opment. The report presents a summary of pro- visions of the code and the complete text of the code covering establishment of an investment code, sys- tem of ordinary law, systems of preferential treat- ment, instructions for submitting applications for approval under the investment code, regulations governing foreign investment in the Franc Area; and information to be furnished in support of an ap- plication for approval of investment in Dahomey. DEHYDRATION: "The Influence of Dehydration of Foods on the Di- gestibility and the Biological Value of the Protein," by A. P. De Groot, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, March 1963, pp. 103-107, printed. The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, I11. "Instant Fish-Potato Flakes,'' by J. J. Quigley and L. E. Deveau, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 8-9, illus., processed. Informa- tion and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. A process for producing instant fish-potato flakes, which should prove a real boon for the busy homemaker and restaurant owner is now being tested and improved by the Candian Department of Fisheries at its Fish Processing Experimental Plant located at Valleyfield on Newfoundland's north- east coast. The process involves the dehydration of a mixture of cooked fish and cooked potatoes on an external type drum dryer. The final product consists of snowy white, fine, dry flakes, each flake containing fish and potato. The flakes may be used for prepar- ing fishcakes, croquettes, fish soup, chowder, orcas- seroles, DIRECTORIES: Directory of the Public Aquaria of the World, by Spen- cer mrter and Marian Omura, 37 pp., printed, 1963. Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii. DRUM: "A Study of Redfish, Sciaenops ocellata (Linnaeus) and Black Drum, Pogonias cromis Linnaeus), by Ernest G. Simmons and Joseph P. Breuer, article, Publica- tions of the Institute of Marine Science, vol. 8, 1962, pp. 184-211, printed. Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. DRYING: "Investigations on Dehydration of Some Commercial Fish in India," by P. V. Prabhu and others, article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no. 37, August 1963, pp. 1-12, illus., printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Bangkok, Thailand. EL SALVADOR: Foreign Trade Regulations of El Salvador, OBR 63-109, 8 pp., processed, is cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Commerce, Wash- ington, D.C., July 1963. (For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.) Covers trade policy, im- port tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, and documentation and fees. Also discusses labeling and marking requirements, special customs provi- sions, nontariff import trade controls, United States controls, and Government representation in the Unit- ed States. Pending ratification of the San Jose Pro- tocol (Signed July 1962) to the Central American Con- vention on the Equalization of Import charges, pref- erential import duty rates are applicable to unpacked cod, edible fish eggs and sardines. EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET: "Une Nouvelle Reunion de Hauts Fonctionnaires des Peches du Marche Commun s'Est Tenue a Bruxelles le 6 Septembre" (A New Meeting of High Officials in the Fisheries of the Common Market is Held in Brus- sels on September 6), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 42, no. 1026, September 1963, p. 571, printed in 100 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. French, single copy 12 F (about US$2.45). Les Edi- tions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. FACTORYSHIPS: "BMV Delivery of Shrimp Factory Ship to Pakistan," article, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol. 9, no. 4, 1962, p- il, printed. Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, P.O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Ber- gen, Norway. "The Development of Factory Ships and of Related Media in Ocean Fisheries, II,'' by Onar Onarheim, article, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol. 10, no. 3, 3, pp. 31, 33, 35, printed. Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, P.O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway. FARM PONDS: "Standing Crops of Fish in Oregon Farm Ponds," by Gary W. Isaac and Carl E. Bond, article, Transac- tions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 1, 1963, pp. 25-29, printed. Secretary, Ameri- can Fisheries Society, P.O. Box 483, McLean, Va. FIRST AID: The Ship's Medicine Chest and First Aid at Sea, 498 “pp., illus., printed, revised 1955. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Includes chapters on the structure and functions of the human body, hygiene, general nursing care, first aid, and the classification and treatment of diseases. Provides instructions beyond first aid, as continued treat- ment and after care may be necessary until the services of a physician become available. FISH BEHAVIOR: "The Fright Reaction in North American Fish," by Wolfgang Pfeiffer, article, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 41, no. 1, 1962, pp. 69-77, printed. Division of Administration, National Research Coun- cil, Sussex St., Ottawa 52, Canada. | "Maksimal'nye Skorosti Dvizheniya Ryb." (The Maxi- | mum Speeds of Movement of Fishes), by V. N. Chest- noi, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 9, 1961, pp. 22-27, printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. FISH CULTURE: 169, 81 pp., printed, 1. Department of Research and Education, Solomons, Md. FISH HANDLING: Handling Sea-Frozen Fish, by A. Banks, Torry Ad- visory Note No. 2, 8 pp., printed. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. Take Care of Your Catch, Torry Advisory Note No. 4, 3 pp., printed, 1962. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE FISHING VESSEL STABILITY: The following papers were presented before the Food and Agriculture Organization Fishing Vessel Stability Meeting, Gdansk, Poland, October 7-14, 1963. A limited number of copies are available free from the Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the U- nited Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Systematic Stability Investigations of Danish Fishin Vessels, by Poul Fribert an Leo Retvig, Paper No. 3, 18 pp., illus., processed. The Sizing and Rating of the Stability Criteria of Fish- ing Vessels in the GDR, by G. Mitschka, Paper No. 6, Il pp., processed. _ Stability of Icelandic Fishing Vessels, by Hjalmar R. Bardarson, Paper No. 7, 18 pp., illus., processed. Casualty and Stability of Japanese Fishing Vessels, by peanenl ‘Takagi, Paper No. 8, II pp., illus., proc- essed. Stabilit Security Measure, by Seitaro Kojima, Paper No. 9, 7 pp., processed. Center of Gravity and Freeboard of a Ship Observed from a Viewpoint of the Stability Criterion, by Toshio Hishida and Norio Tanaka, Paper No. 10, 19 pp., illus., processed. Stability Standard for Two-Boat Trawlers and Purse Seiners, by Tsutomu Tsuchiya, Paper No. 11, 9 pp., illus., processed. A Remarkable Case of Capsizing of a Small Trawler, “by J.G. De Wit, Paper No. 12, 4 pp., illus., proc- essed. Stabilit of pene Beam Trawlers, by J.G. De Wit, open No. 13, 8 pp., illus., processed. Polish Experience Concerning the Normalization of Fishing Vessels' Stability, by Olgierd Jablonski, Pa- per No. 14, 8 pp., processed. Problems Connected with the Introduction of Interna - tional Rules for Fishing Vessels! Stability, by Lech Kobylinski, Paper No. 15, 7 pp., processed. Some Suggestions on Investigations into Fishing Ves- sels! Stability, by Kazimierz Szponar, Paper No. 16, 2 pp., processed. Analysis of the Relative Value of the Criteria Regard- ing the Stability of Fishing Vessels, by Jan Dudeiak, aper No. 6 pp., illus., processed. Stability Properties of Polish Trawlers, by Kazimierz Sokolowski, Paper No. 18, 31 pp., illus., processed. Operational Stability Control on Fishing Vessels, by Olgierd Jablonski, Paper No. 19, pp., illus., proc- essed. Transverse Stability for Small Ships or Crafts, by Patricio R. Roda, Paper No. 20, pp., processed. February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT pusaeee FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE SUING OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION | THEM. Freeboard, Stability, Bulwark eee Port, Hatch and Access Standards of Sma raft, by H. 5. Town- send, Paper No. 21, 10 pp., processed. Stabilit of Trawlers, by R. Norrby, Paper No. 22, 5 pp., processed. Some Thoughts on Stability Criteria, by George C. Nickum, Paper No. 23, 3 pp., illus., processed. Analysis of Cross Curves of Fishing Trawlers, by Krystyn Kupras and Wlodzimierz jewski, Paper No. 25, 8 pp., illus., processed. FISHING WITH LIGHTS: "Fishing with Electric Lights for Black Sea Horse Mackerel," by A. Dolgov, article, Rybnoe Khoziai- stvo, vol. 37, no. 2, 1961, pp. 53-55, printed in Rus- sian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S. R. FISH-LIVER OILS: "The Air Blowing of Cod Liver Oil. II--Changes in Fatty Acid Composition as Determined by Gas-Liq- uid Chromatography," by P. M. Jangaard and others, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, January 1963, pp. 89-94, printed. _ Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Otta- wa, Canada. "Growth of Rats Given Cod Liver Oil," by R. J. Ward and C.C. Amos, article, British Journal of Nutri- tion, vol. 16, 1962, pp. 219-222, printed. Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England. "Preliminary Studies on the Methods of Extraction and Determination of Vitamin A Content of Liver Oils of Common Philippine Market Fishes," by S. V. Bersamin, L.G. Salcedo, and G. Guevara, article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no. 37, August 1963, pp. 13-18, illus., printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Coun- cil, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand. FISH MEAL: "Differences in Quality of Fish Meals," by L. E. Ousterhout, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 50, no. 10, October 1963, pp. 18-20, printed, single copy $2. National Business Publications Ltd., Garden- vale, Que., Canada. Two fish meals which mayhave the same protein, fat, and ash content, may differ widely in feeding value. These-differences are dis- cussed in this article. Although written with ancho- vy meal primarily in mind, the article gives good advice on the quality production of any type of fish meal. The quality is affected by the method of cook- ing, drying, curing, and storing. The way any one fish meal drier is operated can have a much greater effect on the nutritive value of the meal than canthe differences between types of driers. "Iceland Invention Boosts Meal Production," article, World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 10, 1962, pp. 8-9, illus., printed. Toh Trurdell & Partners Ltd., St. Rich- ards House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England. "New Swedish Shipboard Fish Meal Plant," article, World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 10, 1962, p. 77, illus., printed.’ John Trundell & Partners Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England. El Tamizado y la Molienda en la Harina de Pescado “(The Screening and Milling of Fish Meal), by E. Arnesen, J. Sanchez, and R. Lam, Report No. 10, 15 pp., illus., processed in Spanish,.1963. Library, In- stituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. FISH OIL: "Nutritive Value of Marine Oils. I--Menhaden Oil at Varying Oxidation Levels, with and without Antioxi- dants in Rat Diets,'' by A. A. Rasheed and others, ar- ticle, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 79, March 1963, pp. 323-332, printed. American Institute of Nutrition, 36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa. FISH PONDS: "Povyshenie Ryboproduktivnosti Vyrostnykh Prudov Putem Primeneniya Udobrenii" (Increasing the Fish Productivity of Rearing Ponds by the Use of Fertil- izers), by L.I. Mamiontova, article, Doklady Moskov. Sel'skokhoz. Akad. Im. K. A. Timiryazeva, vol. 69, 1961, pp. 171-174, printed in Russian. Podsosenski Per. 21, Moscow B-64, U.S.S.R. FISH POPULATIONS: "The Application of Some Special Immunological Meth- ods to Marine Population Problems," by George J. Ridgway, article, American Naturalist, vol. 96, no. 889, 1962, pp. 219-224, printed. The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa. FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE: "Chemical Composition and Shelflife of a Protein Food Based on Low-Fat Groundnut Flour, Bengalgram Flour, and Fish Flour;" ''Supplementary Value of Proteins of Fish Flour to Those of Groundnut Flour and the Protein Efficiency Ratio of Protein Food Con- taining Groundnut, Bengalgram, and Fish Flour;" "Supplementary Value of Fish Flour and a Protein Food Containing Low-Fat Groundnut Flour, Bengal- gram Flour, and Fish Flour to Poor Rice Diet," by S. R. Shurpalekar and others, articles, Food Science, vol. 11, no. 2, 1962, pp. 39-48, printed. Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India. FLORIDA: "Biological Investigations of the St. Lucie Estuary (Florida) in Connection with Lake Okeechobee Dis- charges through the St. Lucie Canal," by Gordon Gunter and Gordon E. Hall, article, Gulf Research Reports, vol. 1, no. 5, August 1963, pp. 189-317, illus., printed. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Miss. Summary of Florida Commercial Marine Landings, 1962, and an Analysis of the Catch ang Effort af Cer- tain Species, by Aiberchosen and Richard K. Robin- Son, Marine Fisheries Research 63-4, 30 pp., illus., printed, June 1963. Florida State Board of Conser- vation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Information Bulletin, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, no. 23, November 1962, 43 pp., illus., processed. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organization 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Cara- calla, Rome, Italy. Discusses the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, activities of the GFCM, activities of FAO, and news of member countries. Also in- cludes information on international organizations and meetings, fisheries statistics for 1961, and schedule of international meetings of interest to fisheries workers. FOOD TECHNOLOGY: "Food Technologists Study Fish," by Kay Stewart, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 6-7, processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. FRANCE: "L'Administration a Prime des Projets de Chalutiers- Senneurs pour la Peche Artisanale" (The Adminis- tration's First Project is Trawlers-Purse Seiners for the Artisan Fishery), article, La Peche Mari- time, vol. 42, no. 1026, September 1963, pp. 577-580, illus., printed in French, single copy 12 F (about US$2.45). Les Editions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. "Le Plan de Relance 1963 Marque un Tournant de Ses Principes et de Ses Procedures d'Etablissement" (The Renewal Plan of 1963 Marks a Turning Away from its Principles and Established Procedures), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 42, no. 1026, Sep- tember 1963, p. 575, printed in French, single copy 12 F (about US$2.45). Les Editions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. FREEZER VESSELS: "Development of Tuna Freezing Equipment for B.C. Seine Boats," by S. W. Roach and J. S. M. Harrison, article, Western Fisheries, vol. 66, April 1963, pp. 28-30, 32, printed. Roy Wrigley Publications Ltd., 1104 Hornby St., Vancouver 1, B.C., Canada. FRESH-WATER FISH: "The Efficiency of Reproduction and Recruitment in Freshwater Fish," by E. D. Le Cren, article, Brit- ish Ecological Society Symposium, vol. 2, 1962, pp. 283-296, printed. Heneeary ecretary, British Ecological Society, Osmington House, Osmington, Weymouth, Dorset, England, 1962. "The Status of Spearfishing and the Use of SCUBA in Fish Management Programs in the Freshwaters of the United States,'' by Richard L. Poole, article, "A Study of the Numbers and Kinds of Species Found in Rivers in Eastern United States," by Ruth Patrick, article, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia vol~ i13- no. 10, 1982. Pp wn 215-258, printed. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19th St. and the Parkway, Philadelphia 3eabas GEAR: "Atlas Freshwater Generator," article, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol..9, no. 1, i362 pp. 41, 45, illus., printed. Torolf Holme, P.O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway. "Degradation of Manila Cordage by Marine Fungi: Analysis of Breaking Strength Tests," by Samuel P, Meyers and others, Contribution No. 429, 4 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from TAPPI, vol. 46, no. 2, Feb- ruary 1963, pp. 164A-167A.) University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. "High Speed Diesel Engine for Fishing Vessels of Not Less than 100 Feet," by J. R. Read, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 49, no. 8, 1962, pp. 22-27, iTlus., printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Gar- denvale, Que., Canada. GEAR RESEARCH: "Progress Seen in Shrimp Gear Research," by Fred- erick Wathne, article, Fish Boat, vol. 8, March 1963, pp. 24, 37, printed. H.L. Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orleans 9, La. GENERAL: "Food Production for the Expanding World Population," by E. J. Russel, article, Advancement of Science, vol. 18, 1962, pp. 427-435, printed. The British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, Burlington House, London W1, England. A History of Fishes, by J. R. Norman, 429 pp., illus., printed, 81s. (about US$11.35). Ernest Benn, Ltd., Bouverie House, 154 Fleet St., London EC4, England, 1963. GHANA: Fisheries Research Report, vol. 1, no. 1, 1962, 33 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Inspectorate Unit, Min- istry of Agriculture, Accra, Ghana. Presents arti- cles on: "Marine Fisheries Research in Ghana--Its Scope and Development," by M. Zei; ''The Appear- ance of Plankton from August 16 to December 21, 1962," by M.A. Mensah; "Improving the Traditional Method of Smoking," by J. N. N. Adjetey; and ''The Herring Season,'' by D. A. Hammond. GREAT LAKES: "Limnological and Meteorological Observation Towers in the Great Lakes," by Roger E. Deane, article, Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 8, no. 1, 1963, pp. 9-15, printed. Limnology and Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. GREENLAND: Okonomisk Politik i Gronland (Economic Policy in Greenland), by Mogens Boserup and Viggo Svendsen, 520 pp., illus., printed in Danish with English sum- mary, Kr. 20 (US$2.90). .Ministeriet for Gronland, Hausergade 3, Copenhagen K, Denmark, 1963. A study divided into 3 principal sectors devoted to dis- cussions of: (1) the long-range prospects for eco- nomic expansion in Greenland; (2) the economic structure, i.e., the interplay of Government, cooper- ative, and private economic activity; and (3) wage and price policies. Although dealing primarily with problems of internal Danish significance, the book contains much information of general interest anda large amount of statistical data. A chapter devoted to the Greenland fisheries discusses the catch, prices, and changes in price structure. A chapter on the prospects for Greenland's fishing industry discusses February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. geographical, human, and technical prerequisites, and various measures which might help to acceler- ate the transition to more modern methods of fish- ing. Other chapters contain considerable material on Greenland's fisheries. HERBICIDES: . Method of Controlling Aquatic Plants, by J. V. Over- beek, U.S. Patent $558.46. printed. Patent Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20231. HERRING: "The Manufacture of Quick Frozen Marinated Her- ring," by H. Houwing, article, Conserva, vol. 10, no. 9, 1962, pp. 183-186, printed in Dutch. Maanblad voor de Voedlings-en Genotmiddelen-Industrie, Moormans Periodieke, Pers N.V., The Hague, Netherlands. ICHTHYOLOGY: "Collecting and Preserving Fishes," by Frank B. Cross, article, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication, No. 30, pp. 41-44, printed. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. INDIA: Foreign Trade Regulations of India, OBR 63-120, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents, September 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) The import policy of India is based on the availability of foreign ex- change, the economic needs of the country, and the requirements of industry and other consumers. The report discusses India's import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, documentation and fees, labeling and marking requirements, and special customs provisions. Also covers nontariff\import trade cqntrols, India's export controls, United States controls on exports and imports, and diplomatic representation between India and the United States. INLAND FISHERIES: "Biologicheskie Osnovy Rybnogo Khozyaistva na Vnutrennykh Vodoemakh" (Biological Principles of Fisheries of Inland Waters), by B.G. loganzen, ar- ticle, Biol. Osnovy Rybn. Khoz. Tomskii Univ., Tomsk, 1959, pp. 0-30. printed in Russian. Tomskii University, Tomsk, U.S.S.R. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Bulletin No. 11, 159 pp., illus., printed, 1963. In- ternational North Pacific Fisheries Commission, 6640 Northwest Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada. Contains articles on: ''Ocean Conditions in the Vicinity of the Aleutian Islands, Summer 1957,"' by Richard J. Callaway; ''Racial Analysis of Red Salmon by Means of Scales," by Kenneth H. Mosher; "Oceanographic Conditions and Salmon Distribution South of the Alaska Peninsula and A- leutian Islands, 1956,'' by Felix Favorite and Mitch- ell G. Hanavan; ''Use of a Discriminant Function in the Morphological Separation of Asian and North American Races of Pink Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum),"' by Murray H. Amos, Ray- mond E. Anas, and Roger E. Pearson; and "Parasites as Indicators of the Geographical Origin of Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), Occurring in the North Pacific Ocean and Adjacent Seas," by Leo Margolis. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Statistical Yearbook, 1962, 68 pp., printed, 1963. In- ternational No cific Fisheries Commission, oeee Northwest Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B.C., Can- ada. INVERTEBRATES: Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States, by Robert W. Pennak, PPp., printed, 3, Ronald Press, 15 E. 26th St., New York 10, N. Y. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: "Push for Progress in Food Irradiation," by Ferdinand P. Mehrlich, article, Food Processing, vol. 24, May 1963,-pp. 84-89, printed. ~Putman Publishing Co., 111 E.Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, II. JAPAN: Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, “vol. 29, no. 5, May 1963, pp., illus., printedin Japanese with English abstracts. Bureau of the So- ciety, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kai- gandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, articles on:. ''Tissue Distribution of Mercury Orally Given to Fish," by Hanato Tsuruga; ''Studies on Fishing Conditions of the Dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus L., in the Western Region of the Sea of Ja- pan. VIl--Relationship between the Stomach Contents and the Pelagic Fauna of Juveniles," by Shunpei Kojima; "Studies on the Movement of Shoals of Mack- erel and Its Environmental Factors. Il--The Rela- tionship between the Floating-Up of Mackerel Shoals in the Bay of Ishikari, Hokkaido, and the Environ- mental Factors," by Takeo Kawakami; ''Some Factors Having Effects on the Behavior of Salmon in the Time of Gill-Netting,"' by Kisaburo Taguchi; ''On the Fa- tigue of Netting Twines against Repeated Impact Loads," by Katsuji Honda; ''A Model Experiment of Aquatic Food Chain with Special Significance in Fatty Acid Conversion," by Mitsu Kayama, Yasuhiko Tsu- chiya, and James F. Mead; "Variations in Chemical Composition in Some Commercial Fishes from the South of Brazil," by Ko Watanabe; "Yield and Proxi- mate Composition of Sea-Trout from Southern Bra- zil,"" by Ko Watanabe; and "On the Tagging Experi- ments for Fisheries Research in Japan," by Kenji Kurogane. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 29, no. 4, April 1963, pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Bureau of the So- ciety, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kai- gandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, these articles: "Studies on Reproduction of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, with Special Refer- ence to Egg Taking. IV--The Fecundity or Number and Weight of Eggs Taken," by Minoru Nomura; "A Study of Herring on the Coast of Olyutorskii Region," by Yohiko Yunokawa; "Quality of Kombu, Edible Sea- weeds Belonging to the Laminariaceae. VI--Effect of the First Processing," by Keiichi Oishi and others; "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXXVII-- Octopine in Squid Muscle," by Kinji Endo andWataru ° 104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Simidu; "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXXVIII--Changes in Nitrogenous Extractives of Squid Muscle during Storage," by Kinji Endo, Masao Hujita, and Wataru Simidu; ''Carotenoid Pigments in Fish. I--Carotenoids in Goldfish and Fancy Colored Carp," by Shuichi Hirao, Ryo Kikuchi, and Hisako Taguchi; and ''Carotenoid Pigments in Fish. Il--Effect of Dietary Carotenoid on Body Color of Goldfish," by Shuichi Hirao, Satoko Ozawa, and Yasuko Suematsu. The Island of the Fisherwomen, by Fosco Maraini, 95 pp., illus., printed, $6.75. Harcourt, Brace and Co., Inc., 383 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y., April 1963. "Japan's Fisheries Education," by S. Konda, article, Fishin, News International, vol. 1, no. 4, 1962, pp. 59-61, printed. Arthur J. Heighway Publications, Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. Progress Report of the Cooperative Investigations on Important Neritic-Pelagic Fisheries Resources, _ 1959, 128 pp., illus., printed in Japanese and English, November 1962. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Progress Report of the Cooperative Investigations on Important Neritic- Pelagic Fisheries Resources, 5 pp., illus., printed in Japanese and English, March 1962. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. LARVICIDE: "Histological Effects of 3-Trifluormethyl-4-Nitro- phenol (TFM) on Larval Lamprey and Trout," by Ronald M. Christie, article, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 41, no..1, 1962, pp. 51-62, printed. Division of Administration, National Research Coun- cil, Sussex St., Ottawa 52, Canada. LOBSTERS: Current-Voltage Relations in the Lobster Giant Axon Membrane under Voltage Clamp Conditions, by Fred J. Julian, John W. Moore, and David E. Goldman, 20 pp., printed, January 30, 1962. (Reprinted from Journal of General Physiology, vol. 45, no. 6, July 1962, pp. 1217-1238.) Nagel Medical Research In- stitute, Bethesda, Md., 20014. "Lobsters Are Local," by D.G. Wilder, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 3-5, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, De- partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Processing Lobsters, by J.J. Waterman, Torry Ad- visory Note No. 6, 3 pp., printed, 1963. Torry Re- search Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. MACKEREL: Analyse du Contenu du Tractus Digestif du Stade Planctonique de Maquereau (SCOMBER SCOMBRUS L.) en Adriatique (Analysis of the Contents of the Digestive Tract of Postlarval Mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) in the Adriatic), by J. Karlovac, Re- ports, vol. IV, no. 4a, 18 pp., illus., printed inSerbo- Croatian with French summary, 1962. Institut za Oceanografiju i Ribarstvo, Split, Jugoslavia. A Method of Collection, Transportation and Post-In- cubation of PLEUROGRAMMUS AZONUS Roe and the Greenlings and Their Introduction into the Northern — Seas of the U.S.S.R., by Yu. I Orlov, L.V. Polikashin, and T.S. Rass, OTS 63-21510, 32 pp., printed, April 4, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Trudy Aka- demiia Nauk SSSR. Institut Okeanologii, vol. 59, 1962, pp. 183-203.) Office of Technical Service, U.S. De- partment of Commerce, Independence Ave. and Ohio Dr. SW., Washington, D.C. 20235. MARINE CORROSION: The Marine Corrosion Handbook, by T. Howard Rogers, 297 pp., illus., printed, - McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 18, N. Y. MARINE MICROBIOLOGY: Preliminary Survey of the Microflora and Microfauna Occurring on Ex erimental Anti-Fouling Pa nels in the Kishon Harbour, by B. Komarovsky and T. Edel- stein, Technical Paper No. 42, 3 pp., printed. (Re- printed from General Fisheries Council for the Med- iterranean, Proceedings and Technical Papers, No. 6, 1961, pp. 285-287.) General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Car- acalla, Rome, Italy. MARYLAND: Maryland Marine Facilities, edited by William B. Mathews, Jr., 34 pp., printed, 35 cents. Department of Tidewater Fisheries, Annapolis, Md., May 1962. MASSACHUSETTS: Fisheries Report for Some Central, Eastern, and West- ern Massachusetts Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs, 1951-52, by Richard H. Stroud, 454 pp., illus., printed, 1955. Division of Fisheries and Game, Bureau of Wildlife Research and Management, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. The sixth ina series of fisheries re- ports covering the biological survey of Massachusetts ponds in eleven of the counties. In addition to rec- ommendations for the management of each of the ponds studied, it contains a discussion of fish manage- ment problems, a study of hybridization between two species of pickerel, and a manual for a reconnais- sance survey of lakes and ponds. MINK RATIONS: "A Secondary Induced Thiamine Deficiency in Mink," by F.M. Stout, J. E. Oldfield, and J. Adair, article, National Fur News, vol. 35, no. 8, September 1963, pp. 22, 30, illus., printed. Broyles, Allebaugh and Davis, Inc., 200 Clayton St., Denver 6, Colo., 80206. NETHERLANDS: Statistiek van de Visserij, 1962 (Fisheries Statistics, 1962), J 31/1962, 41 pp., processed in Dutch with English table of contents and captions, f. 4.25 (about US$1.20), 1963. Uitgeversmaatschappij W. de Haan N.V., Zinzendorflaan 3, Zeist, Netherlands. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Fisheries Division, 1962 Annual Report of Operations, by Bernard W. Corson, 23 pp., processed. Fisheries Division, New Hampshire Fish and Game Depart- ment, Concord, N. H. February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105 NEW ZEALAND: "Harvest of the Sea, 1985: A Well Exploited Fishing Industry," by J. E. Morton, article, Commercial Fishing, vol. 2, no. 1, September 1963, pp. 28-30, illus., printed. Trade Publications Ltd., 47 Lewis Eady Bldg., 192 Queen St., Auckland, New Zealand. NORTHERN RHODESIA: Game and Fisheries Annual Report for the Year 1962, 36 pp., illus., printed, 2s. 6d. (about 35 U.S. cents), 1963. The Government Printer, Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia. The section on fisheries discusses re- search; work on fisheries development; progress in fresh-water fisheries in Luapula Province, Northern Province, and Southern Area; and accomplishments in fish farming, fishery investigations, and exten- sion work. Also includes a report by the Chief Fish- eries Research Officer covering activities of the Department of Fisheries and Game, and the re- search program. : OCEANOGRAPHY: British Columbia Inlet Cruises, 1962, Data Report No. 21, 90 pp., printed, 1963. British Columbia In- stitute of Oceanography, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. First National Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conference, October 1961, Proceedings, edited by D.S. Gorsline, 897 pp., printed, 1962. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. "Man Explores the Sea," by T. F. Gaskell, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-Sep- tember 1963, pp. 285-286, printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Pub- lications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. In the long run, the study of fish in the sea may be the most necessary of all our ocean- ographic researches because we shall increasingly be made to turn to the sea as a vast food producer by the increase in the world population, states the author. "Rybolovstvo i Nekotorye Voprosy Okeanologii'' (Fish- ing and Some Problems of Oceanography), by Yu. Marti, article, Okeanologiya, vol. 1, no. 5, 1961, pp. 779-790, printed in STEER Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. The Sea (Ideas and Observations on Progress in the “Study of the Seas), vol. 3, The Earth Beneath the Sea: History, edited by M.N. Hill, 979 pp., illus., printed, $28, 1963. Interscience Publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N.Y. This is the third and last volume of The Sea,a project started to provide up-to-date accounts of many of the ideas, observations, and trends of research in oceanography and related earth sciences. This volume is largely on the geology of the sea floor: topography, structure, sediments, the techniques and history of exploration, and the processes at work in and on the sea floor. Extensive information on the historical geology of the ocean basins is also included. Noteworthy is a chapter on the origin of life. The Sea; the Largest Continent in the World, by Hein Wenzel and others, 188 pp., illus., printed, $17.50. Rand McNally Co., 536 S. Clark St., Chicago 5, IIl., 1962. ographiques, New Series, vol. V, no. 1, May 1963, 34 pp., illus., printed in French. Centre de Rech- erches et d'Etudes Oceanographique, 1, Quai Branly, Paris (7°), France. Includes articles on: "Sur les Variations Saisonnieres de la Circulation Superfici- elle dans le Secteur Nord-Est de la Mediterranee Occidentale" (On the Seasonal Variations in the Sur- face Circulation in the Northeast Sector of the West- ern Mediterranean) and ''Rapport sur les Mesures Effectuees dans le Canal de Corse en Aout 1960" (Report on the Effective Measurements in the Cor- sican Channel in August 1960), by Jean Le Floch; "Les Causes de la Tempete du ler Decembre 1959 dans la Region de Nice" (The Causes of the Storm of December 1, 1959, in the Region of Nice) and ''Effet du Vent sur le Mouvement des Eaux Littorales" (Ef- fect of Wind on the Movement of Coastal Waters), by V. Romanovsky. OCEAN PERCH: "OQ Mestnykh Stadakh Okunya-Klyuvacha Severnoi At- lantiki'' (Local Schools of Sea Perch in the North At- lantic), by K.G. Konstantinov, article, Rybnoe Khozi- aistvo, vol. 38, no. 2, 1962, pp. 12-15, printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. OTOLITHS: "Contribuciones al Conocimiento de los Otolitos de Peces Actuales" (Contributions to the Knowledge of the Otoliths of Recent Fishes), by Juan Bauza Rulian, article, Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola His- toria Natural, vol. 59, no. 2, 1961, pp. 153-168, printed in Spanish. Real Sociedad Espanola Historia Natural, Madrid, Spain. PANAMA: Foreign Trade Regulations of Panama, OBR 63-119, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents, September 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402.) The new Customs Tariff of 1957 has as its policy objectives the foster- ing of economic development through the protection of domestic industries. This is accomplished by the establishment of higher tariffs and the imposition of quotas on imports competing with domestic products. The report discusses the import tariff system sales and other internal taxes, documentation and fees, labeling and marking requirements, and special cus- toms provisions. Also covers nontariff import trade controls, Panama's export controls, United States controls on foreign trade with Panama, and diplo- matic representation between Panama and the United States. PESTICIDES: Pesticide Handbook 1962, by Donald E.H. Frear, 14th edition, 303 pp., printed. College Science Publishers, State College,. Pa. PHILIPPINES: Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 1962, 105 pp., processed. Fisheries Economics and Statistics Sec- tion, Fisheries Research Division, Philippine Fish- eries Commission, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. A complete report covering all aspects of Philippine 106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. fishery production during 1962, with some compar- ative data for previous years. The tables are grouped together under the headings (1) production, consumption, and requirement; (2) commercial fish- ing vessels; (3) fish ponds; (4) foreign trade; and (5) other data. Subdivisions of the tables is made according to gear, species caught, monthly produc- tion, and fishing grounds. The appendices include, among other items, information on the fishery dis- tricts, fishing grounds used by. commercial vessels, and forms used in collecting statistics. Except for the table showing production data since 1950, most of the information covers the five-year period 1958- 1962. PHYSIOLOGY: "Primenenie Sposoba Chebysheva k Metodike Rekon- struktsii Rosta Ryb po Cheshue" (The Use of Cheb- yshev's Method for Calculating the Growth of Fish from the Scales), by L. F. Shentyakova, article, Trudy Inst. Biol. Vodkhranilishch Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 4, no. 7, 1961, pp. 281-293, printed in Russian. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Institut Biologicheskoi Fiziki. Vodokhraneniia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Theoretical Studies on Sea Animal Locomotion, by Julius Siekmann, Engineering Progress at the Uni- versity of Florida, vol. 17, no. 7, July 1963, Tech- nical Paper No. 264, 48 pp., illus., printed. (Parts I and II reprinted from Ingenieur-Archiv, vol. 31, no. 3, 1962, and vol. 32, no. 1, 63, respectively. Part I reprinted from the Journal of Fluid Me- chanics, vol. 15, part 3, 1963.) Engineering and In- dustrial Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. "Vliyanie Fiziologicheskogo Sostoyaniya Ryb na Ikh Reaktsiyu na Svet" (Effect of the Physiological Con- dition of Fish (Leucospius delineatus) on Their Re- sponse to Light), by S.G. Zusser and R. M. Etingen, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 11, 1961, pp. 19- 21, mente in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. PLANKTON: Behaviour of Plankton in Relation to Hydrographic Factors, by H. B. Moore, Final Report, 7 pp., printed, 1962. University of Miami, Marine Labora- tory, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. Field Trials with the Clarke-Bumpus Plankton Sam- pler, by Lance Regan, Manuscript Report No. 16, 28 pp., illus., printed, 1963. University of British Columbia, Institute of Oceanography, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. POLAND: Budownictwo Okretowe, vol. VII, no. 5, May 1963, 47 pp., illus., printed in Polish with English sum- maries. Wydawnictwa Czasopism Technicznych NOT, Warsaw, Czackiego 3/5, Poland. Includes articles on: ''Kierunki Budownictwa Statkow Ryb- ackich dla Polskiego Rybolowstwa" (Trends in the Fishing Boats Building for the Polish Fishery), by J. Swiecicki; 'Swiatowa Produkcja Statkow Rybac- kich" (The World Prcduction of Fishing Boats), by C. Wojewodka; ''Okres Eksploatacji Nowych Typow Statkow Rybackish" (Operational Age of New Type Fishing Vessels), by M. Domagala; ''Pomocnicza Flota Rybacka" (Auxiliary Fishing Boats), by J. Staszewski; 'Trawler-Zamrazalnia B 18"' (Freezer- Trawler B 18 Type), by R. Roguski; 'Trawler-Zam- razalnia 2,500 TDW" (Freezer-Trawler of 2,500 Tons D.W.), by W. Piltz; 'Koncepcja Trawlera Dos- tawezego dla Wspolpracy z Baza-Przetwornia" (Pro- posal for a Catcher to Co-Operate with a Factory- Ship), by Z. Tretkowski; 'Nowoczesne Trawlery Ru- fowe dla Rybolowstwa"' (Modern Stern Trawlers), by M. Gasiorowski; "Superkuter Stalowy B 25sT w Wer- sji Tropikalnej"' (Large Steel Cutter B 25sT--Trop- ical Version), by Z. Foltyn; 'Urzadzenie Tralowe Zastosowane na Trawlerze-Prezetworni m.t. 'Kas- tor'" (Trawling Arrangements as Fitted in Factory- Trawler m.t. "Kastor"), by W. Czajka; '"Perspektywy Budowy Kadlobow Statkow Rybackich z Tworzyw Sztucznych" (Prospects of Building Fishing Boats Hulls of Glass Reinforced Plastics), by J. Kozlowski; "Nowoczesne Uklady Napedowe Statkow Rybackich" (Modern Machinery Installations of Fishing Boats), by D. Bogucki; and "Analiza Pracy Urzadzen Elek- trycznych na Trawlerze Przetworni" (The Work of Electrical Installations in a Factory-Trawler--Anal- ysis), by R. Szymanski. Polish Shipbuilding Industry, 53 pp., illus., printed. jednoczenie Przemyslu Okretowego, Warsaw, ul. Krucza 36, Poland. POLLUTION: "Effects of Logging upon Fish Resources of the West Coast,'' by Donald W. Chapman, article, Journal of Forestry, vol. 60, no. 8, 1962, pp. 533-537, printed. Society of American Foresters, Mills Bldg., 17th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, D.C. 20006. The Growth and Survival of Fish in Some Suspensions of Solids of Industrial Origin, by D. W. M. Herbert, Reprint No. 427, 6 pp., printed, 1963. Water Pollu- tion Research Laboratory, Stevenage, Herts., Eng- land. Oxygen Relationships in Streams; Proceedings of a ~ Seminar Sponsored by the Water Supply and Water Pollution Program of the Sanitary Engineering Cen- ter, October ROcNowe mbes impo owe 134 ‘pp., printed, 1958. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. "Study of the Bio-Assay Method for the Evaluation of Water Pollution. Il--Use of the Fertilized Eggs of Sea Urchins and Bivalves," by Katsuwo Okubo and Takako Okubo, article, Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 32, 1962, pp. 131-140, printed. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Water Pollution Control, Sewage Treatment, Water Treatment--Selected Biological References, by Wil- liam M. Ingram and Kenneth M. Mackenthun, 148 pp., illus., printed, 70 cents, 1963. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402.) Contains sections of biological references on water pollution control, sewage treat- ment, water treatment, industrial waste water, rec- reational water treatment, organism identification, and aspects of water quality. Includes a subsection on fish and shellfish in relation to water pollution control. February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE POLYUNSATURATED FATS: "Production of Hypercholesterolemia and Athero- sclerosis by a Diet Rich in Shellfish," by William E. Connor, Jay J. Rohwedder, and John C. Hoak, article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 79, April 1963, pp. 443-450, printed. American Institute of Nutri- tion, 36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa. PRESERVATION: "Fish Preservation Inquiries. Il--Crayfish Handling Practices (5),"" by A. R. Prater and W. A. Montgom- ery, article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 22, Febru- ary 1963, p. 18, printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office, Department of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia. "Fish Preservation Inquiries. Ill--Fisheries Prod- ucts. Fish Sausages (1),"" by W. A. Montgomery and A.R. Prater, article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 22, March 1963, p. 20, printed. Commonwealth Fish- eries Office, Department of Primary Industry, Can- berra, Australia. "Preservation by Antibiotics and Penetrating Radia- tions. I and II," by H.L. A. Tarr, articles, Fishin News International, vol. 1, no. 1, 1961, pp. 17-20 and vol. I, no. 2, 1962, pp. 46-48, respectively, illus., printed. A.J, Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. A Study of the Effects of Sub-Sterilization Doses of “Radiation on the Storage Life Extension of Soft- Shelled Clams and Hadtiock Fillets, by J. T. R. Nick- erson, S.A. Goldblith, and E.B. Masurovsky, Quart- erly Progress Report, November 1961-January 1962, 35 pp., printed. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. The Temperature of British Fish during Distribution in Summer, by G.H.O. Burgess, Torry Téchnica Paper No. 1, 54 pp., printed, 1959. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. PURSE SEINE: Studies on the Mechanical Characters of Purse Seine Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Fufe City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, December 1962. Deals specifically with the mechanical properties and be- havior of a purse seine in working condition. The report is divided into four parts. In the first sec- tion, the origin, development, and present condition of the purse seine fisheries are traced. In the sec- ond part, the fundamental researches on the net are described. A simple current meter, the weight of webbing in water, the resistance of a plane net ina current are treated. The mechanical behavior of the purse seine in action is discussed in the third section. The results of a series of model experi- ments of purse seines are given and the theoretical analysis of sinking movement of the lead line is also introduced. The last section deals with the fishing capacities of purse seines. QUALITY: "Mechanical Properties of Fish and Fish Products," by J.J. Connell, article, Flow Properties of Blood and Other Biological Systems, pp. 316-326, illus., printed, 1960. Pergamon Press, 122 E. 55th St., New York 22, N. Y. "Quality Evaluation Studies of Fish and Shellfish from Certain Northern European Waters," by Lionel Far- ber, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, April 1963, pp. 110-112, 113-114, AEG The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory St., Champaign, I11. RADIOACTIVE WASTES: "Some Fundamental Aspects of Marine Ecology in Re- lation to Radioactive Wastes," by M. B. Schaefer, article, Health Physics, vol. 6, nos. 3/4, 1961, pp. 97-102, printed. Health Physics, 122 E. 55th St., New York 22, N.Y. RADIOBIOLOGY: Problems of Radiobiolo Vol. 2--Transactions of the Central Roentgenological and Radiological Insti- tute of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, edited by M. N. Pobedinskii and P.N. Kiselev; Vol. 3--Collec- tion of Papers in Honor of the 60th Anniversary of Professor M.N. Pobedinskii, by P. N. Kiselev, G.A. Gusterin, and A.[. Strashinin, OTS 61-31016; OTS 61-31017, 439 pp. and 341 pp., respectively, illus., processed, $4.50 and $3.50, respectively, 1962. (Translated from the Russian, Vopros Radiobiolo- gii.) Office of Technical Services, U. x Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20235. REFRIGERATION: "Recent Advances in Refrigerating Machinery Installa- tions in Fishing Vessels, by M.B.F. Ranken, ar- ticle, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol. 10, no. 3, > pp. 10, fT; 16-17, 19, 21, illus., printed. Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, P.O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway. ROCKFISH: "O Morskom Okune Zaliva Alyaska"' (Rockfish of the Gulf of Alaska), by T.G. Lyubimova, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 9, 1961, pp. 27-30, printed in ae sian. O Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S. R. SAFETY: "Air-Sea Rescue Devices," by J. Burgess, article, Fishing News, no. 2579, 1962, pp. 6-7, illus., printed. TAUB Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet St., Lon- don EC4, England. SALMON: "Baltic Salmon Fluctuations. 2--Porpoise and Salm- on,'' by Arne Lindroth, article, Institute of Freshwa- ter Research Report No. 44, pp. 105-112, printed. Institute of eT Research, Drottningholm, Sweden, 1962. A Comparative Survey of the Migratory Behaviour of ~ Adult mon in Fish Control Devices, by D.V. Ellis, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 749, 50 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. An Estimation of the Numbers of Mature and Immature ~ Salmon in Herring Purse-Seine Catches from British Columbia Coastal Waters during the Winters of 1959, 1960 and 1961, by W. E. Barraclough and D. N. Out- ram, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 753, 108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. 14 pp., printed., 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Can- ada. "Grey Seals as Competitors with Man for Salmon," by J. D. Lockie, article, British Seu ELS Society Symposium, no. 2, pp. 316-322, printed. Honorary ecretary, British Ecological Society, Osmington House, Osmington, Weymouth, Dorset, England, 1962. "Izmenie Pishchevaritel'nogo Apparata Letnei Kety v Period Prednerestovogo Golodaniya" (Changes in the Digestive Tract of Chum Salmon during the Pre- spawning Fast), by V. P. Korzhenko, article, Nau- chnye Doklady Vyshe Shkoly Biologicheskie Nauki, vol. 3, 1960, pp. 5-30: printed in Russian. Gosu- darstvennoe Izdatel'stvo ''Vysshaia Shkola,'' Pod- sosenskii Per. 20, Moscow B-62, U.S.S.R. "Materialy po Vozrastu i Tempu Rosta Letnei Kety (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) Reki My" (Data on the Age and Growth Rate of the Chum Salmon, On- corhynchus keta (Walbaum), of the My River), by . A. Svetovidova, article, Nauch. Doklady Vyshey Shkoly Biol. Nauk, vol. 1, 1961, pp. 29-32, printed in Russian. Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo 'Vysshaia Shkola,'’ Podsosenskii Per. 20, Moscow B-62, U.S.S.R. "Sravitel'naya Kharakteristika Vozrasta i Rosta Krasnoi (Oncorhynchus nerka Walb.) Kuril'skogo Ozera, Kamchatki i Bristol"skogo Zaliva Alyaski" (Comparative Age and Growth Characteristics of the Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walb.) of Lake Kuril, Kamchatka, and Bristol Bay, Alaska), by O. A. Mathisen, article, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 2, no. 1, 1962, pp. 42-54, printed in Russian. Aka- demia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Zavisimost! Vylupleniya Zarodyshei Losoevykh i Sigovykh ot Nekotorykh Faktorov Sredy"' (The Re- lationship between the Time of Hatching of Salmon and Whitefish Embryos and Certain Environmental Factors), by A. V. Popov and A.I. Zotin, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 11, 1961, pp. 22-28, printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. SALMONIDS: "Utbredningen av Furunkulos hos Fisk i Sverige un- der Aren 1951-1960" (Outbreaks of Fish Furuncul- osis in Salmonids in Sweden 1951-1960), by J. Lange and O. Ljungberg, article, Nordisk Veterinaermed, vol. 14, no. 3, 1962, pp. 177-191, printed in Swedish. Statens Veterinarmedicinska Anstalt, Stockholm, Sweden. SARDINES: Fecundidad de la Sardina Europea (SARDINA PIL- CHARDUS Walb.) (Fecundity of the European Sar- dine--Sardina pilchardus Walb.), by Buenaventura Andreu, 26 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. (Re- printed from Publicacoes do XXVI Congresso Luso- Espanhol, vol. 1.) Associacao Portuguesa para o Progresso das Ciencias, Porto, Portugal, 1962. SCALLOPS: "Reproduction of the Bay Scallop, Aequipecten irra- dianms Lamarck. Influence of Temperature on Matur- ation and Spawning," by A.N. Sastry, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 1, August 1963, pp. 146-153. printed, single copy $2.50. The Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. SCOMBROIDS: "Body Form and Swimming Performance in the Scom- broid Fishes," by Vladimir Walters, article, Ameri- can Zoologist, vol. 2, no. 2, 1962, pp. 143-149, printed. 1 eee or Society of Zoologists, 104 Lib- erty St., Utica, N. Y. SEA LAMPREY: "The Histology of Tail Regeneration in the Ammoco- etes,"' by I. A. Niazi, article, Canadian Journal of Zoology,-vol. 41, no. 1, 1962, pp. 125-146, printed. Division of Administration, National Research Coun- cil, Sussex St., Ottawa 52, Canada. SEA OTTER: "Recovery of a Fur Bearer," by Karl W. Kenyon, ar- ticle, Natural History, vol. LXXII, no. 9, November 1963, ae A printed, single copy 50 cents. The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New York 24, N. Y. Discusses life history, anatomy, reproduction, tagging, andnear extinction of the sea otter. SEAWEED: British Seaweeds, by Carola I. Dickinson, 244 pp., illus., printed, 25s. (about US$3.50). Eyre and Spot- tiswoode Ltd., 15-16 Bedford St., Strand, London WC2, England, 1963. "Drying of Seaweeds and Other Plants. V--Through- Circulation Drying of Ascophyllum nodosum in a Semi-Continuous Drier, by J.H. Merritt and E. Gordon Young, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 14, January 1963, pp. 39-42, printed: Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England. SEROLOGY: "A Simple Technique for Immobilizing Fish to Remove Blood,'' by Jack D. Burke, article, Copeia, no. 4, 1962, pp. 852-854, printed. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif. SHARKS: "The Behavior of Sharks," by P. W. Gilbert, article, Scientific American, vol. 207, no. 1, 1962, pp. 60-68, illus., printed. Scientific American Inc., 415 Madi- son Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Shark for Sale, by William Travis, 175 pp., illus., printed, 1961. Rand McNally and Company, 536 S. Clark St., Chicago 5, Ill. SHRIMP: "Effect of Salinity on Growth of Postlarval Penaeid Shrimp,''by Zoula P. Zein-Eldin, article, The Biolog- ical Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 1, August 1963, pp. 188- February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. 196, illus., printed, single copy $2.50. The Biolog- ical Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. "The Proper Zoological Name of the North American White Shrimp," by Gordon Gunter, 8 pp.; printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Gulf and Carib- bean Fisheries Institute, Rae corthwannnctigsesnions November 1962, pp. 103-110.) Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. "Research and Shrimp Production," by Lyle S. St. Amant, article, Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 15, nos. 11 and 12, November-December 1963, pp. 6-9, illus., printed. Louisiana Conservationist, Wild. Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orle- ans 16, La. Recent declines in shrimp production in the northern Gulf of Mexico have resulted ina great impetus in shrimp research by state and fed- eral agencies. During the past 3 years shrimp re- search in that area has been coordinated and car- ried out by those agencies at a level which for the first time has made adequate data available in time to apply to each year's production. These data are now being applied annually in the prediction of the shrimp harvest, the setting of seasons, and the gen- eral management of the shrimp population. This ar- ticle attempts to place research in its proper per- spective and examines what may be expected from the application of research in the shrimp industry in the near and distant future. SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Bringing Management Information to Small Business, y J. Richard Stevens, Management Research Sum- mary, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Adminis- tration, Washington, D.C. 20416. A major block to greater success for many small businessmen is failure to make use of the management information that is available. There are many sources of good management information and counsel. Major prob- lems are (1) to present the material in such a form that the small businessman can and will use it, and (2) to develop channels through which the small businessman can find the help he needs when he needs it. Agencies that originate and communicate business information, the report suggests, should coordinate their efforts in order to reduce the ava- lanche of duplicate and overlapping materials. Ef- fort should be made to provide local personal sources of management information and counsel. Environment vs. Management in Small Business Fail- ure, Management Research Summary, 2 pp., proc- essed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Wash- ington, D.C. 20416. Environmental rather than managerial factors were dominant in the termina- tion of 20 of the 37 out-of-business firms studied. Some environmental factors were economic decline of the industry in that area and unavailability of financing. The most noticeable difference between successful and unsuccessful owners lay in their approach to decision making. In general, owner- managers of the out-of-business firms had relied less on outside management and technical help than had owner-managers of the firms that were still active. Keeping Score with Effective Records, by William L. Raby, Small Marketers Aid No. 94, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Administration, Washington, D.C. 20416, August 1963. Designed for small marketers who may wish to check their records. To be effec- tive, records should provide needed facts at the proper time, and they should be easy to handle. The kinds of records and how many depend on the nature of the particular business. Types of records often used by small marketers include inventory and pur- chasing, sales records, cash records, credit rec- ords, personnel records, fixtures and property, and bookkeeping. Profitability and Size of Firm, by H.O. Stekler, Man- agement Degeatch Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, D.C. 20416. Findings showed that small firms generally have lower profit ratios than large firms. The re- port concludes that small firms as a group have less ability to expand than large firms. The profit ratios of the small firms, however, are not excessively low in comparison with industry averages. Small firms showed more variation than large ones in the profit ratios of firms within a size class. Tax Guide for Small Business, 1964, 144 pp., printed, ~40 cents, December 1963. Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) For use in filing the 1963 income tax re- turns, excise tax returns, and other returns. It an- swers the Federal tax questions of corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships. Explains in plain layman's language the tax results from buying, starting, operating, and the sale and other disposition of a business. In addition, contains a tax calendar for 1964 which should prove helpful to the business - man throughout the year, since it indicates what he should do and when he should do it in regard to the various Federal taxes. Also has a checklist of special interest for the man just starting in business in that it affords a quick method for determining for what Federal taxes he may be liable. Trends and Prospects for Affiliated Food Retailers, by Russell L. Childress, 168 pp., printed, $2. De- partment of Agricultural Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, Del., 1962. Will Profit Sharing Help Your Firm?, by B. L. Metz- ger, Management Aid for Small Manufacturers No. 157, 4 pp., processed, October 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, D.C. 20416. Smallcom- panies are finding that profit sharing, when properly handled, provides incentives which can help to bring about employee teamwork, reduced labor turnover, high productivity, better product quality, and lower costs. These results are achieved because profit sharing programs ''share the caring" by giving em- ployees a stake in the company's success. Yet the success of a profit-sharing program is not automatic. It depends on many factors, including the company's profit potential, a plan tailored to the company's needs, and keeping employees interested. 110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. SMOKING: : Recommendations for the Preparation of Smoked almon, by A. Bannerman, Torry Advisory Note No. 5, 3 pp., printed, 1962. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. Smoked White Fish--Recommended Practice for Producers, Torry Advisory Note No. 9, 7 pp., printed, 1963. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC: Thirty-First Annual Report for the Period ist April, 1958 to 3ist March, 1960, 242 pp., printed, 1963. Division of Sea Fisheries, Department of Commerce and Industries, Pretoria, South Africa Republic. SPAIN: 7 pp., printed in Spanish. (Reprinted from Informa- cion Conservera, no. 111-112, March-April 1963.) Informacion Conservera, Colon, 62, Valencia, Spain. "Glance at Some Spanish Fishing Methods," by G. Christian, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-September CER pp. 299-300, 302- 303, illus., printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. Discusses long-line fishing, trammel net fishing, and ring net fishing as practiced by Spanish fisher- men in the province of Catalonia. “SPAWNING: "Izmenienie Polovykh Tsiklov u Ryb s Edinovremen- nym Ikrometaniem v Svyazi s IZmeneniem Uslovii Sushchestvovaniya" (Change of the Sexual Cycle of Fishes Having a Single Spawning Time (Each Year) Associated with Changed Conditions of Existence), by B. V. Koshelev, article, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 1, no. 4, 1961, pp. 716-724, printed in Russian. A- kademia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. STERN TRAWLERS: "Brunswick Type Stern Trawler," article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 49, no. 5, 1962, pp. 15-17, illus., printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Gar- denvale, Que., Canada. "French Yard Claims Improved Stern Trawler Ar- rangement," article, World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 5, 1962, p. 55, illus., printed. John Trundell & Part- ners, Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt St., Lon- don NW1, England. "Stern Trawler with Ferry-Type Bridge," article, World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 11, 1962, pp. 40, 43, illus. printed. ae Trundell & Partners, Ltd., St. Rich- ards House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England. STRIPED BASS: "Resultats d'Etiquetage du Bar d'Amerique, dans le Fleuve Saint Laurent de 1945 a 1960" (Results of Tagging Striped Bass in the Saint Lawrence River during the Period 1945 to 1960), by G. Beaulieu, ar- ticle, Naturaliste Canadien, vol. 89, no. 8/9, 1962, pp. 217-236, printed in French. Naturaliste Cana- dien, l'Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. SWEDEN: "Vastkustfiskarna Begar att fa Behalla sin Olycksfall- sforsakring; Uppvaktning infor Yrkesskadeutrednin- gen'' (The Fishermen of the West Coast Demand to Keep Their Accident Insurance; a Delegation before the Work-Hazards Investigating Group), by Ingemar Gerhard, article, Svenska Vastkust Fiskaren, vol. 33, no. 16, August 1963, p. 388, printed in Swedish. Svenska Vastkustfiskarnas Centralforbund, Goteborg, Sweden. TAGGING: "Zavisimost! Sokhrannosti Metok ot Povedeniya i Uslovii Obitaniya Ryb.'"' (The Relation of Retention of Tags to the Behavior and Environmental Conditions of Fishes), by K. R. Fortunatova and N.I. Chugunova, article, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, no. 15, 1960, pp. 91- 105, printed in Rassians ATE ae Nauk SSSR, Ikhti- ologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. SPOILAGE: TARIFF AND TRADE: "The Effect of Tylosin on Coagulase-Positive Staphy- Negotiations under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, lococci in Food Products,'' by R.A. Greenberg and J.H. Silliker, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 27, no. 1, 1962, pp. 60-63, printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510-522 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Tll. SPORT FISHERY: "Valuation of a Fishery," by James A. Crutchfield, article, Transactions of the Twenty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Confer- ence, pp. 335-347, printed. Wildlife Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Washington 5, D.C., 1962. SQUID: "A New Species of Gonatid Squid from the Northeast- ern Pacific,'' by William G. Pearcy and Gilbert L. Voss, Contribution No. 466, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Biological So- ciety of Washington, vol. 76, August 2, 1583. Pp. 105-112.) University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, 1 Rickenbacker Cause- way, Miami 49, Fla. Publications 63-1, 30 pp., processed, 20 cents, Octo- ber 1963. Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Contains "Notice of Proposed Trade Agreement Negotiations and Articles to be Considered for Negotiation;" and "Notice of Public Hearings: Trade Information Com- mittee." Public Notice of Investigation and Hearings (Investiga - tion No. TEA-221 (yt Un der Section of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, With Respect to Presi- dent's List of Articles for Possible Considerationin Trade Agreement Negotiations), 6 pp., processed, October 22, 1963. U.S. Tariff Commission, Washing- ton, D.C. 20436. Included in requests for reserva- tion of certain items from negotiations are cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pollock, Atlantic ocean perch, "other- wise processed." February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 111 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE TARIFFS: Tariff Schedules of the United States Effective Au- gust 31, 1963, TC Publication 112, 532 pp., proc- essed, $4 (includes cost of supplemental pages to be issued until further notice), 1963. United States Tariff Commission, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Presents a republication of the legal text of the Tar- iff Schedules of the United States and of the related material originally published by the President in Part I of the Federal Register of August 17, 1963. Also includes the text of Proclamation 3548 which brought the new schedules into effect on August 31, 1963; the Tariff Classification Act of 1962, as a- mended; and a special list of rates of duty regarded as “existing on July 1, 1962," under section 256 (4) of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Included in the volume is a schedule of duties on fish and shell- fish. THAILAND: "Chilling of Fish in Thailand," by M. C. Kosolsuri- yathit Suriyong, P. Nityachin, and G. N. Subba Rao, article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no. 37, August 1963, pp. 19-25, illus., printed. Indo-Pacific Fish- eries Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand. TILAPIA: "The African Cichlid, Tilapia heudeloti Dumeril, in the Commercial Fish Catch of Florida," by Victor G. Springer and John H. Finucane, 2 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Transactions of the American Fish- eries Society, vol. 92, no. 3, July 1963, pp. 317- .) Secretary, American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. TRANSPORTATION: Road Transport of Frozen Fish, D.L. Nicol, Torry ~ Advisory Note No. 8, 5 pp., printed, 1963. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. TRAWLING: "Kinige Grundlagen fur die Berechnung der Bewegung des Trawlers mit dem Schleppnetz'' (Some Funda- mentals for the Calculation of the Motion of a Trawler with the Trawl Gear), by H. Stengel, ar- ticle, Fischereiforschung, vol. 5, no. 3, 1962, pp. 10-14, illus., printed in Gee Institut fur Hoch- seefischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Mari- enehe, Germany. "Midwater Trawling," by A. von Brandt, article, Fish- soe International, vol. 1, no. 2, 1962, pp. 63- » illus., printed. A.J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. "Die Optimale Schleppgeschwindigkeit" (The Opti- mum Towing Speed), by V.N. Cestnoj, article, Fis- chereiforschung, vol. 5, no. 2, 1962, pp. 16-19, _ illus., printed in German. Institut fur Hochseefis - cherei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Marienehe, Germany. TRAWLS: "Du Chalut de Fond a Grande Ouverture Verticale au Chalut Flottant" (From a Bottom Trawl with Large Vertical Opening to the Floating Trawl), by C. Ne- delec, article, Science et Peche, no. 95, 1961, 13pp., illus., printed in French. Institut Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, 59 Ave. Raymond- Poincare, Paris XVI, France. Trawls, by Zbigniew Zebrowski, OTS 60-21500, 109 pp., illus., printed, $1.50, 1963. (Translated from the Polish, Wloki Trawlerowe, 1954.) Office of Tech- nical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 20235. TROUT: "He's Forever Chasing Rainbows," by Frank J. Taylor, article, The Saturday Evening Post, vol. 236, no. 42, November 30, 1963, pp. 70-71, illus., printed, single copy 20 cents. The Curtis Publishing Compnay, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105. Discusses a large trout farm in Idaho and how it was developed. A striking fact is that this is the most productive acreage on earth. Where an acre of dirt farm may produce a yearly harvest of 2,000 pounds of poultry or 500 pounds of beef, each acre of this farm yields 400,000 pounds of rainbow trout (weight based on fish dress- ed, packed, and ready for the market). In breeding the fish, the owner has eliminated the migratory pattern, extended the spawning period from 3 to 9 months, and developed trout that spawn at the age of 2 rather than 3 years. Fed ona mixture of fish meal, brewer's yeast, whey, soybean and alfalfa meal, and vitamins and minerals, the trout grow an incha month. The use of a fish-cleaning machine in the packing plant has increased the production output. In 10 years, annual production has risen from 250,000 pounds to 1.5 million pounds. Recent innova- tions are the development of a mutation golden trout and plans for sale of live trout in West Coast food stores. "A Contribution to the Growth and Food Biology of the Brown Trout Salmo trutta Trutta M. Fario andSalmo trutta Labrax M. Fario in Some Waters of Czecho= Slovakia," by Stanislav Frank, article, Vestnik Ces- koslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke, vol. 26, no. 4, » Pp. = , printed in Czechoslovak. Depart- ment of Zoology, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Charles* University, Prague, Czechoslovakia. "Preliminary Research on the Action of Alkylaryl- sulphonate on Salmo irideus," by C. Maldura, arti- cle, Proceedings of the General Fisheries Council for AreqNicditerre mean act 6, 1961, pp. 203-206, printed. General Fisheries Council for the Medi- terranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. "On the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii Irideus) in Lake Titicaca, South America,” by Yoshiichi Matsui, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 28, no. 5, 1962, pp. -498, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kai- gondori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. "Thermoperiodism in Sea-Run Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki Clarki),"" by Wallace G. Heath, article, Sci- ence, vol. 142, no. 3591, October 25, 1963, pp. 486- 488, illus., printed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave, NW., Washington 5, D.C. 112 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. - Trout Stream Management in Massachusetts, by TURKEY: James W. Mullan, sf Pp., illus., printed. Massachu- Balik ve Balikcilik, vol. XI, no. 10, October 1963, 35 setts Division of Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass., Pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English table of 1960. contents. Et ve Balik Kurumu G. M., Balikcilik Mud- urlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes, among TUNA: others, articles on: "Fish Pigments" and "Basic "On the Blood Types of Yellowfin and Bigeye Tuna," Researches on the Development of Fishery in Turk- | by Akimi Suzuki, article, American Naturalist, vol. ish Freshwater Lakes and Dams." 96, no. 889, 1962, pp. 239-246, printed. The Sci- ence Press, Lancaster, Pa. Balik ve Balikcilik, vol. XI, no. 9, September 1963, 35 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English table "Sobre as Pescarias de Atuns e Afins e Suas Areas of contents. Et ve Balik Kurumu G. M., Balikcilik de Ocorrencia no Atlantico Tropical no Bienio 1961- Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes, a- 1962" (On the Fisheries for Tuna and Related Spe- mong others, these articles; ''The Fishing of Bonitos cies and Their Areas of Occurrence in the Tropical and Skipjacks by Hook and Line in the Territorial | Atlantic in the Bienium 1961-1962), by J.B. Gomes Waters (Part 2);"' and ''The Sulphurization and Sul- | da Fonseca and Aldemir C. Barros, article, Sudene, phonation Methods of Fish Oil and Utilization of Raw , Boletim de Estudos de Pesca, vol. 13, no. 7, July Material of Fish Oil in Industry." | 1963, pp. 18-25, processed in Portuguese. Depart- amento de Industrializacao, Seter Pesca, Superin- UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS: tendencia do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste, Edificio Geophysical Offshore Oil Explorations and Associated Juscelino Kubitschek, 12° Andar, Recife, Brazil. Statistical Research Report on the Tuna Longline Fisheries, by Fishing Grounds, April 1961-March 5 pp., illus., processed in Japanese with English summary, August 1963. Statistics andSur- vey Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Japanese Government, Tokyo, Japan. Discusses recent production trends in tuna long-line fishery; types of fishery and catch by ocean; operation and catch by area; and productivity. Includes statistical tables giving data on tuna long-line fishery catch by year and by type of fishery; number of vessels; com- position of catch by area and by species; productiv- ity by vessel size of Japan-based fishery; productiv- ity by ocean by vessels in the 200-500 ton class; and other similar data. "Studies of the Erythrocyte Antigens of the Skipjack | Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis),'' by Lucian M. Sprague, article, American Naturalist, vol. 96, no. 889, 1962, pp. 233-238, printed. The Science Press, Lancas- ter, Pa. Subsides pour 1'Etude de 1' "Honeycombing" de la Chair de Thon (Subsidies for the Study of "Honey - combing” of Tuna Meat), by Manuel de sa Nogueira, 45 pp., illus., printed in French. Ministerio da Economia, Secretaria de Estado do Comercio, In- stituto Portugues de Conservas de Peixe, Lisbon, Portugal, 1959. "Treasure on the Table," article, Good Packaging, vol. 24, no. 7, July 1963, Yearbook Edition, pp. 56- 76, illus., printed, single copy 75 cents. Good Pack- aging, 171 Second St., San Francisco 5, Calif. A survey of the United States tuna industry, from sea to table. Discusses the history of the tuna fishery in Greece and Peru; the principal tuna species -- albacore, bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin; methods of catching tuna; processing and canning; tuna re- search; and marketing and consumption. "The Tuna Fishery:, Methods, Distribution, and Abun- dance," by G. V. Howard, article, Western Fisheries, vol. 64, no. 3, 1962, pp. 15-16, 50-53, 56-57, illus., printed. Roy Wrigley Publications Ltd., 1104 Horn- by St., Vancouverl, B.C., Canada. Fishery Problems, by R. L. Rulifson and R.W. Sch- oning, Investigational Report No. 1, 46 pp., printed, 1963. Oregon Fish Commission, Portland, Oreg. UNDERWATER OBSERVATIONS: "A Self-Contained Portable Tape Recording System for Use by SCUBA Divers," by Lloyd R. Breslau, John M. Zeigler, and David M. Owen, article, Bulle- tin de l'Institut Oceanographique, no. 1235, 1962, pp. 1-4, printed. Institut de I"Institut Oceanographique, Monaco-Ville, Monaco. Undersea Epigraphy in Marine Research, by R. E. Craig and R. Priest y, 1963 Marine Research No. 1, 27 pp., illus., printed, 15s. (about US$2.10), 1963. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edin- burgh 2, Scotland. Underwater Photography, by Hilbert Schank and Harry Kendall, illus., printed. Camera Shop of the Mari- times Ltd., Halifax, N.S., Canada. U.S.S.R.: "Biologicheskie Rybokhozyaistvennye Issledovaniya v Sibiri" (Biological Fishery Research in Siberia), by B. G. Ioganzen, article, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 2, no. 1, 1962, pp. 3-17, printed in Russian. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissaia, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Fish Culture in the U.S.S.R.," by Michael M. Ovchy- nnyk, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-September 1963, pp. 279-282, printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 84 J.S. cents). Arthur J. Heigh- way Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. The vast territory of the U.S.S.R. includes inland seas, about 25 million hec- tares of big and small lakes, about 4 million hectares of reservoirs, more than 3 million kilometers of rivers suitable for fishing, and more than 400,000 hectares of ponds suitable for fish culture. The So- viet authority announced that in 1962 about 800,000 metric tons of fish would be obtained from inland wa- ters and that this amount will increase each year. Fishing Economy 1962, Vol. 38, No. 6: (Selected) Translations, OTS 63-21982, 24 pp., processed, 75 cents, June 5, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, February 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 38, no. 6, 1962, pp. 3-7, 1-33.) ice of Technical Services, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20235. "Teoriya Rybnogo Khozyaistva Kak Razdel Biotekhnii iee Polozhenie v Sisteme Nauk v Svyazi s Prob- lemoi Gidrostroitel'stva'' (The Theoretical Basis of the Fishing Industry as a Division of Biotechnics and Its Position in the Scientific System in Relation to the Problem of Hydroelectrical Construction), by T.B. Berlyand, article, Byull. Nauch.-Tekh. Inform. Vsesoyuz. Proektno-Izyskat. Nauch. -Issledovatel. Inst. Gadronrcckts vol. 13, 1961, pp. 24-33, printed in Russian. Vsesoiuznyi Proektno-Izyska- telskii Nauchnyi Issledovatel'skii Institut, Moscow, U.S.S.R. UTAH: "Bibliography of Utah Aquatic Biology, No. II," by Earl M. Christensen, article, The Great Basin Na- turalist, vol. XXII, nos. 1-3, 1962, pp. 32-53, printed. Department of Botany, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. VESSELS: Customs, U.S. Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Covers every American merchant vessel and yacht (including fishing vessels) which had an uncanceled document (register, enrollment and li- cense, or license) on January 1, 1963. The official number, signal and radio-call letters, type of rig, name, tonnage, dimensions, place and date built, name of owner, and home port of every vessel are provided. Small Boat Construction, by Robert M. Steward, printed, 1958. Rudder Publishing Co., 9 Murray St., New York 7, N.Y. Small Seagoing Craft and Vessels for Inland Naviga - tion; a Treatise on the Design and Construction of Ships and Boats Engaged in inland Navigation, Coast- ing Trade, Passenger- and Ferry-Services, Towing, Icebreaking, and Sea Fishing, by A. Roorda, 56 pp., illus., printed, 1957. Technical Publishing Co., Haarlem, Netherlands. WASHINGTON: Natural Resources of Washington, 75 pp., illus., printed, 50 cents. Division of Information, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1963. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.) Discusses early exploration and settlement, physical characteristics, park and recreational resources, water and power resources, fish and wildlife resources, mineral re- sources, land resources, indian tribes, and geologic history. Also covers programs of Federal natural resource agencies--Bureau of Reclamation, Bonne- ville Power Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Manage- ment, U.S. Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, National Park Service, and Bureau of Cutdoor Recreation. WHALES: Bionics and Cetaceans, by A.C. Tomilin, OTS 63- 13833, 3 pp., processed, January 10, 1963. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Trans. of Priroda, vol. 51, no. 10, 1962, pp. 101-103.) Office of Technical Serv- ices, U.S. Department of Commerce, Independence Ave. and Ohio Dr. SW., Washington, D.C. 20235. lumbia, by Gordon C. Pike, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 752, 26 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanai- mo, B.C., Canada. "Vitamin A Toxicity in Whale Liver," article, Nutri- tion Reviews, vol. 19, no. 10, 1961, pp. 318-319, — printed. The Nutrition Foundation Inc., 99 Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y. WHITEFISH: "Life History of Whitefish Young (Coregonus) in Two Lake Reservoirs," by Thorolf Lindstrom, article, Institute of Freshwater Research Report No. 44, pp. 113-144, printed. Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm, Sweden, 1962. "The Tale of the Whitefish," by Russell McKee, arti- cle, Michigan Conservation, vol. XXXII, no. 5, Sep- tember-October 1963, pp. 36-39, illus., printed. Michigan Conservation, Lansing 26, Mich. Whitefish numbers are again increasing in the Great Lakes. Two factors appear to be working in favor of this species: the sea lamprey may well be drastically reduced in the Upper Great Lakes by special control measures now in effect; and the record for the past 50 years indicates that whitefish may be ready fora surge in population within the next few years. WHITE SUCKERS: "Homing Tendency of Spawning White Suckers in Many Point Lake, Minnesota," by Donald E. Olson and Warren J. Scidmore, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. I, 1963, pp. 13-16, printed. Secretary, American Fisheries Society, P.O. Box 483, McLean, Va. WORLD FISHERIES: "Science and the Future of World Fisheries," by G. L. Kesteven, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-September 1963, pp. 289, 293, 295- 296, printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 85 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. The author ad- vances the view that stocktaking of fishery resources and fishery industries should be accelerated, and developed under international auspices. He believes that this work should be sponsored and organized by FAO's new resources! committee for which mem- bership should be drawn from the existing fishery councils and commissions. The work in this stock- taking should be carried out largely by the councils and commissions which now provide a pattern cover- ing the greater part of the earth's surface and its resources. LENTEN PROMOTION, FEBRUARY 12-MARCH 29 Halibut Steaks Brazilian. Tapaainien wae Tho Do Tee SSeS SS Gk pounds halibut steaks or other fish VY, cup melted fat or oil steaks, fresh or frozen 1 Halibut from the Pa- cific Northwest takes on a Latin flavor subtly complimented with the tangy zip of lemon and the warm freshness of Thaw frozen steaks. Place in a shallow baking dish. Dissolve coffee in lemon coffee. Easy elegance, | teaspoon salt ' t ‘ i) | ! juice. Add remaining ingredients except parsley; mix thoroughly. Pour sauce over | combined with already- ' | | | ! é tablespoons instant coffee 1 teaspoon onion salt tablespoons lemon juice Chopped parsley on-the-shelf ingredi- ents, will make this handy entree a popular favorite at your dinner table. fish and let stand for 30 minutes, turning once. Remove fish, reserving sauce. Place fish on a well-greased broiler pan and brush with sauce. Broil about 3. inches from source of heat for 4 to 5 minutes. Turn carefully and brush with remaining sauce. Broil 4 to 5 minutes longer or until fish flakes easily when tested with a fork. Garnish with chopped parsley. Serves 6. (eS ee ee ee --From Fisheries Marketing Bulletin: "Protein Treasure from the Seven Seas. "' Issued by the National Marketing Services Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Chicago 5, Ill. AYYED X Fishes COMMERCIAL HEU FEU FISHERIES G8 ue OL. 26, NO. 3 MARCH 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Washington, D.C. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2040; Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR Si eueeveraier ore Nre eee DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. wall Joseph Pileggi, Editor G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wyatt Bldg., Suite 611, 777 14th Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 1, 1963. 5/31/68 CONTENTS COVER: The research vessel Townsend Cromwell, the new sea- going laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, is seeking new areas in the Central Pacific where tuna and other fish can be caught. (Also see p. 32 of this issue.) Page 1 ..Gulf of Alaska Scallop Explorations--1963, by Warren F. Rathjen and Joaquim B. Rivers Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Alaska: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 8 .. Foreign Fishing off Alaska, November-De- 16 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- cember 1963 August 1963 and January-September 1963 8 .. Fishery Ventures in Juneau Area Films: 8 .. Kodiak Cold-Storage Plant Processing Dun- 17... New Oceanographic Film Shows Work of Ma- geness Crab rine Scientists 8 .. Winter Fishery for Bait Herring Begins Near Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Ketchikan 17... Whitefish Spawning Survey in Western Lake 9 .. Second Conference on Technology of King Superior Crab Processing Gulf Fishery Investigations: 9 .. Crab Tag Recoveries Reduced by Heavy 17... Shrimp Fishery Program Winds 19 .. Contract Research 9 .. Success of Pink Salmon Egg Deposition 20 .. Estuarine Program Varies in Sashin Creek 20 .. Industrial Fishery Program 9 .. Rail-Barge Services Expanding 20 .. Sea-Water Laboratories American Fisheries Advisory Committee: 20 .. Biological Indicators in Kast Lagoon 9 .. Fisheries Problems Discussed at Annual Hawaii: Meeting 21... Skipjack Tuna Landings, 1963 California: Industrial Fishery Products: 10 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles: 13... Bottomfish Study in Southern Coastal Waters Diaries Production, November and December 1963 13... Dungeness Crab Survey in Northern Coastal U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles: Waters Pi Ge Production and Imports, January-November 14 .. Shrimp Distribution Survey Continued 1963 Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Maine Sardines: 15 .. Speed and Swimming Effort of Tunas Studied 22 .. Canned Stocks, January 1, 1964 Contents continued page II. IT Page 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 27 30 35 35 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): North Pacific Fishery Investigations: Joint United States-Canada Salmon Research in North Pacific Nutrition: Research Program on Composition and Nutritive Value of Fishery Products Oceanography: Indian Ocean Explorations by the Pioneer Oregon: Salmon Egg Take in 1963 Sets New Record Preservation: Quality of Fish Held in Refrigerated Sea Wa- ter Tested South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Fishery Explorations for Commercial Spe- cies off Georgia Continued Exploratory Trawling for Commercial Spe- cies off South Carolina Sturgeon: Soviets Use New Type Equipment to Hatch Fry Artificially Tennessee Valley Authority Commercial and Sport Fish Catches, 1963 Reservoirs Offer Larger Commercial Fish Harvest U.S. Foreign Trade: Airborne Imports of Fishery Products: October 1963 September 1963 Imports of Canned Tuna Under Quota Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts; December 1963 November 1963 Edible Fishery Products: November 1963 October 1963 U. S. Vessels: New Research Vessel Commissioned for Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries Wholesale Prices: Edible Fish and Shellfish, January 1964 Yellow Pike: Increase Predicted of Commercial Landings in Lake Erie FOREIGN: International: European Free Trade Association: Industrial Tariffs Reduced Another 10 Per- cent Fishing Limits: Modified 12-Mile Fishing Limit Proposed at European Fisheries Conference in London Fish Meal: Production and Exports for Selected Coun- tries, January-October 1963 Food and Agriculture Organization: 1962 World Fish Catch by Species Groups World Tuna-Like Fish Catch, 1962 Director-General Re-Elected at November 1963 Conference Fisheries Developments in Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf Proposed Salmon: Intermingling of United States and Canadian Pacific Salmon Under Study Page 38 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 43 43 44 45 495 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 5C 50 51 53 53 53 54 54 54 oe FOREIGN (Contd.): International (Contd.): International Fisheries Exhibition Planned for Scheveningen in the Netherlands Whaling: Fleet Composition of 1963/64 Antarctic Whaling Season Aden: International Interests in Gulf of Aden Fish- eries Angola: Fish Cannery Planned for Angola by South African Interests Australia: Fisheries Landings, 1962/63 Canada: Fish Catch, 1962 Federal-Provincial Conference on Fisheries Development Fisheries Minister Emphasizes Need for Scientific Research Cod Population in Northwest Atlantic Studied North Atlantic Lobster Industry Pacific Salmon Transplanted to Atlantic Coast Salmon Escapement on East Coast Improved in 1963 Tuna Migrations off Atlantic Coast Studied Harp Seal Stocks Decline North Pacific Groundfish Resources Studied by Scientists Salmon Studies in Gulf of Alaska Fishery Resources of Far North Surveyed Developments in Refrigeration Aboard Vessels " Airlift!’ Pump to Unload Fishing Vessels Being Developed Improvement in Texture of Fish Fillets Studied New Method to Speed Tuna Canning Devised Scientists Develop New Process for Smoking Small Fish New Electronic Fishery Research Aids De- veloped Ways of Producing Fish Protein Concentrate Studied Fish Meal Experimentally Stored in 2,000- Pound Containers Denmark: Landings and Fishing Industry Trends, 1962- 1963 Industry Views Presented at Annual Meeting of Danish Fisheries Council Dominican Republic: Prices on Canned Mackerel, Canned Tuna, Canned Sardines, and Dried Cod Reduced Fiji Islands: Status of Tuna Base German Federal Republic: Developments on New Fish Reduction Method Ghana: Fisheries Agreement with Soviet Union Signed Import Duty on Fish Affects Japanese and Russian Trawling in Atlantic Ocean Greece: Freezer-Trawler Landings, January-October 1963 Contents continued page II. March 1964 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Guatemala: 55 Commercial Fishery Limited in 1963 Be- cause of Lack of Vessels Ireland: 55 Joint Japanese-Irish-French Trawling Base Japan: 55 Frozen Tuna Export Price Trends, January 1964 56 Frozen Tuna Export Prices, December 1963 56 Frozen Tuna Exports to the United States, 1962-1963 56 Frozen Tuna Exports to Yugoslavia 57 Canned Tuna in Brine Sales to United States 57 Canned Tuna in Oil Exports, April-October 1963 57 Japanese Comment on Canned Tuna Market Trends 57 Canned Tuna Promotion in United States 57 High Prices Paid for Fresh Tuna in Tokyo Market 58 Eastern Bering Sea Mothership Bottomfish Areas for 1964 60 Fish-Meal Operation in Eastern Bering Sea Planned 60 Plans for 1964 Trawler Operations in East- ern North Pacific Ocean 60 Future of Distant-Water Trawl Fisheries 61 Fish-Freezing Operations off Angola Plan- ned 61 Whale Oil and Meat Production, 1962/63 Season 61 Baleen Whale Oil Sales by Japanese Whaling Firms 61 Establishment of Foreign-Based Whaling Operations Studied 62 Licenses to Operate Two Whale Catcher Vessels off Chile Issued 62 Spanish Trawl-Caught Fish Imported by Japanese Firm 62 Exports of Fishery Products, April-Septem- ber 1963 62 Number of Small Vessels to Fish in New Off- shore Tuna Fishery 62 Fishing Vessel Construction, January 1964 63 Permits Issued by Fisheries Agency for Ves- sel Construction, December 1963 63 Bottomfish Long-Line Fishery off New Zea- land Planned 63 High Speed Engines for Fishing Vessels Recommended Mauritius Island: 64 Japanese Tuna Transshipment Base at Port Louis Morocco: 64 Canned Sardine Market Trends, 1963 Netherlands: 65 Antarctic Whaling Results, Early 1963/64 Season Norway: 66 Canned Fish Exports, January 1-October 26, 1963 66 Fisheries Landings and Exports, 1963 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 70 71 72 72 72 73 73 75 76 76 77 77 81 FOREIGN (Contd.): Pakistan: New Fish-Processing Plant Established at Karachi Poland: Trawling Operations inthe Northwest Atlantic Trawling Operations off Northwest Africa Portugal: African Trawling Fleet May be Serviced by Mothership Rumania: Two New Freezer Stern Trawlers Ordered from Japan South Africa: Tuna Company Expanding Fishing Fleet Fish Meal Export Quota for 1964 Increased South-West Africa: Pilchard Season in 1963 Sets Record Spain: Fisheries Development Plan, 1964-1967 Fishery Trends at Vigo and La Corona, Octo- ber-December 1963 Taiwan: Fisheries Trends, 1963 U.S.S.R.: New Series of Freezer-Trawlers Under Con- struction in Denmark New Polish-Built Factoryship Delivered United Arab Republic: Fish Canning United Kingdom: Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised Trawler Fishermen Get More Pay and Addi- tional Paid Holidays Boxing-Fish-at-Sea Tests Carried out by Trawler New Frozen Fish-Thawing Unit Trawler Stella Leonis Wins Silver Cod Trophy for 1963 FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Commerce: Small Business Administration: Alaska Firm to Receive Loan Funds from SBA Instead of ARA Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: New Fees for Fishery Products Inspec~ tion Services Newly Appointed Fishery Attaches Arrive at Posts Department of Labor: Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions: Shellfish-Processing Industry to be Survey - ed Again Department of Treasury: Bureau of Customs: Imports of Canned ''Tuna With Vegetables" Dutiable at 20 Percent Ad Valorem Eighty -Eighth Congress (Second Session) ‘RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications Miscellaneous Publications Masiryigk set iis tah, i t Barna Cake 5 ee fbi es Bitoni thee Sea eal Py epee Pema SRZLSFTiGiazi FPisiziKPHirse BPriziSF a2 gifeereeSGfi_i=i FisSizF i> = HE Hib HE as 25 ive S222 22 as 8 = i. = SS5555- 2525-55 225: = 25: FR March 1964 Washington, D. C. Vol. 26, No. 3 GULF OF ALASKA SCALLOP EXPLORATIONS--1963 By Warren F. Rathjen* and Joaquim B. Rivers** ABSTRACT Exploratory fishing for scallops (Patinopecten caurinus) was conducted in the waters of the Gulf of Alaska during 1963. The objective of this survey was to determine the practi- cality of more detailed explorations for scallops in that area. Catches of scallops were made in amounts as high as 7 bushels per 30-minute drag with an 8-foot dredge. The in- dividual scallops ranged up to 7 inches in diameter and yielded approximately 4-6 pounds of shucked meats per bushel measure. Good catches of scallops were taken at several lo- cations including: off Cape Fairweather at depths from 34-42 fathoms, off Icy Bay from 39-44 fathoms, and east of Cape Saint Elias where catches were taken between 54 and 56 fathoms. It is not expected that this potential resource will receive significant exploita- tion until (1) the range and abundance are better defined and (2) thorough consideration is given to all aspects of the economics including production, processing, and marketing. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade various fishery surveys in the Gulf of Alaska have established that a species of large scallop (Patinopecten caurinus) was present in moderate numbers at cer- tain locations. Shellfish investigations were conducted with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel John N. Cobb during 1953 in the Yakutat Bay area (Schaefers and Smith 1954). Inthe course of those explorations, small quantities of scallops were taken with a "New Bedford''-type scallop dredge and a beam trawl. In 1961, a trawl survey over much of the Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Alaska was started under the direction of the International Pacific Halibut Commission. During that survey, moderate quantities of scallops (up to 1,000 per one-hour drag) were taken at various locations between Cape Fairweather and Cape Saint Elias at depths between 30 and 70 fathoms. Prior to the above, there was no apparent documentation of effort to establish the abun- dance of the potential scallop resource in the Gulf of Alaska. However, several attempts were made in the Kodiak and Cook Inlet (Seldovia) areas to capture quantities of scallops for local use. An additional source of information was derived from reports by halibut fisher- men who related that scallops occasionally clamped on to their gear (long lines) while it was on the bottom. Surveys were also conducted in the waters adjacent to British Columbia (Quayle 1961, 1963). Those findings did not indicate any potential for a scallop industry off British Colum- bia. Occasional catches of scallops were reported by trawl fishermen off the coasts of Wash- ington and Oregon; and Fitch (1953) indicates that they are ''frequently taken in considerable numbers by flatfish trawlers operating out of Eureka" (California). A fishery for a related species Patinopecten yessoensis is carried on in the waters of Hokkaido, northern Japan (Cahn 1951). * Base Director, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Juneau, Alaska. 2% Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Station, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Brunswick, Ga. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 701 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 With this background, a modest plan of exploration was developed to determine the prac- ticality of more complete surveys for the (Patinopecten caurinus) scallop in Alaskan waters. METHODS The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel John R. Manning was made available for the work from May 20 to June 14, 1963 (Cruise 63-1). The John R. Manning (fig. 1) is a combination type purse seiner-trawler, 86 feet 6 inches in length. The primary sampling gear employed during the exploratory operations consisted of an 8-foot, New Bedford-type, deep-sea scallop dredge, with a 3-inch diameter sweep chain supporting the bag of 3-inch diameter rings and -inch connectors. Supplementary equipment included the attachment of Fig. 1- The vessel John R. Manning, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel, used for scallop exploratory cruise during the spring of 1963. "rock chains'' which prevent the passage of large boulders or rocks into the bag of the dredge (figs. 2A and 2B). That equipment was obtained froma manufacturer in Massachusetts. The dredge was fished from the starboard gallows frame. The vessel's trawl winch was used for stowing and retrieving the #-inch diameter wire rope used to drag the dredge during the ex- plorations. A ratio of 4:1 was maintained for wire-out-to-depth relationship. The duration of individual scallop drags varied from 5 to 60 minutes. Most frequently the time elapsed while the dredge was fishing averaged 30 minutes. A detailed description of the gear and its operation is given by Posgay (1957). Positions were established by direct bearings from landmarks or were made with Loran fixes. Depth and general bottom characteristics were determined with a sensitive electronic depth-recording device. Throughout the cruise fishing speed was maintained at about 2-3 knots. Measurements of the scallops caught were taken by direct count of bushel samples from catches. greater than one bushel. When catches were less than one bushel, the entire catch of ee March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 Fig. 2A - Eight-foot scallop dredge similar to the equipment used _— Fig. 2B - Eight-foot scallop dredge being hoisted over the rail of in the scallop fishery of the Northwest Atlantic. Note the rock the John R. Manning with catch of scallops. Note that the rock chains ahead of the sweep chain. chains shown in figure 2 have been removed. individual scallops was counted. At intervals, size-frequency measurements were made of random samples. The measurements recorded provided the diameter of the shell from the hinge to the outer margin of the shell. Scallops were also shucked to determine the number of meats (eyes) per pint measure. AREA COVERED The investigation under discussion was conducted in the coastal area of the Gulf of Alas- ka between Cape Spencer and Cape Saint Elias (fig. 3). Due to the limited period available, principal effort was expended at (or close to) locations at which prior trawling had revealed the presence of scallops. The depths investigated ranged from 22 to 85 fathoms. Most of the dredging, however, occurredbetween 30 and 60 fathoms. The characteristics of the bot- tom along that part of the coast are, in general, favorable to dredging. Most of the bottom traversed consisted of sand, mud, or mud and sand, with only occasional patches of gravel, boulders, or rock ledges. Several bays and rivers join with the Gulf of Alaska in that area and a number of very large glaciers are evident. RESULTS OF EXPLORATIONS DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SCALLOPS: Scallops of the same size as those best catches were made between 30 and 70 fathoms where the scallops seemed to be concen- trated in beds. Locations at which the concentrations of scallops were most promising in- Vol. 26, No. 3 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW *eg6q Fo Sutads oy Gutanp payonpuoo sem Burysiz dojpeos Va a) annous » U3HIVIMYIVS 2 194M BYSETY JO FIND ap jo vare amy Gutjordep de-: SSS SSS EE “$d011V9S 40 ST3HSNa JY0W YO OML ONIINGOd SNOILWIs ~ © “MOILVLS ONID0INd dOTIVIS - © ‘0N3931 SSS SSS SSS SSS - € ‘bra. SSIS SSS SSS March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 cluded: off Cape Fairweather at depths of 34 to 42 fathoms; off Icy Bay in 30 to 44 fathoms; and east of Cape Saint Elias, where the best catches were made between 54 and 56 fathoms. Distribution of Scallops (by Depth) Taken During Exploratory Fishing, 1960-631/ Depth 9, 333 Scallops Collected 11,754 Scallops Collected (Cafe (in Fathoms) During Trawl Surveys, 1960-1962 By the John R. Manning, 1963 Expressed in Percentage of Total Less than 1 Less than 1 Less than 1 Less than 1 19 37 27 20 13 2 1/All records are from area between Middleton Island and Cape Spencer in the Gulf of Alaska. A total of over 20,000 scallops was taken by exploratory fishing vessels from the north- eastern Gulf of Alaska between 1960 and 1963. The distribution of those captures by depth is summarized in table. The sampling by the John R. Manning during 1963 was primarily at depths and locations expected to be the favorable habitat for scallops as indicated by the rec- ords of earlier explorations. Catch rates of scallops ranged from 0 to 7 bushels per 30-min- ute drag. As the time available for explorations was limited, no production fishing was at- tempted. The explorations indicate a widespread distribution of the resource throughout the area surveyed. Fig. 4 - Catch of scallops from the Gulf of Alaska being dumped on the deck of the John R. Manning. SIZE AND YIELD OF SCALLOPS: The scallops captured during individual drags were frequently similar in over-all size, in- dicating a tendency toward natural segrega- tion by sizes. A tendency toward larger aver- age sizes was noted as sampling progressed amt westward from Cape Fairweather toward , Cape Saint Elias. East of Yakutat Bay, the Haas Fe ae ee Ban BOR ate oee ne er aah size of scallops measured ranged from 22 to 64 inches (measured from the hinge to the outer margin of the shell). Of those, 73 percent were between 3 and 4 inches. West of Yakutat Bay, the size range was from 3 to 7 inches, with 82 percent of the scallops falling between 5 and 64 inches (fig. 5). The number of scal- lops per bushel measure ranged from about 240 per bushel at the 3- to 4-inch sizes to ap- proximately 60 per bushel for the 6- to 7-inch sizes. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW eae = MEY I 8) 53 97 LTLLT} 7 Fig. 6 - Crewman shucking scallop meats from the shell. The yield of meats varied from approximately 4 to 6 pints per bushel of whole (shell stock) scallops. Vol. 26, No. 3 Fig. 7 - Representative size of scallops taken during explorations. Over eighty percent of the scallops were over 4 inches, when measured from the hinge to the margin of the shell. The yield of shucked meats per bushel measure of scallops varied from 4 to 6 pints (fig. 6). The size of meats, however, varied from 15 to60 count per pint measure. The over-all quality of the meats was ex- cellent and comparable in size, appearance, texture, and taste to scallops now on the mar- ket (fig. 7). Some meats from the large scal- lops were Slightly yellow in color and hadbeen taken from a bottom of fine green mud. COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL Since 1960, the commercial production of sea scallops from United States ports has aver- aged over 25 million pounds of meats per year. During the last 10 years production of scal- lops by Canadian (east coast) fishermen has increased from less than 2 million to over 10 million pounds a year. A comparison of catch rates and scallop sizes between the existing (Georges Bank) fishery and the Gulf of Alaska exploratory results reveals some cause for speculation. The maximum catchrates of 5 to 7 bushels per 30-minute drag experienced in the Gulf of Alaska stand up well to catch rates for a similar unit of effort by New Eng- land fishermen on the Georges Bank grounds (fig. 8). It is not possible to predict with any certainty the relative density of the Gulf of Alaska stocks as compared with those on Georges Bank. The size and yield, however, is directly comparable. The average yield per gallon of meats in the Atlantic fishery is just under 200 per gallon and the approximate yield Fig. 8 - Scallop catch aboard John R. Manning being measured in bushel baskets. Up to 7 bushels of scallops were taken during individual 30-minute drags with an 8-foot scallop dredge. March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 range for scallops caught by exploratory fishing in the Gulf of Alaska is 120 to 500 meats per gallon. Alaska fisheries developments over the past 10 years have demonstrated good gains in production, Other shellfish products, king and dungeness crab, as well as shrimp, are good examples of fisheries with substantial increases. Among the less encouraging features of the available information are the following: 1. Inadequate definition of the Gulf of Alaska scallop stocks. 2. Lack of vessels and fishermen with background suitable to enter into the fishery. 3. High labor input required to shuck scallops. 4, High operating and transportation costs. 5. No established processing and marketing chain. In conclusion, the possible commercial utilization of recently discovered beds of scallops in the Gulf of Alaska will depend on more detailed information on abundance of the stocks a- long with several economic considerations. LITERATURE CITED CAHN, A. R. QUAYLE, D. B. 1951. Clam Culture in Japan, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- 1961. Deep Water Clam and Scallop Survey in British Co- ice Fishery Leaflet No. 442, pp. 1-7, plus illus. lumbia, 1960, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 717. Biological Station, Fisheries Research FITCH, JOHN E. Board of Canada, Nanaimo, B. C. 1953. Common Marine Bivalves of California. State of Cali- fornia, Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 1963. Deep Water Clam and Scallop Survey in British Co- No. 90, p. 44. lumbia, 1961, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 746. Biological Station, Fisheries Research POSGAY, J. A. Board of Canada, Nanaimo, B. C. 1957. Sea Scallop Boats and Gear. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet No. 399, pp. 1-7, plus SCHAEFERS, EDWARD A. and KEITH A, SMITH illus. 1954. Shellfish Exploration in the Yakutat Bay Area, Alaska, by the John N. Cobb, Spring 1953. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 16, no. 3 (March), pp. 1-12. (Also Separate No. 368.) Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre- newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con- served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW pe eg ae : Sipps ? ae = oo Alaska FOREIGN FISHING OFF ALASKA, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1963: The withdrawal of foreign fishing vessels from the waters off Alaska continued during November 1963 and by month's end less than 20 vessels remained of the more than 400 Soviet and Japanese craft operating in mid-sum- mer 1963. A single shrimp-processing vessel and 14 accompanying trawlers constituted the entire Japanese fishing effort in that area in November. This fleet operated in the region north and west of the Pribilof Islands during most of the month, The Japanese planned to operate this shrimp fleet intermittently through- out the 1963/64 winter. Soviet fishing efforts were entirely withdrawn in November from the eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. It was expected that the Soviet trawl fisheries will resume in the eastern Bering Sea when the ice pack advances into the trawling areas and can be used as shelter for the fishing ves- sels. After an absence of Soviet fishing activities in November, the anticipated movement of So- viet winter trawling fleets into the eastern Bering Sea began in mid-December, Japanese activities remained at a low level, Soviet trawlers and associated support vessels began departing their Siberian ports in early Decem- ber and by month's end about 60 vessels were concentrated in an area roughly 100 miles northwest of St. Paul Island. Those fleets were reportedly obtaining excellent trawl catches of herring and flatfish in the shallower waters adjacent to the 100-fathom curve. So- viet trawling efforts were expected to con- tinue to increase during January 1964, expand- ing into areas south and east of the Pribilof Islands, The Japanese shrimp factoryship Chichibu Maru and her accompanying trawlers remained the sole Japanese fishing fleet near Alaska from November through December. This fleet has generally operated north and west of the Pribilof Islands but in December EE =~ =IREN DS 2m AND 2 DEVELOPMENTS & Vol, 26, No, 3 started to shift to waters along the 100-fathom curve south and east of the Pribilofs. OK OK KK FISHERY VENTURES IN JUNEAU AREA: A newly developed corporation started operations at a cannery site in Juneau during the latter part of 1963. Up to ten vessels may be used for producing “tresh" shellfish prod- ucts, It was reported that initial emphasis is to be devoted to shrimp and crab processing with some consideration given to scallop re- sources investigated by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries inthe springof 1963, The area of fishing operations being con- sidered is from lower Chatham Straits to Ya- kutat, ok kk ok KODIAK COLD-STORAGE PLANT PROCESSING DUNGENESS CRAB: A cold-storage plant in Kodiak began proc- essing Dungeness crab in October 1963 for shipment to various parts of the United States as fresh ocean crab. As of November, five vessels were engaged in this new industry. (Kodiak Mirror, November 8, 1963.) mK OK OK OK WINTER FISHERY FOR BAIT HERRING BEGINS NEAR KETCHIKAN: The first 1963/64 winter season delivery of bait herring to a fishery company in Ketchi- kan was made in December by the purse seiner Lady Alice, A good catch of 250 barrels was EGC in Tongass Narrows within a mile of the firm's dock which indicated the reappearance of herring in the local area after several years of relative scarcity. The winter bait fishery at Ketchikan normally accounts for 1,5 million to 2,0 million pounds of herring and provides a limited winter fishery for a few local seiners. KK OK OK OK March 1964 SECOND CONFERENCE ON TECHNOLOGY OF KING CRAB PROCESSING: Plans for the Second Conference on the Technology of King Crab Processing were an- nounced by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory at Ketchi- kan. It was anticipated the meeting will be held in either Ketchikan or Anchorage during the first week in May 1964, Hk OK OK A aK CRAB TAG RECOVERIES REDUCED BY HEAVY WINDS: Only 30 tags from king crabs were re- turned by Alaska fishermen during December, It was the lowest monthly return of tags since the current fishing season started. The high- est return was over 200 tags sent to the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Auke Bay Biological Laboratory in November, The sharp drop largely reflected the effects of the severe storms in December that restricted the fishing fleet, although there is usually some decline over the holiday season. OK OK Ok SUCCESS OF PINK SALMON EGG DEPOSITION VARIES IN SASHIN CREEK: At the Little Port Walter Station, pink salmon eggs successfully deposited in lower Sashin Creek were only 37 percent of those available compared to 78-percent success in the upper reaches, although the numbers of female pink salmon per square yard of spawn- ing gravel were about the same. The possi- bility is being studied that the difference in spawning success was due to a difference in the composition of bottom materials resulting from stream gradient. Lower Sashin Creek has a gradient of 0.1 percent while the upper spawning areas have a gradient of 0.7 percent, ok ok ok RAIL-BARGE SERVICES EXPANDING: In April 1963, a barge service between Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and Saxman (near Ketchikan), Alaska, opened all-railtraf- fic between Alaska and the lower 48 States. The terminal at Saxman has truck and ferry connections to all cities in Southeastern Alas- ka. During 1963, about 60 mechanically-re- frigerated carloads of fish moved south over the Saxman-Prince Rupert facility to various United States receiving stations. Destinations included Miami, Fla., Cincinnati, Ohio, Louis- ville, Ky., Pittsburgh, Pa., and Baltimore, Md. ' strongly endorsed by the Committee, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 Rail-barge connections to Alaska are being expanded, Other barge services now provide all-rail capability between Whittier (Anchorage area), Alaska, and the Puget Sound area of Washington State as well as between Whittier, Alaska, and Prince Rupert, B.C. In addition, similar service may be established between Puget Sound and Saxman and between Vancou- ver, B.C., and Whittier. American Fisheries Advisory Committee FISHERIES PROBLEMS DISCUSSED AT ANNUAL MEETING: A number of critical issues confronting the United States fishing industry at domestic and international levels were considered at the 17th annual meeting of the American Fish= eries Advisory Committee held January 22°25, 1964, at Hono= lulu, Hawaii, Special emphasis was placed on the fishery resources of Hawaii and the Central Pacific Ocean. During the four-day meeting, the Committee heard discussions of Central Pa- cific fisheries by officials of the State of Hawaii, Govern= ment of Guam, and the Government of American Samoa, In addition, key biological and oceanographic programs were described by staff members of the U.S, Bureau of Commer? cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Honolulu, It was stressed that this research will benefit all segments of the United States fishing industry in the Pacific and elsewhere, The Bureau's plans to aid the local fishing industry were Other matters cone sidered during the meeting included: (1) Atlantic tuna; (2) expansion of fishery trade; (3) fishing vessel construc= tion legislation now pending before Congress; and (4) ter= ritorial fishing rights. The Committee also had an oppor- tunity to tour the Bureau’s research facilities at Kewalo Basin and the University of Hawaii campus, as well as tu> na canning operations at a local cannery. At the conclusion of Executive Sessions held on the last day of the meeting, the Committee urged that the United States increase its status as a high=seas world fishing nation by taking the following steps: 1. The tuna fisheries are becoming more international in nature and world tuna consumption is increasing. The United States must make every effort to increase its catch of tuna, and cooperation between government and industry is essential to achieve this goal. More modern, long-range vessels may be required to carry out a successful program of high=seas fishery expansion, 2. Steps should be taken to encourage young workers to seek employment in the fishing industry through training programs, and through modernization and mechanization of vessels and processing plants. 3. Passage of fishing vessel construction legislation is necessary for the modernization of United States fishing fleets, to provide a better environment for successfully competing with foreign nations. 4, The export of United States fishery products to all world markets is essential and can be accomplished through use of counterpart funds (foreign funds held abroad), and the Food for Peace Program, 5. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries must actively continue its search for new products such as fish protein con= centrate (fish flour) as a means of developing wider use for unused fishery resources, The expansion of the industry is greatly limited by the inability to properly utilize its catches. 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 6. The Bureau program to study effects of pesticides on fisheries resou:ces should be continued to protect the public and the fishery resources of the nation. Following adjournment of the meeting on Saturday, Janu- ary 25, the Committee participated in commissioning cere= monies for the new oceanographic research vessel Town- send Cromwell, which will be operated by the Honolulu Bio- fogical Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, The American Fisheries Advisory Committee, which is composed of 20 fishing industry representatives from var-= ious parts of the United States, was organized under the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954, The Committee, which is responsible for advising the Secretary of the Interior on general fisheries matters, has held 16 previous meetings it other areas of the United States. The 17th meeting was the first to be held in Hawaii. California PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V “Alaska” Cruise 63-A-7 (October 6- 23, 1963) and Cruise 63-A-8 (November 4-22, 1963): The main objectives of these cruises xDx Xx OX) Xx oO g % ae 4 Port Hueneme £3 ERS O Cy Santa Catalina I, x Oo Legend: @ - Sardines, 1963 year class. San Diego © - Sardines, subadult. © - Sardines, adult. % - Anchovies. ~Cq Q - Jack mackerel, WELL & - Pacific mackerel. scanso “Co NS - Not surveyed. rt. ; y Ne be Ensenada San Isidro Pt. Cape Colnett San Quentin Sacramento Reef iia Fig. 1 - Midwater-trawl catches eau M/V Alaska Cruise 63-A-7 (October 6-23, 1963) and Cruise 63-A-8-(November 4-22, 1963). Vol, 26, No. 3 by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska were to: (1) measure the density, distribution, and age composition of inshore pelagic fish species; (2) measure the success of 1963 sardine spawning; and (3) collect juvenile sardines for growth studies by the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at La Jolla, Calif. Cruise 63-A-7 was carried out off the Mex- can coastal waters of northern Baja California from Sacramento Reef to the International Border. Cruise 63-A-8 was conducted off southern California from the International Border to Gaviota. Sampling was accomplished chieflyby tow- ing a large midwater trawl for 40 minutes at each station. The net was fished at night within 10 fathoms of the surface. Night-light, blanket-net stations were used as a secondary sampling technique. On the northern Baja California cruise, 26 trawl and 29 night-light stations were occupied; during the southern Gaviota Santa Barbara Los Angeles Legend: © - Light station, cruise 63A7. + - Light station, cruise 63A8. @ - Sardine, subadult. > - Anchovy. Q a - Jack mackerel. - Pacific mackerel. San Isidro Pt... Cape Colnett Fig. 2 kt Night-light catches and night-light stations sampled dur- ing M/V Alaska Cruise 63-A-7 (October 6-23, 1963) and Cruise 63-A-8 (November 4-22, 1963). March 1964 California cruise, 50 trawl and 27 night-light stations were occupied, Schools of fish sighted while en route be- tween stations were identified and counted, Visual night scouting covered 142 miles off Mexico and 212 miles off California. ANCHOVIES: Northern anchovies (Engrau- lis mordax) far exceeded all other species both in number caught and in number of sam- ples taken. Midwater-trawling in northern Baja California caught anchovies at 88 per- cent of the stations, in amounts varying from 3 to 22,500 fish per tow. However, over three- fourths of those catches consisted of fewer than 4,000 fish, and a majority amounted to less than 500, Anchovies were taken along the entire route of the Mexican cruise, except in a small area south of Descanso Point, Baja California. Juveniles (75-90 millimeters) were predominant from Sacramento Reef to Cape Colnett, Baja California, while adults, averaging close to 130 millimeters were found from San Isidro Point to the International Bor- der, No dense schools or concentrations were observed and only 13 small schools were sighted, Echo soundings made during trawl tows indicated a continuous scatter of fish. Anchovies also dominated the night-light catches in northern Baja California, but catches were not as widespread or as numer- ous as with the trawl. (Anchovies were taken at 24 percent of the light stations.) The size of anchovies taken during night-light fishing was similar to those caught by trawling, The size and frequency of anchovy catches off southern California were very similar to those off northern Baja California, Off south- ern California anchovy were caught in 84 per- cent of the total trawl tows, and in all but 1 inshore tow (within 10 miles of the coast). Catches ranged from 1 to 600,000 fish with most containing fewer than 500. Juveniles (75-90 millimeters) completely dominated the catch over most of the area, Pure catches of adults were made only in the Santa Cruz Is- land and Santa Barbara areas, As in north- ern Baja California, very few schools and no concentrations were observed in spite of ex- cellent scouting conditions. During 212 miles of night scouting, only 8 small schools were seen, Extensive echo soundings failed to de- tect a single concentrated school, but indi- cated extensive areas of dispersed fish. Night-light fishing off southern California yielded anchovies at only 4 of 27 stations, and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ! 11 negative results were obtained in areas that produced good trawl catches, The size and frequency of midwater-trawl catches and the absence of concentrated schools indicated an extensive, scattered anchovy distribution, JACK MACKEREL: Jack mackerel (Tra- churus syraoretricus) ranked second in both trawl and night-light catches, with juveniles (45-200 millimeters) comprising almost the entire catch. Jack mackerel appeared in 54 percent of the trawl and 8 percent of the light station catches in northern Baja California. Trawl catches ranged from 7 to 2,050 fish, although only 3 tows caught over 100. The best catches off Mexico were made from Descanso Point to the Coronado Islands. In southern California waters, jack mack- erel were caught at 34 percent of the mid- water-trawl stations and at 22 percent of the night-light stations. The best catches were made at San Clemente and Santa Catalina Is- lands, where up to 75 fish were taken per haul. SARDINES: Sardines (Sardinops caeruleus) were scarce over the entire area surveyed, One sample was taken by night light and 1 by trawl in northern Baja California; 5 were tak- en by trawl in southern California, No schools were seen during night scouting. The 7 catches consisted of 3 samples of the 1963 year-class, 2 of subadults, and 2 of adults. All of the 1963 year-class sardines were taken off southern California. They were mixed with large numbers of anchovies, The largest catch was 22 sardines in a tow con- taining 6,000 anchovies, Although the south- ern California sardine catches contained only a few fish-of-the-year, this was an improve- ment over the 1961 and 1962 surveys, which located no fish-of-the-year in that area, Un- seasonal late summer spawning was indicated by the small fish sizes (47-70 millimeters) in 2 samples. Small sardines were not taken in sufficient numbers for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries age and growth study. PACIFIC MACKEREL: Pacific mackerel (Scomber diego) were not sampled in quantity although they apparently were present in both northern Baja California and southern Cali- fornia waters, Large schools were seen over a wide area from San Quentin to Cape Colnett, Baja California, during daylight hours, and the California commercial fleet caught 2,000 tons in southern California while the survey 12 was in progress. Midwater-trawl catches consisted of only 1 small sample of juvenile fish on each of the 2 cruises. Night-light sta- tions yielded 4 samples in northern Baja Cali- fornia and none in southern California. It ap- pears that both midwater-trawl and night- light fishing are ineffective inadequately sam - pling adult mackerel, MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS: Off southern California, bonito (Sarda chiliensis) were the species most commonly sighted dur- ingnight scouting. They were taken in 20 per- centof the trawls, and 27 schools were sighted. Salps (Salpa tilesii-costata) were frequently taken on both cruises, and sometimes caused considerable clogging of the trawl while fish- ing off southern California. Squid (Loligo opalescens) and pyrosomes (Pyrosoma sp. were occasionally taken in small quantities. The trawl again proved its superiority in sampling anchovies. Anchovies were caught at 86 percent of the trawl stations but at only 20 percent of the night-light stations. The light failed to attract anchovies many times in areas where consistent trawl catches were made, Jack mackerel and sardines were tak- en by both types of gear, but the trawl appears to be the more efficient, especially when those species are scarce, Adult Pacific mackerel were sampled more efficiently by the night light (adults were not caught in the trawl in eg of good indications that they were pres- ent). Weather conditions on both cruises were generally favorable. Several mechanical breakdowns on the northern Baja California cruise limited scheduled work. A newly-con- structed device for recording trawl fishing depths was successfully tested on the southern California cruise. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 17. Kook kk ok Airplane Spotting Flight 63-12-Pelagic Fish (December 16-17, 1963): The survey to determine the inshore distribution and abun- dance of pelagic fish schools was continued by the California Department of Fish and Game Cessna ''182" 9042T during flights over the inshore area from Ano Nuevo Point to the United States-Mexican Border, On December 16, light haze prevailed throughout the area covered from Ano Nuevo Point to Ventura, Calif, A total of 11 north- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 26, No. 3 Sa are) 0 510 1520 ‘MILES Ano Nuevo Point Santa Cruz Pt. Monterey Legend: - Anchovy Pt. Piedras Blancas GW - Gray Whale 12 SD\,Pt. San Luis Pelagic fish survey flight 63-12. ern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) schools were noted at scattered localities north of Point Conception, The two largest schools were in Monterey Bay and were being preyed upon by sea birds, On the first day 37 sea lions were counted--25 in Monterey Bay and 12 off Point San Luis. The areafrom Venturato the United States- Mexican Border was scouted on December 17. The waters from Sunset Beach to Dana Point were completely obscuredby a dense, low fog bank. Light haze persisted in the remainder of the area. A total of 87 anchovy schools, 1 gray whale, 6 small Pacific sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) schools, and from 8to12 Califor- nia yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) were sighted. The largest concentration of anchovies was a group of 58 schools extending southward from San Clemente City for about 5 miles. Off Point La Jolla six 'tightly-balled" schools of sardines were being ''worked"' by seabirds, sea lions, and yellowtail. Several party boats were fishing in that area. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 12. OK OK OK Ok March 1964 BOTTOMFISH STUDY IN SOUTHERN COASTAL WATERS: M/V “Alaska” Cruise 63-A-9 (December 3- 20, 1963): The main objectives of this cruise in southern California coastal waters by the California Department of Fish and Game re- search vessel Alaska were to: (1) locate and tag petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) and Eng- lish sole (Parophrys vetulus) for growth and migration studies; and (2) collect greenspot- ted rockfish (Sebastodes chlorostictus) and pink rockfish (S. eos) for taxonomic studies. Purisima Pt, Legend: @@ - Bottomfish tagging areas. Pt. Arguello Pt. Arguello Fishing areas of M/V Alaska during Cruise 63-A-9. POINT SAL TO POINT ARGUELLO: Twen- ty-nine tows were made in depths of 120 to 150 fathoms in this area. From those tows, 184 petrale sole and 2 English sole were tagged. SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL: Two days were spent collecting greenspotted and pink rockfish by hook-and-line and long-line gear in 50 to 160 fathoms near Anacapa Island, Nineteen otter-trawl tows were made in 50 to 260 fathoms. The tows produced 113 Eng- lish sole and 4 petrale sole for tagging. Cephalopods, shells, and unusual fish were collected for special studies. eg ie. se G72 6s ES: 3K COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 DUNGENESS CRAB SURVEY IN NORTHERN COASTAL WATERS: M/V "N.B. Scofield” Cruise 63-S-8 (No- vember 10-December 9, 1963): The objec- tives of this cruise by the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game research vessel N.B. Scofield in coastal waters between Point Arena, Calif., and Cape Ferrelo, Oreg., were to: (1) survey dungeness crab (Cancer magister) stocks off northern California to determine abundance, distribution, sex ratios, and con- dition; and (2) obtain information for crab life-history studies. OPERATIONS: Ten commercial crab traps were fished overnight at 90 randomly selected stations in productive crab areas between Usal, Calif., and Cape Ferrelo, Oreg. Crab shoulder widths were recorded for the entire catch. Shell condition determinations were made for all males of legal size (7 inches or more in breadth), Ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) were tak- en with a 41-foot head rope Gulf of Mexico ot- ter trawl for abundance studies, RESULTS: Ofthe 900 crabtraps set, 5 were lost. The crab catch inthe remaining 895 traps consistedof 2,142 legal-size males, 6,127 sub- legal males, and 510 females. The average catch of legal and sublegal males were 2.4 and 6.8 per trap, respectively. The most pro- ductive area was between False Cape and Mad River where at 29 stations the average trap catch of legal males was 4.2 crabs. The best station catch occurred off Usal where 14,5 legal-size crabs per trap were taken. Crabs of legal size were in good condition as only 77 (3.6 percent) were soft. The mean shoulder width of legal-size males was 166 millimeters, The forecast for the 1963/64 northern Cali- fornia crab season, based onthose results, is for a catchbetween 1.2 and1.8 million pounds with 1.5 million as the most likely poundage. This is above the northern California crab catch in 1962/63, but far below the long-term average. Mating activity, as evidenced by mating marks, was noted for those males at 114 mil- limeter shoulder width and larger, Those crabs had not undergone a recent molt, Three percent of the legal males and 11.5 percent of the sublegal males had mating marks. Of the 510 females, 265 (52 percent) had eggs inearly and intermediate stages of develop- 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ment. Twenty-five live egg-bearing female crabs were retained for fertility and fecundi- ty studies. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1963 p. 16. and March 1963 p. 20. ; 3 XK OK ok SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V 'N.B. Scofield” Cruise 63-S-9 (De- cember 12-20, 1963): The main objectives of this cruise by the California Department of off southern California were to: (1) Locate concentrations of pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani), to determine population estimates and natural mortality rates; (2) Determine size, sex, and weight of shrimp; (3) Make bathythermograph and Nansen bottle casts to obtain bottom temperatures and water samples in both producing and non- producing shrimp areas; \ XS Pt. Buchon Pt, San Luis 121°00! Legend: Gp) - Shrimp concentration. —+» - Location of drays. 4%, Purisima Pt. va 4 g f ae! Fishing area of M/V N. B. Scofield during Cruise 63-S-9. Vol. 26, No. 3 (4) Count and weigh species of incidentally caught fish; and (5) Save all cephalopods, rare fish, and invertebrates for the California State Fish- eries Laboratory at Terminal Island. Off southern California between Purissima Point and Point Buchon, forty 20-minute tows were made with a 41-foot head rope. Gulf of Mexico otter trawl (14 inch mesh) in 60 to 159 fathoms. Shrimp were not caught in com- Fish and Game research vessel N.B. Scofield menial quantiles iat acy Sao ese catch was 62 pounds taken in a 20-minute tow southwest of Point San Luis in 112 fathoms. Catches ranging from 15 to 186 pounds-per- hour (with an average of 47 pounds-per-hour) were made from west of Point Sal to west of Point San Luis in 142 to 105 fathoms. The best catches were taken in 112-118 fathoms. Heads-on shrimp counts ranged from 44 to 76 per pound and averaged 62. The age composition was as follows: 1963 class--trace, 1962 class--44 percent, 1961 class--56 per- cent, and 1960 class--trace. The low show- ing of shrimp-of-the-year (1963 year-class) was partly due to the time of the survey. The young shrimp were still too small to be ef- fectively captured by the 14-inch mesh net used, Females made up 60 percent of the shrimp catch (on an individual count basis). Twenty- six percent of the female shrimp had roe de- veloping in the head region, 73 percent were carrying eggs on the pleopock, and 1 percent showed no signs of ovary development, Fish catches were moderate. Rockfish catches consisted mostly of stripetail (Sebas- todes saxicola) and splitnose (Sebastodes diploproa). Flatfish catches were light. The most abundant species were rex sole (Glypto - cephalus zachirus) and slender sole (Lyopset- ta exilis), Other commonly caught fish were hake (Merluccius productus), sablefish (An- oplopoma fimbria), dogfish (Squalus acanthias), sea poachers (Agonidae), and eelpouts (Zoar- cidae), Bathythermograph casts were taken at 21 stations and bottom water samples for salin- ity determinations were obtained from 5 sta- tions. Surface temperatures ranged from 13.7° to 14,.9° C. (56,6° to 58,8° F.) and av- eraged 14,19 C, (57.49 F.). Bottom tempera- tures were obtained from depths ranging from 61 to 137 fathoms. Temperatures ranged March 1964 from 7.5° to 11.5° C, (45.5° to 52.7° F.) and averaged 8.7° C. (47.79 F.) at an average depth of 97 fathoms. lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 21. SPEED AND SWIMMING EFFORT OF TUNAS STUDIED: The swimming speeds of various species of fish have long been a popular subject for speculation among fishermen as well as the object of investigation by naturalists and fish- ery scientists. The speed at which a fish can move is of obvious interest to the man who is trying to catch it, for he must adapt his fish- ing gear and strategy accordingly. For the scientist, a knowledge of swimming speeds can contribute importantly to his understand- ing of the relationships among fish of the same species and of the relation of the species to its prey, its enemies, and its competitors. In some situations, like that of a salmon passing up a fishway, the investigator's task is comparatively easy, but the problem of timing such highly mobile fishes of the open ocean as the tunas and their relatives pre- sents obvious difficulties. Attempts have been made to measure the time taken by fish to pass a known length of a vessel's side, and the rate at which hooked game fish can strip line from an angler's reel may provide data on possible maximum speeds under quite ab- normal conditions. Estimates derived from the distance between points of release and re- covery for tagged fish can be only approxi- mate, for it is usually not possible to tell how direct a course the fish may have taken. The figures recorded in the scientific literature vary widely for the same species, and for such impressively streamlinedand obviously speedy fishes as the tunas the estimates offered often appear unreasonably high. Scientists of the U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Hon- olulu have recently succeeded, through the use of new observational techniques, in not only getting precise measurements of the swimming speeds of tuna but also relating to swimming effort, Motion pictures were taken (from the underwater viewing ports in the hull of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 The Service's research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. Bureau's research vessel Charles H. Gilbert) of skipjack and yellowfin tuna attracted to the vesselby chumming withlive bait. Projection of the pictures on the screen of a microfilm reader made it possible to plot the paths of individual tuna, The distances traveled by the fish were measured from the plots, and speeds were then calculated from the con- stant rate at which the camera exposes suc- cessive frames of film. Skipjack tuna were recorded swimming at speeds from 4,5 miles per hour to a maxi- mum of 13,1 miles per hour, Those fish av- eraged about 22 inches in length and would weigh about 9 pounds, which is a medium size for that species, Yellowfin tuna were photographed at speeds ranging from 4,2 miles per hour to 11.4 miles per hour, They were 20-inch or 53-pound fish which is con- sidered small for that species as yellowfin tuna grow to a weight of 150 pounds or more, The motion picture technique made it pos- sible to count the tail beats of individual tuna and relate them to the resulting speed of for- ward movement, It was found that 3 tail beats per second in the skipjack moved the fish at 4,5 miles per hour, while 11 tail beats per second produced a speed of 9.3 miles per hour. Yellowfin appeared to propel themselves slightly more efficiently, getting 4.2 miles per hour from only 2 beats per second and a fast 11.4 miles per hour from 11 beats. When additional data on this relationship between propulsive movements and resulting speed have been accumulated for other sizes and species of tuna, it will be interesting to com- pare them in the light of what is known about the body form and behavior of the tunas. 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES: January-August 1963: Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of Defense, more fresh and fro- zen fishery products were purchased in Au- gust 1963 by the Defense Subsistence Supply Centers than in the previous month, The in- crease was 1.8 percent in quantity and 18.8 percent in value, Table 1-Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, August 1963 with Comparisons QUANTITY VALUE August [| Jan.-Aug. | August |_—‘Jan. -Aug.. | 1963 | 1962 | 1963 962 | 1963 | 1962 | 1963 | 1962 000.0010 1,000 Lbs. 1,989 | 2,078 ]15, 820 SP. ($15000) REE 16,112 1,592 | 8,950] 9,673 Compared with the same month a year ear- lier, purchases in August 1963 were down 4,3 percent in quantity and 25.7 percent in value. Purchases in August 1963 included 780,922 pounds of shrimp, 281,093.pounds of ocean perch fillets, 236,285 pounds of scallops, 195,740 pounds of flounder fillets, 135,036 pounds of haddock fillets, 124,844 pounds of halibut, and 95,789 pounds of oysters, as well as substantial quantities of cod fillets andfish sticks, Although not included in the data shown in table 1, a total of 32,900 pounds of freeze- dried fish squares valued at $164,130 were purchased in August 1963 for the use of the Armed Forces. It has been reported that the Defense Subsistence Supply Centers have been purchasing freeze-dried fish squares for a- bout three years. The squares are prepared from cod and haddock portions and are dis- tributed in number 10 cans. Table 2 -Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, August 1963 with Comparisons QUANTITY August Bisuel| (LU COONLbss)pasiens - | 2,064}3, 708 - 18 1 332 1,016 54 Canned: Purchases of canned fishery products for the use of the Armed Forces were light in August 1963, 1/Less than $500. Vol. 26, No. 3 January-September 1963: Fresh and Fro- zen: For the use of the Armed Forces, less fresh and frozen fishery products were pur- chased in September 1963 than in the previous month, The decline was 6.8 percent in quan- tity and 16.1 percent in value. Table 1 -Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, September 1963 with Comparisons Compared with the same month a year ear- lier, purchases in September 1963 were up 1.7 percent in quantity but down 23.8 percent in value, Purchases in September 1963 in- cluded 553,250 pounds of fresh shrimp, 348,026 pounds of ocean perch fillets, 175,457 pounds of scallops, 171,052 pounds of halibut, 165,663 pounds of flounder fillets, 143,107 pounds of haddock fillets, and 125,945 pounds of oysters, as well as considerable quantities of sole fil- lets, cod fillets, fish sticks, clams, and head- ed and gutted whiting. During the first 9 months of 1963, fresh and frozen purchases were down 1,4 percent in quantity and 9.4 percent in value from those in the same period of the previous year. Table 4 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense [ Subsistence Supply Centers, September 1963 with Comparisons Product September September 1963 1963 41962 |1963 Canned: Tuna was the principal canned fishery product purchased in September 1963 for the use of the Armed Forces. Purchases of the 3 principal canned fishery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines) in the first 9 months of 1963 were down 34.9 perceut in quantity and 46.3 percent in value from those in the same period of the previous year. The decline was due to lower purchases of canned tuna and salmon, Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob- tainable. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 9. March 1964 Films NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC FILM SHOWS WORK OF MARINE SCIENTISTS: A new oceanographic motion picture color film, 'The Restless Sea,'' was shown over NBC-TV on January 24, 1964, The hour-long film (the latest in the Bell System Science Series) describes the work of oceanographers in searching out the complex relationships of nature in the sea, The film combines photographed action both above and below the surface of the sea, In filmed and animated sequences, it illus- trates the work of marine scientists in search- ing out the interwoven relationships of ani- mals and plants in the oceans, A number of the interesting sequences include such sub- jects as hurricanes and mountainous waves; animal life from plankton to sharks to whales; modern scientific instruments that probe the depths to obtain a record of early life on earth; and the latest oceanographic research vessels consisting of both surface ships and undersea vehicles. "The Restless Sea'' was produced by Walt Disney Productions with the technical assist- ance of the Director of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami. a Great Lakes Fishery Investigations WHITEFISH SPAWNING SURVEY IN WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR: M/V Siscowet Cruise 10 (November 18- December 17, 1963): The assessment of spawn- ing whitefish in western Lake Superior was the primary objectives of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet. Large-mesh gill nets (43 -to 53-inch mesh, stretched measure) fished on spawning grounds off the north end of Cat Is- land yielded 214 whitefish (171 males and 43 females) ranging from 17.2 to 32.0 inches long (average of 19.5 inches). The total number of fish caught and the catch per unit-of-effort was the highest since assessment studies began in 1958, Nearly all of the fish were tagged and released, Seven whitefish, recaptured by commercial fisher - men and by the Siscowet, had returned to spawn on the same grounds where they were tagged during the 1962 spawning run, Small- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 mesh gill nets fished on the whitefish spawn- ing grounds caught predominately round white - fish and longnose suckers, and smaller num- bers of lake herring, Water temperatures on the whitefish spawning grounds ranged from 45° to 47.59 F. Other activities during this cruise in- cluded the collection of fertilized eggs from lake whitefish, round whitefish, and "bloater" chubs for studies of embryonic and larval de- velopment, and the collection of blocd sam- ples from eight species for electrophoretic and serological studies. During the 1963 field season, the Siscowet caught 2,522 juvenile lake trout (1,511 in bot- tom trawls and 1,011 in experimental gill nets), of which 97 percent were fin-clipped. Most common in the trawl catches were lake trout planted at Bayfield, Wis., in the spring of 1962-63; gillnets caught predominately fish from the 1960-61 Bayfieldplants. The surviv- al of lake trout planted in 1960-62 appears to be better than for fish stockedin1959 or 1963. SA, A Gulf Fishery Investigations Some of the highlights of studies conducted by the Galveston Biological Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during October-December 1963: SHRIMP FISHERY PROGRAM: Shrimp Larvae Stud- ies: On three occasions, spawn were obtained from ripe female brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) held in the laboratory. In 1 instance, the developmental sequence of the resulting larvae was carried as far as the mysis stage, and in 2 others to the postlarval stage. Speci- mens of all stages were preserved for descriptive pur- poses. During the last experiment, the following vari- ables or conditions were observed for their effect on rearing success: (1) Media--eggs were spawned and hatched in bay water with a salinity of 28%), (parts per thousand), The larvae were then isolated and held in vitamin-enriched (offshore) sea water with a salinity of 36°. to 38% (parts per thousand), Water was changed daily. (2) Antibiotics--a combination of penicillin and di- hydrostreptomycin was added to the water in which the ripe females were held, The treatment depressed the level of undesirable organisms until after hatching took place, (3) Temperature--eggs were spawned and hatched at 25° C, (779 F.). The resulting larvae were isolated and maintained at 30° C, (86° F.). (4) Rearing Containers--eggs vere spawned and hatched in fiberglass aquaria holding 80 liters of water. 18 .For rearing, units of 30 specimens of Nauplius I were placed in 250-milliliter beakers containing approxi- mately 100 milliliters. ofmedium. When the larvae reached the second protozoeal stage their numbers were reduced to 10 per beaker, (5) Feeding--during the initial feeding stage, i.e., Protozoea I, the larvae were fed diatoms (Skeletonema sp.). Newly hatched brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) nauplii were added when the second protozoeal stage was reach- ed. The Skeletonema was eliminated from the diet at the first postlarval stage. Excluding preserved specimens, the survival rate was 19 percent from the first nauplial through the first postlarval stage. With slight modifications in rearing procedure, an improvement in survival rate may be possible in the future, Approximately 60 brown shrimp postlarvae obtained from the rearing trials are’being maintained in the laboratory. A single juvenile rock shrimp (Sicyonia brevirostris) reared from a spawn in the spring of 1963 was still surviving in late 1963. Distribution and Abundance of Larvae: Examination of 47 plankton samples collected outside the 73-fathom contour line between Galveston and Brownsville, Tex., in December 1962 showed that penaeid larvae and post- larvae were distributed over the entire sampling area, In December 1962, plankton tonic stages were 3 to 16 times more abundant at the 25-, 35-, and 60-fathom stations than at the 15- and 45-fathom stations, None were encountered at the 73-fathom stations. In November 1963, an effort was made to gain addi- tional information on the vertical distribution of penaeid larvae and postlarvae. The findings differed markedly from those obtained during the summer of 1963 when the resulting data indicated that, although the greatest concentrations of all penaeid planktonic stages occurred at andbelow mid-depth(18 meters), all stages tended to move upwards during the hours of darkness. This was not the case in November when all stages were evenly distributed throughout the water column regardless of ‘the time of day. Temperature profiles taken during the 1963 summer studies indicated a vertically stable wa- ter mass with a well-developed thermocline, whereas in November 1963, an isothermal, mixed water mass pre- .vailed, It is believed that the (vertical) mixing process overcame the ability or need of the organisms to re- spond to light changes. Florida Bay Ecology Studies: Pink shrimp (Penaeus duoarum) habitat in eastern Florida Bay was surveyed with respect to water depth, bottom type, and submerged vegetation. This provided new insight into the types of sampling gear that will be required. Four types ofsta- tionary shrimp traps were field-tested in Florida Bay as well as in parts of Biscayne Bay. The traps varied from a small rectangular plexiglas model to a 3-foot square metal trap with a 24-foot plastic lead, All types captured shrimp in shallow-water areas, The key to successful sampling apparently is the proper design and setting of the trap lead, In addition to traps, a sampler which removes all shrimp (or a constant known percentage) from a defined area of bottom is being investigated. Capturing all the shrimp contained within a specified sample area is dif- ficult. Some shrimp may remain buried even at night, Two approaches to the problem are being explored, One entails enclosing the area and pumping all shrimp with- in it out of the bottom mud or sand into a screened con- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 2G. NOs tainer at the surface. A second approach involves en- closing the area and, by means of a built-in trap, re- moving all the shrimp enclosed. This procedure may necessitate using a repellent or attractant to get all the shrimp out of the mud and into the trap. Such ‘drop traps’ can be fished overnight. Some success has been obtained with both methods and further developmental studies of the sampling techniques are planned. Surveys of Postlarval Abundance and Fisheries for Bait (Juvenile) Shrimp: Rearing experiments were started during the fourth quarter of 1963 to determine the accuracy of present techniques for identifying post- larval shrimp. The regular semiweekly samples of postlarvae were preserved and identified. In addition, live postlarvae, taken at the same time and place, were reared to identifiable size in glass aquaria supplied with sea-water from a recirculating system. Three such rearing experiments were completed. In each instance, there was a discrepancy of less than 5 percent between the identification of the field-preserved postlarvae and those reared to the juvenile stage in the laboratory. As usually happens late in the year, the number of postlarvae in sample catches declined rapidly during the fourth quarter of 1963. The catch composition of juvenile shrimp from Gal- veston Bay indicated that brown shrimp juveniles left the bays earlier in 1962 than in 1963. Commercial bait shrimp production in the Galveston Bay area during No- vember 1963 was down sharply from that in the same month in 1962, while fishing effort showed an increase in November 1963. —— Shrimp Catch and Fishing Effort in Galveston Bay Bait Fishery, 1962-1963 Year Tbs. 1963 | 178, 900 1962 | 160, 200 32, 300 1963 1962 /Not yet available. Migrations, Growth, and Mortality of Brown and White Shainin Of the 4,801 stained and 1,208 tagged brown shrimp released on the bottom in 5 to 8 fathoms off the Mississippi coast in June 1963, a total of 421 (9 percent) stained shrimp and 63 (5 percent) tagged shrimp were recovered by the end of 1963. More than 91 percent of the recaptured shrimp had moved less than 30 miles. The greatest movement was about 8) miles from Horn Island to Southwest Pass, the most westerly of the several mouths of the Mississippi Riv- er, Appreciable offshore movement was notapparent, as only 9 percent of the returned shrimp were captured beyond the 11-fathom depth contour and less than 1 per- cent beyond 16 fathoms. Analysis of the length-at-recapture data revealed a difference between the growth rates of males and fe- males. The data showed that during the summer, the marked males increased in size from 115 millimeters or 59 count heads-off per pound to 131 mm. (38 count) and the marked females increased in size from 115 mm, (59 count) to 135 mm, (35 count) in 4 weeks, In August 1963, a total of 3,016 brown shrimp were stained and released in the 10- to 12 -fathom range off March 1964 Aransas Pass, Tex. Of those, 58 have been returned, Most of the recoveries were made inside the 15-fathom contour and within 30 miles of the release area, The longest movement recorded was 65 miles in a southerly direction. Returns from the white shrimp mark-recapture ex- periment undertaken in Galveston Bay in August 1963 appear to be complete with 411 (13 percent) of the 3,115 stained individuals having been recovered through Oc- tober 1963, There did not appear to be any seaward movement of the marked group. Most of the shrimp were recovered in the upper portion of the Bay where they were released, and none were recovered in the Gulf of Mexico. Those recoveries are providing the best current estimates of growth for this species. Length-at-age data reveal that during the August-Sep- tember 1963 period the experimental shrimp increased in size from 99 mm. (98 count) to 134 mm, (39 count) in 4 weeks. Population Dynamics: One of the objectives of the work is to increase, through more accurate knowledge of fishing intensity, the reliability of mortality coeffi- cients estimated from mark-recapture experiments. Thus, when the relative fishing power of vessels con- stituting a fleet is known, statistics of time spent fish- ing can be adjusted to standard units of fishing intensity which, in turn, bear a constant (theoretical) relation- ship to resulting mortality coefficients. A considerable volume of data from the two areas has been collected and is being prepared for machine processing, CONTRACT RESEARCH: Abundance and Distribu- tion of Pink Shrimp Larvae on the Tortugas Shelf: Plankton samples were collected with a 3-inch centrif- ugal pump from Buttonwood Canal at Flamingo, Fla. In addition, plankton were sampled at each of 10 sta- tions during 3 research cruises on the Tortugas Shelf, (This research is being conducted by the University of Miami under contract.) Analysis of postlarval data from Buttonwood Canal samples followed and a summary of results was pre- pared. Generally speaking, peak influx (abundance) of postlarvae always occurred in association with flood tides; smaller peaks were frequently observed during ebb tides. That relationship held during all lunar stages, although the greatest numbers of postlarvae were taken during new-moon phases. The data also suggest that, during the annual cycle in 1962-1963, there occurred two peaks in the movement of postlarvae into the White- water Bay estuarine complex via Buttonwood Canal. A small peak appeared in late January and early February 1963, followed by a larger peak which extended over the period July-October 1963. Some postlarvae enter the Whitewater Bay nursery grounds during each month of the year, but there may be a seasonal variation in the age, or at least in the stage of development, at which they do so, A stage (age) index based on the number of rostral spines per individual postlarva was calculated for each series of samples. Index analysis indicated that the February postlarvae were the least advanced in development and that the stage of development at entry increased steadily from July through September, Juvenile Phase of the Life History of the Pink Shrimp in Everglades National Park (Fla.) Nursery Grounds: During the period October 19-December 19, 1963, a total of 14 nights of sampling yielded 96 collections with the channel net and 80 with the wing nets. A comparison of simultaneous catches revealed that the ratio of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ify) number of juvenile shrimp caught in the wing nets to that of individuals caught in the channel net varied con- siderably, Because of inconsistent results, the channel net remains the primary sampling device while possible sources of sampling variat‘on (in the case of the wing nets) are being explored, (This research is being con- ducted by the University of Miami under contract.) Abundance of Postlarval Shrim in Mississippi Sound and Adjacent Waters: Sampling for the occurrence and abundance of postlarval shrimp continued at 18 sta- tions in Mississippi Sound, In October 1963, postlarvai pink shrimp were found to be more numerous than ei- ther white or brown shrimp postlarvae. Thereafter, each of the three species declined in abundance and were absent from collections made in mid-December. The decline of postlarvae appeared to precede extreme drops in water temperature, (This research is being conducted by Gulf Coast Research Laboratory under contract.) Seasonal Distribution of Postlarval Shrimp in Ver- milion Bay (La.): Regular sampling at 4 weekly and 4 biweekly stations in Vermilion Bay continued. The num- ber of white shrimp postlarvae per collection gradually declined during October 1963 with the last one appear- ing in a sample taken on.November 2, Brown shrimp postlarvae were not found at any station after October 26, 1963. No pink shrimp postlarvae were taken during the quarter. (Southwestern Louisiana University is conduct- ing the research under contract.) Seasonal Distribution Patterns of Adult and Larval Shrimp in Aransas Pass (Tex.) Inlet: The tide trap was operated at or near maximum flood and ebb tides ap- proximately three times per week throughout the quar- ter, Although large numbers of marine organisms were captured, few penaeid shrimp were encountered, Im- mediately after the passage of cold fronts, trap catches of all organisms increased greatly during ebb tides, Apparently, concomitant low tides and low water tem- peratures cause a mass exodus of organisms from the shallow bays, through the Aransas Pass Inlet, into the deeper shelf waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Separation, classification, and enumeration of organ- isms in plankton samples from the Aransas Pass study area were accelerated, Average numbers of brown and pink shrimp larvae were calculated for all stations, depths, and sampling times within each sampling period, In general, brown shrimp postlarvae were more abun- dant during the late spring months while pink shrimp postlarvae were most numerous during late summer, Very few white shrimp postlarvae were taken, No larval or postlarval shrimp were found in the plankton sam- ples from about October 1 until December 6, 1963, when a sample containing a few pink shrimp postlarvae was obtained, The occurrence of brown shrimp postlarvae could not be correlated with any recorded environmen- tal or temporal variation such as tidal stage or time of day. Pink shrimp postlarvae always occurred in great- est numbers during highest flood tides regardless of the time of day. (This research is conducted by Texas Institute of Marine Science under contract.) ESTUARINE PROGRAM: Ecology of Western Gulf Estuaries: Biological and hydro Ogical sampling in the Galveston Bay system continued without interruption during the quarter, The second series of bottom fauna samplings, which included the identification and enumer- ation of all sample specimens, was completed, An in- vestigation of the relationships between the distribution and abundance of bottom organisms and variations in 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW temperature, salinity, and bottom type was begun, In conjunction with the description of bottom types, an analysis of bottom sediments was almost completed, Checklists of the fish, shrimp, and crabs inhabiting the Galveston Bay system are being prepared, Research- ers have identified 104 fish, 13 shrimp, 27 crab, and 34 mollusc species collected since January 1963, Pre- vious literature is being reviewed to provide as com- plete a species list as possible, A reference collection of typical specimens has been established, Due to the heavy rainfall accompanying the passage of Hurricane Cindy slightly northeast of the Galveston area on September 17, 1963, salinity was temporarily reduced throughout most of the Bay system and in the Gulf of Mexico near the Bay entrance jetties and in the entrance itself. Reductions of as much as 10 “bo (parts per thousand) were noted in upper East Bay. The salin- ity in Trinity Bay, however, increased and remained abnormally high, In general, salinity during the fourth quarter of 1963 was lower at the Gulf of Mexico stations and in Galveston Entrance than during the previous quar- ter, and higher in the Bay system, with the exception of East Bay which was nearest the hurricane's path, White shrimp, sand seatrout, and bay anchovy con- tinued as the predominant species. Young-of-the-year Atlantic croakers began appearing in November 1963 with their numbers increasing in December, A decline in the number of brown shrimp and blue crabs was noticeable at the onset of cooler temperatures in No- vember and December, White shrimp abundance also declined rapidly with a lowering of the water tempera- ture during the latter half of December, Between December 3 and 5, 1963, with the water temperature averaging 14,19 C, (57.4° F.), small white shrimp were caught at 60 of 64 stations at the rate of 38 individuals per 5 minutes of trawling with a 10-foot net. Only 8 percent of those shrimp were caught at stations located in deep channels. On December 20, at which time the water temperature averaged 8,3° C, (46,9° F.), the same species was collected at only 18 (mostly deep-water) stations at the reduced rate of 12 per 5 minutes of trawling. A limited amount of sam- pling activity 3 days later (December 23), when the wa- ter temperature reached a low of 2,0° C, (35.6° F.), yielded no shrimp. At that time numerous stunned and dead fish were observed and caught, including spotted seatrout, redfish, menhaden, croaker, black drum, and mullet, Neither the extensiveness nor severity of the mass mortality could be determined, Low temperatures occurred almost a month earlier this winter than last, In the previous winter (1962/63), comparable low tempera - tures were not recorded until the latter half of January. Last winter, white shrimp were also plentiful in the Bay system just prior to the onset of cold weather, but then virtually disappeared; and, although numerous stunned fish were also observed and collected in the previous winter, there was no indication that the low temperature had caused any mortality. Effects of Engineering BoeSe A study is being made of the possible effects of the Texas Basins Project on the fishery resources, This major project includes proposals to construct numerous upland reservoirs as well as a water transport canal to divert the flow of principal streams in water-rich east Texas to arid por- tions of southwest Texas, Such a plan would greatly re- duce tributary inflow into most Texas estuaries. Dur- ing drought years, this reduction could become critical, especially in view of other water demands which are expected in the future, Thus, from the standpoint of Vol. 26, No. 3 lowering the quality of fishery resource habitat, the pro- posed Texas Basins Project would compound an already critical problem, Data thus far analyzed include, for the years 1956- 1963, monthly fresh-water discharges from major riv- ers and streams, and the quantity as well as value of in- shore and offshore harvests of fish and shellfish. Pre- liminary inspection of the data indicates a definite re- lationship between river discharge and shrimp harvest in the estuaries of eastern Texas, The data for west Texas estuaries and for fishery resources other than shrimp have not yet been analyzed. INDUSTRIAL FISHERY PROGRAM: Life Histories of Central Gulf Bottomfish: Sampling of Atlantic croak- er has been expanded to include juvenile specimens from Mobile Bay, Ala., and adult fish from the northern Texas Gulf coast. Analysis of data on the length, age, sex composition, and reproductive status of croaker stocks was con- tinued at an accelerated pace, Distribution and Abundance of Western Gulf Bottom- fish: In mid-fall 1963, information on the diurnal varia- tion in the size and composition of sample bottomfish catches was obtained during a special cruise by a char- tered research vessel, Results of comparative trawl hauls just above as well as on the bottom revealed, as in previous trials, day-night differences in the catch- ability of Atlantic croaker by bottom trawls. During periods of the day when trawling on the bottom proved ineffective, relative catches of that species increased measurably upon raising and fishing the trawl a short distance off the bottom. Sample catches of butterfish yielded similar results, The longspine porgy, though very abundant at one of the sampling depths, failed to exhibit diurnal variation in its catchability. To facilitate night observations in a study concerning the diurnal activity of an experimental group of Atlantic croakers, a system of red floodlights was installed ina recirculating sea water system reservoir especially modified for such work, SEA-WATER LABORATORIES: Facilities of the re- circulating sea water system are being successfully used for experiments which involve raising to an iden- tifiable size shrimp larvae hatched from eggs of known parentage, Experiments are also under way to deter- mine if the stingray (Dasyatis sabina) is the final host of a parasitic cestode known to infect certain shrimp. In addition, researchers from the University of Texas School of Medicine are employing the facility to conduct experiments dealing with various aspects of the bio- chemical basis of learning in fish. Toward the end of 1963, plans were almost com- pleted for a long-term experiment to determine the physiological effects (if any) of marking-stains on shrimp. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN EAST LAGOON: Oys- ter growth experiments employing specimens suspended in the lagoon at the laboratory site revealed that the maximum increase in weight occurred during October. The average gain in October 1963 was 12.7 grams. This dropped to 8.0 grams in November, and to 4,0 grams during December, The average growth increments of oysters held in the laboratory itself, i.e., in a tank re- ceiving the initial discharge from a circulation pump, were 2,0, 2.0, and 2.5 grams, respectively, for the same 3_ months, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 28. a March 1964 Hawaii SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS, 1963: Skipjack tuna landings in Hawaii in Decem- ber 1963 were estimated to be about 200,000 pounds--35,000 pounds below the 1948-62 monthly average for that month. The total catch of skipjack tuna in 1963 was estimated at 8,245,000 pounds, or 1,627,000 pounds be- low the 1948-1962 annual average for the same period. In December there were 54 productive trips, giving an average of 1,871 pounds per productive trip. Individual catches ranged from 45 pounds to 6,975 pounds. ae Industrial Fishery Products U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production, December 1963: Preliminary data on U.S. production of fish meal, oil, and solubles for December 1963 as collected by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and submitted to the International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table. U.S. Production+/of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, December 1963 (Preliminary) with Comparisons Homeg, enized December 1963: East & Gulf Coasts . = West Coast2/,... = ESS 2.5 70 | Jjan.-Dec. 1963 peas 230,045 | 184,005 92,554 7,216 Ota. Weleda etieice Jan.-Dec. 1962 ~ Total ...... . {298,413 | 255,808 | 113,238 11,096 1/Does not include crdb meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils. 2/Includes American Samoa and Puerto Rico. /Includes consensed fish. INote: Beginning with March 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds in- stead of gallons, Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 setisicncaie * OK ok te Bs 3K Production, November 1963: During November 1963, 11,386 tons of fish meal and 10.0 million pounds of oil were produced in the United States. Compared with November 1962, this was an increase of 1,211 tons of meal and 1.8 million pounds of oil. A total of 4,139 tons of fish solubles was pro- duced in November 1963--slightly less than in November 1962. Fish meal production for January~November 1963 amounted to 221,056 tons-~74,674 tons less than in the same period of 1962, Fish oil production for the first 11 months of 1963 amounted to 178.0 million pounds~~a decrease of 77.2 million pounds. Fish solubles and homogenized condensed fish pro- duction amounted to 94,398 tons-~a decrease of 28,098 tons or 23 percent, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 U. S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, November 19631/ with Comparisons November Jan.-Nov. Total Product 1/1963 1962 |1/963 1962 1962 Lt — eae Ras | PRGnnaaanus (ShortiiTons) 2". Ss ae Fish Meal and Scrap: Henning papeitetacieletcisteretehoh teed -Veledes= = 35 7,283 5,070 5,095 Menhaden 2, 8,736 7,272 | 173,904 | 238,372 | 238,680 Sardine, Pacific. . 2/4 13 2/33 70 102 Tuna and mackerel.........2.5 1,959 2,241 | 20,242 | 24,910 | 26,559 Unclassified) ete ee 687 614 | 19,594 | 26,676 | 27,297 WOE soSo dbs boensbonnoDoD AY 11,386 | 10,175 | 221,056 | 295,730 | 298,333 Shellfish, marine-animal meal and scrap , 3/ 3/ 3/ Ik 3/ 12,899 jo Grand total meal and scrap....... 3) 3/ 3/ 3/ 311,232 I Fish Solubles: Menhaden . 3,324 2,561 | 71,746 | 84,760 | 84,885 Other ... 815 1,714 | 15,428 | 26,772 | 28,353 WIT Sob opoooduoDbOUNeMond 4,139 4,275 | 87,174 | 111,532 | 113,238 [Homogenized condensed fish ......... = 544 7,224 | 10,964 | 11,096 + = SdoobNodooR (1,000 Pounds),..,......., Oil, body: Herring (-V-pefeleteleleietevetotel ster) -asrehst te 279 31 5,540 | 5,085 5,255 Menhaden2/ .... 9,195 7,612 | 159,694 | 237,746 | 237,815 Sardine, Pacific . = = 2/6 166 167 Tuna and mackerel 425 475 5,275 | 4,832 5,175 Other (including whale)............ 108 136 7,457 | 7,300 7,396 BENG cosgsocucnsoncoaK0ad 10,007 8,254 | 177,972 |255,129 | 255,808 [Preliminary data. =| B/Includes a small quantity of thread herring, [3/Not available on a monthly basis. te: Beginning with February 1963, fish oil Is chown in pounds Instead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gallon. _| x > * U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES: Production and Imports, January~November 1963: Based on domestic production and imports, the United States avail- able supply of fish meal for January-November 1963 U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January~November 1963 with Comparisons Item roe Meal and Scrap: Domestic production: Menhaden....... Tuna and mackerel. Ise els oin ca aBoOso Otheryyeyens eo 8 ee 173,904 238,372 : 1] 20242] 247910 : 7,283| 5,070 | 19,627| 27,378 Total production..... 295,730 221,056 Imports: (SERECEYA GVaaiG- nolo blo ORM meteteltepencteteisne Chile yene: cies cienens So, Africa Republic . Other countries .... 47,177 268,938 23,197 9,374 3,942 Motalsimpontsycuetisueushene 352,628 vailable fish meal supply. 573,684 ish Solubles: Domestic production 2/ .. Imports: Canadaryenet ae stele « Toelandeiicte csieuene So, Africa Republic Other countries... Oe20s OO Motalvimp ontsteesesenenete vailable fish solubles supply . 128,417 1/Preliminary. /S0-percent solids, Includes production of homogenized condensed fish. 22 amounted to 573,684 short tons-~44,624 tons (or 8.4 percent) more than during the same period in 1962, Domestic produc- tion was 74,674 tons (or 25.3 percent) less, but imports were 119,298 tons (or 51.1 percent) higher than in the same pe- riod in 1962, Peru continued to lead other countries with shipments of 268,938 tons. The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho- mogenized fish) during January-November 1963 amounted to 98,011 tons--a decrease of 23.7 percent as compared with the same period in 1962, Domestic production and imports dropped 22.9 percent and 39.0 percent, respectively. Maine Sardines CANNED STOCKS, JANUARY 1, 1964: Canners! stocks of Maine sardines on Jan- uary 1, 1964, were 29,000 cases less than those on hand January 1, 1963, but were 919,000 cases above stocks on hand two years ago on January 1, 1962 (the pack for the 1961 season was unusually small). A total of 60,000 cases or 23.0 percent of distributors’ stock were held in warehouses of retail multiunit organizations on January 1, 1964, compared with 67,000 cases or 24.7 per- cent a year earlier, The 1963 season pack totaled 1,584,000 standard cases, according to the Maine Sar- dine Council. On April 15, 1963, carryover stocks at the canners' level amounted to about Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Supply as of December 31, 1963, with Comparisons anners’ carryover stocks on April 15 2/ . 0 soz. cans equal one standard case. /The usual legal packing season in Maine, extending from April 15 to Dec. 1, was in effect during the 1961 and 1963 season. The 1962 season was extended to 13 months--Dec. 2, 1961-Jan.1, 1963--but the 1962 pack canned before April 15 was insignificant, are 64 Season B/ 100 INote: z cans equal one standard case. percent above that given by the old sample. ource: U.S. Bureau of the Census, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Table 2 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors' and Canners' Stocks, eoUey, 1, 1964, with Comparisons 1/ 1962/63 Season 1/64 | 11/1/63[7/1/63 | 6/1/63[4/1/63[1/1/63 [11/1/62] 7/1/62 6/1/6247 1/62 1/1/02 1 1/61 eae 1, ,000 std, cases 2/ | 1,063 fl 255 643 536 699 | 1,092 | 1,348 374 50 45 144 Beginning with the Canned Food Report of April 1, 1963, U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates of distributors' stocks were based on a revised sample of merchant wholesalers and warehouses of retail multiunit organizations. The revised sample resulted in better coverage. The January 1, 1963, survey was conducted with both samples to provide an approximate measure of the difference in the two samples. That survey showed that the estimate of distributors' stocks of canned Maine sardines from the revised sample was 13 Canned Food Report, January 1, 1964. Vol. 26, No, 3 660,000 cases, Adding the 1963 season pack results in a total supply of 2,244,000 cases as of Jan, 1, 1964--up 4.4 percent from the total supply reported Jan. 1, 1963, and higher by 98.9 percent from the short supply of 1,128,000 cases as of Jan. 1, 1962. Shipments in 1963 from the start ofthe canning season amounted to 1,181,000 cases compared with 1,057,000 cases shipped in the previous year. North Pacific Fishery Investigations JOINT UNITED STATES-CANADA SALMON RESEARCH IN NORTH PACIFIC: salmon winter research cruise into the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea during January+March 1964 was scheduled by the research, vessel George B. Kelez (operated by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Seattle, Wash.). During the first part of the cruise the Unit- ed States vessel was to operate jointly with Research vessel George B. Kelez of the U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries, 1961/62 Season 202 221 March 1964 the Canadian research vessel G. B. Reed ina salmon fishing and tagging operation covering the North Pacific Ocean between the North American coast and longitude 180° and ex- tending from the Alaskan coastline and Aleu- tian Islands arc to approximately latitude 41° N, Following that phase of the cruise, the George B. Kelez was to sail into the Bering Sea and fish stations between longitudes 175° E. and 170° W. and extending north as far as weather and ice conditions permitted. The research cruises of the United States and Canada are part of a continuing study to determine salmon distribution and abundance, migration routes during the winter months, and to study ecological and oceanographic factors affecting salmon, The research ves- sels of both countries were to fish Japanese long-line gear to catch salmon for tagging. The United States also was to carry on com- parative fishing with gill nets, The cruise of the George B, Kelez was to take about 25 months with the vessel return- ing to her home port of Seattle about the end of March, Nutrition RESEARCH PROGRAM ON COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: Only very little documented information on the composition and nutritive value of fish and fishery products has been available, Such information would be valuable to scientists who are planning programs of basic and ap- plied fisheries research since much essen- tial information necessary for such problems would be immediately at hand. Also, a knowl- edge of the composition and nutritive value would enhance the marketing of various spe- cies of fish and shellfish. The American peo- ple have become increasingly diet conscious and are demanding more knowledge on cho- lesterol, vitamin, mineral, and caloric con- tent of various food items. In view of this, the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries early in 1963 initiated a research program on the composition and nu- tritive value of fishery products, The pro- gram is being conducted by scientists at the Bureau's Pascagoula Technological Labora- tory. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 The following data is being accumulated on the composition and nutritive value of fish products: (1) Proximate composition (mois- ture, oil, protein, ash, carbohydrate), (2) Amino acid analysis, (3) Trace mineral con- tent, (4) Vitamin content, (5) Essential fatty acids, (6) Sterols and phospholipids. As the data is collected it will be the ob- jective of the Pascagoula Technological Lab- oratory to set up an automatic data process- ing (ADP) center for assembling and making available information on the nutritive value of fishery products on a national scale. The availability of an ADP would add to the value of the data because it could be evaluated statistically as influencedby various factors. The principal factors involved in this study include: (1) influence of seasonal changes; (2) influence of geographical considerations; | (3) influence of inter-species relationship; and (4) influence of type of tissue. Another objective of the study is to pub- lish a nutritive profile of each species of fish of major commercial importance, both in terms of 100 grams of meat and in terms of table portion size, This would be of con- siderable help to the dietician or housewife in preparing well-balanced meals. Mini, (iy mus Oceanography INDIAN OCEAN EXPLORATIONS BY THE "PIONEER" The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey re- search vessel Pioneer sailed from San Fran- cisco, Calif., on February 11, 1964, for a six- months cruise in the Indian Ocean that will involve a traverse of more than 27,500 miles. The 312-foot oceanographic vessel is partici- pating in the International Indian Ocean Ex- pedition, This five-year study (1960-64), in- volving about 25 countries and 44 vessels, is sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), One of the major objectives of the expedition is the location and subsequent development of new fisheries in the area, The scientists aboard the Pioneer will study the Indian Ocean's physical, chemical, meteorological, geological, biological, and geophysical aspects. It is anticipated that a wealth of new knowledge will be accumulated. 24 Among the subjects of detailed exploration will be undersea canyons, including the Ganges Submarine Canyon in the Bay of Bengal and the Trincomalee Submarine Canyon off Cey- lon, Elsewhere during the cruise, the Pioneer will study the deep trenches found en route, including the Java, Philippine, Palau, and Yap Trenches, as well as the Mariana Trench off Guam, the deepest spot on earth. Scientists will chart the mountains and valleys of the ocean floor; photograph the bottom with deep-sea cameras; study its sub- surface structure; and take samples of ma- rine rocks and sediment, They will also measure the temperature of the water at various depths (five miles deep at some points), and will analyze its salinity and dis- solved oxygen content. They will alsorecord the surface and deep ocean currents, Par- ticular study will be given to the interplay of winds and ocean currents and U.S. Weather Bureau specialists will compile data on the atmosphere above the ocean, Scientists are especially interested in the influence of the Asiatic monsoons on the surface currents of the Indian Ocean, (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, February 9, 1964.) Za SALMON EGG TAKE IN 1963 SETS NEW RECORD: Over 100 million salmon eggs were taken by Oregon State hatcheries in 1963, This in- cluded 41,895,203 fall chinook, 18,033,515 spring chinook, 40,311,943 silver salmon, 344,898 chum salmon, and 694,385 steelhead eggs. The yield in 1963 surpassed the pre- vious record in 1939 when 91 million salmon and steelhead eggs were taken for hatchery use. In the years since the end of World War Il, the average annual Oregon State salmon egg take has been 43.5 million, With the 1963 salmon egg take far exceed- ing the yearling rearing capacity of the 15 Oregon State Fish Commission hatcheries, 14,5 million silver salmon eggs and 8.6 mil- lion fall chinook eggs were transferred to oth- er Agencies, including the Washington State Department of Fisheries, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game. (Oregon Fish Com- mission, January 20, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wools 2G, INO; 3 Preservation QUALITY OF FISH HELD IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER TESTED: Better refrigeration techniques for holding fish at sea are being continually sought by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This is essential since the quality of a fish prod- uct marketed for human consumption is large- ly dependent on the treatment received before it enters the processing plant, Several stud- ies were under way early in 1964 at the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technolog- ical Laboratory at Gloucester, Mass., to de- termine methods for extending the shipboard storage life of fish, one of which includes the use of refrigerated sea water, The project is being conducted in two ma- jor phases: (1) laboratorytests, and (2) ship- board trials. The laboratory tests were conducted to determine whether or not an increase in storage life of fish can be attained when using refrigerated sea water as compared to ice, In addition, an ultraviolet sterilizing unit was installed in the sea-water tank to determine its effectiveness in reducing the bacterial load in the circulating sea water and the feasi- bility of installing this unit for shipboard use. Ocean perch were held in the laboratory sea- water tanks at a temperature of 30° F. Sam- ples from the same lot were held in ice for comparative purposes, Organoleptic examinations were made at varying intervals of storage on both the raw and cooked fish. The final evaluation of cooked ocean perch by a taste panel was based on the average ratings for appearance, odor, flavor, and texture, The ratings indicated that iced ocean perch was acceptable until the 10th day, whereas those stored in refrig- erated sea water were acceptable from the 14th to 17th days. Striking reductions in bac- terial plate counts were found as a result of circulating sea water through the ultra-violet water unit. In two separate tests, plate counts were reduced from 12 million bacteria per milliliter to 3,000 per milliliter and 380,000 to less than 10 milliliter when circulated for 2 hours and 33 hours, respectively. The oceanperch vessel Judith Lee Rose (home port Gloucester, Mass.) was equipped with the necessary refrigeration equipment to conduct shipboard trials for evaluating the use of refrigerated sea water for fish storage. In March 1964 addition to the refrigeration system, an ultra- violet sterilizing unit was installed to reduce the buildup of bacteria in the circulating sea water. Several adversities were encountered during the trials carried out as of January 1964, Overheating of refrigeration condenser, malfunction of recording thermometer, break- age of ultraviolet units, and improper rate of water circulation, After the experience of 2 or 3 sea trials the shortcomings of the storage equipment were determined and subsequently modified. During the final trial, 1,200 pounds ofocean perch were held for 10 days in refrigerated sea water circulated through the ultraviolet unit. All systems functioned properly during the entire trip, with the water remaining ata temperature of 30°-33° F. The use of refrig- erated sea water for the storage of ocean perch on the vessel has a tendency to leach out the normal red color, This phenomenon had no adverse effects on the edible meat qual- ity, but fish buyers are found to be somewhat skeptical about buying the discolored product. Although the success of the shipboard trials was limiteditis felt thatmuch was learned concerning the technical problems encountered in setting up and operating a shipboard unit. The knowledge gained should be of consider- able value on future trials. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 47. South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program FISHERY EXPLORATIONS FOR COMMER- CIAL SPECIES OFF GEORGIA CONTINUED: M/V "Silver Bay” Cruise 52 (December 3- 17, 1963): To continue assessment of the dis- tribution, composition, density, andavailabili- ty of bottomfish resources of the continental shelf off the coast of Georgia in depths greater than 10 fathoms was the primary objective of this 15-day cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay. To delimit areas of trawlable bottom and to determine if "broken bottom''areas (snapper lumps) similar to those previously located off South Carolina and north Florida exist off Georgia, a preliminary survey of the topo- graphic features of the area was made, Ex- ploratory gear used consisted of 50/70-foot and 70/90-foot nylon, roller-rigged fishtrawls COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 with 63- and 8-foot bracket doors. Cod ends were 2-inch mesh, Over 900 miles of transects were run with a ''whiteline'’ depth recorder for fish detec- tion and bottom discrimination, A total of 17 trawl sets were made after locating fish shoals on the recorder and 17 sets were made when there were no recorded indications of fish, The entire area surveyed was found to be trawlable with the gear used and only two minor tearups were experienced. For the most part, transects from 10 to 17 fathoms showed the bottom to be slightly irregular or undulating; from 17 to 30 fath- oms the bottom was smooth except for an oc-~ casional irregularity; and beyond 30 fathoms the bottom remains smooth with a gradual in- crease in gradient to at least the 80-fathom isobath, the maximum depth surveyed, Only 4 small fish schools were observed between 10 and 17 fathoms and 3 drags in that depth range were unproductive. Extensive fish con- centrations were observed between 18 and 50 fathoms. Many of the catches in that range were dominated by the filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus), Three areas (off Savannah, Sapelo Island, and Cumberland Island) yielded moderate catches of commercially important food fish. The most productive depths were 35 to 40 fathoms (latitude 31945! to 32°00! N.), The 10 most abundant species taken in 8 explora- tory drags (14.3 hours fishing time) in that area were: ~ Species Caught by M/V Silver Bay on Cruise 52 Species Total Weight | Common Name Scientific Name Pounds Pink porgy Pagrus pagrus 3,420 Filefish Stephanolepis hispidus 2,578 Roughtail stingray | Dasyatis centroura 575 White porgy Calamus sp. 570 Vermilion snapper | Rhomboplites aurorubens Sait Grouper Mycteroperca & Epinephelus 141 Jack Seriola sp. 113 Red snapper Lutjanus aya 102 Grunt, tomtate Haemulon aurolineatum 58 Black bar drum Pareques sp. 47 Other 250 eliotalWaeteelle Emote elncMetemelnenl Mele U stems | 8, 365 One- to two-pound pink porgies domi- nated those catches. Black sea bass, (Cen- tropristes striatus), white porgy, red snapper, grouper, small vermilion snapper, and gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) were taken in moderate numbers over a small area_of broken bottom in 28 fathoms at latitude 31°31'N., 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW SEY “7 uranes r098? Areas investigated during Cruise 52 of the M/V Silver Bay longitude 70°46? W, Combined catches of those species were near 600 pounds per drag east of Cumberland Island in 21 to 22 fathoms. The species composition in that area was similar to the broken bottom areas off northern Flor- ida and South Carolina. No recordings of bottom fish schools were observed in the 50 to 80 fathoms depth range, although two 1-hour drags in 75 to 80 fathoms yielded catches of 4,000 and 3,000 pounds of small butterfish (Poronotus triacanthus). They averaged 12 per pound and modally were 10.5 centimeters (about 44 inches) long. Twodrags in 50 to 60 fathoms yielded small catches of butterfish and round herring (Etrumeus sp.). Strong winds halted further exploration inthat depth range. Midwater schools of fish were observed in 30 to 60 fathoms from latitude 31°10! to Legend: 4 @- Fish Trawling Station je - Temperatare Statiea — - Fish Detection Transect (December 3-17, 1963). 31950! N. No surface schools of fish were ob- served during this cruise. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 52. KK Ok Ok ok EXPLORATORY TRAWLING FOR COM- MERCIAL SPECIES OFF SOUTH CAROLINA: M/V "Silver Bay Cruise 53 (January ge 22, 1964): Tod Actes the the seasonal availabi- lity of bottomfishes to fish trawls off the coast of South Carolina was the principal objective of this 14-day cruise by the exploratory fish- ing vessel Silver Bay. A second objective was to conduct preliminary trials with fish traps. Explorations during the cruise were hampered by strong northerly winds. Sixteen fishing stations were fished witha 70/90-foot roller-rigged nylon fish trawl with 8-foot bracket doors, Most catches were March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 81 é 80 34 Legend: ‘ % Stations: wy © - Fish trawling. < Pee a) righ oepping: GEORGETOWN Me Se ea oe * ey w - Light attraction. ee = : : at a | a oO a crying | Saf) Cape Romain Mas = pg e LS 2 ea “ ad Sets # . We 3s xe CHARLESTON £ seers e - e i ae. per hee f a 32 dominated by small (3 to 4 per pound) scup (Stenotomus chrysops) which were taken in amounts averaging 1,653 pounds per drag and ranging up to 2,600 pounds per 1-hour drag, Average and maximum catches of other food- fish species, on a perdrag basis, were: ver- milion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens) 57 pounds average, 500 pounds maximum; white porgy (Calamus sp.) 100 pounds maxi- mum; pink porgy (Pagrus sp.) 100 pounds maximum; and sea bass (Centropristes stria- tus) 20 pounds average and 150 pounds maxi- mum. A 1,000-pound catch of spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) was made in 25 to 27 fathoms east of Charleston, Six drags with a 60/80-foot shrimp trawl in the 7- to 13-fathom depth range northeast of Charleston yielded only small numbers of skates and sharks. Areas investigated during Cruise 53 of the M/V Silver Bay (January 9-22, 1964). A total of 9 stations were covered east of Cape Romain where modified crab-type and arrowhead fish traps were used in a depth range of 13 to 17 fathoms, Catches were gen- erally small and ranged from 0 to 70 pounds of black sea bass per trap per 3-hour set. Small numbers of puffers (Sphaeroides sp.) and individual porgies were also occasionally taken, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 25. Sturgeon SOVIETS USE NEW TYPE EQUIPMENT TO HATCH FRY ARTIFICIALLY: The hatching of sturgeon fry by artificial methods was re- ported in the January 8, 1964, issue of Pressebureauet Noyos- tig Bulletin, a mimeographed Danish-language Soviet period- 28 ical published in Copenhagen, Denmark. The freely translated English version from the Danish follows: “Scientists and practical fish culturists have encountered great difficulties in research on artificial sturgeon culture, In nature, sturgeon roe is hatched while stuck to firm objects on the sea bottom, The stickiness of the roe makes artificial hatching difficult, Also there are no methods to combat a mold fungus that is parasitic on the eggs. When the eggs were washed with water containing mud particles, they lost their stickiness, but the development of the eggs and young was af= fected and the eggs often were destroyed, The fry from such eggs are smaller, not uniform in size and less capable of sure viving than young bred under natural conditions. ‘In the laboratory for vertebrate embryology of the Soviet Academy of Science’s animal morphology institute, a trough in- cubator has been constructed after many years of examination of roes of different species of sturgeon, According to the new method the hatching takes place in sterile water, The water is sterilized by a bactericidal machine which, for the first time, is being used in practical fish culture, Spores of mold fungus die while passing through the machine when exposed to the in- fluence of ultraviolet rays. ‘The trough incubator is simple and cheap and the most compact and spacious of all hatching equipment. Within a vole ume of about 1-1/2 cubic meters it holds almost 17 kilos of sturgeon roe, It uses a minimum of water, approximately 18 cc, per second per kilo of roe. In the trough incubator an optimal change of air takes place and physical damage to eggs and young is practically out of the question, It insures the best possible development of the fry at all stages and a higher rate of survival. The trough incubator renders superfluous some technical processes=*washing the roe and handling the fry. Further, it simplifies transportation of the fry to planting areas and thereby curtails expenses, Tests made by the test center for sturgeon culture in Kurinsk have confirmed the prac tical value of the incubator.’’ (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 22, 1964.) Tennessee Valley Authority COMMERCIAL AND SPORT FISH CATCHES, 1963: The 1963 commercial fish catch in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) water com- plex and impoundments was about 5.6 million pounds with a market value of some $2 mil- lion. The catch by sports fishermenamounted to more than 16 million pounds and involved expenditures by the anglers of some $41 mil- lion, In 1963, TVA and State agencies continued studies to increase the value of fish and wild- life resources, The TVA organized a large- scale study and investigation in mid-1963 aimed at rebuilding and maintaining Tennes- see River mussel beds. The average annual Tennessee River mussel harvest of 10,000 tons between 1945-1955 declined drastically in 1962--down to only 4,700 short tons. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 27. KOK Kk OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 RESERVOIRS OFFER LARGER COMMERCIAL FISH HARVEST: In an effort to increase the commercial fish harvest in Ten- nessee Valley Authority reservoirs, TVA biologists are testing fishing gear and searching for industrial fish markets. The Chief of the agency’s Fish and Wildlife Branch said that the present annual 3,000-ton harvest of ‘‘rough’’ fish from Tennes= see Valley waters could be safely increased to 30,000 tons. ‘‘Our inventories of TVA reservoirs show a total ‘rough’-fish population of about 61,000 tons. At present harvesting rates, much of this resource is going to waste.”’ He pointed out that there are about three pounds of ‘‘rough’’ fish in TVA lakes for every pound of game fish. ‘‘One of the best ways to increase the proportion of game fish is to make more of the desirable living space available to them by re- ducing the ‘rough’ fish,’’ he said. The nongame fish being harvested now are those desired by restaurants and fish markets--primarily catfish, drum, buffalo- fish, carp, and paddlefish. Other species such as gar, redhorse, and suckers have little or no demand in those markets and are not harvested. However, livestock and pet feed manufacturers and fertilizer producers offer a market for industrial fish if large enough quantities are available and dependable sources of supply are developed, Since this will require more efficient fishing gear, TVA and state agencies are investigating purse seines, trawls, trap nets, and other equipment that has not pre- viously been used in the Tennessee Valley. A commercial fisherman is testing a mile-long haul seine under contract arrangements with the Tennessee Game and Fish Commission. So far, it has been tried in Melton Hill, Watts Bar, and Douglas reservoirs. While the harvest has not been spectacular, results have been promising enough to war- rant further testing. Haul seines are expected to be more effective in Melton Hill when fish in that new impoundment have attained commer- cial size. There was a large spawn of young fish in Melton Hill during 1963, and areas of clean bottom suitable for haul seines were prepared and precisely located before the reser- voir was filled. Commercial-size trawls may also be produc- tive in these cleared areas; purse seines could be used in open water to capture schooling fish such as shad. It was pointed out that commercial fishing is regulated by the fish and game agencies of the various states. The states specify the types of fishing gear that can be used. Gear is selec- tive and can be designed to take commercial fish almost exclu- sively. The Chief of the TVA Fish and Wildlife Branch said ‘Instead of fighting commercial fishermen, the sportsmen ought to join them and advocate a larger commercial harvest. There is just so much good living space for fish, and ‘rough’ fish will take it over in many places if.they aren’t controlled, The best way to control them is through commercial fishing.’’ U. S. Foreign Trade AIRBORNE IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: October 1963; Airborne fishery imports into the United States in October 1963 were down 12.6 percent in quantity and 5.2 percent in value from those in the previous month, Total airborne imports during January-October 1963 were almost the same as those in the same period of 1962. Raw headless shrimp continued to make up the bulk of the airborne shrimp imports--in October 1963, shipments con- sisted of 335,656 pounds of fresh or frozen raw headless, 7,250 pounds of frozen raw peeled, and 37,033 pounds of un- classified shrimp. Over 92 percent of the airborne shrimp arrivals in October entered through the U. S, Customs Dis- trict of Florida, The remainder entered through the Customs Districts of New Orleans (La.), Laredo (Tex.), and Los An- geles (Calif.). March 1964 U. S.1/ Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, January~October 1963 with Comparative Data 1963 1963 1962 Jan,-Oct. Jan.~Oct. October Product and Origin2/ Valued/ | Qty.3/ | Valued/ US$ 1,000 US$ 1,000 | Lbs, | 1,000 Fish: WET) SSS occ oso 2.5 66.4; 811.0] 140.8 British Honduras .. 0.5 10.2 19.4 4.8 Honduras.......- a 4.3 0.4 0.1 Japan ....eeeeee = 5 8.2 a = United Kingdom ... 0. 1.5 6.7 = 5 Tran’. .... cee = = 7.4 8.1 84,2 France .. eee = > 6.1 0.3 0.7 Rumania .. see 7 = =. 1.3 11.3 Panama... eee = *2 0.4 7.8 1.3 U.S.'S.R. .. pinido = = 70.2 a = GCHTEGE 5 5b domo 6 5 = © 21.3 16.9 Costa Rica ...... = = =. 5.6 0.9 Other countries ... 2 0.6 0.9 38.8 12,1 Shrimp: Guatemala....... = 261.7] 130.8 El Salvador ...... 15.6 545.2] 341.7 Honduras........ ke 25.2 18.6 Nicaragua G6 U6 17.0 989.9} 335.9 Costa Rica ado 36.1 498.8) 213.2 TETEIM ES g'>.0°0 0.0 OO 53.7 1,653.5} 919.4 Venezuela ....... 78.5 2,884,9/1,557.3 Ecuador . 50000 5 12.2 3.4 France .. see 7 a + WEE 5s oododaod a 24,8 9.1 Netherlands Antilles o 3.1 2.7 Argentina ...... = 10.5 4.8 Total Shrimp... . 3,516,5|6,909.8| Shellfish other than Shrimp: WES) S616 6600.6 5.4 4.1 97.6 57.6 68.3 45.1 British Honduras .. 63.1] 54.1] 309.9] 253.7) 206.6] 121.0 El Salvador ...... = i 5.0 3.6 6.2 4.6 Honduras........ 11.5 3.7 17.0 7.0} 139.7) 103.4 Nicaragua ....... 18.6] 11.0}; 164.5} 100.0 1.2 0.6 Costa Rica....... =) = 73.8 60.1 1.4 1.2 GAMALCAMaUeHelleiebeiens 14.7 9.4 65.7 49.5 30.0 21,3 Netherlands Antille o a 32.8 20.9 43.1 28,5 Colombialsjer. crcl < = e 8.0 21.7 1.8 5.1 Ecuador . 50 60 = = 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.2 PRUNISL AY weRellokelslaie > 3 0.8 0.9 = = Leeward and Wind- ward Islands.... = : 1.6 0.5 24.0 9.1 British Guiana .... 3, Ee 1.7 0.3 fp = Canadavewe rset eneler = = 213.3) 109.2) 224.1 91.1 WieneZuela wen cyereier sis: = = 13.7 6.0 22.3 13.6 Panama......... 0.4 0.4 3.1 2.6 1.0 1.0 Guatemala....... = oa = cs 11.5 5.7 Bahamas........ = = 5.3 5.2 17.8 6.5 Dominican Republic. 3.1 2.9 25.3 23.8 25.6 23.7 Yugoslavia....... = = ~1,2 0.7 > = Porinidadwersvereisiepeie R o o a 2.3 1.0 Other countries ... 3 = 2.0 2.9 1.1 2.2 Total Shellfish (ex- cept shrimp)... 85.6/1,044.5| 728.0} 829.6] 485.9 Grand Total .... 291.6 |8,681.5/4,425.3 |8,653.4/4,295.9 1/Imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and are} included. But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade between United States possessions are not included. 2/When the country of origin is not known, the county of shipment is shown. 3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture content, 4/F.o.b. point of shipment. Does not include U.S, import duties, air freight, or insurance. te: These data are included in the over-all import figures for total imports, i.e., these imports are not to be added to other import data published, Airborne imports of shellfish other than shrimp in Octo- ber consisted mainly of 105,974 pounds of fresh or frozen spiny lobster products, Almost 95 percent of the airborne imports of spiny lobsters entered through the Customs Dis- trict of Florida. The remainder entered through the Cus- toms Districts of New York (N.Y.), and South Carolina, Fish fillets from Mexico were the leading finfish product imported by air in October. The data as issued do not show the state of all products-- fresh, frozen, or canned-~but it is believed that the bulk of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 the airborne imports consists of fresh and frozen products, (United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, , October » U.S. Bureau o ensus, HFK kK 3K September 1963: Airbome fishery imports into the United States in September 1963 were down 51.6 percent in quantity and 48.0 percent in value from those in the previous month. Total airborne imports during January-September 1963 showed an in- crease of 9.5 percent in quantity and 15.2 percent in value from U. S.4/ Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, January~September 1963 with Comparative Data 1963 Product and Origin 2/ Qty.3/ [Valued/| Qty.3/ | Vatued/ | ty.3/ 1,000 US$ |1,000 Lbs. | 1,000 1,000 | Lbs. Fish; Mex! c OM 7 opelcieyeneneneve) |e SO sD, 63.9} 691.5 British Honduras ... ae 9.7 14.7 Honduras 70. 3). esc = 4.3 - CEBEM 6/6 ao.6.60'55 x 8.2 5 United Kingdom .... 0.4 5.2 2 Ioanweeyorede el steionenene >: 7.4 > MNANCe warner poo =f 6.1 0.3) UMAnNiaunnensseisenenene 2 = 1.3) Ranama\yepevete cioteiane 2 0.4 7.8) USO SR mieweuememeien eae = 70.2 = Canadayraagevesuetecetors * = 21, CostavRical Pyrenees = = 5. | Other countries .... S 0.3 38 Total Fish’... .. || 32.0 175.7| 780.6 = —— Shrimp: a Guatemala.... & 141.6 74,0] 230.2 El Salvador 6.5] 233.6] 157.1) 467.1 Honduras. . = 99.8 52.3 = Nicaragua . 6.6] 448.7) 142.1] 979.9 Costa Rica, 25.6 509.8] 242.8] 327.7 Panama... 75.3 /1,350.7/ 722,5/1,423.2 Venezuela . ate 128.3 |/3,999.4/1,877.6|2,482.4| IGRECR Kin Gio poo nD = 111.6 39.4 12.2 IDEA GG lo dagG6 = 2.6 0.9 id Mexico) patch sboueiiatehe fe = 13.2 6.9 24.7 Netherlands Antilles . = 5 7 3.1 Total Shrimp. .... [491.6 6,911.0 |3,315.6]5,950, + ——— Shellfish other than Shrimp: IMexic Omereneoceieienst ons 2.2 0.8 92.2 53.5 53.9 33.6 British Honduras ...| 44.6 | 38.0] 246.8] 199.6] 177.2] 102.3 El Salvador ....... = = 5.0 3.6 0.8) 0.5 Hondurashwepevcnevel csi 3.6 2.3 5.5 3.3] 113.0 80.7 Wicaraguatereny saehtene 17.7 | 10.0} 145.9 89.0 1.2 0.6 CostayRicar tier. sis, se = a 73.8 60.1 1.4 1.2 Jamaica ..... eee a = 51.0 40,1 30.0) 21.3 Netherlands Antilles . o 32.8 20.9 31.2 19.9 Colombiaricnecicleneieils = = 8.0 21.7 1.8) 5.1 IE Cuadorieasenesstencdetery = = 2,2 1.8 1.6 1.1 hunisiayesoyepeveneo ete S = 0.8 0.9 = 7 Leeward and Wind- ward Islands..... = Fe 1.6 0.5 22.9 8.7 British Guiana ..... fe 5 1.7 0.3 = * Canadayierepersier siete G F > 213.3] 109.2] 223.4 90.9 Venezuelai ty. crarercnere > = 13°7 6.0 22.3 13.6 ANaAMAsyepedsnsncpedsnele 1.2 1.0 2.7 2.2 1.0 1.0 Guatemala........ = = 7 a 8.5) 4.6 Bahamas ......... 5.3 5.2 5,3 5.2 1.9 0.8 Dominican Republic. . = a 22.2 20.9 22.1 20.2 Yugoslavia..... siete G3 = 1.2 0.7 BR = PVinidadwesevenerenenenore = = ic oO 2.3 1.0 Other countries .... S © 2.0 2.9 0.5 1.5 Total Shellfish (ex- | cept shrimp) .... | 74.6 | 57.3] 927.7] 642.4] 717.0] 408.6 GrandiLotallivere tis16 598.2 |307.6 8,158.7|4,133.7 7,448.1] 3,586.7 |1/Imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and 3 included. But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade between United States possessions are not included. en the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown, [3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture content, /F.0.b. point of shipment. Does not include U.S. import duties, air freight, or insurance. te: These data are included in the over-all import figures for total imports, i.e., these imports are not to be added to other import data published. 30 arrivals in the same period of 1962, due mainly to larger ship- ments of shrimp and spiny lobsters. Raw headless shrimp continued to make up the bulk of the air- bome shrimp imports--in September 1963, shipments consisted of 470,027 pounds of fresh or frozen raw headless, 11,580 pounds of frozen raw peeled and deveined, and 9,952 pounds of unclassified shrimp. All of the airborne shrimp arrivals in September entered through the U.S. Customs District of Florida. Airborne imports of shellfish other than shrimp in September consisted of 72, 385 pounds of fresh or frozen spiny lobster products which entered through the Customs District of Florida, and 2,200 pounds of oysters which entered through the Customs District of Laredo (Tex.). Airbome imports of finfish in September consisted of fresh or frozen fish and fish fillets from Mexico and British Honduras. The data as issued do not show the state of all products--fresh, frozen, or canned--but it is believed that the bulk of the airborne imports consists of fresh and frozen products. (United States Air- borne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, September 1963, U.S. Bureau of Census.) IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA UNDER QUOTA: United States imports of tuna canned in brine during January 1-December 31, 1963, amounted to 56,413,638 pounds (about 2,686,364 std. cases), according to preliminary data compiled by the Bureau of Customs. This was 6,717,004 pounds (319,857 std. cases) less than the quota. But the imports in 1963 were 3.5 percent above the 54,483,996 pounds (about 2,594,476 std. cases) imported during 1962. The quantity of tuna canned in brine which could be imported into the United States dur - ing the calendar year 1963 at the 123-percent rate of duty was limited to 63,130,642 pounds (or about 3,006,221 std. cases of 48 7-o0z. cans). Any imports in excess of the quota are dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem, ok ok IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS: December 1963: U.S. imports of fish meal and scrap in December 1963 totaled 29,729 short tons, an increase of 71.2 percent from the 17,369 tons imported in the previous month, and up 56.7 percent from the 18,977 tons imported in December 1962, About 89.3 percent of the fish meal and scrap imports in December 1963 entered through the Customs Districts of Maryland, Georgia, Mobile (Ala.), Galveston (Tex.), San Francisco (Calif.), Los Angeles (Calif.), and Washington, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 U.S. Imports of Fish Meal and Scra by Customs District, ecember 196 December 1963 Customs Districts aine & New Hampshire assachusetts . . . ew York (N. Y.) hiladelphia (Pa.). Galveston (Tex.) ) Tye 5 Los Angeles (Calif. ) ° o e ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° O80 GeO 90 0-0 0) 010) O80 (0 A list of the entry ports included 7a each Customs Dis- trict is given in Schedule D, Code Classification of United States Customs Districts and Ports, which may be obtained free from the Foreign Trade Division, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20233. me rk osc ook ok November 1963: United States imports of fish meal and scrap in November 1963 totaled 17,369 short tons, a decline of 44.8 percent from the 31,449 tons imported in the previous month, but a considerable increase from the 11,904 tons imported in November 1962, About 80.4 percent of the fish meal and scrap imports in November 1963 entered through the Customs Districts of North Caro- U. S. Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts, November 1963 Customs Districts Los Angeles (Calif. ) San Francisco (Calif. © ee Oo eo eo : A list of the entry ports included within each Customs Dis- trict is given in Schedule D, Code Classification of United States Customs Districts ‘and Ports, which may be obtained free from the Foreign Trade Division, - Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20233. March 1964 lina, New Orleans (La.), Mobile (Ala.), Gal- veston (Tex.), San Francisco (Calif.), and Washington. OK Ok Ok EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS: ~ November 1963: Imports of processed edible fish and shellfish into the United States in November 1963 were down 2.3 percent in quantity and 6.9 percent in value from those in the previous month, Imports of most fish fillets were down in November and shipments of canned sardines also declined. There was a gain in imports of canned tuna in brine and canned oysters. Compared with the same month in 1962, the imports in November 1963 were down 2,6 percent in quantity and 4.5 percent in value, In November 1963, there were lower imports of canned sardines in oil, haddock fillets, halibut fillets, swordfish fillets, and sea cat- fish (wolffish) fillets. The decline was al- most offset by larger imports of ocean perch fillets, canned tuna in brine, and canned oys- LeIgSe In the first 11 months of 1963, imports were down 3.6 percent in quantity and 3.4 percent in value. Fluctuations in individual import items were much greater than the over-all totals indicate. Imports were down sharply in 1963 for canned tuna in brine, canned sardines in oil, and canned salmon. Imports were also down for flounder fillets, halibut fillets, sea catfish fillets, and sword- fish fillets. On the other hand, there was an increase in imports of canned sardines not- in-oil (mostly from South Africa Republic), ocean perch fillets, blocks and slabs, canned crab meat from Japan, and yellow pike fillets, U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products, November 1963 with Com parisons QUANTITY Nov. | Jan. -Nov. [| Nov. | : 1963 1963} 1962 | 1963 1963 Fish & Shellfish: Imports!/, Exports/, .. | 3.7 | 35] 30.1] 30.8 R 1/Includes only those fishery products classified by the U.S, Bu- reau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs." Included are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving substantial processing, i.e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil- lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not otherwise processed). 2/Excludes fresh and frozen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Exports of processed fish and shellfish from the United States in November 1963 were up 5.7 percent in quantity but down 14.3 per- cent in value from those in the previous month, The gain in volume was concentrated in the lower -priced canned mackerel and canned sardines while exports of the higher- priced canned salmon and canned shrimp de- clined, Compared with the same month in 1962, November 1963 exports were up 5.7 percent in quantity but down 10,0 percent in value. Again, there were larger shipments of lower- priced canned fishery products but a drop in exports of the more expensive items. Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 11 months of 1963 were down 2.3 percent in quantity but up 4.3 percent invalue from those in the same period in 1962, The decline in quantity was due mainly to lower shipments of canned sardines and a drop in exports of canned mackerel to the Congo Re- public, There were increases in exports of the higher-priced canned salmon and canned shrimp, as well as larger shipments of canned squid, Although not covered in the table, ex- ports of frozen shrimp were up sharply in the first 11 months of 1963 (increase mostly in exports to Japan), and there was a substan- tial increase in exports of frozen salmon, ae ook Fe Kk ook October 1963: Imports of processed edible fish and shellfish into the United States in Oc- tober 1963 were up 16.0 percent in quantity and 18.7 percent in value from those in the previous month, There was a general in- crease in imports of fish fillets as well as canned fishery products (with the exception of canned albacore tuna in brine). Compared with the same month in 1962, imports in October 1963 were down 1,1 per- cent in quantity but up 3.9 percent in value, In October 1963, there were larger imports of cod fillets, haddock fillets, yellow pike fil- U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products, October 1963 with Comparisons Fish & Shellfish: Imports!/. . .| 530 |53.6 |440.6| 457.5 Exports2/...] 35] 3.6] 26.4] 27.3 Note: For explanation of footnotes see table for November. 15.9 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW lets, canned sardines in oil, and canned crab meat. The gain was offset by a drop in im- ports of halibut fillets, canned tuna in brine, and canned sardines not-in-oil. In the first 10 months of 1963, imports were down 3.7 percent in quantity and 3.3 per- cent in value, Fluctuations in individual im- port items were much greater than the over- all totals indicate. Imports were down sharp- ly in 1963 for canned tuna in brine, canned sardines in oil, and canned salmon. On the other hand, there was a large increase in im- ports of canned sardines not-in-oil (mostly from South Africa Republic); fish blocks and slabs, and canned crab meat from Japan. Exports of processed fish and shellfish from the United States in October 1963 were down 2.8 percent in quantity but up 5.0 per- cent in value from those in the same month of 1962. Lower shipments of canned squid and canned sardines were about offset by larger exports of canned salmon, canned shrimp, and canned mackerel, Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 10 months of 1963 were down 3.3 per- cent in quantity but up 6.7 percent in value from those in the same period in 1962, The decline in quantity was due mainly to lower shipments of canned sardines anda drop in exports of canned mackerel to the Congo Re- public, There were increases in exports of the higher-priced canned salmon and canned shrimp, as well as larger shipments of canned squid, Although not covered in the table, ex- ports of frozen shrimp were up sharply in the first 10 months of 1963 (increase mostly in exports to Japan), and there was a substantial increase in exports of frozen salmon, Notes: (1) The data shown above were previously included in news releases on "U.S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Prod- ucts.'"' In the past, data showing ''U. S. Imports of Edible Fish- ery Products" summarized both manufactured and crude products. At present, a monthly summary of U. S. imports of crude or non- processed fishery products is not available, therefore only im- ports of manufactured or processed edible fishery products are re- ported above. The above import data are, therefore, not com- parable to previous reports of 'U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products." The export data shown above are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible Fishery Products." The export data in this series of articles have always been limited to manufac- tured or processed products. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1964 p. 34, Nov. 1963 p. 49. Vol. 26, No. 3 U. S. Vessels NEW RESEARCH VESSEL COMMISSIONED FOR BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: The Townsend Cromwell, the new oceano- graphic and fisheries research vessel of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, was commissioned January 25, 1964, at Honolulu, Hawaii, The new vessel is named in honor of an oceanographer who discovered in 195la major Pacific Ocean current which now car- ries his name. The Townsend Cromwell is designed to provide the range, seaworthiness, and laboratory facilities needed for applying a variety of research techniques to the study of fishery resources and their oceanographic environment over a vast area of the central Pacific. The vessel was built in Louisiana at a cost of $1,700,000. Figure 1 - Townsend Cromwell viewed from the side. In appearance, the Townsend Cromwell, a 158-foot vesselof565 gross tons, is similar to a modern distant-water trawler. Its fish- ing capabilities emphasize midwater trawling and long-line fishing, but it can be adapted to other types of net and line fishing. Hydrographic, biological, and chemical laboratories are centrally located on the main deck in a position of minimum motion near the overside work platform. To maintain the slow speeds necessary for plankton investigations and gain the maneuver- ability needed at oceanographic stations, twin screws, variable pitch propellers, and twin spade rudders have been installed. Two 400- horsepower Diesel engines drive the vessel at a cruising speed of 12 knots, Electric pow- er is supplied by three 60-kilowatt Diesel generators, The vessel has a range of about 10,000 miles and will be able to cruise up to 2 months without refueling. Her complement of 25 men will include 7 scientists. March 1964 The vessel is designed to enable scientists to continue their work during rough weather. There are anti-rollfeatures and a bulbous nose under the bow which will dampen pitching from fore to aft. The bulbous nose also will serve as a viewing chamber to permit obser- vations and photographs of marine speci- mens underwater, ‘he hightransparency of the tropical Pacific in daylight permits visi- bility for several hundred feet. Figure 2 - Townsend Cromwell viewed from the stern. The Hawaiian Area Director of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries said that the vessel will engage in oceanographic stud- ies and in experimental fishing to learn more of the basic processes in the ocean and to find new areas where fish may be caught, par- ticularly tuna. Beginning in the early summer of 1965, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries will use the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW vessel to participate with other Government agencies in the Pacific Trade Wind Zone Oceanographic Program, a planned two-year cooperative study in a rectangular area of the Pacific roughly the size of the United States. 33 The study is expected to provide information on interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean that affect our climate and even the distribution of fish, One phase of the re- search will try to determine how weather is affected when the ocean absorbs heat in one part of the world and transports it to another, Wholesale Prices EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, JANUARY 1964: The wholesale price index for edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) rose steadily each month from November 1963 to January 1964, At 110.0 percent of the 1957-59 average, the index in January 1964 was up 2.3 per- cent from the previous month. Compared with January 1963, prices this January were down substantially for nearly all items with the over-all index down 9.8 percent. The subgroup index for drawn, dressed, or whole finfish was up 1.8 percent from December to January 1964, but was lower than January a year earlier by 15.1 percent. Prices at Boston for ex-vessel large haddock (up 6.0 percent) moved up from December to January because of lighter landings, but were 13.4 percent below January 1963. A substantial in- crease from the previous month in prices for fresh Lake Superior whitefish (up 13.4 percent) at Chicago was partly offset by lower prices for Great Lakes round yellow pike at New York City. Prices at New York City for frozen dressed western halibut and king salmon this January were the same as in the previous month but were considerably lower than in January 1963 because of large stocks in cold storage, Higher January 1964 prices for all processed fresh fish and shellfish products were responsible for a 3.5-percent increase from the previous month in that subgroup index, Prices for South Atlantic fresh shrimp at New York City were up 5.5 percent from December to January, but down 20.8 percent from January 1963, Fresh small haddock fillets at Boston were higher-priced (up 2.6 percent) this January than the previous month, and were up 3.5 percent from the Same month a year earlier. Compared with January 1963, the subgroup index this January was 11.5-percent lower mainly because of sharply lower fresh shrimp prices and some decline in prices for standard shucked oysters at Norfolk, 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, ED) JEmeuy 1964 with Comparisons Point of Avg, Prices 1/ Indexes Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($) (1957-59=100) 106.1] 121.9 Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: ...... 3.020 113.0} 110.5 | 109.0} 130.0 116.5{ 114.4 | 117.0] 137.2 ~ Drawn, Dressed Dressed, or Whole Finfish: ....... Haddock, Ige., Ige., ‘offshore, « drawnstreshi sy awn 183.0 | 124.7) 162.9 Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. . 96.1] 97.1} 128.1 Salmon, king, Ige. & med., drsd., fresh or froz, . 118,4| 2/118,4 | 124.0) 134.5 Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh .... ~ .|Chi 61.2 | 83.6] 106.0 Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh 83.5 75.3] 88.5 Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish): . . Gio onda a AlAs A Al i6 ois -2| 130.4 Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-1b, tins 5 od Boston | Ib. 209 2ol 142.0 | 2, 181.1] 137.2 Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh . . .|New York Ib, 286 82 100.8} — 85.0} 127.2 Oysters, Shucked, standards ..... 2 - « «| Norfolk gal.| 17.63 7.50 128.6 130.7| 182.8 Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): .... Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg. .. . Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-lb. pkg. . . Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1-Ib. pkg. . ste Menta ela oUl otis retas 102.8} 101.3 | 98.6} 117.5 ib, 239 039 98.9 98.9} 98.9] 100.1 Ib, 039 40 114.3} 115.8) 111.4; 107.0 1b, 234 239 117.5} 121.0} 119.2) 117.5 lb. 81 78 95.5 91.9} 89,5} 123.9 Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5-Ib. pkg. Canned Fishery Products: . . . pe en ee omaloaal nae | Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), “48 cans/cs, Srond 3.50 0 102.4] 102.4] 01. 07.9 Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.), Asicans//CShanwan none Meie acieitaiyowrd 11,06 | 103.3] 98.2] 96.6] 104.4 Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (15 ‘oz. " 48 cans/cs. OO 0 OD LONO Osos ICO: a)-6. Glond 5.75 97.5 97.5| 97.5}3/100.0 Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn ny 3-3/4 02,), 100 cans/cs z cs. 8.96 114.9) 114.9} 113.3] 119.4 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ‘Fishery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices. 2/Revised, 3/New product replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under re- vised procedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics, The subgroup index for processed frozen fish and shell- | . . : i fish rose 1.5 percent from December to January due to based on fish developing from a highly suc higher prices at Chicago for frozen shrimp (wholesale price cessful spawning in the spring of 1962, has up 3 cents a pound). Prices for frozen haddock and ocean been predicted by Ontario's Department of perch fillets were slightly lower than in December, and x flounder fillet prices were unchanged from those of the pre- Lands and Forests, Canada. This should vious month. The January 1964 subgroup index was down mean that sport fishing for that species will 12.5 percent from the same month a year earlier largely Cites because of lower frozen shrimp prices, But prices for fro- also be much better. Down from record high zen haddock fillets this January were up 6.8 percent from landings in 1956 of 9,275, 000 pounds to a rec- y BELEN HE ord low of 269,000 pounds in 1961, the catch Although prices for most canned fish products were rel- prediction for 1964 is between 1 and i mil- atively unchanged from December to January, those for lion pounds. canned tuna moved up 5.2 percent and were solely respon- sible for a 2.1-percent increase in that subgroup index for . 13 January 1964, The California canned tuna pack for 1963 of a An abundance of young yellow pike result 9 million cases was about 1.5 million cases below the 1962 ing from the unusually successful 1962 hatch, pack, As compared with January 1963, prices this January coupled with much faster growth, led to the were lower for all canned fish and that subgroup index was down 3.1 percent. prediction. The Ontario Government agency noted that an accelerated rate of growth also seems to be matched by an accelerated devel- (i opment of sexual activity. As a result, males appear likely to reach breeding maturity at 2 Yellow Pike years of age and females at 3 years, whereas the more usual ages are 3 for males and 4 INCREASE PREDICTED OF for females. COMMERCIAL LANDINGS IN LAKE ERIE: A greatly increased commercial catch of yellow pike (walleyes) in western Lake Erie, March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 International EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION INDUSTRIAL TARIFFS REDUCED ANOTHER 10 PERCENT: On December 31, 1963, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) announced a fur- ther cut of 10 percent in the level of tariffs on industrial goods traded between the 7 mem- ber countries of the Association (Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Swit- zerland, and the United Kingdom) and be- tween them and Finland, as associate mem- ber of EFTA. But fishery and agricultural products are not included in the industrial goods category. This brings the 1964 level of industrial tariffs within EFTA to 40 per- cent of what it was on January 1, 1960. Suc- cessive accelerations of the timetable for the reduction of industrial tariffs, including new decisions of the EF TA Council of Ministers in Lisbon in May 1963, have brought EFTA to the 40 percent level 2 years earlier than the original timetable laid down in the 1960 Stockholm Convention. The 1963 Lisbon meeting also ruled that the industrial tariffs within EFTA should be reduced to zero by December 31, 1956, three years earlier than the original timetable. European Free Trade Association Reporter, January 23, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 39. FISHING LIMITS MODIFIED 12-MILE FISHING LIMIT PROPOSED AT EUROPEAN FISHERIES CONFERENCE IN LONDON: A majority of the 16 nations, attending the European Fisheries Conference in London during January 1964, approved a draft agree- ment calling for a modified 12-mile offshore fishing limit. The draft agreement provides for a 6-mile exclusive fishery limit and an additional 6-mile belt in which countries with "traditional fishing rights'' will be permitted to continue to fish. A conference communique did not name the countries opposed to the agreement. Countries attending the conference were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ger- many, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The conference expected to reconvene on February 16. (European Free Trade Associa- tion Reporter, January 23, 1964. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 59. FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, JANUARY -OCTOBER 1963: Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza- tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of fish meal, The FEO countries are Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa. Exports of fish meal by FEO countries during January-October 1963 were up 10.9 percent and their production was up 8.1 percent in quan- tity from that in the same period of the previous year, Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January~October 1963 Aug. Sept. Oct, Jan,-Oct, {Country 1962 1963 | 1962 1963 | 1962] 1963} 1962) 1963 1962 (17000) Metric * Tons) re scys\eie csi! elere) wieVsteie= ] Angola... 3.3| 1.5] 1.4| 3.6] 4.4) 22.3] 25.1 Iceland... 0.9 6.1) 4.3} 10.2 2.4 66,8 58.9 INorway .. 4.2 5.6] 3.6] 12.1 6.8) 68.6 41.0 8.9] 73.4] 56.4] 83.3} 63.3) 964.2) 863.9 14,7] 20.2) 10.2) 41.0) 10.3) 166.7) 172.1 «140.1 }119,6 {111.3 ]122.0] 106.8] 75.9] 150.2| 87.2)1,287.6]1,161.0 ! Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January~October 1963 = = | July Aug. Sept. Oct. | Jan.-Oct. Country 1963 | 1962 1963] 1962| 1963 [1062 | 1963 | 1962 1963 1962} A oon'dhado od dc-o (12 OOOH Metric}Fona)iercreyereteliclelelcleielersvehele Angola nl 153 |lerliece 3.6 4.8 21.0 24,7 Iceland. 6.3 13.3] 11.8 0.9 0.4 78.3 92.9 Norway 25.3 14,1] 9.4 7.8} 11.9] 110.0) 107.1 Peru. 39,2 47,7| 64.5] 76.8] 92.3) 903.4] 819.3 So, Afr. (inc, | S.W. Africa) 29.2 20,8} 6.5] 17.0 2.6) 233.2) 200.5 Total... .|101.1}144.6 97,2) 93,4] 106.1] 112.0 1,345.9]1,244.5] 36 International (Contd.): During the first 10 months of 1963, Peru accounted for 74.9 percent of total fish meal exports by FEO countries, fol- lowed by South Africa with 12.9 percent, Norway with 5.3 per- cent, Iceland with 5.2 percent, and Angola with 1,7 percent. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Em- bassy, Copenhagen, January 22, 1964.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 1962 WORLD FISH CATCH BY SPECIES GROUPS: The world fish catch in 1962 was 8.6 per- cent greater than in the previous year, ac- tics published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Herring, sardine, and anchovy-type fish formed the largest group taken in 1962. The catch of that group was up 16.4 percent from (Million Metric Tons) 67 21 51 -66 38 27 37 95 -96 eke) -66 72 1/Live weight or whole fresh weight basis. 1961. The increase was a major factor in boosting world fish production to a record level in 1962. The only important species groups taken in lesser quantity in 1962 were flatfish (down 7.6 percent) and salmon, trout, smelt, etc. (down 28.6 percent). Mullet, jacks, seabass, etc. Sharks>jrays Metceeionsikeiaienenemen site Unsorted and unidentified fish SNODOANNUPO SOT Onc oO OLOLG autie 4 0. ite 36 4 (a0 4, 0. 6. (0) 2 0) A KS OK OK OK WORLD TUNA-LIKE FISH CATCH, 1962: A record world catch of 2,380,000 metric tons of tuna, bonito, mackerel, and other tuna- like fish was made during 1962, according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The 1962 catch of those fish was up 13 percent from the previous year. The tuna, bonito, and mackerel group represented 5.3 percent of the 1962 world fish catch of 44,72 million tons. Japan was the leading producer of tuna and tuna-like fish in 1962 with landings of 1,167,800 tons, just under one-half the world COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 total. Thus Japan improved on her own pre- vious tuna-like catch record of 1,036,700 tons in 1961. The United States was Second with a 1962 tuna catch of 169,700 tons. That was a drop of 9,300 tons from the 179,000 tons caught in 1961. Peru came third with a catch of 151,500 tons, topping the previous Peruvian high of 146,500 tons caught in 1961. Spain was fourth with 72,300 tons--29,400 tons above her 1961 catch, but still slightly below her record tuna eatch of 73,500 tons in 1958. The only other countries to catch over 50,000 tons of tuna or tuna-like fish in 1962 were China (Taiwan) with 65,700 tons, and India with 62,900. OK Kk Ok * DIRECTOR-GENERAL RE-ELECTED AT NOVEMBER 1963 CONFERENCE: B. R. Sen of India was re-elected on No- vember 27, 1963, to serve as Director-Gen- eral of the Food = and Agriculture Organization (FAO) until the end of 1967. He was firstelected © Director-General in September 1956, following the resig- nation of Dr. Philip Cardon of the United States and was then re-electedin1959. In thanking the FAO delegates, Sen called FAOan"in- dispensable forum" for the solution of some of the world's most urgent problems and called upon the Organi- zation's member nations to help him in pre- serving that forum's strength. SOE D. R. Sen. Eight new countries were admitted as mem- bers or associate members of FAO at the Con- ference held the latter part of 1963. Algeria, Burundi, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uganda were elected members and Kenya, Malta, and Zanzibar were admitted as associ- ate members. FAO now has 112 members and associate members. (An associate mem- ber differs from a full member only in that it does not have a vote at Conference sessions.) March 1964 International (Contd.): The Conference also voted to elect Georges Haraoui of Lebanon as Independent Chairman of the 27-Nation Council which governs FAO between biennial sessions of its Conference. He replaces Louis Maire of Switzerland who has served in the post since 1959. Haraoui is a member of the Lebanese Parliament and a former Cabinet Minister. The FAO Conference decided that the num- ber of seats onthe FAO Council would be in- creased to either 30 or 31 from the present 27 member seats. The Conference, however, requested the Council to make recommenda- tions as to whether the increase in seats shall be 3 or 4, to which regions the new seats should be allocated, and wording to change the FAO Constitution in order to pro- vide for the increase. The Council's recom- mendations will be submitted for adoption to the 13th Session of the Conference, which will be held in 1965. FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTS IN BAY OF BENGAL, ARABIAN SEA, AND PERSIAN GULF PROPOSED: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference asked the Director -Gener- al to help member governments in preparing joint projects to exploit marine resources in the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. The Conference's Commission Two asked FAO's help in getting financial and other help from the United Nations (UN) Spe- cial Fund and from other agencies in execu- ting the projects. The Government of Pakistan, jointly with other governments, had proposed two such projects, one for fishing in the seas adjoining the east coasts of Pakistan and Burma, and the other for the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and other waters adjoining the coasts of Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and other countries. All those countries sup- ported the proposal. A resolution adopted by the Commission asked the Director-General to give urgent assistance to those countries in the joint projects, pending the help which might be ob- tained from the UN Special Fund and other agencies. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 The resolution says there was urgent need "for comprehensive projects to be carried out by the governments. . .severally and jointly with the help of FAO and the financial assistance of the UN Special Fund and/or oth- eraidresources... .'' The projects would in- clude oceanographic and biological surveys and exploration of fishery resources; eco- nomic and marketing surveys of fish and fish products; measures to improve fishing boats, gear and nets, and work on the design and lo- cation of fish harbors, jetties, cold-storage and processing plants. (FAO, Rome, Decem- ber 3, 1963.) SALMON INTERMINGLING OF UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN PACIFIC SALMON UNDER STUDY: An informal committee to study king and silver salmon along the Pacific coast was formed after a meeting during November 1963 in Vancouver, British Columbia, be- tween Canadian and United States fisheries officials. The study was considered desir- able because United States and Canadian stocks of those species are harvested in many areas by commercial and sport fisher - men of both countries. There has also been a general decline in king salmon catches dur - ing the past few years. The committee will first review available ‘information on the migratory movements of king and silver salmon. This will be done to determine where and when fish bound for Unit- ed States and Canadian streams intermingle and the extent of such intermingling in areas where fishing takes place. The review can provide the basis for joint research programs wherever it is indicated additional informa- tion is needed. The Canadian members of the committee are the Director of the Nanaimo (B. C.) Bio- logical Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and the Pacific Area Direc- tor of the Canadian Department of Fisheries. United States members are the Pacific North- west Regional Director of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Director of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission. A technical working group is being appointed by each country to assist the committee. (Canadian Department of Fisheries, Trade News, November-December 1963.) 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION PLANNED FOR SCHEVENINGEN IN THE NETHERLANDS The international fisheries exhibition de- scribed as Scheveningen 64, ''Rijk is de Zee" INTERNATIONALE coment (Rich is the Sea), will be held USSERUTENTOONSTELLMG [290 July 17-29, 1964, at Scheven- : ingen on the North Sea, which is essentially a part of The Hague in the Netherlands. Scheveningen is both a fish- ing port and seaside resort area and the exhibition is to be held in and around the new fish auction rooms of that port. Vol. 26, No. 3 The new fish auction hall along the first inner harbor at Scheven- ingen, Holland. Floor plan of exhibit. Or ganizations and institutions inthe Neth- erlands as well as those in other countries have shown considerable interest in the ex- hibition and discussions have been held with many fishery nations on participation and contributions. Plans call for the exhibition to be a gala event including a completely decorated first inner harbor as well as fully decorated fish- ing vessels and other craft calling at the port. All of the fishing ports in the Netherlands are expected to contribute to the event. A terrace is planned to be built over part of the harbor adjacent to a special seafood restaurant overlooking the sea. One of the main attractions at the exhibition will bea deep-sea show. By means ofa skillful ultra- violet illumination system, visitors to the show will have the impression that they are walking below sea level. , Note: For additonal information write: M. Van de Meeberg, Ad- viesbureau voor Public Relations, Lange Voorhout 16, 's-Graven- hage, Netherlands, WHALING FLEET COMPOSITION OF 1963/64 ANTARCTIC WHALING SEASON: A total of 16 factoryships were used dur- ing the 1963/64 Antarctic whaling season. This is one factoryship less than in the 1962/63 season as the British vessel South- ern Harvest, which was sold to Japan during March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 International (Contd.): Aden 1963, did not participate in the 1963/64 sea- | INTERNATIONAL INTEREST IN son. With the Japanese purchase of the GULF OF ADEN FISHERIES: Southern Harvest in 1963, the United King- During June through October 1963, inter - dom became a nonwhaling nation in the latest | national fishing activities in the Gulf of Aden Antarctic whaling expedition. The Southern and southern Red Sea waters showed a great Harvest was a sistership of the Southern increase over previous years. By far the Venturer which was purchased jointly from greatest interest was shown by the Soviets, the British in June 1962 by Japan's three although the British, Americans, and Italians whaling companies in conjunction with an- did some survey work. other Japanese fishing firm. In mid-1963, asmall Soviet fleet of purse- No definite information is available at seine vessels supported by a carrier vessel this time on how many catcher vessels the and arefrigerated mothership operated in the four Soviet factoryships are using. If the central Gulf of Aden along the north coast of estimate is used of 70 Soviet catcher vessels | Somalia, and also adjacent to Aden. Yellow- (the same as calculated for the 1962/63 sea- | fin tuna, skipjack tuna, and large jack mack- son), the 16 factoryships operated by thefour | erel were the main catch of the Soviet purse whaling nations participating in this season's | seiners. They claimed to have averaged expedition wouldbe using atotalof192 catcher | about 15 good fishing days per month and a vessels. catch of 10 metric tons per day per vessel. Antarctic Whaling Fleets, 1963/64 Season With Comparisons 1963/64 1962/63 1961/62 Factoryships | Catcher Vessels | Factoryships | Catcher Vessels | Factoryships Catcher Vessels 32 11 /Estimated. In the fall of 1963, tuna schools began toswim deep and below the reach of the purse-seine nets. Since the Soviet vessels were not equip- ped for long-line operations, they returned to their Black Sea ports. With suitable altera- tions to their purse-sSeine equipment, they are expected to return to the Aden area in May 1964. The two land stations on South Georgia-- Grytviken and Leith Harbour--were leased to the Japanese whaling companies for the 1963/64 season. Grytviken, which was ac- tivated from October 1 to November 30, 1963, during the previous season, is using 8 catch- er vessels. Leith Harbour, which was to op- erate during the whole permissible catching season (October 1, 1963 to March 31, 1964), was to use 7 catcher vessels, except during the period from October 31, 1963 to March 1, 1964, when possibly only 5 catcher vessels might be used. Two Soviet stern trawlers operated along the coast of the eastern Aden Protectorate in the summer of 1963. The vessels, the Alushta and the Shota Rustaveli, claimed excellent re- sults. Catehes were said to have reached 30 tons per day per vessel, and 1 of the 2 claim- ed to have taken 400 tons in 20 days. The fish taken by the trawlers were sold mainly in Co- lombo, Ceylon. The vessels used Aden as a source of supplies and fuel. Of the 192 catcher vessels used during the 1963/64 season, 4 were built before 1940, 50 during 1940-49, 95 during 1950-59, and 43 during 1960-62. (Norwegian Whaling Gazette, December 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 63; It has been reported that an Egyptian dele- gation visiting Moscow in late 1963, attempted to negotiate arrangements for Soviet fishing September 1963 p. 84; August 1963 p. 78. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Aden (Contd.): vessels in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea to take their catches directly to Port Suez for sale. Fig. 1 - Soviet research vessel Konstantin Boldyrev. Soviet research vessels, including the Konstantin Boldyrev and Vladimir Vorobjov, have been active in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea as far as the Sudanese coast. They have indicated that Yemen coastal waters may have a rich fisheries potential. Fig. 2 - Soviet research vessel Vladimir Vorobjov. Genepesca VII, a privately-owned Italian fishing and survey vessel, has carried out tuna investigations along the Somali coast. During the summer of 1963, the Italian ves- sel's highest tuna catch rate with long lines was 50 percent with a consistent catch rate of 15 to 20 percent as far west as Berbera. Vol. 26, No. 3 Discovery II, a British research vessel, visited Aden following a survey expedition in the north Indian Ocean. In early October 1963, the United States research vessel Anton Bruun was in Aden before continuing her researches in the Gulf of Aden and northern reaches of the Indian Ocean adjacent to Muscat and Oman. Partly as a result of those and other visits which are a part of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the Fisheries Department of Aden expects to begin tagging yellowfin tuna in 1964. This should reveal information on the movements of the different age groups of tuna in the Gulf of Aden. (United States Consulate, Aden, December 12, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1963 p. 66, May 1963 p. 56. Angola FISH CANNERY PLANNED FOR ANGOLA BY SOUTH AFRICAN INTERESTS: A fish cannery is planned in Angola by South African interests. A South African company with South African and South-West African directors and capital has bought con- trol of two fish factories in Angola, according to the The Windhoek Advertiser of December 23, 1963, and the Johannesburg Sunday Times of December 22, 1963. The new joint South Africa-Angola compa- ny has 2 South Africans and 5 South-West Africans as directors. The group states that the two Angolan factories are at present worth R1,500,000 (US$2,115,000). A develop- ment program for the factories was discuss- ed at a directors' meeting in Cape Town. At present the factories have no facilities for canning, but are confined to the production of fish meal and fish oil. One of the factories is now producing 200 tons of fish meal per day, which has sold for R80 ($122) a short’ ton, and fish oil from the same plant is said to have been sold at R200 ($282) a ton. A spokesman for the group announced: "In addition to establishing the first fish- canning factory in Angola, we will fly fresh rock lobster, crab, and prawns to Johannes- burg via Luanda... . The authorities in Luanda will not restrict us in any way." There is now a Luanda-Windhoek weekly air Service operated by the Portuguese air- line DTA, and South African Airways' own Boeing 707's now land in Luanda en route to March 1964 Angola (Contd.): and from Europe "by sea." It is the introduc - tion of the latter service which makes possi- ble the export of fresh shellfish from Angola to the Johannesburg market. (United States Consulate, Cape Town, December 31, 1963.) =] FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962/63: Australian fisheries landings in fiscal year 1962/63 (July 1962-June 1963) were up 6.4 percent in quantity and 3.6 percent in value from those in the previous fiscal year. With the exception of crab, there was some gain in landings of all leading fishery items. ‘Shrimp landings showed the greatest gain with an increase of 35.3 percent in quantity and 42.2 percent in value due to heavier pro- duction in New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia. Landings of spiny lobsters were up 5.9 percent in quantity but down 4.2 percent in value. Australia COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 New South Wales. was Australia's leading producer of shrimp, finfish, and oysters in 1962/63. Western Australia was the leading producer of spiny lobsters, and also made rapid gains in shrimp production during 1962/63. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, December 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1963 p. 45. ne Canada FISH CATCH, 1962: Canada's fish catch in 1962 reached an all- time high of 1,115,100 metric tons with a record ex-vessel value of C$128,730,000 (US$119,000,000), according to The Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics of the Food and Agri- culture Organization (FAO) of the United Na- tions. The 1962 catch topped by 9,600 tons the previous Canadian high of 1,105,500 tons caught in 1956. It was 95,500 tons above the 1961 Canadian catch of 1,019,600 tons valued at C$110,639,000 (US$102,000,000). Table 1 - Australia's Landings!/ and Ex-Vessel Value of Fishery Products, 1961/62 and 1962/632/ 1962/63 1,000 Lbs. oe 80, 587 30, 532 12,616 843 13,028 6, 498 987 Finfish .... Spiny lobster . 2/Preliminary. 1961/62 1,000 Lbs. 78, 526 28, 821 9, 322 875 12,613 5,172 1,030 45 1 136, 359 14, 56 32, 617 3/Includes landings inAustralia's Northern Territory, but excludes fresh-water fish landings in Queensland. INote: Australian pounds converted to US$ at rate of b1.00 equal US$2.240. New South Whales Victoria 31 4,971 571 330 627 Other shellfish - 119 Table 2 - Australia's Fishery Landings by States, 1961/62 and 1962/631/ Sere South Australia P 1962/63 | 1961/62 | 1962/63 | 1961/62 | 1962/63) 1961/62 | 1962/63 | 1961/62] 1962/63 1961/62] 1962/63 }| 1961/62 8, 895 19,238 239 59 10 - - - 8 14 - - 51,551 | 44,541 | 14,018 | 14,365] 15,690] 14,757] 20,787 | 19,084] 29,618] 28,455 | 13,100 | 14,919 1/Preliminary. 2/Exclusive of fresh-water fish landings in Queensland. 3/Less than 500 pounds. Note: Total Australian fisheries landings shown in table 1 are greater than the combined total landings in the individual states which do not include landings in the Northern Territo 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): Canada's catch represented 2.5 percent of the 1962 world caich of 44.72 million tons, and ranked Canada number seven among the major fishing nations, behind Japan, Peru, Mainland China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Norway. About 850,000 tons of the 1962 Canadian catch was used for human food in fresh, fro- zen, cured, or canned form. The remainder was processed into fish meal and oil to be used for animal feed and miscellaneous pur- poses. ok okitsk sk sk FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL CONFERENCE ON FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: The first Canadian Federal-Provincial Ministerial Confer- ence on Fisheries was held in Ottawa, January 20-24, 1964, The Ministers concluded that the fishery resource in Canada’s inland waters and coastal seas can support a long-term expan- sion of the fishing industry. The future for Canadian fisher- men is bright if a progressive program of education, moderni- zation, and economic encouragement is adopted. The repre- sentatives of the Canadian Federal Government and the 10 Provinces agreed to cooperate in working out a national fish- eries development program patterned after that in effect for Canédian agriculture. Such a fishery program would include measures to: (1) ex- pand the available resource, (2) improve catching and proc- essing methods, (3) diversify products and improve quality, and (4) expand markets and reduce price uncertainty. The program would be designed to bring about greater productiv- ity and efficiency in all phases of the fishing industry. It would also have to consider the increasingly important sport fishery. Many aspects of the fisheries were considered at the Con- ference. Some of the conclusions reached follow: The Conference clarified the responsibilities of Federal and Provincial governments in various phases of administra- tion and development. Although the Federal Government has sole responsibility for the enactment of fishery regulations in coastal and inland waters, enforcement in many instances has, by agreement, been undertaken by Provincial authorities. The Federal Minister agreed to facilitate administration of regulations as much as possible through appropriate delega- tion of authority, and to discuss those problems with interest- ed Provinces, The Provincial representatives unanimously supported the plan of the Government of Canada to establish a 12-mile exclu- sive fishing zone measured with straight baselines from head- land to headland. The new fishing limits would include such wa- ters as the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Dixon En- trance, Queen Charlotte Sound, and Hecate Strait as Canadian waters. The Conference stressed the importance of expanded efforts to discover unexploited stocks in ocean and inland waters. In- creased explorations are to be undertaken by the Federal Gov- ernment, The need for continuing strict control to prevent poaching in the lobster fishery was emphasized. Considerable interest was shown by several Provinces in the development of commercial fish farming. Vol. 26, No. 3 The problem of pollution was recognized as being one of the most serious facing the fisheries today. The need was empha- sized fot corrective measures, The importance of fisheries representation on pollution boards was generally agreed upon. The meeting recognized the tremendous and increasing im- portance of sport fishing. Although promotion of sport fishing is generally a Provincial matter, the Federal Department of Fisheries has responsibility for managing anadromous species (such as salmon) and, in some Provinces, other species as well, The Conference stressed the importance of basic research to guide conservation and expansion of fishery resources as well as to improve processing techniques, Also emphasized was the need for more applied research and for more effective communication of the results to fishermen and the industry. It was agreed that the Federal Government, through the Fisheries Research Board, has responsibility for research wherever it may be required, especially in its more fundamental aspects. The Federal Minister agreed that the research effort would be increased insofar as funds and qualified personnel permit, It was recognized that Canada is in a good competitive posi- tion through her proximity to very productive fishing grounds. This opportunity could be used to better advantage by adopting the most modern techniques whether developed in Canada or elsewhere. Assurances were given to the Provinces that the Federal Government intends to expand its technical development services, adapting, testing, and demonstrating new techniques in cooperation with the Provinces. yi Attention was drawn to the excellent coordination of effort brought about through the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fish- eries Committee on which five East Coast Provinces and the Federal Department of Fisheries are represented, The Proy- inces in Canada’s central area asked that a similar committee be set up for the Prairie Provinces. The Conference paid particular attention to the need for bet- ter education of fishermen as well as others associated with the industry. It noted the steps being taken by several Provinces to meet this need and the very useful contribution of the Federal Department of Labor through its vocational training assistance program, Much, however, remains to be done and the Confer- ence unanimously recommended greatly increased efforts by all concerned, It was hoped that a greater share of the expanding program of the Federal Department of Labor might be devoted to fishertes, The Federal Department of Fisheries also an- nounced its intention to increase its efforts to give specialized advice and assistance. The Conference stressed the importance of effective long- term planning to provide adequate harbors, marine works, and navigational aids to meet the changing needs of the inshore and offshore fisheries, It recommended the establishment in each Province of a continuing committee representing the appropri- ate Federal and Provincial agencies to carry out the engineering and economic studies needed for guidance, The important question of market development was thoroughly discussed by the Conference. On the problem of export market expansion, the Federal Minister of Trade and Commerce out- lined the activities of his department and offered its full cooper- ation in expanding old and opening up new markets for fishery products. The Conference discussed in detail the possible use- fulness of marketing board techniques (similar to those of the Canadian Wheat Board) for the handling of the salted cod produc~ tion of the Atlantic Provinces and the fresh-water products of the inland lakes. It was agreed that the subject required further specialized study, Arrangements were made for an early meet- ing between representatives of the Provinces of Ontario, Mani- toba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Federal Government tu consider establishing a fresh-water fish marketing board, Ar- rangements were also made to hold a meeting of representatives of the Atlantic Provinces to discuss a proposal put forward by Newfoundland for the establishment of a salted cod marketing board. The Conference considered present arrangements for the provision of financial assistance to fishermen and the fishing in- dustry. The general view appeared to be that present arrange- March 1964 Canada (Contd.): ments suffered from a lack of coordination and in some particu- lar instances failed to meet requirements, The consensus was that the objectives of a fisheries development program called for the investment of public and private funds in a coordinated and comprehensive program, designed to operate on a national scale but adapted to regional needs. Such a program would in- clude improved credit facilities and some adjustment of pres- ent vessel construction assistance measures, It was generally felt that Provincial loan agencies could best meet the capital credit requirements of fishermen, but the view was expressed that the Federal Government might assist through making avail- able additional capital for such purposes. The Federal Minister said that the need for assistance com- ing under the main headings of credit, subsidies, and grants varied in different Provinces and areas. He suggested that the matter should be further discussed between the Federal and Provincial Governments on a regional basis. (Report by Cana- dian Minister of Fisheries, Ottawa, January 24, 1964.) Sle Sle cle Slee Me SS Kk OK OK FISHERIES MINISTER EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: The need for a scientific basis to maintain and develop Canada's fisheries was empha- sized by the Canadian Fisheries Minister in a message on January 4, 1964, to the opening of the annual meeting of the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada. The protection of the fisheries resource through domestic or international regulation of fishing depends on research into many important stocks, said the Minister, and the hope for improvement of the resource through cultural methods de- pends on biological research of a complicated and basic nature. Canada's competitive po- Sition, internationally, depends on the quality and volume of her research effort on the high seas. The Minister also mentioned the de- pendence of industry on research for the technical development of processing tech- niques. The Fisheries Research Board of Canada is made up of 18 members who Serve with- out salary and are drawn from the scientific staffs of Canadian universities, the fishing industry, and the Government. The Board directs the scientists, oceanographers, and technologists working from seven research stations throughout Canada. (Canadian De- partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, January 6, 1964.) The following reports and subjects on re- search conducted by Canadian fishery labora- tories and stations were discussed at the an- nual meeting of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, held in Ottawa in early January 1964: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 COD POPULATION IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC STUDIED: Cod spawn progressively later in the south than in the north in the Newfoundland area, and the largest fish are generally the last to spawn. This was brought out in maturity stud- ies carried out by scientists attached to the St. John's (Nfld.) Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Intheir 1963 studies, the scientists found that, in A- pril, spawning was nearly completed in the Labrador and Northeast Newfoundland Shelf area, although it had not yet begun on the northeastern Grand Bank. On the northern Grand Bank, spawning was almost completed by the latter half of May. For age and growth studies of the cod, the fisheries scientists collected about 20,000 pairs of otoliths (ear bones). The otoliths were taken from fish caught in inshore and offshore waters and will be examined at the St. John's laboratory. The 1963 cod study also covered routine sampling of the inshore fishery. This will provide biological background information to be used in population studies of cod in the area, The sampling was carried out in the spring, summer, and fall at regular sampling stations in several of the larger fishing ports. Commercial fishermen working the inshore waters reported varying regional success with traps, and generally poor results with other gear throughout the season. The nylon gill net became an important gear in use in many localities. The studies revealed that, in the inshore fishery, cod are first retained in numbers by cod traps at four years of age. During 1963, the bulk of the trap catches consisted of cod in the 5- and 6-year age group. For the vari- ous line gears, cod aged from 6 to 8 predomi- nated. But in the fishery using nylon gill nets, most of the cod caught were of large size, age 8 and older. NORTH ATLANTIC LOBSTER INDUSTRY: Studies of the North Atlantic lobster (Homarus ameri- canus) from the larval stage to marketing, and the economs ic effects of maritime lobster regulations were discussed at the annual meeting of the Fisheries Research Board of Cana- da, held in Ottawa early in January 1964. Overthe years a very large store of knowledge has been built up around that marine crustacean which is the source of millions of dol- lars in revenue to Canadian and United States fishermen, The catch of about 50 million pounds a year and its gener= ally high price make the lobster the most valuable single species taken by Canadian fishermen, 44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): At the January meeting, present and future research on marine crustaceans was discussed, Scientists of different disciplines, while stating that much has been learned about the lobster, reported that there are still many unknown face tors which must be studied, and they are collaborating in the effort to throw more light on the subject. Biologists and technicians at the St. Andrews, N. B., Biological Station of the Board are concentrating on the biological aspects, and scientists at the Board’s Technological Research Labo= ratory in Halifax, N. S., are centering their attention on the chemistry of the Atlantic lobster, At the same time econo= _ mists of Canada’s Department of Fisheries are examining the structure, organization, and operations of the lobster fishing enterprise in the Atlantic provinces, Management of the lobster fishery was essential to con= tinued productivity, stated one of the biologists associated with studies conducted at the St. Andrew’s station. He de- scribed the application of size limits and fishing seasons, which vary in different areas of the Canadian Atlantic coast, on the stocks of lobsters, In the area east of Halifax the fishing season usually lasts two months, generally in the spring; west of Halifax the seasons are longer but ex- tend through the winter and early spring. Peak lobster land- ings are made in May and June. The biologist said that short fishing seasons did not necessarily reduce the catch, as the fishermen tended to increase their fishing during the shorter open seasons. While the productivity of lobsters is conditioned more by natural factors than by regulations, the latter are necessary not only from a conservation stand= point but for their.economic effects. The meeting was told that interaction of the biological and the economic factors is particularly intense in the lob= ster fishery, An official of the Economics Service of the Federal Department of Fisheries described the economic effects of regulations as divided into three main categories: (1) administration, such as licensing of fishermen, the es- tablishment of fishing districts and limitation of the num-=- ber of traps; (2) conservation, including limitation of the type of gear, minimum size limits, length of seasons, and prohibition of the taking of egg=bearing lobsters; and (3) marketing, which was related to the allocation of fish- ing seasons by districts and minimum size limits, The physiological aspects of lobster research, both in relation to the shipment of live lobsters and the lobster in its natural environment were reported on by two scientists of the Board’s St, Andrews station, Scientists who are also. SCUBA divers have begun an underwater study in certain sections of Northumberland Strait to determine where lob= ster larvae settle after they leave the free-swimming stage which they enter when the eggs are released from the fe- male, and sink to the bottom of the ocean, These larval studies were begun 20 years ago, and one of the aims is to find out if future stocks can be predicted on the basis of lar= val abundance, The underwater work is tied in directly with laboratory observations on the commercial possibili= ties of lobster stocks, made with a view to aiding the lobster industry. Fisheries technologists engaged in studies at the Hali= fax laboratory are directing their attention to the chemis~- try of the lobster, With the rapidly increasing demand for live lobsters, scientists are seeking more information on the effects of liveholding on the physiological condition of the lobsters and their ability to withstand infection and the stresses of livesholding and shipment of the lobsters them= selves. Reporting on this aspect, it was stated that many factors are involved, and if not properly controlled can lead to the death of lobsters with ensuing financial losses to the industry, Biochemists have proved that the constit= Vol. 26, No. 3 uents of the lobster’s blood, particularly the blood cell counts, are altered during live-holding and can serve as ins dexes of the general health of lobsters, Experiments have shown that weakened lobsters can be strengthened and their resistance to infection increased by proper feeding in fresh sea water, Research by biologists has proved that lobsters generally remain in a local area and that they move about very little. A member of the Board pointed out that lobsters are inter= nationally known when it comes to marketing, The Board member, who operates one of the biggest if not the biggest lobster holding pound in the world, said that within hours after the lobsters are caught on the Atlantic coast, they are ready to be eaten in such widely separated cities as Ottawa and Paris, and in countries including Holland, Belgium, and throughout the United States, He added that there were prob= ably more lobsters flying the Atlantic Ocean today than people, While acknowledging the enormous amount of research already done on lobsters, it was pointed out at the Board meeting that further studies were required in catching, handling, processing, and shipping, There was great con- cern over the loss of lobsters through natural mortality after they are caught and it was felt that more knowledge of the species, which would indicate improved handling and holding conditions, might counteract this loss, In such research, it was felt that the Fisheries Research Board, the Federal Department of Fisheries, and the fishing indus= try each had a part to play. Research being conducted by the Board’s Biological Sta= tion at Nanaimo in British Columbia on crab and shrimp on Canada’s Pacific coast was related by another biologist. One of the problems facing the crab fishery is ‘‘ghost fish= ing’’.. .the continued kill by traps which are lost but, be= cause of their sturdy construction, continue in fishing or= der, thus killing many crabs which cannot be recovered, The Canadian scientists were working on a variety of cor= rodible metal wires which would deteriorate and cause lost traps to collapse. Investigations on shrimp are designed to provide further information on stocks in the major shrimp trawling areas as well as to delineate the extent of shrimp fishing grounds, Studies relating to lobsters and shrimp in Newfoundland waters was another subject discussed by a scientist from the Board’s Biological Station in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Stocks of shrimp had.in the past been found as the result of exploratory fishing but a commercial fishery had yet to be developed, A practically interesting line of research on lobsters concerned the social behavior of the creatures, There were indications that lobsters establish personal ter= ritories and resist the efforts of other lobsters to reside within their sphere of habitation, This would take the form of cannibalism by older lobsters on the young, and fighting off intruders, Studies on growth rates, the scientist said, had shown that lobsters increase in weight by almost 50 percent after their first molt and by about 40 percent after the second molt. This indicated strong support for the re= turning of small, undersize lobsters to the water in order to let them grow to larger and more profitable market sizes. (Canadian Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Janu~ ary 7, 1964.) PACIFIC SALMON TRANSPLANTED TO ATLANTIC COAST: The experimental transplanting of British Columbia pink salmon eggs to a stream 5,000 miles distant in Newfoundland may enrich March 1964 Canada (Contd.): East Coast salmon resources. The project is being carefully watched by the St. John's Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. In the fall of 1962, 2.5 million eggs flown in from Briish Columbia were planted ina channel of the North Harbor River on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. Survival was excellent. The fry run amounted to 84 percent of the transplant as a result of favor- able weather during the planting, scarcity of silt in the river, and moderate winter condi- tions. Hatching began around February 15 and was completed by March 22, 1963. The fry run extended from May 7 to June 16, reach- ing a peak on May 24. In two days (May 23 and 24), over a million fry, or half the total run, passed through the counting fence. In their seaward migration, it was noted that the fry remained near the surface and close to shore. In two months, they had moved 22 miles from the mouth of the river. Predation did not appear to be a Serious problem. Sampling of trout moving down- stream in the river indicated 12 percent had been feeding on the salmon fry. Further in- vestigation disclosed no predation from her- ring. Sampling of commercial catches of cod in St. Mary's Bay revealed no fry in the stomachs of nearly 4,000 fish examined. The exceptionally good survival and the comparatively minor loss through predation are promising signs in the attempt to intro- duce a new species of salmon to Newfound- land, 5 SALMON ESCAPEMENT ON EAST COAST IMPROVED IN 1963: The escapement of Atlantic salmon to spawning grounds in Newfoundland rivers in 1963 was encouraging, according to the St. John's (Nfld.) Biological Station of the Fish- eries Research Board of Canada. The Little Codroy River had its largest run since 1957, The increase, due mainly to a large number of grilse, was about twice the escapement recorded during the years 1960-1961. Throughout the migration period, water lev- els in the rivers were generally favorable, and the spawn-bearing fish had little diffi- culty getting upstream. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 On the other hand, the run of smolts (young salmon on their first seaward migration) was the smallest on record for the Little Codroy River. This was probably due to the small numbers of adults that entered the river in 1959 and 1960. TUNA MIGRATIONS OFF ATLANTIC COAST STUDIED: The tagging of 18 bluefin tuna off St. Mar- garet's Bay, Nova Scotia, in the summer of 1963, initiated a Canadian study of Atlantic tuna migrations. The work is being done by scientists of the St. Andrews (N. B.) Biologi- cal Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The marking experiment involved large bluefin weighing between 400 and 600 pounds. After capture in a trap net, the giant fish were tagged with dart-type tags and re- leased. None of the tags had been recovered by early January 1964. That bluefin tuna cross the Atlantic Ocean has been proved by United States tagging stud- ies. But much more information about tuna movements is needed, For example, a few years ago, tuna suddenly disappeared from the waters off Wedgeport, N. S., which had been a famous hunting ground for sport fish- ermen. Now, with increasing attention being given to the newly developed purse-seine fish- ery for tuna in the Atlantic, St. Andrews scien- tists hope to gain new knowledge about this elusive fish. Late in the summer and early fall of 1963, two fishing craft out of Campobello initiated the first tuna-seining project by Canadian fish- ermenonthe Atlantic. The fishing was carried onalong the American seaboard as far southas Block Island. One of the boats enjoyeda fair degree of success considering the lateness of the seasonand newness of the operation. HARP SEAL STOCKS DECLINE: To learn more about the declining stocks of harp seals in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, extensive tagging of ''whitecoats'' (young harp seals) has been undertaken by the Canadian Fisheries Research Board's Arctic Unit. 46 Canada (Contd.): The Board is offering a nominal reward for recaptured harp seal tags which are returned to the Arctic Unit in Montreal. Scientists expect the tags to provide addi- tional clues concerning the population of the seal herd in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the animals' migration pat- terns, and the proportion of the whitecoats caught by sealing activities each spring. Extensive data already collected by the Arctic Unit reveal that the stocks of harp seals in the Gulf of St. Lawrence as well as on the ''Northern Front'' (off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador) have been going down in recent years, the indications being that the catch has been too high. The increase in the value of seal pelts has heightened the pressure of seal hunters. As the result of aerial surveys and other studies, scientists have estimated the combined population of seals on both the ''Front'' and in the Gulf to be some- what less than 1.5 million seals. It is thought that about one-third of the pups whelped each year can be safely harvested. But-the annual catch is believed to be con- siderably in excess of that proportion. Because of the low level of sealing activities during World War II, the seal herds showed a considerable buildup. Since that time, sealing operations have been intensified to the point where they are now thought to be comparable to those at the turn of the century. How- ever, today's fleets are more efficient. The use of helicopters and light aircraft have given the sealers greater versatility and striking power. It is estimated that aerial sealing accounted for one-half the seals taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the spring of 1963. In 1963, ships of three nations--Canada, Norway, and the Soviet Union--engaged in the harp seal fishery in the Northwest Atlantic, observing by mutual consent an opening date of March 10 on the ''Front.'' For Cana- dian operations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the opening date was March 5. In addition, landsmen (sealers op- erating from the shore) took seals when favorable winds brought the icefloes within walking distance. They also took seals in nets during migrations in other seasons. The recognition last spring of an earlier closing date (April 30) for killing seals is believed to have helped reduce the catch of the older, breeding seals. In order to pursue additional seal conservation meas- ures, the problem has been brought before the Interna- tional Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission, which is concerned with the investigation and conservation of the major fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic. It is hoped that harp and hood seals can be brought within the responsibility of the Commission by a protocol amendment to the Convention under which this Commis- sion operates. Ratification of such an amendment by member countries is expected. (Canadian Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, January 8, 1964.) NORTH PACIFIC GROUNDFISH RESOURCES STUDIED BY SCIENTISTS: The groundfish resources of the North Pa- cific Ocean are being studied by fishery scien- tists of the Nanaimo (B.C.) Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The Pacific ocean perch is a species of con- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.3 siderable economic value off British Colum- bia. Farther to the north, it is sought main- ly by foreign fleets. But changing market conditions or other situations may eventually influence the devlopment of a Canadian off- shore ocean perch fishery and, if this happens, the Research Board will have the answers to the questions which industry may raise. Using the new research vessel G. B. Reed, scientists of the Nanaimo Biological Station carried out two major North Pacific investiga- tions in 1963. On the initial cruise, extensive explorations for ocean perch were conducted in the eastern Gulf of Alaska in the area off Cape Spencer. The second cruise extended farther west covering grounds in the vicinity of Kodiak Island. The second cruise had a double purpose. Studies were made on the local shrimp populations as well as on the distribution of ocean perch. The first cruise covered waters where no fishery existed. Large catches of ocean perch were common--as much as 16,000 pounds were taken per 30-minute drag. The Nanaimo Biological Station plans to expand its program in order to obtain addi- tional information on the biology of the ocean perch, SALMON STUDIES IN GULF OF ALASKA: Significant numbers of pink salmon of Asian origin travel as far eastward as the mid-Gulf of Alaska. This was learned during tagging studies by Canadian fisheries scien- tists. Personnel of the Nanaimo (B.C.) Bio- logical Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada have also found that some of the chum salmon tagged in the Gulf of Alaska are of Asian stocks. Tagging programs have been the key to a major break-through in ob- taining knowledge of salmon during their ocean existence. Early in 1964, Canada's new research ves- sel G. B. Reed and a United States research vessel will begin cooperative North Pacific investigations in an effort to find where salm- on spend the winter months. The two vessels will range over an area extending from the Oregon coast to the Aleu- tian Islands. March 1964 Canada (Contd.): FISHERY RESOURCES OF FAR NORTH SURVEYED: A wide assortment of unusual species is found in the water wastes of Canada's far north. There are octopus, squid, crab, long- toothed narwhal (whales), and curvetoothed walrus. Also found, are tiny fossil skeletons of organisms normally found at great depths under tropical Atlantic waters, according to a report at the annual meeting of the Fisher- ies Research Board of Canada. Both the octopus and squid are normally warm water species, but some crab and a relatively small species of squid have previ- ously been found in the colder northernareas. But octopus had not previously been found in the North American Arctic region until dredged up from the bottom of Darnley and Franklin Bays by scientists of the Board's Arctic Unit in 1963, Scientists were also surprised to find tiny calcareous fossil skele- tons called ''discoasters,'' which micropale- ontolégists had considered to be extinct prod- ucts of unknown organisms. The fossils were found in primitive, tiny, whiplike creatures called dinoflagellates whose discoasters are identical to those forming deep sediments found in a core drilled to a depth of 12,450 feet below tropical Atlantic waters. The narwhal is a whalelike species with a corkscrew tusk sometimes reaching nine feet in length. The narwhal's blubber and edible meat are good sources of oil and food, while the tough carcass provides large strips of valuable sinew used in sewing boots and clothing. The long ivory tusk is of some practical value to the natives who sell it in- tact for C$1 a pound. A large tusk will weigh as much as 40 pounds. The Canadian scientists investigated the range of virtually untapped populations of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 Greenland cod which inhabit Dolphin and Union Straits and Coronation Gulf, between the Dis- trict of MacKenzie and Victoria Island. Such a resource has prime importance as a domes- tic food supply which would also help relieve the pressure on other species, Such as char and lake trout, and on the limited mammal stocks. The project of depth-probing and survey- ing fish populations in Canada's Great Bear Lake also was discussed by scientists of the Board's Arctic Unit at the annual meeting of the Fisheries Board of Canada. Great Bear Lake is located within the Arc- tic Circle in Canada's Northwest Territories and has an area of 11,800 square miles mak- ing it the fourth largest lake on the North A- merican continent. Only Great Slave Lake, also in the Northwest Territories, is as deep as Great Bear. During the summer of 1963, a 5-pound lake trout was caught in a fishery scientist's test net and hauled straight up from a ''float-popping'' depth of 1,350 feet. The scientists were sure the net had fished at the bottom of the lake because of the large amount of mud still clinging to it whenbrought to the surface. Plastic floats on the net were broken by the pressure and it seemed appar - ent that the type used "popped" apart at a- round the 600-foot depth. The abundance and even the condition of the fish stocks in Great Bear Lake vary wide- ly in different parts of the lake. But whether caught below or above '‘float-popping" levels, the lake trout there run to unusually large sizes. One angler, using light spinning tackle, caught four lake trout in one afternoon with the largest weighing in at 30 pounds. The largest lake trout netted by the scientists scaled 40 pounds and there are reports of 60- pounders having been taken. The prospects for a commercial fishery on Great Bear Lake are not very promising at this time mainly because of its remoteness, but the native population depends on that large body of water for a major part of its food supply. The lake also provides an excellent sport fishery and there are several sportsmen's lodges in the vicinity. Another northern species within the Arctic Circle, on which intensive studies continued during the past year, is the Arctic char. This species has been sold commercially and has met with some success in a number of large cities in Canada and the United States. Com- 48 Canada (Contd.): mercial fisheries for char have been estab- lished at Wellington Bay on the south coast of Victoria Island, Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island, Payne Bay on the west side of Ungava Bay, and Port Burwell on the east side of Ungava. The Arctic char is a slow-growing fish and in some of the more northern areas the fish are as much as 28 years old when they reach an average maximum size of seven pounds. The size of the fish varies and spec- imens up to 23 pounds have been caught. Commercial fishing operations for Arctic char were initiated after scientific studies were made to determine the quantity that may safely be harvested each year. Subsequent studies have shown the presence of Arctic char in many other areas but the most prom- ising new find up to now is the Nettiling Lake system on Baffin Island. On the basis of a yield of one pound of fish per acre, it is esti- mated that this lake (which is the sixth larg- est in Canada) could produce a yearly quota of 500,000 pounds of char without fear of de- pleting the resource. But considerable ad- ditional studies will be required to substanti- ate that theory, and before any commercial op- erations could be started, facilities for han- dling the catch as well as for shipping to southern markets would be necessary. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1963 p. 51. DEVELOPMENTS IN REFRIGERATION ABOARD VESSELS: There is a growing use in Canada of ship- board refrigeration systems developed by the Vancouver (B.C.) Technological Labora- tory of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The total single-trip holding capaci- ty of the refrigerated sea water systems on Canadian vessels amounted to nearly four million pounds at the end of 1963. That type of refrigeration is widely used on British Columbia salmon transport vessels. Two large tuna purse-seine vessels being built in eastern Canada will have brine-spray freezing systems which were also developed by the Vancouver Technological Laboratory in collaboration with the Industrial Develop- ment Service of the Canadian Department of Fisheries. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 The largest fishing vessel built in British Columbia in recent years, the Royal Pacific, was equipped with a brine-spray freezing system as well as a dry cold-storage. A sis- tership under’ construction will have similar refrigeration equipment. Those vessels will probably employ the equipment to freeze halibut at sea. "“AIRLIFT'' PUMP TO UNLOAD FISHING VESSELS BEING DEVELOPED: Fish larger than herring are usually dis- charged by hand-forking to hoisting devices. This process delays the movement of fish to the production line and, in itself, can be det- rimental to the quality of fish. To overcome this problem, pumps are being developed by fisheries engineers of the Vancouver, (B.C.) Technological Laboratory of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Two pumps employing similar cycles of alternate suction and pressure were built and operated successfully on a commercial scale. The pumps can deliver about 1,000 pounds of salmon per minute. The third and latest pump employs the “airlift'' principle. The ‘airlift’ pump, which is now being tested commercially, has no moving parts and requires only a supply of low-pressure compressed air for its opera- tion. It is a simple system which can be in- stalled on vessels or at dockside at compara- tively low cost. IMPROVEMENT IN TEXTURE OF FISH FILLETS STUDIED: The texture of cod fillets can be improved, according to scientists of Canada's Fisheries Research Board who have been investigating the texture of fillets cut from that species. They have found that, depending on the condi- tion of the fish at the time it is caught, hold- ing the fish alive for limited periods in 40°F. sea water before slaughtering can result in better textured fish fillets for freezing. The cod studied were small and medium fish which spend part of their lives each spring and summer feeding in the relatively warm waters (45° to 55° F’.) along the North- east Atlantic Coast. Sea water at a tempera- ture of 50° F, is relatively warm for cod as March 1964 Canada (Contd.): compared with bottom waters on the fishing banks having a temperature as low as 33° to 35° F. Shore catches must often be held alive in sea water almost that cold before the meat undergoes changes sufficiently great to be noted by those tasting the cooked sample. The texture studies are being conducted by the Board's St. John's Unit which reported at the annual meeting in Ottawa on January 7 on the apparent high quality of some of the cod landings. Those fish do not need to be held alive. Other lots of fish caught live and subsequently held in 40° F. sea water have been slaughtered, processed and frozen, and found by taste panelists to be much superior in texture to fish processed within a few hours after being taken from the sea. In some instances holding times as short as ten days have been beneficial. More work is being done to establish the full range of benefits from a period of live storage in relatively cold sea water. Scien- tists are also tackling the problem from still another angle--changing the methods of han- dling and chilling fish killed at cod traps. If those fish could be treated so that they would keep well in frozen storage it would not be necessary to hold them live for a period of time. But so far, best results have been ob- tained by dealing with the live fish. NEW METHOD TO SPEED TUNA CANNING DEVISED: The time consumed in processing tuna from the raw to the canned state has been Significantly reduced as a result of a new method devised by scientists of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Personnel of Canada's Technological Research Laboratory at Vancouver, B. C., worked closely with a British Columbia fish- processing plant in modifying a retort, the huge ''pressure-cooker" used in the canning process. The modifications included rein- forcement of the retort to withstand a vacu- um, and the installation of special devices for steam condensation and ejection of con- densing water. Tuna, unlike salmon and most other fish, must be precooked prior to the actual can- ning. Whole tuna are placed in the retort and cooked for a predetermined period of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 time. Until this new method was introduced, the precooking was followed by a cooling pe- riod of several hours in which no further processing could take place. As a result of the modifications by Canadian scientists, this delay no longer is necessary as very rapid cooling is accomplished under vacuum and the tuna can be processed immediately. SCIENTISTS DEVELOP NEW PROCESS FOR SMOKING SMALL FISH: In order to reduce handling costs when smoking small fish such as smelt and ale- wives and to improve product appearance, Canadian scientists have incorporated new features into a vertical-type smoke tunnel. Fish are fed into the smokehouse at one end and they emerge automatically at the other end, fully smoked. The speed of the conveyor system inside the smokehouse can be regu- lated to insure sufficient smoke pickup. Ordinarily, small fish shrivel during smoking and they also show screen marks on their sides. But specially-built holders in the improved smokehouse tumble the fish gently so that they assume a firm, roundish shape, free of wrinkles and of screen marks. Additional work to further improve the new smokehouse is being done by the Fishery Research Board of Canada at its Technologi- cal Station in London, Ontario. NEW ELECTRONIC FISHERY RESEARCH AIDS DEVELOPED: New electronic devices to improve fisher - ies research techniques are being introduced at the Nanaimo (B.C.) Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. A pho- to-electric apparatus designedto count migra- ting sockeye salmon shows promise of doing the job more accurately, much faster, and with less effort than methods currently inuse. The photo-electric fish counter underwent large-scale tests in 1963 at Babine Lake in northern British Columbia. A new instrument which makes it possible to observe young salmon while they are still submerged in gravel beds is also in develop- ment. The ''snooperscope" uses infrared light to illuminate the young salmon and make them visible to the eye. The use of infrared light protects the salmon from the effects of ordi- nary light at this sensitive stage. 50 Canada (Contd.): A third instrument already being used suc- cessfully is an electronic baleen plate reader. This device accurately sketches a diagram of the tiny ridges on sections of baleen taken from whales. The number of ridges is a fair- ly accurate indication of the age of a whale. Earlier, the ridges were read by touch, a dif- ficult task even for experienced personnel. WAYS OF PRODUCING FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE STUDIED: The production of fish protein concentrate (FPC) from noncommercial species (dogfish, skate, sculpin, etc.) is being studied by scien- tists at the Halifax Technological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. After producing FPC) (also known as fish flour) from haddock and cod fillets, the Hali- fax investigators began experiments with whole fish (including herring), fish offal, and semiprocessed fish meal known as ''press cake.'' The FPC produced from fillets re- ceived the highest protein rating, its flour being whiter than that produced from other raw materials. However, in all cases the protein rating was excellent. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 FISH MEAL EXPERIMENTALLY STORED IN 2,000-POUND CONTAINERS: A new method of storing herring meal in one-ton packages is being investigated by the Vancouver (B.C.) Technological Laboratory of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The 2,000-pound containers are made of lam- inated paper. At present, herring meal is usually stored in 100-pound bags, which re- duces the amount of herring meal that may be stored ina given area. One of the major problems in storing herring meal in bulk is the self-heating tendency of the meal. To suppress this tendency, antioxidants have been added to the meal in the large containers. The preliminary results of the project are en- couraging. (Canadian Department of Fisher - ies, Ottawa, January 6, 7, and 8, 1964.) é LANDINGS AND FISHING INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1962-1963: Preliminary data on Denmark's 1963 total fishery landings show they were up 3.3 per- cent in quantity and increased 1.0 percent in value from the previous year. The 1963 land- Denmark j Table 1 - Danish Fishery Landings by Principal Species, 1961-1963 eT ee) 1962 Metric Tons | 1,000 Product [Total landcome 67, 860 779, 355 463, 301 67, 179 630, 901 415,131] 60,194 |1/Preliminary. : One Danish krone equals about US$0. 145. The development of FPC is aproject spon- sored by the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations. It has been under- taken by many of the world's leading fishery research laboratories, including the station at Halifax. The program is prompted by a desire to supply underdeveloped nations with a cheap supply of animal protein. Also, die- tetic studies showed that in Canada and the United States there is need for additional pro- teins in some diet formulations, especially for people engaged in heavy manual work, postoperative patients, and elderly people. One of the simplest uses of the product has been as an additive to bread and cereals. Op ele eae Erb. 00s BE a Sh ees ings were greater for cod (up 9.6 percent) and plaice (up 4.5 percent), but herring and sprat were down slightly from 1962. A greater proportion of the 1963 landings than in 1962 was utilized by processors for fillets of flatfish and cod, and there were some increases from the previous year in the quantity of fish used for smoked and canned fish. There also were Some gains in the 1963 production of fish meal and oil as compared with the year earlier. Denmark's exports of fish and shellfish during the year were up 10.2 percent from March 1964 Denmark (Contd.): Table 2 - Fish Used to Produce Edible Processed Products in Denmark, 1961-1963 «eee (Metric Tons)... 2.2 1/180,000 } 1/135,918 , 1/120,058 Used by processors: For fillets of flatfish emvsl esl 6 G5 a0 93,000 79,000 - For smoking ... » 6,500 6, 200 - For canning ... 17,000 15,000 - 1962 and the value increased 3.7 percent as compared with the previous year. In 1963, there was a slight decline in the number of fishermen permanently engaged in Denmark's commercial fishery. There were also fewer fishermen in 1962 than in 1961. But the average annual gross income for 1962 increased 14.6 percent from 1961. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 The value of Denmark's commercial fishing fleet and fishing gear and nets was higher in 1963 than in the previous year. Denmark's per capita consumption of edi- ble fishery products in 1963 rose to 16.0 kilo- grams (35.3 pounds) from 14.3 kilograms (31.5 pounds) in 1962. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 15, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 46; September 1963 p. 62. KOR OK OK OK INDUSTRY VIEWS PRESENTED AT ANNUAL MEETING OF DANISH FISHERIES COUNCIL: The annual meeting of the Danish Fisheries Council opened January 11, 1964, at Aarhus, Denmark. The Council was established in April 1954 by the leading Danish fishery or- ganizations to present a single, united front in promoting and protecting the interests of the entire industry. In opening the 1964 annual meeting, the Chairman recommended some consolidation Table 4 - Danish Fishery Products, Exports, and Imports, 1961-1963 Classification ao63 1,000 Kr, Exports of fish and shellfish , . 615, 000 318,514 1962 1961 US$1,000 | Metric Tons 1,000 Kr, | US$1,000 | Metric Tons | 1,000 Kr. 593, 080 482, 280 mports of fish and shellfish . . 163,544 166, 811 126,343 | 123,919 |__| Average Annual Gross Income Fishermen: Permanently employed .... Occasionally in i/Data on income not available. Average Annual Gross Income US$_ Kroner US$_ 3,782 Table 6 - Value of Danish Commercial Fishing Vessels and Equipment, 1961-1963 pe of vessel: Withtimotorsy vewansiseuel oiell-/ejlelemeAelione Without; motorswets! ss oie + sites 66) «fo elrans porters tusimedereememetonetoueiiokereie e2©e ee ee © © eo 8 oe oO ow 1/Not available. 1962 1961 1,000 Kr. | Usgi,o00 | 1,000 Kr, | Us$i,000 Rishinghvessels aeav octal anehine cose ovens 454,000 65, 830 437, 877 63, 492 416, 890 60, 449 Fishing gear and nets 117,000 16,965 108, 816 15,778 102,798 14, 906 52 Denmark (Contd.): of fisheries organizations, reaffirmed the need for an independent secretariat to work on market promotion, and suggested increased foreign contacts by industry and Government representatives. Discussing ex-vessel prices, the Chairman said that minimum prices for plaice, or any other species, should be work- ed out by fishermen with processors and ex- porters on a countrywide basis. He pointed out that the Council could serve as a link be- tween the various groups. Fishermen: The fishermen's representa- tive stated that the 1963 catch was large but economic progress for fishermen was un- satisfactory. He declared that the consider- able increase in the price of new and used fishing vessels made it difficult for young fishermen to acquire the capital needed to buy their own vessels. Pointing out that fishermen own, alone or jointly, the greater part of the production capacity in Denmark, he called for more in- fluence by fishermen on the processing and marketing of food fish. Bornholm fishermen have engaged in processing for years, and Esbjerg fishermen now are establishing two fillet plants. If the undertaking meets ex- pectations--more stable ex-vessel prices-- similar efforts will probably be made in oth- er ports. Exporters: The exporters' representative pressed for the fishing industry to take a joint position on market promotion, stating that with a joint effort new markets could be won and old ones maintained. He also said there should be a minimum size of 270 milli- meters (10.63 inches) for plaice landed by fishermen. In Denmark, exporters normally combine processing and exporting. Food-Fish Processing: The represntative of this segment said that markets for fish fil- lets should be good in the coming year. He said that fishermen and processors, under the auspices of the Council, should establish a minimum price level for small plaice which would be fair to all concerned. This could lead to the solution of many other problems, including a minimum size limit for plaice. He said that the future will require close co- operation between fishermen and processors. Retail Markets: The retailer's repre- sentative said there is a need for date mark- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 ing of all frozen fish and fish products if cus- tomers are to be given the best possible serv- ice. Canned fish should indicate on the label the number of fish or pieces. An indication of the keeping quality--length of storage--should also be included. He also called for other changes in labeling practices. Fish consumption was 35.2 pounds (round weight) per capita in Denmark in 1962. De- spite ready access to superb fresh fish, in- cluding live plaice and eels, increasing quan- tities of frozen packaged fish are being mar- keted in Danish supermarkets and smaller stores with freezer cabinets. Industrial Fish: A representative of the fish-meal factories said that fish meal and oil prices should be stable during the coming year. Many of the Danish factories have ar- ranged forward sales of part of their produc- tion at good prices. Herring prices may reach 0.25-0.27 kroner a kilo (US$32.95- $35.59 a short ton) during the summer. And prices for sand eels may be about 0.20 kroner a kilo ($26.36 a short ton). The Danish fish- meal industry should consider production of fat-free meal for feeding Danish swine; this offers a very large market. The need for buffer stock warehouses to handle possible overproduction was stressed.| About 45 percent of the Danish fisheries catch is used for producing fish meal and oil. This involves about 75 percent of the herring catch, much of the whiting and brisling land- ings, and all of the sand eel and Norway pout landings not consumed by other industrialuses such as feed for animals. Fisheries Ministry: Representatives of the Danish. Fisheries Ministry suggested that the small independent exporters consider some form of cooperation among themselves in order to meet the increasing competition of larger organizations. Although exports are at record levels, Ministry officials restated their concern over the difficulties small Dan- ish exporters face in competing with large or integrated foreign fishery companies which can assist their outlets with financial and oth- er merchandising assistance. The Danish Fisheries Minister said he be- lieved that all concerned had benefitted from the joint meeting. (Regional Fisheries At- tache for Europe, United States Embassy, Co- penhagen, January 29, 1964.) ®B9O6 March 1964 Dominican Republic PRICES ON CANNED MACKEREL, CANNED TUNA, CANNED SARDINES, AND DRIED COD REDUCED: An expanded market for canned mackerel (salmon style), canned tuna, canned sardines, and dried cod in the Dominican Republic should result from the reduced prices made possible by Dominican Law No. 34 of October 28, 1963, which freed those fishery products from import duties. The Dominican Bureau of Price Control then established new maxi- mum prices as follows: Maximum Selling Price Per Case bi Importer Mackerel The prices listed were contained in Bu- reau of Price Control Resolution No. 5, which was published in the Listin Diario of Decem- ber 6, 1963. (United States Embassy, Santo Domingo, December 9, 1963.) a a 3 a “n Fij STATUS OF TUNA BASE: Construction of cold-storage facilities at the joint Anglo-Japanese tuna base at Levuka, Fiji Islands, was reported in December 1963 to be 80-percent complete. They include a 60-ton capacity rapid-freezer unit, 2,000-ton capacity cold-storage plant, 30-ton ice-mak- ing plant, and a 600-ton capacity ice-storage facility. The shore facilities are to be operated by the Pacific Fishing Company (PAFCO), which represents three Japanese firms and a local English firm. PAFCO will buy fresh tuna from the South Pacific Fisheries Coopera- tive Association, then freeze for export to the United States. The export quota for the base is 9,000 short tons of tuna. The South Pacific Fisheries Cooperative Association is composed of 25 members from COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 the northern prefectures in Japan, 18 from Hokkaido alone. The Association was former- ly organized in February 1962, with eachmem- ber investing five million yen (US$13,900). The Association owns 13 tuna vessels and plans initially to operate out of Levuka acom- bined total of thirty 99-ton tuna vessels in 1964. (Hokkai Suisan, December 23, 1963.) German Federal Republic DEVELOPMENTS ON NEW FISH REDUCTION METHOD: The new German fish-reduction method, developed by the German inventor Heinz Doevenspeck of Bremen during ear= ly 1961, involves the use of electrophoresis and electro= striction to remove the cellular fluids from the tissue of fish and fish offal, The new method obviates the need for ex- ternal heat, and permits the extraction of oil and raw pro= tein at temperatures of not over 45 degrees centigrade (Tasso Eve) Knowledge of the new fish reduction method aroused con= siderable interest both in the United States and abroad, and the inventor has now furnished the following answers toa number of questions asked regarding his invention: 1. The process involves a discharge of condensor fields which produces the following three overlapping effects: (a) It increases the electric potential (voltage) of the raw material which has passed through the electric field during the discharge. (b) It produces electrostriction of the muscular cells which causes a change in volume and a pulse, (c) It produces electroosmosis as well as electrostat= ic reaction, the latter destroying the so=called NERST electrostatic field between, for instance, the oily and watery phases of the raw material (ref: MILLIKAN tests). 2, (a) The potential gradient used in the electrical dis= charge is from 6,000 to 12,000 volts. (b) It is a static discharge. (c) It is not a damped oscillatory discharge. (d) It is a pulsed discharge repeated approximately sixteen times per second, (e) The energy involved in each discharge is 1,000 Joule (one Joule is the equivalent of one watt per sec ond). Doevenspeck stated that he has already obtained patents for his invention in Peru, France, and the South Africa Re= public, His patent application dated February 1, 1961, filed in the South Africa Republic describes the invention in de- tail, but the inventor pointed out that it does not reflect the latest stage of development of his reduction method. Certain improvements have been achieved since early 1961, but he did not divulge further particulars because of the involve= ment of patent rights, From the beginning of 1962 until about mid-1963, Doevenspeck’s method of fish reduction was tested commer= cially under his management in a pilot plant erected by one of the largest West German trawler companies, which is a 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW German Federal Republic (Contd.): leading producer of fish meal and fish oil in West Germany. According to the technical director of the trawling company’s pilot plant, the tests were terminated because, in his opinion, the meal and oil yields obtained by the new method compared unfavorably with those obtained by conventional methods. The inventor of the new fish reduction method later en= tered into a new contract with a firm in Cuxhaven which manufactured fish meal and an antibiotic poultry feed addi- tive. He started a new pilot plant in the Cuxhaven factory during the summer of 1963 where he is now processing one metric ton of fish per hour with reportedly good results. He claims that his new reduction method was judged favor= ably by a professor of the Max Planck Institut fuer Ernaeh> rungs*Physiologie in Dortmund. With regard to the commercial aspect of his invention, Doevenspeck maintains that the construction costs of his plant are about equal to those of a conventional fish meal plant, while his operating costs are about one-third less. He added that the principle of his invention may be applied to many other fields, e.g. sterilization, decontamination, etc. (United States Consulate, Bremen, December 20, 1963.) CAD Ghana FISHERIES AGREEMENT WITH SOVIET UNION SIGNED: On December 20, 1963, Ghana and the So- viet Union signed an agreement covering co- operation in the field of marine fisheries. The agreement was negotiated during the visit to Ghana of the Soviet Minister of the State Committee for the Fishing Industry. According to.newspaper reports, the agree- ment covers the development of marine fish- eries on a commercial scale, the training of Ghanaian fishermen in the Soviet Union, and the establishment of a joint commission to direct technical fishery assistance. The 6- member commission is to be composed of 3 representatives from Ghana and 3 from the Soviet Union. In September 1963, a total of 92 Ghanaian students went to the Soviet Union for training in fishing techniques. Unconfirmed reports in December 1963 indicated that 88 more students from Ghana would go to the Soviet Union to begin a similar course. In addition to providing large-scale train- ing programs for Ghanaian fishermen, the Soviet Union has signed contracts to con- struct a complex of fish-processing factor- ies at Tema and to supply 18 fishing vessels for the State-controlled Ghana Fishing Cor- poration. According to a statement made in late 1963 in the Ghana National Assembly, 10 Vol. 26, No. 3 | of the 17 large fishing trawlers operating off Ghana are of Soviet registry. (United States Embassy, Accra, December 29, 1963.) IMPORT DUTY ON FISH AFFECTS JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN TRAWLING IN ATLANTIC OCEAN: The six-pence (US$0.0696) a pound duty on imports of fresh and frozen fishery products imposed by the Ghanaian Government on Oc- tober 21, 1963, has greatly affected that part of the Japanese and Russian Atlantic trawl- fishing operations dependent on Ghana as an export market. Moreover, the duty is indi- rectly working a hardship on Ghanaian con- sumers since it has already brought about a sharp increase in retail fish prices, by as much as one-third. Japanese fishing companies in December 1963 were negotiating the reduction of Ghana's high tariff. Also, in mid-December 1963, So- viet Fisheries Minister Ishkov was reported to have arrived in Ghana for the same pur- pose. The Japanese fishing company, after the imposition of Ghana's high tariff, has begun to intensify its search for other possible new markets in Africa. Reportedly, that firm, to- gether with a Nigerian and a North European firm, recently established a company in Ni- geria called the Nigerian Frozen Foods De- velopment Company. The Development Com- pany has already undertaken the construction of a 1,000-ton capacity cold-storage plant. The plant, which is scheduled for completion in spring 1964, is being constructed so that it can readily be enlarged into a 4,000-ton capacity facility. (Suisancho Nippo, Decem- ber 19 and 25, 1963. ey FREEZER-TRAWLER LANDINGS, JANUARY -OCTOBER 1963: The Greek fleet of refrigerated trawlers and carrier vessels operating in the Atlantic landed 1,318 metric tons of frozen fish in Greek ports in October 1963, down 29 percent from landings of 1,858 tons in the same month of the previous year. Greece Greek frozen fish landings during January- October 1963 amounted to 15,670 tons, com- March 1964 Greece (Contd.): pared with landings of 13,786 tons in the same period of 1962 and 11,331 tons in the first 10 months of 1961. The increase in landings in 1963 was partly due to an expan- sion of the Greek fleet of freezer-trawlers. (Alieia, November 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 69. oe fe Guatemala COMMERCIAL FISHERY LIMITED IN 1963 BECAUSE OF LACK OF VESSELS: The lack of a fishing port on Guatamala's Pacific Coast as well as an insufficient num- ber of commercial fishing vessels were the major problems facing the development of that country's commercial fishing industry. That observation was made on December 17, 1963, by the Chief of the Department of Hunt- ing and Fishing of Guatemala's Directorate General of Forestry, who felt that the short- age of fishing vessels caused smaller com- mercial landings of fish and shrimp during 1963. (Several fishing vessels were dam- aged or destroyed during severe Pacific storms in June 1963.) The value of Guatemala's fishery products exports in 1962, consisting chiefly of shrimp exports to the United States, was US$942,000. With regard to vessels from other coun- tries fishing in Guatemala's territorial wa- ters, which extend 12 miles from shore and which are identical with her exclusive fish- ing zones, the Guatemalan official pointed out that foreign vessels must have licenses to fish within Guatemala's jurisdiction and must process the catch in Guatemalan ports. But he added that no such licenses were held by foreign fishing vessels. He also noted that some foreign fishing vessels were be- lieved to be fishing illegally from time to time in Guatemalan waters but that Guate- mala lacked an adequate coastal patrol fleet to police her waters. (United States Embas- sy, Guatemala, December 20, 1963.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Ireland JOINT JAPANESE-IRISH-FRENCH TRAWLING BASE: A large Japanese fishing company, togeth- er with an Irish company and a French organ- ization, are reported to be planning on estab- lishing a joint trawl-fishing base at Galway, Ireland. The joint enterprise is to be estab- lished with a capital of 500,000 pounds (US$1.4 million), with each participating firm contri- buting one-third of the investment. Reported- ly, the Irish firm will provide the fishing base and shore-processing facilities, the Japanese firm will invest one 1,500-ton stern trawler, and the French group will undertake the con- struction of additional similar-type trawlers to be assigned subsequently to the base. Ini- tially, the joint company will employ only one trawler, but plans call for eventual expansion of the trawl fleet to a total of six vessels. Fishing will be conducted in the North At- lantic Ocean off Iceland principally for cod, and the catch is expected to be ship-frozen for export to Great Britain and other Euro- pean countries. Ireland is reportedly seeking to have local fishermen conduct the fishing under Japanese guidance. (Minato Shimbun, December 21; Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Decem- ber 19, 1963.) ea Japan FROZEN TUNA EXPORT PRICE TRENDS, JANUARY 1964: The Japanese export frozen tuna market was reported to have softened somewhat in January 1964 as compared to December 1963. January 1964 c. &f. prices of frozen tuna ex- ported directly to the United States from Ja- pan proper are quoted as follows: gilled-and- gutted yellowfin US$375 a short ton; round al- bacore $380-385 a ton. They represent a de- cline in price of approximately $10 a ton. The average ex-vessel price of albacore in Japan is said to be 136-137 yen per kilo- gram ($343-345 a short ton), showing a slight increase. The rise in price is attributed to indications that the Japanese packers will ter- minate tangerine packing earlier this year and begin packing albacore. They expected to begin tuna packing on a full-time basis by the end of January. 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): As of mid-January, Japanese-caught At- lantic Ocean albacore for export to the United States were Selling for $325-335 a short ton f.o.b. Las Palmas. (Suisancho Nippo and Suisan Tsushin, January 10, 1964.) OK OK OK XX FROZEN TUNA EXPORT PRICES, DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese export frozen tuna market was reported to have improved somewhat in December 1963, and the following prices (f.0.b. Japan) were reported for frozen tuna shipped to the United States from Japan prop- er: round albacore US$340-345 a short ton; gilled-and-gutted yellowfin $335 a ton. In October 1963, the average f.o.b. export prices of frozen tuna were reported to be $347 a ton for round albacore and $309 a ton for gilled-and-gutted yellowfin. (Suisan Tsu- shin, December 26 and November 7, 1963.) OKO Kk FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES, 1962-1963: Japanese frozen tuna exports (direct ship- ments and transshipments) to the United States in calendar year 1963 were downabout 24 percent from those in the previous year. Direct shipments were down about 33 per- cent and transshipments were down 10 per- cent. The decline was due mainly to a drop Increase Product Direct Shipments Albacore , Yellowfin . Big-eyed . Skipjack.. Bluefin2/ . Loins.... Total 45,283)/67,480 -33 2/Fillets. |Table 1 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna and Frozen Tuna Products to the United States, 1962-19631/ Transshipments 285| 1,327 3,693| 1,081 34,822|38,594 1/Exports in 1963 only include shipments to Canada. The quantity shipped to Canada is thought to be about 1.0 percent of the total. Vol. 26, No. 3 Table 2 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna and Frozen Tuna Products| to the United States, 1962 Direct Shipments Round ... G.&G.2/ . Dressed... Fillets... 301.4] 1,725.3 Albacore . Yellowfin . Big-eyed . Bluefin .. in exports of frozen yellowfin tuna. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, January 17, 1964.) % OK OK OK OK FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO YUGOSLAVIA: Japanese exports of frozen tuna to Yugo- slavia for January-December 1963 totaled 12,465 metric tons, an increase of 63 percent -10 80,105/106,074 -24 March 1964 Japan (Contd.): over 1962 exports, which totaled 7,631 metric tons. The 1963 export price averaged US$377 a metric ton c.i.f., and reached a high of $470 a ton. Average export price in 1962 was $370 aton. (Suisan Tsushin, January 10, 1964.) 2k ok ok Ok CANNED TUNA IN BRINE SALES TO UNITED STATES: The Japan Canned Foods Exporter Asso- ciation announced on December 18, 1963, that a total of 110,000 cases of canned tuna in brine for export to the United States would be offered at the first canned tuna sale of the new export year, but did not specify the quan- tity of white meat or light meat to be sold. (The new export year started December 1963.) Closing date for offers was set at December 22, with shipments to be made not later than February 22, 1964. Export prices per case (No. 4 7-oz. 48's) are US$10.40 for white meat tuna and $7.80 for light meat tuna, both prices f.o.b. Japan. The sale of 4-poundcans of light meat tuna inbrine is expected to be limitedto a total of 12,000 cases of both Aand B grade packs due to light supply. (Suisancho Nippo, December 19, 1963.) CANNED TUNA IN OIL EXPORTS, APRIL-OCTOBER 1963: Data compiled by the Japan Canned Foods Exporters Association indicate that Japanese canned tuna in oil exports for April-October 1963 totaled 1,260,000 cases, an increase of 500,000 cases over the same period of 1962. October exports alone amounted to 260,000 cases. Principal countries of destination were reported as West Germany (430,000 cases) and Canada (160,000 cases). (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 26, 1963.) KOK Kk OK JAPANESE COMMENT ON CANNED TUNA MARKET TRENDS: The Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso- ciation recently announced that because of low supply it would offer in the new market year at the first sale of canned tuna for ex- port to the United States only a limited quan- ity of institutional-pack (4-lb.) light meat canned tuna. The Association is said to have received reports that institutional-pack light meat tuna is in very short supply in the Unit- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 ed States. Reportedly, regular institutional- pack users, such as hotels, restaurants, and schools, are said to be finding it difficult to purchase 4-pound canned light meat tuna, and this has stimulated demand for that product. On the other hand, canned white meat tuna, U. S. and Japanese, are said to be in abundant supply in the United States, with prices hold- ing firm following a brief period of decline. The Canned Foods Association believes that, depending on strategy employed, it may be possible during the Lenten season to clear up the 800,000-1,000,000 cases of Japanese can- ned white meat tuna inventory carried over from 1963. (Suisancho Nippo, January 9, 1964.) OK OK OK OK CANNED TUNA PROMOTION IN UNITED STATES: A total of US$250,000 has been budgeted for canned tuna promotion in the United States during the 1964 Lenten season by the Japan Canned Tuna Packers Association. This brings the total amount budgeted for canned tuna promotion in FY 1963 (April 1963-March 1964) to a total of US$500,000. Reportedly, based on Japanese production, this is equal to an assessment of approximately US$0.20 per case. This action was decided at a meet- ing of the Association on January 18. The Packers Association expected to meet with the Exporters Association to work out pro- motional details. (Suisan Tsushin, January 21, 1964.) OK OK OK Ok HIGH PRICES PAID FOR FRESH TUNA IN TOKYO MARKET: A record 3,700 yen per Kilogram (US$4.66 per pound) was paid on January 4, 1964, at the Tokyo Central Fish Market for a 188-pound trap-caught bluefin tuna. This was equivalent to $9,320 a short ton. Onthe same day, aprime fresh big- eyed tuna sold for 2,000 yen akilogram ($5,040 ashort ton) and a prime yellowfin 1,500 yena kilogram ($3,780 a short ton). In December 1963, fresh prime bluefin fre- quently sold for prices ranging from $2.00-3.50 a pound (equivalent to $4,000-7,000 a short ton). The high prices were attributed to the short sup- ply of prime fresh tuna for the sashimi (raw fish) trade and the strong holiday demand. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, January 5, 1964, and other sources. % KK KK 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): EASTERN BERING SEA MOTHERSHIP BOTTOMFISH AREAS FOR 1964: The regulatory program proposal submit- ted by Japan's Fisheries Agency on the li- censing and operation of mothership-type bottomfish fleets in the eastern Bering Sea in 1964 was reviewed and approved by the Japanese Central Fisheries Coordination Council on December 13, 1963. The main features of the 1964 regulatory program as contrasted to the 1963 regulations are: (1) reduction in bottomfish mothership fleets from a total of 19 to 14, and in catcher ves- sels from 252 to 228; (2) revival of a fishing firm's fish-meal operations; (3) simplifica- tion in area licensing system; and (4) relaxa- tion of fishing restrictions, e.g., fleets per-, mitted to operate over wider area. Although the 1964 mothership-type bottom- fish fleet has been reduced by a total of 5 moth- erships and 24 catcher vessels, the fishing capability of the fleet apparently has not been Ney ae wee ey D Q Cape : Navarin SOVIET UNION 150-meter\. curve line) °™. Eg = aj 2 a 55° Nip ee Vol. 26, No. 3 reduced due to the use of larger motherships and catcher vessels, not to mention the addi- tion to the fleet of 2 large stern trawlers (Ibuki Maru and Taiyo Maru No. 82), which also will be serving as motherships. In 1963, the 19 bottomfish motherships to- taled 90,917 tons in gross weight. The 14 bottomfish motherships licensed to operate in the eastern Bering Sea in 1964 total 94,609 tons in gross weight, an increase of 3,692 tons. The firm which pioneered the development of the mothership-type fish-meal operation in the Bering Sea and which voluntarily com- pletely curtailed its Bering Sea fish-meal op- eration (two factoryships) in 1963 due to heavy financial losses it suffered in 1962 and in ear- lier years, has been authorized to revive its meal operation. The firm plans to use the 14,094-ton factoryship Renshin Maru. How- ever, the operation of that firm's fish-meal fleet has been restricted to an area consider- ed not as lucrative as the area assigned to one other company's fish-meal fleet. 6 ALASKA "Clos ed to : Pana u é ; trawling : tL es § ae big 3 Cape b_% o py t Sarichef U ‘ o 0 : 0 8 f B : 0 : a 6 50° Nv wie am) Dae) Fae 8) rca) io) ie Fee SY ie fe oo (ee) la mo (io!) co ae 170° E. 180° 170° W. 160° W. egend: Area 1: Area between 180° longitude and 170° W. longitude in waters less than 150 meters in depth, and area northeast of the line extending from Cape Sarichef, Unimak Island, to Cape Navarin (Navarin-Sarichef Line). Area 2: Area northeast of the Navarin-Sarichef Line. Area 3: Area southwest of the Navarin-Sarichef Line, and the Triangle Area bound by the Navarin- Sarichef Line, longitude 170° W. and latitude 599 N, Japanese Bering Sea Bottomfigsh Fishing Areas, 1964. March 1964 Japan (Contd.): The 1964 area licensing regulations have been simplified through the establishment of only three fishing areas. In 1963 the Fish- eries Agency had established eight fishing zones in the eastern Bering Sea, which were designated by letters, as A, B, CF, DF, E, etc. As in 1963 there is considerable over- lapping in the 1964 fishing areas. The 1964 area licensing regulation, in summary, reads: 1. One mothership under 12,000 gross tons, accompanied by 30 catcher vessels of sizes 50-550 tons, shall be permitted to op- erate in the area between 180° longitude and 170° W. longitude in waters less than 150 meters in depth, and in the area northeast of the line extending from Cape Sarichef, Unimak Island, to Cape Navarin (Navarin-Sarichef Line). 2. One mothership under 15,000 gross tons, accompanied by 30 catcher vessels of sizes 50-550 gross tons, shall be permitted to operate northeast of the Navarin-Sarichef Line. 3. A total of 12 motherships, accompanied by a total of 168 catcher vessels of sizes 50- 550 gross tons, shall be permitted to operate in the area southwest of the Navarin-Sarichef Line, and in the triangle area northeast of that line bound by said line and longitude 170° W. and latitude 59° N, 4, The area bound by the following lines shall be closed to trawling: Line extending from the northern coast of Alaska Peninsula COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 at 160° W. longitude to the point 160° W. longi- tude-58°10"' N. latitude, and connecting the points 160° W. iongitude- 58010" N. latitude; 163° W. longitude-57 °10" N. latitude; 163° W. longitude-56920"' N, latitude; and extending from the point 163° W. longitude-56020" N.. latitude to the Navarin-Sarichef Line through the point 164° W. longitude-56° N., latitude. For purposes of identification, the areas described in items 1 to 3 have been arbitrari- ly designated as Areas 1, 2, and 3, Fishing areas assigned to the 14 mothership fleets, their complement, type of operation, etc., as reported in several Japanese periodicals, are shown in table. The table does not include the Japanese mothership-type king crab fleet licensed to Operate in Bristol Bay or a fish- ing company's two 1,500-ton stern trawlers (Akebono Maru Nos. 51 and 52) which operate independently in the eastern Bering Sea. The operational plans submitted by the Japanese fishing companies planning to oper- ate mothership-type bottomfish fleets in the eastern Bering Sea show several noteworthy trends. Those trends are: (1) decline in the number of long-line vessels and switchover to trawl vessels; (2) increase in size of catch- er vessels; and (3) the use for the first time of large (over 2,500 tons) stern trawlers as motherships. In 1963, the fleets operating long-line ves- sels, and particularly those which concen- trated on fishing for halibut, reportedly had a poor season, whereas those which operated trawl gear had a successful season. Long- lining prospects for 1964 are considered poor, and catcher vessels operating long lines in 1964 are expected to total substantially less Composition of Japanese Bering Sea Mothership-Type Bottomfish Fleet, 1964 Area of Operation Mothership Size No. Catcher Vessels | Type of Operation Period of Operation Gross Tons Area i Gyokuei Marul/ 10, 357 30 Fish meal Early April to early October Area 2 Renshin Maru 14,094 30 Fish meal Early Aprilto early October Area 3 Tenyo Marul/ 11,581 28 Trawl Late April to early October Area 3 Soyo Marul/ 11, 192 28 Trawl Late April to early October Area 3 Shikishima Maru!/ 10, 144 24 Trawl Early May to early October Area 3 Seifu Marul/ 8, 269 28 Trawl-longline | Late April to late September Area 3 Einin Marul/ 7,482 15 Trawl Early April to early October Area 3 Chichibu Maru!/ 7,420 12 Shrimp Year round Area 3 Itsukushima Maru!/ 5,871 18 Trawl-longline | Early April to early October Area 3 Taiyo Maru Maru No. No. 822/ 2,890 1 Trawl Mid-May to mid-October Area 3 Tbuki Maru2/ 2,500 1 Trawl Starts mid-March Area 3 Chichibu Maru No. 22/ 1,693 8 Trawl Early May to late October Area 3 Kotoshiro “Maru. No. 152/ 701 3 Trawl-longline | Early April to late October Area 3 Seisho Maru No. 2 415 2 Trawl-longline | Unknown 1/Motherships which operated in Bering Sea in 1963. 2/Stern Trawlers, 60 Japan (Contd.): than half the some 90 vessels which used that type of gear in 1963. As of mid-January 1964, operational plans submitted to the Fish- eries Agency by the mothership companies indicated that about 20 catcher vessels will fish long lines this year. On the basis of that information, it appeared that at least four mothership fleets (Sifu Maru, Itsukushima Maru, Kotoshiro Maru No. 15, and Seisho Maru No. 2) will be fishing for halibut in the Triangle Area. Although trawlers were much more suc- cessful than the long-line vessels, they had their share of difficulties in 1963, particular- ly the smaller draggers, because of bad weather early in the season. It became read- ily apparent that to operate successfully, larger trawlers would have to be used and the Fisheries Agency, in anticipation of that trend, apparently has placed a ceiling for the first time on the size of trawlers (maximum size 550 tons) that can be used as catcher vessels. As far as could be determined, there were no maximum size restrictions in previ- ous years. The trend towards using larger trawlers is seen, for example, in the case of one fish- ing Companys in particular. In 1963, that company's mothership Chichibu Maru No. 2 operated with 80-ton class catcher vessels. During 1964 that mothership will be served by trawlers about 300 tons or over in size. Operational plans of the different fleets at the beginning of 1964 further revealed that all fleets were planning to leave for the fishing grounds after early April. In 1963, a large percentage of the 19 fleets departed for the fishing grounds in March, and 1 or 2 of them left earlier, but many vessels lost fishing time due to bad weather during the early part of the season. With regard to the operation of large stern trawlers, the Japanese Fisheries Agency had expressed the view in 1963 that, on the basis of available information, it appeared the op- eration of a mothership-type trawl fleet, com- posed of a large stern trawler fishing with several small trawlers, appeared to be the most efficient and economical way to fish the eastern Bering Sea. This year, for the first time, two stern trawlers over 2,500 tons (Tobuki Maru and Taiyo Maru No. 82), each fishing with a smaller trawler, are scheduled for operation, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 In addition to those two large trawlers, an- other fishing company which has operated the two 1,500-ton stern trawlers Akebono Maru, Nos. 51 and 52, in the eastern Bering Sea for several years, is planning to replace them this fall with two 3,500-ton stern trawlers, which are now under construction and sched- uled for completion in August 1964. (Japanese fishery periodicals.) KOK KOKO FISH-MEAL OPERATION IN EASTERN BERING SEA PLANNED: The application of a Japanese fishing com- pany to revive its fish-meal operations in the eastern Bering Sea is said to have been un- officially approved by the Fisheries Agency. Japanese fighemeal fictoiyghip Redhin Renshin Maru. ; The company plans to assign the fish meal factoryship Renshin Maru (14,094 gross tons) to that operation. (Suisan Tsushin, January 10, 1964.) KOK KK PLANS FOR 1964 TRAWLER OPERATIONS IN EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN: The Japanese Fisheries Agency is reported to have informally approved the applications of two fishing companies to operate trawlers in the eastern North Pacific Ocean in 1964. It is reported that 1 of the 2 firms plans to operate a 1,500-ton trawler and the other firm a 500-ton trawler. Four other fishing compa- nies which operated trawlers in the eastern North Pacific in 1963 are reported to be plan- ning on using larger vessels in 1964. (Suisan- cho Nippo, December 23, 1963.) * OK OK KO FUTURE OF DISTANT-WATER TRAWL FISHERIES: Production Chief Shunichi Oguchi of the Japanese Fish- eries Agency made the following comments regarding the future of Japan’s distant-water trawl fisheries: March 1964 Japan (Conid.): Waters off West Africa: At the present time, Japanese trawlers are operating mainly in the waters off northwest Africa and, as a result, their catches must necessarily be landed at Las Palmas (Canary Islands), An important prob- lem of the future is the expansion of new market outlets. As they are developed, they will lead to the gradual develop- ment of fishing grounds further to the south, There is also need to develop the operational efficiency of trawl operations. In the past, the large trawlers hauled their catches back to Japan, but, at the present time, their catches are being transshipped to Japan. There should be further experimentation in making a clear separation be- tween fish-catching and fish-transporting activities. If this is done, the trawl fishery off Africa can be developed further. Northwest Atlantic: One large Japanese fishing company is operating the Tenyo Maru (3,500 gross tons) on an ex- perimental basis but the Northwest Atlantic is an area fished by trawlers of many nations. Problems will be created if Japan should enter into competition with those countries in markets on which they are heavily dependent. Thus, Japan is presently collecting data on markets on which those na- tions are less dependent, mainly the United States. Caribbean Sea: One Japanese firm operated one trawler Aoi Maru, 1,104 gross tons) in the Caribbean Sea on an experimental basis. Due to the vast area involved, there is still much to be learned about that area. Waters off Argentina: For some time now we have had our eyes on those waters. However, due to the great dis- tance of those grounds from Japan and to restricted market outlets, they have not been explored. This year two firms are conducting experimental fishing in those waters but it will be necessary for them to develop markets in Europe. Success of developing the grounds off Argentina will depend on finding market outlets. Waters off New Zealand and Australia: They are not very y attractive to fishermen, probably due to the lack of suitable fishing bases nearby. Those waters will continue to lack appeal unless suitable measures are developed with re- gard to catching and transporting fish. Eastern North Pacific Ocean: Operation of Japanese trawlers in the waters southeast of the Alaska Peninsula is hindered by the fear (held by the United States and Can- ada) that halibut may be taken incidentally to other bottom- fish. However, Japanese trawlers are taking almost no halibut in their nets, so there is room to expand further fishing effort in those waters. 5 Should we be provided with a share of the halibut catch, as we have been insisting at the treaty (United States-Can- ada-Japan) negotiations, and should this result in the estab- lishment of restricted areas and in the prohibition of trawl- ing operations, as in the Bering Sea, this will create prob- lems, Our vessels will not be able to operate profitably if restricted areas to trawling should be established. It is not possible to visualize the future of this fishery without a clear idea of the outcome of the treaty negotiations. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, January 1, 1964.) Hk OK Ok Ok FISH-FREEZING OPERATIONS OFF ANGOLA PLANNED: Preliminary discussion on the establish- ment of Japanese fish-freezing operations off Angola held between a Japanese fishing firm and Angolan Government officials were reported to have shown promise. The presi- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 dent of the Japanese firm was planning on leaving for Angola in mid-January 1964 for the purpose of completing the plans. The Japanese firm plans to operate off Angola a 6,800-ton freezer factoryship and 5 pairs of two-boat trawlers. (Suisan Tsushin, Decem- ber 24, 1963.) * Kok Ok OK WHALE OIL AND MEAT PRODUCTION, 1962/63 SEASON: Japan's 1962/63 season's catch of whales produced 166,400 metric tons of oil and 168,323 tons of meat, according to whaling industry officials. Table 1 - Japanese Whale Oil Production by Area, 1962/63 Season [Aree Sateen Spenn [ Toual | Coastal remeiteeusine North Pacific aoe © © © © 2 © © eo Table 2 - Japanese Whale Meat Production by Area, 1962/63 Season Area elledel one (Metrictlons)iceWenen Coastalaryere citopeney atte 1, 200 North Pacific Antarctic . ss +s. 164,039 168, 323 It was estimated that the 1963/64 season's catch for the Japanese whaling fleet operating in the Antarctic would produce 117,000 metric tons of whale oil and 125,000 tons of meat. The yield of other products e.g. bone meal, viscera, liver oil, and skin was not included in the information furnished by the Japanese whaling industry. (Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, January 7, 1964.) BALEEN WHALE OIL SALES BY JAPANESE WHALING FIRMS: Japanese whaling firms, which late in1963 concluded the sale of 14,000 metric tons of baleen whale oil at £82 (US$229.60) per metric ton, are reported to have been offered £83 ($232.40) per metric tonby an independent fat- and oil-processing firm. (Suisancho Nippo, December 26, 1963.) sk ok sk ook ook aK ok OK ESTABLISHMENT OF FOREIGN-BASED WHALING OPERATIONS STUDIED: Japanese whaling firms are reported to be actively conducting feasibility studies on the 62 Japan (Contd.): establishment of foreign-based whaling op- erations. The studies are being undertaken to cope with the problem of fully utilizing their whaling vessels in the future in view of the likelihood that the international whale- catch quota will be further reduced. This would, in turn, necessitate a reduction in their Antarctic whaling opeations. The Japa- nese firms appear to be primarily interested in establishing whaling bases in African and South American countries. In 1963, Japanese whaling operations were established for the first time in South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. One Japanese firm was re- ported to be planning on establishing whaling operations in Chile in early 1964. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 19, 1963. ) LICENSES TO OPERATE TWO WHALE CATCHER VESSELS OFF CHILE ISSUED: Licenses were issued to a Japanese whal- ing company by Japan's Fishery Agency per- mitting it to operate two whale catcher ves- sels to hunt sperm whales in waters off the coast of Chile, according to the vice presi- dent of the whaling firm. The vessels are the No. 3 Ryhuo-Maru (429 gross tons) which arrived on the fishing grounds on December 31, 1963, and the No. 2 Seiho-Maru (306 gross tons) which was scheduled to join the other vessel on January 29, 1964. The licenses specify an operating period of about four months. The whaling company official said that the catch target is 1,000 sperm whales, all of which are to be purchased by a Chilean firm which manufactures fish meal and oil. He stated further that the catcher boats will not make delivery to the land stations; instead, delivery to the Chilean firm will be made at sea. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, Decem- ber 30, 1963.) SPANISH TRAWL-CAUGHT FISH IMPORTED BY JAPANESE FIRM: A Japanese fishing firm which has a five- year contract with Spain to purchase fish from Spanish trawlers based in the Canary Islands, imported 1,000 metric tons of Spanish-caught fish in January 1964. The fish, which are be- ing transported to Japan on a Spanish vessel, consist mainly of ''monko'' squid and sea COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 | bream. It was the third shipment of fish that the Japanese firm imported. A fourth ship- ment, also of 1,000 tons, was scheduled for delivery in February. In September 1963, the Japanese firm im- ported 200 tons of trawl-caught fish on a trial basis, and in October it imported 4,000 tons. The second Snipmeny was transported to Ja- pan by that company's 8,500-ton freezer fac- toryship, the Awazu Maru. (Suisancho Nippo, December 21, 1963.) KOR K EX EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1963: Data on Japanese exports of fishery prod- ucts for FY 1963 (April 1963-March 1964) re- leased by the Japanese Ministry of Interna- tional Trade and Industry on December 9, 1963, indicate that exports during the first half of the fiscal year (April-September) to- taled US$127,790,000. Exports of canned fish- ery products for the six months totaled 4,850,580 cases, valued at US$46,384,000, and exports of frozen fishery products totaled 83,221 metric tons, valued at $30,374,000. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, December 11, 1963.) * OK KK OK NUMBER OF SMALL VESSELS TO FISH IN NEW OFFSHORE TUNA FISHERY: The Japanese Fisheries Agency announced on December 19, 1963, that at the recommen- dation of the Central Fisheries Coordination Council a total of 1,850 tuna vessels in the 20- to 50-ton class will be licensed to operate in the newly designated offshore tuna fishery (north of 10° N. latitude and west of 160° E. longitude). Vessel owners planning to engage in that fishery must submit their applications between December 25, 1963, and March 24, 1964. The Agency had earlier, on December 7, stopped receiving applications for permits to construct 39-ton tuna vessels. (Suisan Tsushin, December 20 and 27, 1963.) kk KK OK FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION, JANUARY 1964: On January 20, 1964, the Japanese Fisher- ies Agency licensed the construction of 23 fishing vessels (gross tonnage 12,695 tons). Included are 8 tuna fishing vessels of the fol- lowing size classes: 250 tons, three; 192 tons, four; and 111 tons, one. The Agency also au- March 1964 Japan (Contd.): thorized the construction of three large stern trawlers, one of 1,850 tons and two of 2,530 tons; and two 1,800-ton freezer vessels. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, January 23, 1964.) Ok KOK Ok PERMITS ISSUED BY FISHERIES AGENCY FOR VESSEL CONSTRUCTION, DECEMBER 1963: The Japanese Fisheries Agency issued permits on December 16, 1963, for the con- struction of 46 fishing vessels. They in- cluded seven tuna long-line vessels: 1 ves- sel of 99 tons, 2 of 192 tons, one 300-ton tuna long-line training vessel, and one 888-ton portable -boat-carrying tuna mothership (Ta- kamiya Maru), plus two 19-ton portable boats. On December 26, the Agency issued con- struction permits for 96 fishing vessels. They included 22 tuna long-line vessels: one 19-ton portable boat, 5 vessels between 96- 111 tons, eight 192-ton long-liners, and 8 vessels ranging in size from 253-324 tons. The Agency also authorized the construction of three 3,470-ton stern trawlers. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 18 and 28, 1963.) One of Japan's largest fishing companies has under construction two 2,800-ton stern trawlers, Taiyo Maru Nos. 81 and 82. The Taiyo Maru No. 81 was “scheduled for com- pletion in late February 1964, and was ex- pected to be sent to the eastern North Pacific Ocean. (Suisancho Nippo, December 25, 1963.) Se I BOTTOMFISH LONG-LINE FISHERY OFF NEW ZEALAND PLANNED: A total of 17 Japanese fishing companies (including 6 tuna vessel owners) have sub- mitted to the Fisheries Agency applications for permits to operate bottomfish long-line fleets in the waters directly north of North Island, New Zealand. The 17 companies are planning on oper- ating 300- to 1,000-ton vessels which would not directly engage in fishing but would deck- carry 1- to 2-ton unpowered boats which would do the actual fishing. The mothership fleets would fish about ten months of the year, except June and July, principally for red sea bream. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 The interest of the Japanese fishing firms to engage in long-lining for red sea bream off New Zealand is based on the following rea- sons: (1) the distant-water mothership-type bottomfish long-line fishery, not to mention the distant-water trawl fishery, is one of the few remaining fisheries that can still be ex- ploited and which shows promise; (2) fishing licenses are not presently required to engage in that fishery; (3) employment of tuna vessels retired from the tuna fishery and long-line vessels presently engaged in the Bering Sea bottomfish fishery is possible; (4) low cost of gear investment; (5) long-line gear fished at the bottom is |highly selective, as revealed by experimental fishing conducted in New Zea- land waters in 1961, thus making it possible to harvest red sea bream almost exclusively; and (6) ready market for red sea bream in Japan, which commands a high price. Cur- rent market price for red sea bream (heads- on) in Japan is quoted at about 150,000 yen (US$417) a metric ton, and is said to be com- parable to that for dressed halibut. The Fisheries Agency hopes to prevent Severe gear competition on the New Zealand | | grounds, At the present time, the New Zea- land offshore trawl fishery is regulated by the Agency as a ''designated (licensed) fishery" ‘but the bottomfish long-line fishery is not, and ‘the Agency is said to be studying the possibil- ity of regulating the long-line fishery as a "designated fishery.'' For the present, the Agency is said to be planning on restricting the operation of bottomfish long-line fleets to a total of 5 or 6 fleets. (Suisan Keizai Shim- bun, January 10, 1964.) ste ole ook ste ote Bae Eng ESS bed HERS HIGH SPEED ENGINES FOR FISHING VESSELS RECOMMENDED: The Japanese Fisheries Agency plans to install a high-speed Diesel engine in its new fishery research vessel Naikai Maru (80 gross tons) scheduled to be built in Fiscal Year 1964 (April 1964-March 1965) to deter- mine its adaptability to Japanese fishing ves- sels. High-speed engines, widely used in fishing vessels of western countries, are not presently used on Japanese fishing vessels. The recommendation for installation of high-speed engines in fishing vessels was made by officials of the Fisheries Agency and the Japan National Federation of Fishery Co- operative Associations, who during their tour of Europe in November 1963 observed that high-speed engines installed on fishing vessels resulted in considerably reducing manpower 64 Japan (Contd.): requirements. For example, a crew comple- ment can be reduced to 4 or 5 on a 60-ton Japanese fishing vessel presently manned by 12-13 crew members. Other advantages are: (1) engineroom area can be reduced to allow more space for fish holds; and (2) engine op- eration can be controlled entirely from the wheelhouse. Possible disadvantages are: (1) high-speed engines must be replaced as a unit, whereas low-speed engines can be re- paired in enginerooms, and (2) shorter peri- od of serviceable life. (Suisancho Nippo, Jan- uary 9, 1964.) Mauritius Island JAPANESE TUNA TRANSSHIPMENT BASE AT PORT LOUIS: The Japanese Overseas Company, which manages the tuna fishing base at Penang, Malaysia, has established an advance tuna transshipment base at Port Louis, Mauritius Island, in the western Indian Ocean, follow- ing approval granted by the Japanese Govern- ment on November 22, 1963. The Overseas Company presently has one 300-ton refriger- ated vessel and one 400-ton carrier vessel based at that port, and hopes eventually to contract a total of 30 ice boats to fish out of its bases at Penang and Port Louis. At the present, five ice boats are operating out of Port Louis. Their ice supply is being trans- ported to Port Louis from Penang. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, December 26, 1963.) Morocco CANNED SARDINE MARKET TRENDS, 1963: Morocco's 1963 sardine landings were re- ported as disappointing despite continuation of fishing operations beyond the season's normal closing at the end of September 1963. Spokesmen for the Moroccan fishing indus - try's merchandising organization and indi- vidual canners were inclined to blame the current sardine shortage on unusually bad weather conditions off the coast. Further observations were that the local fishing fleet is increasingly centered at Safi and Agadir and is handicapped in the search for more COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 productive fishing grounds by limitations im- posed by obsolescent boats and gear. Another explanation in connection with the present sar- dine shortage was the Moroccan fisherman's traditional reluctance to go long distances from the home port. It was reported by authoritative sources that the canned sardine export program to which the industry is committed will exhaust inventories by April 1964. The local industry has for some time been concerned with the static quality of its mar- kets and the extent to which its narrow over- all margin of profit depends on the duty-free import quota of 685,000 cases accorded by France. For these reasons, stocks on hand will be fully utilized in an effort to meet com- mitments, with the franc market favored if supplies run out. Exports of canned sardines for the first four months of the season, June-September 1963, totaled 728,542 cases (100 cans No. 4- 4,5-oz.), compared with 733,574 cases in the same period of 1962. Of that total, 38.5 per- cent went to France, 22 percent to the other Common Market countries and Algeria, 14 percent to African countries which were for- merly French territories, and the balance largely to Nigeria and other African markets in the sterling zone. The target for the 1963 canned sardine pack was about 2,400,000 cases. Since ex- ports tend to be fairly evenly spaced over the 12 months, with relatively little seasonal vari- ation, the shortage expected to develop in April and May 1964 before new supplies be- come available can be estimated at 250,000 to 300,000 cases which is likely to be with- held from the West German and Italian mar- kets. The Moroccan canned sardine is a quality product packed for export under rigid control standards. But under present merchandising policies it has to compete in world markets on the basis of price rather than quality. The implicit disadvantage to that system is re- flected in the fact that sales to any but the French market are at cost, if not at a loss. Various domestic considerations, including the large-scale unemployment elsewhere in the Moroccan economy, contribute to high prices for fish delivered to the canneries and high costs for labor in processing. While the Portuguese canned sardine industry is re- March 1964 Morocco (Contd.): garded locally as the principal competitor determining world market prices, there is held to be no present prospect and little fu- ture prospect of meeting such competition. The exception might perhaps be the establish- ment of a much larger market than at pres- ent in the United States by packing a smaller sardine to meet United States consumer pref- erences, The Norwegian brisling is by contrast not regarded by the Moroccan industry as being a competitor in quality terms except in the United States. The Moroccan industry would like to imitate certain Norwegian methods, especially in fishing operations, but considers that the capital investment required to mod- ernize the fishing fleet is unavailable until more extensive markets are developed. (Unit- ed States Consulate, Casablanca, December 11, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 64. Netherlands ANTARCTIC WHALING RESULTS, EARLY 1963/64 SEASON: The management of the Netherlands Whal- ing Company in Amsterdam has released pre- liminary data on its 1963/64 Antarctic whal- ing expedition in which its factoryship, the Willem Barendsz, participated with 11 catch- er vessels. The vessel started operations in the Antarctic on December 12, 1963, and up COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 able 2 - Netherlands Whaling Company Production in Antarctic, December 12, 1963 to January 5, 1964 1963/64 1962/63 eo Frozen meat for Japanese refrigezator vessel. . . © At a stockholders meeting of the whaling company early in 1964, proposals were ad- vanced to discontinue hunting for whales and to use the factoryship for another purpose, such as general fishing off the South Ameri- can and African coasts. No decisions were made on the proposal. As far as is known, 16 whaling expeditions were operating in the Antarctic during the 1963/64 season as compared with 17 in the previous season. They were the Netherlands with 1 factoryship, Norway 4, U.S.S.R. 4, and Japan 7. Higher prices for fish meal and fish oil during the 1962/63 season resulted in a pro- duction value for the Netherlands Whaling Company of Fl, 13.1 million (US$3.6 million) as compared with Fl. 12.3 million ($3.4 mil- lion) in the previous season, This included the whaling company's share of the Japanese vessel's (Awazu Maru) operations which ac- companied the expedition and froze 7,285 pounds of whale meat for the United Kingdom. It was reported that the Japanese vessel would again work with the Netherlands expedition during the 1963/64 season. The 1962/63 sea- Table 1 - Whale Products Produced by Netherlands Whaling Company in Antarctic and Average Prices Per Ton, 1961/62 and 1962/63 Seasons Psoduct Fl. haleplivers eles) cite) (e)\e\ «oe. 0 \Other whale productsi/ ... hale meat for Japanese tefrigerator ship . . . 2 2... 1962/63 Season 1961/62 Season Average Price Per Metric Ton Average Price Per Metric Ton Fl. 1/Whale bones, sperm whale teeth. to January 5, 1964, the results were consider - ed very disappointing. The data given in table 2. show the production as of January 5, 1964, as compared with the same period in the previous season, son was reported to have closed with aloss of about $400,000 to the Netherlands whaling ex- pedition. (United States Consulate, Amster- dam, January 2 and 16, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 83. @ >a @ S@ @ 66 Norway CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY 1-OCTOBER 26, 1963: Norway's total exports of canned fish in January 1-October 26, 1963, were 8.5 per- cent less than in the same period of 1962. The decline affected all of Norway's princi- pal canned fish products. There was a par- ticularly sharp decline in shipments to the United States due in large part to the recov- ery of the Maine sardine industry which re- captured a good part of the United States mar- ket for canned sardines. Norwegian Exports of Canned Fish, January 1-October 26, 1962-63 ~~ 3 a i=] 6 eo - « (Metric Tons). . Oooo a6 0.6.0 G)0.010"6 4,437 5, 100 cbelicieliclicNeltolleilsiieiieiielic 11,779 12,010 ippered) herring). \< sie ee) +) «+ « 2,570 3,576 Soft herring roe . . 1 ew ew ew 672 739 Sildidelicatessentis veiveits| lejrenioietiente 396 439 6:010,0:'0'0 0. 60K0 2,702 2,646 1,272 1,544 23, 328 26,054 1/Preliminary. In 1963, the small sild-canning season opened on May 2. By November 23, 1963, the small sild pack amounted to 679,717 standard cases, compared with 663,283 cases in the same period of 1962. The 1963 brisling packing season extended from June 4 to October 15. At the close of the 1963 season, a total of 282,039 standard cases of canned brisling had been packed, a decline of 32.5 percent from the pack of 417,918 cases in the previous year. The Norwegian brisling catch was rather poor in the fall of 1963. The production of canned mackerel up to November 16, 1963, amounted to 1,577 metric tons, compared with 2,194 tons by the same date in 1962. (Norwegian Canners Export Journal, December 1963.) KOK OK OK OK FISHERIES LANDINGS AND EXPORTS, 1963: Norway's fisheries landings in 1963 a- mounted to 1,138,105 metric tons with an ex- vessel value of Kr.685 million (US$96 mil- lion), according to preliminary estimates. The 1963 landings were up about 1.8 percent in quantity and 3.0 percent in value from those in the previous year. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 Norwegian exports of fishery products in 1963 were valued at Kr. 970 million (US$136 million), an increase of Kr.25 million (US$3.5 million) from those in1962. (News of Norway, January 9, 1964.) Pakistan NEW FISH-PROCESSING PLANT ESTABLISHED AT KARACHI: A new fish-processing plant in Karachi, Pakistan, was to start processing fishery and fishery byproducts by March 1964. Theplant is built along modern lines with the latest freezing and processing facilities for process- ing shrimp, fish fillets, and other fishery products, as well as the manufacture of shark- liver oil. The Karachi fish harbor and market was built by the Pakistan Government and started operating in late 1959. Since then it has be- come an important fisheries center and has given impetus to the growth of West Pakistan's fisheries. A certain amount of space at the market area was Set aside for private indus- try and as of the end of 1963 a number of firms have located there with processing equipment to freeze, can, and dry fish, and also extract shark-liver oil. 2) SS Poland TRAWLING OPERATIONS IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC: Polish factory-trawlers operating in the Northwest Atlantic off Newfoundland and La- brador in 1963 reported average daily catch- es of 31 metric tons. One of the vessels caught 6,400 metric tons of cod, ocean perch, and flatfish in 1963. The Polish trawlers be- gan deep-water operations in 1963, operating at depths of 550 to 700 meters (1,800 to 2,300 feet.) (Polish Maritime News, December 1963.) 1 OOK OK OK OK TRAWLING OPERATIONS OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA: In early November 1963, the Polish factory trawler Pegaz landed 1,270 metric tons of fish at Tema, Ghana. The Pegaz and 11 Polish mo- March 1964 Poland (Contd.): tor trawlers are based at Tema, Ghana, where their catch is landed and sold. The vessels are said to be taking good catches from fishing grounds off Northwest Africa. (Polish Maritime News, December 1963.) =k AFRICAN TRAWLING FLEET MAY BE SERVICED BY MOTHERSHIP: Portuguese trawlers operating off North- west Africa have recently had to move far- ther south to find fish. The added distance and lack of refrigeration on the fishing ves- sels has created problems. Now, however, the Gil Eanes, a refrigerated supply ship, will be available to pick up the catch of the African fleet during part of the year. In the past, the Gil Eanes has been used exclusive- ly to service the Portuguese Northwest At- lantic cod-fishing fleet of about 75 vessels. The supply ship has normally remained in the Northwest Atlantic about six months each year providing equipment and welfare serv- ices to the 6,000 fishermen of the cod fleet. New legislation (Decree-Law No. 45,496) enacted December 30, 1963, makes the Gil Eanes available for charter to other regis- tered vessel operators when it is not work- ing in the Northwest Atlantic. (United States Embassy, Lisbon, January 20, 1964.) Portugal Rumania TWO NEW FREEZER STERN TRAWLERS ORDERED FROM JAPAN: The Rumanian state-owned fishing indus - try is planning to extend its operations into the western Atlantic Ocean (off Newfoundland) and into the equatorial Atlantic (off the West African coast) in 1964. Two large stern trawlers have been ordered from Japanese shipyards at Hitachi, the first of which was scheduled for delivery in December 1963. The second vessel will be delivered some time during 1964. The vessels are 305 feet long with a displacement of 3,800 gross tons and a speed of 13 knots. They will have a freezer-hold capacity of 58,269 cubic feet and a fish-meal-hold capacity of 18,187 cubic COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 fleet. The vessels will be capable of remain- ing at sea 100 days. (Le Marin, November 15; 1963.) South Africa TUNA COMPANY EXPANDING FISHING FLEET: In late 1963, a South African tuna-fishing company was negotiating in Copenhagen, Den- mark, for the purchase of 2 more ocean-going vessels at a cost of R220,000 (US$306,680). The new vessels will each have a refrigerated storage capacity of 60 to 70 tons of fish. The South African company was formed in Cape Town in mid-1963. It began tuna fishing op- erations off the west coast with the Marinette, a converted refrigerated cargo vessel which was outfitted for both long-line and pole-and- line fishing. The success of the Marinette led to the negotiations for the new vessels. (South African Fishing News and Shipping In- dustry Review, November 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1963 p. 78. HK OOK OK OK OK FISH MEAL EXPORT QUOTA FOR 1964 INCREASED: A 1964 fish meal export quota of 300,000 short tons has been assigned to South Africa (including South-West Africa) by the Fish Meal Exporters! Organization (FEO). This is 75,000 tons above South Africa's 1963 ex- port quota. (In late October 1963, FEO met in Lima, Peru, and assigned 1964 fish meal export quotas for its five member countries -- Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, and South Africa.) In 1963, South Africa produced about 120,000 tons of fish meal while the Territory of South-West Africa produced about 140,000 tons, for a total of 260,000 tons. Only about 25,000 tons were consumed domestically, leaving 235,000 tons available for export. South-West Africa's fish catch quota, which is set by the Government, has been increased from 600,000 tons in 1963 to 720,000 tons this year, and it is expected that the Territory's factories will again emphasize fish-meal pro- duction. (Fish canned, in contrast, was cut back from just over 2,000,000 cases in 1962 to 1,900,000 cases in 1963.) The increased 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW South Africa (Contd.): quota from FEO will help absorb any surplus resulting from the larger catch. About 60 percent of South African and South-West African estimated fish-meal pro- duction for 1964 has already been sold on future contracts at prices slightly above cur- rent rates, according to the chairman of the South African Fish Meal Producers' Associa- tion. Selling has now been stopped to await market developments. (United States Consul, Cape Town, January 14, 1964.) South-West Africa PILCHARD SEASON IN 1963 SETS RECORD: The last of the six pilchard-processing factories at Walvis Bay in South-West Africa completed operations during the second week of November 1963. This was the best pil- chard season yet at Walvis Bay with more than 600,000 short tons of raw fish landed. The approximate production at Walvis Bay during the 1963 season was: fish meal, 140,000 short tons (an all-time record)-- last season the production was 95,000 short tons; fish oil, 4 millionimperial gallons--was less than in 1962 when the record production reached 4.5 million gallons. The canned fish pack dropped in 1963 to 1.9 million cases in comparison with just over 2 million cases in the 1962 season. Most of the factories were expected to start the 1964 season during February. The total South-West African pilchard quota for 1964 will be 720,000 short tons. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, December 1963.) Vol. 26, No. 3 Spain FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PLAN, 1964-1967: The Spanish Government's comprehensive Economic and Social Development Plan for 1964-1967 went into effect January 1, 1964. The Plan places heavy emphasis on invest- ments as the key to increased output and pro- ductivity. The main goals for the Spanish fishing in- dustry in the 4-year Plan are: (1) improve the fishing fleet by replacing 44,000 metric tons of obsolete vessels with 42,000 tons of new construction--vessels less than 25 years old are expected to make up 453,000 gross tons of the Spanish fleet in 1967; (2) to equip fishing harbors; and (3) to modernize the fish- canning and preserving industries, improve fish marketing, and increase consumption of fishery products. Spanish canned production in 1967 is ex- pected to be 60.9 percent greater than in1962; domestic consumption of canned fishery prod- ucts should be 41.5 percent above the 1961 level, and exports should be 134.9 percent above 1961. Salted fish production should increase by 50 percent during the 1962-1967 period. It is hoped that production costs will decline with greater mechanization and expanded capacity. A special plan has been designed for the Canary Islands calling for an annual growth rate of 11.6 percent in the fisheries of that territory. (United States Embassy, Madrid, January 3, 1964.) OOK OK OK OK FISHERY TRENDS AT VIGO AND LA CORONA, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1963: Vigo Landings and Prices: Fishery land- ings at the port of Vigo, Spain, in October- December 1963 totaled 20,599 metric tons valued at 268.3 million pesetas (US$4.5 mil- lion), a considerable decline from third quar- October-December July -September October-December Metric Tons 4,675 3,359 3,034 Pesetas/Kilo | US¢/Lb. 25.50 19,3 4,550 8.09 6.1 4,414 Horse mackerel 4.14 Sal 4,394 Metric Tons Pesetas/Kilo 25.45 7.07 Metric Tons 2, 363 5,066 4,777 March 1964 Spain (Contd.): ter 1963 landings of 30,122 tons valued at 404.4 million pesetas (US$6.7 million), and fourth quarter 1962 landings of 25,428 tons valued at 245.8 million pesetas (US$4.1 mil- lion). Table 2 - Distribution of the Fishery Landings at Vigo, October-December 1963 with | C(October-December 1963 with Comparisons MEIN >| ShippediFreh |] | Fresh Other Distribution Period Canned to Domestic (Smoking, Drying, Markets Fish Meal, etc. 4th Quarter 1963 3rd Quarter 1963 4th Quarter 1962 A drop in landings at Vigo during the last three months of the year is expected. The end of the albacore season and dwindling sar- dine landings are the main reasons for the de- cline, but other species are also affected. The offshore fleet is often inactive in winter because of bad weather. Total fishery landings at Vigo during 1963 were up 15.8 percent in quantity and 41.7 per- cent in value from 1962 (which was also a record year). Table 3 - Fishery Landings at Vigo, 1959-63 Metric Tons 91, 882 79, 344 74, 810 65,457 ASLO) 1,000 Pesetas | US$1i,000 La Coruna Landings and Prices: Fishery landings at the port of La Coruna in 1963 were reported to be about 75,000 metric tons (in- cluding cod landings) with an ex-vessel value of almost 1,200 million pesetas (US$20.0 mil- lion). About 11,000 metric tons of the La Coruna 1963 landings were sold to canneries, and about 70 percent of the landings (exclud- ing cod) were shipped fresh to domestic mar- kets. Canned Fish Industry: Difficulties were reported in the canned fish industry at Vigo and La Coruna during October-December 1963. Canned fish production was down con- siderably from that in the preceding quarter as well as from that in the fourth quarter of 1962 (table 2). All canneries were said to have large stocks on hand, A serious decline in canned fish exports has been only partly offset by improved domestic sales. There COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 is a growing sense of concern among all but the strongest firms. Some relief may be obtained if the Govern- ment authorizes the export of canned fish packed in peanut oil. However, it is thought that the industry needs a thorough reorganiza- tion, including new machinery and equipment, new production methods, and possibly some consolidation of producers. (United States Consul, Vigo, January 16, 1964.) Note: 59.96 Spanish pesetas aS US$1.00. Taiwan FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963: Production: Taiwan's fisheries production in 1963 was up 7.2 percent from that in 1962. The increase in production from deep-sea fisheries was mainly due to a good trawling Taiwan's Fisheries Production, 1962-63 Type of Fishery 1963 | (1962 _| Offshore and deep-sea fisheries . Inner coastal fisheries . oo « « Outer coastal fisheries . . . » o Bishiculturessieucielellcloleneiellele 350,729 327, 046 catch, and the addition of 12 tuna long-line vessels constructed under a loan extended by the Taiwan Joint Commission on Rural Recon- struction (JCRR). Increases in coastal fish- eries were due to good runs of fish and the growth of a motorized fleet of small vessels. The drop in production from fish culture was the result of the summer drought and the cold weather in the spring which killed many fish. Two of Taiwan's new 210-ton tuna long-line vessels sail on their maiden voyage. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Taiwan (Contd.): Artificial Hatching of Carp: In July 1963, three species of Chinese carp (Hypophthalmi- chthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, and Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were given pitui- tary hormone injections to stimulate spawn- ing. The majority of the eggs obtained from the hormone-treated fish were fertilized and hatched normally and the young fish obtained by that method grew normally. It appears that this may be an economical way to solve the difficult problem of hatching carp. Chi- nese carp fingerlings had to be imported from Hong Kong in past years. Artificial Hatching of Mullet: The grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) is an important pond fish in Taiwan, but fingerlings for stocking local ponds must be captured in coastal wa- ter, and the supply is often inadequate. In December 1963, ateam of fish culturists tried to fertilize eggs obtained from ripe mullet captured off the southern coast of Taiwan. The male and female mullet were first given hormone injections. The eggs obtained by stripping were fertilized with milt from the male and hatched in 60 hours. However, all the fry thus obtained died in 2 or 3 days. The experiment will be continued in late 1964 when mullet start their spawning migration off the southern coast of Taiwan. (T. P. Chen, Chief, Fisheries Division, Joint Com- mission on Rural Reconstruction, Taiwan.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 74. fs U.S. S.R. NEW SERIES OF FREEZER-TRAWLERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN DENMARK: The M/S Grumant, the first of the new series of four identical freezer-trawlers ordered from a Copenhagen shipyard by V/O Sudoimport, of Moscow, was launched December 18, 1963. The contract for the 4 vessels amounts to a total of Kr.95 million (US$13.7 million), and calls for delivery in 1964. The M/S Grumant was built as a re- frigerator ship to dress and freeze catches taken aboard from accompanying trawlers. However, it also may be operated as a stern trawler. Specifications are as follows: length between perpendiculars 91 meters, breadth 16 meters, depth to upper deck 8.6 meters, deadweight (@pproximate) 2,550 Vol. 26, No. 3 metric tons, draft (approximate) 5.52 meters, speed on loaded trials 14.0 knots. The Gru- mant is driven by a 6-cylinder Diesel engine developing 3,530 horsepower at 200 r.p.m.; auxiliary power is provided by three 6-cylin- der and one 3-cylinder Diesel engines. Fig. 1 - Bow view of M/S Grumant at construction dock. The M/S Golfstrim, the second vessel of the new series, was launched on January 16, 1964. Fig. 2 - Stem of M/S Grumant. Note chute for hauling aboard trawl catches. An earlier series of 4 identical vessels was delivered by the Copenhagen shipyard to V/O Sudoimport in November 1962 and Janu- ary, June, and September 1963. The first series of four vessels had identical specifica- tions to the M/S Grumant and M/S Golfstrim, except that the individual tonnage of the ear- lier vessels was given as 2,600. It was also stated that the first series of vessels would freeze fish only and not do any trawling. March 1964 U.S. S. R. (Contd.): The M/S Grumant has propulsion machin- ery as well as the refrigerating plant located amidships, with large refrigerated cargo holds fore and aft. The entire superstructure is arranged amidships. The stern includes a large chute for taking catches aboard. The rigging consists of two pairs of self- supporting derrick posts. On the superstruc- ture, there is a self-supporting combined signal and radar mast. The derricks (four 3-ton and two 7-ton) are served by four 3- ton and two 5-ton winches. The deck machin- ery also includes an anchor winch, two 3- ton warping winches, and one 15-ton trawl winch. Construction time for the M/S Grumant, from keel laying to the assembly of the final section, was only 15 working days. This was 4 days faster than the 19-day record set in constructing the M/S Vitrus Bering, of the first series, in June 1962. The M/S Grumant was built in five main sections--keel, section forward of mast, bow, stern and superstruc-— ture--which were welded ahead of time, held in the section warehouse, and then assembled in a drydock. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copen- hagen, January 22, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1962 p. 71. NEW POLISH-BUILT FACTORYSHIP DELIVERED: A well known Copenhagen ship and engine builder announced on December 2, 1963, that 1 of its engine licensees, a shipyard in Gdansk, Poland, had delivered the first of a series of 11 factory vessels (a new type known as B-64) to the Soviet fishing fleet. The new vessel is intended to fulfill the function of a factory-base ship on the Atlan- tic grounds in close cooperation with fishing fleets. In addition to processing and storing fish, the factoryship will (1) supply fishing flotillas with oil, water, fishing gear, and provisions; (2) render technical assistance to fishing units; (3) render social and medi- eal service to fishing vessel crews; and (4) command the whole fishing fleet while oper- ating on the fishing grounds. The dimensions of the vessel are: length (over-all) 542 feet, breadth 69 feet, depth to COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (al main deck 31 feet, depth to shelter deck 41 feet, deadweight tonnage 10,000 metric tons, gross tonnage 9,250 tons, and net tonnage 3,660 tons. The vessel is driven by a 5-cylinder Diesel engine which develops 6,250 horse- power at 115 r.p.m. Service speed was re- ported as about 14 knots. The vessel has holding areas with the fol- lowing capacity: cold-storage holds 10,530 cubic meters, provisions chambers 300 tons, fuel oil tanks 46,660 cubic meters, fresh wa- ter tanks 1,900 cubic meters, oil tanks 200 cubic meters, and cod-liver oi tanks 230 cubic meters. The vessel has a shelter-deck design with a long forecastle, superstructures fore and aft, and single compartment unsinkability. Processing is carried out between decks. Fresh fish is received on the vessel in net bags (floating cod ends) that are pulled up the stern ramp by two-ton winches. Catches may also be transferred from fishing vessels a- longside by derricks of 5-ton and 10-ton ca- pacity. Fuel oil and water for fishing vessels are carried in deep tanks and double bottom tanks. The stern upper-deck superstructure has space for an airplane or a helicopter. The hull is reinforced for navigation in ice. All holds are equipped to store frozen fishery products at -25° C, (-139 F.). Both the moor- ing and anchoring appliances are adapted to anchor the vessel in deep water. Specialaids will allow simultaneous mooring of four fish- ing vessels alongside the mothership. It has accommodations for 248 persons in single, 2- and 4-berth air-conditioned cabins. The vessel is equipped to provide medical service to fishing fleet crews. The vessel carries 2 salt-water evaporators with a total capacity of 100 tons per day to provide fresh water for a fishing fleet. The vessel's refrigeration equipment has the capacity to: (1) freeze 100 tons of fish per day in blast-freezing tunnels; (2) produce 20 tons of flake ice_ per day; (3) maintain a temperature of -25° C. (-13° F.) in all holds; (4) maintain appropriate temperatures in pro- visions chambers; and (5) maintain required air-conditioning. Two processing rooms on the main deck can handle 200 tons of fish per day. Six fully mechanized processing lines are designed to produce fish fillets, herring preserves, and 72 WASHSHR. (Contd): salted herring. Fish-processing equipment includes filleting machines and canning ma- chinery. The 3 herring processing lines have a capacity of 50 tons each 22 hours. There is a fish reduction unit with daily capacity of 100 tons. The cod-liver oil plant can produce 5 tons of oil daily. Fish products are mech- anically conveyed from the processing rooms to storage holds. (Regional Fisheries At- tache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, Janvary 15, 1964.) United Arab Republic FISH CANNING: The only important fish cannery in the United Arab Repub= lic is located near the mouth of the river Damietta (branch of the Nile) on the Mediterranean Coast in the town of Ezbet el Borg. The cannery, which became fully operative late in the spring of 1962, includes a can manufacturing section and a fish meal and oil processing unit. At present, the plant is concentrating on sardine canning. From September to Novem- ber, the Mediterranean sardine season, the factory receives sardines directly from fishing vessels arriving at the com- pany’s dock, During the rest of the year, fresh sardines are trucked from Suez, The factory is fully equipped to handle all stages of sardine canning. The canning equipment was manufactured and in- stalled by a Japanese firm. Japanese technicians assisted at the initial pilot production, but present operations are under the supervision and maintenance of Egyptian engineers work= ing in the plant, All operations are done by machine, except for cutting the fish and filling the cans which are manual, The plant employs about 400 full-time workers. This includes 300 women who process the fish on the production lines, Canned sardine production during fiscal year 1964 is ex- pected to reach 15,000 metric tons or about 7 million 4,.4-0z. cans, compared with 2.5 million cans in FY 1963. The large in= crease in sardine production is expected because of the smooth= ing out of earlier production difficulties, and to the fact that fa= cilities formerly devoted to crab and shrimp canning will be available for work on sardines, The plant processes ‘‘musa,’’ a small fish taken along with sardines, Production figures are inexact because ‘‘musa”’ is considered a byproduct of the sardine industry, but the man- ager expected that about 1 million 4,4°0z, cans of ‘‘musa’’ would be processed during FY 1964 for retailing on the local market at 5 piasters (11.5 U.S, cents) per can. Although sardines are canned chiefly for domestic consump= tion, small amounts are being exported to Ghana, the Congo, and Kuwait. No increase in those exports is expected in the immediate future, A total of 750,000 3,5°0z,. cans of shrimp were produced during FY 1963. Shrimp are not being processed this year. The company has been exporting about 500,000 cans of shrimp each year to East Germany, and will continue to do so until stocks are exhausted, The resumption of shrimp production is not planned unless a firm export market develops, The cannery produced 30,000 7-oz, cans of crab during FY 1963, No crab production was reported for FY 1964, All crab production is consumed locally. The company will process 100,000 2°0z, cans of anchovies during FY 1964. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 The plant management is considering importing frozen tuna from Japan for canning. Negotiations for machinery are under way, and the plant laboratory is conducting feasibility research, If arrangements are successful, the factory plans to produce 300,000 3-1/2=-ounce cans and 200,000 7°1/2-0z. cans of tuna annually. According to the plant management, the possibility of ex- porting canned shrimp to the United States is being discussed with a shellfish company in Mississippi. The Mississippi company would supply the empty cans, and then buy the canned shrimp packed at the Egyptian factory. Retail prices on the local Egyptian market are: e| 3.5°0z, can »| 7.0°0z, ‘can -| 4.4°0z. can -| 4.4°0z, can Ss 1/One Egyptian piaster equals US$0.023. ¥ The Damietta cannery is well organized and managed, The equipment on the premises is well maintained, Elimination of hand operations by introduction of more automatic machinery would make the processing more economical, but such expan= sion must await the availability of foreign exchange, (United States Consulate, Port Said, January 24, 1964.) United Kingdom FISHERY LOANS INTEREST RATES REVISED: The British White Fish Authority announced that effective November 16, 1963, their rates of interest on loans for fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet, new engines, nets and gear would be as follows: on loans for more than 5 years but not more than 10 years, 53 percent (increase t percent); on loans for more than 10 years but not more than 15 years, 5 per- cent (increase + percent); on loans for more than 15 years but not more than 20 years, 5% percent (increase 3 percent). The rates on loans made before November 16 are unchanged. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 71. KOK OK OK OK TRAWLER FISHERMEN GET MORE PAY AND ADDITIONAL PAID HOLIDAYS: More pay and additional paid holidays for British trawler fishermen were issues a- greed upon at a meeting in London of the Na- tional Joint Industrial Council which repre- sents vessel owners and unions in the British fishing industry. The new pay agreement was to become effective November 25, 1963. The fishermen are getting an extra one shilling March 1964 United Kingdom (Contd.): (14 U. S. cents) on the basic rates, and three more paid holidays bringing the annual holi- day leave up to 24 days. After the meeting, an employee spokes- man who is also National Fishery Officer of the Transport end General Workers' Union (TGWU) stated that the leave agreement was among the best negotiated in British indus - try. A Fleetwood official of TGWU described the increase as not being as much as they had expected but that it was a step in the right di- rection. At Aberdeen, an official of the Aberdeen Fishing Vessel Owners' Association said the increased rate willcost trawler owners there another £20,000 to £25,000 (US$56,000 to $70,000), or about £.250($700) per vessel. He added that the fishermen had wanted 28 days leave but that under the new agreement they would get 24 days leave with pay. Vessel owners in Lowestoft were expected to hold a meeting before the pay increases became effective in order to discuss the im- plications of the decisions made at the No- vember London meeting. At Hull, the pay increase will affect about 3,000 fishermen. Also, about 2,500 workers employed either on the Hull Fish Market or in dock-processing establishments were to get a shorter working week with increased minimum rates of pay. Effective on April 6, 1964, the working week will be reduced from 44 hours to 42 hours. This was based on agreements negotiated between the Hull Fish Merchant's Protection Association and Union representatives. New minimum pay rates were to be effective in the first full pay week following November 11, 1963. Minimum pay rates for men 20 years of age and over were to be increased by seven shillings (98 U.S. cents), with proportionate increases for youths and boys. Separate classifications of skilled and unskilled for women have been combined, and the new rate for women 20 years of age and over will be E6 10 shillings ($18.20) a week, with proportionate increases for those under 20 years of age. (Fishing News, November 15, 1963.) Hk ook KOK OK BOXING-FISH-AT-SEA TESTS CARRIED OUT BY TRAWLER: The British trawler St. Britwin was slated to return to her home port of Hull in Decem- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 ber 1963, following a fishing trip in which fish- boxing tests aboard the vessel were carried out. On this experimental trip the vessel also carried aboard, inadditionto her normal crew, members of the White Fish Authority's Indus - trial Development Unit who were sponsoring the boxing-fishing-at-sea tests. There have been occasional experiments in fish boxing aboard distant-water trawlers but these have been on a relatively small scale and have had as their primary aim an assess~— ment of the quality of boxed fish. Now, as the scope of the boxing at sea is becoming en- larged, the purpose of this bigger scale work is to gain practical experience of what is en- tailed both at sea and in port unloading opera- tions. It is stressed, however, that on this occa- sion, neither the type of box to be used nor the method of marketing, involving as it will sample weighing, will necessarily be the final procedure to be adopted. The present practice of conventional dis- ttant-water trawlers is to stow catches in ice in the fish hold but a report on the subject has pointed out advantages which the exten- sion of the boxing technique would give. Boxing fish at sea, it was stated, besides cutting out considerable intermediate fish handling, would have the further advantage of preventing the earlier and later parts of a vessel's catch being accidentally mixed dur- ing unloading. In discussing the present boxing experi- ments, the head of the Industrial Development Unit expressed appreciation of the help which the Torry Research Station, the Humber Labo- ratory of the Department of Scientific and In- dustrial Research, and others were giving on the tests. "One of the advantages of boxing fish," he said, "is that it enables fish to be displayed in more or less the order in which it has been caught.'' (Fishing News, November 15, 1963.) KOK KOK NEW FROZEN FISH THAWING UNIT: A new thawing plant operating at Grimsby, England, is an essential part in a plan tofreeze fish at sea and then thaw and fillet ashore to meet specific requirements. The goal is an end-product with all the physical characteris - tics of fresh fish in prime condition. 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW United Kingdom (Contd.): The new thawing plant was designed to accommodate the 100-pound (42 by 21 by 4- inch) blocks of whole fish now being pro- duced by certain freezer-trawlers. The Fig. 1 - New frozen fish thawing unit operating in Grimsby. thawing unit is, in effect, a large box (16 by 26 feet at the base), fitted at each end with entry doors and flap-sealed horizontal open- ings for the entry and removal of fish. It contains an insulated thawing chamber and the high velocity fans, heater units, and hu- midifiers of the thawing equipment. The thawing chamber is lined with zinc-sprayed, rust-proofed steel sheeting, and is equipped with twin five-tier noncorrosive endless rub- ber belts which carry the fish. The whole fish blocks are fed on to the moving belts by roller conveyors. The fish Fig. 2 - Shows the twin roller conveyors by which 100-pound frozen fish blocks enter the thawing chamber. Housed in the upper half of the structure are high velocity fans, and equip- ment regulating heat and humidity. Vol. 26, No. 3 blocks are thawed in four hours by a combina- tion of high velocity air, temperature, and hu- midity--all critically regulated, integrated, and timed. After thawing, the fish blocks emerge as individual fish ready for filleting. The unit can produce 1 to 14 tons of thawed fish per hour. Fig. 3 - Frozen blocks of whole fish entering thawing unit. The thawing unit's cycle speed of 4 hours represents a belt speed of 5 inches per min- ute. This can be varied to suit blocks of greater or lesser thickness than four inches. Fig. 4 - After four hours of treatment by carefully regulated tem- perature, humidity, and high-velocity air, the fish blocks emerge from the thawing unit as individual fish ready for filleting. It is claimed that the new thawing unit preserves the molecular structure of fish tissue, prevents scale damage, and preserves natural color. The new thawing plant belongs to one of Britain's largest fishery firms. In using the hot-air method of thawing, it contains refine- ments not previously found in equipment of this type. At the same time, it reverses a March 1964 United Kingdom (Contd.): trend towards dielectric thawing already in use in the British fishing industry. 3K OK OK OK OK TRAWLER "STELLA LEONIS'" WINS SILVER COD TROPHY FOR 1963: The 1963 winner of the Silver Cod Trophy in Great Britain was the 190-foot trawler Stella Leonis which landed 39,556 kits (553,784 pounds) of fish valued at £161,500 (US$452,200) in 1963. The vessel made 17 distant-water trips and was at sea for 335 days in 1963. The skipper of the Stella Leonis is only 33 years old, although he has 17 years of trawling experience. The Silver Cod Trophy is presented an- nually to the British distant-water vessel with the largest catch for the year. In 1962, the winner of the trophy was the Somerset COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 Silver Cod deo phy, winner in 1963. The Stella Leonis is fitted for starboard fishing only. Accommodations are provided amid- ships and aft for 30 persons. The fish-storage hold has a capac- ity of 18,170 cubic feet. The vessel is powered by a 1, 800- horsepower Diesel engine. Maugham with landings of 46,560 kits (6,518,400 pounds) valued at 5,146,182 (US$409,130). The record for the competition, which started 10 years ago, is held by the Kirkella, which landed 46,589 kits or 6,522,460 pounds. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 78. SALT WATER CONVERSION BY MARINE WILDLIFE How do sea mammals, sea birds, turtles, andma- rine iguanas which live on rocky ocean islands com- pletely lacking in fresh water manage to thrive without this basic necessity ? Many of the animals have spe- cial salt glands, which secrete a saline solution five times more concentrated thanblood andtwice as salty as sea water. Thus sea water is usedand the excess salt eliminated via those glands. (Sea Secrets, April 1963.) Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Compositors: Alma Greene and Marjorie McGlone OK OK OK %K Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P, 36--FAO photo; p. 100--Coast and Geodetic Survey. 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Department of Commerce SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ALASKA FIRM TO RECEIVE LOAN FUNDS FROM SBA INSTEAD OF ARA: The Small Business ministration (SBA) approved a loan of $155,000 to the Aleutian Development Company on November 20, 1963. The Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA) had previously, on June 13, 1963, ap- proved an industrial loan of $148,367 to the company to be used to replace and modern- ize its canning plant equipment and to per- mit expansion of salmon and crab canning operations at Jamal, Alaska. The ARA loan, however, was cancelled on December 27, 1963, following the approval of the loan to the Aleutian Development Company. ae FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEW FEES FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS INSPECTION SERVICES: New fees and charges for fishery products inspection services of the U.S. Department of the Interior became effective on February 15,1964. The basic change was the increase in regular hourly rates for continuous in- spection from $4.45 to $5.55 and for lot in- spection from $6.50 to $7.80. The cost of maintaining the inspection service for pro- cessed fishery products and other products has increased since the adjustment of fees which became effective February 1, 1963. The amendmentas it appeared in the Federal Register of February 7, 1964, fol- lows: Title 50—WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES Chapter il—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior SUBGHAPTER G—PROCESSED FISHERY PROD- UCTS, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, ANU CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS PART 260—INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Changes in Fees and Charges The regulations governing Part 260— Inspection and Certification of Sub- chapter G—Processed Fishery Products; Processed Products Thereof, and Certain Other Processed Food Products, relating to fees and charges (50 CFR 260.70 to 260.81) are hereby amended pursuant to the authority contained in section 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 US.C, 724e(a)), as, amended. The amendment as hereinafter set forth re- vises the schedule of fees and charges for inspection services. As a result of the Federal pay increase effective January 1, 1964, and increased operating expenses, the cost of maintain- ing the inspection service for processed fishery products and other products has increased since the adjustment of fees which became effective February 1, 1963. The basic change is the increase in the hourly rates for continuous inspection from $4.45 to $5.55 and for lot inspection and related inspection services from $6.50 to $7.80. The amendment is as follows: 1. Section 260.70 is hereby revised to Tread as follows: § 260.70 Schedule of fees. (a) Unless otherwise provided in & written agreement between the applicant and the Secretary, the fees to be charged and collected for any inspection service performed under the regulations in this part at the request of the United States, or any agency or instrumentality thereof, shall be in accordance. with the applica- ble provisions of §§ 260.70 to 260.81. (b) Unless otherwise provided in the regulations in this part, the fees to be charged and collected for any inspec- tion service performed under the regula- tions in this part shall be based on the applicable rates specified in this section for the type of service performed. (1) Continuous inspection: Per kour I he pe eee ces 95.55 Overtime -.._____. comeorceesosc — 6.00 Applicants ahall be eharged at an hourly rate of $5.55 per hour for regular time and $6.00 per hour for overtime in ex- cess of 40 hours per week for services performed by imspectors assigned to plants operating under continuous in- Vol. 26, No. 3 March 1964 speetion. Applicants shall be billed monthly at a minimum charge of 8 hours per working day plus overtime, when appropriate, for each inspector. A min- imum yearly charge of 260 days will be made for each inspector permanently assigned to each plant. (2) Lot inspection, officially and un- officially drawn samples. For lot inspection services performed be- tween the hours of 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. of any regular workday—87.80 per hour. For lot inspection services performed be- tween the hours of 5 p.m. and 7 am. of any regular workday—#10.00 per hour. For lot inspection services performed on Saturday, Sunday, and National legal holi- days—$10.00 per hour. The minimum fee to be charged and col- lected for inspection of any lot of product shall be 64.00. (c) Fees to be charged and collected for lot inspection services furnished on an hourly basis shall be based on the actual time required to render such serv- ‘ice including, but not limited to, the travel, sampling, and waiting time re- quired of the inspector, or inspectors, in connection therewith, at the rate of $7.80 per hour for each inspector, except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 2. Section 260.71(c) is hereby revised to read as follows: § 260.71 Inspection services performed on a resident basis. (c) A charge of $7.80 per hour plus actual costs to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for per diem and travel costs incurred in rendering service not specifi- cally covered in this section; such as, but not limited to, initial plant surveys. 3. Section 260.76 is hereby revised to read as follows: § 260.76 Charges based on hourly rate not otherwise provided for in this part. When the appropriate Regional or Area Director determines that any in- spection or related service rendered is such that charges based upon the fore- going sections are clearly inapplicable, charges may be based on the time con- sumed by the inspector in performance of such inspection service at the rate of $7.80 per hour. Notice of proposed rule making, public procedure thereon, and the postpone- ment of the effective date of this revision later than February 15, 1964 (5 US.C. 1003), are impracticable, unnecessary OK Kk Ok 717 and contrary to the public interest in that: (1) the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946, as amended, provides that the fees charged shall, as nearly as pos- sible, cover the cost of the service ren- dered; (2) the increases set forth herein are necessary to more nearly cover such cost, including but not limited to, in- creased salaries to Federal employees required by recent legislation; (3) it is imperative that the increase in fees be- come effective in time to meet such in- creased costs; (4) users of the inspection service were notified that the rates of fees to be charged for inspection serv- ice would be reevaluated as to need for readjustment with each Federal pay act increase by inclusion of § 260.81 into Part 260 Inspection and Certification and published in the FreperaL REGISTER (27 F.R. 4781); and (5) additional time is not required by users of the inspec- tion service to comply with this revision. (Sec. 205, 60 Stat. 1090, as amended; 7 U.S.C. 1622 and 1624) Dated: February 4, 1964, to become effective at 12:01 a.m., February 15, 1964. Stewart L. UpAtt, Secretary of the Interior. FeEpruary 4, 1964. NEWLY APPOINTED FISHERY ATTACHES ARRIVE AT POSTS: Two fishery attachés, appointed by the U. S. Department of State in 1963, arrived in December at their respective posts, one in Latin Americaandthe other in Africa. Rich- ard S. Croker isnowatthe United States Em- bassy in Mexico City, Mexico, and will report on significant activities and developments in the Latin American region. George B. Gross, appointed to the post in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, will have regional responsibilities for fish- ery reporting on the countries along the west-| ern coast of Africa. R 2S Department of Labor WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISIONS SHELLFISH-PROCESSING INDUSTRY TO BE SURVEYED AGAIN: The shellfish-processing industry on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts is to be surveyed again by the Wage and Hour and Public Con- tracts Division, U. S. Department of Labor, in order to determine the degree of compli- ance with the regulations of the Minimum Wage-Hour Law. The second survey is in connection with the expiration of the Handi- capped Exemption Certificates as of April 1, 1964. After that date, only persons qualifying by the regular standards of being handicapped will be exempted. Because of the many problems created by the application of the Minimum Wage-Hour Law to persons shucking oysters in the Middle ‘and South Atlantic States, the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division made a study in 1962 of the shellfish-processing industry. A survey conducted by the Department of La- bor at that time included all plants process- ing clams, crabs, oysters, and shrimp on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts during June 1962. The results of the study were published in “December 1962 in the report "Shellfish Pro- cessing on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast." Department of the Treasury BUREAU OF CUSTOMS EVMPORTS OF CANNED "TUNA WITH VEGETABLES" DUTIABLE AT 20 PERCENT AD VALOREM: Canned tuna with vegetables--a product consisting of 43 percent tuna, 23 percent veg- etables, and 34 percent highly seasoned sauce, with added rice bran oil--has been classified by the U. S. Bureau of Customs under the pro- vision for ''Edible preparations, not specially provided for ...: Other" (dutiable at 20 per- 78 cent advalorem), item 182.91, Tariff Sched- ules of the United States. The decision was contained in a Bureau of Customs letter dated November 26, 1963. (Treasury Decisions, vol. 98, no. 50, December 12, 1963.) Eighty -Eighth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolu- tions which may directly or indirectly affect the fish- eries and allied indus- tries are reported upon. Introduction, referral to committees, perti- nent legislative ac- tions by the House and Senate, as well as signature into law or other final disposition are covered. THE BUDGET OF THE UNITED STATES: H. Doc. 265, Part 1, The Budget of The United States Govern- ment Fiscal Year Banana ; 5 (House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), 475 pp., printed. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, paper cover price $1.50.) The budget as sub- mitted Jan. 21, 1964, to the Congress, provides under funds for the Department of the Interior increases for the Fish and Wildlife Service. For the Office of the Commissioner $393,000 as compared with $386,000 in 1964. Estimates for the Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies total $26,445,000, an increase of $2,467,766 over the amount for 1964: Management and Investigations of Resources $20,681,000, an increase of $2,856,766 over 1964 appropriations and includes $1.8 million for ex- pansion of oceanographic research; $720,000 for botu- lism and pesticides studies; the Federal-State Columbia River Fishery Development Program, designed to off- set losses to salmon and steelhead runs resulting from Federal projects in the Columbia River Basin, will be continued with $588,000 requested for construction and $2,260,000 for operation and maintenance of facilities; Construction of Fishery Facilities is $4,200,000, which includes $1,000,000 for a shellfish research center at Milford, Conn., and $1,500,000 for a biological research laboratory for the tropical Atlantic area. Estimates for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife total $47,396,000, a net increase of $233,733 over 1964: Management and Investigations of Resources $34,419,000, an increase of $3,859,273; Construction $3,593,000, a decrease of $1,650,000. COMMODITY PACKAGING AND LABELING: Pack- aging and Eabeling Legislation (Hearings before the ubcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Com- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 mittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 88th Con- gress, lst Session), 979 pp., printed. Contains hear- ings held on S. 387, to amend the Clayton Act to prohibit restraints of trade carried into effect through the use of unfair and deceptive methods of packaging or label- ing certain consumer commodities distributed in com- merce, and for other purposes; Federal laws and regu- lations, State laws and regulations, wartime regulation of containers; and selected foreign jurisdictions. H.R. 9940 (Roosevelt) introduced in House Feb. 7, 1964; referred to the Committee on the Judiciary; simi- lar to S. 387. CONSERVATION OF MARINE FISHERIES RESOURCES: The House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries held hearings on Feb. 19 and 20, 1964, onS. 1988, and re-. lated bills, to prohibit fishing in the territorial waters of the United States and in certain other areas by per- sons other than nationals or inhabitants of the United States. H.R. 9957 (Rogers) introduced in House Feb. 8, 1964, and H.R. 10028 (Wilson) introduced in House Feb. 19, 1964; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; similar to S. 1988. CONSUMER PROTECTION: The American Consumer, Message from the President of the United States (H.Doc. 230), 7 pp., printed, received in the House and Senate _ February 5, 1964. Contains a statement of the consum- er's position, recent advances, recommended legisla- tion, administrative improvements, and conclusions. The President mentioned among other items the need to extend and clarify the inspection authority of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to permit inspection of factories where food is produced; the need for clari- fication of the law concerning the registration of pesti- cides; and the need to eliminate misleading advertising and packaging. CUBAN FISHING ACTIVITIES IN UNITED STATES TERRITORIAL WATERS: Representative Rogers (Florida) on Feb. 3, 1964, addressed the House on the activities of the Cuban fishing fleet in United States territorial waters off Florida. Representative Pelly (Washington) on Feb. 4, 1964, presented a statement to the House in support of the Senate-passed bill S. 1988 (to prohibit fishing in the territorial waters of the United States and in certain other areas by persons other than nationals or inhabit- ants of the United States), which would prohibit the Cuban fishing fleet (or any other foreign fishing fleet) from entering United States territorial waters. FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RO- DENTICIDE ACT: The House'on Feb. 3, 1964, received the report (H. Rept. 1125) on H.R. 9739. The House on on Feb. 17,1964, passed $. 1605, amended (in lieu of H.R. 9739), to amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,, and Rodenticide Act, as amended, to provide for label- ing.of economic poisons with registration numbers, to eliminate registration under protest, and for other pur- poses. FISHERMEN'S FINANCIAL AID FOR ECONOMIC DISLOCATION: H.R. 9784 (Bennet) introduced in the House Jan. 28, 1964, to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to make payments to reestablish the purchas- ing power of American fishermen suffering temporary economic dislocation; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. March 1964 FISHERY RESOURCES: A magazine article titled "John F. Kennedy--Forthright for Fisheries" was in- serted by Senator Magnuson in the Congressional Re- cord, Appendix page A699, Feb. 17, 1361. Vi FOOD-FOR-PEACE, AND FISH: The Senate and House on Jan. 31, 1964, received a message from the President transmitting his legislative recommendations concerning agriculture (H.Doc.210). Among the items mentioned were Titles I and II of Public Law 480 con- cerning the food-for-peace program. The President recommended an extension of those two titles for five years. At the present time those titles would expire on December 31, 1964. On Jan. 28,1964, Senator Bartlett (Alaska) inserted in the Congressional Record, pages 1208-1209, an ar- ticle whick appeared in the Wall Street Journal con- cerning fish in the food-for-peace program. Senator Bartlett inserted in the Congressional Re- cord, page 2818, Feb. 17, 1964, a speech delivered at the annual convention of the National Canners Associa- tion by the Director of the food-for-peace program de- scribing the effect of the program and discussing the recent addition of certain fishery commodities to the program under Public Law 88-205. MAINE FISHING INDUSTRY: On Jan. 31,1964, Repre- sentative Tupper (Maine) inserted in the Congressional Record (Appendix, page A397) an editorial titted Maine Fishing Industry Cannot Take Tariff Slash and Survive," from the Portland (Maine) Press Herald. NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEALS CONVENTION: The Senate on Dec. 3, 1963, received a meSsage from the President of the United States transmitting a protocol amending the interim convention on conservation of North Pacific fur seals, signed at Washington on Feb. 9, 1957, which protocol was signed at Washington on Oct. 8, 1963, on behalf of the Governments of Canada, Japan, the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America (Ex. O, 88th Congress, lst Session); referred to Committee on Foreign Rela- tions. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on Jan. 21,1964, approved Protocol amending the interim con- vention on conservation of North Pacific fur seals. The Committee on Jan. 27,1964, favorably reported (Ex. Rept. 1) Ex. O. i Saye The Senate on Jan. 30,1964, ratified Ex.O, Protocol amending the interim convention on conservation of North Pacific fur seals. No House action required. OCEANOGRAPHY: Thirteenth Annual Report of the National Science Foundation, Message from the President of the United States (H: Doc. 509), 374 pp., printed, received in the House January 29,1964. Con- tains a description of the program activities of the National Science Foundation including support of scien- tific research, institutional grants, education in the sciences, dissemination of scientific information, and studies of science resources. The Report includes a ® description of the Foundation's oceanographic programs which cover: (1) assistance for some of the most ur- gently required additions to the Nation's facilities for basic oceanographic research (this included 15 grants in 1963 totaling $5.9 million for the construction or con- version of ships and the construction or expansion of shore facilities), and (2) coordination of the United COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 States program in the International Indian Ocean Expe- dition. A statement by the Governor of California on oceano- graphic needs was inserted by Representative Hanna in the Congressional Record (Appendix pages 588-589), Feb. 7, 1964. The article, On the Shore of Narragansett Bay: a Great New Sea Laboratory,'' by the Dean of the Gradu- ate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Is- land, was inserted by Representative Fogarty in the Congressional Record (Appendix Pages A692-693), Feb. 13, . The article describes the marine re- search facilities in the vicinity of Narragansett Bay and their relation to the New England fishing industry. PRICE-QUALITY STABILIZATION: On Feb. 19, 1964, the Subcommittee on Quality Stabilization of the Senate Committee on Commerce concluded its hearings on S.774, to amend the Federal Trade Commission Act, to promote quality and price stabilization, to define and restrain certain unfair methods of distribution and to confirm, define, and equalize the rights of producers and resellers in the distribution of goods identified by distinguishing brands, names, or trademarks, and for other purposes. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OFFICE FOR CON- GRESS: Establishment of a Congressional Science “Ad- visory Staff (Hearing before the Subcommittee on ccounts of the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 1st Session), 88 pp., printed. Contains hearing held Dec. 4, 1963, on H.R. 6866 and H.R. 8066, to increase the effectiveness of the Congress in carrying out its functions by es- tablishing a science advisory staff in the Senate and House of Representatives; includes testimony given by Members of Congress, officials of the Government, and members of various schools, associations, and in in- dustry. SMALL BUSINESS DISASTER LOANS: The House on Jan. 20, 1964, Suspended the rules and passed, with a- mendments, S. 1309, to amend the Small Business Act bx broadening the disaster loan authority and imposing criminal penalties for certain offenses. Thebill, as a- mended by the House, contains three parts. (The bill as passed by the Senate contained four parts; the first part which would have involved an increased appropria- tionfor the Small Business Administration revolving fund was deleted by a committee amendment in the House). The second part of the bill broadens the authority of the Small Business Act to make disaster loans to small business. At the present time this authority applies on- ly to small businesses which have suffered economic injury because of draught or excessive rainfall. This would extend the authority to business injured by other natural disasters. The third part of the bill would ex- tend the disaster loan authority to cases where economic injury was suffered by small businesses because of: "The inability * * * to process or market a product for human consumption because of disease or toxicity oc- curring in such product through natural or undetermined causes." The last part of the bill provides the Govern- ment with authority to bring criminal proceedings a- gainst anyone who steals property mortgaged or pledged to the Small Business Act for a loan. The Senate on Jan. 27, 1964, concurred in the House amendments to Ss. 1309. The President on Feb. 5, 1964, signed S. 1309 into Public Law 88-264. 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW SOVIET FISHING INDUSTRY: The Postwar Ex- pansion of Russia's Fishing Industry (Prepared at the Request of Hon. WarrenG. Magnuson, Chairman, for the use of the Committee on Commerce, United States Sen- ate by the Legislative Reference Service, the Library of Congress with Translations of fisheryarticles and news from Soviet publications by the Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington), 59 pp., printed. Contains: (1) the growth of the Soviet annual fish catch; (2) the drive to the open sea; (3) expansion of the So- viet fishing fleet; (4) Soviet fishing tactics on the high seas; (5) the extracurricular activities of the fishing fleet; (6) fishery research and manpower training; (7) the economic status of the fishing industry; (8) the fisheries of Eastern Europe; (9) the outlook; a sum- mary; and appendixes. Representative Keith of Massachusetts on Jan. 31, 1964, inserted in the Congressional Record (Appendix, pages A409-A410) an article from the New Bedford (Mass.) Times titled "Red Fishing Threat.’ CONSERVATION OF MARINE FISHERIES RESOURCES A newspaper article on Soviet fishing activities on the high seas was inserted by Senator Magnuson in the Con- gressional Record, page 2800, Feb. 17, 1964. TRANSPORTATION AMENDMENTS OF 1964: H.R. 9903 (Harris) introduced in House Feb. 5, 1964 (follow - ing hearings by the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on some of the proposals originally contained in H.R. 4700 and H.R. 4701), to amend the Interstate Commerce Act and Federal Aviation Act of 1958 so as to strengthen and improve the national trans- portation system, and to implement more fully the na- tional transportation policy, and for other purposes; re- ferred to the Committee on Interstate and ForeignCom- merce which favorably reported the bill to the House on February 6,1964. The bill includes provisions which would extend to railroads and domestic water carriers the exemption now applicable to the transportation of agricultural commodities and fishery products by motor carriers. However, all carriers (of whatever mode) would be required to file with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) their exempt rates on agricultural and fishery products, except those moving in trucks having three axles or less. The anti-trust laws would also be made applicable to the shipment of the exempt commodities. The bill also contains provisions which among other things would: (a) permit shippers to recover damages from motor carriers and freight forwarders for un- reasonable rates charged in the past (a right now limit- ed to rail and water shipments); (b) permit persons in- jured by illegal operations to sue in Federal courts for _ injunctions, and permit the ICC to join shippers in en- Vol. 26, No. 3 forcement proceedings; and (c) increase fines forcer- tain violations of the Interstate Commerce Act toa maximum of $500 for each offense and $250 for each additional day of violation. The bill would also amend section 1003 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1483) which now provides for joint rates between air and other com- mon carriers, and in the case of joint rates between air carriers and carriers subject to the Interstate Com- merce Commission, for a joint board comprising repre- sentatives of both agencies to pass upon such joint rates in accordance with standards of the Federal Aviation Act. The bill would create a new joint board compris- ing representatives of the Civil Aeronautics Board, the Federal Maritime Commission, and the Interstate Com- merce Commission to handle through service and joint rates between places in the United States and its pos- sessions of any combination of air, water, and ground carriers where such rates are not subject to the indi- vidual regulatory jurisdiction of any one of those agen- cies. Under this section, the Alaska Railroad would be authorized to establish through routes and joint rates with other carriers which would be under the juris- diction of the joint board. VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY AMENDMENTS: H.R. 9815 (Tupper) introduced in House Jan. 31, 1964, to amend the act of June 12,1960, relating to the con- struction of fishing vessels to exténd it for an additional period; referred to Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Unlike S. 1006 and campanion House bills on this sub- ject pending before the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee, H.R. 9815 would merely extend the expired subsidy program (P. L. 86-516) for a total of 7 years (including the 3 years that the Program was in effect and the time that has elapsed since the Program ex- pired) without increasing the amount of subsidy or delet- ing the restrictions in the old law. As under the old Program, H.R. 9815 would permit maximum subsidies of 33-1/3 percent and would limit the construction of subsidized vessels to fisheries injured by foreign im- ports. S.1006 and the other bills pending before the House Committee would provide for subsidies of up to 55 percent and would eliminate restrictions regarding injury to a fishery from imports. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION: The House Committee on Public Works on Feb. 17-19, 1964, held and concluded hearings on H.R. 3166, 9963, 4571, S. 649, and H.R. 6844, andrelated bills, to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. Testimony was given by public witnesses. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 March 1964 PE = ‘FISHERY PUBLICATIONS = FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS purpose of the Committee which preparedthis report was to establish the appropriate structureand scale of economic effort in the operation of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The report deals with rela- tion of economic analysis to the operation of the Bu- reau; type of economic program that the Bureau should undertake; type of organization required to implement this program; and type of personnel required. Anap- pendix covers statistical data requirements. THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING- TON, D. C. 20240. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED 4S FOL- LOWS: CFS = CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. MNL = REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES. d 5 SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Report of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for the Calendar Year 1961, 86 pp., illus., printed 1563. During the calendar year 1961, the Bureau of Commer- Cae seo _F ee h Products, October 1963, 8 cial Fisheries continued its efforts to provide the re- ay Fe CLOUT o search and services that will assist the Nation touti- i z ? : lize fully and wisely its fishery resources. These ef- eeerste 2 eee eee sane Tete PP. forts cover a wide spectrum of activities, from basic CFS-3346 - Texas ares ‘Au nate 1963 ae research in such fields as fishery biology or fish oil CFS-3352 - Gulf Coast aie, es Jul B aeal 22 technology to such practical applications as demon- CFS-3357 - New York Landi P S ot el 1963 fee strations of fish cookery in schools or the dissemi- CS Oe ae Be Sone DUST ape o Ee nation of news of the daily prices for fish landed in CFS-3358 - ee ae oak Data, 1962 Annual Sum- principal United States ports. The report touches ? 9p i briefly on phases of biological, economic, engineer- CFS-3360 - Massachusetts Landings, May 1963, 8 pp. ing, Secaneacapniel and fecnneloneal vesearens It CFS-3361 - North Carolina Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. also discusses the many Bureau service programs, Geetoees i per Crna tLandines: August nies See such as those involved in fishery products inspection, abama Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. fishery market promotion, market news reporting, CFS-3365 - Georgia Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. statistics collection, vessel loans, vessel safety pro- CFS-3366 - South Carolina Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. ea ndnothers CFS-3367 - Maine Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. ; i CFS-3368 - RhodeIsland Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. pe ree eee Oot oe 12888 Be | |femee rae aise erin Seer ee CFS-3372 - Louisiana Landings, September 1963, 3 4 rire ass s Gres si5)" Gull Meheries: 1969 Arrual Summany, 13, SANE DRTCHTEOOIE ae CTR ee Ea Rade CFS-3374 - Mississippi Landings, September 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3375 - New York Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. Number Title CFS-3376 - Fish Meal and Oil, October 1963, 2 pp. MNL - 23 - Fisheries of Chile, Part I--North Chile, CFS-3377 - New Jersey Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. 1960-1963, 52 pp. CFS-3378 - Wisconsin Landings, October 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3379 - Louisiana Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3380 - North Carolina Landings, November 1963 4 pp. THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ARTICLE IS AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII, 96812. CFS-3382 - Shrimp Landings, August 1963, 8 pp. Biochemical Studies on Fish Blood. V--On the Respi- CFS-3389 - Maine Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. ration Elements of Fish Blood, by Kaname Sato, illus., CFS-3390 - Alabama Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. processed, limited distribution, October 1963. (Trans- lated from the Japanese, Memoirs of the Kagoshima University Faculty of Fisheries, vol. 3, no.1, Septem- Sep. No. 700 - Utilization of U. S. Otter-Trawl Shrimp ber 1953, pp. 132-140.) VCE BED ET Gee EE a THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE PUBLICATION 1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S, BUREAU OF COM- MERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 2725 MONTLAKE BLVD., 5 : : SEATTLE, WASH., 98102. Report to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the Serco aie hal OOS Branch of Economics, by James Crutchfield and oth- ers, Circular173, 15 pp., April 1963. The primary 82 lated from the Russian, Sovetsko-Iaponskaia Kom- issiia po Rybolovstvu v Severo-dapadnoi Chasti Tikhogo Okeana K), Piataia Sessiia, Tokyo, 86 p 5 THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. California Fishery Market News Monthl Summary, Part Il - Fishin Information, December 5 tehele) sy illus. (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio- logical Laboratory, P. O. Box 6317, Pt. Loma Station, San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains sea-surface tempera- tures, fishing and research information of interest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and marine scientists; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts, Prices, and Trends, November 1963, 14 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Customs House, 610 S. Canal St., Rm. 1014, Chicago, | Ill. 60607). Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces forfresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month indicated. Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship - ments of Fishery ie oducrsy November 1963, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans, La. 70130). Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express ship- ments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; Gulf menhaden landings and production of meal, solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the month indicated. Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selecte reas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, December FOES. Fpp. (Market News Serv- ice, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hampton, Va., 23369.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and production of crab meat and shucked oysters for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam- bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data on fishery pro- ducts and shrimp production; for the month indicated. (Seattle)Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisher- ies, Montht Summary, December 1963, 7 pp. (Mar- ket News Service, we. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash., 98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and salmon fleets reported through the ex- changes; landing of halibut reported by the Interna- tional Pacific Halibut Commission; landings of otter- trawl vessels as reported by the Fishermen's Mar- keting Association of Washington; local landings by independent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways; imports from British Columbiavia rail, motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; Washington shrimp landings; and imports from other countries through Washington customs district; for the month indicated. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD- LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ADDITIVES: Carcinogenic Substances, Particularly 3,4-Benzpyrene, in Smoked Products and Measures to Eliminate thom —_—— by L. M. Shabad, Working Paper No. 12, 12 pp., print- ed. (Translated from the Russian, Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Hazards of Food Additives, 1960). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. ALGAE: "Algenprodukte in der Pharmazie''(Algal Products in Pharmacy), by H. von Czetsch Lindenwald, article, Botanica Marina, vol. 3, no. 1, 1961, pp. 22-29, print- in German with English, French, and Spanish summar- ies. Studiengesellschaft zur Erforschung von Meere- salgen, e. V. Hamburg, Germany. "The Blue-Green Algae,'' by M. V. Gusev, article, Microbiology, vol. 30, May-June 1962, pp. 897-911, printed. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2000 P. St. NW., Washington 6, D. C. "Chemical Composition of Some Philippine Algae," by AntonioI. de Leon, Natividad Eufemio, and Maxima Pineda, article, The Philippine Journal of Science, vol. 92, no. 1, March 1963, pp. 77-87, printed, single copy $2. National Institute of Science and Technolo- gy, P. O. Box 774, Manila, Philippines. "Cytochromes of a Blue-Green Alga: Extraction of a c-Type with a Strongly Negative Redox Potential," by Raymond W. Holton and Jack Myers, article, Science, vol. 142, no. 3589, October 11, 1963, pp. 234- 235, printed, single copy 35 cents. American Society for the Advancement of Science, 1415 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington 5, D. C. "First All-Union Conference on the Cultivation of Unicellular Algae," by L. K. Osnitskaya and S. V. Goryunova, article, Microbiology, vol. 30, May-June 1962, pp. 918-921, printed. American Institue of Biological Sciences, 2000 P. St. NW., Washington (SDE Ce "Protein Fat, Carbohydrate, and Ash Content of Some Sea Plank Mass Black anktonic Algae Grown in Cultures, U.5.5.R., by L. A. Lanskaya and I. 1. Pshenina, OTS 63-31615, 17 pp., printed, 50 cents, August 26, 1963. Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. ANCHOVY: "Un Analisis del Numero de ME SERG de la ee Peruana(Engraulis ringens J.) (An Analysis of the Number of Vertebrae ai the Peruvian Anchovy, En- raulis ringens J.), by R. Jordan, article, Boletin, vol. 1, no. 2, 1963, pp. 25-43, illus., printed in Span- ishwith Englishsummary. Library, Instituto de In- vestigation de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. March 1964 "Descripcion de Huevos y, Larvas de Anchoveta Peruana (Engraulis ringens J.)' (Description of Eggs and Larvae of the Peruvian Anchovy, Engrau- lis ringens J.), by H. Einarsson and B. Rojas de Mendiola, article, Boletin, vol. 1, no. 1, 1963, pp. 1-23, illus., printed in Spanish with English pro- logue and summary. Library, Instituto de Investi- gacion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. La Pesca de la Anchoveta--Estadistica de Pesca ~Esfuerzo en los Meses de Julio-Diciembre de1962 y Resumen de los Resultados de la Pesca Total du- rante el Ano 1962(The Anchovy Fishery--Statistics of the Fishery and Fishing Effort in the Months of July-December 1962 and Summary of the Entire Fishery during the Year 1962), by W. F. Doucet, G. Saetersdal, and I. Vasquez A., Report No. 15, 26 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. ANTIBIOTICS: "Observations on the Action of Tetracyclines on the Preservation of Adriatic Codfish. I-Plan of Investi- gation and Experimental Methods," by Guglielmo Ciani and others, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 57, October 29, 1962, 11613f, printed. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington 6, IDS (Ce "Studies on Food Preservatives. V--Antagonism be- tween CTC-Resistant and CTC-Sensitive Bacteria," by Tomoaki Okitsu and Toshiharu Kawabata, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, vol. 28, August 1962, pp. 837-840, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kai- gandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. BACTERIOLOGY: Investigations of the Abundance of Saprophytic Bacteria in Las Dalnee, by E. M. Krokhin, Translation Series No. 419, 5 pp., processed, 1962. (Translatedfrom the Russian, Mikrobiologiia, vol. 23, no. 1, 1954, pp. 49-52.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bio- logical Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. BIOCHEMISTRY: : "A New Technique for the Isolation of Flavor Compo- nents from Fats and Oils,"' by S.S. Change, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 38, 1961, pp. 669-671, illus., printed. American Oil Chemists' Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, I11. enko and G. A. Mikheyeva, OTS 63-31659, 7 pp., 50 cents, August 30, 1963. Office of TechnicalServices, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235. "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXXI--Ex- tractability of Fish Myosin (Part 2) Salting-Out Analysis of Short-Time Extract of Fish Myosin," by Tadao Ueda, Shimizu Yutaka, and Wataru Simidu, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scienti- fic Fisheries, vol. 28, October 1962, pp. 1,005-1,009, printed Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba -Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Library, Instituto COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 BUT USUALLY MAY BE BORERS: Marine Borers--An Annotated Bibliography, by Wil- liam F. Clapp and Roman Kenk, 1136 pp., printed, $7, 1963. Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C. (For saleby the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) A compilation of all essential published literature on marine borers up to 1954. Comprises about 3,540 items, each with a concise informative abstract. Two indexes are appended; one a geographic index of borer damage in the various areas of the world, the other a sub- ject index leading to information on the morphology, distribution, life cycle, and physiology of the marine- boring animals and on the various methods of borer control and damage prevention. BREAM: On the Effect of Feeding Conditions and Abundance of = Spawilersionthesimount cmProseny © roduced by Caspian Bream, by K. S. Zemskaia, Translation Se- ries No. 438, 10 pp., illus., processed, 1963. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Trudy Soveshchanii Iktio- logicheskoi Komissii Akademii Nauk SSSR, no 13, 1961, pp. 307-313.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. BROWNING: Browning Reactions in Dried Fish Products, by N. R. Jones, Torry Memoir No. 107, 7 pp., printed, 1962. Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. ‘'BURBOT: "The Biology and Taxonomy of the Burbot, Lota lota, in Heming Lake, Manitoba," by G.H. Lawler, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 417- , printed. Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. / CALIFORNIA: California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investiga- tions Reports, vol. IX, I July 1960 to 30 June 1962, 74 pp., illus., printed. Marine Research Committee, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, Calif. This report consists of two sections. The first con- tains a brief review of the administrative and re- search activities during the period July 1, 1960, to June 30, 1962, a description of the fisheries, anda list of publications arising from the program. The second section is comprised of original scientific contributions which are either the direct results of the research programs, or represent research di- rectly pertinent to resource development in the pe- lagic realm off California. CANADA: Guide to Marine Life of British Columbia, by G. Clif- ford Carl, Handbook No. 21, illus., printed, 50 Cana- dian cents. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Department of Recreation and Conservation, Vic- toria, B.C., Canada. A simplified introductory guide to marine flora and fauna of British Columbia, de- signed particularly for fishermen and boat owners. Included are sections dealing with seaweeds, mam- mals, birds, fishes, jellyfish, starfish and related forms, crabs, barnacles, molluscs, sea worms, and wood borers. 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 5, September 1963, 252 pp., illus., printed, single copy C$2. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among others, articles on: "Glycolysis in Lingcod Muscle during Frozen Storage,'' by N. Tom- linson, R.E.E. Jonas, and S.E. Geiger; ''Composition and Palatability of Porbeagle Flesh," by W.J. Dyer, D.I. Frazer, and S.N. Tibbo; "Vertebral Numbers of American Plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius), in the Nostivest Atlantic, by T. K. Pitt; Brine Spray Frozen Tuna. Sodium, Potassium, Lac- tic Acid and Acid-Soluble Phosphorus in the Muscle, andthe Influence Thereon of Thawing and Precooking," by N. Tomlinson and S. E. Geiger; "The Invasion of the Lower Great Lakes by the White Perch, Roccus americanus (Gmelin),"'by W. B. Scott and W. J. Christie; "Vital Statistics of Esox masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario. I--Tag Loss, Mortality Due to Tagging, and the Estimate of Exploitation," by Barry S. Muir; "Factors Influencing the Effectivness of Fresh Fish Washing Operations, by W. A. MacCal- lum, M. W. Mullan, and Isabel N. Plaunt; "Effect of Photo-Periods on the Reactions of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Light Stimuli," by A. T. Pinhorn and C. W. Andrews; and ''Pollock (Pollachius virens (L.)) in the Bay of Fundy," by D. H. Steele. CANNING: "Change in the Content of Nitrogen-Containing Sub- stances of Fish Prepared and Canned in Tomato Sauce,'' by M. V. Kalantarova, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 57, August 6, 1962, 3838a, printed. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Wash- ington 6, D. C. "Experiments on Canning Freshwater Fish. II," by A. W. Lantz, article, Progress Reports, Biological Station and Technological Unit, no. 2,1961, pp. 37-47, illus., printed. Biological Station and Technological Unit, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, London, Ont., Canada. "The Stability of Canned Foods in Long-Term Storage," by S. R. Cecil and J. G. Woodroof, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, May 1963, pp. 131-138, printed. The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, IIl. CARP: "Ob Izmenchivosti Sazana Cyprinus carpio haematop- terus Tem. Et Schl. Beesein Ozera Dalainoe ney (Variability of saprinus carpio Haematopterus in Basin of Lake Dalainor, People's Republic of China), by A. A. Svetovidova, article, Sbornik Trudov Zool. Muzeya. Moscow Univ., vol. 8, 1961, pp. 183-187 ? printed in Russian. Akademiia Nauk, Moscow, U.S.S.R. CASPIAN SEA: "Dinamika Chislennosti Ekspluatiruemykh Stad Vobly, Leshcha I Sudaka Severnogo Kaspiya' (Dynamics of the Quantity of Exploitable Shoals of Roach, Bream, and Pike-Perch), by V. N. Lukashov, article, Trud Soveshchanii. Iktiol, Komissiya Akad. Nauk Fi vol. T3, > pp. 445 LTE Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York 10. N.Y. CHAR: The Food of Different Biological Forms of the Dolly Varden Char, SALVELIN tis MALMA (Walb.) in Certain Kamchatka Waters, by K. A. Savvaitova and Ia. S. Reshetnikov, Translation Series No. 373, 12 pp., processed, 1962. (Translated fromthe Russian, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol1, no. 1, 1961, pp. 127-135.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. COD: "Here's How They Take Black Cod Off The Coast of California," article, Fish Boat, vol. 8, May 1963, pp. 12-13, 15, printed. H. L. Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orleans 9, La. The Possible Influence of the Nutrition of Young Cod “on its Abundance, by I. Ya. Ponomarenko, 8 pp., pro- cessed, 5 ranslated from the Russian, Trud Soveshchanii, no. 13, 1961, pp. 301-306.) Ministry o Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Labora- tory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. "Quality Changes in Stored Refrozen Cod Fillets," by by W. J. Dyer, article, Supplement to Bulletin de 1! Institut International du Froid, 1962, pp. I-10, printed International Institute of Refrigeration, 177 Blvd. Malesherbes, Paris 17, France. "Respiration of the Atlantic Cod," by Richard L. Saun- ders, article, Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol: 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 373-3550, printed. ‘Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. COLD CHAIN: The Freezer Chain--Problems and Possibilities, by ~G. F. Lorentzen, 39 pp., illus., printed, March 1963. Institute of Refrigeration, New Bridge Street House, New Bridge St., London EC4, England COMMISSIONS: Fifteenth Annual Report of the Pacific Marine Fisher- Tes Commission for the Year 1962, 36 pp. illus., printed, June 1963. Pacific Marine, Fisheries Com- mission, 741 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. Fifth Ave., Portland 1, Oreg. Reports briefly on the specificac-: tivities of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission during 1962 and presents a review of developments in the fields of research, regulation, and coordina- tion in the States of Washington, Oregon, and Califor- nia. Reviews activities during the first 15 years of the Commission's existence; legislation enabling en- trance of Alaska and other states into the Compact; and Commission actions on Federal legislation, seis- mic exploration, pollution problems, salmon fishery, tuna fishery, groundfish and shellfish fisheries, and other topics. Presents sections on the Status of al- bacore, crab, pink shrimp, troll salmon, and trawl fisheries of the Pacific Coast. Also includes results of investigations of Oregon-Washington chinook salm- on tagging; salmon hooked mortality, treble and single hooks;ocean sport fisheries, groundfish tag- ging, and crab condition. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Fourteenth Annual Report 1962-1963 (to the Congress of the Unit- ed States and to the Governor and Legislators of Ala- bama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas), 45 pp., illus., printed. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, 312 Audubon Bldg., New Orleans, La., 70112. Outlines the Commission's activities for the period October 1962-October 1963, with a summary March 1964 of recommendations and actions. Describes briefly the activities of each of the member States during that period. Includes short discussions of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service activities in shellfish, bottomfish, and pelagic fish exploration; offshore shrimp gear research; faunal assessment; shrimp burrowing behavior studies; experiments in electri- cal stimulation of pink shrimp; anda physiology and behavior of young shrimp program. Also discusses the estuarine ecology program, industrial fishery program, a fishery-oceanographic research vessel under construction, pesticides program, oyster pro- gram, clam studies, red tide program, voluntary standards of grade for fishery products, the Inspec - tion Service, market development programs, and investigation of navigation projects. Also contains the financial report of the Commission for the year ended June 30, 1963. CONTAINERS: "Gyorsfagyasztott Elelmiszerek Szallitasara Szant Szigetelt Tartalyok Vizsgalata"’ (Insulated Trans - port Containers for Quick Frozen Foods), by E. Almasi, P. Perjes, and D. Molnar, article, Kozle- menyei Kosponti Elelmiszeripari Kutato Intezet, no. - 1962, pp. Il-18, illus., printed in Hungarian. Kozponti Elelmiszeripari Kutato Intezet Kozlemen- yei, Kozponti Elelmiszeripari Kutato Intezet, Buda- pest, Hungary. DECAPODS: The Larval Development of PALAEMONETES PALU- DOSUS (Gibbes, 1950) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), Reared in the Laboratory, by Sheldon Dobkin, Contri- bution No. 441, 21 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Crustaceana, vol. 6, part 1, 1963, pp. 41-61.) The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. DENMARK: Kobenhavns Universitets Ferskvandsbiologiske Lab- oratorium (Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Uni- versity of Copenhagen), by Kaj Berg, 5 pp., illus., printed in Danish and in English, 1962. N. T. Kroyers Bogtrykkeri, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark. DIRECTORIES: a Fishing News Directory and Equipment Guide, 1964, by Arthur J. Heighway and Lloyd G. B. Butcher, 170 pp., illus., printed, £1 2s. 3d. (about US$3.10), De- cember 1963, Arthur J. Heighway Publictions Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. Contains lists of fishing vessels, owners and mana- gers, individual fleets in main ports and their own- ers, and builders of fishing vessels; propulsion, transmission and steering equipment suppliers and manufacturers; electronics and radio equipment sup- pliers and manufacturers; chandlery and life-saving equipment suppliers and manufacturers; catching and hauling equipment suppliers and manufacturers; and marketing and processing equipment suppliers and manufacturers. Italso includes lists of official au- thorities and organizations, and associations in the fishing industry; and analphabetical index of all sup- pliers and manufacturers. A most comprehensive work of reference to the British fishing industry. DOLPHIN: The Dolphin in History, by Ashley Montagu and John C. Lilly, 55 pp., illus., printed, $2, 1963. William COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif. Two papers delivered at 1962 symposium, discussing the history and distribution of dolphins, and the intelli- gence of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. ELECTRICAL FISHING: "Neurophysiology of Electric Fishing," by Richard Vibert, article, Transactions of the American Fisher- ies Society, vol. 92, no. 3, 1563, pp. 265-275, printed. Secretary, American Fisherjes Society, P.O. Box 483, McLean, Va. FATTY ACIDS: "The Component Acids of the Fats of Some Indian Fresh Water Fishers," by S.P. Pathak and B.R. Reddy, article Biochemical Journal, vol. 85, December 1962, pp. 618-620, printed. Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, Eng- land. "The Determination of Glyceride Structure," by R.J. VanderWal, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, vol. 40, June 1963, pp. 242-247, printed. American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, I11. "The Determination of Polymers in Fats and Oils," by David Firestone, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, vol. 40, June 1963, pp. 247- 255, printed. American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, I11. "Effect of a Fat-Free Diet and of Different Dietary Fatty Acids (Palmitate, Oleate, and Linoleate) on the Fatty Acid Composition of Fresh-Water Fish Lipids," by R. R. Brenner, D. V. Vazza, and M. E. DeTomas, article, Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 4, July 1963, pp. 341-345, printed. University Pub- lishers, Inc., 59 E. 54th St., New York 22, N. Y. "Molecular Dynamics and Glyceride Structure," by R. J. VanderWal, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, June 1963, p. 256, printed. American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill. FINLAND: "Zur Systematik und Okologie Des Lachses und der Forellen in den Binnengewassern Finnlands" (On the Systematics and Ecology of the Salmon and Trout in the Inland Waters of Finland), by Ossi Seppovaara, article, Vum Societatis Zoological Botanical, Fenni- eae ''Vanamo ,“ vol. 24, no.1, pp. 1-86, printed. Vum Societatis Zoological Botanicae, Fennicae ''Vanamo," Snellnaninkatii 9-11 Helsinki, Finland. FISH BEHAVIOR: Statistical Analysis of Differentiating Ability of Some Black Sea Fish, U.S.S.R., by M.P. Aronov, OTS 63-_ 31613, 3 pp., printed, 50 cents, August 26, 1963. Of- fice of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D. C. 20235. FISH CULTURE: "Aerobnyi Sposob Udobreniya Prudov'"' (Aerobic Me- thod of Fertilizing Ponds for Fish Breeding), by K.V. Gorbunov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, 1960 pp. 200-201, printed in Russian. V. Krasnosel'skaia 17 B-140, Moscow, U.S.S.R. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: The Biological Principles Underlying the Rational Conduct of Fisheries, by L. S. Berdichevskii, 37 pp., 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 processed. (Translated from the Russian Trudy Soveshchanii, no. 13, 1961, 44 pp.) Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. "Ob Unifikatsii Rybokhozyaistvennykh Issledovanii Vodokhranilishch" (Unification of Fish Management Studies of Reservoirs), by V. N. Greze, Referat. Zhur. Biol., 1962, no. 17194, printedin Russian. Akademiia Nauk, Moscow, U.S.S.R. FISHERY STOCKS: "Opredelenie Usiliya Na Edinitsu Lova Dlya Otsenki Izmeneniya Plotnosti Stada"’ (The Determination of Catch per Unit of Fishing Effort for the Evalu- ation of Changes in Stock Density," by T. F. Demen- t'eva, article, Trudy Soveshchanii. Ikhtiol. Komis- siya Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, 15961, pp. 466-470, printed in Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York 10, N. Y. FISHING WITH LIGHTS: "Ia Peche a la Lumiere en Atlantique" (Fishing with Lights in the Atlantic), by G. Kurc, article, France Peche, no. 76, September 1963, pp. 25-31, 33, illus., printed in French, single copy 2.50 F (about 50 U. S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. FISH LIVER OIL: "Effects of Vitamin E and Cod-Liver Oil in Magnesi- um-Deficient Calves," article, Nutrition Reviews, vol. 19, no. 7, 1961, pp. 212-213, printed. The Nutri- tion Foundation Inc., 99 Park Ave., New York 16, INERYe FISH MEAL: Aprovechamiento de la Materia Prima en la Elabora- ~cion de Harina de Pescado Tipo Integral, Estudio _ Tecnico--Economico de Dos Metodos (Processing ‘of the Raw Material in the Manufacture of Whole Fish Meal, Technical Study--Economics of Two Methods), by T. Sparre and E. Arnesen, Report No. 17, 22 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. Li- brary, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. Informacion Estadistica sobre Embarcaciones Utili- ~zadas en la Pesca Industrial en el Peru 1953-1962 (Statistical Information on the Landings Utilized in the Industrial Fishery in Peru 1953-1962), by I. Tilic Report No. 8, 40 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. Library, Instituto de Investigacion de los Re- cursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. Material Estadistico sobre la Industria Peruana de “Harina de Pescado (Statistical Data on the Peruvian Fish Meal Industry), by I. Tilic, Report No. 14, 53 pp., processed in Spanish, 1963. Library, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. FISH NUTRITION: "O Kormovoi Baze i Obespechennosti Ryb Pishchei" (The Food Supply and Provision of Fish With Food). by E. V. Borutskii, article, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiol. Komissiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, 1961, pp. 67-77, nEited in Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York 10, N. Y. FISH OILS: "Menhaden Oil Has a Bright Future in the Protective Coatings Industries," by John S. Dempster, Jr., article, Fish Boat, vol. 8, June 1963, pp. 32-33, 84, printed. H. L. Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orleans 9, La. "Studies on the Phospholipids of Aquatic Animals," by Koichi Zama, article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol. 11, no. I, 35 ‘pp. 1-73, printed. The Faculty of Fisheries, Hok- kaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. "Studies on Utilization of Oils and Fats Obtainable from Viscera of Aquatic Animals. III--Investigations in Industrial Aspect of Concentration by Molecular Distillation of Vitamin Oil (Part 1),"" by Hiroshi Sone, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, vol. 28, February 1962, pp. 235-243, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba -Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. "The 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Reagent for Determina- tion of Oxidative Rancidity in Fish Oils," by A. J. De Koning and M. H. Silk, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists" Society, vol. 40, May 1963, pp. -169, printed. American Oil Chemists! Socie- ty, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill. FISH PONDS: "Development of Resistance to Lindane in Argulus Populations of Fish Ponds," by M. Lahay and M. Shi- lo, article, Bamidgeh, vol. 14, no. 4, 1962, pp. 67-76, printed. Department of Fisheries and Fish Breed- ers! Association, Nir-David, D. N., Israel. FISH POPULATIONS: "Big Effects from Small Causes: Two Examples from Fish Population Dynamics," by W. E. Ricker, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 257-264, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. "O Nekotorykh Zakonomernostyakh Vozdeistviya Ry- bolovstva na Strukturu Populyatsii i Svoistva Osobei Oblavlivaemogo Stada Promyslovoi Ryby'"' (Some Aspects of the Effect of Fishing on the Structure of a Population of Commercial Fish and the Character- istics of the Individual Fish), by G. V. Nikol'skii, ar- ticle, Trudy Soveshchanii. Ikhtiol. Komissiya Akad. NaukS , VOL. 13, 1961, pp. 21-33, printed in Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York LOMENieYis Soviet Research on Increasing and Utilizing Fish Popu- lations, 110 pp., iflus., printed, $2.50, Sentomnen 9, . Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. "Underwater Census of Stream Fish Populations," by T. G. Northcote and D. W. Wilkie, article, Trans- actions of the American Fisheries Society, vol 92, no. 2, 1963, pp. 146-151, printed. Secretary, American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. "Vliyanie Otbirayushchego Deistviya Ob'yacheivayush- chikh Orudii Lova na Kachestbennyi Sostav Oblavli- vaemoi Populyatsii Ryby'' (Effect of the Selective Action of Gill Nets on the Qualitative Composition of March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. the Fish Population Attacked), by T. N. Belyanina, article, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiol. Komissi a Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 13, 1961, pp. 254-259, antec Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Agee New York 10, N. Y. "Vliyanie Shchuki na Zapasy Sazana v Kremenchugs- kom Vodokhranilshche''(The Effect of Pike on the Carp Stock of the Kremenchug Reservoir), by D.M. Vashchenko, article, Zoologicheski Zhurnal, vol. 41, no. 11, 1962, pp. 1749-175I, printed in Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York 10, N. Y. "O Zavisimosti ‘Tempa Rosta Ryb ot Chisla Osobeiv Pokolennyakh"' (Relation of Fish Growth Rates to the Number of Individuals in Each Year-Class), by V. V. Barsukov, article. Byul. Inst. Biol. Vodokh- ranilishch Akademiia. Nau SR, vol. II, 1961, pp. 37-41, printed in Russian. Akademiia Nauk, Mos- cow, U.S.S.R. FLOUNDER: "Seasonal Movements of the Winter Flounder, Pseu- dopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum)," by F. D. McCracken, article, Journal of the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp.551- 586, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Information Bulletin, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, no. 24, June 1963, 42 pp., illus., processed. General Fisheries Council for the Medi- terranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Discusses the Seventh Session of the GFCM, Meetings of the Executive Committee, Extra- ordinary Session of the GFCM, activities of the FAO, and information of member countries. Also covers international organizations and meetings, schedule of international meetings of interest for fisheries workers, and lists of technical papers and working papers presented at the Seventh Session of the GFCM. International Tape-Writer Bibliographic Reference Exchange, by Joel 5. O'Connor, Fisheries Circular No. 6, 2 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viaie delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. The Food and Agriculture Organization has published a report describing that Agency's activities under the Expanded Program for Technical Assistance for developing the fisheries of manycountries. These reports have been processed only for limited dis - tribution to governments, libraries, and universi- ties. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Report to the Government of Tanganyika on Cannin Dagaa from Lake Tanganyikan ey Be Bencjon agan, Report No. pp., 196 FOOD CONSUMPTION: "Foods of the Future. Introduction,'' by Loren B. Sjostrom; "Basic Research Foreshadows Future Food Trends,' ‘by George W. Irving, Jr. and Sam R. Hoover; "Future Developments in Nutrition and Their Impact," by Alfred E. Harper, articles, Food Technology, pp. 30, 32, 33-39, 40-43, printed. The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, Ill. FRANCE: Le Poisson dans le Cuisine Francaise(Fishin French Cookery), by H.P. Pellaprat, 229 pp., illus., printed in French, 1954. Librairie Ernest Flammarion, 26 Rue Racine, Paris 6, France. "Poisson Frais et Poisson Surgele ne Doivent pas Etre Concurrents mais Complementaires" (Fresh Fish and Frozen Fish Do Not Have to be Competi- tors but Complementary), article, La Peche Mari- time, vol. 42, no. 1026, September 1963, pp. 569-570, printed in French, single copy 12 F (about US$2.45). Les Editions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. FREEZE-DRYING: "Answers to Freeze-Dry Questions," by A. N. Leder- man, F. H. Lindstrom, and J. P. O'Meara, article, Food Engineering, April 1963, pp. 50-53, illus., printed. Chilton Gee Chestnut and 56th St., Phila- delphia 36, Pa. "Freeze-Dried Assets,'' article, The Farm Index, vol. II, no. 12, December 1963, pp. 9-10, printed, sin- gle copy 20 cents. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) The freeze-dry industry, which now packs annually only $2 to $5 million worth of food, will be packing almost a quarter of a billion dollars worth by 1970. A recent study showed that the added cost of freeze- drying over freezing makes these foods now unable to compete with frozen foods. Many freeze-dried products don't compare favorably with frozen or can- ned foods. Some foods cannot be successfully freeze- dried either because the cost is too high for the low quality of the fresh product or because of the lossin flavor and appearance. Good prospects for freeze- drying include shrimp and other shellfish. Freeze- drying equipment is expensive, costing a minimum of $300,000 for a full-size commercial plant. By 1967 processing costs should level off at about 4-5 cents per pound of water removed and the drying cy- cle should decrease to 6-8 hours. Freeze-Dried Foods: Palatability Tests, by Kermit “Bird, Marketing Research Report No. 617, 38 pp., illus., processed, July 1963. Marketing Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 20250. Most freeze-dried foods on the market are "acceptable" from a palatability standpoint as judged by a taste panel in the U.S. Department of Agriculture during the course of this study. None of the 28 freeze -dried foods evaluated received an "unacceptable" scoreas to palatability, and two-thirds of them were as good as the processed foods with which they were com- pared. Palatability is rated in terms of general ac- ceptance and the 5 quality characteristics areappear ance, flavor, juiciness, texture, and tenderness. The freeze-dried items taste-tested included beef, pork, chicken, fishery products, soups, and several mix- 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 tures of foods. When compared with their frozen or canned counterparts, 3 of them, including shrimp creole, were considered superior; 15, including shellfish, were about the same; and 10 were rated poorer. Freeze-dried foods used in prepared mix- tures received higher scores, on the average, than the same foods served plain. On the basis of these ratings, freeze-dried foods appear to have some prospects for volume production. Their chief mar- ket, however, may be in competion with convention- ally-dried foods. Similar to these, freeze-dried products are lightweight, have long shelf life, and can be stored without refrigeration. In addition, they are said to retain more of their original physi- cal structure, flavor, and nutritive value than air- or heat-dried products. There are some processed foods for which freeze-drying will replace the pre- sent processing method, according to the author. Freeze-Drying of Foodstuffs, edited by S. Cotsonand D. B. Smith, 295 pp., illus., printed, 50s. (about US$7), 1963. Columbine Press, Old Colony House, South King St., Manchester 2, England. Based ona Symposium at the Borough Polytechnic, London, October 1961. Presents information on the freeze- drying process, products of the process, commer- cial plants and equipment, packaging and packaging machinery, and marketing and future prospects of the industry. "Principios Generales de la Liofilizacion Alimentaria" (General Principles of Freeze-Drying of Foods), by Louis Rey, article, Revista del Frio, vol. VIII, no. 1, January-March 1963, pp. 11-26, illus., printed in Spanish with English abstract. Centro Experimen- tal del Frio, Serrano, 150, Madrid, Spain. "The Role of Food Science and Technology in the Freeze Dehydration of Foods,'' by S. A. Goldblith, M. Karel, and G. Lusk, articles, Food Technology, vol. 17, no. 2, February 1963, pp. 21-26; vol. IT, no. 3, March 1963, pp. 22-28, illus., printed. The Gar- rard Press, 510 No. Hickory, Champaign, Ill. FREEZING: "Effect of Packaging on the Freezing Rate of Fish," by J. R. Crepey and J. Mailliard, article, La Revue de la Conserve, vol. 18, no. 9, December [962, pp. 249-255, printed in French. Societe d'Edition pour 1'Alimentation, 1 Rue de la Reale, Paris I, France. "Osnovnye Voprosy Tehnologii Zamorazivanija Ryby" (Basic Problems of Fish Freezing), by A.I. Piskarey, article, Rybnoe Khozaiastvo, no. 4, 1962, pp. 64-71, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Rapid-Freezing Methods in Soviet Fishing Industr i OTS 63-31627, 9 pp., printed, 50 cents, August as 1963. Office of Technical Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235. FRESH-WATER FISH: The Freshwater Fishes of Canada, by E.P. Slasten- enko, pp., illus., printed, 1958. Kiev Printers, 686 Richmond St. W., Toronto, Ont., Canada. "Interaction Between Trout and Char in Scandinavia," by Nils-Arvid Nilsson, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 3, 1963, pp. 276-285, printed. Secretary, American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. Prospects for Acclimatization of Fresh-Water Fish in U.5.5. R., by Ye. V. Burmakin, OTS 63-31649, T3 pp., printed, 50 cents, August 30, 1963. Officeo Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerc », Washington, D. C., 20235. FROZEN FISH: Burgess, Misc. Paper No. 20, 2 pp., printed. (Reprint - ed from Fishmerchant and Processor, May/June 1963.) Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. "Thawing Large Blocks of Frozen Whole Fish," by J.J. Waterman, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 1, January-March 1963, pp. 113-114, print- ed. A.J, Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. GAG: A Study of the Age and Growth of the Gag, MYCTERO- PERCA MICROLEPIS Goode and Bean (Pisces: Ser- ranidae) on the West Coast of Florida, by Andrew J. McErlean, Technical Series No. 41, 35 ah, illus., printed, September 1963. Marine Laboratory, Flor ida State Board of Conservation, St. Petersburg, Fla. GASTROPODS: Ecological Diversification in S atric Gastropods Toi the Genus BUSYCON, Syancbert ns eines Conte bution No. 191, 9 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Evolution, vol. XVI, no. 4, December 1962, pp. 515-523.) Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. "Gastropod Defensive Responses and 'rheir Effective- ness in Reducing Predation by Starfishes,"' by How- ard M. Feder, article, Ecology, vol. 44, no. 3, Sum- mer 1963, pp. 305-512, illus., printed, single copy $2.50. Duke University Press, Box 6697, College Station, Durham, N. C. GEAR: "Economical Distillation of Fresh Water on Board Fishing Vessels," article, Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, vol. 9, no. I, 1962, pp. , print- ed. Torolf Holme, P. O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Ber- gen, Norway. "High Speed Diesel Engines for Small Ships and as Auxiliaries in Ocean-Going Vessels," by E. Tyrrell, article, Svensk Sjofarts Tidning, vol. 57, no. 20, 1962, pp. 1064-1065, 1 , illus., printed in Swedish. Sve- riges Redareforening, 1 Avenyen, Goteborg, Sweden. "Operational Experience with High-Speed Engines in Fishing Vessels," by E.J. Cove, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 49, no. 9, 1962, pp. 26-29, illus., printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Garden- vale, Que., Canada. Stabilocontroller--Brief Description of an Instrument for the Operational Control of Ships Stability, by Olgierd Jabionski, Materials of the Maritime Insti- tute in Gdansk No. TF-86, 8 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Instytut Morski, Gdansk, Poland. March 1964 "The Variation in the Catch of Plankton Nets ina System of Estuaries," by Thomas L. Hopkins, Con- tribution No. 192, 9 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Journal of Marine Research, vol. 21, no.1, 1963, pp. 39-47.) Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. GENERAL: "Advances in Fishery Operations," article, Food Engineering, vol. 35, August 1963, pp. 69-70, print- ed. Chilton Co., Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadel- phia 39, Pa. "Fisheries of the Future,'' by Dayton L. Alverson and Norman J. Wilimovsky, article, New Scientist, vol. 18, June 6, 1963, pp. 536-538, printed. Crom- well House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC 1, England. The Fishes, by F. D. Ommanney, 192 pp., illus., print- ed, $3.95, 1963. Time, Inc., 540 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, II. GERMANY: Bremen-Bremerhaven; Hafen und Strom (Bremen- Bremerhaven; Harbor and Stream), 320 pp., illus., printed in German, 1962. Robert Bargmann, Bre- men, German Federal Republic. GHANA: Foreign Trade Regulations of Ghana, OBR 63-135, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents. Bureau of International Com- merce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.) Discusses Ghana's trade policy, which aims at conserving foreign exchange and protecting do- meStic industries; import tariff system; sales and other internal taxes; documentation and fees; and labeling and marking requirements. Also covers special customs provisions, nontariff import trade controls, Ghana's export controls, United States con- trols on exports and imports; and diplomatic repre- sentation between the two countries. Outboard Motor Increases Fishing Time, Helps Fisher-| men to Land More and Fresher Fish, by D.A. Ham- mond, Bulletin F-1, 6 pp., illus., processed. Publi- cations and Information Branch, Ministry of Agri- culture, Accra, Ghana, May 1962. GILL NETS: "The Spatial Distribution of Fish in Gill Nets," by A. H. Berst, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 3, 1963, pp. 735-742, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Station- ery, Ottawa, Canada. GUANO: Resultados de los Censos Graficos de Aves Guaneras Efectuados en Noviembre 1960 and January 1962 (Results of the Graphic Censuses of the Guano Birds Carried Out in November 1960 and January 1962), by R. Jordan, Report No. 12, 23 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. Library, Instituto de Investigac- ion de los Recursos Marinos, P.O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE HALIBUT: Regulation and Investigation of the Pacific Halibut Fishery in 1962, Report of the International Pacific Halibut Commission No. 33, 26 pp., illus., printed, 1963. International Pacific Halibut Commission, Fisheries Hall No. 2, University of Maryland, Seat- itle 5, Wash. A brief report of the accomplishments of the Commission during 1962 covering its histori- cal background, activities during the year, 1962 regu- lations, statistics of the fishery, and length of fish- ing seasons. Also covers incidental capture of hali- but, composition of the catches, tagging experiments, studies of halibut below commercial size, and trawl survey of demersal species off the southern coast of central and western Alaska. Noteworthy was attain- ment of a total catch that was close to the maximum sustainable yield. HEMOGLOBIN: "Hemoglobin Content of the Blood of Six Species of Scombroid Fishes," by Witold L. Klawe, Izadore Bar- rett, and Barbara M. Hillsdon Klawe, article, Nature, vol. 198, no. 4875, 1963, pp. 96-97, printed. St. Mar- tin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N.Y. HERRING: "Chemical Studies on the Herring (Clupea harengus). VII--Collagen and Cohesiveness in Heat- Processed Herring, and Observations on a Seasonal Variation in Collagen Content," by R. B. Hughes, article, Jour- nal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 14, June 1963, pp. 432-441, printed. Society ot Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England. "L'Extraordinaire Evolution de la Campagne Haren- guiere Deconcerte les Milieux Professionnels'' (The Extraordinary Success of the Herring Season Baffles the Professional Groups), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 42, no. 1027, October 1963, pp. 651-653, illus., printed, single copy 11F (about US$2.45). Les Edi- tions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. "Phosphatides of Aquatic Animals. XIX--Lipids of the Body Tissues of Herring, Clupea pallasi,'’ by Muneo Katada, Koichi Zama, and Hisanao Igarashi, article, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 57, December 10, 1962, 15623h, printed. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington 6, D. C. Review of Literature on Herring in the Canadian At- Tantic, by 5. N. Tibbo, Manuscript Report Series (Biological) No. 755, 51 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., Canada. "Scuba Divers Study Herring Spawning," article, Cana- dian Fisherman, vol. 50, no. 11, November 1963, pp. 74-16, 30, illus., printed, single copy $2. National Business Publications Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Cana- da. Vintersild Soga (Winter Sild Story), by Kare Fating, 449 pp., illus., printed in Norwegian, 1960. A. Gar- naes Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway. INDIA: Fish and Fisheries, The Wealth of India. Raw Materi- als, vol. lV Supplement, 147 pp., illus., printed, 1962. 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. Fish for Food, 15 pp., illus., printed. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, New Delhi, India. New India Fisheries Limited Report and Accounts for the Year Ended March dist , 34 pp., printed, 1963. New India Fisheries Limited, Taiyo House, Sassoon Dock, Colaba, Bombay 5, India. Discusses the Company's operations and costs of repairs to vessels, functions of the refrigeration section, re- placement of Japanese crews with Indians, the Co- chin shrimp operation, building alterations, foreign exchange earnings, and tax assessments. Also in- cludes balance sheet and profit and loss account for the Company. JAPAN: Bulletin of ee Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Uni- versit no. I, May 1963, 58 pp., illus., print- ed in gee and English. Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan. Includes ar- ticles on: 'Studies on the Melobesioideae of Japan. VI," by Tomitaro Masaki and gua Tokida; ''On the Measurement of Ocean Waves. I,'' by Rihei Kawas- hima; ''Studies on Air Screen in reas i--(2),"" by Shuzo Igarashi; and ''Gas Chromatographic Analy- sis of Fatty Acid Composition of Marine Animal Oils," by Kozo Takama and others. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, vol. 29, no. 6, June 67 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Bureau of the Society, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, the following articles: ''Studies on Fishing Conditions of the Dolphin, Coryphane hippurus! L., in the Western Region of the Japan Sea. VIl-- Comparison of Juvenile Fish Fauna in the Sea and in the Stomachs of Dolphin, '' by Shunpei Kojima; "Notes on the Laboratory Culture of the Octopus, ' by Kouza Itami and others; ' "Relationship between Relative Humidity and Moisture Absorbed in Dried Fish Products, by Makoto Takei; ''Studies on Mus-- cle of Aquatic Animals. XXXVI --Separation and Determination of Creatine and Creatinine,"' by Mori- hiko Sakaguchi, Masao Hujita, and Wataru Simidu; "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXXVIII-- Change in Viscosity of Heat Denatured Fish Acto- myosin," by Tadao Ueda, Wataru Simidu, and Yu- taka Shimizu; and ''Symposium on the Bottom Trawl Fisheries in the East China and Yellow Seas." —_ Data Record of Oceanographic Observations and ae loratory Fishing, No. 7, 269 pp., illus., printed in peeeneee and English, March 1963. The Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. Consists of data collected on cruises to the Bering Sea and northwestern North Pacific Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean, southern Kurile waters, Ok- hotsk Sea, and Coral Sea during 1962. Data includes information on tuna long-lining, hydrographic ob- servations, plankton sampling, salmon gill-net set, and measurement of biological characteristics of salm- on "Japanese Fishermen Deploy Armadas of Catchers," article, New Scientist, vol. 18, June 6, 1963, pp. 533- Vol. 26, No. 3 BUT USUALLY MAY BE 534, printed. Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London, WC1, England. Statistic Tables of Fishing Vessels (as of the endl of 1962), General Report N pp., illus., printed in Japanese and English. Japanese Fisheries Agency Tokyo, Japan. An annual report containing statisti- cal data in detail on the various types of Japanese fishing craft, both powered and nonpowered, as ob- tained by a fishery registration system. KILKA: Catching Kilka with a Fish P Using Underwater Illumination and a Pulsin Blectric urrent, by I. V. Nikonorov oy and ARE. ateev, Translation Ser- ies No. 445, 8 pp., illus., processed, 1963. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, July 1959, pp. 53-58.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. LAKE TROUT: "Intraseasonal Growth in Lake Superior Lake Trout," by A. H. Lawrie, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 491-496, printed. ~ Queen's s Printer ‘and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. LAMPREY: "Voprosy Promysla i Iskusstvennogo Razvedeniya Minog v Svyazi s Ikh Parazitarnym Obrazom Zhisni" (Problems of the Fishery and Artificial Rearing of Lampreys in Connection with Their Parasitic Mode of Life), by V. A. Abakumov, article, Okhrana Pri- i Ozelenenie, vol. 6, 1960, pp. 21-23, printed — in Russian. Akademiia Nauk, Moscow, U.S.S.R. LIMNOLOGY: The Formation of the Thermocline in Lakes, by E. M. Krokhin, Translation Series No. 365, 8 pp., illus., processed, 1962, November 1962. Translated from the Russian, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriia Georgrafisheskaia, no. 6, 1960, pp. 90- 37.) Fisher- eae ee of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. MARINE OILS: "Systematic Identification of Fatty Acids in the Gas- ,, Liquid Chromatography of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: A Preliminary Survey of Seal Oil," by R.G. Ackman, R.D. Burgher, and P.M. Jangaard, article, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, vol: 41, July 1963, pp. 1627-1641, Saree ivision of Administra- tion and Awards, The National Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa 2, Canada. MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS: Report of Second Governors! Conference on Pacific ~ Salmon, Hyatt House, Seattle, January 7-10, 1963, 164 pp., a printed, October 1963- State Pri nting Plant, Olyminian Wash. Covers proceedings and ac- complishments of the second conference on salmon sponsored by the Governors of the States of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. Goal of the conference was to arrive at a recommendation that would result in an effective organization for plan- ning long-range salmon research; statements of the objectives and requirements for planning salmon re- search; and specific operations for implementing the long-range planning. Includes organization of the March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Conference, welcoming address, review of First Governors! Salmon Conference, and objectives of Second Conference. It also covers. committee re- ports and recommendations, Conference recom- mendations, closing remarks and summary, and actions taken pursuant to Conference recommen- dations. Appendices include reports made to com- mittees on research on regulations to provide maxi- mum sustained yield, research on maintenance and improvement of natural production, research on supplements and substitutes for natural reproduc- tion, economic utilization, and coordination of re- search. MOLLUSKS: Deep-Sea Mollusca from the Region South of Mada- FEES by K. H. Barnard, Investigational Report o. 44, 19 pp., printed, 1963. Division of Sea Fish- eries, Department of Commerce and Industries, Pretoria, South Africa Republic. MUSSELS: Bedrijfsresultaten van in Zeeland Gevestigde Mossel- Eten en, Aanvoerseizoenen 1960/61 en 1961/62 (Economic Results of the Musselculture in the Netherlands, 1960/61 and 1961/62 Seasons), Ver- slagen No. 29, 78 pp., illus., processed in Dutch with English summary and table of contents, July 1963. Landbouw-Economisch Institut, Conradkade 175, 's-Gravenhage, Netherlands. NETS: "Amortizator Stoianochnogo Vozhaka"' (Shock-Ab- sorber for Driftnet Warp), by V. B. Fershtman, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 38, no. 2, 1962, pp. 36-42, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Gla- vniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Ensaio de Alagem Mecanica de Redes de Cerco em Angola (Experiment on Mechanical Operation of _ Encircling Nets in Angola), by D. Graganca Giland P. da Franca, Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 34, 37 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese with French abstract, February 1963. Centro de Biologia Piscatoria, Junta de Investiga- coes do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal. Describes the installation of a power-block in a Portuguese purse seiner ("traineira') in Angola, its effect on fishing, as well as the training of fishermen in its use. "Die Reissfestigkeit der Netzgarne''On the Break- ing Strength of Net Twines), by H. Reichel, article, Fischereiforschung, vol. 5, no. 2, 1962, pp. 12-15, printed in German, Institut fur Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Marienehe, Ger- many. "Selectivity of Four Trawl Cod Ends Toward Smelt," by Robert G. Ferguson and Henry A. Regier, arti- cle, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society vol. 92, no. 2, 3, pp. 125-131, printed. Secretary, ne Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, a. NEW ZEALAND: "We Need a Completely New Approach to Fish Ex- ports," by W. B. Sutch, article, Commercial Fish- ing, vol. 2,no.1, September 1963, pp. 36-39, illus., printed. Trade Publications Ltd., 47 Lewis Eady Bldg., 192 Queen St., Auckland, New Zealand. NORTH PACIFIC: High Seas Fisheries of North Pacific Ocean, Amend- “ments to Annex to Convention of May 9, 1952 be- tween United States, Canada, and Japan, Recommen- dations Relatingto Halibut and to Herring Adopted at 9th Annual Meeting of International North Pacific ‘Fisheries Commission, at Seattle, November I7, 1562, and Amended, with Respect to Herring, Jan. 25, 1963, 6 pp., printed in Japanese and English, 5 cents, 1963. U.S. Department of State, Washing- ton, D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D. C., 20402.) NORWAY: Years Service in Norwegian Fisheries Research, 1902-1962, Serie Havundersokelser, vol. 13, no. 6, 132 pp., printed, 1963. Norwegian Fishery and Ma- rine Investigations, Bergen, Norway. Contains some technological aspects of the Norwegian tuna purse- seining fishery and artificial propagation of cod. NUTRITION: "The Case for Fish and Seafood," article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 50, no. 11, November 1963, pp. YE 23, printed, single copy C$2. National Business Publications Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Canada. Dis- cusses the use of fish in preventing obesity and treat - ing hypercholestermia, the high content of essential amino acids in fishery products, and the value and use of fish protein concentrate. "Interesse Nutrologico do Pescado" (Nutritional Bene- fits of Fish), by Fernando da C. Rocha Faria, ar- ticle, Boletim da Pesca, vol. XV, no. 80, September 1963, pp. 41-50, printed in Portuguese. R.S. Bento, 644, 49 Esq., Lisbon, Portugal. OCEANOGRAPHY: Atlantic Submarine Valleys of the | United States and the Congo Submarine Valley, by A.C. Veatch and P. A. Smith, Special Paper ‘io. 7, 117 pp., illus., printed, 1939. Secretary of the Society, Geological Society of America, 419 W. 117th St., New York, N.Y. "Benthic Marine Exploration of Bahia de San Quintin, Baja California, 1960-61 Marine and Quarternary Geology," by Donn S. Gorsline and Richard A. Stew- art, article, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 3, no. 8, Octo- ber 16, 1962, pp. 282- , illus., printed. Beaudette Foundation for Biological Research, 1597 Calzada Rd., Santa Ynez, Calif. Bottom Relief and Sediments of the Southern Part of the Indian Ocean, Communication No. IT, by A. P. Lisitsyn and A.V. Zhivago, OTS 60-21103, 20 pp., illus., processed, 50 cents. (Translated from the Russian, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geo, natichoskae no. 2, 1958, pp. 9-21.) “Gites of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. Bottom Relief and Sediments of the Southern Part of the Indian Ocean, Communication No. 2, by A. P. Lisitsyn and A. V. Zhivago, OTS 60-21104, 22 pp., illus., processed, 50 cents. (Translated from the 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 Russian, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya article, France Peche, no. 78, November 1963, pp. Geograficheskaya, no. 3, 1958, pp. 22-36.) Office 22-25, illus., printer: in French, single copy 2.50 of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com- F (about 50 U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Pos- merce, Washington, D. C., 20235. tale 179, Lorient, France. "A Bottom Sampler for Soft Mud," by K. Elgmork, Seasonal Temperature Structure inthe Eastern Sub- article, Hydrobiologia, vol. 20, no. 2, 1962, pp. 167- arctic Pacific Ocean, by J.P Tully, Special Publi- 172, illus., printed. Hydrobiologia, Uitgeverij Dr. cation No. 5, 27 op., ‘printed, 1963. Royal Society W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. of Canada, Toronto, Canada. The Causes and Predictions of Surface Currents in Submarine Topography Off the California Coast: Can- “Sea and Lake, by T. Laevastu, 55 pp., illus., pro- yons and Tectonic Interpretation, by Francis P. cessed, July 1962. Department of Meteorology Shepard and K. O. Emery, Special Paper No. 31, and Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 188 pp., illus., printed, 1941. Secretary of the So- Hawaii. ciety, Geological Society of America, 419 W. 117th St., New York, N. Y. General Oceanography, by Gunter Dietrich and Kurt Kalle, 588 pp., illus., printed, $20, 1963. John OKLAHOMA: Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York A Study of Fishes of the Arkansas and Cimarron 16, N. Y. Concise presentation of extensive ma- ~ Rivers in the Area of the Proposed Keystone Reser- terial providing insight into all branches of oceano- voir, by Thomas L. Linton, Report No. 81, 33 pp., graphy with emphasis on recently developed quanti - processed, July 1961. Oklahoma Fishery Research tative solutions to oceanographic problems. Laboratory, Norman, Okla. Hydrological Observations in the South West Indian OYSTERS: Ocean, a M. J. Orren, Investigational Report No. "Aragonite and Calcite as Constitutents of Adult Oy- 45, 61 pp., printed, 1963. Division of Sea Fisher- ster Shells,'' by H. B. Stenzel, article, Science, ies, Department of Commerce and Industries, Pre- vol. 142, no. 3589, October ll, 1963, pp. 232-233, toria, South Africa Republic. illus., printed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Mean Monthly Temperature and Salinity of the Sur- Massachusetts Ave., NW., Washington 5, D. C. face Layer ithe Nerth Sessand Mdianeat ‘Waters from 1905 to 1954, 293 pp., illus., printed, 45 Kr. Datos Biologicos para el Cultivo del Ostion de Guay- (about US$6.50), 1962. Service Hydrographique, mas, Sonora (Biological Data on Oyster Culture at International Council for the Exploration of the Guaymas, Sonora), by Maria Luisa Sevilla Hernan- Sea, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark. Consists of dez, 84 pp., illus., printed in Spanish, 1959. Di- 24 charts of mean surface layer temperature and reccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas, salinity of the area 473° N. to 63° N. and 11° E, Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, Mexico, D.F. to 21° W., for each month of the year, basedon 1905- 1954 data. Also contains tables of mean values of "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. Change in the surface temperature and salinity for each month Chemical Components in Oyster during Storage in of the year from 1905-1954 inclusive, and grand Relation to the Taste,'' by I. Takagi and W. Simidu, monthly means for 293 regions or stations. article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, vol. 29, no. I, January 163, pp. @1- Oceanographic Survey in Central and South Ameri- 74, illus., printed. Japanese Society of Scientific can Waters, by A. W. Anderson, 83 pp., illus., pro- Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minatoku, Tokyo, cessed, May 1963, limited distribution. Marine Japan. Sciences Department, U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington 25, D. C. PACKAGING: "Carton Packaging of Frozen Foods," by B. S. Pettit, Oceanology, 1962, Vol. 2, no. 2: Selected Transla- article, Food Trade Review, vol. 33,no.1, January ions, §3-21438, 36 pp., printed, March 28, 1963, pp. 33-34, printed. Food Trade Review Ltdi, 1965, $1. (Translated from the Russian, Okeano- 7 Garrick St., London WC2, England. logiya, vol. 2, no. 2, 1962, pp. 293-304, 368-371.) Offine of Technical Services, U.S. Department of "Packaging Freeze-Dried Foods," by J.K. Cage, ar- Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. ticle, Modern Packaging, vol. 36, no. 4, December 1962, pp- 153-154, 310-511, printed. Diesel Publi- NEG ET a of bight in the Sea--A Symposium, cations Inc., 192 Lexington Ave., New York 16, N.Y. en acific Science Congress, edited y John b. Tyler, 150 PP., illus., printed $2.50, 1963. Univer- "Packaging Problems with Fresh Fish," article, New sity of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 14, Hawaii. Scientist, vol. 19, July 4, 1963, p. 11, printed. Crom- Progress'R Sean eels Tioeoen Nees well House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, epo o. 6, January 1, -December 31, England. ~ 1962, Oceanographic Research, 20 pp., illus., pro- s cessed. Lamont Geological Observatory, Colum- PAKISTAN: bia University inthe City of New York, Palisades, N.Y. The Report on Surveying of Trawling Grounds Offshore Mt : F “of East Pakistan, pp., processed, September 1960. La Recherche Oceanographique et la Reche” (Oceano- International Fisheries Co-Operative Organization, graphic Researchand Fishing), by M. le Taconnoux, Tokyo, Japan. March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 Russian, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya article, France Peche, No. 78, November 1963, pp. Geograficheskaya, no. 3, 1958, pp. 22-36.) Office 22-25, illus., printed in French, single copy 2.50 of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com- F. (about 50U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Pos- merce, Washington, D. C., 20235. tale 179, Lorient, France. "A Bottom Sampler for Soft Mud,'' by K. Elgmork, Seasonal Temperature Structure in the Eastern Sub- article, Hydrobiologia, vol. 20, no. 2, 1962, pp. 167- “artic Pacific Ocean, by J.P. Tully, Special Publi- 172, illus., printed. Hydrobiologia, Uitgeverij Dr. cation No. 5, 27 pp., printed, 1963. Royal Society W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. of Canada, Toronto, Canada. The Causes and Predictions of Surface Currents in Submarine Topography Off the California Coast: Can- ~ Sea and Lake, by T. Laevastu, 55 pp., illus., pro- ons and Tectonic Interpretation, by Francis P. Shep- cessed, July 1962. Department of Meteorology ard and K. O. Emery, Special Paper No. 31,188 pp., and Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, illus., printed, 1941. Secretary of the Society, Geo- Hawaii. logical Society of America, 419 W. 117th St., New York, N. Y. General Oceanography, by Gunter Dietrich and Kurt Kalle, 588 pp., illus., printed, $20, 1963. John OKLAHOMA: Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York A Study of Fishes of the Arkansas and Ci on 16, N. Y. Concise presentation of extensive ma- “Rivers in the Area of the Pr Keystone Reser- terial providing insight into all branches of oceano- voir, by Thomas L. Linton, Report No. aT 33 pp., graphy with emphasis on recently developed quanti- processed 61. Oklahoma Fishery Research tative solutions to oceanographic problems. Laboratory, Norman, Okla. Hydrological Observations in the South West Indian OYSTERS: Gocan, by M.J. Orren, Investigational Report No. "Aragonite and Calciteas Constituents of Adult Oys- ¥ pp., printed, 1963. Division of Sea Fisher- ter Shells," by H. B. Stenzel, article, Science,. ies, Department of Commerce and Industries, Pre- vol. 142, no. 3589, October 11, 1963, pp. 232-233, toria, South Africa Republic. illus., printed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Mean Monthly Temperature and Salinity of the Sur- Massachusetts Ave., NW., Washington 5, D. C. face Layer of the North Senuandidjacent Waters from to 1954, 293 pp., illus., printed, 45 Kr. Datos Biologicos para el Cultivo del Ostion de Guay- (about US$6.50), 1962. Service Hydrographique, mas, Sonora (Biological Data on Oyster Culture at International Council for the Exploration of the Guaymas, Sonora), by Maria Luisa Sevilla Hernan- Sea, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark. Consists of dez, 84 pp., illus., printed in Spanish, 1959. Di- 24 charts of mean surface layer temperature and reccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas, salinity of the area 473°N. to 63° N. and 11° E. Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, Mexico, D. F. to 21°W.., for each month of the year, based on 1905- 1954 data. Alsocontains tables of mean values of "Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. Change in the surface temperature and salinity for each month Chemical Components inOyster during Storage in of the year from 1905-1954 inclusive, and grand Relation to the Taste,'' by I. Takagi and W. Simidu, monthly means for 293 regions or stations. article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien- tific Fisheries, vol. 29, no.I, January 1983. pp. Y1- Oceanographic Survey in Central and South Ameri- 74, illus., printed. Japanese Society of Scientific can Waters, by A.W. Anderson, 83 pp., illus., pro- Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, cessed, May 1963, limited distribution. Marine Japan. Sciences Department, U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington 25, D.C. PACKAGING: "Carton Packaging of Frozen Foods," by B. S. Pettit, Oceanology, 1962, Vol. 2,no. 2: Selected Transla- article, Food Trade Review, vol. 33, no.1, January tions, ors 63-21438, 36 pp., printed, March 28, 1963, pp. 33-34, printed. Food Trade Review Ltd., 1963, $1. (Translated from the Russian, Okeano- 7 Garrick St., London WC2, England. logiya, vol. 2,no. 2, 1962, pp. 293-304, 368-371.) Otfize of Technical Services Services, U.S. Depart- "Packaging Freeze-Dried Foods," by J. K. Cage, ar- ment of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 20235. ticle, Modern ee vol. 36, no. 4, December 1962, pp. 153- 5 -211, printed. Diesel Publi- Physical Aspects of Light in the Sea--A Symposium, cations Inc., 192 Lexington Ave., New York 16, N.Y. Tenth Pacific Science Congress, edited by John E. Tyler, 150 pp., illus., printed, $2.50, 1963. Univer- "Packaging Problems with Fresh Fish," article, New sity of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 14, Hawaii. Scientist, vol. 19, July 4, 1963, p.11, printed. Crom- well House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, Progress Report No. 6, January 1, 1962-December 31, England. 1087 Ocear> raphic Research, 20 pp., illus., pro- _ cessed. Lamont Geological Observatory, Colum- PAKISTAN: bia University inthe City of New York, Palisades, N.Y. The Report on Surveying of Trawling Grounds Offshore ~ Of East Pakistan, ai pp., processed, September 1960. "La Recherche Oceanographique et la Peche"' (Oceano- International Fisheries Co-Operative Organization, graphic Researchand Fishing), by M. le Taconnoux, Tokyo, Japan. 94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. PARROTFISH: The Spawning and Early Development of the Atlantic Parrot Fis -“SPARISOMA RUBRIPINNE- with Notes on Other Scarid and Labrid Fishes, by John BE. Ran- dalf and Helen A: Randall, Contribution No. 458, 14 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Zoologica, vol. 48, issue 2, Summer 1963, pp. 49-60.) Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. PEARLS: "Man-Made Pearls," by William M. Stephens, article, Sea Frontiers, vol. 9, no. 5, Christmas 1963, pp. 299-308, illus., printed. International Oceanographic Foundation, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Virginia Key, Miami, Fla., 33149. Discusses the history of the search for a method of culturing pearls, appearance and composition of natural and cultured pearls, arti- ficial pearls, collection and rearing of oysters for pearl culture, and implantation of nuclei and care of oysters during pearl formation. PERU: Estudio de Reconocimiento en el Norte del Peru, Sala- gn Pizarro (Report on the Survey of the orth of Peru, Salaverry-Puerto Pizarro), by W. F. Doucet, I. Tilic, and J. E. Garcia C., Report No.7, 46 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. Library, Instituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. Estudio de Reconocimiento en el Sur del Peru, Callao- pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1963. Library, In- stituto de Investigacion de los Recursos Marinos, P. O. Box 3734, Lima, Peru. PESTICIDES: "Aquatic Life Jeopardized by Chemical Sprays," by Vincent A. Wager, article, African Wild Life, vol. 16, no. 2, 1962, pp. 155-158, printed. African Wildlife Protection Society, 315 Africa House, Rissick St., Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. "Toxicity of Certain Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides to Rainbow Trout, by Lawrence L. Le- wallen and William H. Wilder, article, Mosquito News, vol. 22, no. 4, 1962, pp. 369-372, printed. Amer- ican Controll Association, Box 278, Selma, Calif. PHYSIOLOGY: — "Caudal Fin and Body Movement in the Propulsion of Some Fish,''by Richard“Bainbridge, article, The -_ Journal of Experirfental Biology, vol. 40, no. I, 1962, pp. 23-56, p: in fed. Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., London NWI, England. "Funktsional'nye Osnovy Adaptatsii Anadromnykh Ryb Pri Smene Sredy Obitaniya" (Functional Bases of Adaptation in Anadromous Fish in a Change in En- vironment), by I. A. Barannikova, article, Vysshaya Shkola, vol. 5, 1962, p. 10, printed in Russian. nV demiia Nauk, Moscow, U.S.S.R. ~ PIKE: "Early Life History of the Northern Pike, Esox lucius L., with Special Reference to the Factors Influencing the Numerical Strength of Year Classes," by Donald R. Franklin and Lloyd L. Smith, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. , ho. 2, 1963, pp. 91-110, printed. Secretary, American Fisher- ies Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. PIRANHA: "Black Piranhas Spawned at Shedd Aquarium," by William P. Braker, article, The Aquarium, vol. 32, no. 10, October 1963, pp. 12-14; illus., printed, single copy 40 cents. The Aquarium Publishing Co., Box 832, Norristown, Pa., 19404. PLAICE: "The Fecundity of Plaice From the Bay of Biscay," by T. B. Bagenal, article, Journal of the Marine Biologi- cal Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 43, no. i 1963; pp. -I79, printed. Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Road, London NWI, England. PLANKTON: Checklist of Diatoms Recorded from the Indian Ocean, by E. J. F. Wood, Report 36, 316 pp., processed, 1563. Marine Laboratory, Division of Fisheries and Oceanog- raphy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- search Organization, Cronulla, Sydney, Australia. Phytoplankton Diversity in the Lower York River, Vir- ee une 1960-June 1561-14 Pp., processed, 1962. irginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va. POLAND: The Maritime Institute at Gdansk, 3 pp., printed, Octo- er 1963. Instytut Morski, Gdansk, Dlugi Targ, Po- land. Shipbuilding Industry in Poland, 1963, 49 pp., illus., printed in Polish and English. Centrala Morska Im- portowo-Eksportowa, Warsaw, Poland. Includes in- formation on cargo ships and fishing vessels, inland waterways floating craft, yachts and boats, ship re- pairs, marine Diesel engines, ships' equipment, and general trade information. POLLUTION: f "A Review ofthe Literature of 1961 on Wastewater and Water Pollution Control", by P. A. Okun and others,, article, Journal of Water Pollution Control Federa- tion, vol. 34, no. 7, 1 > Pp. =703, Water Pollution Control Federation, 4435 Wisconsin Ave., NW., Wash- ington 16, D. C. ‘ 1 "La Toxicidad para los Peces de un Efluente de Alcan- tarilla" (Toxicity of Sewage for Fish), by D.W.M.Her- bert, article, Montes, vol. 18, no. 106, 1962, pp. 287- 292, printed in Spanish. Jose R. Figueras, Luchana 17, Madrid, Spain. POND FISHERIES: "Increasing Fish Production in Ponds,'' by A. Yashouv, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries So- ciety, vol. 92, no. 3, 1963, pp. 292-297, printed. Secre- tary, American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, Mc- Lean, Va. PRESERVATION: "Ammonia: Possible Use for Preserving Fish,"' by V. Subrahmanyan and others, article, Science, vol. 142, no. 3589, October 11, 1963, pp. 233-234, printed, single March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. copy 35 cents. American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW., Washington 5, D. C. "L'Approvisionnement des Bateaux de Peche enGlace Hydrique et la Conservation du Poisson a Bord" (The Supplying of Fishing Vessels with Ice and the Preservation of Fish on Board), by M. D'Oiron, ar- ticle, France Peche, no. 78, November 1963, pp. 27- 32, illus., printed in French, single copy 2.50 F(a- bout 50U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. "La Conservation du Poisson par le Froid a Bord des Chalutiers"(The Preservation of Fish by Chilling or Freezing on Board Trawlers), by Robert Menant, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 42, no. 1027, Octo- ber 1963, pp. 683-687, printed in French, single copy 12F (about US$2.45). Les Editions Maritimes, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. "Preservation of Fresh Fish by Means of Cold and Aueromycin,"' by E. Tropa, J.C. Encarnacao, and M. C. Sergio, article, Revista Ciencia Veterinaria, vol. 55, no. 374, 1960, pp. 224-235, printed in Portu- guese. Sociedad Portuguesa de Medicina, Rua de Deniz, 2, Lisbon, Portugal. PROCESSING: "Fish Processing Plant Water Supplies," by H. V. Dempsey, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 49, no. 6, 1962, pp. 66-67, printed. National Business Publi- cations Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Canada. PROTEIN: "Evaluation of Proteins by in Vitro Pancreatin Diges- tion," by A. Amwar, article, Poultry Science, vol. 41, no. 4, 1962, pp. 1120-1123, printed. Poultry Science Association, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. "A Microbiological Method for Assessing the Nutri- tional Value of Proteins. Il--The Measurement of 'Available' Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Argin- ine, Histidine, Tryptophan, and Valine," by J.E. Ford, article, British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 16, 1962, pp. 409-425, printed. Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England. QUALITY: "A Fluorometric Method for Determining the Fresh- ness of Fish. I,'' by Toyoki Ono, Fumio Nagayama, and Takuichiro Yoshikane, article, Bulletin of the Effects of lonizing Radiation on Lipids of Fish, by Vir- ginia F. Stout, Report No. 18,657, TID 4500, 21 pp., illus., printed; 50 cents. Office of Technical Serv- ices, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. RADIOACTIVITY: Studies 94 Radioactive Isotopes (p32, g35 sr90 yl, and Cel4 )in Marine Biology, U.S.S.R., OTS 63-31614, T6 pp., illus., printed, 50 cents, August 26, 1963. Of- fice of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D. C., 20235. REFRIGERATION: "Kaltetechnische Einrichtung von Fischfang und Fabri- kschiffen''(Refrigerating Plants on Board Fishing- Boats and Factoryships), by’ W. Flechtenmacher, ar- ticle, Kalte, vol. 15,no. 12, December 1962, pp. 692- 693, illus., printed in German. Hans A. Keune Ver- lag, Pressehaus, 1 Speersort, Hamburg 1, Germany. "Nuevas Soluciones Aprotadas a los Problemas del Transporte y del Almacenamiento de Articulos Ali- menticios, en Regimen de Frio, y, de una Manera General, a los Recintos Isotermos" (New Solutions Contributed to the Problems of Transporting and Stor- ing Foodstuffs, under Refrigeration, and, in a General Way, under Cold Storage), by Pierre Bordenave, ar- ticle, Revisto del Frio, vol. VII, no.1, January-March 1963, pp. 5-10, illus., printed in Spanish with English abstract. Centro Experimental del Frio, Serrano, 150, Madrid, Spain. "Primenenie Holoda v Rybnoj Promyslennosti" (Use of Refrigeration in the Fishing Industry), by A. V. Kan, article, Rybnoe Khozaiastvo, no. 1, 1962, pp. 47-65, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Sudovaja Laboratorija Refrizeratornogo Mehanika" (A Laboratory on Board a Trawler Equipped with a Refrigeration Plant), by B. V. Golubev, article, Ry- bnoe Khozaiastvo, no. 7, 1962, pp. 50-52, illus., print- ed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. ROCKFISH: Translation Series No. 441, 4 pp., illus., processed, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Rybnoe Khozia- istvo, vol. 37, no. 9, 1961, pp. 27-30.) Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 28, Sep- tember 1962, pp. 936-940, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato- ku, Tokyo, Japan. "Post-Mortem Changes in Chilled and Frozen Muscle," by W. Partmann, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 28, no. 1, January-February 1963, pp. 15-27, il- lus., printed. Institute of Food Technologists, 510/22 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Il. RADIATION PRESERVATION: Application of Radiation-Pasteurization Processes to Pacific Crab and Flounder, by D. Miyauchi and others, Report No. 18,036, TID 4500, printed, April 1963. Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D. C., 20235. B. C., Canada. The Trawl Fishery for Rockfish in the Bering Sea, by A. V. Lestev, Translation Series No. 439, 15 pp., illus. processed, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Sa- khalinskoe Otdelenie Tikhookeanskogo N. I. Instituta Morksogo Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanografii(TINRO), : Tekinika Rybolovsta’’ Series, 1961, 26 pp.) Fisher- ies Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Na- naimo, B. C., Canada. RUMANIA: Activities of Institute for Piscicultural Research and Planning, Rumania, by Aurelia Nicolau and G. Rosca, OTS 5331 5 pp., printed, 50 cents, September 6, 1963. Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. ‘ 96 RYUKYU ISLANDS: Basic Data on the Economy of the Ryukyu Islands, by Ryotei Onaga and Susan M. Phillips, OBR 63-124, 16 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents, October 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. Department of Com-: merce, Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C., 20402.) Discusses general information on geography and climate, form of govern- ment, population, and education; structure of the economy; agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; min- ing, industry; electric power; and water supply. Also covers transportation and communications, in- surance companies, finance, foreign trade, weights and measures, and the economic development pro- gram. The Ryukyuan fisheries and whaling industry have expanded inrecent years. Between 1951-1961, fisheries landings increasedfrom 8,300 metric tons to 18,052 tons. Marine products, notably sea shells, coral, and seaweed, have been an important source of earnings since 1950. SAILFISH: A Morphometric Stud easonal Concentrations of the Sailfish, ISTI 15 , in the North- ern Gulf of otes on Other Gulf Istio- phosidss exas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station, Texas. SALMON: The Coho Salmon (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH Wal- baum) --A Biological Sketch, by V.1. Gribanov, Trans - Tation Series No. , 83 pp., processed, 1962. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Izvestiia Tikhookeanskogo N. I. Instituta Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanografii (TINRO), vol.38, » Pp. 43-101.) Fisheries Rese Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. Correlation between the Processes of Early Gonad Ripening, and Transformation to the Seaward-Mi- rating Stage, Among Male Baltic galinon(SELMOBSA- EARL) Heta in Ponds, by N. V. Evropeytseva, 5 pp.,, processed, 1963. Translated from the Russian, Zoo- logicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 39, no. 5, 1960, pp. 777-779. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta- tion, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada. "Differential Scale Characters Among Species of Paci- fic Salmon," by Ted S. Y. Koo, article, University of Washington Publ. Fish., vol. 1, 1962, pp. 123-135, printed. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. "Girth-Length Relationships in Sockeye and Chum Salmon," by Robert H. Lander, article, Transactions of American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 3, 1963, pp. 305-307, printed. Secretary, American Fisher- ies Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. The Hydrology of the Komandorsky--Kamchatka Re- igfen and the Salmon Migrations nee the Spring and Summer, by V. A. Sucker (ransistion eries No. 356, 9 pp., processed, December 1962. (Trans- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW lated from the Russian, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, Trudy Soveshchanii, no. 10, 1960, pp. 165-172.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. Vol. 26, No. 3 "The Influence of Oxygen Concentration on the Swim- ming Performance of Juvenile Pacific Salmon at Va- rious Temperatures,'' by Gerald E., Davis andothers, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries So- ciety, vol. 92, no. 2, 1963, pp. Ill-124, printed. Secre- tary, American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, Mc- Lean, Va. "Natural Spawning Success of Landlocked Salmon, Sal- mo salar,''by Kendall Warner, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 2, 1963, pp. 161-164, printed. Secretary, American Fish eries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. "The Relation between Oxygen Uptake and Swimming Speed in Young Sockeye Salmon," by J. R. Brett, ar- ticle, American Zoologist, vol. 2, no. 3, 1962, p. 394, printed. The Society of American Zoologist, 104 Li- berty St., Utica, N. Y. "Some Aspects of Olfactory and Visual Responses in Pacific Salmon," by J.R. Brett and C. Groot, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 287-303, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. "Some Effects of Simultaneous Variation in Salinity, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen on the Resistance of Young Coho Salmon to a Toxic Substance,"' by D.F. Alderdice, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 525-550, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Station- ery, Ottawa, Canada. "O Svyazyakh Tempa Rosta i Chislennosti Krasnoi." (Relation between Growth Rate and Abumlance of Sock- eye Salmon), by F. V. Krogius, article, Trudy Sove- shchanii.Ikhtiol. Komissiya Akad. Nauk S , vol. 13, » Pp. -146, printed in Russian. Four Continent Book Corp., 156 5th Ave., New York 10, N.Y. * "The Uptake and Detoxification of C!4 - Labelled DDT in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar," by F.H. Premdas and J. M. Anderson, article, Journal of the Fisher- ies Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 3, 1963, pp. 827-837, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. SARDINES: The Pilchard of South West Africa (SARDINOPS OCEL- “LATA), Temperature: Its Annual Cycles and Rela- tion to Wind and Spawning, byG. H. Sande Investi- gational Report No. 9, 55 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Administration of South West Africa, Windhoek, South West Africa. SCALLOPS: "Condition of the Bay Scallop, Aequipecten irradians, in Relation to Age and the Environment,” by Richard A. Cooper and Nelson Marshall, article, Chesapeake Science, vol. 4, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 126-134, illus., printed, single copy 75 cents. Chesapeake Bio- logical Laboratory, Natural Resources Institute of the University of Maryland, Solomons, Md. "Some Morphological and Ecological Differences in Two Closely Related Species of Scallops, Aequipecten March 1964 irradians Lamarack and Aequipecten gibbus Dall, from the Gulf of Mexico, by A. N. Sestry, Contribu- tion No. 189, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, vol. 25, no. 2, June 1962.) Oceanographic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. SCUBA DIVING: "La Embriaguez y la Enfermedad’ de los Escafandri- stas'' (The Dizziness and Illness of Divers), article, Iberica, vol. 41, no. 17, November 1963, pp. 438-440, illus., printed in Spanish, single copy 15 ptas. (about 25 U.S. cents). Iberica, Palau, 3, Apartado 759, Bar- celona-2, Spain. SEA LAMPREY: "Estimation of the Brook and Sea Lamprey Ammocoete Populations of Three Streams,'' by Bernard R. Smith and Alberton L. McLain, article, Great Lakes Fish Comm. Tech. Rept., no. 4, 1962, pp. 1-18, printed. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. "Lethal Temperatures of the Developmental Stages of the Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.," by R. W. McCauley, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 483-490, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. SEAWEED: "The Effect of Seaweed Carotenoids on Egg Yolk Colora- tion,'' by Arne Jensen, article, Poultry Science, vol. 42, July 1963, pp. 912-916, printed. Poultry Science Association, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans. "Polysaccharides of the Green Seaweed Codium frag- ile," by J. Love and Elizabeth Percival, article, Bio- chemical Journal, vol. 84, July 1962, p. 29P, printed. Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, 200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England. "Quality of Kombu, Edible Seaweeds Belonging to the Laminariaceae. V--Difference in the Thickness and in the Content of Nitrogen in Kombu Blade (Lamin- aria japonica),"' by Ayako Okumura and others, ar- ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 28, November 1962, pp. 11235-1127, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. "Recent Laver Cultivation in Japan," by M. Kurogi, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 3, July-September 1963, pp. 269, 273-274, illus., print- ed, single copy 6s. 6d. (about 95 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. "Viscosities of Funori Extractive in Aqueous Potassium Chloride," by Yuzo Enda and Akira Kishimoto, article Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher- ies, vol. 28, August 1962, pp. 799-802, printed. Japa- nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. SHARKS: "The Shark Problem," by D.H. Davies, article, South African Journal of Science, vol. 58, no. 9, 1962, pp. 253-258, printed. South African Association for the Advancement of Science, Johannesburg, South Africa Republic. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 SHELLFISH: "Purification and Sterilization of Shellfish," by Elliot B. Dewberry, article, Food Manufacture, vol. 38, July 1963, pp. 357-362, printed. Leonard Hill Ltd., Stratford House, 9 Eden Street, London NW1, Eng- land. SHRIMP: "Tariff Board Inquiry on Prawns," article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 11, November 1963, pp. 17-18, 20, printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office, De- partment of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia. Tariff Board held a public hearing in Brisbane on September 13 and one in Canberra on October 3, 1963 in the course of its inquiry into whether assistance should be given to the production of "shrimps, prawns, shrimp meat and prawn meat, preserved by cold pro- cess;" if so, the nature and extent of such assistance; and, if the Board found for assistance by tariff, what rates of duty should be provided. Testimony was given by several witnesses. After the inquiry was closed, the Board reported its findings to the Minis - ter for Trade. ? SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Guide to Civil Defense Management in the Food Indus- try, Aer icultural Handbook No. 254, 34 pp., illus., printed, November 1963. Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C., 20250. The history of mankind and the records of wars clearly demonstrate that food is a prime weapon, target, and element of survival. It should be obvious, therefore, that there is a pressing need in the food industry for careful planning and con- tinuing cooperation with local, State and Federal gov- ernments in preparing a national survival program. This handbook discusses in detail orientation to civil defense planning in the food industry, civil defense preparations, industry-Government cooperation for community survival, and operations during the sur- vival period. Travel, Entertainment, and Gift Expenses, Internal Revenue Service Publication No. 463, I8 pp., printed, 15 cents, 1963. Internal Revenue Service, U. S. De- partment of Treasury, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) A booklet containing detailed information on the new rules en- acted by Congress for deducting business travel, en- tertainment, and gift expenses. The booklet also ex- plains the recordkeeping substantiation requirements. Numerous examples are given to illustrate how the rules operate and the specific kinds of information which should be recorded and maintained in various circumstances. A chart which shows at a glance the factors to be proved in substantiating elements of an expenditure is of special interest. SMELT: "Taxonomic and Ecological Studies of the Genus Hy- pomesus of Japan,'' by Keikichi Hamada, article, Mem- oirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, vol. 9, no. 1, 1961. pp. 1-55, printed. The Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan. SMOKING: Smokehouses and the Smoke Curing of Fish, compiled by Iolal. Berg, 47 pp., illus., processed. Washington 98 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. State Department of Fisheries, 115 General Adminis- tration Bldg., Olympia, Wash. Discusses in detail, with accompanying diagrams, smoke-curing princi- ples, smokehouses, methods of hanging fish for smok- ing, hot smoking, and cold smoking. Also includes information on smoking method for sportsmen, con-, struction of the controlled smokehouse, smoking pro- cesses, portable smoker and barbecue grill, and rec- ipes for preparing smoked fish dishes. SPOILAGE: "Effects of Tylosin and Nisin on Canned Food Spoil- age Bacteria," by C. B. Denny, L.E. Sharpe, and C. W. Bohler, article, Applied Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 2, 1961, pp. 108-110, printed. Williams and Wil- kins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md. STATISTICS: Statistical Services of the United States Government, 143 pp., printed, $1; revised edition 1963. Office of Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, Execu- tive Office of the President, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Part I describes the statistical system of the Federal Government. Ina section on organization it de- scribes the procedures followed to achieve coordi- nation within a decentralized statistical system, and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW distinguishes between the various types of statisti- cal agencies. Part II presents brief descriptions of the principal economic and social statistical series collected by Government agencies. For each of a- bout 50 subjects it tells what agencies are concerned and what kinds of data are collected and made avail- able. Part III contains a brief statement of the sta- tistical responsibilities of each agency and a list of its principal statistical publications. STERN TRAWLERS: "Stern Trawlers,'"' article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 49, no. 5, 1962, pp. 19-34, illus., printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Gardenvale, Que., Cana- da. STRIPED BASS: "Effect of Ocean Temperature on the Seaward Move- ments of Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis, on the Paci- fic Coast,'' by John Radovich, article, California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no. 3, 1963, pp. 191-206, printed. California Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capital Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. TAGGING: "Estimates of Mortality Rates from Tag Recoveries," by G. J. Paulik, article, Biometrics, vol. 19, no. 1, 1963, pp. 28-57, printed. Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va. "The Movement of Tagged Great Slave Lake Fish," by J.J. Keleher, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 319-326, printed. Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. TAIWAN: Taiwan Fisheries Yearbook, 1963 Edition, 212 pp., illus., printed in Chinese and English; August 1963. Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Provincial Government of Taiwan, Vol. 26, No. 3 THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE Taipei, Taiwan. Contains statistical tables onfisher- men's organizations and membership, number of fishing vessels, status of ice-making and cold-stor- age industries, fisheries production in quantity and value, and quantity of supply and sale of fishery pro- ducts and their average value at principal fish mar- kets. Also includes data on processed marine pro- ducts, fish culture area, production of fish fries, num- ber of casualties of fishermen, losses and damages to fishing craft, and marine products trade. Most data are for 1962. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY: Tributary Area Development in the Tennessee Valley, 16 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Tennessee Valley Au- thority, Knoxville, Tenn. TRADE LISTS: The U. S. Department of Commerce has published the following trade list. Copies may be obtained by firms in the United States from the Commercial Intelligence Division, Office of Trade Promotion, Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20230, or from Department of Com- merce field offices at $1 each. Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Export- ers--Thailand, 8 pp., August . Lists the names and addresses, size of firms, and types of products (including fish and shrimp) handled by each firm. TRAWLING: "Les Engins de Peche--Le Chalutage, les Operations de Peche" (Fishing Gear--Trawling, Fishing Opera- tions), by A. Percier, article, France Peche, no. 78, November 1963, pp. 55-56, 58, illus., printed in French single copy 2.5 F (about 50 U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. "How Some Fish Escape the Trawl," article, New Sci- entist, vol. 18, May 1963, p. 361, printed. Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, Eng- land. TRAWLS: "Un.Chalut Mediterraneen Perfectionne'(An Improved Mediterranean Trawl), by L. Farina, article, France Peche, no. 78, November 1963, pp. 39-41, illus., print- ed in French, single copy 2.50 F (about 50 U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. TROUT: "Effect of Hatchery Rearing Conditions on Stream Sur- vival of Brown Trout," by Alfred W. Eipper, article, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 2, 1963, pp. 132-139, printed. Secretary, American Fisheries Society, P.O. Box 483, McLean, Va. "The Effect of Neotetrazolium on the Newly Fertilized Eggs of the Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mit- chill)," by Alfred Perlmutter and William Antopol, article, Copeia,no. 1, 1963, pp. 166-168, printed. Copeia, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpe- tologists, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif. "Influence of Pond Formation on Brook Trout Move- ments and Angling Success," by M. W. Smith, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 vol. 20, no. 2, 1963, pp. 327-345, printed. Queen's lated from the Russian, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiolo- Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. gicheskoi Komissii Akademii Nauk SSSR, No. 13, 1961, pp. -15%). Translation Series No. 414, by E. G. "The Recovery of Tagged Lake Trout, Salvelinus na- Boiko, 13 pp., illus., processed 1963. Fisheries Re- maycush, from Lake Simcoe, Ontario,” by Hugh H. search Boardof Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, McCrimmon, article, Transactions of American B. C., Canada. Fisheries Society, vol. 92, no. 3, 1963, pp. 315-317, printed. Secretary, American Fisheries Society, Fishing Economy, 1960, Vol. 36, No. 7; Selected Trans- P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. Iations, OTS 63-21559, 28 pp., printed, 75 cents. (Translated from the Russian Rybnoe Khozyasitvo, Resultats des Deversements de Truites d'Elevage vol. 36,no. 7, 1960, pp. 15-43.) Oifics of Technical Marquees Dans Quelques Riveres du Puy -de-Dome, Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washing- de 158 a 1960 (Results of the Escapement of cul- ton, D. C., 20235. tured Trout Tagged in Some Rivers of Puy-de-Dome from 1958 to 1960), by R. Cuinat. 13 pp., illus.,print-| Scientific Research Institute of Mechanization of the ed in French. Station d'Hydrobiologie Appliquee de Fishing Industry (NIMRP), by P.A. Kuraptsev, OTS- Biarritz, Biarritz, France. 5 59, 25 pp., processed, 1963. (Translated from the Russian Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, No. 7,1960, pp. 15- “The Seaward Migration and Return of Hatchery-Rear- 18.) Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department ed Steelhead Trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235. the Alsea River, Oregon, by Harry H. Wagner, Richard L. Wallace, and Homer J. Campbell, article, | "Soviet Fishing in African Waters," article, Food “Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,vol. Technology, vol.17, p. 61, July 1963, printed. The 92, no. 3, 1963, pp. 202-210, printed. Secretary, Garrard Pecast 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, Ill. American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va. Translations on Soviet Fishery Research, OTS63-31318, 55 pp., illus., printed, $1.50, July 8, 1963. Office of TUNA: Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, "Studies on the Change of Frozen Skip-Jack Muscle dur - Washington, D. C., 20235. ing Storage," by J. I. Nishimoto, article, Refrigera- tion, vol. 38, no. 424, February 1963, pp. I-15, illus., | WHALING: printed. Japanese Association of Refrigeration, Ken-| 'The Art and Science of Whaling," by Bruce Young, chiku Kaikan Bldg., 3-1 Ginza Nishi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, article, Western Fisheries, vol. 66, August 1963, pp. Japan. 14-15, 45-58, printed. Roy Wrigley Publications Ltd., 1104 Hornby St., Vancouver 1, B. C., Canada. "Tuna Fatty Acids. I--Initial Studies on the Compo- sition of the Light and Dark Meats of Bluefin Tuna "Dynamical Relationships between Variations of the (Thunnus thynnus) Structural Isomers of the Monoe- Antarctic Fin Whale Catch and Catcher's Day's Work," noic Fatty Acids; Il--Investigations of the Compo- by Takeyuki Doi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese sition of Raw and Processed Domestic Tuna,’ by W.T. Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 28, December Roubal; articles, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' , pp. 1168-1172, printed. Japanese Society of Society, vol. 40, June 1963, pp. 213-218, printed. Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Tokyo, Japan. Chicago 1, Ill. YELLOW PIKE: U.S.S.R. i "Distribution and Movement of Marked Walleyes in Acclimatization of Fish and of Invertebrates, USSR, by Oneida Lake, New York," by John L. Forney, article, A.F. Karpevich, OTS 63-31455, 28 pp., printed, 75 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,vol. cents, August 6, 1963. Office of Technical Services, 92, no.1, 1963, pp. 47-52, printed. Secretary, Ameri- U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., can Fisheries Society, P.O. Box 483, McLean, Va. 20235. WHITEFISH: Advancing International Relations in Fishing Industry, "Effects of Artificial Propagation andthe Weather on USSR, 3 pp., printed, 50 cents, June 18, 1583. Office Recruitment in the Lake Ontario Whitefish Fishery, of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, by W.J. Christie, article, Journal of the Fisheries Washington, D. C. 20235. Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no.3, 1963, pp. = i 1 7 Basic Factors in the Fluctuations of the Stocks of Stur- 597-646, printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of geons and Lesser Fishes in the Sea of Azov (Trans- pia On eT Bora way canada, MW i 100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK FOR OCEANOGRAPHERS In recent years, the growing realization of the importance of the oceans to the Nation's welfare and security has heightened interest in oceanography and has opened new fields for Specialists in the science. The ocean, whichcovers more than two- thirds of the earth's surface, supplies food and minerals, influences the climate, pro- vides a medium of transportation, and offers means of recreation. Oceanographers are the scientists who study the ocean in all its aspects--its characteristics, movements, andplants andanimals. The results of their studies not only extend basic scientific knowledge, but also contribute to the devel- opment of practical methods for use in such operations as charting and forecasting cur- rents, ice conditions, and ocean waves; im- proving fisheries; and providing defense against enemy attack. Oceanographers are usually specialists in one of the four main branches of the pro- fession. Biological oceanographers (marine biologists) study the ocean's plant and animal life, which ranges from microscopic plankton to giant squidand whales. Physical oceanog- raphers study the physical aspects of the ocean, suchas its density, temperature, and ability to transmit light and sound; and the movement of the sea, such as waves, tides, and currents; and the relationship between the sea andthe atmosphere. Geological oceanographers (marine geologists) study the ocean bottom--its topographic features and the rocks and sediments foundthere. Chem- ical oceanographers investigate the chemical composition of the ocean waters and bottom, which include at least traces of more than half of the total number of known physical ele- ments. Oceanographer conducts sea water oxygen analysis aboard ship. Employment opportunities for oceanographers are expected to be excellent throughout the 1960's, particularly for those with advanced degrees. Well-trained persons with bache- lor's degrees in related sciences and withsome formaltraining in oceanography should also have favorable opportunities, primarily as research assistants and in routine analytical po- sitions. The outlook is for rapid growth of the small profession, both during the 1960 decade and over the long run. --A reprint from the Occupational Outlook Quarterly, May 1963 (Vol. 7, No. 2) U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 SHANNON SALMON STEAKS Shannon Salmon Steaks simmered in ci- der until succulent and topped with a colorful mushroom sauce; here is real eating. Salmon steaks, fresh from cold North Pacific waters, have become a favorite throughout the country. This new recipe, de- lightful in its simplicity, yet outstanding in its appeal, will aptly awa- ken average appetites. Saeed ayant 2 pounds salmon steaks or other fish Y% cup coffee cream | steaks, fresh or frozen 1 tablespoon flour 2 tablespoons butter or margarine 1 can (4 ounces) sliced mushrooms, | % cup cider or apple juice drained | 1 teaspoon salt 2 tablespoons chopped parsley | Thaw frozen steaks. Melt butter in a large frying pan. Place fish in pan; add | cider and salt. Cover pan and simmer for 5 to 7 minutes or until fish flakes easily | ] when tested with a fork. Remove fish to serving platter and keep warm. Blend cream | and flour to make a smooth paste. Add mushrooms, parsley, and cream mixture to | liquid in pan. Cook until thickened, stirring constantly. Pour over fish. Serves 6. | --From Fisheries Marketing Bulletin: 'Protein Treasure from the Seven Seas." Issued by the National Marketing Services Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Chicago 5, Ill. > cat ii Al tr a tia) (eee (Sie ETS Shes tess Pees PRR OR IS te! aie Diver sees a ny WAI ie i Re = a A PREVIEW OF THE NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM The National Fisheries Center and Aquarium, authorized by Congress in late1962, will house a unique population of aquatic animals. A vast variety of creatures from waters around the globe will be available at the Center in Washington, D. C., for scientific research, for education, and for entertainment. An artist's concept of the National Fisheries Center and Aquarium. The new Center is expected tobe completed by about 1967. It will be a great attraction for scientists and visitors from allover the world. It will be the focus for all aquariums in the country, and will provide leadership inthe study of aquatic animals for all scientific purposes. By disseminating information about aquatic life, the Center will help people understand the importance of marine conservation. When completed, the Center will house about 1,300 different kinds of aquatic animals from all over the world. A great variety of other land and water inhabitants besides fish also will be included in the collection. The Center's permanent scientific staff will work with research professors, graduate students, and outstanding fishery workers from foreign countries. Their projects will include research in genetics; re- production; nutrition studies; fish diseases; experimental ecology; behavior of aquatic organisms; antibi- otics produced by marine animals; and other pressing fishery problems, many related to human biology and medicine. The great diversity of fresh-water and marine fishes, mammals, and other aquatic forms will permit the study of species not usually available. The study of these animals can be important to research in human and animal diseases. In some respects fish are superior to warm-blooded animals for experi- ments. The metabolic rate can be controlled in fish by controlling the temperature of the water. Research at the Center will provide information about fish for human consumption. The new field of marine pharmocology may help develop new biologicals of value in treating human illness, as well as diseases of some of our important fresh water and marine fishes. At the Center visitors willsee educational exhibits on fishand fishery products and research that they can find nowhere else. The animals will be displayed in pools, tanks, and other facilities which meet their living requirements, to give the public an opportunity to study aquatic community life. The vast range of aquatic habitat will be illustrated in the accurate replicas of a fresh-water living stream progressing from a mountain lake through various levels until it reaches the sea, the ocean with its range from a coral reef to dark abyss. In addition, a tropical section will exhibit a wide variety of fish, both fresh water and marine. Material covering the entire range of fisheries and aquarium work will be available at the Center. These will include studies of fishery and aquatic life, illustrated catalogs of aquariums, specimen bro- chures, and films, and photographic materials which explain the work and objectives of the National Fish- eries Center and of the research to be undertaken. | atl (lili =! (/) “ee COMMERC SI SHERI APRIL 1964 VOL. 26, NO. 4 ~~ © Seep =~ Lay — = Sa lay = a La S = = ly = aa = Qa. lu i—) ~“* lu a ie ~“” [— lay bn = = — (7) : (= UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors’ Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wyatt Bldg., Suite 611, 777 14th Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 1, 1963. 5/31/68 CONTENTS COVER: The M/V Kaho, exploratory fishing and gear research vessel operated on the Great Lakes by the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries. She is 65 feet long with an 18-foot beam, is powered by twin 150 hp. Diesel engines, and has a cruising speed of 12 knots. Her home port is Saugatuck, Mich. The name of the vessel derives from the Chippewa Indian word for "hunt." Page 1 ..Lake Erie Fisheries Explorations, May-November 1960, by Ira A. Carr Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Alaska: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products (Contd,): 9 ,. Pink Salmon Workshop Meets in Juneau Department of Defense Purchases, Fourth 9 .. Foreign Fishing Activity in Bering Sea Quarter 1963 (Contd.): 9 .. Alaska Fishery Landings, 1963 LOM. November and December 1963 9 .. Bait Herring Fishing at Ketchikan 6 aes. January-December 1963 Summary 10 Herring Growth and Mortality Rates Analyzed 16 .. Veterans Administration Estimated Require- California: ments for Canned Fish from 1964 Packs 10 .. Shrimp Resources off California Coast Sur- Filleting Machine: veyed 16 .. Yellow Perch Filleting Machine Now in Op- 11... San Francisco Bay Investigations Continued eration in Great Lakes Region 12... Growth and Life History of King Salmon In- Fish Meal: vestigated 16 .. Plant Being Built in Great Lakes Region 12... Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued Great Lakes: 12... Sea Otter Population Survey 17... Lake Trout Hatchery and Planting Program Chesapeake Bay: 17... Contract for Water Research in Lake Michi- 13... Research Conference Points Up Problem gan Awarded by U.S. Public Health Service Areas Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: Federal Aid for Sport Fish and Wildlife 17... Shrimp and Menhaden Investigations in the Restoration: Gulf of Mexico 14 .. Funds Apportioned to States, Fiscal Year 18 .. Shrimp Gear Studies Continued 1964 Gulf Fishery Investigations: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 19 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies Department of Defense Purchases, Fourth Hawaii: Quarter 1963: 19 .. Skipjack Tuna Landings, January 1964 es Oo October 1963 Contents continued page II. II Page 20 20 20 21 21 22 23 25 25 an 27 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Industrial Fishery Products: U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles: Production and Imports, 1962-63 U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles: Production, December 1963 Production by Areas, January 1964 Major Indicators for U. S. Supply, January 1964 and December 1963 Marketing: Edible Fishery Products Prospects in 1964 National Fisheries Center: Trained Dolphins Will be Featured North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: Winter Distribution and Abundance of Ground- fish Species Studied : North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: Survey of Deep-Water Marine Fauna off Mouth of Columbia River Continued Oceanography: Deep-Diving Submarine for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution New Oceanographic Vessel for Biological Research Foundation Puerto Rico Nuclear Center Marine Biology Program Marine Bioacoustic Research May Aid Com- mercial Fisheries Pollution: Antipollution Dam will Improve Fish Runs in Sacramento River Quality: Guidelines for Troll Salmon Vessels New York State Accepts USDI Inspection for Fish Salmon: Atlantic Restoration Studies Massive Program to Introduce Fall Chinook Salmon Run in Upper Willamette River Shrimp: New Contracts Opened for Futures Trading in Frozen Shrimp at Chicago United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, Jan- uary 1964 Tuna: Fishing Base in Palau Islauds Planned by California Firm United States Fisheries: Commercial Fishery Landings, 1963 Fish Sticks and Portions, October-Decem- ber 1963 U.S. Fishing Vessels: Documentations Issued and Cancelled: December 1963 1963 with Comparisons U. S. Foreign Trade: Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap by Customs Districts, January-December 1963 Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, No- vember 1963 Processed Edible Fishery Products, Decem- ber 1963 Wholesale Prices: Edible Fish and Shellfish, February 1964 Page 40 40 40 41 45 45 45 46 47 48 48 49 50 51 51 51 52 FOREIGN: International: Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa: Specialist Meeting on Crustaceans Held in Zanzibar European Economic Community: Tariff Quotas on Some Fishery Products Granted to Certain Member States European Free Trade Association: Tariff Reduction on Certain Fishery Prod- ucts Fishing Limits: Scandinavian Countries Oppose Fishing Limits Proposal at European Fisheries Conference in London Fish Meal: Production and Exports for Selected Coun- tries, January-November 1963 Food and Agriculture Organization: Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research Meets in Rome World Oceans Can Yield More Food Plans for Exploration of Marine Resources Urged by Director-General World Fish Resources Must be More Wise- ly Managed Fisheries Division Director Retires New Director of Fisheries Division Ap- pointed Experts Seek Worldwide Standards for Fish- ery Products in International Trade Great Lakes Fishery Commission: Lake Trout Fishing Trends in Lake Superior International Federation for the Progress of Food: First Nutritional Congress to be Held in Paris International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com- mission: Regulations for 1964 Sockeye Salmon Fish- ery in North Pacific International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic: Proposed Plans for EQUALANT III Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Research Vessel Participates in EQUALANT III North Pacific Fur Seal Commission: Convenes in Moscow for Annual Meeting Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Fisheries Committee Meeting Held Whaling: Outlook for 1963/64 Antarctic Season Australia: Tuna Long-Lining Survey Bulgaria: Plans for Fishing Fleet High-Seas Fisheries Development Aided by Soviets Canada: New Smoked Fish Regulations British Columbia Shucked Oyster Production, 1963 Contents continued page III. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Il CONTENTS (CONTINUED) April 1964 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Chile: 52 Anchoveta Reappear off Northern Chile Communist China: 52 Fisheries Trends Denmark: 53. Fisheries Trends De) 5 Fishery Products Exports, January-Septem - ber 1963 56 Vessel Stability Regulations and Recom- mendations Byte Danish Fishermen Protest Careless Disposal of Soviet Fishing Gear BY 6 Copenhagen Fisheries Trade Fair to be Held in September 1964 Honduras: 58. Fisheries Investment Opportunity Iceland: 58 Fishermen Protest Ex-Vessel Groundfish Prices 58 Government Passes Bill to Aid Fishing In- dustry Ireland: 59 Trout Farming Expanded Israel: 59 Freezer-Trawler Operations Expanded Japan: BYE) g Frozen Yellowfin Tuna Export Market Trends 59. Frozen Tuna Exports to Europe and Africa 60 . Canners Developing Domestic Canned Tuna Sales 60 Exports of Canned Tuna, January-October 1963 Hib 5 More Tuna Vessels Move to New Caledonia Area of South Pacific 61 Tuna Transshipment Base in Costa Rica Planned 61 Bottomfish Vessel Operations for 1964 in Eastern Bering Sea Approved 61 New Salmon Factoryship to be Built by Fish- ing Firm 61 Fishery Developments in West Africa 61 Fish Meal Imports from Peru Approved 62 Consolidation of Whaling Operations in Brazil Being Studied by Two Japanese Fishing Firms 62 Whaling Bases in South America to be Sur- veyed by Whaling Firm 62 Decision on Sale Offer of Netherlands Whal- ing Factoryship Postponed 62 New Oceanographic Vessel Delivered Republic of Korea: 62 Italian-French Contract to Build Fishing Vessels Modified Mexico: 63 Large-Scale Expansion of Fisheries Indus- tries Planned 64 First of Five Multiple-Use Fishing Vessels Received from Netherlands Morocco: 65. New Tuna Cannery Being Built in Tangier 65. Canned Sardine Market Trends and Exports, 1963 Netherlands: 66 Fisheries Trends, 1963 66 Whaling Factoryship Offered for Sale to Japan Page 66 66 67 78 FOREIGN (Contd.): New Zealand: Exploratory Fishing and Marine Research Norway: Exports of Canned Fishery Products, Janu- ary-October 1963 Norwegian Firm to Establish Fish Stick Plant in New Bedfcrd, Mass. Antarctic Whale Oil Production, February 8, 1964 Panama: Fisheries Trends, 1963, by Carlos A. Arose- mena Lacayo Peru: Record Anchoveta Catch Forecast in 1964 Fisheries Catch Off in 1963 Peruvian Facilities of United States Fishery Firm to be Extended Poland: Fishing Base Reported Planned in Canary Is- lands Portugal: Fisheries Trends, January 1964 New Freezer-Trawlers Planned Rumania: Another Stern Trawler Ordered from Japan St. Pierre: Harbor and Processing Facilities Improved Sudan: Soviet Fishery Technicians Complete Survey of Red Sea Waters Sweden: Withdrawal from International Whaling Con- vention Tanganyika: Fishery Resources Surveyed by Japanese U.S.S.R.: Fishery Plans for 1964 Construction Started of Ninth Factoryship Soviet Vessels Being Built in Japan Soviet Interference with Danish Fishing Op- erations Claimed Salmon Farming in Latvia Siberian Fresh-Water Fisheries United Kingdom: Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised British Introduce New Reserve Auction First Sales Prices for Fish Landings New Freezer-Trawler Launched British Freezing Equipment Ordered for Ko- rean Fish-Factoryship FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census: Economic Census of Commercial Fishing Industry Planned Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration: Amendment Requested in Standard of Iden- tity for Canned Tuna Public Hearing on Standards of Identity for Frozen Raw Breaded Shrimp Interstate Commerce Commission: Charge for Less-Than-Carload Shipments Approved Small Business Administration: Assistance for Economic Injury Suffered by Great Lakes Fishery Firms Contents continued page IV. IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): Treasury Department: 79 .. Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session) Bureau of Customs: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: 78 .. Groundfish Fillet Import Tariff-Rate Quota 82 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications for 1964 85 .. Miscellaneous Publications HO sis Imports of ''Herring Salad'' Dutiable at 20 Percent Ad Valorem Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre- newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con- served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Compositors: Alma Greene (Sr.); Dorothy Stein (Jr.) Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Pp. 25 (left) and 26--Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy; pp. 68-70--Carlos A, Arosemena Lacayo; p. 73--R. C. Naab. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. quent) April 1964 Washington, D. C. Vol. 26, No. 4 LAKE ERIE FISHERIES EXPLORATIONS, MAY-NOVEMBER 1960 By Ira A. Carr* BACKGROUND Exploratory fishing in the Great Lakes was started in the fall of 1958 by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. A sharp decline in availability of choice food fish and increased abundance of lower-priced, less-preferred species had forced many commercial fishermen out of business while others continued to operate at marginal or unprofitable levels. Theim- mediate objective of the Bureau was to determine the most efficient methods for taking smelt (Osmerus mordax). Smelt were known to be abundant, but they could not be taken profitably by trap nets or pound nets, except during relatively short seasonal periods when excessive production caused market gluts. In the 1958 explorations, small trap-net vessels were chartered for lampara-seine ex- plorations. A larger trap-net boat was chartered and rigged for trawling and lampara-seine operations in 1959, and exploratory cruises were conducted from April through November (Sand and Gordon 1960). The trawl proved to be effective in taking commercial quantities of smelt in Lake Erie over extended periods and areas. The 1959 study also defined trawlable areas, seasonal depth distribution, and temperature preference of smelt, and provided valu- able data on the relative availability of other species to the trawl. Limited seining was not successful. Trawling explorations were continued in 1960 to define further the availability of smelt by season, depth, and area. The 1959 findings were substantiated and knowledge concerning the distribution and periods of availability of smelt were éxtended. AREA OF OPERATION Lake Erie, fourth largest of the five Great Lakes, has a surface area of 9,940 square miles. It is the shallowest of the lakes; the mean depth is 63.9 feet (Wright 1955). The north- ern part of Lake Erie lies in Canada, and the southern part lies in the United States (fig. 1). Ontario borders the entire north shore of the lake and Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York share the west, south, and east shores. The lake may be divided into three distinct, yet broadly connected basins. The shallow western basin (maximum depth 48 feet) lies west of a line connecting Point Pelee on the north shore and Sandusky, Ohio, on the south shore. Much of that area is unsuitable for trawling because of outcroppings of bedrock, the many is- lands and shallow reefs, submerged net stakes, and an extensive commercial trap-net fishery. The large central basin (maximum depth 84 feet) covers almost two-thirds of the lake and was generally clear of obstacles to trawling in the areas fished. That basin is bordered on the east by a rock and sand bar that extends from the base of Long Point (north shore) to Erie, Pa. (south shore). The eastern basin is the deepest portion of the lake (maximum depth 210 feet). The bottom in most of this area is suited for trawling except for inshore depths less than about 8 fathoms (3 to 24 miles from shore). **Formerly Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, Ann Arbor, Mich, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 702 Vol. 26, No. 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW *O96T tequieaoy-[Ndy ‘erg exe] ‘suoryeys Gur~men Atojer10;dxq- ] ‘614 i6L % 08 18 28 = (£8 S3TIW 31Nivis of o2@ ol ° NOILVLS TAVYL-¥ ‘ON39451 LNOduIW4. 3% HS' 3 yg =p MYOA MAN wUDINNG 37 Ce OlYVLNO April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 VESSEL, GEAR, AND METHODS A large converted trap-net vessel, the M/V Active (fig. 2), first chartered and rigged for trawling in 1959, was purchased in 1960. This vessel was of wood construction, 50 feet long with a 144-foot beam, and a draft of 44 feet. After limited explorations in the spring, the ves- sel was agnemeracl with a 147-hp. (continuous duty) Diesel engine with a 3:1 reduction gear, and a new deckhouse-pilothouse was added. Accessory equipment included a shallow-water echo-sounder with < sufficient range and power to permit fish detection and bottom sounding at all depths. Continuous recordings were made while either cruising or fishing to locate and define bottom obstacles and evaluate the density and depth distribution of fish. A standard 50-foot (headrope length) Gulf of Mexico 2-seam semi- balloon trawl was used for all but 5 drags. This trawl was made of 23- inch, 18-thread cotton mesh in the wings and body and 13-inch mesh in the intermediate section and cod end. The remaining 5 drags were made with a net of similar design, but with 4-inch mesh in wings and body. The es me Aaeey. Roe rae aca fishing vessel Active after addition of a new deckhouse- each. All drags were made with Pa- cific Coast-type dandyline gear with 60-foot bridles. The gear was set off the stern and the cod end was retrieved by a lazyline before the catch was hoisted aboard. Gear damage for the season was slight; only one trawl was torn beyond repair. Most drags were 30 minutes long and jheld as closely as possible to a constant depth. Dragging speed averaged approximately 24 miles per hour. Observations including the catch, weather, Sea conditions, bottom conditions, and water temperature were recorded at each sta- tion. Surface temperatures were recorded with an electric temperature meter and surface- to-bottom temperature profiles with a bathythermograph. Fish were separated and weighed by species, and numbers of smelt per pound were determined. FISHING RESULTS Lake Erie's three basins provide different environments which greatly influence not only the composition of fish stocks, but also their seasonal distribution. Although fishing was scat- tered and limited in some areas (no fishing in some months), the results were sufficient to provide general information on local differences and seasonal changes in distribution, abun- dance, and availability of smelt to bottom trawls. Catches during the 1959-60 explorations (see Sand and Gordon 1960 for 1959 data) show that smelt prefer cool water. Those in the western end of the lake move eastward into the deeper central and eastern basins as summer advances. The results also give strong evidence that smelt, although not heavily concentrated at any particular depth during May and June in the central basin, are present in sufficient quantity for commercial production. As the water warms, smelt prefer depths greater than 55 feet in the central basin and occasionally become heavily concentrated within a very narrow depth range. In late October, they again scatter, and by November were still available to trawls in commercial quantities but were not concen- trated at any particular depth. 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 Table 1 - Common and Scientific Names of Fish Taken in the smelt in the eastern basin is essentially the 1960 Lake Erie Explorations same as that described for the central basin apnea INE except that a deeper habitat is available and Alewife...... . - | Alosa pseudoharengus the smelt continue to move into deeper water erican smelt . + + | Osmems mordax during late summer and early fall. The ex- BS Ree cacy 2 $5 Fate et The seasonal bathymetric distribution of UEDOt ee 1«)16) al) 6 Lota lota tent of interchange of smelt between the cen- {carp .... Cyprinus carpio tral and eastern basins is not known. An (Channel catfish Ictalurus lacustris Notropis atherinoides Dorosoma cepedianum easterly movement would be suspected during |6;, 0G shaad . : . - e | Carassius auratus Deed e oxygen depletion in the central [Goldfish ... basin,=/ but this point cannot be substantiated. [lakeherring ........- It is apparent that water temperature is the eh°cpshead (fresh-water drum) ° ° . ° Emerald shiner ; ee oe Coregonus artedii Aplodinotus grunniens Spottail shiner . 2.2... Notropis hudsonius principal factor in the distribution of smelt, tonecat ............ | Noturus flavus but other factors such as food, oxygen, and Rain cane ( aie Si tee (Seb su scomayeus . : . : . . fe ellow pike (walleye) .... » izostedion Vv. vitreum spawning behavior influence distribution, es Wuite! bass| 9% (ls Se GG It Rocenstchay so osinan pecially when the temperature is not critical. [White crappie ......... | Pomoxis annularis The effects of currents and seiches may also Catostomus commersoni 5 BN Gig polo 0.6 6 o 6 Coregonus clupeaformis be Biya CXON I REN ane es es est Pinse 8 Frey ale CU ACen! sts) Muies 20 Wrperi rac eer een Ce be +». | Perca flavescens The results of the 1960 work are dis- cussed by basin. Tables 2-5, which summarize the fishing results by month, species, depth, and basin, follow the discussion. Two drags ina total of 129 were not used in the computa- tions because of gear damage which undoubtedly affected the catches. Commonnames of fish are used throughout; the scientific names are listed in table 1. WESTERN BASIN: Exploratory trawling totaled 19 drags in the western basin in May, June, August, and October. The smelt were scattered in May-June, but available in moderate quantities at nearly all depths (15-47 feet) fished (table 2). Smelt made up 86.4 percent of the catches which averaged 207 pounds an hour, and yellow perch accounted for the remaining 13.6 percent. Limited trawling in that basin in August and October caught few or no smelt and produced light catches of yellow perch, sheepshead, carp, and emerald shiners (tables 3 and 4), White bass, goldfish, gizzard shad, spottail shiners, channel catfish, alewives, trout- perch, and stonecats were each taken in amounts of less than 5 pounds per drag. Table 2 - Summary of 1960 Lake Erie Exploratory Trawl Catches During May 18-June 15 a ec ge favre fo See | oneneel Range - 200 Basin Western 30-340 207 1 - 1,480 canal 25-49 5 24-520 172 50-64 7 36-760 331 SS 1 - 116 Eastern } i : 2) 1/State of Ohio and Bureau biologists reported vast areas of oxygen depletion near the bottom in the western and central basins during 1/Tr., less than 0.05 percent. September of 1960 (Carr 1962). Smelt Other species Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") Smelt Other species Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") Smelt Other species Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") Smelt Other species Yellow perch Yellow perch Smelt Other species Smelt Other species over 8") 4" to 8") 2/Less than 5 pounds an hour. April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 CENTRAL BASIN: Exploratory trawling included a total of 64 drags during May, June, August, September, October, and November. Commercial quantities of smelt were available at various depths in that area during much of the period (tables 2-5), Exceptions were in early September and late November. In early September, extensive sounding transects and limited fishing revealed a lack of fish throughout the area. In 1959, however, excellent catch- es (up to 4,800 pounds an hour) were taken off Conneaut, Ohio, at 60-79 feet in September and Table 3 - Summary of 1960 Lake Erie Exploratory Trawl Catches During August 3-September 15 Catch Rate pecies Composition Pounds Per Hour A Percentage Species of Catch Yellow perch (4" to 8") Yellow perch ee 4") 90-106 Sheepshead Other species Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") 255 Smelt Other species Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") ‘1172-848 555 Smelt Other species Central Yellow perch (over 8") Yellow perch (4" to 8") Smelt Burbot Other species Yellow perch (over 8" Smelt Burbot Other species 1/Tr., less than 0.05 percent. 2/Less than 5 pounds an hour, \Catch Rate Species Composition Pounds Per Hour : Percentage ee 2/1-62 31 Carp 100.0 Other species 1/Tr. Western Emerald shiners 95.0 | 2/1-64 Carp 5.0 Other species Tr. 22 Carp 100.0 Other species irs Yellow perch (4" to 8") : Smelt 97.8 Other species Yellow perch (over 8") White bass Basin Central Other species Yellow perch Smelt White suckers Other species Eastern i/Tr., less than 0.05 percent. 2/Lower limit of range was less than 5 pounds an hour, 3/Less than S pounds an hour, early October during commercial-type fishing. In early October 1960, smelt were heavily concentrated within a narrow depth range (72-75 feet). The average catch rate for 6 drags at those depths was 890 pounds an hour, Few or no smelt were taken at lesser depths. In late November, smelt apparently were scattered and catches were smaller (up to 330 pounds per hour). Best catches of smelt by month in 1960 from that basin were as follows: May 375-400 pounds an hour at 52-53 feet; June 400 pounds an hour at 18-22 feet and 180-240 pounds an 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 hour at 58-64 feet; August 400-848 pounds and hour at 65-76 feet; October 244-840 pounds an hour at 72-73 feet and 1,260-1,320 pounds an hour at 74-75 feet; November 214-330 pounds an hour at 40-45 feet. Good catches of yel- low perch were taken oc- casionally in the central basin. The proportion of salable-size perch (over 8 inches) varied from 8 to 80 percent. This per- centage could be raised considerably by the use of larger cod-end mesh. Best average catches by month were at the fol- lowing depths: May 250- 360 pounds an hour at 52-53 feet; June 1,080 pounds an hour at 18-22 feet; August 140 pounds an hour at 50 feet; Sep- tember 180 pounds an hour at 60 feet. = EER Ress irre Se ia The following spe- cies were each taken from that basin in a- mounts of 5 pounds or less per drag: white bass, burbot, emerald shiners, spottail shiners, lake herring, whitefish, trout-perch, sheepshead, alewives, gizzard shad, and white crappie. EASTERN BASIN: Forty-four drags were completed in that basin-- only 2 before August. Catches in August were small at all depths fished (15-64 feet). In early September, however, the largest smelt catch (2,450 pounds per hour) of the 1960 fishing was taken at 78 feet off Erie, Pa. This concen- tration of smelt was visited several days later. Catches were light, up to 180 pounds per hour, at lesser depths in September. Good smelt catches (up to 900 pounds a hour) were made at 60-75 feet, and catches of up to 1,500 pounds an hour were taken at greater depths (82-85 feet) in September of 1959 (Sand and Gordon 1960). April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW «1 Catches of smelt were again good in October 1960 at depths greater than 72 feet: 364 pounds an hour at 73-78 feet; 340-360 pounds an hour at 82-90 feet; 640-940 pounds an hour at 90-98 feet; 380 pounds an hour at 127 feet. Fair coverage of depths from 25 to 98 feet in November produced smelt catches ranging from only a few pounds to 136 pounds per hour. At no time during 1960 did fishing in the eastern basin yield commercial quantities of smelt at depths shallower than 60 feet. Yellow perch were not taken in commercial quantities in the eastern basin. Table 5 - Summary of 1960 Lake Erie Exploratory Trawl Catches During November 7-22 Depth Nee beloe Catch Rate Species Composition Basin Pounds Per Hour ; Percentage | Gee) noe Average Smelt 6-24 3 54-138 108 Burbot Other species Other species 1/Tr. 50-74 4 12-122 64 Eastern 1/Tr., less than 0.05 percent. 2/Lower limit if range was less than 5 pounds an hour. Other species that collectively amounted to only 1.2 percent of the total catch were-ale- wives, blue pike, stonecat, gizzard shad, trout-perch, white bass, emerald shiners, burbot, lake herring, yellow pike, and white suckers. Table 6 - Summarization of 1959-60 Lake Erie Smelt Trawling Explorations by Cruise for M/V Active Average Time Per Drag (Minutes) Western June 6-16 Central Eastern Western August 3-19 Central 2.5-12.5 Eastern Aug. 30-Sept. 23 Central Eastern Western October 4-19 Central 2.5-16.5 Eastern November 7-22 1/This high average resulted from high-volume commercial-type fishing on heavily concentrated smelt, All other average catches are the result of random exploratory fishing assessments and are not a true indication of potential commercial production rates. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 CONCLUSION The 1960 explorations substantiated the 1959 findings that smelt can be taken on a com- mercial scale with trawls in the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie throughout most of the fishing season (table 6), and extended knowledge concerning seasonal distribution and availability to trawls of smelt and other species. Temperature plays an important role in the seasonal distribution of smelt. At times, smelt were concentrated within a very narrow depth range; consequently, it is recommended that commercial vessels be equipped with good electronic fish-finders for this method of fishing. Data indicate that when smelt are concen- trated in commercial quantities, other species are scarce; thus sorting offers no problem. APPENDIX A detailed fishing log, showing geographic position, depth, date, catch, and related data for each drag is available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. Write for Separate No. 702, which includes ''Table 7 - Fishing Log, Trawl Stations, 1960, M/V Active, Lake Erie. LITERATURE CITED CARR, JOHN F,. SAND, REIDARF., and WILLIAM G. GORDON: 1962. Dissolved Oxygen in Lake Erie, Past and Present. 1960. Exploratory Fishing in Lake Erie, September 1958- Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Great Lakes November 1959, Commercial Fisheries Review, Research, Great Lakes Research Division, University vol. 22, no. 6 (June), pp. 1-12. (Also Separate of Michigan, Publication no. 9, pp. 1-14. No. 590.) GORDON, WILLIAM G., and KEITH D. BROUILLARD WRIGHT, STILLMAN 1961. Great Lakes Trawler Conversion. U. S. Fish and 1955. Limnological Survey of Western Lake Erie. U.S. Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet 510, 15 pp. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 139, 341 pp. HATCHER, HARLAN 1945. Lake Erie. Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, New York, 416 pp. COD CROSSES THE ATLANTIC Scientists at the Lowestoft Fisheries Laboratory have reported a remarkable migration by a cod. The fish was tagged in the North Sea in June 1957 and was recaptured by a Polish factory trawler on the north- easternslope of the Grand Bank, Newfoundland, in December 1961. Dur- ing its 44 years of freedom it had grown from 223 to 293 inches. Although it is generally accepted that cod are capable of crossing deep-water barriers: between fishing banks, this is probably the first record of a complete crossing of the North Atlantic by this species. (Scottish Fisheries Bulletin No. 20, December 1963.) April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 sites I RENDS 3% = AND EDEVELO PMENTS & Alaska The Japanese shrimp factoryship Chichibu: Maru and her accompanying trawlers re- PINK SALMON WORKSHOP turned to Japan in late December 1963, In MEETS IN JUNEAU: January two stern trawlers of the Akebono one-week Pink Salmon Workshop was Maru type were reported fishing in the east- held at Juneau, Alaska, this past January. ern Bering Sea within the Area 3B North More than 75 management and research biol- | Triangle regulatory zone, ogists attended the workshop meetings to dis- ye yy oy cuss the present status and future needs of pink salmon research on the west coast of ALASKA FISHERY LANDINGS, 1963: North America. Agencies represented were Dungeness crab and king crab landings the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, were at a record level in 1963 in Alaska. Canadian Department of Fisheries, Washing- | However, 1963 landings of all other important ton Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Re-_ | fishery products were down from 1962, ac- search Board of Canada (Nanaimo), Fisheries | cording to preliminary statistics. Research Institute, and the Bureau's Auke Lake and Montlake Laboratories, Prediction of the magnitude of pink salmon runs was emphatically stressed by manage- ment biologists as their most important re- search requirement with the need to determine optimum escapement levels a close second. Research biologists reported on progress in || chuim..... the problems of migrations, optimum spawn- iM SH odd ing escapement, and discovery of mortality || Re@ «+--- factors in stream, estuary, and ocean environ-| |——Foar ments. The status of natural and artificial spawning channel studies was also discussed. The smoltlike development of pink fry in the estuary and coastal marine waters was anin- teresting concept discussed by Nanaimo and Auke Bay biologists, suggesting further ave- nues of study towards solving problems of pink salmon growth and abundance. It was concurred that a breakthrough is imminent in estuarine research. Alaska Commercial Fishery Landings, 1/ 1963 with Comparisons Percentage Change 1/1963 1962 From 1962 f > (1, 000 Lbs. - i Species Sablefish. ... 277, 800 1/Preliminary. stay toi b iste: tok ste BAIT HERRING FISHING AT KETCHIKAN: The annual harvest of bait herring at fod EAS 134 t3 Ketchikan was under way during January, with FOREIGN FISHING ACTIVITY IN BERING SEA: See coe HOR rare ete ae oaae The Soviet fleets fishing inthe eastern Be- aaah as ae feed Sani reed ee seo ring Sea continued to build up during January, Ro aaa ay rr eee sutras testy ae ae os aS Paes Taal : Ketchikan. By the end of January three ves- but b/ ME res elec USoH Es VS GOS Usciane vine) CLC | sels had landed more than 1.5 million pounds ; |of herring. Fishing was expected to continue More than 150 Soviet trawlers andassocia- | through February to provide bait for king crab ted support vessels were believed to be fish- | and halibut fishermen during the 1964 fishing ing in the Bering Sea. Major emphasis was season, reported to be on herring and, to a lesser degree, flatfish and rockfish. cecal eosiiag te 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW HERRING GROWTH AND MORTALITY RATES ANALYZED: Analyses of the past 30 years of herring statistics show that apparently mortality rates are much lower for fish that are 8 years old and over than for younger fish, Also, herring caught from the outside waters of Southeast Alaska weigh less during the early years of maturity than do fish taken from the inner wa- ters, Frequency distributions of sizes for different age groups show a persistent bimo- dality for both inner and outer herring strong- ly suggesting different groups or stocks with- in each population, Tests of the data from thousands of samples are under way to de- termine the extent and significance of the dif- ferences in mortality and weights. California SHRIMP RESOURCES OFF CALIFORNIA COAST SURVEYED: cruise by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska off the Cali- fornia coast between Pt. Anno Nuevo and Pu- rissima Point were to: (1) conduct explora- tory fishing for spotted shrimp (Pandalus platyceros), (2) determine size, sex, and weight of shrimp from different areas, and (3) make bathythermograph casts to obtain bottom temperatures at trap stations. A total of 75 shrimp trap sets were made from Pt, Anno Nuevo to Anacapa Island (45 sets were with cylindrical traps and 30 with rectangular traps). A set consisted of 6 to 8 traps attached by 1-fathom gangions at 10- fathom intervals along the mainline. Nearly all sets were at right angles to contours of submarine canyons in depths of 70 to 115 fath- oms, Traps were paid out in a straight line as the vessel moved from deep to shallow sound- ings over the canyon slope, After the last trap was shot, 120 fathoms of free line was laid out toward shore, One hundred pounds of anchor chain was then attached to the line and marked with a buoy. The cylindrical traps used were 42 inches long and 22 inches in diameter, and rectangu- lartraps 15 by 15 by 30inches. Allwere made of 32-inch reinforced steel rod covered with 1}- Vol. 26, No. 4 inch nylon mesh, Mesh entrance tunnels were tapered to 34 inches, Each trap had an en- trance tunnel extending from each end toward the center, about one-third the length of the trap. Pt. Anno Nuevo Legend: @ - Shrimp catch. o - Shrimp trap stations. - 100-fathom contour, Santa Cruz + 122920! ‘Shows part of Cruise 64-A-1 of the M/V Alaska (Jan. 8-30, 1964). The only areas producing shrimp in ap- preciable numbers were off Cypress Pt. and Carmel Bay. In all,a total of 2,533 shrimp weighing 317 pounds were caught. Highest catch rates were 2,8 pounds-per-trap for a set of 8 cylindrical traps, and 2.6 pounds- per-trap for a set of 7 rectangular traps. Average shrimp catches in rectangular and cylindrical traps were: Average Shrimp Catches during Cruise 64-A-1 Heads-on Shrimp ‘Count Per Pound Rectangular... . Cylindrical ee ee The heads-on count of shrimp caught ranged from 6.3 to 13.2 per pound. Mean carapace lengths for males, transitionals, and females April 1964 were 37.7, 42.0, and 47.5 millimeters (about 1.5, 1.7, 2.1 inches), respectively. Of those, 25 percent were males,12 percent transitionals and 63 percent females. More than 98 per- cent of the females were carrying eggs. Five trap sets made along the canyons near Pt. Anno Nuevo yielded negligible catches as did 15 sets made in Monterey Canyon between Pt. Pinnos and Santa Cruz, From Pt. Sur to Lopez Pt., 15 sets were made with little success, One trap near Part- ington Pt, yielded 2 pounds but the area asa whole was unproductive. Ten sets made from Pt. Piedras Blancas to Purissima Pt. yielded only 3 shrimp. At Anacapa Island only the deepest of 5 trap sets caught shrimp just 2.5 pounds, Only one bathythermograph cast was made during the cruise because of a winch break- down. The cast was made off Pt. Lobos and the temperature was 8.9° C, (48° F.) at 120 fathoms. Surface temperature was 12.1° C. (53289) :.). Incidental fish catches were light, mostly sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) and filamented sculpins (Icelinus filamentosus). Other fish included juvenile rockfishes, cuskeels, brotu- lids, flatfish, and hagfish. Invertebrates con- sisted mostly of octopi, hermit crabs, nudi- branchs, starfish, sea urchins, and crabs. CELSO IS SAN FRANCISCO BAY INVESTIGATIONS CONTINUED: M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 63-N3i-k S. F. Bay Study (Fourth Quarter 1963); The monthly study of San Francisco Bay south of San Pablo Bay by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus was continued during the fourth quarter of 1963. Short cruises were made during October, November, and December to: (1) collect fish and inverte- brates routinely at six stations to determine distribution and relative abundance under pre- vailing environmental conditions, (2) define ecological zones of the bay, and (3) determine the food of the principal fish and its availability. At each station, a square-mouthed mid- water trawl 25 feet ona side was towed for 20 minutes or more at the surface. Each of the 6 stations was also sampled by a 15- to 20- minute bottom tow with a beam-trawl net COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 10 feet wide and 4 feet high with 1-inch mesh, To avoid overloading the net with dead shells or mud, two 10-minute tows were made on the soft bottoms encountered at Stations 1, 4, 5, and 6, Richmond Legend: () - Collecting station. n > Zz te | wD > Zz Q I a a ° --- Bridge. Shows collecting stations during San Francisco Bay study by M/V Nautilus. Two species of fish were added to the bay collection list with the capture of 4 turbots (Pleuronichthys coenosus) at Station 4, anda dwarf perch (Micrometus minimus) at Sta- tionl. Atotalof 54 species of fish were taken in 1963 during the monthly sampling of San Francisco Bay whichbegan in February. Plans callfor the study to be continued through 1964. A series of samples through several seasons willbe required to determine relative abun- dance of species from year to year. October and November 1963 water tem- peratures were within the range 11.9° to 15.6° C, (53.4° to 60.1° F.) recorded on previous cruises. However, the December 1963 mean temperature of 9.4° C. (48.99 F.) was below the lowest monthly mean record- ed for other months in 1963. In the deeper water, the bottom temperature was as high or higher than the surface temperature. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Salinities were between the 13.9°%0 to 34.1°%o limits measured earlier in 1963, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. LG TLE loenTe 1963 p. 20, and Sept. 1963 p.15. Re Daub Bd ESS ibs bs 9 GROWTH AND LIFE HISTORY OF KING SALMON INVESTIGATED: M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 63-N-2g, 2h, 2i, and 2j-Salmon (August 10-12, September 10, November 4-11, December 8-9, 1963): To collect juvenile king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for scale-development analysis and obtain data on their life history in the study area were the objectives of this series of cruises by the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus. The areas of operations were in San Francis- co Bay and in the Gulf of Farallones. A total of 98 tows using a midwater trawl having a 25-foot square opening with a 3-inch mesh cod end was completed in San Franciso Bay and the Gulf of Farallones. All were 20- minute surface tows made during daylight hours. A total of twelve unmarked king salm- on was taken, Those varied from 7,0 to 15.8 centimeters (2.8 to 6.2 inches) fork-length. A total of 71 tows was made in San Fran- cisco Bay during all phases of tide, and both with and against tidal current. Eleven king salmon were caught varying from 9.2 to 15.8 centimeters (3.6 to 6,2 inches) fork-length. Most salmon were taken in or around tide rips. But difficulty in keeping the net set in those areas made it impossible to fish them most of the time. Other species taken in the Bay were anchovy, jacksmelt, American shad, surfsmelt, herring, dogfish, soupfin shark, brown rockfish, and threadfin shad. Twenty-seven tows were made in the Gulf of Farallones. One king salmon 7.0 centi- meters (2.8 inches) fork-length was caught. Other species taken in the Gulf were herring, jacksmelt, tomcod, and sandlance, KOK OK OK OK PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 64-1-Pelagic Fish (January 20-23, 1964): To determine the in- shore distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools, the inshore area from Point Anno Nuevo to the United States-Mexican Bor- der was surveyed from the air by the Cali- Vol. 26, No, 4 fornia Department of Fish and Game's Cessna is2y 9042T. On January 20, the area from Point Vi- cente to the United States-Mexico Border was scouted, but scouting conditions were poor between Point Vicente and Dana Point. The sky was heavily overcast and the water was turbid from the previous day's storm. South of Dana Point, scouting conditions were ex- cellent, but few fish schools were sighted. A total of 25 small schools of northern ancho- vies (Engraulis mordax) were off Camp Pend- leton, where a large school group was ob- served in December 1963, California gray whales (Eschrichtius glaucus) were quite common from Camp Pendleton south, The flight scheduled for January 21 was cancelled due to bad weather, Point Vicente to Point Buchon was scouted on January 22, Weather conditions were variable. Good flight weather prevailed south of Jalama Park, but rain and sleet squalls were frequent to the north. One large anchovy school was sighted on the surface in a rough sea near Point Vicente, This was unusual be- cause fish generally stay deep when such tur- bulence exists, On January 23, Point Anno Nuevo to Point Dume was scouted, On that day scouting con- ditions were fair but intermittent cloud for- mations cast dark shadows on the water's surface causing many false sightings, re- quiring additional scouting time to verify. Two unidentified schools were seen, one each, near Point Lopez and Cape San Martin, which behaved like Pacific sardines (Sardinops caeruleus) but they were too deep for posi- tive identification, Numerous gray whales were also seen between Point Buchon and Point Sur, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p-) 20. dk OK Ook OK OK SEA OTTER POPULATION SURVEY: Airplane Spotting Flight 64-2-Special Proj- ect (January 28-29, 1964): To obtain a visual and photographic count of California sea ot- térs (Enhydra lutris nereis), the Channel Is- lands and the inshore area from Santa Bar- bara to Pigeon Point were surveyed from the air by the California Department of Fish and Game's Beechcraft N5614D. California sea otters are thought to range from Cambria to Anno Nuevo Island. April 1964 No sea otters were observed at any of the Channel Islands on January 28, although ex- cellent visibility prevailed at the altitudes flown (30 to 150 feet) during the census at all 7 islands. The inshore area from Santa Barbara to a point about halfway between Anno Nuevo Is- land and Half Moon Bay was surveyed on Jan- uary 29. Excellent visibility prevailed at the altitudes flown (generally between 100 and 150 feet, occasionally as low as 30 feet), Sea ot- ters were observed only between Cambria and Monterey Bay. Within that area, 236 sea ot- ters were widely scattered in and near kelp beds; the largest group contained only 15 ani- mals. Decreasing visibility and rain were en- countered a few miles north of Anno Nuevo Island and the census was concluded at that point. Photographs were taken with an aerial camera of all sizable groups of sea otters; small groups and single individuals were not photographed, Two California gray whales were also ob- served, Chesapeake Bay RESEARCH CONFERENCE POINTS UP PROBLEM AREAS: A joint conference on research problems of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries was held at Solomons, Md., on February 7, 1964, by staffs of the marine laboratories of the Vir- ginia Institute of Marine Science and the Nat- ural Resources Institute, University of Mary- land, The laboratories of both Institutes have of- ten joined forces on research projects but ex- pressed further interest in increasing their cooperation and singled out several fields where joint efforts might be of special benefit. Chief among these was the decision by the group to develop a joint research program on the blue crab, which migrates freely between Maryland and Virginia and provides a resource of significant importance to both states. Two scientists, one from each laboratory, were re- quested to complete detailed planning of the research necessary for effective management of the blue crab. At the conference, considerable discussion was given to the possibility of surveying tem - COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 perature conditions throughout Chesapeake Bay, since they trigger the migrations of ma- rine animals, spawning, and many other im- portant activities. The conferees hoped that Virginia's use of airplane to scan surface tem- peratures in the lower Bay can be extended as a cooperative project to include the upper Chesapeake and its tributaries. In addition, interest was expressed in adding careful ob- servations from boats ata set of stations coincidentally with the plane flight. Because the deep waters of the Chesa- peake Bay tend to move upstream from the ocean toward the headwaters, both laborato- ries expressed interest in further release of seabed drifters,'' which are small plastic umbrella-shaped devices which drift along the bottom of natural currents, During the winter 1962/63, 300 of these were released by the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory and most of them showed movement up the Bay. The Virginia Institute of Marine Science has been releasing about 500 of those drifters each month in a careful pattern in the ocean near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and the two laboratories plan to extend this pro- gram into the Chesapeake. Serious discussion was given to a joint study of the croaker, one of the resources of the Bay now in very short supply. Reports from present research indicated, however, that the supply is so small that research in the Bay itself will be very difficult for the next few years. Biologists from the two sta- tions agree that Maryland and Virginia both need to learn more about the croakers now present in North Carolina, since they may af- fect the supply in the Chesapeake. A joint project maybe developed at that location. Ad- ditional studies of spot and other indigenous Bay fish species were considered and may de- velop at a later date. The Potomac River was a special point of interest, since both laboratories are advisers to the Potomac River Fisheries Commission and because the river is shared by the two states. Particular emphasis was given to the need for evaluating all the present knowledge of that area and to the urgent necessity for research on the enormous amount of waste material flowing into the upper Potomac from the Washington metropolitan region, A joint study is under discussion, The problems involved in oyster manage- ment in the Potomac River were discussed 14 by members of both groups who will make co- operative recommendations to the Potomac Fisheries Commission, The directors of both Institutes commented on the high expense of research on the waters which cover about 20 percent of Maryland, a large part of Virginia and extend out to the edge of the Continental Shelf, At the present time, the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory of Maryland is without a research vessel and completely unable to participate in the ex- tensive study necessary to answer each of the questions involved. The directors stressed that the problems of the Bay area are rapidly in- creasing with population growth and indus- trialization that must be attacked on a bay- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW wide basis, since fish and other organisms are highly migratory. The expense of such operations will continue to increase. (Natu- ral Resources Institute, University of Mary- land, February 10, 1964.) Federal Aid for Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration FUNDS APPORTIONED TO STATES, FISCAL YEAR 1964: A final distribution of $10.2 million in Fed- eral Aid funds for fish and wildlife restora- tion during fiscal year 1964 has been made to the 50 States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced on January 27, 1964, Those funds are in addition to the $12.6 million re- leased on May 15, 1963, making a total of more than $22.8 million available for fiscal year 1964, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall said. Of the total of $22,828,172.62 re- leased for fiscal year 1964, $16,673,076 is for wildlife restoration and $6,155,099 is for fish projects. The Interior Secretary said funds appor- } tioned to the States will be used for fish and wildlife restoration projects involving the pur- chase of land, improvement of areas of land or water for fish and wildlife, and to conduct research for the restoration and perpetuation of those resources, Under the Federal Aid program, the States initiate the projects and, if they meet the re- quirements established by the Department of the Interior, the funds allocated are used to Vol. 26, No. 4 reimburse the States up to 75 percent of the cost of completed projects. The amount allocated for fiscal year 1964 under the Federal Aid in fish and wildlife res- toration programs is over $3.5 million more than the $19,170,000 apportioned in fiscal year 1963, Apportionment for Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration, Fiscal Year 1964 lee ] Fish Wildlife State Projects Restoration Alabama $ 107,550.49 316, 230.29 Alaska 306,254.95 781,394.32 Arizona 117,544.90 357, 468.64 Arkansas 115,584.20 28h.,832.95 California 306,254.95 774, 822.87 Colorado 14} 835.05 375,321.59 Connecticut 61,250.99 78,139.43 Delaware 61,250.99 78,139.43 Florida 132,179-75 248,215.44 Georgia 127,672.61 291,788.62 Hawaii 61,250.99 78,139.43 Idaho 100,442.20 312,449.38 Illinois 160,497.13 427,040.41 Indiana 154,324.35 459,266.56 Iowa 110,643.87 329,491.88 Kansas 104,961.83 330,860.17 Kentucky 82,607.26 243,061.23 Louisiana 74,720 41 274, 207.31 Maine 64,125.89 189,676.16 Maryland 61,250.99 122,599.70 Massachusetts 61,250.99 91,443.70 Michigan 226,865.98 638, 339.70 Minnesota ae 5 re 89 ae , Rare Mississippi 3,045.53 9 . Missouri 167,260.20 376,868.69 Montana 145,295-75 489,907.40 Nebraska 92,850.58 308, 285.86 Nevada 89,786.38 302,022.50 New Hampshire 61,250.99 78,139.43 New Jersey 61,250.99 134, 953.82 New Mexico 111,181,00 370,205.68 New York 162,646.41 544,657.61 North Carolina gh, 168.71 363,248.42 North Dakota 61,250.99 225,908.69 Ohio 171,549.98 486,768.06 |) Oklahoma 128,637.61 301, 780.82 || Oregon 144,196.07 428,686.71 Pennsylvania 135, 305.83 708,181.50 Rhode Island 1,250.99 78,139.43 South Carolina 70,093.49 181,259.68 South Dakota 80, 333-57 316,145.06 Tennessee 140,630.45 365,858.02 Texas 306,254.95 781, 394.32 Utah 90,094.52 319, 246.78 Vermont 61,250.99 81,858.26 Virginia 85,496.52 318,114.99 Washington 114,880.94 351,134.61 West Virginia 61,250.99 189, 281.62 Wisconsin 227,491.97 461,201.12 Wyoming 92,493.02 312,627.75 Guam 10,000.00 10,000.00 Puerto Rico 10,000.00 10,000.00 Virgin Islands 10,000.00 10,000.00 Totals $6,155,099.08 $16,673,076. — ns Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 36, Jan- uary 1963 p. 27. , = eS Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, FOURTH QUARTER 1963: October 1963: FRESH AND FROZEN: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Depart- April 1964 ment of Defense, slightly less fresh and fro- zen fishery products were purchased in Oc- tober 1963 than in the previous month. (The purchases were made by the Defense Subsist- ence Supply Centers.) The decline was 1.9 percent in quantity and 1.7 percent in value. In October 1963, leading items were pur- chased in the following quantities (average price in cents per pound shown in parenthe- ses): shrimp 663,080 pounds (78); scallops 101,100 pounds (56); oysters 101,502 pounds (96); ocean perch fillets 246,190 pounds (32); flounder fillets 225,000 pounds (27); and had- dock fillets 182,800 pounds (35). The October purchases also included substantial quantities of halibut, cod fillets, and mackerel. able 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, October 1963 with Comparisons 12,560. > « ($1,000) . 1,585 | 10,917 CANNED: Large purchases of canned salmon for the Armed Forces were made in October 1963. Previous purchases of canned salmon in 1963 had been very light and total Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, October 1963 with Comparisons QUANTITY VALUE Product 1963] 1962 | 1963 purchases of the 3 principal canned fishery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines) in the first 10 months of 1963 were down 32.5 per- cent in quantity and 37.5 percent in value from those in the same period of 1962 due to lower purchases of canned salmon and tuna. November 1963: FRESH AND FROZEN: Purchases of fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts for the Armed Forces in November 1963 were considerably above those in October 1963 due mainly to larger purchases of shell- able 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, November 1963 with Comparisons November 1962 1963 1962 | 1963 1962 1963 1962 COO cool wie oe ( Teme cad 2,232 1, 893 | 21,722 |21,976 1,206 | 991 12, 123] 13,551 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 fish and ocean perch fillets. In November 1963, leading items were purchased in the following quantities (average price in cents per pound in parentheses): shrimp 894,321 pounds (69); scallops 220,975 pounds (57); oysters 148,705 pounds (89); ocean perch fil- lets 361,510 pounds (311); haddock fillets 163,560 pounds (39); flounder fillets 136,050 pounds (27); halibut 139,047 pounds (37); cod fillets 45,731 pounds (30); sole fillets 30,890 pounds (28); and clams 35,600 pounds (29). CANNED: There were sizable purchases of each of the three principal canned fishery products in November 1963. Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, November 1963 with Comparisons Product 1963 | 1962 Bs eS et oS December 1963: FRESH AND FROZEN: Shrimp, scallops, and groundfish fillets con- tinued to account for a large part of purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products for the Armed Forces in the final month of 1963. In December 1963, leading items were purchased in the following quantities (average price in cents per pound in parentheses): shrimp 518,997 pounds (74); scallops 227,775 pounds (57); oysters 83,520 pounds (99); ocean perch fillets 246,662 pounds (31); flounder fillets 206,244 pounds (29); haddock fillets 73,610 pounds (40); cod fillets 71,638 pounds (30); sole fillets 40,790 pounds (27); salmon 67,226 pounds (64); and halibut 75,680 pounds (38). [Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, December 1963 with Comparisons QUANTITY VALUE December aieepten (CL; OOORE DS a) Vaiteseedreinl [pierre eterna $1000 Fe ationteitene 1, 678 |1, 380| 23, 400 [23,356 | 894 | 837 | 13,017| 14, 388 December 1962 Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, December 1963 with Comparisons VALUE Product December an.-Dec. 1963 | 1962] 1963] 1962 {1963 | 1962 | 1963 | 1962 Bi (Ge OOOMLDSS) SSIS | ae ($1,000). ... Tuna | 364 | 748] 4,367|5,607| 154 | 379 |1,990)2,943 Salmon 3} 2,211| 3,295 2 |1, 329] 1,798 Sardine 489 122 12 193 54 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CANNED: In December 1963, purchases of canned tuna and canned salmon continued to lag behind those in the previous year. HK OK OK OK OAK January-December 1963 Summary: FRESH AND FROZEN: Total purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products for the use of the Armed Forces in 1963 were almost the same as those in 1962 and 1961. The value of the fresh and frozen purchases in 1963 was down 9.5 percent from 1962, but up 4.3 percent from 1961. The average price per pound of fresh and frozen purchases in 1963 was 55.6 cents compared with 61.6 cents in 1962 and 53.2 cents in 1961. In mid-1963, frozen shrimp prices began to decline from the high levels establishedin 1962. The average price of frozen western halibut also declined in 1963. On the other hand, prices for frozen scallops, ocean perch fillets, and haddock fillets were generally higher in 1963 than in previous year. CANNED: Total purchases of the 3 prin- cipal canned fishery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines) in 1963 were down 21.7 per- cent in quantity and 26.7 percent in value from those in 1962. The value fell more than the quantity because of generally declining prices for the principal canned fishery products in 1963. The total 1963 canned purchases were also down 18.0 percent in quantity and 17.7 percent in value from those in 1961. With the recovery of the Maine sardine in- dustry in 1962, purchases of canned sardines showed a sharp increase in 1963, but this could not offset declining purchases of the volume items (canned tuna and canned salm- on). Purchases of canned tuna in 1963 were down 22.1 percent from 1962 and 38.3 per- cent from 1961. Purchases of canned salm- on in 1963 showed a drop of 32.9 percent from 1962, but a gain of 57.6 percent over 1961. Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higherthan indicated because local purchases are not ob- tainable. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p.16, May 1963 p. 26. se dle se ook ok KK OOK OK OK ook VETERANS ADMINISTRATION ESTIMATED REQUIREMENTS FOR CANNED FISH FROM 1964 PACKS: Early this year, the Veterans Administra- tion announced its estimated requirements Vol. 26, No. 4 for various canned fish products from 1964 packs as follows: Veterans Administration Requirements for Canned ee ee Rshrom GS Racks io ak ise from 1964 Packs Size Doz. C Salmon, med. redor sopen skin and backbone on 2 .eeeeseesceecece Salmon, red or sockeye Salmon, red or sockeye Salmon, red or sockeye, dietetic .... Sardinesiwememememeitet etoile Tuna, light meat, chunk, in vegetable oil ‘Tuna, dietetic .. Filleting Machine YELLOW PERCH FILLETING MACHINE NOW IN OPERATION IN GREAT LAKES REGION: The United States manufacturers of a yel- low perch filleting machine have announced that they now have a prototype machine in op- eration at Sheboygan, Wis. The filleting ma- chine processed about 50,000 pounds of round yellow perch during the first month's opera- tion. After being headed and scaled, the fishare fed into the machine at a rate of about 1,000 pounds an hour. The machine produces ap- proximately 500 pounds of fillets from that a- mount of headed and scaled fish. Less than 5 percent of the fillets produced require addi- tional hand trimming. The fillet yield is a- bout 24 percent less than that of a hand-fillet- ing operation. The cost of the machine is re- ported to be $8,500 net, f.o.b. factory (Glad - stone, Mich.). ee Sy Fish Meal PLANT BEING BUILT IN GREAT LAKES REGION: A fish-meal processing plant is being built at Milwaukee, Wis., at a reported cost of $250,000. It is the first major development of this type in the Great Lakes area and when completed this spring will process low-value fish (principally alewives) caught in the Great Lakes into fish meal for use in poultry and livestock feeds. The Milwaukee firm building the plant is a distributor of fresh fish and processes its less marketable catch for use April 1964 by pet food producers and mink ranchers. The firm has 2 of the 7 trawlers now oper- ating out of western Lake Michigan ports. (Great Lakes News Letter, November -De- cember 1963.) Great Lakes LAKE TROUT HATCHERY AND PLANTING PROGRAM: More than 2.3 million young lake trout were planted in Lake Superior during 1963, according to the Great Lakes Fishery Com- mission. Yearling trout planted by partici- pating Federal, state, and Canadian provin- cial agencies totaled about 1,974,000 and fin- erlings accounted for an additional 350,000. The previous high for this restocking pro- gram was Set in 1962 when 1,853,000 yearling and fingerling lake trout were planted in Lake Superior. A survey in mid-1963 of young lake trout being reared in state, Federal, and Canadian provincial hatcheries indicated that about 2.7 million yearlings will be available for plant- ing in Lake Superior during the spring of 1964. The new Jordan River Federal fish hatchery, under construction in the northern section of Michigan's lower peninsula, is expected to increase sharply the hatchery stock of lake trout. Construction of that hatchery was suf- ficiently advanced in the fall of 1963 so that it could be used at that time to provide year- lings for planting in early 1965. With the Jordan River hatchery in operation, about 5 to 5.5 million yearling lake trout will be available annually for the Great Lakes re- habilitation program. (Great Lakes News Letter, September -October 1963.) sk ok KOK CONTRACT FOR WATER RESEARCH IN LAKE MICHIGAN AWARDED BY U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE: A $1 million contract for research on Lake Michigan has been awarded to the University of Michigan by the U. S. Public Health Serv- ice. A principal aim of the four-year study is to determine the effects of man's uses of the Lake and how fast his use is changing wa- ter quality. Another major purpose is to in- vestigate the Lake's effect on weather. The research will be carried out by the Univer- sity's Great Lakes Research Division and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 will be principally in the section of the Lake south of Milwaukee and Muskegon. The Di- vision's three research ships will be involved in extensive sampling of the Lake for chemi- cal and biological analysis of the water and bottom sediments. The project is designed to provide information needed for planning future management of the Lake and preserva- tion of its water quality. (Great Lakes News Letter, September-October 1963.) as | |v Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program SHRIMP AND MENHADEN INVESTIGATIONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO: M/V Oregon Cruise 89 (January 13-Feb- ruary ry 5, i964): The principal objectives of this 24- day cruise along the Texas coast by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex- ploratory fishing vessel Oregon were to: (1) obtain additional information on the seasonal abundance of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), pink shrimp (P. duorarum), white shrimp (P. setiferus), and royal-red shrimp (Hymeno-_ penaeus robustus); (2) conduct deep-water faunal transects; and (3) investigate off-sea- son menhaden resources in the northwest area of the Gulf of Mexico. White shrimp Catches of inshore shrimp on this cruise were light with 30 drags in depths of 4 to 50 fathoms yielding 86 pounds of brown shrimp, 74 pounds of pinks, and 354 pounds of whites. Brown shrimp were predominant from depths of 17 to 32 fathoms, pinks at 12 fathoms, and whites at 9 fathoms. Royal-red shrimp were also caught in light quantities at depths from 200 to 300 fathoms where the bottom temperature ranged between 46.1° and 51.3° F. A total of 30 drags yielded 87 pounds of that species with the largest catch consisting of 12 pounds taken in 240 fathoms off Brownsville, Texas. 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 LOUISIANA LEGEND: SHRIMP TRAWL ROLLER RIG TRAWL — BEAM TRAWL ° GILL NET v7 PLANKTON NET 2 HAND LINE = TOPO Areas investigated along Texas coast during Cruise 89 of the M/V Oregon (January 13-February 5, 1964). Deep-water transects were conducted from 50 to 500 fathoms with rattail (Macrouridae) fish dominating the catches. Bottom trawl- ing on the 400-fathom curve was not possible due in part or wholly to strong currents. Neither the abundance nor the variety of the fauna was like that found at similar depths in other regions of the Gulf, notably off the Tortugas. Investigations on the off-season menhaden abundance were continued with 16 gill-net stations being occupied. Those stations were equally divided between bottom and surface sets in 5- to 50-fathom depths. Gill nets used were of No. 7 monofilament nylon, con structed of five 300-foot sections of 23-, 23, 23-, 24-, and 3-inch stretch mesh. About 89 adult large-scale menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) were caught in surface nets. Fifty- two of those fish were caught in 20 fathoms in spawning condition. The newly acquired West Coast-type gill- net hauler greatly facilitated the handling of exceedingly long monofilament nets. In addition to gill-net catches, 125 juvenile menhaden were taken in a 65-foot shrimp trawl that was fished in 5 fathoms of water. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 24. SHRIMP GEAR STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V George M. Bowers Cruise 49 (Janu- ary 22-February 12, 1964): To evaluate the effectiveness of the ‘electrical shrimp trawl in daylight fishing on the Key West-Tortugas shrimp grounds was the purpose of this cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel George M. Bowers. Results were similar to those obtained on the Apalachicola offshore grounds during the ves- sel's previous cruise (Cruise 48, November 6-27, 1963). As estimated from night trawl- ing with standard gear, catches during day- light hours ranged from 20 to 60 percent of what was available. In an attempt to increase the daytime catch, a number of factors were investigated. These included pulse width, pulse power, pulse repe- April 1964 The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel, George M. Bowers. tition rate, and electrode length (pulses per shrimp). With the exception of pulse width, an increase in the value of those parameters did not markedly affect the catch. An im- provement resulted when the pulse width was increased from about 10 microseconds to 100 microseconds. Further lengthening of the pulse, however, did not affect the catch rate. The daylight electric trawl catch was typical since it was composed of large shrimp only (20-30 count), whereas night catches con- tained large shrimp as well as smaller sizes not caught during the day. Indications were that burrowed shrimp were responding to the electrical field but all were not clearing the bottom. To examine that possibility, laboratory experiments us- ing the cohesive Tortugas mud were to be conducted. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 22. é Gulf Fishery Investigations SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: M/V "Gus III Cruise GUS-13 (January 18- 30, 1964): Shrimp investigations in the Gulf of Mexico were expanded to include the col- lection of additional oceanographic data dur- ing this cruise of the chartered research Gus III. The vessel is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Galveston, Tex. As part of the enlarged study, a total of 53 bathythermo- graph casts, 20 Nansen bottle casts, 26 plank- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 ton tows, 16 paired plankton tows, and 21 plankton sled tows were made. Successful plankton sled tows were made at 200 fathoms. } (Mss. TEXAS 5 LOUISIANA %: } SS New (3 Orleans # Dp Galveston P 50.0 a = aw ea 5|0 0 cy = SIG f.-& DA Ke “eg CET. Gor o. 4 282 0 GULF OF MEXICO op) 94° 92° f 18-30, 1964). H ie He & | me & [5 M/V Gus It Cruise GUS-13 (January During shrimp sampling at established sta- tions, catches were generally light with only a few isolated hauls yielding fair results. Eight statistical areas (13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) off Louisiana and Texas were cov- ered. Thirty-two 3-hour tows with a 45-foot flat trawl were made. Area 14 produced the largest catch which consisted of 41 pounds of 51-67 count white shrimp from under 10 fathoms. In area 18, a tow in over 20 fathoms yielded 37 pounds of 12-15 count brown shrimp. In area 16, a catch of 12 pounds of 26-30 count brown shrimp was taken from the 10-20 fathom depth. Area 17 yielded 9 pounds of 26-30 count brown shrimp from 10-20 fathoms, and area 13 pro- duced 7 pounds of 31-40 count brown shrimp from the same depth. Pink shrimp were found in traces in a few tows, but the quantity in each case was less than one pound. Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are the number of heads-off shrimp per pound. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1964 p. (43 Hawaii SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS, JANUARY 1964: Skipjack tuna landings in Hawaii in January 1964 were about 475,000 pounds. This was 176,000 pounds above the 1948-1963 average for the month. During January there were 80 productive trips giving an average of 4,473 pounds per trip. Individual catches rangedfrom 20 147 pounds to 13,685 pounds. Oahu-based vessels landed 94 percent of the total catch. = Industrial Fishery Products U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES: Production and Imports, 1962-63: Based on domestic production and imports, the United States available supply of fish meal for 1963 amounted to 624,003 short tons==60,464 tons (or 10.7 percent) more than during 1962, Domestic pro= duction was 69,586 tons (or 22,4 percent) less, but imports were 130,050 tons (or 51.5 percent) higher than in 1962, Peru continued to lead other countries with shipments of 291,544 tons, The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho= mogenized fish) during 1963 amounted to 102,997 tons--a decrease of 21,2 percent as compared with the same peri= od in 1962. Domestic production dropped 22,6 percent, but COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 crease of 5,271 tons of fish meal, and 5.4 mil- lion pounds of oil. The increases were due to ‘a good menhaden catch off North Carolina in ' December 1963. One year ago this fishery re- sulted in afailure that was caused by bad weath- Giles U. S. Production of Fis December 19631: Meal, Oil, and Solubles, with Comparisons December Jan,~Dec, Product Herring . Menhaden ahs Sardine, Pacifi 25 308 7,425 179,971 27 Tuna and mackerel. 1,356 |1,649 | 21,626 Unclassified ....... 530] 704} 20,597 | Total 2... eee ee ec seer eeee 7,954 |2,683 |229,646 298,413 imports were up 7.4 percent, Grand total meal and scrap...... 4) 4] |241,646 | 311,232 : = Solubles Tia U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, 1962-63 MOAMGIE so oogboedodsepole 2,224] 125| 73,970] 84,885 It 1/1963 OMGS Soldhioon coWC OOD ub OOO 526|1,581 | 15,030] 28,353 em = Totali secs shee ates 2,750 |1,706 113,238 Fish Meal and Scrap: - (Short Tons), . Homogenized condensed fish .......- o 132 Domestic ounhere - (1,000 Pounds)...... Menhadentsiinr mnie ike ooloo ou ool Meyer oe body: ‘ smoulihetaze CLLING I eoveiatetellohetelcheres siistelieliel skenells 2 Tunalandimackerel manne we ene ian a ai eee Menhaden 3) ..... 5,342| 69 |165,037 Herring 0050) 00, 0'05050 .0,0'0501050,.0.0 ees. 7,425 Sardine, Pacific - 2 4 (OWN9 6.6 0'010'6,.0 O10 00000 00.000 ~ | 32,624 Tuna and mackerel. 379] 343 Other (including whale) . See 362 97 Total production .....+2.2+.e+e+. | 241,646 Total Ale eed ey Oe 5 6,083 | 679 |184,009 B/included wich unclassified. Imports: 3/Includes a small Gquncoys of thread herring. (CEMEGEG SGBioldloe 6o06 F006 Soo oo) SOLAS a/Notavailablelon a {monthly basis SoMa aed aa eetena ef Galena fa inning wil ebru: 1963, il inste: vers ic sto bere on dol oo ad Ad 66.004 0.G,0-0'0 ae lees |aze7sipsunartecusIMitganiate cuntasreecte ree Of gallons) on ree area DS tes aso 1G Coane OI IaiO. CLO ea lolora oto i So. Africa Republic OOO DDO. 06 boo ul. BAAS F Othemicountricsyarecucusievsheleevereneroiere | Mc es00o The quantity of fish solubles manufactured otal Fim pPontspaivelekeles/ohelelevieie 382,357 ae fish meal supply. ...2.eec00 Fish Solubles: Domestic production 2/ . 624,003 Imports: Ganadarepernenctcucnonsiencheien oi otioker siterta 2,034 HOeTAnd cretiewelfetebel sp oicieusiis|chakedaleletenshe 95 Son AfricavRepublic cisncssrcwerclersssue ite 411 Otherlcountries| eae a serene 4,273 MotalMImMportsis cveseremelistetcheteneh ous 6,773 Available fish solubles supply .. 1/Preliminary. 2/S0-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized condensed fish, 102,997 OK OK Ok OK U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production, December 1963: During De- cember 1963, a total of 7,954 tons of fish meal and scrap and over 6 million pounds of oil was produced in the United States. Com- pared with December 1962, this was an irn- | tons or 22 percent compared with 1962. in December 1963 amounted to 2,750 tons or 61 percent more than in December 1962. Men- haden solubles accounted for 81 percent of the total solubles manufactured. The 1963 production of fish meal amounted to 241,646tons. This was adecrease of 69,586 Men- haden meal decreased 58,709 tons or 25 per- cent. The oil yield for 1963 amounted to 184 million pounds, a decrease of 72 millionpounds or 28 percent as compared with 1962. Produc- tion of fish solubles and homogenized con- densed fish decreased 28,110 tons or 23 per- cent in 1963. OK OK KOK Production by Areas, January 1964: Pre- liminary data on U. S. production of fish meal, oil, and solubles for January 1964 as col- lected by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and submitted to the International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table. April 1964 U. S. Production/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, January 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons Solubles January 1964: ast & Gulf Coasts | West Coast#/ . . | Total... . .| 2,487 | 396 | 1,240 _| Jan. 1963 Total .| 2,285 1,391 1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils. 2/Includes American Samoa and Puerto Rico. 3/Includes condensed fish. Note: Beginning with March 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds in- stead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gal- lon. Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, January 1964 and December 1963: United States pro- duction of fish mealin January 1964 was high- er by 8.8 percent as compared with January 1963. Productionof fish solubles and fish oil was down by 13.9 and 6.6 percent, respec- tively. Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil, January 1964 3/1964 4/1963 | 1962 ad 6 Oot o.BG-O.05 (ShortiDons) sieve es tel ene January ...... 2/2,487 2/2,285 2,941 2,723} 3,828 February ..... 2/_| */2,847| 3,616| 2,071, 3,116 JANS=DECs io elela's 2/ 646] 298,413] 291,337] 270,343 VGERE Gig cio pho 2/ 2/241,646| 311,232/311,265)290,137 T + a RUE 18,495} 25,427/ 9,531! 8,571 40,086| 18,819] 14,344] 8,081 cfemeticlici eee 383,107] 252,307|217,845/131,561 January ...... 1,240) 1,441 1,808] 1,620) 1,697 February ..... = 1,223 1,726] 1,650] 1,812 VEArpehs eisieis cls = 96,224 124,334]112,241| 98,929 =] —te 5 5 148 273 219 214 ape - 169| 2,249 155| 1,875 citeweneaents, 5 6,773 6,308] 6,739] 3,174 polo orc. baron (TFOOORTDS.) Sieneneted sien ois 396) w24| 763 489 534 = 324 408 366 554 rT aes7009| 255,808/266,668}215,653 z 79 509| 13,449] 2,068 as 2,458| 21,647| 17,456] 23,828 coer cece = 262,342) 123,050/122,486/143,659 /Preliminary data for,1963 and 1964 based on reports which accounted for the following per- centage of production in 1962: Fish meal, 93 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 97 percent; and fish oils, 95 percent. /Small amounts (10,000 to 25,000 tons) of shellfish and marine animal meal and scrap not reported monthly are included in annual totals. /Includes homogenized fish. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 Major Indicators for U. S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles, Production: January... December . - | 18,977 352, 628 | 233, 330 252, 307 Production: January . . December mports: January December ish Oils: Production: January... December. . 143, 659] 144, 48 2/Preliminary data for 1963 based on reports which accounted for the following percentage of production in 1962: Fish meal, 93 percent; solubles and homogenized fish, 97 per- cent; and fish oil, 95 percent. 3/Small amounts (10,000 to 25,000 tons) of shellfish and ma- tine animal meal and scrap not reported monthly are in- cluded in annual totals. /Includes homogenized fish. Marketing EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS PROSPECTS IN 1964: The outlook for supplies of edible fishery products in 1964 is expected tobe little changed from previous years. The total United States catch may again decline, but more fishery products are expectedto be imported. Major items for which import increases are expect- ed include ocean perch and cod fillets, shrimp, tuna, scallops, and spiny lobster tails. Frozen stocks of fish and shellfish on hand as 1964 began were larger than a year earlier. Canned fish stocks were down, with the excep- tion of pink salmon and shrimp, due to smaller 1963 packs. A substantial increase in the 1963 domestic shrimp landings combined with acon- tinuing high level of imports have resulted in 22 an unusually large carryover in shrimp stocks (frozen and canned), Large inventories of frozen Great Lakes chubs, fish sticks and fish portions, flounder, halibut and ocean perch fillets and steaks, crab meat, scallops, shrimp (both frozen and canned), and canned pink salmon were on hand as 1964 began. Supplies of most major species were ade- quate for the early 1964 Lenten season and during the remainder of the year. Increased United States imports are expected to offset a small decline in the total domestic fishery landings anticipated for 1964. Retail prices of some major fishery prod- ucts will most likely strengthen during the year. Fresh and frozen shrimp and canned tuna prices, in particular, may firm up. Lit- tle change is expected in the United States per capita consumption of all fishery prod- ucts in 1964. Note: This analysis was prepared by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and published in the Department of Agriculture's January 1964 issue of the Na- tional Food Situation (NFS-107). National Fisheries Center TRAINED DOLPHINS WILL BE FEATURED: When the National Fisheries Center and Aquarium opens in Washington, D. C., some time about 1967, it will feature a collection of unusually active aquatic animals. To help accustom them to their new habitat and make them carry out their natural activities more frequently, the Fisheries Center has engaged Keller Breland, a nationally-known animal be- haviorist and psychologist, announced the U. S. Department of the Interior on February 2, 1964. More than 7,000 animals have beentrained by Breland and his wife since 1950, most of them at their farm in Hot Springs, Ark. Both have doctors degrees in psychology and have trained more than 40 different species of animals. Breland's training of dolphins and other aquatic animals at the National Fish- eries Center will have the basic purposes of making the Center more useful as a Scientif- ic and educational facility, and at the same time, obtain results that will be of high in- terest to spectators. Planners for the Fisheries Center are trying to prepare the nearest thing to natural COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW —o- Vol. 26, No. 4 habitats for the marine mammals and fish. An aquatic animal is inhibited by captivity, and research scientists at the Center will wish to study its natural behavior. Breland's work at the National Fisheries Center will be a departure from his usual training of aquatic animals. At the Marine Studios in Florida and the Marineland of the Pacific in Califor- nia he trained dolphins to seize a baton or jump through a hoop. At the Fisheries Center, the leap of the dolphin will be more natural, without the frills of a public show. The train- er will not be trying to create a circus. In- stead, he willbe trying to make the dolphin be- have naturally in a near-natural habitat for the benefit of both scientists and public view- ers. What the trainer will get in the beginning is a newly-captured dolphin, a creature that fears its new Surroundings and has never eaten a thawed-out frozen fish. He will flip the dead fish in the water to make it appear alive, and gradually the dolphin will come closer to his food. Eventually it will grab the fish and make a panicked retreat. If thedol- phin happens to grab one of the trainers fin- gers, it will let loose. The dolphin has up to 100 spiked teeth, but it seldom leaves a tooth mark ona human. The dolphin's fear will be- gin to subside as it learns to take the fish more slowly. Then it will learn to wait for a pat on the head before it can take the fish. A pat on the head and a scratch on the stomach will follow and within a month, the dolphin will allow itself to be picked up by the trainer before it gets the fish. The trainer's technique is based on a re- ward for the desired response. When an ani- mal does something wrong, the incorrect ac- tion is ignored. Punishment and fear are never uSedintraining. After the dolphin learns to eat dead fish, a feeder will be installed in its raceway. The dolphin will be taught that every time he hears a certain signal, he can go to the feeder and find that a fish has been released. Next a photocell will be installed on the sides of the raceway, just above the surface of the water. The dolphin's natural curiosity soon will cause him to stick his head out of the water at the right place. When he does, the photocell beam will be broken and the signal will sound. The dolphin will dive to the feeder box. Now the photocell beam will be gradually raised to higher elevations. The dolphin has to leap higher and higher to break the beam and may leap as high as 15 feet to get his reward. A further refinement April 1964 is a background signal--a light or supersonic tone--to let the dolphin know when the feeder circuit is in operation. He will learn that without this signal, there is no point in jump- ing. In that way, his leaps will be confined to periods when they are desired. Dolphins at the National Fisheries Center will be taught to broadjump, an accomplish- ment never fefore seen in public. The dol- phins will learn to leap, then travel up to 25 feet in a horizontal line to break two photo- cell beams. Another first achievement in public demonstration will be the dolphin's ability to use sonar to find food and avoid obstacles in murky water. Study of this ca- pability will have important scientific bene- fits. The dolphin will be blindfolded by plac- ing small rubber cups over his eyes. He will send out high-frequency signals and use the bounced-back signals to find a designated target. As he scans for the hidden object, the audience will be able to watch his under- water Search. Spectators also will see the dolphin's high frequency signals registered on an oscilloscope. And sound transducers will lower the frequencies to an audible range so the signals can be heard as pings. The dolphin will ''home-in'' on the target, touch it with his nose and dart to the feeder box for his reward. The dolphin's natural sonar is much more efficient than the similar manmade device, according to Breland, who said that research- ers would like to duplicate the original sonar of the dolphin. They also are interested in the ease with which he moves through water, causing only a minimum of turbulence and drag. More than streamline design and smooth skin are involved. As the dolphin moves through the water, his skin ripples, matching the turbulence and reducing it. Finally, there will be attempts to train the dolphin in the use of his audible ''voice." These sounds come from his blowhole, and while the source is not known, Breland said they are not the sounds of breathing. It is already possible to teach the dolphin to make whining and "'raspberry'’ sounds for con- trolled periods of time, but the trainer now wants to increase the range of sounds and shape them into patterns that resemble such human words as "thank you." ''This won't mean that the dolphin will be speaking the human language," Breland said, ''but it will show the vast degree to which he can learn different patterns of behavior." COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 The National Fisheries Center will be op- erated by Interior Department's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The Bureau will provide research laboratories at the Center for its own scientists, for those of other Federal Government agencies, and for scientists of other countries. Planning for the Center has reached the point where design criteria soon will be turned over to the archi- tects. Congress has authorized the $10 mil- lion research and educational facility with the proviso that construction and operating costs be repaid to the Federal Treasury. This will be accomplished by charging admission, ex- cept to student groups. As a result, the Cen- ter will impose no costs on taxpayers. Aquatic animals from all parts of the world will be placed under the closest scrutiny ever achieved in a single location. The studies will include research into genetics, reproduction, nutrition, fish diseases, antibiotics produced by marine animals, and experimental ecology. wf North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations WINTER DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF GROUNDFISH SPECIES STUDIED: M/V Albatross IV’ Cruise 64-1 (January 16-February 15; 1964): To determine the win- ter distribution and relative abundance of groundfish species from Nova Scotia south- ward to New Jersey and to study the food of a number of groundfish species were the pur- poses of this cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Alba- tross IV. The area of investigations south- ward from Nova Scotia extended to the Conti- nental Shelf and to New Jersey, including Browns Bank, Georges Bank, and the inshore waters along the coast. A total of 194 groundfish survey stations were completed on this cruise and all fish captured were identified and measured. The stomach contents of 3,159 fish of 40 species were examined and recorded in the study area. Scale samples were taken from 1,280 haddock and 473 yellowtail flounder. Otoliths were extracted from 195 silver hake and 136 cod at selected stations. A sample of sea herring was collected and frozen for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Boothbay Harbor, Me. Invertebrates taken by the trawl at each station were preserved for further identification. 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 45° Legend: e- FISHING STATION. aS 42° 40° _ $ r =——— © 3 38° = ===: } 75° 74° 73° Ue vale 70° Ht : ‘ 69° 68° 67° 66° 65° 64° Shows the station pattern for Cruise 64-1 of the research vessel Albatross IV, January 16-February 15, 1964. In the northern part (Gulf of Maine), whit- ing (silver hake) were caught mainly in the deep water from 50 to 140 fathoms, while in the southern part (south of Georges Bank) whiting were taken in slightly shoaler water from 50-100 fathoms. Spiny dogfish were also caught in the deep water in the north but were abundant inthe shoal water inthe south. Scup were noticeably absent from all catches throughout the sampling area. Squid were generally absent in the northern part but abundant on the southern New England grounds. Haddock were abundant north of Cape Cod es- pecially on Georges Bank and on Browns Bank with a few specimens taken south of Cape Cod. Pollock were taken north of Cape Cod with a few specimens caught on the southern New England grounds. The distributions of many of the species related to depth and temperature were to be determined at a later date. April 1964 North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program SURVEY OF DEEP-WATER MARINE FAUNA OFF MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER CONTINUED: M/V "John N. Cobb” Cruise 63 (January 8-22, 1964): To monitor deep-water marine fauna at stations off the mouth of the Colum- bia River was the primary objective of this 15-day cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries exploratory vessel John N. Cobb. It was the 13th survey cruise on the cooperative study of demersal fauna off the Columbia River conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Atomic Energy Commission. The John N. Cobb has made 4 cruises on this study and 9 cruises were made by the chartered vessel Commando. Stormy weather greatly hampered fishing operations during this cruise and only 5 of the 17 stations established along the track- line were monitored. All of those stations were at depths of 200 fathoms or less. An eastern otter trawl with a 14-inch liner in the cod end was used to senna the fauna. English sole (Parophrys vetulus), rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and skates (Raja sp.) dominated the catch at the 50-fathom station. Green-striped rockfish (Sebastodes elongatus) was the most abundant species at the 75-fathom station. A total of 400 pounds of sablefish (Anoplopoma frimbria) and tur- bot (Atheresthes stomias) were caught ina one-hour tow at 200 fathoms. The largest catch of ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus) for a total of 350 pounds was also taken at 200 fathoms. Like past winter cruises Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) and hake (Mer- luccius productus) were virtually absent from the catches in all the tows. Pacific acean perch (Sebastodes alu! ess) Bottom temperatures and salinity samples were taken at all stations sampled with the trawl. Samples of the fauna collected for the Atomic Energy Commission were delivered to the Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle, Wash. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 A biologist from the Fish Commission of Oregon was aboard the vessel during the cruise to tag Dover sole and sablefish for migratory information. Note: See Commercial Eenenes Review, January 1964 p. 23. Sa es DEEP-DIVING SUBMARINE FOR WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION: The Alvin, a 22-foot research submarine designed to dive 6,000 feet into the ocean, is scheduled for delivery in the spring of 1964 to the Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic In- stitution. Design specifications of the vessel are: weight, 11 tons; maximum speed, 6 knots; and endurance at a speed of 2.5 knots, 10 hours. The 2-man craft was financed by a $575,000 grant from the U. S. Office of Naval Research as part of its Deep Research Ve- hicle Program. Fig. i - Lower section and sphere of the Alvin. Purpose: The Alvin has been designed as a sophisticated tool for marine investigations. It will not be possible to state what work the Alvin will accomplish until thorough tests are completed; however, scientists believe the vessel will have multiple uses. In the study of biology, a deep-diving ve- hicle would make it possible for scientists to observe marine life in its natural habitat. Observations of the concentrations and be- havior of marine populations at great depth, not now possible except with cameras, could be made directly by scientists or recorded with manually-operated cameras. This would include observations of bottom populations, as well as the "scattering layer'' of marine life which rises toward the surface at night and descends at daylight. 26 In the study of geology, a craft of this type would enable scientists to observe the topog- raphy and composition of the bottom (within the craft's range) more comprehensively than is now possible with camera and television equipment. Interesting samples could be col- lected as they are sighted, whereas now rel- atively hit-or-miss systems of dredging are used. Fig. 2 - The Alvin's lower section with a fibreglass hull. In the study of physical oceanography, a deep-diving vehicle might be able to measure speed and direction of currents by trimming to neutral buoyancy and logging its own course. By drifting slowly downward through a water column the Alvin could obtain excellent con- tinuous profiles of temperature, salinity, and other water characteristics. The scientific uses of such a craft would not be limited to those described above, which are mentioned only as examples of the types of work which might be accomplished. The maximum operating depth called for in the design of the Alvin is 6,000 feet. This depth capability would open to exploration about one-sixth of the ocean bottom and about one-half of the water volume of the oceans and neighboring seas, including the continen- tal shelves, part of the continental and island slopes, and many sea mounts. The upper 6,000-foot marine layer includes much of the life of the oceans as well as the region where variables such as currents, temperatures, and sound velocities of interest to the ocean- Ographer are most active. Scientific Instrumentation: Five viewing ports are planned-~-1 looking directly for- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 ward, 1 downward, 1 to each side, and 1 peep- hole directly upward through the hatch for use when surfacing. There is a planned provision for 1,200 pounds of scientific 'payload'’ con- sisting of but not necessarily limited to the following: scanning sonar, echo-sounder, underwater telephone, lights, underwater television, mechanical arm, and a variety of cameras. Navigation equipment will include a gyrocompass, magnetic compass, speed in- dicator, and depth gauges. Fig. 3 - Aft view of conning tower section of Alvin. Pressure Hull: The Alvin's pressure hull, which will house the crew and much of the scientific equipment, has been fabricated from high-grade steel with an inside diameter of 79.3 inches and a shell thickness of 14 inches. This all-important unit is constructed from twin hemispheres welded together. Its posi- tion is forward in the vehicle and by itself is positively buoyant. The remainder of the ve- hicle, enclosed in an outside skin of fiberglass, is open to the pressure of the sea. The fiber- glass enclosure houses additional buoyancy sphere and plastic buoyancy material, plus the power supply and propulsion equipment. Whereas the pressure hull is strong enough to maintain atmospheric pressure by with- standing outside pressures, the fiberglass housing will avoid collapse by allowing inside pressure to equalize with outside pressure. Propulsion: The Alvin will be propelled by battery-powered electric motors running in April 1964 oil and driving hydraulic pumps. It will have three propellers for locomotion and maneu- vering. The main propulsion propeller inthe stern is horizontally trainable plus or minus 50 degrees (by hydraulic ram) and willserve also as a rudder. Two smaller propellers are mounted forward near the pressure hull and can be turned 360 degrees in the vertical plane to provide fore and aft or up and down thrust. Generally, ascent and descent will be controlled by flooding and exhausting bal- last tanks, similar to a conventional subma- rine, and by use of propeller thrust. In case of emergency, the buoyant pressure hull can be released from the rest of the vehicle, and, short of that, other heavy components, in- cluding the battery supply and the mechanical arm, can be manually-released to provide needed lift. Life Support System: There will be ap- proximately 170 cubic feet of space in the pressure sphere for breathing atmosphere. A system will be provided for supplementing the oxygen supply and removing the carbon dioxide and water vapor during the period of a maximum dive--24 hours. Operations: The Alvin will be dependent upon a mothership or near-shore base for battery and air charging, life support chemi- cals, and other necessities. It is not planned to do much horizontal traveling on the sur- face; rather the Alvin would be carried tothe scene of a dive by the mothership and lower - ed into the water. This mode of operation is one reason for Alvin's relatively small size. Testing Schedule: Plans call for comple- tion of the Alvin and delivery to Woods Hole in the spring of 1964. Some preliminary test- ing of the vehicle will be conducted before that time, including tests of the pressure hulls at the Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas. The scheduling of under- water tests will depend upon weather condi- tions prevailing when the Alvin is completed. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Janu- ary 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 36. NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC VESSEL FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION: A new 97-foot oceanographic research ves- sel, the Neptunus Rex of the Beaudette Foun- dation for Biological Research at Santa Ynez, Calif., was designed and built in Norway ex- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 pressly for oceanographic research. She is of a North Sea trawler design with a welded steel hull, and was launched in August 1962. (UES 58 BHF vo, The new oceanographic research vessel, Neptunus Rex. Specifications and other dimensions of the Neptunus Rex are: Beam: 21 feet, 6 inches; draft: 11 feet; displacement: 400 tons; ton- nage: 170 gross, 112 net; propulsion: two 300-hp. Diesels; propeller: single 3-blade variable pitch; complement: crew of 7 and scientific staff of 6. The main scientific working area of the vessel is at the forward well deck where the main winch and A-frame are located. The main winch is operated hydraulically and has interchangeable cable drums capable of using other drums with different types of cable. Forward of the open working area, a 400- square-foot laboratory occupies the whale- back of the vessel and has both 110 and 220 volt a.c. available. Meteorological equipment includes barometer, barograph, anemometer, and psychometer. A bathythermograph winch is mounted on the after boat deck. The bathy- thermograph has specially designed fins per- mitting it to dive to a depth of 400 meters (1,312 feet) while it traces a record of the temperature and depth of the water on a graph- ic slide. The vessel started on her first expedition in April 1963 when she went to Bahia de Los Angeles, Gulf of California, and made a sec- ond visit in October 1963 to the east coast of Baja, Calif. (National Oceanographic Data Center Newsletter, December 31, 1963.) PUERTO RICO NUCLEAR CENTER MARINE BIOLOGY PROGRAM: The Puerto Rico Nuclear Center of the University of Puerto Rico is conducting.a ma- rine biology program designed to measure biological productivity and the movements of 28 selected trace elements in the hydrosphere and biosphere of a tropical marine environ- ment which extends seaward from the mouth of a river transporting large quantities of silt. Primarily, the work is concerned with the distributions of trace elements and is based upon the concept that a knowledge of the geochemical routes of the stable elements may be used to predict the fates of corre- sponding radioelements. The investigations of productivity and trace element metabolism are being done with carrier-free or high specific activity radioisotopes in controlled environments. The trace element analyses are being done by neutron activation analysis, atomic ab- sorption, flame spectrophotometry, and X- ray emission spectrography. The oceano- graphic measurements are made with stand- ard equipment. The geographical area of investigation in- cludes the Afidsco River watershed (covering 200 square miles) and the adjoining marine area of the west coast of Puerto Rico extend- ing north from Mayaquez past Punta Higuero to the mouth of the Culebrinas River and west into the Mona Pass to Desocheo Island. The area includes the reactor site at Punta Higuero. All phases of the work were in progress in January 1964. (Puerto Rico Nuclear Cen- ter, University of Puerto Rico, College Sta- tion, Mayaquez, Puerto Rico.) se sk ke oye wk OK ok ok MARINE BIOACOUSTIC RESEARCH MAY AID COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: Fish and other marine organisms "talk" to each other, according to a scientist who predicts that knowledge of the sounds made by them will be used to track and locate schools of commercially-valuable fish. This is the conviction of the Director of the world's largest underwater bioacoustic library at the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography after more than 17 years of continuous research. Noting that the U. S. Navy had already de- veloped listening devices for tracking enemy submarines, the acoustic biologist suggested that a series of fixed, unmanned, underwater listening posts be established. Underwater sounds could then be intercepted and rebroad- cast to cruising fishermen. The scientist COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 also believes that it may be possible to at- tract fish by broadcasting underwater man- made sounds. Sounds that frighten some ma- rine creatures have already been developed. They might prove beneficial in herding fish or containing them in a chosen area. Also noting that the noises produced by underwater creatures are usually associated with ''colony life,'' the scientist said that if one fish of a school is captured, a character- istic sound is produced by certain species, and the entire group flees. Underwater bio- logical noises are also associated with such activities as breeding and competitive feeding. In addition, it was explained that certain noc- turnal fish have well-developed sound-produc- ing systems. After a thorough study of the sounds made by white whales held in captivity, the scientist and an associate at the University of Rhode Island, said in the Sears Foundation's Journal of Marine Research that their work ''confirms previous evidence of a wide repertoire of recognizably different types of sound that, used singly or in combination, have specific meaning." Working under the oldest continuous bio- logical contract with the Office of Naval Re- search, the Director of the bioacoustic library accumulates hundreds of miles of audio tape each year. When a new sound is discovered and thoroughly analyzed, it becomes part of the ''Reference File of Biological Sounds," maintained since 1954 at the request of the U.S. Navy. Although this contains sounds recorded from researchers all over the world, an estimated 98 percent of the material was developed by the library's director and asso- ciliates. To date, about 400 of the sound-producing organisms in the Western North Atlantic have been auditioned by the scientist, ranging from shrimp and crab to porpoise, whales, sea lions, sea cows, and other sorts of fish. Every ma- rine animal, it was discovered, has a charac- teristic sound ''signature.'' (Source: Univer- sity of Rhode Island--reprinted from National Oceanographic Data Center Newsletter, De- cember 31, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 27. April 1964 Pollution ANTIPOLLUTION DAM WILL IMPROVE FISH RUNS IN SACRAMENTO RIVER: Migratory steelhead and salmon in Cali- fornia's Sacramento River will have a better chance of suriving as a result of the appar- ently successful operation of the Spring Creek Debris Dam. Built by the Bureau of Recla- mation, U. S. Department of the Interior, to protect valuable commercial and sport fish spawning grounds, the new dam traps silt and chemical laden water, then slowly releases it in amounts below levels potentially toxic to fish in the Sacramento River. Spring Creek flows into the Sacramento above Keswick Dam, carrying water which drains the historic mining areas near Red- ding. The water spilling from the watershed brings minute particles and soluble forms of copper, arsenic, lead, zinc, and other chemi- cals. By storing large quantities of runoff, then releasing the potentially toxic water in small quantities, the new antipollution dam protects spawning areas below Keswick Dam. Before construction of the dam, large num- bers of fish were periodically destroyed by the polluted water from Spring Creek. An Assistant Secretary of the U. S. De- partment of the Interior noted that the Spring Creek Dam marked a major milestone in the development of answers to problems of water pollution management. The dam facilitates nearby power production, provides flood con- trol, and--most critically--handles the care- fully controlled discharge of potentially dan- gerous polluted water. The primary effect of the dam is to preserve and protect valuable salmon and steelhead resources. "It is an interesting footnote to the reported success of the dam," the Assistant Secretary said, "that this dam is, in reality, one of the prices we are paying in the 1960's for the develop- ment of northern California's rich mineral deposits a century ago. Its success, however, strengthens the determination of Federal and state water planners and officials to put the full weight of modern scientific technology into solving the complex problems of water throughout the Nation." The Spring Creek Dam reservoir provides storage space for some 2,000 acre-feet of sediment--enough to last an estimated 50 years. The dam was completed in the sum- mer of 1963 and with heavy rains in Septem- ber, it received its first crucial test. A COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 large storm in November filled the reservoir to more than half its holding capacity. Regu- lated releases began November 8 and contin- ued through the first week in January. As the Spring Creek water was mixed with Sacramen- to River water and with water from the Trini- ty River, it was diluted to the point of being safe to fish in the lower river. In late 1963 and early 1964, there was an estimated run- off of 6,000 acre-feet of polluted water from the old mining areas, however, there were no reports of damage to salmon or steelhead in the Sacramento River. Before construction of Shasta Dam, the heaviest runoff of polluted water coincided witn flood flows from the Upper Sacramento, and the toxic compounds were diluted before they could do serious damage. But since 1944, Shasta Dam has controlled flooding on the Up- per Sacramento and the polluted water from Spring Creek had been entering Keswick Res- ervoir at times when releases from Shasta were low. aad aed 44 “7 Pan ey, See GUIDELINES FOR TROLL SALMON VESSELS: The continuing interest of fishermen in landed fish quality was demonstrated ata meeting held in early 1964 by the Seattle (Wash.) Technological Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The meet- ing was mainly concerned with a review of quality improvement guidelines for Pacific troll salmon ice vessels. Fishermen's rep- resentatives discussed the quality problems encountered during the 1963 troll salmon sea- son, including handling of catch, icing, physi- cal damage, and sanitation of vessels. It was agreed that those are still the most important factors to be stressed, and that the use of preservative ices or refrigerated sea water in the troll fishery have not been decisive fac - tors in landed fish quality. The Seattle labo- ratory will cooperate further with fishermen in providing additional recommendations for use of sanitizing agents and suggestions for educational material on icing time and tem- perature in relation to fish quality and bacte- rial spoilage. Quality 30 NEW YORK STATE ACCEPTS USDI INSPECTION FOR FISH: All fresh and frozen fish fillets purchased for New York State Institutions after June 1, 1964, will be inspected by U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI) Inspection Service. At that time, the New York State fishery inspec- tion service will be disbanded. The use of National Association of State Purchase Officials (NASPO) specifications has also been considered by New York, but will be deferred until NASPO specifications exist for all fishery products used by the State. Salmon ATLANTIC RESTORATION STUDIES: Experimental studies aimed at improving fish-cultural methods for Atlantic salmon will be carried out by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The experi- mental procedure will be designed by the Bu- reau's Maine Cooperative Fishery Unit, lo- cated at the University of Maine, in coopera- tion with all agencies concerned. Experi- ments will be conducted at the Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery. The objective of the program is to provide information that will enable fish culturists to produce hatchery - reared salmon with physiological character - istics approaching those of the wild fish, in predictable numbers, and at the proper time for stocking. The salmon restoration programs of Maine's Sea~Run Commission require a de- pendable supply of one-year-old smolts for stocking purposes. Inthe past, experimental alterations in fish cultural practices have not succeeded in providing a dependable supply. Large and frequently unexplained mortalities of hatchery-reared fish have occurred in all stages of development. ROK MASSIVE PROGRAM TO INTRODUCE FALL CHINOOK SALMON RUN IN UPPER WILLAMETTE RIVER: Plans for the construction of new fish pass- age facilities at Willamette Falls at Oregon City, Ore., were almost completed in early 1964, The new facilities will make it possi- ble for fall chinook salmon to reach the upper COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 Willamette River to spawn. (The upper river already has steelhead, coho salmon, and spring chinook salmon.) In conjunction with the new fishway, approximately 7% million young fall chinook are being released in the upper river in the vicinity of Eugene, Corval- lis, and Harrisburg, Ore. Some fish were al- so being released in the lower areas of major tributary streams above the falls. Planting began in mid-February and will continue through| April or May 1964. Chinook $almon The young fall chinook salmon needed to stock the Willamette River were raised inthe Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery operated by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and in the Skamania Hatchery oper- ated by Washington State. Surveys conducted by the Fish Commission of Oregon show that the Willamette River above the falls contains many spawning and rearing areas satisfactory for fall chinook salmon. Officials of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service said the joint effort of Federal and State agencies on the Willamet- te River is indicative of the cooperation which has prevailed throughout the program of salm- on rehabilitation which began in 1949. (North- west Regional Information Office, U. S. De- partment of the Interior, February 11, 1964.) Shrimp NEW CONTRACTS OPENED FOR FUTURES TRADING IN FROZEN SHRIMP AT CHICAGO: Rules and specifications applicable to fu- tures trading in frozen shrimp (No. 1 Con- tract) for delivery in September and Novem- ber 1964, and January 1965, as issued early this year by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago, Ill., are as shown on page 31. Following issuance of the rules and spe- cifications on page 31, the Board of Gov- ernors of the Chicago Mercantile Ex- change, at a meeting held on February 6, 1964, voted to open new contracts for small- April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Shrimp shall be U. S. Grade “A” raw, frozen, grooved, head- less with a count of 15/20 to the pound and shall be re- stricted to the catch of domestic boats leaving from and returning to domestic ports. All shrimp must meet the re- quirements of standards as promulgated by the U. S. Depart- ment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. TRapING Unit oN Futures Catt: All transactions cleared through the Clearing House shall be in units of 5,000 pounds, Futures Price FLUCTUATIONS AND Limits: The minimum price fluctuation in the futures market will be 1/10¢ per pound, equivalent of $5.00 per contract. A full cent price change equals $50.00 per contract. Daily fluctuations are limited to 4¢ (400 points) per pound, upward or downward from the previous day's settling price. DELIVERIES AND SUBSTITUTIONS ON THE Futures CALL: To qualify for delivery Frozen Shrimp shall be tendered for delivery in accordance with requirements of the Exchange rules and with specifications announced by the Board of Governors prior to the opening of the contract. The weight of a delivery unit shall be 5,000 pounds and the grade there- of shall comply with the contract of sale subject to such sub- stitutions as are allowed. A delivery unit of 5,000 pounds shall consist of 100 master cartons, each master carton containing ten 5-pound pack- ages. The unit shall consist of not more than 3 lots or sub- lots with no lot or sub-lot weighing less than 1,000 pounds. The entire unit must be processed by one packer and must be stored during any one calendar month. Each delivery unit must be uniform as to species. Frozen Shrimp which have been in storage more than eight months are not deliverable except that a delivery unit delivered in accordance with the rules during a delivery month is eligible for re-delivery through that month. Allowable variations in quantity of a delivery unit are as follows: Minimum delivery unit: 4,750 pounds—95 master cartons of 50 pounds each. Maximum delivery unit: 5,250 pounds—105 master cartons of 50 pounds each. A weight tolerance of 3% shall be permitted. Payment shall be made on the basis of the exact quantity delivered. All shrimp delivered on Exchange contracts shall be of good pack, glazed:and packed in paperboard cartons which CLASSIFICATION AND GRADE: All futures contracts for Frozen’ ‘must meet all Federal regulations governing labeling and packing. All shrimp shall conform in every respect to the provision of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act together with all regulations promulgated thereunder. Inspection certificates must be in good standing up to 5:00 P.M. on the business day following day of tender. Par delivery shall be frozen shrimp in approved cold storage warehouses in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, area. Delivery in other approved cold storage warehouses in the eight states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina may be made at I¢ a pound discount. Brown, white, and pink Shrimp are deliverable at par but each delivery unit must be uniform. PERMISSIBLE SUBSTITUTIONS: Frozen shrimp with a count of Tess than 15 to the pound shall be deliverable at par. Frozen shrimp with a count of 21/25 to the pound shall be deliver- able with an allowance of 7¢ a pound. Grade B shrimp meeting all other requirements are deliverable at 4¢ a pound allowance. Each delivery unit must be uniform as to count per pound. INSPECTION CERTIFICATES: Inspections will be’ made. for members only and in the order of applications filed except precedence shall be given to inspections relating to trans- actions made on Exchange. An official inspection certificate shall be final. No re-in- spection upon the same application shall be permitted. No member shall order an official inspection on another member's goods without the written order of such member. An official inspection certificate on Frozen Shrimp issued by the Exchange shall state the location and the grade estab- lished. It shall bear the signature of the President or As- sistant to the President and the seal of the Exchange. It shall state the date of inspection and the time when the certificate expires. This certificate shall be based upon an inspection certificate of the United States government and such government certificate (or a copy thereof) shall in all cases accompany the Exchange certificate. The removal of the commodity from the place or location designated on the inspection certificate invalidates the certificate. The charge for inspection shall be the cost plus 50¢ per lot for Exchange certificate. LiFe OF INSPECTION CERTIFICATE. An Exchange inspection certificate for quality or weights of frozen shrimp in cold storage shall expire on the first business day of the sixth month following date of inspection provided the shrimp have remained in the same warehouse and have been kept under proper refrigeration in the meantime. STORAGE CHARGES ON FuTURES CALL TO BE ON A PRO RATA Basis. On all deliveries made on the futures call the seller must assume storage up to 5 P.M. on the second business day after the date of delivery. The proration shall be on the basis of 1/30th of the prevailing monthly storage rate at the particular warehouse raised to the nearest S¢ and multiplied by the number of days remaining to the next storage expiration date (all months figured on the basis of 30 days). In no case shall handling charges be included in such proration. The storage charges shall be paid in advance by the person holding shrimp on the storage expiration date and pro rata charges prepaid by such holder shall be added to and shown on the tender notice. SPECULATIVE Position Limits. No member for himself or for a customer, and no firm for its own account or for the account of a customer, may carry, control, or have a proprietary interest in more than a total ‘of 200 Frozen Shrimp contracts with a maximum of 200 in any one con- tract month, nor shall any individual, customer, or firm exceed the above limits in any single day’s trading. TrapING Hours. From 9:25 A.M. to 12:45 P.M. CoMMISSION CHARGES. The uniform minimum fee for the purchase, sale, or purchase and sale of a shrimp futures contract is $18.00 per unit. WAREHOUSES APPROVED FOR SHRIMP DELIVERIES: Altord Refrigerated Warehouses, Inc.—260, McBride Lane, Corpus Christi, Tex. Alford Refrigerated Warehouses, Inc_—318 Cadiz Street, Dallas, Tex. Houston Terminal Warehouse & Cold Storage Co.— Houston, Texas Ingram Freezers—Dallas, Texas Merchants Cold Storage Co.—Fort Worth, Texas New Orleans Cold Storage & Warehouse Co. Ltd.—124 Airline Highway, Metairie, La. Texas Ice and Refrigerating Co.—Fort Worth, Texas U. S. Cold Storage Corp.—Fort Worth, Texas er size shrimp (used for bread- ing, soups, etc.) The new contract known as No. 2 Contract with de- livery months of October and De- cember 1964, and February 1965, were listed for trading on the Chicago Mercan- tile Exchange on February 17, 1964. The No. 2 Contract listing rules and speci- fications on fu- tures trading in smaller sizes of frozen shrimp, as announced and issued by the Chicago Mercan- tile Exchange follow: FUTURES TRADING IN —N 2 3/Inventory of October 31, 1963, includes 1,203,000 pounds; November 30, 1963, includes adua00G0d 3,632] 3,331] 4,754 ventory it & February PCA a ORIG Be 3,986 4,123 3,910 oe ae and December 31, 1963, includes 1,256,000 pounds for firms not re- January ........ 5,60: 3,993 3,840] 5,686 eM ey frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bureau December....... - 9,500] 8,615] 6,538 Se ae intense : i : armel | November HRRTisOnh i 13,212 12,177 9.996 Sere ences at Tampa, Fla.; Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Bro le, January*December. | = 138,700 105,839 91,396 Note: January 1964 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information pub- [= at lished daily by tei News oicem Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to heads- on weight multip Quantity canned, Gulf States au/B IMarchurtciemerencrensue 92 86 35 1) SED NYG 0G O10.6 2 281 241 90 JANUATYAeyelieheh even sis 230 592 492 183 December) sic.) airele i 2,175} 1,879 816 November....... = 2,495 2,727] 2,175 January*December, = | 29,468] 23,322] 14,500 = =| rozen inventories (as of end of each mo.) 2/: Tuna Marches ipiiereletchene | 27,970) 16,607] 31,345] 23,232 February 28.....| - 28,039] 19,012] 37,612| 29,063 FISHING BASE IN PALAU ISLANDS January 31 ...... a 28,487| 21,328] 37,842] 34,332 5 December 31. ...| = |3/45,764| 31,577] 19,755] 40,913 PLANNED BY CALIFORNIA FIRM: November 30 ...| = |3/42,142| 27,500] 20,668] 37,264 A California tuna-packing firm has plans ) 2 A , October 31 _.-+++| ~ | 3/37,418| 21,315] 17,811) 31,209 | | under way to establish a tuna-fishing base in Imports 4/: the Palau Islands (U. S. Trust Territory of eee: tee nee 9,658 e385 the Pacific Islands in the Pacific Ocean east January ........1 0° : : of the Philippines). Two representatives of Vee eee 13,139 8,596 ; : eee aa sence el OF 16,296 135198) clo eee 12 At the United States tuna cannery were in Koror, OVEMbDeLenaweueWel sta! = 1 52] 13,516 c 7 January-December. | - | 151,530|141,183126,268|113,418 Palau, in February 1964 when they met with . . -(¢/1b,, 26-30 Count, Heads*Off).... (Table continued on next column.) x=vessel price, all species, So, Atl, & Gulf Ports: Mar chijepetenereicnebetts O 85.5 80.9 56.0 56.3 Mebruary Weise telieleve o 85.7 78.9 53.5 51.8 TANUALY Nels lelielley <) elie) | O06. 85.0 76.3 52.5 49.5 Decemberivatcietchelic - |5/54-65 82.9 75.2 54,2 November.,...... = |5/52-62 84.5 73.5 54.0 Octobermeyeyenenevel oie - |5/51-64 90.0 68.7 53.0 September ...... - |5/55-64 | 90.9 70.1 52.2 AUBUStetelensueieleneks o 59.0 83.6 66.1 52.0 lwholesale price froz, peace (S-lb, pkg.) Chicago, Il,: March @avepenetonshevens o 102-106] 94-95 69-71 | 65-68 February) siebetelisi es o 102-106) 93-95 | 69-71 |/65-67 January ........ | 7883} 102-106) 91°94 | 69-71 |'64-66 December renereiie) cue o 75°82 {101-107 | 91-92 | 68-70 November....... = 71°78 |105-110 | 89-92 | 69-73 October hie ++... (1,000 Lbs,, Heads-Off)..... 67-75 |108-115 | 83-90 | 69-73 — 73°77 |113-118 | 87-90 | 65-70 officials of a local construction company to discuss construction bid plans. One of the first construction items dis- cussed was housing quarters needed by the middle of May for some 120 fishermen. Other facilities for the proposed base to be built or installed on Malakai Island include a 1,200- ton fish-storage freezer, ice-making machines, water -storage tanks, andoffice space. Bid ne- gotiations for actual construction of the plant are to begin in mid-May and it is planned to have the plant in operation by July 1, 1964. April 1964 Plans call for six 25-gross-ton tuna ves- sels to begin operating from Koror's main port with 72 Okinawans and 48 Palauans as crewmen and fishermen, according to an Economic Development Officer of the Trust Territory. Under the provisions of the con- tract signed by the Trust Territory and the California firm's officials, the Palauans will be trained as tuna fishermen and eventually the tuna-fishing vessels will be manned com- pletely by them. The Trust Territory Officer said that ex- pansion of tuna fishing in other parts of the Territory will depend to a great degree on the success of the initial program in Palau. (Press release, Trust Territory of the Pa- cific Islands, Saipan, February 17, 1964.) u ( NY ilen| United States Fisheries COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS, 1963: Total Landings: Fish and shellfish land- ings in the United States in 1963 were down 11.5 percent as compared with 1962. Land- ings were about 600 million pounds less than in 1962--due mainly to reduced catches of menhaden, salmon, whiting, and ocean perch. Menhaden: Landings in 1963 totaled about 1.7 billion pounds--524 million pounds less than during 1962. Production was down in every state except in North Carolina where the catch of 190 million pounds was 67 mil- lion pounds more than in the previous year. The North Carolina increase resulted from a productive fishery in the last two months of the year. Salmon: On the basis of the reported pack of canned salmon, it is estimated that the 1963 catch in Alaska was approximately 214 million pounds --about 60 million pounds less than in 1962. Shrimp: There was a significant gain in landings of South Atlantic and Gulf shrimp during 1963 due to sharply increased land- ings in the Gulf States. Production in the South Atlantic and Gulf areas totaled 220 mil- lion pounds--an increase of 52 million pounds or 31 percent. Tuna: Landings (including bonito) in Cali- fornia amounted to about 315 million pounds -- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 United States Commercial Fishery Landings of Certain Species, 1962-63 Species 1/1963 ] 1962 | rei ClGOOOMIEDSS) Renee 3,300, 2,76 2,000 33,600 3,600 Dungeness, Ailas Kayeweiel = (letiesieisl oie) = King ayAlaskayuetcicieheiese ciel ensieiens Total haddock. . Halibut: 2/ Alaska ...,..- oe Wash., Oreg., and Calif. Total halibut ole 156,699 [Alas kalei.douststeleterercteletsiellonersliavetets 33,876 Industrial Fish, Maine and Mass. 3/... Mackerel: Jack, Calif, 3 ACI LICH teeltewatlewel seollet Woke slisiiel si shatele Menhadenvepeneneneiobenenstener ste Slisitenej stele Ocean perch, Atl. 5 Pollock Manetemeteneieneteieteioe stele ev eece SALMON tee fteile: sf siieler sie ciete ssc ee Sardine; Pacific.) si. «.s Scallops, sea, New Bedford (meats) clots: Shrimp (heads -on): SOA WandiGulfacievereveticiie tome) stieliste:'s 7 Others eeies eieilolsefelienelalle Sacer) 18,700 167,804 23,302 Motalsshrimpyis, .teneteney/e) ene DO Olay 239,000} 191,106 [a aMal falivitelellwifeliaKelioteiTs arieierrelet'el\e ie ee 315,000} 312,157 Whiting : IMaitie ves: eneiat ela eR ctieteretts . 00:00 15,900 17,832 MASS Sttsteiohevichen sich sie ° BDooo oD 55,300; 75,384 Other mRohehal eon chol eifeletels . . 9.600 11,872 Totalgwhitingy ope eierereisiecens Racor 80,800] 105,088 Total all above items. ....5.e.208 |_3.437,300 3,999,995 Other 4)... crccccccvcce voodoo 1,212,700]1,256,163 GranditotalaenewedlolaleratisleWetelelelattsns 4,650,000} 5,256,158 1/Preliminary. 2/Dressed weight. 3/Excludes menhaden, 4/Includes landings for species not listed. Note: Finfish generally converted to round weight, crustaceans to weight in the shell, and mollusks reported in meats only. 1 percent more than in 1962. Atlantic Coast landings amounted to 12million pounds as com - pared with 7.2 million pounds the previous year. Mackerel: Pacific mackerel landings in 1963 amounted to 37 million pounds--down 11 million pounds as compared with 1962. 34 Landings of jack mackerel (97 million pounds) increased about 7.5 million pounds. se ook ook ok ok Cop EES EOS cn. cos FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1963: United States production of fish sticks and fish portions amounted to 45.3 million pounds during the fourth quarter of 1963, according to preliminary data. Compared with the same quarter of 1962, this was a gain of 3.0 million pounds or 7 percent. Fish sticks (20.2 million pounds) were up 1.2 million pounds or 6 percent, while fish portions (25,1 million pounds) were up 1.8 million pounds or 8 percent. Cooked fish sticks (18.5 million pounds) made up 92 per- cent of the October-December 1963 fish stick total. There able 1 - U.S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type, October-December 19631/ Total Cooked | Raw | cay uotenene (ls OOONIGbSis) remante Month p———--- = OEE GododdoodbboOD OD 882 | 8,083} INOVemberycuegehetel-icisloierteheliens IDecember.....ceee Total 4th Qtr. 19631/ Total 4th Qtr. 1962. . Total 19631/...... Total 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 were 24,3 million pounds of breaded fish portions produced, of which 19.8 million pounds were raw. Unbreaded fish por- tions amounted to 796,000 pounds. The Atlantic States remained the principal area in the production of both fish sticks and fish portions, with 16.7 and 14.0 million pounds, respectively. The Inland and Gulf States ranked second with 2.0 million pounds of fish sticks and 10,3 million pounds of fish portions. The remaining 2.3 million pounds of fish sticks and fish portions were produced by firms in the Pacific States, Table 4- U.S. Production of Fish Portions by Months and Type, October-December 1963 1/ Breaded Cooked | Raw Total elishiettenelisseieimetysial (1), 0 00 RIG DS.) halewamatecine nea Un- Month breaded] Total (October ......{ 2,010 | 7,510 | 9,520 311 9,831 November.....| 1,283 | 6,295 | 7,578 278 | 7,856 December.... offL 1,137 6,030 7,167 207 1,374 Tot, 4th Qtr. 19631/.....| 4,430 |19,835 | 24,265 796 | 25,061 Tot. 4th. Qtr. NO G2iiveweveastione 4,132 |18,337 22,469 827 23,296 Tot. 19631/...| 16,482 | 74,738 | 91,220] 3,025 | 94,245 Total 1962 ... {| 14,007 | 62,290 76,297 2,381 78,678 Preliminary. Table 5 - U.S, Production of Fish Portions by Areas, October-December 1963 and 1962 2/1962 1/1963 1/Preliminary. [Table 2 - U. 8. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas, October-December 1963 and 1962 [Atlantic Coast States Inland & Gulf States ... Pacific Coast States... tlantic Coast States Inland & Gulf States ... Pacific Coast States... 1/Preliminary. 2/Revised. ci Shireen eM CLE OOOBISDS™)Ramyeeeeepette ders January .........| 7,554) 6,082) 6,091] 5,511] 6,277 February .. 1... .| 85241) 63886:) |7,097 |) (65542) 163352 March ..........| 8,053] 7,658] 7,233] 7,844) 5,604 April. ioe es | 6,546] 5,719.| 5,599)|' 4,871 4,717, Mayon cusugee nlole eo eral) Da50 |) 5k643u|)0 55129) | se 70i nea Orr JUNE. . 5 0 eee se cee e| 6,125| 5,11\7 |. 45928 | 4,369) 4,583 -..-.| 4,836] 3,740] 3,575] 3,691) 3,790 - | 5,674) 5,760 | 6,927) 5,013] 3,879 - | 5,829] 6,582 | 5,206] 5,424) 5,353 ....{ 8,083] 6,698] 6,133] 6,560| 5,842 ....| 6,184] 6,305] 6,288] 6,281] 4,831 -.-.| 5,955| 6,027 | 5,618] 5,329] 4,743 2. + + [78,830 72,217 169,824 [65,142 | 60,378) Total |1/Preliminary. {2/Revised. [ Table 6 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Months, 1959-1963 San} Month 1/1963 2/1962 | 1961 | 1960 | 1959 | eNeneleal o/tapie\’enei(L, OOOPIEDS=) sremameme JANUAGY Mal eveleielonshe| anos Lilo 5,077] 4,303] 3,632 Mebnuanyj .paneielekeeel ida (se cOl: 6,360] 4,902] 3,502 IMar.cheri ster shcnisiemene| oso, 7,036] 5,831) 4,706 Aprilia reicas eater el CnO 19 6,408| 4,484] 3,492 WEMG Soo do Goo od). Uses 5,818 | 3,879)| 3,253 Hibli'56 6.b-do ob od) LeMuue 6,137] 4,039| 3,995 TUL yeeatenareeeatenaete| Me HOeIS 4,679 3,962 4,088 ANU SUStispensiaieienones |OrOG 6,687} 4,963] 3,558 september ......| 9,621 7,180 | 5,745] 4,631 October ne Neel OseaL 9,871 | 6,759| 5,275 INovember.......| 7,856 7,406 | 5,789| 4,790 December snereveners| Ons oe 6,019 5,191 4,459 a Total. ......| 94,245 | 78,678 | 59,847 | 49,381 | 37,147 i/Preliminary. 2/Revised. Total production of fish sticks and fish portions during 1963 (173.1 million pounds) was 22,2 million pounds or 15 percent above 1962, Fish sticks (78.8 million pounds) were up 6,6 million pounds or 9 percent; and fish portions (94.3 million pounds) increased 15.6 million pounds or 20 percent, l ; April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 U. S. Fishing Vessels 1963 with Comparisons: The downward trend in United States vessels receiving first DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED documents as fishing vessels was reversed AND CANCELLED: in 1963 (tables 1 & 2) when documents issued December 193: During December 1963, a total of 33 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fishing craft as compared with 12 in December 1962. There were 27 documents cancelled for fish- ing vessels in December 1963 as compared with 24 in December 1962. Table 1 - U. S. Fishing Vessels!/--Documents } Issued and Canceled, 1938-63 f pear |p Net eo eee Table 1 - U. S. Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, December 1963 with Comparisons December “133 | -December 1963] 1962 1963 | 196 -(Number)....... New England.......... Middle Atlantic ........ @hesapeakey.) cnep leh els i-t + e South Atlantic ... Great Lakes ... Puerto Rico .. New England.... Middle Atlantic Chesapeake... South Atlantic . Guibis oo doo 0 IR ACILICMetelloier« Great Lakes .. [Q2].9] G9] G2] 49] G9]. G9].G9] G9|G2].09] G2] G2].09] 09142] 09] SN NN NNN |1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft of 5 net tons and over. 2/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold Hawaline etciee (oo cle | alien, etc. Puerto Rico ...... . = . & 1 | |3/Data not compiled. ir Table 2 - U. S. Fishing Vessels1/--Documents Issued ] : | by Tonnage Groups, 1955-1963 Table 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and [Tons 19632! 19622/ 19612/ ugsoe/[upsed/[roses/[usors | roees ize 19553! | Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, December 1963 Hiei] [Peel Geen Reco Goreaiec Sys (Number) Maite shee eoeroeeke aaa 5-9 123 63 134 "|'227° | 231 | 241 246 | 252 | 214 ross Tonnage Issued 2/ Cancelled 3/| 28 178 13% 3 oo BH ny aay 8 es 30-39.| 23 33 27 16 34 | 135 | 110 62 36 «+.» « « (Number). 40-49 35 15 19 18 25 65 25 4 12 . 50-59 16 9 21 5 10 13 13 5 5 60-69 33 17 21 2 2 1 1 2 1 coe ee oe ee oe 70-79 73 36 17 - = = - 2 4 Oo O.0I0'0 80-89 12 3 2 1 1 1 1 - - 90-99 2 1 3 - 2 3 - - 2 || |100-109] 3 1 - - - - 2 4 4 9.0:-0-010.0 || [110-119 3 3 1 1 1 - 1 3 1 OO ODOIO0 G0 RO 0.0 || |120-129 - 1 - - = - 2 8 1 | 130-139 - 2 1 1 1 - 3 4 2 140-149 9 - - 1 1 - - - 2 150-159 1 - - 2 - - - 3 2 160-169 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - 170-179 - = = 2 1 - 2 1 - 180-189 - - - - 2 3 2 3 2 60:06 OO /DIO.OrO.010. 0-0 190-199 a : fi i z 4 | % i . 200-249 3 4 2 2 - 1 - - - 000.0 00-0 H00.000 250-299 5 2 2 2 1 - - - - 300-349 2 1 1 6 - 1 1 - - 350-399 : - 2 - 1 - 2 - - —— 450-499 3 2 1 - - - - - - net rest ame Over. e0ngere a 2 ; = a = a 5 = /Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: 23 in 1963; 1.in 1959; 1 in 600-649 1 = s & £ = s = = 1958; 1 in 1957; 6 prior to 1951; and 1 unknown. 750-799 2 1 1 o 2 & g ma a 13 /Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc. 800-849 1 1 2 = = = a 2 Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Bureau of Customs, U.S. Treasury Department. Total] 590 [368 [430 | 408 v5] 684 [ 601 521 | 418 1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft, A vessel is defined as a craft of S net tons and over. Baas hy 4 2/Based on gross tons. Redocumented vessels that were previously removed from the records are included in. |} KOK OK A OK the following years: 1961, 20; 1962, 16; and 1963, 21. 3/Based on net tons. Includes only vessels receiving first documents. 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 showed an increase of 60 percent over 1962. AIRBORNE IMPORTS OF FISHERY Although much of the gain was concentrated PRODUCTS, NOVEMBER 1963: in vessels of less than 20 tons, there was al- Airborne fishery imports into the United so some increase in most of the larger ton- States in November 1963 were up 15.3 percent nage groups. in quantity and 2.0 percent in value from those in the previous month. Total airborne imports Documents issued in 1963 exceeded can- during January-November 1963 were about the cellations by 194 vessels. In the previous Same as those in the same period of 1962. year, documents cancelled almost equalled those issued. Raw headless shrimp continued to make up Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United | the bulk of the airborne shrimp imports--in States. Bureau of Customs, U. S. Treasury Department. __ November 1963, shipments consisted ‘of 454,857 pounds of fresh or frozen raw head- less, 20,735 pounds of frozen raw peeled, and 53,006 pounds of unclassified shrimp. Over 92 percent of the airborne shrimp arrivals in U. S. Foreign Trade November entered through the U. S. Customs District of Florida. The remainder entered IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP through the Customs Districts of New Orleans BY CUSTOMS DISTRICTS, (La.), Laredo (Tex.), Los Angeles (Calif.), and JANUARY -DECEMBER 1963: San Francisco (Calif.). United States imports of fish meal and scrap in 1963 totaled 383,107 short tons, ac- Airborne imports of shellfish other than cording to preliminary data. About 83.3 per-| shrimp in November consisted mainly of cent of the fish meal and scrap imports in 46,521 pounds of fresh or frozen spiny lob- 1963 entered through the Customs Districts | ster products. All of the airborne imports United States Imports of Fish Meal rT Scrap by Customs Districts, January-December 19634/ in. Mar. | Apr. | May June [ey iE Aug. Customs Districts OA toa God 0 O10 Sikoitofel| eine (SUOTLy Ons) Wamromellepie tere Maine and New Ham psbitee 6.0 = = 500 B10) 352 551 Wermont mem sieionis - - - 35 65 - Massachusetts .. « 80 15 - 60 90 160 St. Lawrence(N.Y.) 33 = - - 30 60 Buffalo (N.Y.) ... = : 3 New York (N.Y.) Sei e1HO28)|" | 1SOd'e | 300)|ptesO2sI) 220 Philadelphia (Pa.) . 728} 250 100] 100 Maryland. ....- 4,682] 1,492| 2,645 | 1,298] 661] 2,362 North Carolina... 3,583 | 1,102] 1, 102 i 772| 1,268 Georgia .....- 12,897 | 2,035] 9,532 | 2, 147| 4,964] 6,510 | 3,145] 4,253] - | 3,351] 56,662) Florida cee acca: Has pits = 2 “ = Bi]. os 548| 1,066 Mobile (Ala.) ... 11,195| 2,019] 3,972 | 4,058] 4,961| 5,422 | 9,399] 4,435 | 1,314! 6,335] 65,377 New Orleans (La.) S 551 SN GG LRB I ie Z - | 1,540 6, 528 Sabine (Tex.) ... 551]| 551 e 557 a 1,114 557| 4,422 Galveston (Tex.). - Los Angeles (Calif.). San Francisco (Calif.) Gregontie ee 479| 219 165||ems £ 5 343 110| 1,843 Washington .... 2,906| 2,710 | 3,713] 4,892] 2,405 | 2,125] 2,943] 2, 360 Mawailloa es) cenie = 15 55| 8,262 20 15 = 100 Montana & Idaho . . Dalkotaiitenuienteiremeits Duluth (Minn.) and Superior (Wisc.) 1,070} 1,015 | 1,445} 1,538 980 435 456 Michigan. .... . 58 97 233 188 Chicago (Ill.) ... - - = 22 GColoradoeajelelicneus - - - 35 5 = e 35 Grand total .. 47, 895 [26, 607 | 31, 149 |18, 452/43, 223 |43, 987 34, 666 1/Preliminary. of Maryland, Georgia, Mobile (Ala.), Galves- of spiny lobsters entered through the Customs ton (Tex.), San Francisco (Calif.), Los An- District of Florida. Beles \@ alii) sand Washwngton: Fish fillets from Mexico were the leading es ER ES finfish products imported by air in November. April 1964 U. S.1/ Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, January-November 1963 with Comparative Data 1,000 Lbs, WE) 5 Sooo OD 9.6 3.6] 264.8 0.0) 64,2 0,2 British Honduras ... 1.8 0.5 43.5 0.7 34.2 7.5 Honduras......... 7 7 16.5 4.3) 0.8 0.3 JEVETS Old clo. GIO OID = = 2.0 8.2 = a United Kingdom .... 0.4 0.7 3.5) 7.4 0.5 1,2 Jt Go oodU vee a = 1.2 7.4 13.9] 142.9 France ,.. oe. 4,9 4.5 10.1 10.6 0.3 0.7 Rumania .. So 5 = = = 1.9 15,9 Panama... Sond = c 0.9 0.4 7.8 1.3 U.S.S.R. .. eee Q = 26.8 70,2 = Canada... coe > = 2 oS 22,1 Costa Rica ....... = 7 = = 5.6 Other countries ... a = 3.5 0.9 39.0 0 a ci am w Motalehishy versie eile Shrimp: Guatemala . Ecuador .... France ..... IVIEXIC OF suelo clic oe Netherlands Antilles . Argentina ........ British Honduras ... El Salvador O06 6.0) eel ltrfeo Honduras. . cece = i Nicaragua . ood of) Sita) ORES Costa Rica. eeee| 15.8 5.4 Panama.. oeee| 98.8] 55.3 Venezuela aise 338.6] 140.7 Total Shrimp.... Shellfish other than Shrimp: WMexicCOWeiepeietsicneleneie 3.5 3.2] 101.1 60.8 87.7 55.9 British Honduras ...| 34.6] 28.1] 344.5} 281.8] 266.0] 176.4 El Salvador ....... = a 5.0 3.6 6,2 4.6 Honduras......... z = 17.0 7.0) 140.7] 103.9 Nicaragua ........ 2 ° 164.5} 100.0 1.2 0.6 Costa Rica........ z 3 73.8 60,1 5.6 4.8 JAMAICA percha ohene! eye 0.8 0.7 66.5 50,2 30.0 21,3 Netherlands Antilles .} 12.7] 11.8 45.5 32.7 58.0 34.8 Colombialyesctcveicre se o = 8.0 21.7 1.8 5.1 ECuadorvecereleneieiecers = = 2.2 1.8 2.6 1.6 LUNIST Agee ne lefehelieleie)s =: = 0.8 0.9 z. > Leeward and Wind- ward Islands..... = = 1.6 0.5 28.7 10.9 British Guiana ..... 3 = 1.7 0.3 = R Canadawereye (el et seve! se. 6 = x 213.3] 109.2} 224.1 91.1 Venezuela ........ a 7 SiS er, 6.0 22.3 13.6 RaAnaMacwetahaveneherciels 1.9 1.2 5.0 3.8 1.0 1.0 Guatemala........ S = = = 12.9 6.3 Bahamas ......... 5, 7 bee) 5.2 32.5 11.0 Dominican Republic, . o = 25.3 23.8 29.7 26.5 Yugoslavia........ : 1.2 0.7 i = merinidadiypereyeievese) ole 5 ; = o 2.3 1.0 Other countries .... = a 2.0 2.9 8.3 12,0 Total Shellfish (ex- cept shrimp).... 53.5] 45.0/1,098.0) 773.0} 961.6] 582.4 608.8 | 297.3/9,290.3]4,722.6]9,503.6 }4,778.2 1/Imports into Puerto Ric: m foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and are included, But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade between United States possessions are not included. 2/When the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown. 3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture content, 4/F.0.b. point of shipment. Does not include U.S. import duties, air freight, or insurance. Note: These data are included in the over-all import figures for total imports,. i.e., these im- ports are not to be added to other import data published. Source: United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, November 1963, U.S. Bureau of Census. The data as issued do not show the state of all products--fresh, frozen, or canned-- but it is believed that the bulk of the airborne COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 imports consists of fresh and frozenprod- ucts. : OK OK OK OK OK PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER 1963: United States imports of processed edible fishery prod- ucts in December 1963 were down 17,1 percent in quantity and 7.4 percent in value from those in the previous month, In December 1963 there was a decline in imports of ground- fish fillets, canned sardines in oil, and canned oysters, which was partly offset by higher imports of canned tuna in brine and canned sardines not in oil, Compared with the same month in 1962, imports in De- cember 1963 were up 3.9 percent in quantity and 16,1 per- cent in value, The gain was due mainly to larger imports of canned tuna in brine and fish blocks and slabs, There was a decline in imports of canned sardines (in oil and not in oil) and most fish fillet items, particularly swordfish and haddock fillets, U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products, December 1963 with Comparisons Fish & Shellfish: Imports!7 . . Exports2/ ee U.S, Bu- i/Includes only those fishery products classified by reau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs."' Included are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving substantial processing, i.e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil- lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not othenwise processed). 2/Excludes fresh and frozen. For the year 1963, imports were down 3,0 percent in quantity and 2,0 percent in value from those in 1962, Fluc- tuations in individual items were much greater than the over- all totals indicate, Imports were down sharply in 1963 for canned sardines in oil and canned salmon, There was also a considerable decline in imports of haddock fillets, flounder fillets, halibut fillets, swordfish fillets, sea catfish fillets, and canned tuna other than albacore in brine, On the other hand, there was a large increase in imports of fish blocks and slabs as well as heavier shipments of ocean perch fil- lets, yellow pike fillets, canned albacore tuna in brine, canned sardines not in oil, canned crab meat, and canned oysters, Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the United States in December 1963 were up 16.2 percent in quantity and 16.7 percent in value from those in the previous month. In December, all of the leading canned fish export items were exported in larger quantity except canned sar- dines not in oil. Compared with the same month in 1962, the exports in December 1963 were down 10.4 percent in quantity but the value was the same in both months. This December there were larger shipments of canned mackerel and canned shrimp, but exports of canned sardines not in oil were sharp- ly lower. 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Processed fish and shellfish exports in 1963 were down 3.4 percent in quantity but up 3.8 percent in value from those in 1962, The decline in quantity was due mainly to lower shipments of canned sardines not in oil, There were in- creases in exports of the higher-priced canned salmon and canned shrimp, as well as larger shipments of canned squid and canned mackerel, Although not covered in the table, ex- ports of frozen shrimp were up sharply in 1963 (increase mostly in exports to Japan), and there was a substantial in- crease in exports of frozen salmon, Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown were included in news releases on 'U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fish- ery Products." Before October 1963, data showing 'U.S. Im- ports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufac- tured and crude products. At present, a monthly summary of U.S. imports of crude or nonprocessed fishery products is not available, therefore, only imports of manufactured or proc- essed edible fishery products are reported. The import data are, therefore, not comparable to previous reports of "U.S. Wholesale Prices EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, FEBRUARY 1964: The wholesale price index for edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) in February 1964 dropped 0.7 per- cent from the previous month. It was the first decline since November 1963 following a series of price increases through January this year. The decline from January to February was due to lower prices for frozen halibut and salmon, ocean perch fillets, oysters, frozen shrimp, and canned salmon. But these were partly offset by higher February prices for Great Lakes fresh-water fish, fresh shrimp, and several of the other canned fish products, At 109.0 percent of the 1957-59 average, the index this February was 7.9 percent lower than the same month a year earlier when prices, with few exceptions, were higher for nearly all items, The drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup index in Feb- Vol. 26, No. 4 ruary 1964 was up 3.7 percent from a month earlier, but was lower by 1.5 percent as compared with February a year ago, Largely responsible for the increase from January to Febru- ary were higher prices at Boston for ex-vessel large haddock (up 13.6 percent), at Chicago for fresh Lake Superior white- fish (up 23.6 percent), and at New York City for Great Lakes round yellow pike (up 26.5 percent), Compared with February 1963, prices this February were lower for all items in the sub- group except for fresh drawn haddock at Boston which this Feb- ruary was priced sharply higher (up 69.3 percent) because of fewer trips and generally high ex-vessel prices, Imports of Edible Fishery Products. " The export data shown are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible Fishery Products. "' The export data in this series of articles have always been limited to manu- factured or processed products. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Mar. 1964p. 31. Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, February 1964 with Comparisons Indexes (1957-59=100) Jan. Feb, 1964} 1964 1968 1963 .0| 2/109.8} 107.5) 118.4 0] 11 Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Pricing nit ($) Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .. Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: . . . . . - « « 0.5| 124.4 “Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: Haddock, lIge., ie les rains, drawn, fresh ..... 33.0 94,6 Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. .|New York 96.1; 125.6 Salmon, king, Ige, & med., drsd., fresh or froz. . New York 118.4} 133.8 Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh ...... 61.2} 100.7 Yellow pike, L. Michigan &Huron, rnd., fresh . . pe 6| 2/ 80. 8] 83.5} 113.0 Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish): ....... 2 aa a er a Bia ees Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins , . ./Boston 1b. 140.8 142, 0} 138, 5 98.3 | Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh . . .|New York 106.6} 100.8 95.5] 130.7 Oysters, Sshucked, standards ....... . {Norfolk By 118.0} 128.6] 126.5] 180.7 : Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): : Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg. . .. . Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-lb, pkg. . . .| Boston -| Boston .|Boston -|Chicago Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1-]b, pkg. Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5-1b, pkg. aS) 2a80 t Canned Fishery Products: .... 6 16. Dad) 6e0L6 nen A nn o 102.0} 104.7 A ~ Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs, O's [Seattle cs. 94,8] 102.4] 102.4] 107.9 Tuna, lt, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz.), 48 cans/cs, .... - . « .{Los Angeles| cs. | 11.63 | 11.63 | 103.3] 103.3 Mackerel, jack, Calif., No, iil (15 oz. soon 48 cans/cs, . . . 2» » « ~ ofLosAngelesjcs, | 6.18 | 5.75 | 103.9] 97.5] 97.5/3/100.0 Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn 8- -3/4 024), 100 cans/cs, , . INew York | cs 9.09 8.96 116.51 114.9 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices, 2/Revised, 3/New product replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under re- vised procedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 Slightly lower prices this February for fresh haddock fillets (down 0.8 percent) at Boston and an 8.2-percent drop in prices for fresh shucked oysters at Norfolk caused a 1,2-percent de- cline from the previous month in the subgroup index for fresh processed fish and shellfish. Fresh shrimp prices at New York City were higher (up 5.8 percent) than in January but were below February 1963 by 18.4 percent. As compared with February 1963, prices this February were lower for most items in the subgroup and the index was down 11.3 percent. But prices for fresh haddock fillets were a marked exception-- they were 43,2 percent higher this February than in the same month in 1963, The February 1964 processed frozen fish and shellfish sub- group index dropped 2.0 percent from the previous month mainly because of a 4~cent-a-pound drop in wholesale prices for frozen shrimp at Chicago and lower prices for ocean perch fillets. Prices for frozen haddock fillets were up slightly from January to February and increased 6.7 percent from February a year earlier, The February 1964 subgroup index was down 14,2 percent from the same month in 1963 princi- pally due to lower frozen shrimp prices (down 16.0 percent) at Chicago, Wholesale prices for canned pink salmon in February 1964 were reduced by a leading Pacific Northwest packer and this resulted in a 2.6-percent decline from the previous month in the subgroup index for canned fishery products, Canned salm- on prices this February were down 7.4 percent from a month earlier and were lower than February 1963 by 12.1 percent, From January to February prices were higher for canned Maine sardines (up 1.4 percent) as stocks declined, and canned California jack mackerel (up 6.6 percent), Compared with Feb- ruary 1963, the subgroup index this February was down 5.6 percent because of lower prices for nearly all canned fish items, NEW SALMON HATCHERY TECHNIQUES In their constant search for ways and means of increasing salmon The Board's Biological Station at Nanaimo, B. C., has described ex- periments to test new techniques for rearing and release of pink salmon fry in hatcheries at Kleanza Creek on the Skeena River. have a tendency to hide themselves in daylight and move downstream at night, and the experiments have shown that when reared in darkness at temperatures close to those in nature, fry will release themselves from overflowing troughs at about the same time and stage of development as those at which they would emerge from gravel. patterns are not disturbed, and with higher survival of fry, the future runs of salmon may be increased. The swimming speeds of adult salmon were the subject of another production, biologists of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada in Brit- ish Columbia are developing a new hatchery technique. release themselves instead of releasing them in bulk when they are thought to be at the right stage for migration. They let the fish The small fish Thus normal behavior experiment by the Nanaimo station. Knowledge of what speeds the salmon can sustain is essential in the construction of fishways, and it was found that an adult sockeye cankeepupa speed of two and one-half feet per sec- ond for 100hours, but suffers fatigue at three feet per second. In one in- stance two salmon were still swimming after covering the equivalent of 175 miles in three and a half days. (Trade News, Canadian Department of Fisheries, February 1961.) 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 International COMMISSION FOR TECHNICAL COOPERATION IN AFRICA SPECIALIST MEETING ON CRUSTACEANS HELD IN ZANZIBAR: A Specialist Meeting on Crustaceans was scheduledfor April 19-26, 1964, in Zanzibar by the Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa (CCTA). The Scientific Council for Africa, recognizing the importance of the fishing industry in the developing coun- tries of Africa, decided at a previous meet- ing, and confirmed at its 13th meeting held in September 1962, to devote one of its Spe- cialist Meetings in 1964 to crustaceans. Specialists have been invited to attend from Ethiopia, Senegal, Sudan, Zanzibar, Great Britain, and France. The U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) has been invited to send observers to the meeting. Topics for discussion on the agenda of the Specialist Meeting on Crustaceans include: (1) The ecological position of crustaceans (including parasitism) and their role in the nutritional chain; (2) crabs and sundry crus- taceans; (3) Atlantic shrimp--penaeides and other prawns; (4) Indian Ocean and Red Sea shrimp; (5) Crayfish--''jasus'' (Cape crayfish) and other crayfish. (United States Embassy, Lagos, February 9, 1964.) EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY TARIFF QUOTAS ON SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS GRANTED TO CERTAIN MEMBER STATES: Certain fishery products are included in additional tariff quotas for 1964 granted by the European Economic Community (EEC) to individual Member States. A tariff quota al- lows the EEC country named to import the specified quantities at reduced tariff rates. The products granted tariff quotas include some agricultural items, chemicals, cork and cork products, as well as certain types of fish. Many of those commodities were al- so subject to tariff quotas during 1963. Ex- cept for the chemicals, cork, and some fish, which are exempt from customs duties, the quotas provide for some in-quota duty to be paid. This is consistent with the EEC Com- mission's philosophy that the national quota is a temporary device, and some duty must be levied in order to reflect the progress of the community as a whole toward the final and integral application of the Common Ex- ternal Tariff. Fishery items granted tariff quotas to beneficiary Member States and in-quota duty rates for the year 1964 are: Italy: Tuna for the canning industry, 25,000 metric tons--duty free; Cod, 34,000 tons--duty free; Cod fillets, 2,000 tons--3 percent. The following tariff quotas are for 1964 and the first three months of 1965. German Federal Republic: Dogfish, fresh, 3,000 tons--3 percent; Saithe, salted, 2,000 tons--7 percent. Belgium-Luxembourg: Crab and shrimp, 250 tons--3 percent. The EEC decided on the above exemptions in December 1963. The authority in granting such tariff quotas is contained in Article 25 of the Rome Treaty. (International Commerce, February 3, 1964.) EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION TARIFF REDUCTION ON CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS: At their meeting in May 1963, The Euro- pean Free Trade Association (EFTA) Minis- ters decided on an accelerated timetable for tariff reductionon industrial goods traded be- tween the 7 member countries of the Associa- April 1964 International (Contd.): tion (Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United King- dom), and between them and Finland (as as- sociate member of EFTA). Under the accel- erated timetable, the tariffs on industrial goods were reduced on December 31, 1963, to 40 percent of base rates. Fishery and agricultural products had not been included in the industrial goods category. However, as a result of reclassification, the tariffs on whale meat and a number of agricultural products were also reduced on December 31, 1963, to 40 percent of base rates. In addition, on December 31, 1963, the United Kingdom (but not other EFTA coun- tries) reduced or eliminatedimport duties on certain fishery products from EFTA countries. The tariff cuts affected whale meat and cer- tain fishery products (except chilled or fro- zen fish fillets) which had already been sub- jected to reduced EFTA rates of duty. Re- duction was made in accordance with the fol- lowing schedule: (a) Tariffs on the following products (pre- viously reduced for EFTA to less than 5 per- cent ad valorem) were eliminated on Decem- ber 31, 1963: fish roe (other than caviar or caviar substitutes) prepared or preserved, canned salmon, and canned prawns and can- ‘ned shrimp. (b) Tariffs on the following products (pre- viously standing for EFTA at 5 percent ad valorem or more) were reduced by one-half on December 31, 1963, and will be eliminated on December 31, 1964: peeled shrimp (chill- ed or frozen); fish waste; salted fish roe; cod-liver oil; fats and oils of fish and marine mammals, whether or not refined; oils wholly obtained from fish or marine mammals; fatty acids, acid oils (from refining), fatty alcohols, wholly obtained from fish or marine mam- mals; fats and oils wholly obtained from fish or marine mammals; spermaceti, crude, etc; prepared or preserved fish--other than the products covered by (a) above; prepared or preserved crustaceans and molluscs --other than the products covered by (a) above; flours and meals of meat, offals, fish, crustaceans or molluscs, unfit for human consumption; and fish solubles. (c) The tariff on whale meat for EFTA was reduced to 23 percent ad valorem on December 31, 1963, and will be eliminated COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 on December 31, 1964. (Board of Trade Jour- nal, December 20, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 39. FISHING LIMITS SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES OPPOSE FISHING LIMITS PROPOSAL AT EUROPEAN FISHERIES CONFERENCE IN LONDON: At the European Fisheries Conference held in London in January 1964, Norway and Ice- land refused to participate in the meetings of the Special Committee on Fishery Boundaries. This Special Committee was commissioned on January 13 to draw up a proposal for an agree- ment based on the joint United Kingdom-Com- mon Market proposal for 6-mile fishery boun- daries with permanent fishing rights between 6 and 12 miles off the coasts for fishing ves - sels from nations which have traditionally fished in those waters. Norway's decision to place itself outside the London Fishery Conference was motivated by the assumption that Norwegian participa ~- tion in the fishery boundary committee could be interpreted as an approval in principle of the proposal placed before the committee. The Norwegian delegation is bound by the Storting (Parliament) decision to the effect that a 12-mile fishery boundary will be es- tablished in 1970 after the completion of the current transition period, during which fish- ing vessels from certain countries are al- lowed to fish in the areas between 6 and 12 miles off the coast. The proceedings of the Conference have attracted much attention in Iceland. Interest is particularly focused on the fishing limits question and the opposition of the Scandinavi- an countries to the ''six plus six'' formula pro- posed by the European Economic Community (EEC) countries and Great Britain. Iceland's Foreign Minister told the press that Iceland had clearly indicated that it would not discuss any alteration of its 12-mile limit and that the agreements reached by the Con- ference will not have any effect on that limit. He added that Iceland will study the results of the Conference and then make a decision on further participation when the Conference re- convened on February 26. Permission, which the British received hunder the terms of the 1961 Icelandic-British 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 International (Contd.): fisheries agreement, to fish over a period of three years in certain specified areas be- tween the 12- and 6-mile limits for a re- stricted time each year expired in March 1964. The Icelandic Government has cate- gorically affirmed that this permission will not be renewed, and the British, for their part, have indicated that they would not re- quest a renewal. (United States Embassy, Oslo, January 22, and Reykjavik, January 21, 1964.) FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, JANUARY -NOVEMBER 1963: Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza- tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of fish meal, The FEO countries are Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa. Exports of fish meal by FEO countries during January-November 1963 were up 11.3 percent and their production was up 5.4 percent in quantity from that in the same period of the previous year. Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January~November 1963 Nov. Jan.-Nov. 1963 | 1962 1963 1962 . - » (1,000 Metric Tons)... Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January-November 1963 Jan.-Nov, 1963 | 1962 1963 1962 . (1,000 Metric Tons)... 135.8 |161.1 |1,481.7| 1,405.5 During the first 11 months of 1963, Peru accounted for 73.8 percent of total fish meal exports by FEO countries, followed by South Africa with 13.0 percent, Norway with 5.9 percent, Iceland with 5.7 percent, and Angola with 1.6 per- cent, (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 29, 1964.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH MEETS IN ROME; The second meeting of the Advisory Com- mittee on Marine Resources Research of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was heldin Rome, February 6-12, 1964. Thecom- mittee was to review the FAO Fisheries Di- vision's present work in marine resources research and was to propose guidelines for the future programs. This year's Advisory Committee session was preceded by meetings of working groups on general plans for a proposed world ocean study and on the use for fisheries purposes of data coming from automatic oceanographic buoys. A meeting was also planned of mem# bers of a working group on the marine aspects of the International Biological Program now being organized by the International Council of Scientific Unions. 2 The Advisory Committee, established in. October 1962, meets once a year and reports its findings to B. R. Sen, FAO's Director - General. The Committee is made up of 15 fisheries scientists from 11 nations, who are selected on the basis of their expert knowledge and not as representatives of governments. In addition to its FAO role, the Committee acts as the advisory group on oceanographic as- pects of fisheries to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Committee chairman is Dr. Alfred W. H. Needler, Deputy Minister of Fisheries of Canada. Dr. Cyril Lucas, Director of Ma- rine Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, is vice-chairman. Director Donald L. McKernan, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, is a member of the Advisory Committee. HK OK OK Kook WORLD OCEANS CAN YIELD MORE FOOD: The world's ocean resources are capable of providing man with far more high-quality protein food than they do now, according to the Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research of the Food and Agriculture Organi- zation (FAO), which met in Rome during Feb- ruary. April 1964 International (Contd.): To realize such an increased harvest, how- ever, Says the committee's final report, there is an urgent need for better knowledge of the resources themselves and how they can best be exploited. The report points out that the growth of modern commercial fishing is one of the major problems facing an increased and more logical harvesting of the seas: "While full rational exploitation of the fish stocks requires increases in fishing effort in many areas, there is a great danger that the rapid growth and greater mobility of fleets will lead to overfishing of some stocks before research has revealed the limits of their productive capacity." i Man's growing ability to predict changes in oceanographic conditions in present or potential fishing areas was of major signifi- cance. But further progress in that work de- pends on marine research being planned on a worldwide basis, the Committee said. The world's fisheries are the common property of mankind, the Committee added, and can only be rationally exploited if there is devel- oped well-coordinated international research on marine resources. 'In this explosive situ- ation FAO has a major responsibility and a most important part to play,'' says the Com- mittee report. The Advisory Committee recommended that FAO's program in marine resources re- search be given the following priorities: (1) appraisal of the living resources of the sea, including estimation of their productive ca- pacities; (2) discovering the scientific knowl- edge necessary for regulating international fishing effort so as to obtain the greatest long-term value to mankind; and (3) research toward improving the resources themselves. (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, February 13, 1964.) se oak oe oe ok 2 ook ok ook ok PLANS FOR EXPLORATION OF MARINE RESOURCES URGED BY DIRECTOR-GENERAL: Exploration of the sea and its resources ‘‘should, and eventually must be planned, if the sea is to provide the greatly increased supplies of animal protein that the world’s human population needs,’’ said the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) at the opening ses- sion of FAO's Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research meeting held in Rome. In his speech he said that the world was now facing a fisheries revolution which should soon make it possible to farm the seas. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 There were, however, three prerequisites for this, the FAO Chief continued, The first, he said, was ‘‘a detailed and quantitative knowledge of the dynamic biological proc- esses in the sea and the pathways by which the sun’s energy and the nutrients in the sea water become converted into ma- terials of use to man,’’ The second was ‘‘a real conquest of the sea, in the sense of a great development and application of techniques and equipment for exploiting and controlling the sea,’’ The final prerequisite, he said, was the need for ‘‘in- ternational control of exploitation to ensure that the fruits are plucked only when they are ripe, and that seed is set aside for the future,’’ Although still rich in unused or under- utilized resources, in many cases present resources could be improved and perhaps new stocks could be created by transplantation, he said. But in some cases there was urgent need for conserva- tion of stocks now being overfished at the expense of long- term sustained yields. In this connection, the FAO Director- General cited the example of whale stocks in the Antarctic Ocean, Late in 1963 fisheries scientists of many nations had rec- ommended a drastic reduction in whaling catches to pre- serve whales from possible extinction, ‘‘Yet we are now in the middle of a whaling season during which yet again more whales will be taken than the present stocks can sup- port, Results so far reported from the Antarctic this year are confirming the scientists’ gloomy view of the situation,’’ the FAO head stated, He personally has called this situation to the attention of the member countries of thé International Whaling Commission, FAO's biennial Conference, which was held in Rome No- vember 16-December 5, 1963, called for a reappraisal of the program of the Organization’s Fisheries Division, with particular reference to its work in marine resources, ‘‘This reappraisal could lead to new measures which could make this Organization in future years the leading intergovern- mental body in encouraging rational harvesting of food from the oceans,’’ the Director-General said, He concluded his address at the opening session of the Advisory Committee meeting by calling on the Committee to assist FAO in carry- ing out that task, The FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Re- search is made up of 15 outstanding fisheries scientists from 11 countries, appointed for one-year terms by the Director- General, The Committee also acts as the advisory group on oceanographic aspects of fisheries to the Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission under the United Nations Educa- tion, Scientific and Cultural Organization, (Food and Agri- culture Organization, Rome, February 6, 1964.) He OK OK OK OK WORLD FISH RESOURCES MUST BE MORE WISELY MANAGED: The lack of wise management of the world’s fisheries re- sources seriously restricts man’s ability to reap a maxi- mum harvest from the sea, warned Dr, D, B. Finn, former Director of the Fisheries Division of the Food and Agricul- ture Organization (FAO), He blamed this situation on the in- tense competitiveness of private fisheries enterprises and the inability of governments to agree on a common code of discipline in exploiting the oceans, Dr, Finn, who retired from his FAO post on January 31, 1964, after 18 years as head of that Division, was asked to speak in his personal capacity at the FAO Advisory Commit- tee on Marine Resources Research meeting held in Rome in February 1964. ''The failure of the International Whaling Convention, particularly as it affected the survival of the blue whale, is one example,’’ he said, ‘‘The result is that the blue whale is now economically extinct. It seems to me that the world is now on its way to this state of affairs at a rapidly increasing pace,’’ he continued, 44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): At the International Whaling Convention meeting held in 1963, member nations were unable to agree upon restrict- ing whaling catches in order to preserve whales from pos- sible extinction. The pressures put upon governments by in- dustrial fishing combines were alleged to be the usual cause of such failures, Dr. Finn said, ‘‘This is because industrial combines in any one country result in more effective politi- cal pressure in gaining government concessions, Numer- ous small individual enterprises in the same country cannot effectively exert this kind of pressure, Private enterprise in fishing tends to become more oligopolistic, if not outright monopolistic. Although this may increase efficiency and make possible a better use of capital, it does nothing to re- lieve the competition between countries for the spoils of the chase. In fact, it may make it worse, Nor does increased efficiency in catching per se do anything to produce wiser cropping or to achieve the maximum yield. Under such re- gimes, the yield of the sea may be far below its potential production, Eventually only the most efficient private ex- peditions will be able to make fishing pay. This is not nec- essarily true for state-operated expeditions which may be able to disregard costs as a matter of government policy.”’ Another problem, Dr. Finn continued, was the sheer num- ber of organizations engaged in fisheries research, '' Look at the many international groups now working at this task. ... With such multiplicity, one can imagine what a tremendous task it would be to achieve a 'smooth co-ordi- nation of effort." Dr. Finn said FAO’s Fisheries Division, despite its quali- fied and efficient personnel, was not equipped to carry out all the work the world expects of it. He said that man now has the scientific know-how to truly farm the sea and that world fishing faced a renaissance such as occurred during the agricultural revolution 100 years ago, Reduced to its simplest terms, world fishing has two elements~--the nature of fishing itself, and the living resource and its response to man’s exploitation. Describing the first, he said, ‘‘modern fishing is a fiercely competitive hunt, The hunters, and their skills, increase daily,’’ On the second point, he said there was an urgent need for more knowledge of just what the seas’ resources are and their likely response to differ- ent intensities of fishing. ‘‘Until we can say more about this, it is very unlikely that the arguments for wise exploitation will be very convincing, It is here that the challenge lies for the fisheries scientists; it is here where the greatest urgen- cy prevails.’’ (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, February 7, 1964.) ok ok ok Ok FISHERIES DIVISION DIRECTOR RETIRES: The Director, Dr. D. B. Finn, of the Fish- eries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), retired from that orga- nization of January 31, 1964, after 18 years of service. When appointed to FAO, Dr. Finn was Canada's Deputy Minister of Fisheries, a post he had held since 1940. The Deputy Director-General of FAO, speaking in the absence of the Organization's head, said that Dr. Finn in his capacity of FAO's Fisheries Director 'has become known all over the world, and his leadership has gained him an international reputation.’ Dr. Finn, he said, had built the Fisheries Divi- sion from its inception to its present strength, Vol. 26, No. 4 "not only the Division at headquarters, but also the Fisheries Regional establishments, the Fisheries Councils in the different regions, and a wide range of technical assistance and Special Fund activities... .'' He had initiated the many publications on fisheries which had gained world-wide recognition and "his name will always remain a part of the history of FAO," he said. NEW DIRECTOR OF FISHERIES DIVISION APPOINTED: Roy I. Jackson of the United States has been appointed Director of the Fisheries Di- vision of the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion (FAO), to succeed Dr. D. B. Finn of Can- ada, who retired in January 1964 after 18 ° years as FAO Director of Fisheries. The appointment will be effective on May 1, 1964. Jackson is a resident of New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, where he has, since 1955, been Executive Director of the International North Pacific Fisheries Com- mission at Vancouver. Prior to that he was a biologist and engineer with and later Assist- ant Director of the International Pacific Salm- on Fisheries Commission at New Westminster. He attended the University of Washington and received his bachelor of science degree in 1939 after specializing in fisheries biology and engineering. After graduate study and work as a fisheries biologist and fisheries engineer, he took the degree of Bachelor of Applied Science in Civil Engineering at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in 1948. Jackson is a Fellow of the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists and a former member of the Association of Pro- fessional Engineers of British Columbia. (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, February 26, 1964.) * OK OOK Ok Ok EXPERTS SEEK WORLDWIDE STANDARDS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: Experts from 12 countries met in Rome February 18-20, 1964, to begin work on world- wide standards and a code of principles for fishery products in international trade. The meeting was concerned primarily with tuna canned in oil, sardines canned in oil, herring canned in tomato sauce, and frozen tuna. The work is part of that being carried out under April 1964 International (Contd.): the Codex Alimentarius Commission estab- lished in 1962 by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organiza- tion of the United Nations. In 1957, fishery exports absorbed 1 out of every 4 tons of fish landed. In 1961, that ratio of fish or fish products going into inter- national trade had grown to 1 out of 3 tons landed, Each major fishing country already has established food laws, regulations, and qual- ity standards for its products. The job now facing world fisheries experts is to prepare a commonly -accepted international instru- ment. (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, February 11, 1964.) GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION LAKE TROUT FISHING TRENDS IN LAKE SUPERIOR: Improvements shown over the past two years in the inshore population of lake trout in Lake Superior have aroused the optimism of sport and commercial fishermen in the Great Lakes. This optimism is well founded, but it needs to be tempered with the realiza- tion that recovery of those highly-valued fish has only begun. The lake trout population has responded sharply to the reduction of sea lamprey by increases in the average size and numbers of fish. Improvements in the abundance of larger and older fish already have led to in- creased spawning in certain areas, but it will be several years before a good stock of spawners is reestablished. The Canadian lake trout fishery in Lake Superior has been so reduced that it has been difficult to assess the status of lake trout stocks. The recovery of the stocks has now made it possible for the scientists to more accurately measure the changes that are oc- curring in the lake trout population. Never- theless, protection must still be given to na- tive as well as planted trout to speed recov- ery of spawning stocks. Therefore, fishery agencies in both the United States and Canada have agreed to limit the lake trout catch in their areas to the a- mount required for biological assessment. The true goal of the lake trout rehabilitation COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 program would be jeopardized if wide-scale fishing was authorized prematurely. (Source: Great Lakes Fishery Commission, February 12, 1964.) INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR THE PROGRESS OF FOOD FIRST NUTRITIONAL CONGRESS TO BE HELD IN PARIS: The First Congress of the International Federation for the Progress of Food (FIPAL) will be held in Paris, France, November 6-9, 1964. The Congress will be held under the sponsorship x WS, of several of France's 8 Zs Ministries--the Ministry < | ° of Agriculture, the Min- % IP a istry for National Educa- © ; = tion, and France's Secre- = tary of State for Informa- 4 x tion. It's theme will be ''Nu- “ime nie tritional Habits and Consumption Patterns.'' The FIPAL Congress will beheld at the same time as the International Food Exhibition (Salon International de L'Alimen- tation.) Among the French firms which have applied for space are those producing frozen and canned food products. Also, applications to participate have been received from firms in the United States, German Federal Repub- lic, Denmark, and Morocco. Note: For details write to: SOPEXA, 121 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris 8°, France. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION REGULATIONS FOR 1964 SOCKEYE SALMON FISHERY IN NORTH PACIFIC: The tentative suggestions for regulatory control of the 1964 sockeye fishery in North Pacific Convention waters, as submitted to the fishing industry on December 18, 1963, were reconsidered in view of suggestions made by the Advisory Committee at a meet- ing of the Commission held on January 16, 1964. Action taken by the Commission in view of the Committee's recommendations is as fol- lows: 1. Representation by both United States and Canadian members of the Committee in respect to additional fishing time for chinook or spring salmon nets was considered but not acted upon at this time. It was agreed that any representation made at a later date on the 46 International (Contd.): part of the national regulatory fisheries agen- cies regarding the need for the proper har- vesting of this species, consistent with the required conservation of the sockeye salmon, would be considered favorably as provided for in Article V of the Sockeye Salmon Fish- eries Convention. 2. The date for relinquishing control ina major portion of United States Convention waters lying easterly of the Angeles Point- William Head line was changed from Septem- ber 20 to August 30 on the basis that there would not be sufficient gear to endanger the proper escapement of the late running races of sockeye through these waters. 3. In view of the earlier date set for re- linquishing control in a major portion of United States Convention waters lying easter- ly of the Angeles Point-William Head line, those remaining waters lying westerly of a line projected from Iwersen!'s dock on Point Roberts towards Georgian light at Active Pass to the International boundary were closed from August 30 to September 20 to avoid the possibility of catching delaying sock- eye drifting off the mouth of the Fraser River. Canadian Convention Waters: West of William Head-Angeles Point Line and East of Bonilla- Tatoosh Line: June 28 to August 15 - Closed to all net fishing. August 16 - Relinquish control. East of William Head-Angeles Point Line Including Areas 17, 18, that portionof Area 19 lying easterly of the referenced line and District No. I: June 28 to July 11 - Closed to all net fishing except that the Area Director may authorize the use of gill nets having a mesh of not less than 8 inches extension measure for linen nets and 85> inches extension measure for synthetic fibre netsat such times and places that he may deem appropriate. July 12 to September 26 - Open to net fishing 8:00 a.m. Monday to 8:00 a.m. Tuesday of each week. September 27 - Relinquish control. Special Troll Restrictions: Commercial fishing by trolling shall be prohibited during the period from August 23 to September 26, except at such times that net fishing, other than with spring salmon nets, may be permitted, in any of Canadian Convention waters (Howe Sound not included) lying easterly and inside of a line projected from Gower Point at the northerly entrance to Howe Sound to Thrasher Rock light thence in a south- easterly direction to Salamancg Point on the southerly end of Galiano Island thence in a straight line to East Point on Saturna Island, thence in a straight line towards Point Roberts light to the intersection with the international boundary line thence following the international boundary line to its interseqtion with the mainland. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 United States Convention Waters: West of William Head-Angeles Point Line and East of Bonilla- Tatoosh Line: June 28 to August 15 - Closed to all net fishing. August 16 - Relinquish control. East of William Head-Angeles Point Line: June 28 to July 11 - Closed to all net fishing except with nets having a mesh of not less than 95 inches extension measure and under regulation by the Washington State Di- rector of Fisheries. Gill nets open daily 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m. Monday afternoon to Wednesday morning of July 12 to leach week. August 8 - Purse seines and reef nets open daily 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday and Tuesday of each week. Gill nets open daily 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m. Sunday afternoon to Tuesday moming of each August 9 to |week. August 29 - Purse seines and reef nets open daily 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday and Tuesday of each week. August 30 - Relinquish control except in those waters lying westerly of a line projected from Iwersen's dock on Point Roberts towards Georgina light at Active Pass to the inter- section with the international boundary, said waters to re- main closed until September 20. September 20 - Relinquish control in the West Point Roberts area as defined above. Notes: (1) Times are based on Pacific Daylight Saving Time. ey See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p- 51. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC PROPOSED PLANS FOR EQUALANT III: At least 5 nations and 6 vessels will par- ticipate in EQUALANT III. A general plan in- volving a 15-day synoptic period of direct cur- rent measurements in an area to the east of 20° west longitude (Canary Islands) and south to 20° south latitude was developed at the July 1963 meeting in Paris of the International Co- ordination Group (ICG) for the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical At- lantic (ICITA). Schedules and general plans for EQUALANT III were approved by the In- tergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) at meetings in Paris during October 1963. Definite commitments for vessel participa- tion were received from the Congo (Brazza- ville), Ghana, Republic of Ivory Coast, Spain, and the United States. The United States ves- sels involved are the Pillsbury operated by the University of Miami and the Geronimo op- erated by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Tentative commitments were re- ceived from tne Soviet Union. A scientist from the Institut fur Meerskunde Universitat. April 1964 International (Contd.): Kiel will participate on board the Geronimo during the survey. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 50. Ok OK Kk BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL PARTICIPATES IN EQUALANT III: M/V “Geronimo” Cruise 3 - EQUALANT Ill (January 15-May 15, 1964): The research vessel Geronimo operated by the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Washington, D. C., is partici- pating in EQUALANT III of the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA) and will be conducting some additional studies during this four-months' Legend: Oceanographic stations. 2x0} (Equalant II1) Tuna fishing survey area, - Y ~ ih Proposed baiting areas. © © e999 2 989 Proposed cruise track of M/V Geronimo Cruise 3 in Gulf of Guin ea, January 15-May 15, 1964. cruise in the Gulf of Guinea. The objectives of the cruise are: (1) participation in EQUA- LANT III, through a program of direct cur- rent measurements associated with hydro- graphic and biological sampling in the Gulf of Guinea, and (2) surveys of the distribution of schools of tuna in surface waters of the Gulf of Guinea and of related environmental factors. On the Washington, D. C., to Dakar (Janu- ary 15-February 3) part of the cruise, vari- ous oceanographic, hydrographic, biological, and weather observations are to be made; a COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 record is to be kept on the occurrence of fish schools, birds, and mammals observed at the sea surface; and night-light stations are to be occupied. On the Dakar to Lagos (February 5-March 2) part of the trip, tuna survey I is to be con- ducted. The vessel is to proceed from Dakar to the Continental Shelf area off the coast of Sierra Leone (from latitude 9° N. to latitude 8° N.) and search for Sardinella (a sardine) to be used as live bait in tuna fishing. If these bait fish are not found in that local- ity, the vessel is to move south to the con- tinental shelf area off Liberia and continue the search. Tuna surveys, with observa- tions on surface schools |and with live- bait fishing, are tobe made during daylight hours each day. The search is to follow an "in-out'' pattern with lines extending south from the 100-fathom curve for a distance of about 90 miles along the following longitudes: 7°30! W., 6930' W., 5°30' W., 4930! W., 3930! W., 2930' W., 1930' W., 0°30! W., 0°30' E., 1930! E., 2930' E., 3930! E. Samples of tuna from a maximum number of schools are desired. Pole-and-line fishing is to be attempted on each school encountered. Jigs are to be trolled continuously during the tuna surveys. If the fish bite, fishing is to be broken off after 25 fish of each species in the school are aboard. If the fish do not come up to the vessel and start biting after 2 passes, chumming is to be broken off and the survey resumed. It is not known at what point in the survey that tie initial supply of live bait may become exhausted. In the event that this does occur, an attempt is to be made to replenish the supply of bait, after which the survey will be resumed. Upon successful sampling of tuna schools, a record is to be made of the fork length, sex, and weight of each fish; 10 ovaries from a- mong the 25 fish caught from each school sampled are to be preserved; and stomach samples from each of the 25 fish caught from each school are also to be preserved. Supplementary observations during the tuna surveys include oceanographic, hydro- graphic, and weather observations; night- light collecting as opportunity affords; and mid-water trawl samples in areas of concen- tration of tunas. On the trip from Lagos to Tema (March 4- 28), 37 stations will be occupied (fig.) Ateach 48 International (Contd.): station oceanographic, hydrographic, and biological observations are to be made; a midwater trawl haul is to be made in the mixed layer; and a high speed net haul made at the surface. From Tema to Abidjan (March 30-April 22), tuna survey II is to be a repeat of tuna survey I. From Abidjan to Washington (April 24- May 15), the same observations are to be made as those during the trip from Washing- ton to Dakar. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 56. NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL COMMISSION CONVENES IN MOSCOW FOR ANNUAL MEETING: The annual meeting of the North Pacific Fur Seal Commission convened in Moscow on February 24, 1964, with the four govern- ments which are Parties to the Interim Con- vention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals participating. The United States deleg- ation was composed of representatives from the U. S. Department of the Interior, the De- partment of State, and the State of Alaska. Other delegations were from Canada, Japan, and the Soviet Union. When those four countries first agreed to conserve the fur seal in 1911, the seal was well on the way to virtual extinction. Since then the seal herd on the Pribilof Islands, off Alaska, has grown from a low of 134,000 to about 1.5 million animals. Because the fur seal. is migratory, living both on land and ranging far at sea, special problems in con- servation occur. The Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 prohibited harvesting the animal at sea and provided for the sharing of the land- based harvest with those sealing on the open sea. Japan withdrew from the first treaty in 1941. From 1942 to 1957, the Pribilof seal herd was protected by a provisional agree- ment between Canada and the United States. A new North Pacific Fur Seal Convention was concluded in 1957 by the original four coun- tries. Under that Convention, Japan and Can- ada each receive 15 percent of the annual separate harvests of the United States and the U.S.S.R., and carry out extensive research under plans approved yearly by the Fur Seal Commission. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 One of the research problems now being considered by the Commission is whether harvesting at sea in conjunction with land sealing could be permitted in certain circum- stances without jeopardizing maximum sus- tained harvests. Much has been learned in recent years about migration, mortality, re- production, feeding, diseases, and many other factors affecting the seal herds. A significant feature of fur-seal behavior is that the bull seals or "harem masters'' and the cow seals arrive on the islands at differ- ent times. The bachelor seals--those under 6 or 7 years of age--arrive even later, and live apart from the harems. This fact has long been used to advantage in land harvest- ing. Other research concerns the|role of the seal as predators of other sea creatures. Studies are being made of what seals eat, and how, and how far they can range from the breeding grounds to find food. The research programs are worked out so that the research of one country supplements that done by the other countries. Fur seals of the Pribilof [slands are man- aged and harvested by the Bureau of Commer - cial Fisheries, U. 5S. Department of the Interi- or. Biologists study the seals to learn their characteristics and life habits, and from 50,000 to 60,000 processed seal pelts are sold each year for the account of the United States Government. The fur seal is very different from other types of seals and apart from its intrinsic value as a unique species, it is also valuable as an economic resource. Theseals harvested by the United States Government on the Pribilof Islands have brought more than $25 million:to the Federal Treasury. The fur is among one of the most valuable in the world. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 52,, January 1963 p. 74. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT FISHERIES COMMITTEE MEETING HELD: The Fisheries Committee of the Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment (OECD) met on February 10-12, 1964. The Committee considered subsidies and oth- er financial support given to fishing industries in member countries. It also considered a re- port on price systems in the fishing industries of Norway and Germany, and a report on the general services rendered to the fishing indus- try by the Government in Germany. (OECD Activities, February 1, 1964.) April 1964 International (Contd.): WHALING OUTLOOK FOR 1963/64 ANTARCTIC SEASON: The 1963/64 International Antarctic whal- ing season opened on December 12, 1963, with factoryships and fleets of catcher vessels from Japan, the Soviet Union, Norway, and the Netherlands participating. The whale hunting season ends April 7, 1964, and pre- dictions were that by that time fewer whales will have been caught than in the previous season. The 1962/63 season's catch was be- low the previous season's partly because there were fewer expeditions. Also, for the first time in many years, no whaling was done from Antarctic land stations at South Georgia. But aside from that, scientific find- ings point to a continued serious decline in the Antarctic population of several species, particularly the finwhale and the blue and humpback species. The Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Inter- national Whaling Commission (IWC) held in London, in July 1963, was opened on a seri- ous note by the Parliamentary Under Secre- tary of State for Scotland. In whaling, as in wars, he said, it was easier to invent effici- ent means of destruction than to exercise self-discipline and devise the necessary in- ternational agreements to keep such power in control. The IWC had arranged an inde- pendent investigation by a committee of three scientists and he said that committee had produced evidence of a serious whale stock decline. The committee scientists were from the United States and New Zealand and included the Chief of the Biology Branch of the Fisheries Division of the Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The three scientists worked with the IWC's Scientific Committee to analyze alarge collection of biological data plus whale catch statistics for the past 30 years. The most recent catch figures showed that 21 Antarctic expeditions during the 1961/62 season caught 15,252 "blue-whale units'' compared with only 11,300 units caught by 17 expeditions in the 1962/63 season. In those last two seasons, the Antarctic blue- whale catch dropped from 1,118 to 947 units, the humpback catch from 309 to 270, and the finwhale catch from 26,438 to 18,668. Mean- while, the 1962/63 figures showed an in- crease over the previous season in the catch- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 es of sperm whales and of the more plentiful but much smaller sei whale. The total Antarctic production of baleen and sperm oil dropped from 2,001,961 bar- rels in the 1961/62 season to 1,524,150 bar- rels in 1962/63. As a comparison, regions outside the Antarctic yielded more whales and oil in 1962/63 than in the previous sea- son. At the meeting, the Committee of Three Scientists recommended the complete cessa- tion of the catching of blue and humpback whales in the Antarctic for ''a considerable number of years.'' The scientists said that to maintain the present sustainable yield of finwhales, the annual catch would have to be cut to 5,000 whales. The catch would have to be much lower even than that for a number of years if the finwhale stock was to be allowed to increase in numbers to the extent that it would eventually yield a maximum sustain- able catch of about 20,000 whales annually. The scientists also predicted that in 1963/64 the same 17 expeditions which participated last season would only be able to catch about 16,000 finwhales (9,000 blue-whale units, in- cluding sei and pygmy blues), and in doing so they would reduce the stock drastically. The 16 contracting countries of the Com- mission voted for complete protection of hump- back whales south of the equator. These coun- tries also instituted complete protection for the blue whale except in an area mainly in- habited by a smaller race called the pygmy blue. In addition, an agreement between the 5 (now 4 because the United Kingdom dropped out) Antarctic pelagic whaling countries about catch inspection was brought to a near-final stage. But the Commission members disagreed widely on the question of reducing the total catch limit. The limit for some years had been 15,000 blue-whale units. (One blue- whale unit equals 2 finwhales, 24 humpbacks, or 6 sei whales). Finally, the decision was taken to reduce the quota to 10,000 units. Most of that quota would be finwhales. To reach the quota, about 16,000 finwhales would have to be caught. In September 1963, the decision brought a reaction from the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization. In a let- ter from FAO's Rome headquarters to the Commission Secretary, he complimented the 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): Commission on its new protection regulation for humpback and blue whales. But he called the quota reduction ''completely ineffective as a conservation measure'' for finwhales. His letter continued, ''Any serious attempt to reach the new quota will further reduce the stock of finwhales and delay the time when, even by the application of stringent conserva- tion measures, those stocks can be rebuilt to a level at which they can sustain economic yields.'' The FAO Director-General asked the Commission Secretary to convey an ap- peal to Commission member countries ''to adopt, during the forthcoming Antarctic whal- ing season, a policy of voluntary restraint in the catching of finwhales so that the total catch of that species should not exceed 5,000 whales.'' He said that he considered it his duty to take such action because FAO had a basic constitutional responsibility to promote and recommend national and international ac- tions toward conservation. ''I am making this appeal,'' he said, ''because of the need for preventing further and perhaps irrepar- able damage to the whale stocks." As of February 1964 there had been no official recognition of the appeal from the whaling countries. But in November 1963, the FAO governing Conference expressed its grave concern about the problem and endorsed the Director-General's appeal. The 1963/64 whaling season could well be the most crucial in the history of Antarctic whaling. (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, February 21, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 38, January 1964 p. 41, and August 1963 p. 78. Australia TUNA LONG-LINING SURVEY: It is doubtful if Australian fishermen can undertake offshore tuna long-line fishing on a year-round basis unless there is a substan- tial change in the present cost/price relation- ship of the Australian tuna fishery. That con- clusion was reached by|a three-man investi- gating team of senior Australian Government officials which visited Japan, Hawaii, and American Samoa in 1963 to examine vessels, gear, and technical developments in the long- line industry. The visit was part of the Gov- ernment program to develop tuna resources Vol. 26, No. 4 inwaters adjacent to Australia, particularly in the Tasman Sea. The mission's report, released in late 1963, recommends that consideration be giv- en to the development of modified tuna long- line methods suitable for part-time use by Australian fishing vessels. A vessel de- signed for pole-and-line fishing may not be suitable for full-scale long-lining but there is a possibility of using modified long-line gear, according to the report. The Australian catch of tuna is about 5,000 short tons a year, consisting almost entirely of southern bluefin tuna caught by the pole- and-line fishing method in two areas--off the southern coast of New South Wales, and off the South Australian coast, near Port Lincoln, Most of the New South Wales tuna catch is taken from October to December whereas most of.the South Australian catch is taken from January to April. Some of the larger tuna vessels operate in the fishery in both areas. The seasonal nature and uncertainties of the present Australian tuna fishery result in unsatisfactory features both for the fisher- men and the processors. The report points out that local processors have had no problem in disposing of tuna sup- plied by Australian fishermen. Some frozen raw tuna has been exported to the United States, but most of the supply has been canned and sold in Australia. There are good indications that the Australian tuna market can absorb larger quantities. However, any major development of the Australian tuna industry needs to include un- tapped deep-sea stocks which require new fishing methods. This situation led to the in- vestigation of long-line gear. In Japan, an Australian study group sur- veyed many tuna long-line vessels and se- lected four for detailed study. The vessels studied ranged in size from 112 to 495 gross tons. Crew accommodations on the vessels did not match average Australian facilities. Deck heads were too low for Australian crews, and the engineroom and machinery spaces ap- peared to be too cramped to meet Australian regulations. Estimates were made of the construction costs of such vessels built in Japan, but modi- April 1964 Australia (Contd.): fied to comply with Australian specifications. The estimates did not include the cost of the actual long-line fishing equipment. Data on the Japanese long-line tuna catch in waters off the east coast of Australia were obtained. The data indicate that the tuna re- scurce in those waters will sustain year- round deep-sea long-lining. But detailed calculations for operating 4 long-line vessels from east Australian ports by Australian fishermen indicate that at the prevailing Australian ex-vessel price of £A50 (US$111) per short ton, annual losses would be considerable. The ex-vessel price for tuna in Japan is considerably above that in Australia. On the other hand, the Japanese have lower opera- ting costs. The outlook for reducing esti- mated Australian long-line costs by addition- al mechanization is not favorable. The study concluded that Australian fish- ermen would not be able to operate profitably in the tuna long-line fishery on a year-round basis unless there is some very substantial change in the present cost/price relationship of the Australian tuna fishery. It was sug- gested that consideration be given towards developing modified long-line gear and meth- ods suitable for part-time use by Australian fishing vessels. (Australian Fisheries News- letter, December 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1963 p. 44. Bulgaria PLANS FOR FISHING FLEET: Rabotnichesko Delo on February 14, 1964, published an interview with a Bulgarian Acad- emy of Sciences corresponding-member who discussed Bulgarian high-seas fisheries plans. He said that Bulgaria was less for- tunately situated than the Soviet Union and Turkey for Black Sea fishing and had decided to "turn to the unlimited fish stocks of the oceans where everyone fishes who has a fish- ing fleet.’ He said that Bulgaria would first try fishing around Iceland, Newfoundland, and the West Coast of Africa. Later, trips to the Indian Ocean were "highly probable." He in- divated that Bulgarian efforts to develop COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 an offshore fleet would depend to some extent on Soviet cooperation and assistance. (United States Legation, Sofia, February 19, 1964.) HIGH-SEAS FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AIDED BY SOVIETS: An agreement under which the Soviet Union will help Bulgaria to develop her high-seas fishery was signed in Moscow early this year by the Bulgarian and Soviet Ministers of For- eign Trade, according to a Bulgarian central press announcement on January 25, 1964. Under the agreement the Soviet Union will turn over to Bulgaria by the end of 1964, one trawler equipped to catch 4,000 to 5,000 met- ric tons of fish on the high seas each year. By the end of 1970, the Soviet Union is to de- liver another 19 such trawlers to Bulgaria, as well as 4 refrigerator vessels. This fleet of vessels is expected to bring the Bulgarian fishery catch up to the target of 100,000 tons annually set in the 20-year plan. The number of persons employed in high-seas fisheries will be about 1,500 to 1,600, which is the num- ber now employed in the river, Black Sea, and pond fisheries of Bulgaria. Because of the additional capital to be used and the good prospects envisaged, high-seas fisheries production is expected to be ten times greater than that of the Bulgarian river, Black Sea, and pond fisheries. It is expected that the 20 trawlers will remain on the fishing grounds for periods of from 3 to 6 months dur- ing which time each vessel will catch 25 to 30 tons of fish a day. The fish will be washed mechanically, frozen, and stored on the trawl- er. About every two weeks, a refrigerator vessel will take the frozen fish from 4 or 5 trawlers and bring it to port. (United States Legation, Sofia, January 29, 1964.) NEW SMOKED FISH REGULATIONS: In late 1963, the Fish Inspection Regula- tions of Canada were amended to require that smoked fish in any container sealed to exclude air, such as plastic envelopes or cans, must be heat processed after sealing at the temper - ature and for the time normally used for steri- lizing canned fish products. (The new regula- tion does not apply to unpackaged smoked fish Canada 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): or to smoked fish in a loose wrapper not sealed.) As atemporary alternative, short-term regulations remaining in effect only until April 30, 1964, provide that smoked fish may be packed in containers sealed to exclude air, such as plastic envelopes or cans, provided that it is frozen immediately after packaging and kept frozen through all stages of distri- bution from processing through the whole- salers and retailers to the consumers. Fro- zen, vacuum-packed, smoked fish packed be- fore April 30, 1964, under the temporary pro- vision, must bear on the main panel of the container, prominently displayed and in let- tering not less than one-quarter inch high, the words ''Keep Frozen." The new regulations apply equally to all vacuum -packed smoked fish in Canada which has been imported. If the product to be im- ported has been heat processed, in accord- ‘ance with the first part of the regulations de- scribed above, details of the heat processing must be made available to the Canadian De- partment of Fisheries before entry of the shipment will be permitted. (Canadian Trade News, November-December 1963.) eK Ok Ok BRITISH COLUMBIA SHUCKED OYSTER PRODUCTION, 1963: British Columbia production of shucked oysters in 1963 was 70 percent above that in 1962. British Columbia Oyster Meats Production, 1962-1963 1/1963 2/1962 50,061 170, 375 100, 343 : A more detailed unit breakdown of British Columbia oys- production became available in 1963. Prices paid by wholesale distributors in British Columbia for oyster meats in Decem- ber 1963 were as follows: half-pints, C$0.30- 0.35; pints, $0.53-0.75; quarts, $0.90-1.15; and gallons, $3.00-4.50 (bulk oyster meats Vol. 26, No. 4 were available at a slightly lower rate per gallon). Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1963 p. 51. Chile ANCHOVETA REAPPEAR OFF NORTHERN CHILE: After an almost complete absence of six months, anchoveta reappeared in the coastal waters of northern Chile on December 6, 1963. Many of the fish-meal plants were caught un- prepared, and fish-holding bins were well filled while the reduction factories prepared for processing. When the fish first reappeared, the land- ings contained a high percentage of small fish and the protein content of the meal dropped sharply. Landings in December 1963 were about the same as those in the same month of 1962, but the total anchoveta catch in 1963 fell far short of anticipation. In January 1964, the anchoveta returned to normal size and were taken in greater quantity than in January 1963. All plants were oper- ating on a 24-hour schedule at maximum ca- pacity. Several new fish-meal plants will go into production during the first quarter of 1964. This should restore the balance between fleet and plant capacity in northern Chile. The Chilean Fisheries Development Insti- tute became operative January 1, 1964. The institution will provide technical information needed for accelerated development and ra- tional exploitation of Chile's fishery resources. (United States Embassy, Santiago, January 23, 1964.) Communist China FISHERIES TRENDS: Communist China was the third largest fishing nation of the world in 1962 with an estimated annual catch of 5 million metric tons, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The Australian Fisheries Newsletter, Decem- ber 1963, reported the following description of the fishing industry in Communist China: April 1964 Communist China (Contd.): China is rich in fish resources with an 8,700-mile coastline and numerous good harbors. The main coastal waters--Po Hai Bay, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea--contain more than 1,000 marine species of economic value, including yellow croakers, "hairtails,"' herring, bream, globefish, eels, sharks, and mackerel. Shrimp are abundant, especially inthe Yellow Sea and Po HaiBay. In addition, clams, oys- ters, scallops, mussels, squid, and other shellfish are caught in large quantities. The Government has put considerable ef- fort into developing marine fisheries, which normally account for about 60 percent of the country's annual fish catch. Some of the leading fishing ports are Lu- shun (Port Arthur), Chingtao (Tsingtao), Yentai (Chefoo), and Shanghai. Motorized junks are being built, and motors are being installed on sail boats. Some new fishing harbors have been built, some of which have multiple facilities to supply mechanized junks and trawlers, and to process their catch. There are also some refrigerated carrier vessels in use. It has been reported that communes are now responsible for 80 per- cent of national fish production. For rapid training, short courses are pro- vided to instruct fishing crews. In some cases, the training is carried out aboard a vessel, the apprentices learning under ex- perienced crew members while helping with the work. In Chekiang Province, a leading fishing area, more than 3,000 fishermen are reported to have been trained since 1956. Denmark FISHERIES TRENDS: February 1964: Fishing Limits: Danish fishery organi- zations have asked their Government to ratify the convention establishing a 12-mile fisheries limit which was expected to be agreed upon at the West European Fisheries Conference which reconvened in London, February 26, 1964. Qualifica- tions would permit countries with traditional fishing rights to continue to fish up to 6 miles offshore (or possibly 3 miles for a shorter period). Export Market Promotion: Although exports of Danish fishery products set a new record for both quantity and value in 1963, the industry is concerned because prices declined for the substantial exports of herring products. Costs in general are increasing while prices are not. Exports to the Soviet Bloc countries decreased in 1963. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 It is generally agreed that only market promotion will make possible a continued increase in fishery trade at a profit, But there is disagreement as to how such a program should be financed and carried out. The Danish Fishery Exporters Association has begun a market promotion program, primarily for exports, to be fi- nanced by its members and others who would benefit from increased trade, Efforts will be made to increase present markets, sell higher-priced fish in the Middle East, and ex- pand the Austrian market. Slogans will be developed for use in three languages. Quality will be stressed. In addition, aid will be sought from the Agriculture Marketing Commit- tee which has a fine record in marketing food products on a worldwide basis, To help cultivate the United States market, the Danish Government will refill the fisheries attache post in New York City and may sponsor a Danish Fish Week at the Danish pavilion at the New York Worlds Fair. The Danish Fish- eries Ministry has only limited funds for market promotion, Herring Marketing Problems: Danish and Swedish her- ring fishermen and exporters and West German importers reached no final solution ta the 1963 season’s herring mar- keting problems, The difficulties were discussed in early February 1963 at a meeting in Copenhagen called by Den- mark’s Fishery Exporters Association. Herring landings for food were heavy in Denmark in 1963, and about 70 percent of the supply was landed by Swedish cutters, Prices in West Germany were much lower than in 1962, Catch limits were instituted but did not work well, in part, because Swedish cutters unloaded their limits in Denmark and then took the balance to West Germany, further depressing prices. At the February meeting it was agreed that the Danish and Swedish fishermen must cooperate in seeking limits on catches, and must eventually establish minimum price regulations for herring. Both must meet the needs of the West German importers. The problems will be further dis- cussed at another meeting which will probably be held in Germany in April 1964, Herring Catch Forecasts: According to Danish herring biologists, the 1964 herring season will be based on the 1962 year class and is expected to be normal--better than in 1963. Norwegian biologists predict an abundance of herring in the Skagerrak Sea during the next few years. Danish her- ring meal and oil producers are considering the forecast, and may expand production facilities in that area. Danish- Polish Relations: Poland has expressed dissat- isfaction with the exclusion of its fishing vessels from Greenland waters within 12 miles of shore, (The Polish vessels had not established traditional fishing rights when Greenland’s 12-mile fishing limits were established.) The Polish Vice Minister for Navigation and Fisheries visited Denmark February 5-9, 1964. Although Poland and Den- mark have some mutual interests in Eastern Baltic Sea fishing, the Vice Minister’s primary interest was in having the ban in Greenland lifted. The Danish response was that Poland could not be accommodated without doing the same for other countries. Since the latter was not possible, the status quo must continue, In February 1964 a Danish shipyard in Odense obtained a contract to build a fish-freezer mothership for Poland. The 5,000-ton steel vessel will be designed to take catches from trawlers in the open sea. It will be strengthened for navigating in ice-filled waters. The contract seems some- what unusual since Poland has shipyards in Gdansk and Gdynia which are building similar vessels for both the Pol- ish and the Soviet fishing fleets. Provisions in the Danish- Polish trade agreement for ship construction in Denmark are said to be responsible for the contract. (Regional Fish eries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copen- hagen, February 19, 1964.) *k ok ok ok ook 54 Denmark (Contd.): January-September 1963: Landings of fish and shellfish at Danish ports by Danish fishing vessels during the first 9 months of 1963 were 12 percent greater than in the same pe- riod of 1962, which was a record year for Denmark's annual fishery landings. Danish Fishery Landings, January-September 1963 with Comparisons Species | 1963 enn vietrichhons) movil. i Landings in Denmark by Danish Vessels: Salt-Water Fish: Flatfish ....... cee 52,072 41,100 65,600 Code es ane 488 67 48,200 62,904 Herring edeceelenshetcnene 203,368 196,100 | 260,769 | Other salt-water fish2/ |310,995 275,800 350,942 [ta Total salt-water fish 621,302 561,200 740,215 af crm Fresh-Water Fish and Shellfish: IPoriditroutieyer ene s)hens 5,766 5,700 7,838 Fresh-water fish.... 2,714 2,500 4,296 Mussels & starfish... 8,994 10,800 20,671 Shrimp, lobsters, etc.. 5,457 5,100 6,335 Total fresh-water fish and shellfish..... 22,931 24,100 39,140 als — Total fish and shellfish |644,233 585,300 | 779,358 Landings in Denmark by Foreign Vessels ...... 93,581 77,000 107,463 | anish Landings in Foreign Ports of: United Kingdom, Sweden, &| Netherlands ....... 3,884 | 5,500 1/Preliminary data from Ministry of Fisheries. 2/Mainly industrial fish for fish meal and oil, ensilage, trout food, and fur-animal food; 1963 total includes estimated 140,000 tons of sand eels, 45,000 tons Norway rt, and 40,000 tons of whiting. Flatfish landings in the first 9 months of 1963 were mostly plaice and well ahead of the same period in 1962, But the cold winter cut down common sole catches sharply. Cod landings were relatively heavy and affected by the cold winter only in the Baltic Sea. Landings of herring were slightly ahead of the previous year but only an ordinary an- nual total was forecast by biologists. ‘‘Other salt-water fish’’ landings were primarily industrial fish. Catches of sand eels and whiting were very good but Norway pout land- ings were down. Pond trout production, despite the hard win- ter, was slightly better than in 1962. Most of the total for ‘‘shrimp, lobsters, etc.’’ consisted of deep-water shrimp. Landings of Norway lobsters were lower than in 1962 because of the cold winter. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Copenhagen, January 29, 1964.) ok kK ok 1963: The Danish fishing industry during the last half of 1963 continued at the same pace as in the first six months of the year and set a new record in landings and exports. Denmark's fishery landings (by Danish ves- sels and foreign vessels in Danish ports) in all of 1963 were 6 percent greater than the previous year. In 1963, Danish fishing ves- sels landed 821,127 metric tons of fish at COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 Danish ports; an additional 143,322 tons were landed at Danish ports by foreign vessels. The 1963 landings of plaice, cod, whiting, and sand eels were at a new high and pond trout production was greater than in 1962. Danish Fishery Landings, 1962-1963 1/1963 1962 - - » (Metric Tons)... 67,561 67, 257 283, 612 9,153 7,098 1,989 349,761 3,979 7, 882 1,210 13,575 1,767 6, 283 821, 127 779, 355 by foreign vessels [Danish Landings in Foreign Ports of: 143, 322 107, 463 United Kingdom, Sweden, Neth- erlands, Norway, West Germany 4,069 1/Preliminary data from Ministry of Fisheries. 2/Plaice, dabs, and flounders. 3/Mainly industrial fish for fish meal and oil, ensilage, and trout and fur-animal feeding. Prices for industrial fish during 1963 re- mained at the same level as in 1962, but food fish prices averaged lower because of a drop in prices for herring. It was generally ad- mitted that most fishermen had a good year in 1963. Denmark's exports of fishery products and byproducts also reached new levels in 1963-- 351,000 metric tons valued at 615 million kroner (US$89.2 million). This was an in- crease of 10 percent in quantity and 4 percent in value from 1962. But exports to the United States--mostly pond trout, cod fillets, Norway lobster, and canned herring--declined more than one-third both in quantity and value. This was partly because of better markets for those products in European countries. At the end of the year, Danish exporters were complaining of keener competition, lower prices, and the need for more market promotion. A Fisher- ies Ministry official told Danish marketers that they should consider combining their busi- nesses in order to gain the financial and mar- keting advantages enjoyed by their larger for- eign competitors. Minimum prices and minimum sizes for both plaice and Norway lobsters were subjects of great interest during 1963, but solutions were left for further study in 1964. Efforts to April 1964 Denmark (Contd.): make fish sorting uniform in the various ports also got under way during the year. The Soviet Fisheries Minister returned the Danish Fisheries Minister's visit to the Soviet Union during 1963 when he toured Den- mark and the Faroe Islands. No further head- way was made by Denmark toward gaining a market in the U.S.S.R. for canned fish, fish meal, and frozen herring. The Soviet Min- ister's request that Soviet vessels be per- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1963: Exports to All Countries: Denmark's ex- ports of fishery products and byproducts to all countries in the first 9 months of 1963 set new records in both quantity and value (table). All of the major categories except processed fish were up in quantity exported. Exports of fish meal, solubles, and other fishery byprod- ucts for the period, while up 16 percent in quantity, dropped only slightly in value. Ex- ports of flatfish, herring, and cod fillets were up substantially, but the greater quantity of Danish Exports of Fishery Products and Byproducts, January-September 1963 and Year 1962 Products To all Countries: tosh Fi Frozen fish .... Processed fish . . 2... Fish meal, solubles, etc. 1/Preliminary data from the Ministry of Fisheries, 2/Record year for quantity and value. Note: One Danish kroner equals US$0. 145. mitted to transfer their catches in the 6- to | 12-mile zone off the Faroe Islands after the 12-mile fisheries limit became effective in March 1964 was refused. Record Faroese exports of fishery prod- ucts in 1963 amounted to 134 million kroner ($19.4 million). They constituted 98 percent of all exports and were 8 percent greater than in 1962. The most important exports on the basis of value were: wet salted fish 53.2 million kroner ($7.7 million); dry salted fish 31.5 million kroner ($4.6 million); iced fish 19.4 million kroner ($2.8 million); frozen fish 11.9 million kroner ($1.7 million); and salted herring 11.7 million kroner ($1.7 million). Greenland's 1963 cod catch dropped more than one-third from the previous year but salmon landings were higher. The new fish- processing plant at Godthaab (financed by Danish, Faroese, and Greenland interests) operated far below capacity during the year. Negotiations are under way with fishermen from Norway, Denmark, and the Faroe Is- lands to land fish at Godthaab and to train Greenlanders as fishermen. (United States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 31, and Re- gional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Febru- ary 12, 1964.) * Ok Ok ok Calendar Year Percentage 2/1962 Change from 1962 % herring exported was down in value from the previous year because of lower prices. OK OK ok ok Exports to the United States: Denmark's exports of fishery products and byproducts to the United States in the first nine months of [ Danish Fishery Products Exports to the United States by Species and Product, January-September 1963 and Change from 1962 1963 Percentage 1962 anuary-September Change from 1962 Januar: a Value i Product fu Qty. Value Qty. Value Metric Metric Tons | Kr. | 1,000 % oA Tons 1,000 Fresh and Frozen Pond trout... . ] 562 | 4,399] 638 - 5 - 2 969] 7,377] 1,070 Other trout & salmon..... S 2 a 2) 2/ 58 525 76 Trout eggs ... 1 67 10 -18 - 18 1 84 12 Flatfish ..... 110 650 94 = 30 = 48 226| 1,666| 242 | Fillets: Flatfish ..... 5! 210 30 +140 +113 23/ 119 17 Orgpasodou 4,484 |13,901 | 2,016 + 5 + 7 7,903 | 24,506 | 3,553 Herring = 5 =) 3/ 3/ 5 10 2 Other 85 335| 49 - 38 44 607| 2,147| 310 Lobster, Deep- T water. .....- 142 | 2,953| 428 - 31 - 32 308} 6,562| 952 9 22 3 - 30 = 82 14| 126 18 33 65 9 - 26 -11 122] 342 35 1 8 1 = 33 - 64 1 34 5 | 401 | 2,182| 316 = 72 - 60 1,569] 6,249] 906 130 | 1,228] 178 - 19 - 4 209] 1,717| 249 34 209 30 +117 +101 24] 154 22 31| 154 23 | + 25 + 24 31 152 22 12 137 20 =Fe7, - 3 16] 179 26 1 3| 4/ + 20 + 65 1 3] 4/ 300 254 37 +200 +218 100 80 12 6,386 |26,777 | 3,883 = 12 =15 12,187 | 51,932 | 7,530 T/Record year for quantity and value. 2/Comparable exports in 1962 amounted to 220 pounds and $160, /Comparable exports in 1962 amounted to 9,920 pounds and $1,495. $1,000. e: Preliminary data from Ministry of Fisheries. [Notes One Danish ne equals US$O. 145. 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Denmark (Contd.): 1963 dropped 12 percent in quantity and 15 percent in value from those in the same pe- riod of 1962. All of the major export items were down substantially except cod fillets (up 5 percent in quantity and 7 percent in value). Exports of pond trout were down 5 percent from those in 1962 and the value was 2 percent lower. Exports of flatfish fillets, canned mussels, and fish solubles were up substantially from the 9 months in 1962 but those are not among Denmark's major export products to the United States. value of fishery products and byproducts ex- ported to the European Common Market (EEC) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries in the first 9 months of 1963 was higher than in 1962 (table). Denmark's ex- Danish Exports of Fishery Products and Byproducts, by Area and Country, January-September 1963 January -September Percentage | Change of Value from 1962 [European Common Market (EEC)... +e. European Free Trade Association (EFTA).. . Major Importing Countries: West Germany « « « « e United Kingdom ... ports to West Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden ranked in that order on the basis of value; Italy ranked fourth, the United States dropped to fifth place. (Regional Fishery At- tache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 29, 1964.) se ke oe ke ok 1 OK OK OK OK VESSEL STABILITY REGULATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Danish craft over 20 gross tons have been operating under new regulations with regard to stability tests since October 1, 1963. The changes resulted from the loss of 3 steel cut- ters in February 1962 and additional vessel losses later that fall. The new regulations Vol. 26, No. 4 excerpted from announcements dated Novem- ber 15, 1952, and May 29, 1963, on regulations for ship construction and equipment, section 53, read as follows: (a) In the case of every ship of 20 tons gross tonnage or over, the keel of which be- ing laid on the 1st of October 1963 or later, there shall be submitted at the earliest pos- sible opportunity, provisional information and calculations regarding the elements of stability of the ship, for consideration by the Directorate. When the ship is completed, an inclining test shall be carried out under the supervision of the Ships Inspection Service and final calculation of the elements of sta- bility of the ship shall be made and furnished to the Directorate. '(b) The Directorate may further direct that every ship shall undergo an inclining test under the supervision of the Ships In- spection Service, and may require to be fur- nished with such information and calculations as are dealt with in paragraph a. "(c) For the purpose of ensuring the sta- bility of the ship under normal service condi- tions, the Directorate may make such require- ments as may be deemed necessary from the examinations made. "(d) After completion of the stability ex- amination, the master of the ship shall be supplied with all such information concerning the elements of stability that is necessary for the safety of the ship in normal service in un- damaged condition. "(e) The Directorate may exempt individ- ual ships or types of ships from complying with all or some of the provisions of para- graph a," It is reported that the new regulations have required many Danish vessels to take onmore ballast and carry a smaller catch. Investiga- tions showed that comparable vessels in other countries, the Netherlands, for example, were carrying more ballast. In addition, the Dutch vessels carried iced fish with a specific grav- ity of 0.75 whereas the Danish vessels carried industrial fish with a specific gravity of 1.0. Additional Recommendations: Fishermen also have been informed by the Directorate of the Danish Government Ships Inspection Serv- ice that a responsible skipper and his crew should follow certain obvious rules whentheir vessel goes to sea. These rules are: April 1964 Denmark (Contd.): "1, All oil tanks should be full on depar- ture from port. Oil should not be used from bottom tanks until this is necessary for the operation of the engines. "2. Since the freeboard is a very impor- tant element in the safety of a loaded vessel, the catch taken on board should be such as to correspond to a suitable freeboard. Asa general rule a freeboardof less than 10 centi- meters (3.937 inches) cannot be considered adequate. For many vessels this will mean that industrial fish can only be carried in the aft hold. 3, All fishing gear and other large weights should be stowed as low in the ves~- sel as possible. "4, On-deck stowage of fish boxes should be restricted. If carried on deck, they should be so stowed as to permit water entering the boxes to drain off readily. It should be re- membered that boxes stowed on or over the deck will impair the stability of the vessel; in such cases additional ballast should be taken on board. 5, The hold should be subdivided by per- manent bulkheads and be provided with pillars with grooves for loose planking. Ice and catch should be secured against shifting by means of planking fixed in the grooves of pillars. "6, Hatches and ice-covers should be properly secured when not in use during fish- ing. "7, All doors in deck house and fore- castle should be kept closed and secured in adverse weather conditions. It is pointed out that water. under certain conditions may ac- cumulate in the forecastle and therefore proper draining must be provided from this space. The hawsepipe must also be secured in an efficient manner. "8, Air pipes leading to oil tanks should either be carried to a sufficient height or secured in such a way as to prevent water from penetrating into the oil tanks. "9, Wheelhouse doors should as far as possible be constructed so as to open out- wards only. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 "10. Freeing ports should be sufficient in number. If provided with flaps these shall always be capable of functioning and must not be locked in bad weather. "11. Automatic steering should never be used in bad weather, because such steering prevents the vessel from being handled with due regard to wind and weather conditions." (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Co- penhagen, February 5, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 87. ok ok ok Ok DANISH FISHERMEN PROTEST CARELESS DISPOSAL OF SOVIET FISHING GEAR: A sharp protest has been sent to the Soviet Ambassador in Copenhagen by a fishermen!'s association in Skagen, Denmark, accusing Russian trawlers of carelessly disposing of imperishable nets of nylon and perlon in Dan- ish waters. The discarded nets drift widely and can damage Danish gear. In some cases, the discarded nets are reported to have be- come entangled in the propellers of Danish cutters, placing them in a dangerous situation when the weather is stormy. Danish fisher- men have also reported damaged trawls as a result of discarded Soviet herring barrels which have been thrown overboard. The Dan- ish fishermen in Skagen, one of Denmark's largest fishing ports, want the Russian trawl- ers to take home the condemned gear and bar- rels or sink them in deep water in accordance with existing agreements. Similar complaints were made in the last half of 1962. The normal course is for such complaints to be made to the Danish Fisher- ies Ministry. If well documented, they are then forwarded through the Foreign Ministry. Skagen fishermen this time have taken a more direct approach to the Soviet Ambassador. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Unit- ed States Embassy, Copenhagen, February 19, 1964.) He OK OK OK OK COPENHAGEN FISHERIES TRADE FAIR TO BE HELD IN SEPTEMBER 1964: Sponsored by the Danish fishing industry, the 5th International Fisheries Trade Fair will be held September 11-20, 1964, in the Exhibition Hall ''Forum"' of Copenhagen. A- bout 85 percent of the available exhibition area has already been reserved. At the 4th 58 Denmark (Contd.): International Fish- eries Trade Fair in 1962, fisheries ex- hibits from 14 na- tions were pre- sented. Those in- cluded vessel en- gines from 33 firms in 11 coun- tries. S. INTERNATIONALE FORUM COPENHAGEN 11.-20. SEPTEMBER Further infor- mation about the Fair may be ob- tained from The International Fisheries Trade Fair, 17 Blaga- ardsgade, Copen- hagen N, Denmark. Telephone Luna 2001. Telegrams UNIFESAS. Honduras FISHERIES INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY: Fishermen on the Island of Utila, Bay Is- lands, Honduras, wish to contact an investor willing to install an ice plant, freezing equip- ment, and necessary power plant on the is- land. The community would provide a site at no cost to the investor. A spokesman for the fishermenhas stated that fishermen on the is- land, using their own vessels, caneasily catch 5,000 pounds of fishper day. Aplanis envi- sioned whereby fishermen onthe Island of Utila would contract tosell their entire catch to an investor installing refrigeration equipment; the investor would take all profits from export sales; and the price of the fish caught by the is- landers would be determined by contract ne- gotiations witha fishermen's cooperative. Although no detailed study has been made, it is estimated that an investment of at least $75,000 would be required to install a modest ice plant, freezer, and power plant on the is- land. However, it would be desirable to first obtain a tax and customs duty concession from the Honduran Government before entering in- to an investment of this nature. Only in this manner could the necessary equipment be im- ported into the country without payment of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol..26, No. 4 a high duties. (A number of new industries have been able to obtain similar concessions from Honduras in the past.) The investment opportunity should be care- fully explored by any prospective investor be- fore entering into negotiations. For addition- al details write to Frank Spencer Morgan, Utila, Islas de la Bahia, Honduras. (United States Consulate, San Pedro Sula, February 13, 1964.) Iceland FISHERMEN PROTEST EX-VESSEL GROUNDFISH PRICES: A five-member board of arbitration in Ice- land has determined that there will be no in- crease in the ex-vessel prices of cod and had- dock during the current winter season (Janu- ary through May 1964). The decision of the arbitration board is binding under the fish- pricing procedures established by the Iceland- ic Parliament in late 1961. However, fisher- men have strongly protested the ruling and have the support of the Social Democrats, the Reykjavik Seamen's Union, and the Icelandic Federation of Labor. The Icelandic Govern- ment has promised to look into the matter. The fishermen's income is based on the value of the catch, of which they receive a share. Unlike most occupational groups, they did not benefit from the 15-percent general wage increases granted in December 1963. The prices paid for cod and haddock, and the fishermen's share of the catch, were not in- creased during 1963. sk KOK GOVERNMENT PASSES BILL i TO AID FISHING INDUSTRY: The Icelandic Government's bill to aid the fishing industry was passed by the Althing (Parliament) on January 30, 1964. The new law increases the retail sales tax from 3 to 54 percent, rather than 5 percent as original- ly proposed. The income from the additional one-half percent will enable the fish-freezing plants to pay more for cod and haddock. This, in turn, will benefit the fishing vessel owners and the fishermen. The law also authorizes the Government to postpone various projects for which provision had already been made in the 1964 budget. In addition, the Government April 1964 Iceland (Contd.): indicated in the explanatory notes to the bill that anticipated reductions in certain subsi- dies would be postponed. While not denying the need to help the fish- ing industry, the opposition party argued dur- ing the Althing debate on the bill that tax in- creases for that purpose were unnecessary. (United States em babe: Reykjavik, February 4, 1964.) Ireland TROUT FARMING EXPANDED: Kerry County, Ireland, has gained a new trout farm which should eventually have a capacity of 100,000 fish. Located in Dingle, the farm was operating 5 ponds containing about 2,000 fish in January 1964. By the end of the year it was expected to have over 50 ponds. A large cold-storage plant will also be built at the farm, which is operated by a firm based in Antwerp, Belgium. (The Fish- ing News, January 17, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 47. Israel FREEZER-TRAWLER OPERATIONS EXPANDED: Israel's first freezer-trawler, the Azgad I, began operating in 1961 and made good catch- es from fishing grounds off Northwest Africa. The owners expanded offshore operations in 1963 when they acquired the Azgad II, formerly a factoryship which was converted toa freezer - trawler vessel by a shipyard in Oslo, Norway..; The Azgad II has a freezing capacity of 16 to 20 metric tons of fish per day, anda storage capacity of 300 tons of frozen fish. ned by a crew of 35, and driven by a 1,200- horsepower engine at 123 to 134 knots. The firm operating the two freezer -trawl- ers has received several proposals for joint ventures with fishing companies in Africa. The Israeli firm, which is planning further development, is said to be considering the proposals (Alieia, November 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 51. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW It is man-|. 59 Japan FROZEN YELLOWFIN TUNA EXPORT MARKET TRENDS: Since December 1963 large quantities of Japanese frozen yellowfin tuna shipped to the United States from Japan proper have been rejected by United States canners due to green meat'' condition. Rejects of 20-40 per- cent per shipment have not been uncommon, and in some cases as much as 60 to 70 per- cent of shipments have been rejected. In an extreme case an entire shipment was said to have been rejected. Reportedly, the high percentage of rejects is said to have depressed the Japanese frozen yellowfin export market. As of the end of January 1964, gilled-and-gutted frozen yel- lowfin shipped to the United States from Japan proper were quoted at about US$335 a short ton f.o.b., but the market was described as slow. Yellowfin transshipped from the Atlan- tic Ocean were quoted at $300-310 a short ton f.o.b. Las Palmas. (Suisan Tsushin, Jan- uary 27, 1964.) % OK OK OK OK FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO EUROPE AND AFRICA: April-December 1963: A total of 49,899 tons of frozen tuna was approved by Japanfor export to Italy, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Canary Islands (Las Palmas), andother coun- tries during the period April 1-December 31, 1963, according to data compiled by the Ja- pan Frozen Foods Exporters Association. Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to Europe and Africa April-December 1963 Speciesl/ Albacore] Yellowfin|Big-Eyed Skipjack|Bluefin [ Total Country 100 347 220 4,363 1,434 190 Italy zechoslovakia 2 83 253 527 174 1,109 1/Not identified as to kind of product- -round, gilled-and- TSE AMES etc. Shipments of frozen tuna from Japan prop- er included in the total of 49,899 tons were: Italy, 3,193 tons yellowfin and 338 tons blue- fin; Las Palmas, 10 tons big-eyed and 47 tons bluefin; to other countries, 200 tons yellowfin tuna. (Fisheries Attache, United States Em- bassy, Tokyo, February 10, 1964.) Kk ok Kk 60 Japan (Contd.): April-October 1963: A total of 32,764 metric tons of frozen tuna were validated for export to Italy, Yugoslavia, Czechoslova- kia, and Ghana during April-October 1963, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 The competition between packers, large and small, is said to be getting greater, with the larger companies actively promoting their products through different communication media. launch a large sales campaign beginning Feb- For example, one firm planned to Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to Europe and Africa, April-October 1963 Species!/ Yellowfin Big-Eyed Sepeek i963 [1962 hana... 29, 389 32,764 | 26,708 1/Not identified as to kind Be predict! as round, gilled-and gutted, fillet, etc. according to data compiled by the Japan Fro- zen Foods Exporters Association. (Suisan Tsushin, January 22, 1964.) Sic misieus ican CANNERS DEVELOPING DOMESTIC CANNED TUNA SALES: The large Japanese fishing companies are reported to be aggressively pushing their packs and sales of canned tuna in Japan. This trend has become conspicuous since the latter half of 1963 and is attributed in part to the up- swing in domestic consumer demand for high- ly flavored canned tuna products. However, the real beginning of this trend is said to lie in the emphasis placed several years ago by the major companies on developing and cap- turing the domestic canned tuna market. Since then, the companies have come out with different forms of flavored canned tuna prod- ucts, of which one of the better known prod- ruary 1, 1964. As an inducement to consum- ers, that firm is offering six sets of foreign stamps for every 2 or 3 of their canned tuna labels (number of labels depending on can size) turned in to the firm. January 26, 1964.) (Minato Shimbun, OK OK OK Ok EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA, JANUARY -OCTOBER 1963: A total of 3,728,484 cases of canned tuna valued at US$29 million was exported by Ja- pan during January-October 1963, according to data compiled by the Japan Export Canned Tuna Packers Association. The United States took 57.8 percent of Ja- pan's canned tuna exports valued at $17.3 mil- lion during the 10-month period, most of which was tuna in brine. West Germany ranked sec- ond as the largest importer of Japanese can- ucts is the ''tender tuna" pack. | ned tuna with 536,209 cases valued at $3.6 mil- Albacore; INGUBS SoG 06.G50600d In brine |skteics cise oa Table 1 - Japanese Canned Tuna Exports by Species and Country of Destination, Jamuary=-October 1963 jack (In ‘tomato satice and Seasoned) .cccccccce 37,758] 10,297 libaetoate eure nce 2,158,200) 17,265,710}179,784|1, 614,696 |536, 209 |3,616, o99|854,291|6,544,360| 3,728, 484|29,040,865 | '| Note: Standard case equivalent to 48 7-oz. cans. 694,966] 5,280, 436 92,544]221,667|1,407,400|/104,149) 694,930) 340,727] 2,232,632 April 1964 Japan (Contd.): Type, January-October 1963 Table 2 - Japanese Canned Tuna Exports by Species and Product Cases 1/ No. us$ 284,124 1,147,729 2,577,799 11,687,495 585,408 310,891 4,299,336 260,021 364,639 694,966 Yellowfin, Big-eyed, Skipjack (In tomato sauce and seasoned).... 340,727 3,728,484 |29,040,865 | 1/Standard case equivalent to 48 7-0z. cans. lion. The exports to West Germany were made up of 59 percent tuna in oil (mostly yellowfin, big-eyed, and skipjack) and the remainder was tuna in tomato sauce and sea- soned, (Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, February 10, 1964.) MORE TUNA VESSELS MOVE TO NEW CALEDONIA AREA OF SOUTH PACIFIC: The fleet of Japanese tuna-fishing vessels operating off New Caledonia was scheduled to be increased from 31 to 40 in early Janu- ary 1964 and may be increased to 64 in April 1964. In late 1963, at least 2 or 3 Japanese tuna vessels were arriving each day at Noumea, New Caledonia, to deliver their catches to the Japanese refrigerated vessel Eiyo Maru. There have been reports that a second Japa- nese refrigerator vessel will be brought to New Caledonia because the Eiyo Maru is too small to handle the present fleet's catch. (Pacific Islands Monthly, January 1964.) Sy Oy Os: Oc, 3 (Ee ent bes tee TUNA TRANSSHIPMENT BASE IN COSTA RICA PLANNED: An application for permission to establish a tuna transshipment base in Costa Rica was submitted by one of Japan's largest fishing companies for approval of the Japanese Fro- zen Tuna Producers Association. (Suisan Tsushin, January 16, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 BOTTOMFISH VESSEL OPERATIONS FOR 1964 IN EASTERN BERING SEA APPROVED: On January 13, 1964, the Japanese Central Fisheries Coordination Council approved the operation of 14 motherships and 228 catcher vessels for the eastern Bering Sea bottomfish fishery in 1964. This is a reduction from 1963 of 5 motherships and 24 catcher vessels. (Suisancho Nippo, January 16, 1964.) NEW SALMON FACTORYSHIP TO BE BUILT BY FISHING FIRM: The construction of a 10,000-ton factory - ship is to be started in September 1964 by a Japanese fishing firm as replacement for the 50-year old salmon mothership Kyoho Maru (7,158 gross tons). Completion date of the vessel is March 1965. The total construction cost is estimated at two billion yen (US$5.6 million). (Suisancho Nippo, January 13, 1964.) se se ool pra, £3. £02 TES FISHERY DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST AFRICA: Following the imposition of 6 pence (7 U. S. cents) per pound duty on imports of fresh and frozen fishery products by the Ghanaian Government on October 21, 1963, Japanese fishing firms operating trawlers off the west coast of Africa began to intensify their search for other new markets and fish- ing bases in West Africa. One Japanese firm was recently reported to have established in Nigeria a joint company which is constructing a 1,000-ton capacity cold-storage plant. An- other Japanese firm is now reported to have succeeded in arranging for the delivery of its trawl catches to a privately operated 800-ton capacity cold-storage plant in Nigeria. (Suis- ancho Nippo, January 25, 1964.) HK OOK OK OK 4K FISH MEAL IMPORTS FROM PERU APPROVED: The importation by Japan of 20,000 metric tons of Peruvian fish meal in February 1964 at ac.i.f. price of US$132-133 a metric ton was approved by the Japanese Livestock Bu- reau, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Earlier in December 1963, the Bureau had approved the importation of a similar quanitity of Peruvian fish meal. (Suisancho Nippo, Jan- uary 16, 1964.) 62 Japan (Contd.): CONSOLIDATION OF WHALING OPERATIONS IN BRAZIL BEING STUDIED BY TWO JAPANESE FISHING FIRMS: A study on the feasibility of consolidating their whaling operations in Brazil is being studied by two large Japanese fishing firms. One of those firms is a partner in a joint whaling company with a Brazilian firm, and operates the whale catcher vessels Tone Maru Nos. 8 andi1l. The joint company's whale-processing plant is located at Cabo Frio in Brazil. The other Japanese fishing firm is a partner of a different Brazilian firm which is located at Recife, and operates the whale catcher vessel Daishin Maru. (Suis- an Tsushin, February 18, 1964.) sk sk ste ose rk ok ok Ok ok WHALING BASES IN SOUTH AMERICA TO BE SURVEYED BY WHALING FIRM: Whaling bases in South America were to be surveyed by an official of one of Japan's whaling firms who was scheduled to leave for Ecuador on January 28. Reportedly, he was also to personally supervise the explora- tion of the waters off Ecuador to which the Japanese whaling firm is sending the whale catcher vessel Seki Maru No. 8. The Seki Maru was scheduled to arrive off Ecuador in late January. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Jan- uary 24 and 26, 1964.) Kk ook ok ok OK DECISION ON SALE OFFER OF NETHERLANDS WHALING FACTORYSHIP POSTPONED: The Director of the Japanese Fisheries Agency met in January 1964 with officials of Japan's three large fishing companies en- gaged in whaling to discuss the offer made by the Netherlands Whaling Company to sell to Japan its whale factoryship Willem Baren- dsz (26,830 gross tons), including the factory- ship's international whale catch quota of 6 percent. The companies are reported to have agreed to not act on the offer until after the 1964 meeting of the International Whaling Commission. (Minato Shimbun, January 28, 1964.) Sei ste ste ste. te Hebnicie icy kaa ne NEW OCEANOGRAPHIC VESSEL DELIVERED: Japan's newest oceanographic vessel, the Tansei Maru, built for the Ocean Research In- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, The Tansei Maru, newest oceanographic research vessel. stitute, University of Tokyo, was deliveredin July 1963. She was constructed expressly for oceanographic research from the keel up, and is equipped with precise deep-sea sounding linstruments, a shallow-sounding sonar, a fish- shoal detector, and other measuring devices. The vessel will be used for basic oceano- graphic research including physics, geology, and biophysics, (National Oceanographic Data Center Newsletter, December 31, 1963.) 8 oe Republic of Korea ITALIAN-FRENCH CONTRACT TO BUILD FISHING VESSELS MODIFIED: On January 21, 1963, an Italian-French consortium signed a contract with the Gov- ernment of the Republic of Korea to supply Korea with 159 modern fishing vessels ata cost of about US$58 million. The obligations under the contract were reduced by addenda signed December 11, 1963, and February 3, 1964, by representatives of the Italian and French groups and the Korea Marine Industry Development Corporation, assignee of the Gov- ernment of Korea. The contract now calls for the delivery of only 91 vessels valued at about $35.8 million, with the understanding that, if both sides agree, a contract for the balance may be negotiated not later than December 30, 1965, Under the amended contract, the French group will build and deliver 10 side trawlers of 130 gross registered tons (g.r.t.), 61 tuna long-line vessels of 144 g.r.t., 2 stern trawl- ers of 220 g.r.t., 2 stern trawlers of 1,300 g.r.t., and 1 research and training vessel of 300 g.r.t. The delivery schedule calls for 51 of those vessels to be delivered in 1964 and 1965, and the remainder in 1966. The total price of the vessels (not including the engines which will be installed by the Italian group), April 1964 Republic of Korea (Contd.): amounts to US$18,679,678. A payment guar- antee has been issued by the Bank of Korea. Payments equalling 10 percent of the total price will be made as a down payment by September 30, 1964. Under the amended contract, the Italian group will deliver 15 vessels, as well as ma- rine motors and equipment for the French vessels described above. The delivery sched- ule for the Italian vessels calls for 6 to be delivered in 1965 and the remainder in 1966. The total price of the Italian vessels and sup- plies amounts to $17,152,970. A payment guarantee has been issued by the Bank of Korea. Payments equalling 10 percent of the total price will be made as a down pay- ment by September 30, 1964. (United States Embassy, Seoul, February 14, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 72, Oct. 1963 p. 60, Apr. 1963 p. 63, and Feb. 1963 p. 67. Mexico LARGE-SCALE EXPANSION OF FISHERIES INDUSTRIES PLANNED: A broad program to provide the public with more fishery products to improve the protein content of the national diet has been launched by the Mexican Government, The pro gram includes production of fishery products, processing and refrigeration, transportation, distribution, and public education, The campaign has been featured by the Mexican press and was to be followed by a large marine resources exhibition scheduled to open on February 14, 1964, Means while, construction of fishery facilities is in progress and research on fishery resources has been augmented, The program to develop Mexico’s fisheries is the re- sponsibility of the National Advisory Commission on Fish= eries (Comision Nacional Consultiva de Pesca, known as CNCP) which was organized in 1962, The President of the Commission is General Abelardo L, Rodriguez, who was formerly President of the Mexican Republic and also a leading pioneer of the fishing industry, Other officers of the Commission include the Director General of Mexico’s Fisheries Department through whose office the work of the Commission and the Fisheries Department is coordinated, Other members include Government and industry leaders, Cooperating in the program with the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, of which CNCP and the Department of Fish- eries are agencies, is the National Bank of Development for Cooperatives. The principal points of the program as announced by the President of the Commission are: 1, Establishment of plants on both coasts for production of fish protein concentrate (fish flour) for human and animal consumption, Apparently some within CNCP feel that there is insufficient raw material to do this on a large scale but an effort is planned nevertheless. 2, Exploitation of the shark resources of the Tres Marias Islands in the Pacific. This point received much press notice COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 because of the proposal to provide the penal colony’s inmates with a useful occupation, 3. Construction of industrial plants for better use of maz rine products, The one at Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, to develop the turtle industry, was scheduled for a February opening. Other plants are projected for the States of Colima, Veracruz, Tamaulipas, and Yucatan, and the territory of Baja California, 4, Construction of refrigeration plants for domestically marketed finfish. 5. Improving the distribution system for fish and shell- | fish, including a large modern distribution center in Mexico City. 6. Providing good quality fish in quantity and at reason= able prices to major population centers, 7. Training fishermen in the improvement and moderniza= tion of their activities, and perfecting the system and organi- zation of cooperatives, ; 8. Creation of research centers to study the nutritive val- ue of marine products, This work has commenced at the central laboratory. 9. Coastal patrol to ‘‘Protect coastal resources from North American fleets.’’ According to Tiempo, the Fish- eries Department’s three new helicopters recently ‘‘sur- prised 70 Mexican boats in a closed fishing area.’’ 10. An educational campaign among the people to extol the nutritional benefits of fish and to urge at least two seae food meals a week, Also under way is a program to dredge sandbars at ene trances to lagoons in Tamaulipas and Sinaloa, with the coop= eration of the Ministry of Marine, The free passage of salt water is expected to prevent the death of large amounts of fish and shrimp. Studies are continuing in an effort to rebuild the pearl fishery in La Paz, Baja California, The opinion of interested observers is that three rather unrelated features of Mexico’s national effort to increase domestic utilization of fishery resources are of great signif= icance, These are all reported to be in advanced stages of development and are: 1. Centralization (in 1962) of the fisheries research work of the Department of Fisheries and CNCP in the Institute of Fisheries Biological Investigations, The Institute has pulled | together several scattered activities, and high-level research is now centered in Mexico City, with work at the several coastal field stations under direct supervision of the Institute. 2, Construction of a ‘‘pilot’’ fishing port at Alvarado on the Gulf of Mexico, to supply fish for the Mexico City market, This 104 million peso (US$8,320,000) port is being built by the National Bank of Development for Cooperatives with pri- vate Dutch capital and with technical assistance from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Land fill, docks, and buildings are on the way to completion and the first of several experimental fishing vessels has ar rived from the Netherlands, 3, The First Salon of the Sea and Its Resources was an ambitious exhibit held in conjunction with the Seventh Home Fair which opened for 30 days commencing February 14 in Mexico City. CNCP and numerous cooperating agencies set up an exhibit of marine science and demonstration at that Fair which occupies 4,300 square yards. The objective was to bring home to the landlocked inhabitants of the capital city some idea of the importance of the ocean in fulfilling their nutritional needs, The present campaign in Mexico for increasing domestic consumption of fishery products to improve the national diet has received considerable attention in the Mexico City press as it gains momentum. Excelsior, one of the leading daily newspapers, carried a front page headline story on 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mexico (Contd.): January 2, 1964, outlining the program, On the following day, it devoted its lead editorial to support of the program, Other newspapers carried shorter articles. The news maga- zine Tiempo carried a four-column illustrated article in its business section on January 20, 1964, Excelsior's editorial was reported to be like a call to arms, urging the people of Mexico to look to their 9,000 kil- ometers (5,600 miles) of richly endowed coastline, thus "changing the customs and habits of a nation looking mostly to the earth as a means of sustenance.'' Mexico is asked to emulate the maritime people of South America, Japan, and Norway in harvesting the sea, In a country that is increas= ing by a million persons a year the nutritive needs must be met by a combination of the resources of the land and the sea, With a wealth of seafood available, ‘‘there is no social, economic, or moral justification for people to subsist on beans and tortillas only,’’ the editorial stated, Several weeks before its opening date, the marine re= sources exhibition planned with the February 14 Seventh Home Fair was already receiving considerable attention in the local press, It was reported that those responsible for the various parts of the program are well aware of the magnitude and complexity of the task facing them, Points of difficulty mentioned by responsible Mexican officials and industry leaders include the following: 1. The diet of the Mexican people in general is protein deficient, but the deficiency can be corrected by increased use of fishery products, 2, A built-in resistance to fish products exists and has existed since before the time of the Aztec Empire, largely as a matter of habit resulting from the general unavailability of fishery products at low prices in most parts of the coun- try. - 3, There is no general aversion to fishery products as evidenced by the heavy demand among people who can afford it and who live where it is available. 4, A publicity campaign can increase the use of fishery products, However, there is not much point in telling people about fish if it can’t be supplied regularly and in quantity at low cost, A full-fledged educational program, if not backed up by production and distribution, would result in failure of the whole effort, 5. Conversely it would be equally futile to catch and dis= tribute great quantities of fish if the people haven’t been ed- ucated to eat it, For one thing, the market would be ruined by price cutting and any existing private sector of the indus- try would collapse, 6. Building fishing ports and experimental fishing vessels does not automatically guarantee that fish will be caught, Fleets of refrigerated trucks won't automatically transport fishery products, New cold-storage plants will not fill and empty by themselves, It will be necessary to build each type of facility at the same time and the people to operate them will have to be trained and given incentives to insure their successful operation, 7. The problems of transportation, distribution, and educase tional efforts will not be the same for the 5 million people concentrated in the capital city as they will be for the 30 mile lion scattered all over the large country, Distributing fish evenly to those who need it most is believed to be a difficult matter. 8. The retail price of fishery products will have to be so low to reach those most in need that the profit factor to ei= ther the Government enterprise or the private sector will de= velop into a problem, 9. Coastal resources alone may prove inadequate, Mexi> can fishermen are by habit landbound and will have to make Vol. 26, No. 4 use of the ocean resources that are the backbone of all great fishing nations. 10. The heavy dependence of the Mexican fishery on the export market for shrimp must be replaced by a broader base of exploitation of other resources. The problem of the ‘‘one=crop’’ economy is well known to those planning the program, Broadening the base, however, should not in any way jeopardize the important money crop of shrimp, Some opinions were that overemphasis of any one phase of the program could result in adverse effects. Those who are responsible for the program are working on the prob- lem of balancing all of its aspects=~catching, processing, transportation, cold storage, distribution, marketing and consumer education, not to mention resource and nutrition research. How well the complex problems are solved will determine the success of the whole program, (Fishery At= tache, United States Embassy, Mexico, February 4, 1964.) se ook ok ok ok Gp Gy ho to the FIRST OF FIVE MULTIPLE-USE FISHING VESSELS RECEIVED FROM NETHERLANDS: The first of five multiple-use fishing ves - sels has been received by the Mexican Gov- ernment for use at the pilot fishing port at Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico. wee, Fig. 2 - Stern view of Mexican multiple-use fishing vessel. - April 1964 Mexico (Contd.): Fig. 3 - Winch stations located on bridge of multiple-use fishing vessel. The vessels are being built in the Nether - lands and are intended for use in instructing fishermen of the Alvarado region. They can be used for shrimp fishing as well as purse Seining and beam trawling. They are power- ed by twin Diesels of 245 hp. each, driving a single shaft. Refrigerated holds have a ca- pacity of 100 metric tons at a temperature of 1° C, (33.89 F.). The winch stations are op- erated from the bridge and are powered by takeoffs from the main engines. Electronic equipment aboard the vessels includes a fish- finder in addition to the depth indicator, auto- matic pilot, and radio. (United States Con- sulate, Veracruz, January 29, 1964.) Morocco NEW TUNA CANNERY BEING BUILT IN TANGIER: A new tuna cannery is being built at Tangier, Morocco, by the Societe Generale de Pecheries et Conserves au Maroc, Hopes are that it will be completed in time for the 1964 Mo- roccan tuna fishing season which begins in April and ends in July. The major stockholders consist of four persons who are officials of the cannery, the Banque Union Parisienne and the Societe Generale itself. The new cannery covers an area of 5,144 square yards, In addition there is a boiler shed covering 119 square yards, The plant is expected to have a capacity of 60 metric tons (66 short tons) of canned tuna a day, Plant equipment con- sists of ten 1,760-pound capacity containers in which the fish is boiled, an automatic continuous oiling machine 15 yards long for putting hot olive oil in the cans, and 3 vacuum cook- ers each with a 106-cubic~foot capacity. The equipment is all Moroccan built. In addition there are 2 American-type band saws to cut the fish, 2 Spanish and 2 French can sealers, and 1 Spanish can washer and oil recoverer. The Societe is considering purchasing a machine to pack the fish in the cans. For the time being, the cans will be packed by 150 to 200 wom- an, The cannery will use Moroccan-caught bluefin (red) tuna (Thunnus thynnus), ''melva'" or frigate mackerel (Auxis COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 thezard), and ''sarda"' or little tuna(Euthynnus alletteratus). The fish will be packed in cans of 2.8 ounces, 8.8 ounces, 1-lb. 2 ounces, 2 lbs. 3 ounces, and 5 lbs. 7 ounces for the local market and in 5.5 and 11 pound cans for the export mar- ket, The cans will contain meat from the belly, side, and back either mixed or separately. No foreign-caught raw tuna will be used unless the So- ciete can obtain permission to import frozen Japanese and United States-caught bluefin tuna. The company would like to import such frozen tuna in order to keep the plant run- ning during the entire year because the firm's catch it- self will not be sufficient for that purpose. The matter is being negotiated by the company and the customs authorities, The problem appears to be that the local customs authorities want to assess a duty on the gross weight of the fish rather than on the weight to be exported alone, Even though the fish will be imported in bond, since it will not remain in Morocco, this issue is important because it determines the size of the bond assessed and the amount of its refund, The Societe plans to sell its tuna both on the local market and abroad, Its largest foreign markets are Italy and Switz- erland, Furthermore, it hopes to keep its position in the Al- gerian and Tunisian markets depending upon political condi- tions, If the company is able to import Japanese and United States-caught tuna, it will try to enter the United States mar- ket as well as to improve its position in Europe. (United States Consulate, Tangier, February 1. 1964.) ste usle asle) isle. gle se ask T3is) iis ook CANNED SARDINE MARKET TRENDS AND EXPORTS, 1963: The total 1963 Moroccan canned sardine pack at the end ‘of December was reported as 1,660,000 cases, or 36.2 per= cent below the 1962 pack of 2,600,000 cases. Stocks on hand ‘at the beginning of the 1963/64 season were 482,000 cases which brings supplies available for the year to 2,142,000 cases, This is about 300,000 cases below the sales program goal of 2,450,000 cases, The Moroccan canned sardine industry has no specific plans for closing this nominal gap of about 300,000 cases, Sardine fishing has recently been resumed at Agadir in good offshore weather, but the catch has not been of commercial quality or quantity, The canneries at Safi are closed for seasonal repairs and are not expected to resume operations until mid-April when catches are anticipated to be limited since the preseason runs of sardines are generally not abun= dant, Exports of canned sardines through December 1963 to- taled 1,170,000 cases, Sales of canned sardines through Oc» tober 1963 amounted to about one million cases. Movements significantly different from the pattern of sales indicated in- clude large deliveries to Czechoslovakia in December and a stronger demand from West Germany. Both the Union Come merciale de l’Industrie de la Conserve (UCIC), the trade association which predominantly controls exports of sardines to the European and United States markets, and individual canners state their intentions of meeting orders as they come until supplies run out, although preference will naturally go to established customers, UCIC has recently experienced a rather unexpected success in the German market with a pack of sardines put up to American specifications, but not taken by the buyer for whom they were packed, Since the local in= dustry is, in general terms, less than optimistic about its long-term chances for markedly expanding the demand for sardines in the European market, it is likely that orders from Germany will receive some priority. Observers point out that the potential shortage of supply in the period between early April and late June does not seem to cause much concern to the Moroccan industry. In fact, this shortage is seen as contributing to an unaccus> tomed firmness in demand as well as price on the world market which is affected also by a subnormal year for the Portuguese canned sardine industry, There is confidence 66 Morocco (Contd.): Moroccan Canned Sardine Exports by Country of Destination June 1-October 31, 1963 Number of Cases tanc Zone: TANCE secre cere eee eevee Madagascar Ivory Coast Dahomey ee ee es © oe te oe ew 8 Dollar Zone: SostayRicare revs relletieMer st ole ET GAO IS la Glaus ay Gave aod Oyoro United States terling Zone: Ghana Nigeria .. Tanganyika Others 117,768 36, 759 ele «© © « 2 le ce eo © ole « © © eo le 2 © © eo le e © © e lo « o e fe © © © e le ce © © eo je eo © @ eo je © oc © e le © ce eo e le «© © e le jo © © Others Areas: West Germany .....++-2- 02s €zechoslovakiaee sisi siieiieselle o Benelux Countries. ciel PU ESBS dG io-G!0-0 00 0 0.0 ° Poland . Finland 431,549 pea auaiy Bosna Aloo 979, 881 ource of data: Office Cherifien de Controle et d'Exportation. that the high-quality Moroccan product may win some new customers for the future, and that it will not lose perma- nently any traditional market because of a temporary lack of supply. (United States Consulate, Casablanca, Febru ary 1, 1964.) Netherlands FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963: Fishery landings in the Netherlands in 1963 amounted to 289,000 metric tons valued at F1.141.5 million (US$39.1 million), according to the Netherlands Commodity Board for Fish and Fish Products. This is an increase of 13.8 percent in quantity from the 1962 landings but the value was down 12 percent. Fishery products exports by the Netherlands during the year totaled 174,200 tons valued at F1.183 million ($50.5 million), a drop of 1.4 percent in quantity and 4.1 percent in value as com- pared with the 1962 exports. It was the first time since World War II that the value of that country's fishery products exports dropped. (United States Embassy, The Hague, February 1, 1964.) WOK OK OK OK WHALING FACTORYSHIP OFFERED FOR SALE TO JAPAN: The president of the Netherlands Whaling Company (Amster- dam), on his visit to Japan in January 1964, announced that his firm would like to sell to Japan the factoryship. Willem Barendsz (26,830 gross tons) including the factoryship's international whale catch quota of 6 percent. Officials of the three major Japanese whaling companies were scheduled to meet in late January with Japan's Fisheries Agency Director and the Agency's Production Chief to study the Netherlands Whaling Company's offer. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, January 26, 1964.) a ee) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vo. 26, No. 4 New Zealand EXPLORATORY FISHING AND MARINE RESEARCH: In late 1963, the New Zealand Minister of Marine reviewed the investigations of his de- partment designed to aid the fishing industry. The Minister said that during the past three years much had been achieved. Work included systematic trawling surveys during all sea- sons in the Bay of Plenty and in the Auckland- North Cape area to obtain knowledge of fish growth and movements. An officer to work on tuna problems in New Zealand and in Australia had been ap- pointed. There had been biological studies of fish; in Cook Strait. In another study, extensive marking of flatfish in South Island waters had shown that they moved in a southerly direc- tion. Studies of the movements and growth of the commercially important elephantfish had also been made. A biologist had also been appointed to begin a study of whitebait. A study of the Lake Ellesmere yellow-eyed mullet to provide a basis for netting regula- tions was completed. Other studies showed that seals near the New Zealand coasts did not eat commercial species of fish to any extent. | The Minister recalled that a whale biolo- gist and a technician had been appointed to study the distribution, movements, and num- bers of whales, in cooperation with other New Zealand agencies. Much, however, remained to be done, he said. He called for more exploratory fishing, particularly for tuna, and said there must be deep-water trawl surveys to find new grounds for fishermen. (Commercial Fishing, a New Zealand fishery periodical, January 1964.) Norway EXPORTS OF CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY -OCTOBER 1963: Smoked small sild sardines in oil was Nor- way's most important canned fish export in January-October 1963, accounting for 40.7 percent of the quantity and 34.3 percent of the April 1964 Norway (Contd.): value of total exports of canned fishery prod- ucts. Combined exports of smoked small sild sardines in oil, smoked brisling in oil, and kippered herring accounted for 70.1 per- cent of the quantity and 68.5 percent of the value of Norway's exports of canned fishery products in January-October 1963. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 NORWEGIAN FIRM TO ESTABLISH FISH STICK PLANT IN NEW BEDFORD, MASS.: Norsk Frossenfisk A/L, a joint sales or- ganization of 110 Norwegian fish-freezing plants, has decided to build a new fish stick plant in New Bedford, Mass. It will be op- erated by its United States subsidiary. Pro- duction is expected to start next fall. Table 1 - Norwegian Exports of Canned Fishery Products by Type, January -October 1963 October 1963 Product moked brisling inoil ...... Smoked brisling in tomato .. . ‘Smoked small sildinoil ........ Smoked small sild in tomato. ..... Insmoked small sildinoil .. 0 'Unsmoked small sild in tomato Kippered herring (Kippers) ackerel Sieh Roe unclassified ..... Soft herring re ..... ish balls... 1. se Other canned fish .... Shellfish ....... Total ee © © © @ o eo © © © © © © ee © © © © January -October 1963 1,941 2,855 14, 069 1,967 22, 665 113, 682 15, 899 Country of Destination Belgium -Luxembourg Ireland n 2 = > — | Q p £ Sonoma eae ones omer = Other countries (e) 102 105 gy 10) 0) erste) le} e) ©) lene) elie: io « 1/Does not include exports of canned shellfish. Notes: (1)Norwegian kroner 7.15 equal US$1. (2)See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 79. The United States was the leading buyer of Norwegian canned fish during January- October 1963, taking 42.2 percent of total ex- ports (excluding shellfish), or 9,668 metric tons valued at N. kroner 50.4 million (US$7.0 million) as compared with 11,186 metric tons valued at N. kroner 58.0 million ($8.1 mil- lion) in the same period of 1962. (Norwegian | Canners Export Journal, January 1964. Rts Es bo 3 3,058 13,959 1,950 22,933 2/Totals are slightly larger than the combined exports of canned fish (excluding shellfish) shown in table 1. 106, 397 14, 879 The fish stick plant which the United States subsidiary has been operating at Mobile, Ala., since 1955, will be moved to New Bedford. Norwegian Frozen Fish, Inc., which handles sales in the United States, will also move its office to the New England port. Frozen fish blocks, the raw material for fish sticks, will be shipped from Norway directly to New Bed- ford. 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Norway (Contd.): In 1963 Norsk Frossenfisk, which sells to 30 countries, distributed 44,500 metric tons of frozen fish products with a gross sales value of some Kr.190 million (US$26.5 mil- lion), as against Kr. 179 million ($25.0 mil- lion) in 1962. The Norwegian firm's biggest market is the United States which bought 12,000 tons of products in 1963. (News of Norway, February 6, 1964.) 2k ok ok ok ANTARCTIC WHALE OIL PRODUCTION, FEBRUARY 8, 1964: Norway's 4 Antarctic whaling expeditions had processed 108,145 barrels of whale oil and 35,205 barrels of sperm oil, or a total of 143,350 barrels, as of February 8, 1964. This was an increase of 10,543 barrels of whale oil and 1,080 barrels of sperm oil over that processed in the same period of the 1962/63 Antarctic season. (News of Norway, February 27, 1964.) Panama FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963: Panama's commercial fishery products in 1963 were valued at nearly US$9 million (since the bulk is exported, the value repre- sents the f.o.b. export value). Less than 10 percent of that value was from sales of some 4 million pounds of fresh fish for domestic consumption. Fig. 1 - Small fish meal plant on Taboga Island, Capacity i 12 tons per hour. Vol. 26, No. 4 The products packed for export were about 13 million pounds of frozen headless shrimp (value f.0.b. was US$8.0 million), 100,000 pounds frozen spiny lobster tails (f.o.b. value $50,000), and 100,000 pounds of scallopmeats (f.0.b. value $45,000). Most of those products were exported to the United States. The year's landings of inedible fish species (thread herring and anchoveta) yielded 1,754 short tons (f.0.b. value $210,480) of fish meal and 44,000 pounds (f.0.b. value $3,080) of fish oil. Fig. 2 - Panamanian sardine fish meal ready for export. Panama's fishery landings for the most part are frozen for export, but some fish are marketed fresh mostly in Panama City andin the Canal Zone. Most of Panama's shrimp production (white, pink, titi, and tiger species) is absorbed by the export market, and in1963 about 10 million pounds of frozen shrimp was exported to the United States. The 1963 shrimp Fig. 3 - Part of the purse-seining fleet at anchor, Taboga Island. April 1964 Panama (Contd.): production was a record one. Practically all of the fish meal produced is sold to other Central American countries and to Germany. Premium prices were reported paid by Ger- many for fish meal produced in Panama. Fig. 4 - Sardine fishing off Punta Chame. Average set yields 30 short tons of fish. Pad Fig. 5 - Herring fishing in the Gulf of Panama. A two-year exploratory program for spiny lobster (Panulirus gracilis), sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) Mission to Panama as an Alliance for Progress program, showed that Panama has the potential of producing 2 million pounds of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 spiny lobsters a year. The AID program in collaboration with the Cooperative for Amer- ican Relief Everywhere (CARE) has helped establish two fishery cooperatives within the past two years. Assistance given by those agencies included fishing dories, a cold-stor- age and freezer plant, and refrigerated de- livery trucks. The program was designed to assist the local provincial fishing industry and to supplement the protein-deficient diet of inhabitants in Panama's interior provinces. em Fig. 6 - Fish-meal plant in Puerto Caimito, with a capacity of 10 tons per hour. During spiny lobster explorations (con- ducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered vessel Pelican) in the fall of 1963, scallop beds were discovered in the Gulf of Panama. Two of Panama's larger fishing firms became active in scallop fishing and in three days fishing produced as much as 30,000 pounds of scallops in the shell. Opin- ions in Panama were that a new fishery could be developed with a potential of possibly 10 million pounds of scallop meats a year. As many as 15 vessels were working the newly discovered scallop grounds by the end of 1963. Catch rates of scallops per vessel were high Fig. 7 - A new 58-foot purse-seiner made in Panama. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Panama (Contd.): and full vessel loads were taken in 2 or 3 days of fishing, working only during daylight hours. The principal market for the scallop meats is the United States. As of early 1964 fishing for scallops had stopped because the selling price was not considered profitable. pe rs mere — Fig. 8 - Two new 60-foot steel shrimp trawlers built in Panama. Fig. 9 - Tuna transferring operation off Taboga Island. Fig. 10 - A new 32-foot steel lobster boat off Panama City. The Asociacion Nacional de la Industria Pesquera was organized in 1963 for the mu- tual benefit of Panama's fishing industry. Because commercial fishermen have con- centrated on the more profitable shrimp fish- Vol. 26, No. 4 ery, the newly-formed Asociacion has made efforts to develop a more diversified Pana- manian commercial fishery in order to re- lieve the strain on the shrimp fishery and pre- vent overfishing of Panama's shrimp grounds. A recommendation made by the Asociacion to the Government of Panama during the year was that a marine terminal be established in- side the Panama Canal Zone under the Pana- manian Government's jurisdiction sq that fishing vessels may enter or leave at any time without restriction. A law was reported being prepared by the Panamanian Govern- ment which would permit the free entry of foreign sardine purse seiners into Panama's territorial waters so that their catches could be sold locally thereby increasing Panama's fish meal and oil production. Due to lack of credit and financing, Panama's fish-meal in- dustry has not been able to move ahead to the same extent as the shrimp industry. --Carlos A. Arosemena Lacayo, President, Asociacion Nacional de la Industria Pesquera Panamena, Panama, R. de Panama Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 78; December 1963 p. 76; July 1963 p. 90. Peru RECORD ANCHOVETA CATCH FORECAST IN 1964: Anchoveta fishing was good in Peru in 1963 and should be ‘even better in 1964. The Director of the Institute of Marine Resources in Peru said that production in 1963 is expected to be about 5 percent above the 1962 level. The key criteria that Institute technicians use for projecting the anchoveta catch and estimating the current state of the fish supply are: (1) size of fish caught--a trend towards smaller fish is un-. favorable; (2) catch per vessel trip; and (3) deaths among the birds that feed on the anchoveta, All three factors are con- sidered favorable this year, It was noted that anchoveta were harder to find during 1963, but the Director of the Institute said this was due largely to oceanographic reasons, and not to any significant decline in numbers, In projecting a good year in 1964, scientists cautioned that longer run forecasts were impossible to make. The an- choveta attain maturity in about two years and, consequently, there is not a ‘‘pipeline’’ of fish which can be counted on for harvest in coming years. Thus, sharp losses of adult fish in one year as a result of unfavorable oceanographic conditions could spell difficulty in the following year. The great danger to the continued availability of the anchoveta supply is that a sharp decline in the fish population as the result of a ‘‘nino’’ (warm water moving into the normally cold currents in which the fish thrive) compounded by inten- sive fishing could so damage the breeding stock that produc- tion would be held down for a number of years. Barring such a combination of circumstances, fishery experts see no immediate threat to the industry stemming from short supplies. April 1964 Peru (Contd.): Still unexplained is the decline in the yield of anchoveta body oil reported recently by a large Peruvian exporter. The firm stated that the anchoveta oil yield in early 1964 was running about 1 percent by weight of fish processed, whereas in the past yields have reached 7 percent by weight. A financial readjustment in the Peruvian fish meal indus- try is taking place, according to an economist with the Insti- tute of Marine Resources. He said that the large, well- financed, efficient producers would undoubtedly survive any transitory difficulties. On the other hand, the marginal producers face serious problems because they are poorly financed and lack efficient equipment. They may lose half of their catch during processing, whereas the major pro- ducers with modern, capital-intensive techniques are able to get a much higher yield. The Institute of Marine Resources is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Na- tions. The anchoveta industry has been the Institute’s pri- mary concern; however this role is changing. FAO techni- cians in Peru are satisfied that the anchoveta industry is through the most critical stages of its growth. The major producers now have resources and ability to develop their own production, processing, and distribution methods, As a result, the FAO focus is shifting. First, on the technical side, the Institute plans to experiment with new fishing tech- niques. The group is also considering the problems of im- proved production, distribution, and increasing fish con- sumption in Peru, particularly in the Sierra region where protein foods are in short supply. (United States Embassy, Lima, January 9, 1964.) Kk Ok ok Ok FISHERIES CATCH OFF IN 1963: The Peruvian fisheries catch during 1963 totaled 6.6 million metric tons, up slightly from the 6.5 million tons caught during 1962, according to the Sociedad Nacional de Pes- queria. The leveling off of fish production in 1963 coupled with the tightening of credit in the fish-meal industry have slowed activity in Peruvian shipyards. Of the 30 shipbuilding firms in the Callao area, some 70 percent are said to be idle. The size of anchoveta caught out of the port of Chimbote has been declining recently. The Institute of Marine Resources in Peru is considering the possibility that this may be an indication of overfishing. Accordingly, if the trend at Chimbote continues and is sub- stantiated by reports from other ports, it may be an indication that the anchoveta catch can- not be sustained much above present levels. (United States Embassy, Lima, February 13, 1964.) * Ok Kk PERUVIAN FACILITIES OF UNITED STATES FISHERY FIRM TO BE EXTENDED: A United States firm is expected to invest about US$3 million 'to expand its fish meal and canned fish facilities in Peru, according to COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Tal an announcement on January 17, 1964, of the Peruvian Minister of Finance and Commerce. The Peruvian Government has approved the new investment of the United States company which is becoming a leading firm in Peru's fishing industry. (United States Embassy, Lima, January 29, 1964.) Ga Poland FISHING BASE REPORTED PLANNED IN CANARY ISLANDS: A base for Polish fishing vessels operating off the West African coast was to be opened in February 1964 at Las Palmas in the Ca- nary Islands, according to an article in the Polish periodical Kurier Szczecinski of De- cember 18, 1963. No details were given on the base except that initially it will contain cold-storage facilities for 400 metric tons of fish, with an expanded capacity to 1,500 tons by July 1964. Observations drawn from this article are that the opening of this base will permit a considerable expansion of Poland's mid-At- lantic fishing operations. The Polish press has been advocating the promotion of a larger and more competitive Polish fishing fleet. It has stressed that if Poland's fishery produc~- tion goals are to be met, new fishing grounds will have to be fished and a modern fleet built to operate in long distance waters. (United States Consulate, Poznan, January 13, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 83. Portugal FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY 1964: The Portuguese Government ban on trawl- ing for shellfish has been lifted in most areas, although the prohibition still applies inside a six-mile coastal zone. In addition to opening new fields to fishermen, this might lower Por- tuguese shellfish prices which have been high- er than those in either Spain or France. (Unit- ed States Embassy, Lisbon, February 1, 1964.) kook ok ok Ok NEW FREEZER-TRAWLERS PLANNED: The construction of five stern trawlers equipped for freezing fish at sea is planned 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Portugal (Contd.): by Portuguese shipbuilding firms. The ves- sels of German design will have a length of 53 meters (174 feet) between perpendiculars. Three of the new trawlers will be built at Viana do Castelo and the other two at Monde- go. State financial assistance and credit fa- cilities have been extended for the construc- tion of the vessels which may work in Afri- can waters off Angola. Other vessel construction includes that of the Fisheries Society of Aveiro which is con- structing two large trawlers, 80 meters (262 feet) in length, for the cod fishery in the Northwest Atlantic. (Puntal-Revista Mari- tima y Pesquera, October 1963.) Rumania ANOTHER STERN TRAWLER ORDERED FROM JAPAN: The construction of a 3,500-ton stern trawler ordered by Rumania is expected to be completed shortly. The trawler is being built at a shipyard in Osaka, Japan. Accord- ing to an earlier press report, Rumania placed orders for two similar stern trawlers with Japan, one of which was to be delivered in December 1963 and the other some time during 1964. (Minato Shimbun, January 26, 1964, and other sources. Sen. HARBOR AND PROCESSING FACILITIES IMPROVED: A modernization program is being con- ducted at the harbor of St. Pierre, a French possession located in the Northwest Atlantic south of Newfoundland. A dike will be built to protect the harbor, and a new pier will be constructed which will provide 86,000 square feet of working space. A new freezing plant, and a new fish-meal plant will be erected on the pier. St. Pierre The new pier will allow the docking of ves- sels which have a draft of 18 feet. Traffic in the harbor declined from 1,116 vessels (488,015 gross tonnage) in 1961 to 847 ves- sels (346,868 gross tonnage) in 1963. Vessels Vol. 26, No. 4 stopping at the harbor are mainly fishing ves- sels. Many Spanish vessels call at St. Pierre. At present, one local fishery firm (partly owned by the Government) is active at St. Pierre. It owns a small fishing fleet which is locally outfitted. The concern operates (1) a freezing plant which is able to process whole fish or fish fillets, (2) a fish meal unit for processing fish scrap, (3) a fleet of five trawlers which catch bottomfish, and (4) an ice-making plant. The firm's output in recent years has been broken down as follows: Frozen Products | Fish Meal Those products are sold partly to France and partly to the United States. —— __ Pe areas tmz Sudan SOVIET FISHERY TECHNICIANS COMPLETE SURVEY OF RED SEA WATERS: Some 27 Soviet fishery technicians who had been surveying commercial fisheries pros- pects in the Sudan's Red Sea territorial wa- ters since June 1963, completed their assign- ment by January 1964 when they were sched- uled to return to the Soviet Union. Their re- port was to be submitted to the Sudanese in April 1964. A second group of 13 Soviet fisheries spe- cialists which arrived in Sudan in August 1963, for a survey on White Nile fisheries prospects was reported to still be in that country at the beginning of this year. (United States Embas- sy, Khartoum, January 19, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1963 p. 98.. Sweden WITHDRAWAL FROM INTERNATIONAL WHALING CONVENTION: On December 18, 1963, Sweden gave notice that effective June 30, 1964, it would withdraw from the International Whaling Convention. Established in 1948, the Convention was de- signed to preserve the dwindling whale stocks April 1964 Sweden (Contd.): through scientific study and regulation of catches. (The U. S. Department of State Bul- letin, January 27, 1964.) Tanganyika FISHERY RESOURCES SURVEYED BY JAPANESE: The marine fisheries of Tanganyika are very primitive, with fishing restricted main- ly to canoe-type operations, according to a Japanese survey of the fisheries of that coun- try. The Japan Overseas Fisheries Associa- tion (government-sponsored organization) met on January 21 at Tokyo to report on the find- ings of the survey group the Association sent to Tanganyika in October 1963. Thus, the burden of developing a joint fishery enter- prise, as well as marketing outlets, in that country will fall almost wholly on Japan, and will require large capitalization and close guidance. In establishing a fisheries enter- prise in that country, adequate assurances of protection from the governments of Japanand Tanganyika should first be obtained, accord- ing to the Association. As for marine fishery resources off Tan- ganyika, the nearby waters appear to abound in such species as sea bream, barracuda, Spanish mackerel, mullet, and lobster, while the offshore waters abound in spearfish, yel- lowfin tuna, and albacore tuna. Also, Tan- ganyika has a number of good ports, which include Dar es Salaam. (Suisan Keizai Shim- bun, January 22, 1964.) U.S. S.R. FISHERY PLANS FOR 1964: According to an announcement in a Soviet periodical dated December 31, 1963, the So- viet Union in 1964 plans to: (1) send several motherships accompanied by 50 fishing ves- sels to the tuna and mackerel fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea area; (2) fishonacommer- cial scale for mackerel in the East China Sea by using fishing vessels equipped with large purse Seines; (3) operate in the Bering Sea four large refrigerated trawlers, which will fish at depths of about 328-383 fathoms (those COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 trawlers were reported to have left for the fishing grounds in December 1963); (4) fish with purse sSeines for herring in the waters off Iceland; and (5) cooperate with the fishing fleets of Poland and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in developing the deep-sea fishing grounds in the Northwest At- lantic Ocean. (Suisancho Nippo, January 17, 1964.) Stelle: Sig) Kel sk CONSTRUCTION STARTED OF NINTH FACTORYSHIP: The Soviet Union is reported to have start- ed the construction of a very large factoryship at the Leningrad Admiralty Shipyard. Thatves- sel will be the ninth factoryship, and the larg- est of its kind, to be built at that shipyard. The eighth factoryship being built at the Leningrad Shipyard is scheduled to be completed and placed in operation some time in 1964. Some Russian king crab factoryship Andrei Zakharov. of the other Soviet factoryships built at the Leningrad Shipyard are the Andrei Zakharov, Evengnii Nikishin, and the Aleksander Obukhov in the 15,000-ton range. (Suisancho Nippo, January 18, 1964.) SOVIET VESSELS BEING BUILT IN JAPAN: The construction of 20 fishing vessels by Japan for the Soviet Union was referred to in the Japan-U.S.S.R. Trade and Payments Agree- ment for 1963-1965 signed February 5, 1963, in Tokyo. By February 1964, contracts for the construction of 13 of the vessels had been re- ported as follows: Five tuna vessels for the Soviet Union will be built in a shipyard at Mukaishima under a May 1963 contract. Specifications call for 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW U.S. S. R. (Contd.): each vessél to have a deadweight tonnage of 2,850 tons and a price of US$3.5 million. Eight fish factoryships for the Soviet Union will be built in a shipyard at Yokohama under a June 1963 contract. Specifications call for each vessel to have a deadweight tonnage of 10,000 tons and a price of $7.55 million. Payment terms for the vessels were re- ported to be 30 percent down, with the bal- ance payable in semiannual installments over 53 years commencing on delivery with an an- nual interest rate of 4 percent. According to the Japan-U. 8. 8S. R. 1964 trade Protocol which was signed February 10, 1964, in Tokyo, and which revises the 1964 trade targets originally set in the basic Trade and Payments Agreement, 3 tuna moth- erships will be delivered to the Soviets in 1964, to be followed by 2 tuna motherships and 3 other vessels for the Soviet fishing fleet in 1965, and 5 vessels in 1966. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, February 14, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 112. SOVIET INTERFERENCE WITH DANISH FISHING OPERATIONS CLAIMED: Damage to Danish salmon fishing gear by Russian vessels has been claimed by the Di- rector of a Copenhagen export firm which has 35 salmon cutters fishing in the Eastern Baltic Sea, according to newspaper reports. Two Russian vessels were said to have cut light buoys from Danish gear on January 30, 1964. A Danish cutter reported the registra- tion numbers of the vessels said to be in- volved. A protest will be filed with the Dan- ish Fisheries Ministry. An earlier protest by fishermen and request for diplomatic ac- tion could not be handled by the Ministry be- cause of insufficient evidence. The Soviet authorities are reported to re- quire, among other things, the exact time of the alleged action, positive identification of the vessel, and its exact position. Since the Danish cutters fish as much as 25-30 kilo- meters (15.5-18.6 miles) of long-line gear, such evidence often is difficult to obtain. In the past, there have been cases of com- pensation for gear damage by the Soviet Union, but conclusive evidence was required. In Vol. 26, No. 4 most cases submitted to the Danish Fisheries Ministry, the Danish cutters have been unable to provide such evidence. There also isa possibility that, in some instances, the Danish cutters have been close to the Soviet fishery limits. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Eu- rope, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, February 5, 1964.) OK KK OK SALMON FARMING IN LATVIA: Success in rearing salmon in man-made pools and reservoirs is claimed by fishery scientists at the Tome fish-breeding plant in Latvia. They point out that an appropriate in- expensive fish feed would be needed to expand the salmon-rearing project to a commercial scale. A fish food that is close to natural feeds in chemical composition has been de- veloped by the Baltic Fish-Breeding Research Institute in Riga. The Latvian scientists say that artificial feeding sharply reduces the time young salmon must spend in inland wa- ters. Under natural conditions, the fry hatch- ed in Baltic streams require 2 years to grow big enough to leave the rivers for the sea, but artificial feeding is said to reduce this period to 10 months. Latvia plans to expand their fish-farming program by building another breeding plant on the River Salats, which empties into the Bay of Riga.; (The Fishing News, January 17, 1964.) CODERS ESSE ENS SIBERIAN FRESH-WATER FISHERIES: There is some concern among the Soviet Union's Siberian fishermen that the proposed construction of the Angara-Yenisei hydroelec- tric power project in Central Siberia may ad- versely affect fish populations in the Yenisei River which has been an abundant source for whitefish, sturgeon, and other species. To this, the Assistant Director of the Siberian Branch of the Federal Scientific Research In- stitute for Fisheries said the hydroelectric power project could only improve that fishery without any detriment to the resource. Construction of the hydroelectric power plant will result in large reservoirs which will serve as fish farms. One of the reser- voirs that will be formed will be about 240 miles long and cover an area of more than 500,000 acres with an average depth of 40 feet and a maximum of 115 feet. Reservoirs that April 1964 U.S. S. R. (Contd.): will be created after construction of the dam will be favorable for fish as there will be plenty of oxygen and food. It is believed that the loss of some of the Yenisei River fish, because of their migration to tributaries, would be compensated by populating the res- ervoirs with other fresh-water fish including species similar to those now indigenous to the Yenisei. The ''newcomers'' to the reser- voirs, it is anticipated, will account for 53 percent of the annual catch from the reser- voirs, or about 1,800 metric tons. To conserve the fish resource in the Yeni- Sei until the reservoirs are filled in, it is proposed to prohibit fishing of the valuable food species for three years. The ban will cover sturgeon, graylings, and other species considered of higher value, as well as pike which are taken by seine nets. Several species which spawn in the au- tumn may be unable to propagate because of decreased water levels caused by constant needs of the hydroelectric plant and decreased water supply during winter months. Those species will be cultivated on a fish farm, which will be built near the city of Abakan in the upper reaches of the Yenisei. The fish farm will raise about 160 million fry annual- ly. Similar measures will be taken, depend- ing on local conditions, in other reservoirs formed by the Angara-Yenisei hydroelectric power project. Those projects are expected to bring about a much greater fish production in the Yenisei and Angara by 1980. (Trade News, November - Deconber 1963.) United Kingdom FISHERY LOANS INTEREST RATES REVISED: The British White Fish Authority an- nounced that, as a result of changes in the rates of interest charged to them, their own rates on advances made from December 7, 1963, for fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet, and new engines, nets, and gear would be as follows: on loans for not more than five years, 5¢ percent (increase ¢ per- cent); on loans for more than 5 years but not more than 10 years, 5f percent (increase + percent); on loans for more than 10 years but not more than 15 years, 54 percent (in- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 crease + percent); and on loans for more than 15 years but not more than 20 years, 6 per- cent (increase ¢percent). (Fish Trades Ga- zette, December 21, 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 72. KOK OK OK OK BRITISH INTRODUCE NEW RESERVE AUCTION FIRST SALES PRICES FOR FISH LANDINGS: A new schedule of reserve auction prices for first sales of fresh fish landed by British trawlers in England and Wales was introduced by the British Trawlers Federation (BTF) for the year starting February 3, 1964, Although the re- 3erve prices of various individual species have been ad- justed, this is the first general revision since 1957, Re- serve prices of certain species have remained unchanged since 1950, The BTF pointed out that despite heavy increases in costs during the past seven years and the growing scarcity of fish, increases have been limited over-all to less than one-half pence (0.58 U.S. cent) a pound. The Federation said that reserve prices remain well below average costs of produc- tion and are in existence so as to limit those fluctuations in first sales prices which benefit neither the producer nor the consumer. The Federation felt that actual average prices paid are generally well above their respective reserve prices and it is unlikely that dockside prices will rise as a result of this revision by as much as one-half pence a pound, and that there is no reason for the consumer to expect any significant increase in prices at the retail level. For the principal species such as cod and haddock, the year is divided, as in 1963, into three periods with a re- serve price applied to each, But the summer period for 1964, when reserve prices are at their lowest, has been ex- tended to the end of August. The autumn and winter period, when reserve prices are at their seasonal highest, has been shortened correspondingly. Further, the reserve prices of cod and haddock are unchanged during this period because, as occurred in 1963, small cod has its own reserve price which is well below the price of other cod, The favorable treatment accorded small cod is designed to eliminate tem- porary gluts and provide stocks of frozen fish in midwinter when landings are usually light. It was explained that many of the other revisions were made because reserve prices were out of line with market conditions. An example cited was the price increase for Dover sole to 1 shilling 6-pence a pound (about 21 U.S. cents). In 1962thatspecies' average price was 3 shillings (42 U.S. cents), but the new reserve price is only about one- half as much, Trawler owners were of the opinion that some increase in the price of Dover sole was necessary consider- ing the very low level to which first sales prices dropped in the first four months of 1963. They pointed out, however, that prices at retail had not dropped during that period. At that time, unusually good weather increased landings by 155 percent but only 36 percent more money was received for the fish. To prevent uneconomic fluctuations of that type, reserve prices of other principal species have been brought up to date. In announcing the increase in reserve prices, the Feder- ation’s president said that it was very difficult to wholly offset the effects of rising costs, lower landings, and a sys- tem of fish marketing which permits a degree of price fluc- tuation that is detrimental to the fish producers and is, at best, of no benefit to consumers. It was pointed out that evidence of the plight of the British trawling industry is the fact that arrears on repayments of loans from the White Fish Authority now amount to#£1.3 million (US$3.6 million). He added that ‘‘In the circumstances, therefore, the in- 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW United Kingdom (Contd.): creases in reserve prices are modest. It cannot be pre- tended that they alone will put the industry right, but they should bring about a more realistic structure of fish prices and also bring these into a better relationship with costs...”’ (Fishing News, January 10, 1964.) NEW FREEZER-TRAWLER LAUNCHED: The Ross Valiant, a new stern trawler de- signed to freeze fish at sea, was launched at Selby, England, on January 30, 1964. The vessel, which is scheduled for completion in July 1964, is the first of two similar freezer- trawlers ordered by a large British fishing company. The Ross Valiant will be able to store 400 tons of frozen fish at -20° F. Be- fore being placed in cold storage, fish will be gutted, washed, and then frozen (as whole fish) in 100-pound blocks. (A special thawing unit for the fish blocks was recently installed by the owner of the Ross Valiant at a filleting, plant onshore.) The Ross Valiant carries 10 plate freezers with a combined daily freezing capacity of 35 tons. Launching of the new freezer-trawler Ross Valiant at Selby, England. Vol. 26, No. 4 The dimensions of the vessel are: length over-all 226'6"', length between perpendicu- lars 190'0"'; moulded breadth 36'6'"'; moulded depth at main deck 17'0"; depth at upper deck 24'6. The vessel is driven by a Diesel-electric power system. Diesel power is provided by three 8-cylinder pressure-charged and inter- cooled engines. Each engine develops 1,135 b.hp., at 1,000 r.p.m. and drives a 445 kw., d.c. generator; 200 kw. (250 kVA) alternators are flexibly coupled in tandem to each gen- erator. Intercoupled onthe constant current loop system, the three generators provide power for two 825-b.hp. propulsion motors which, running at 1,000 r.p.m., provide a propeller shaft speed of 175 r.p.m. (maxi- mum) through a reduction gearbox. The vessel is equipped with an electric trawl winch, having two main drums, each with a capacity of 1,500 fathoms of 3g" circ. warp, and two warping drums, each with a ca- pacity of 150 fathoms of 24"' circ. warp. Pow- er is providedby.a winch motor developing 300 b.hp. at 650 r.p.m. The owner of the Ross Valiant is one of Britain's largest integrated fishing compa- nies. The Ross Valiant was the 39th trawler launched at Selby for the company since 1955 and the 6th distant-water vessel within the last 24 years. BRITISH FREEZING EQUIPMENT ORDERED FOR KOREAN FISH-FACTORYSHIP: A British firm in early 1964 was scheduled to supply 28 vertical-plate freezers for a fish- factoryship (7,000 deadweight tons) under con- struction in Holland for Koreaninterests. The order will provide the vessel with a freezing capacity of 100 tons of whole-fish blocks every 24 hours. (Press release, Ross group, Grimsby, January 24, 1964.) April 1964 z Department of Commerce BUREAU OF THE CENSUS ECONOMIC CENSUS OF COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY PLANNED: census covering the economic status of the commercial fishing industry in 1963 is planned by the Bureau of the Census of the U. S. Department of Commerce. Collection plans and questionnaires are being developed in close cooperation with the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries of the U. S. Department of the Interior. A census of commercial fisheries was last conducted by the U. S. Bureau of the Census in 1908. Since that time, commercial fishery statistics have been compiled mainly by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior and its predecessor, the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Commerce. Annual statistical digests are published by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Tentative plans for the 1963 economic cen- sus include the collection of data on number and location of commercial fishing establish- ments, number of employees by months, annual payroll, receipts for landed catch, other busi- ness receipts, andnumber of boats and vessels by size. Mailing lists willbe assembled with the cooperation of the Social Security Admin- istration and the Internal Revenue Service. The mail canvass, which will cover estab- lishments with one or more employees, will be supplemented by a50-percent sample of income tax returns for commercial fisher - men withno employees. The ''no employee" group is believed to account for a substan- tial portion of the annual value of fishery products. The basic reporting unit in an economic census is the establishment as defined in the 1957 Standard Industrial Classification Manu- al of the Bureauof the Census. The mobility of commercial fishing operations suggests that problems may be encountered in defin- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW EDERAL ACTIONS 77 ing establishments, particularly for multiple- operation companies. It is anticipated that a discussion of such problems with repre- sentative companies, as well as a protest of the data items, will be among the necessary steps preliminary to the actual canvass. (Statistical Reporter, Bureau of the Budget, February 1964.) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AMENDMENT REQUESTED IN STANDARD OF IDENTITY FOR CANNED TUNA: Notice was given in the Federal Register, February 6, 1964, that a petition has been — filed with the U. S. Food and Drug Adminis - tration proposing that the standard of identity for canned tuna (21 CFR 37.1) be amended to list sodium acid pyrophosphate in a quantity not to exceed 0.15-gram per ounce net weight of the canned tuna as an optional ingredient for inhibiting the development of struvite crys- tals in the food. The petition proposes that the paragraph of the standard in which option- al ingredients are designated for label decla- ration be amended to provide that when sodi- um acid pyrophosphate is added the label shall bear the statement 'pyrophosphate added" or "with added pyrophosphate." All interested persons were invited tosub- mit their views in writing regarding the pro- posal by March 7, 1964. KOK OOK OOK °K PUBLIC HEARING ON STANDARDS OF IDEN- TITY FOR FROZEN RAW BREADED SHRIMP: As previously announced, a public hearing on proposed standards for ''frozen raw bread- ed shrimp" and ''frozen raw lightly breaded shrimp" was held by the U. S. Food and Drug 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Administration. The hearing began on Febru- ary 17, 1964, in Washington, D. C. Persons having expert knowledge of what consumers may expect in commercialbread- ed shrimp products were urged to participate. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1964 p. 88. CHARGE FOR LESS-THAN-CARLOAD SHIPMENTS APPROVED: The U. S. Interstate Commerce Commis- sion voted not to suspend or investigate the railway express tariffs providing for an ad- ditional charge of 25 cents per shipment on all less-than-carload shipments of one or more packages. The increase became effective January 27, 1964. (National Fisheries Insti- tute Flashes, February 7, 1964.) Small Business Administration ASSISTANCE FOR ECONOMIC INJURY SUFFERED BY GREAT LAKES FISHERY FIRMS: Notice (Declaration No. 1) was published in the Federal Register (page 2713), February 26, 1964, that the U. S. Small Business Ad- ministration will receive applications for dis- aster assistance from small business concerns which have suffered substantial economic in- jury as a result of the drastic reduction in consumption of smoked fishery products from the Great Lakes area. Financial assistance, if found to be neces- sary or appropriate, will be extended tosmall business concerns determined by the Small Business Administration to have suffered sub- stantial economic injury. No applications un- der this Declaration shall be accepted sub- sequent to August 31, 1964. The notice as it appeared in the Federal Register follows: SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRA- TION [Declaration No. 1] SMOKED FISH FROM GREAT LAKES AREA Vol. 26, No. 4 Diseased Products Disaster Whereas, many small business firms are engaged in catching, processing and selling fish from the Great Lakes area; and Whereas, the Food and Drug Admin- istration on October 25, 1963, issued a statement warning the public of botu- lism in smoked fish from the Great Lakes area; and this warning was followed by a drastic reduction in consumption re- sulting in substantial economic injury to the Great Lakes fishing industry and to processors, distributors and retailers of smoked fish from the Great Lakes area; and Whereas, the cause of the botulism was not known; Now, therefore, as Administrator of the Small Business Administration, I hereby declare that the foregoing cir- cumstances constitute a disaster within the meaning of section 7(b) (4) (Pub. Law 88-264) of the Small Business Act, as amended. Applications for disaster assistance will be received from small business concerns which have suffered substantial economic injury as a re- sult thereof. Financial assistance, if found to be necessary or appropriate, will be extended to small business concerns determined by Small Business Admin- istration to have suffered substantial economic injury as a result of this dis- aster. No applications under this Dec- laration shall be accepted subsequent to August 31, 1964. EuGENE P. FOLEy, Administrator. Fesrvuary 6, 1964. ut Bus, ia >| ) fe py, hs IsTMe <4 Vepartment of the Treasury BUREAU OF CUSTOMS GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORT TARIFF-RATE QUOTA FOR 1964: The reduced-tariff-rate import quota on fresh and frozen groundfish (cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and ocean perch) fillets and steaks for calendar year 1964 is 24,861,670 pounds, the Bureau of Customs announced in the February 6, 1964, Federal Register. Divided into quarterly quotas this means that 6,215,418 pounds of groundfish fillets and steaks during each quarter of 1964 may be imported at the 1-7/8 cents - per-pound rate of duty and any imports over the quarterly quota will be dutiable at the rate of 2-1/2 cents a pound. The reduced-rate import quota for 1964 is 0.3 percent less than the 1963 quota of 24,874,871 pounds, From 1951 to 1960 the quantity of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets permitted to enter the United States at the reduced rate of duty of 1-7/8 cents a pound had increased 24,7 percent, but in 1961 the trend was reversed significantly for the first time because in 1960 frozen fish fillet blocks with bits and pieces were no longer dutiable under the Tariff category of ‘frozen groundfish fillets,’’ A further decline took place in 1963 and in 1964 the quota is only slightly lower than the pre- vious year. Average aggregate apparent annual consumption in the United States of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets and steaks (including the fillet blocks and slabs used in the man- April 1964 Reduced=Tariff-Rate Import Quota for Fresh and Frozen Groundfish Fillets, 1954-1964 ufacture of fish sticks, but excluding fish blocks since Sep> tember 15, 1959, and blocks of fish bits) for the three years (1961-63) preceding 1964 was 165,744,467 pounds, calculated in accordance with headnote 1, Part 3A, Schedule 1, under item 110.50, of the Tariff Schedules of the United States. This was far below the consumption of 217,337,633 pounds in 1958-60 and 243,554,480 pounds for 1957-59, Kok Ok KOK IMPORTS OF "HERRING SALAD" DUTIABLE AT 20 PERCENT AD VALOREM: "Herring salad"--a product consisting of pickled herring, mayonnaise, pickles, car- rots, onions, celery, and peas--has been classified by the U. S. Bureau of Customs under the provision for ''Edible preparations, not specially provided for. ..: Other (duti- able at 20 percent ad valorem), item 182.91, Tariff Schedules of the United States. The decision was contained in a Bureau of Cus- toms letter dated December 26, 1963. (Treas- ury Decisions, vol. 99, no. 3, January 16, 1964.) Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolutions which may di- rectly or indirectly affect the fisheries and allied industries are reported , upon. Introduction, refferal to committees, pertinent leg- islative actions by the House and Senate, as well as signa- ture into law or other final disposition are covered. D COMMERCIAL FISHERIES FUND: On March 3-4, 1964, the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife of the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisher- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 ies held a hearing on 8. 627, and related bills, to pro- mote State commercial fisheries research and de- velopment projects. Testimony was received from Senator Hart; Congressman Rivers of Alaska; Congress-~ man St. Onge; Congressman Bennett; the Director of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; and public witnesses. The statement presented to the Subcommittee on H. R. 7710 (identical to S. 627) by Congressman St. Onge was inserted by him in the Congressional Record (Appendix pages A1112-1113), Mar. 4, 1964. The statement by Congressman Bennett describing the Great Lakes fisher- ies and their need for assistance was inserted by him in the Congressional Record (Appendix pages A1139- 1140), March 5, 64. On March 16, 1964, the House received a memorial of the Legislature of the State of Alaska, memorializing the President and the Congress of the United States to take favorable action on S. 627. CONSERVATION OF MARINE FISHERIES RE- SOURCES: The House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries held hearings on February 20, 25, and 26, 1964, on S. 1988, and related bills, to prohibit fish- ing in the territorial waters of the United States and in certain other areas by persons other than,nationals or inhabitants of the United States. Testimony was re- ceived from Congressman Rivers of Alaska; the Special Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department of State; the Director of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; the Commandant of the Coast Guard; and public witnesses. Also introduced in the House were H. R. 10028 (Wilson) on Feb. 19, 1964 and H. R. 10040 (Hagen) on Feb. 20, 1964; both similar to S. 1988; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. A statement by Congressman Wilson discussing the need for such legislation appeared in the Feb. 19, 1964, Con- gressional Record (page 3053). Senator Gruening inserted in the Feb. 25, 1964, Con- gressional Record (pages 3340-3342), a statement by Senator Bartlett before the House Committee on Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries on Feb. 19, 1964, concern- ing the need for S. 1988. In the statement, Senator Bartlett also supported the establishment of a 12-mile fisheries limit. The Senate Committee on Commerce met in execu- tive session on March 3, 1964, to discuss certain prob- lems relating to the Continental Shelf and territorial sea with officials of the Department of State, the Coast Guard, and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, De- partment of the Interior. FISHERMEN'S FINANCIAL AID FOR ECONOMIC DISLOCATION: . H. R. 10087 (Cederberg) introduced in House Feb. 25, 1964, to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to make payments to reestablish the pur- chasing power of American fishermen suffering tempo- rary economic dislocation; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. FISHERY CONSERVATION IN ALASKA: On March 12, 1964, Senator Gruening inserted in the Congression- al Record (pages 4873-4874), a resolution of the Alaska State Legislature, relating to the fishery conservation and propagation contributions of the U. S. Army in Alaska. FOOD-FOR-PEACE, AND FISH: On February 27, 1964, the Subcommittee on Foreign Agricultural Opera- 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW tions of the House Committee on Agriculture held a hearing on the implementation of the amendment made to the Mutual Security Act (P. L. 88-205) which makes fish eligible for export under P. L. 480 (83d Cong.) Testimony was received from Congressmen Tupper and McIntire; and public witnesses. IMPORT COMMODITY LABELING: On March 4, 1964, during Senate consideration of H. R. 6196, a bill to encourage increased cotton consumption, maintain income of cotton producers, and provide research pro- grams to lower production costs, Senator Miller sub- mitted an amendment (No. 463) to the bill and stated, "this amendment is designed to require the labeling of imported meat, poultry, and fish, or any products there- from, So that the purchaser, whether the wholesaler or the consumer, will know that such items have been im- ported into the United States or have not been produced in the United States.'' (Congressional Record, page 4217, Mar. 4, 1964.) On March 6, 1964, by a vote of 34 yeas to 55 nays, the Senate rejected Senator Miller's Amendment (as modified by acceptance of Senator Mag- nuson's Amendment thereto to include imported lumber). INDIAN FISHING RIGHTS: On March 3, 1964, Con- gressman Westland addressed the House on the subject of Indian fishing rights in Washington State (Congres - sional Record, page 4078). INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS FY 1965- Department of the Interior an elate gencies Appropriations for ‘1965 (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Commit- tee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), 1744 pp., printed. Contains hearings held on Department of the Interior programs and budget estimates for fiscal year 1965. On March 13, 1964, the House Committee on Appro- priations met in executive session and ordered report- ed favorably to the House without amendment H. R. 10433, a bill making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965, and for other purposes. Included are funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service, its two bureaus--Commercial Fisheries and Sport Fisheries and Wildlife--and the Office of the Commissioner. H. Rept. 1237, Department of the Interior and Re- lated Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1965 (March 13, 1964, report from the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, toaccom- pany H. R. 10433), 45 pp., printed. The Committee recommended $73,021,600 for the Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice for FY 1965, compared with budget estimates for FY 1965 of $74,524,000 and 1964 appropriations of $71,564,300. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries por- tion for FY 1965 is $23,587,900 (against 1965 budget estimates of $26,495,000 and 1964 appropriations of $23,985,900); the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild- life portion for FY 1965 is $49,008,700 (against 1965 budget estimates of $47,636,000 and 1964 appropria- tions of $47,192,400); and the amount for the Office of the Commissioner in FY 1965 is $425,000 (against 1965 budget estimates of $393,000 and 1964 appropriations of $386,000). The House by a voice vote on March 17, 1964, passed H.R. 10433. On Feb. 27, 1964, the Senate Committee on Appropri- ations continued hearings on fiscal 1965 budget esti- mates for the Department of the Interior, andrelated agen- cies, receiving testimony from the Commissioner of the Vol. 26, No. 4 Fish and Wildlife Service, the Director of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, andthe Director of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELINSPECTION: S. 2552 (Magnuson) introduced in Senate Feb. 26, 1964, _ to exempt oceanographic research vessels from theap- plication of certain vessel inspection laws, and for other purposes; referred to the Committee on Commerce. In- troducing the bill, Senator Magnuson spoke from the floor of the Senate (Congressional Record, page 3589. Feb. 26, 1964) stating that the bill had been prepared after consultation with the Coast Guard, and after ex- tensive discussions with members of the Research Ves- sel Operators Council, representing oceanographic in- stitutions operating oceangoing vessels. Excerpts from a statement prepared by the Council in justification of the proposed legislation were quoted by Senator Magnu- son, in part, as follows: '"'. . . At the present time re- search vessels, other than those operated as public ves- sels, are inspected and certificated by the Coast Guard under regulations established for merchant cargo and passenger vessels.... The fact that research vessels are considered within the scope of merchant vessels results in a situation which is complicated and confus- ing... . The mission of a research vessel is neither military nor commercial, but it is a special service which requires separate rules and regulations if the ves- sel is to be the effective instrument demanded by the substantial national investment in the marine sciences.' Senator Magnuson emphasized that the bill was not in- tended to alter safety regulations. H. R. 10441 (Keith) introduced in House March 16, 1964, similar to S. 2552; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. OCEANOGRAPHY: Senator Bartlett spoke from the floor of the Senate on Feb. 21, 1964, describing oceano- graphic work of the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Northwind in the fall of 1963 during a cruise which extended into the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea (Congressional Record, page 3202, Feb. 21, 1964). Two newspaper articles describing some of the po- tential benefits from oceanographic research were in- serted by Congressman King in the March 3, 1964, Con- gressional Record (Appendix pages A1057-1058). A paper titled ''Oceanic Research and Public Policy" delivered to the Governor's conference on ''California and the World Oceans" in Los Angeles, Calif., Jan. 31, 1964, by a technical assistant to the Director, Office of Science and Technology, Office of the President, was in- serted by Congressman Miller in the March 5, 1964, Congressional Record (Appendix pages A1132-1136). Included is a statement of the national oceanographic plan budget by actual Federal expenditures (by Agen- cy) in fiscal year 1963, estimated expenditures in fis- cal year 1964, and proposed expenditures in the Presi- dent's budget for fiscal year 1965. A newspaper article discussing some of the benefits which may be gained by oceanographic research was inserted by Congressman Wilson in the March 17, 1964 Congressional Record (Appendix page A1379). PACIFIC ISLANDS TRUST TERRITORY DEVELOP- MENT: The Subcommittee on Territories and Insular Affairs of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs held hearings Feb. 28, 1964, on H. R. 3198, to promote the economic and social development of the April 1964 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and for other purposes. The hearings were adjourned subject to call. PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT: H. R. 10179 (McIntire) and H. R. 10180 (Tupper) introduced in House Feb. 27, 1964, to authorize the international Passamaquoddy tidal power project, including hydro- electric power development of the upper Saint John River, and for other purposes; referred to Committee on Foreign Affairs. PESTICIDES: Interagency Coordination in Environ- mental Hazards (Pestintdes} (Hearings before the Sub- committee on Reorganization and International Organi- zations of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 1st Session), Part 1, 390 pp., printed. Contains hearings held May 16, 22, 23 and June 4, 25, 1963, pursuant to S. Res. 27, 88th Congress, as amended. Included are statements from Federal officials, chemical industry representatives, and other public witnesses. The exhibits introduced at the hearings included several references to the effects of pesticides on fishery resources. On Feb. 21, 1964, the Senate received Ex. Rept. No. 6, a favorable report from the Committee on Foreign Re- lations, on Executive C (88th Congress, 1st Session), Amendments of the International Convention for the Pre- vention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, adopted by — a Conference of Contracting Governments convened at London on April 11, 1962. POLLUTION OF SEA BY OIL TREATY AMENDMENTS On Feb. 25, 1964, Executive C. was read for the second time in the Senate ongressional Record, pages 3352-3354) and ratified by a unanimous vote of 88 yeas. No House action required. PRICE-QUALITY STABILIZATION: On Feb. 19, 1964, the Subcomittee on Quality Stabilization of the Senate Committee on Commerce concluded its hearings on S. 774, to amend the Federal Trade Commission Act, to promote quality and price stabilization, to define and restrain certain unfair methods of distribution, and to confirm, define, and equalize the rights of producers and resellers in the distribution of goods identified by distinguishing brands, names, jor trademarks, and for other purposes. On March 11, 1964, the bill was favor- ably reported, with amendment, to the full Committee by the Subcommittee on Quality Stabilization. RESEARCH PROGRAMS: H. Rept. No. 1143, Federal Research and Development Programs (Feb. 17, 1964, First Progress Report of the Select Committee on Gov- ernment Research, House of Representatives, 88th Con- gress, 2nd Session), 19 pp., printed. Contains (1) an overview of research and development; (2) summary of activities and investigative resources; (3)areas of com- mittee inquiry (administration of research and develop- ment projects; facilities for research and development; COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 fiscal and contractual policies and procedures; impact of government research, student assistance in higher education; interagency coordination of research and de- velopment projects; statistical review of government research and development; documentation, dissemina- tion, and use of research and development results; man- power for research and development; and national goals and policies); (4) preliminary research and development checklist; and appendix. TRANSPORTATION AMENDMENTS OF 1963: Trans- portation Act Amendments -- earings before the _ Surface Transportation Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 88th Congress, Ist Session), Part 1 and Part 2, 1079 pp., printed. Con- tains hearings held on various dates in May, June, September, and October 1963, on S. 1061, a bill to ex- empt certain carriers from minimum rate regulation in the transportation of bulk commodities, agricultural and fishery products, and passengers, and for other purposes; and on S. 1062, a bill to provide for strength- ening and improving the national transportation system, and for other purposes. Included are a letter fromthe President of the United States transmitting the pro- posed legislation; text of the proposed legislation and proposed amendments; Federal agency comments on the proposed legislation; and statements from other interested parties. TRANSPORTATION AMENDMENTS OF 1964: H. Rept. No. 1144, Transportation Amendments of 1964 (Febru- ary 18, 1964, report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), 107 pp., printed. The Com- mittee reported favorably H. R. 9903, to amend the Interstate Commerce Act and the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 so as to strengthen and improve the national transportation policy, and recommended passage of the bill. Contains purpose of the bill, what the bill does, background and need for legislation, section-by-section analysis, Presidential documents, changes in existing law, departmental reports, and the supplemental views of Representative Staggers dissenting in part withthe Committee report. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION: On Feb. 19, 1964, the House Committee on Public Works concluded hearings on H. R. 3166, 9963, 4571, S. 649, and H. R. 6844, and related bills, to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Testimony was received from Congressmen and public witnesses. Speaking from the floor of the Senate on March 5, 1964, Senator Muskie reviewed the activities of the Advisory Commis - sion on Intergovernmental Relations since its establish- ment in 1959, and announced that the Commission had filed its fifth annual report (Congressional Record, pages 4313-4315). Senator Muskie's remarks included a reference to a Commission report in 1962 which rec- ommended some of the provisions incorporated in S. 649, a bill to establish in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, a Federal Water Pollution Con- trol Administration, and for other purposes. 82 Wl) 4 LE: : es ae ee co a, ws Se ee FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING- TON, OD. C, 20240. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL- LOWS: CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES. SEP SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUTION). Title CFS-3356 - Wisconsin Landings, September 1963, 2pp. CFS-3362 - California Landings, August 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3369 - Virginia Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3370 - Frozen Fishery Products, November 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3381 - California Landings, September 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3383 - Gulf Coast Shrimp Data, August 1963, 21 pp. CFS-3385 - Ohio Landings, September 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3386 - Virginia Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3387 - Massachusetts Landings, June 1963, 10 pp. CFS-3388 - Maryland Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3391 - Georgia Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3392 - New Jersey Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3393 - Fish Meal and Oil, November 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3394 - Florida Landings, November 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3395 - Frozen Fishery Products, December 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3396 - Rhode Island Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3397 - South Carolina Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3398 - Michigan Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3399 - Wisconsin Landings, November 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3400 - Fish Sticks and Fish Portions, October-De- cember 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3401 - Louisiana Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3402 - New York Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3403 - Virginia Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3404 - Maryland Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3405 - California Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3406 - Maine Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3410 - Georgia Landings, December 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3411 - South Carolina Landings, December 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3413 - Florida Landings, December 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3418 - Alabama Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3419 - Rhode Island Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3422 - Ohio Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3427 - Wisconsin Landings, December 1963, 2 pp. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW pe RECENT ag SHERY PUBLICATION SO BMT eS AS at AS Se ORB ES Gs 0? 0-0 p comments: 62 S2E_ basen DSL Vol. 26, No. 4 Sep. No. 701 - Gulf of Alaska Scallop Explorations-- 1963 FL-551 - Shrimp Farming, by Donald M. Allen, 8 pp., illus., October 1963. Gives an account of shrimp culture as it is practiced in Southeast Asia and sug- gesting possible application of techniques developed there to shrimp farming in the United States. Con- tains sections on the general life history of shrimp, culture methods, recommendations, and conclusions. In the United States, natural populations of shrimp occur in estuaries along the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts. This region appears well suited for shrimp farming, but commercial ventures inthis field have been unsuccessful. If shrimp culture problems re- lating to seed supply, growth, survival, and harvest- ing can be resolved, and proven methods followed closely, Gulf and South Atlantic coastal marshes may support a new industry, states the author. SSR-Fish. No. 443 - Progress Report Spring Chinook Salmon Transplantation Study 1955-61, by Paul D. Zimmer, Roy J. Wahle, and Eugene M. Malzeff, 27 pp., illus., November 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 491 - A Method for Tagging Immature Herring, by John E. Watson, 10 pp., illus., August 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 457 - Physical Oceanographic Studies of Narragansett Bay, 1957 and 1958, by Steacy D. Hicks, 34 pp., illus., September 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 460 - Natural Variation in Spotting, Hyoid Teeth Counts, and Coloration of Yellowstone Cut- throat Trout, Salmo clarki lewisi Girard, by Ross V. Bulkley, 14 pp., illus., July 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 462 - Mycobacteria in Adult Salmonid Fishes Returning to National Fish Hatcheries in Washington, Oregon, and California in 1958-59, by A. John Ross, 7 pp., July 1963. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 63, no. 1, 1963, 258 pp., illus., printed. Contains the following articles, which are also available as reprints: Identification of New England Yellow- tail Flounder Groups," by Fred E. Lux; "'Com- parison of Growth of Four Strains of Oysters Raised in Taylors Pond, Chatham, Mass.,''by William N. Shaw and James A McCann; "Herring Tagging Ex- periments in Southeastern Alaska," by Bernard Einar Skud; "Model of the Migration of Albacore in the April 1964 North Pacific Ocean," by Tamio Otsu and RichardN. Uchida; ''Further Studies on Fishway Slope and Its Effect on Rate of Passage of Salmonids," by Joseph R. Gauley and Clark S. Thompson; ''Age, Growth, and Maturity of Round Whitefish.of the Apostle Is- lands and Isle Royale Regions, Lake Superior," by Merryll M. Bailey; "Age and Growth of the White- fish in Lake Superior," by William R. Dryer; "In- fluence of Water Velocity upon Orientation and Per- formance of Adult Migrating Salmonids,"' by Charles R. Weaver; ''Development of a Mathematical Re- lationship between Electric-Field Parameters and the Electrical Characteristics of Fish,'' by Gerald E. Monan and Derek E. Engstrom; "Use of Plant Hemagglutinins in Serological Studies of Clupeoid Fishes,'' by Carl Sindermann; ''Some Aspects of the Oceanography of Little Port Walter Estuary, Baranof Island, Alaska," by Charles F. Powers; ''Early Larval Stages of the Seabob, Xiphopeneus kroyeri (Heller),"' by William C. Renfroand Harry L. ae “Abundance, Age, and Fecundity of Shad, York River, Va., 1953- 59," by Paul R. Nichols and William H. Massmann; "Cod Groups in the New England Area," by John P. Wise; "Distinguishing Tuna Species by Immunochemi- cal Methods," by George J. Ridgway; "Theory on Development Mounds Near Red Bluff, Calif.,” b Harold A. Gangmark and F. Bruce Sanford; and "Ef- fect of Fishway Slope on Performance and Biochem- istry of Salmonids,'' by Gerald B. Collins and others. Operations of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries under the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, Fiscal Year 1962, 87 pp., illus., processed, August 1963. The eighth annual report to the Congress of the activities of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, under the pro- visions of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of July 1, 1954. Discusses commercial fishery progress in nationwide or international programs in tech- nology, market news reporting, statistical report- ing, marketing, foreign trade, and economics. In the Pacific Region, emphasis was placed on salmon and halibut abstention studies, the growing king crab fishery, biological studies of sockeye salmon, the salmon vs. dam controversy, grade standard de- velopment for sole andflounder fillets, bacterio- logical survey of Pacific filleting plants, and quality studies of Dungeness crab. The Gulf and South At- lantic Region reported a striped bass research pro- gram; menhaden research activities in sampling commercial catches for biostatistical and popula- tion analyses; research in shrimp biology, fishing gear and behavior; production of a shrimp trawling film; development of shrimp standards; shrimp quality studies; oyster and oyster drill studies; and calico scallop population studies. In the North At- lantic Region, activity centered around the Atlantic Herring Program encompassing early life history studies, age and growth studies, inshore habitat, herring migrations, disease research, development of blood group systems, and statistics of the catch. Other activities included Gulf of Maine temperature studies, ocean perch tagging, sea scallop stocks investigations, haddock and cod yield studies, re- search designed to improve trawling gear and meth- ods, an effective oyster drill control program, oyster cultch studies, research on fish proteincon- centrate, school lunch and institutions programs, vessel safety activities, and participation in the FAO Fish in Nutrition Conference. Great Lakes and Cen- tral Region programs included Lake Erie biological research, limnoldgy studies, Green Bay-Saginaw COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 Bay fish stocks research, technical assistance to trawl fisheries, technological work on thiaminase, technical advice on refrigeration and smoking tech- niques, establishment of the National Marketing Serv- ices Offices in Chicago, mink feed studies, and eco- nomic studies. Alaska Region activities emphasized sockeye salmon studies in Bristol Bay, Kvichak River, Nushagak River, Karluk Lake, and Kitoi Research Station; pink salmon studies at Little Port Walter and Olsen Bay; salmon streams and logging research; Southeast salmon stream catalog; Kasitsna Bay king crab studies; and research on crab meat production. In the California area, work went forward on sea sur- face temperature charts; sardine research in sub- populations, physiology, behavior, life history, and taxonomy; oceanographic and tuna contract research; tuna fishing strategy study; canned tuna specifica- tions; and albacore catch analysis. There were no programs financed by S-K funds in the Hawaii Area during fiscal year 1962. A Preview of the National Fisheries Center and Aquar- ~ jum, 10 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Authorized by Act of Congress late in 1962, the Center is expected to be completed by about 1967. The $10 million con- struction cost plus the annual costs of operating the Center will, be recovered by admission fees. Re- search opportunities for scientists will be available in genetics, reproduction, nutrition studies, fish dis- eases, experimental ecology, behavior of aquatic or- ganisms, antibiotics produced by marine animals, and other fishery problems. Fish will be displayed in pools and tanks. Movies and lectures on a variety of fishery subjects will be presented in the Center's auditorium. Program of Research and Services for Alaska's Com- mercial Fisheries, Circular 171, 25 pp., illus., printed, October 1963. Discusses the Federal role in Alaska's fisheries, past and present; history of commercial fishing in Alaska; immediate problems - - the international treaties situation, the declining salmon runs, the need for information, and the need for diversification of fishing effort; and forseeable future problems --expansion of foreign fisheries, and human disturbance of salmon-spawning grounds. Outlines Bureau activities in Alaska in: biological research--knowledge of the environment, population dynamics, racial studies, and special studies of the effects of logging and other activities on fisheries; technological research; river basin studies; explora - tory fishing and gear research; resource manage- ment; loans and grants; and statistics. Also covers planned future Bureau activities in marketing econom- ics, information and education, and market news serv- ice; the tools to do the job; and what the Bureau's Alaska program will yield. Your Recreation and the Fish and Wildlife Service, 8 pp., illus. THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ARTICLE 1S AVAJLABLE ONLY FROM THE U, S. BUREAU OF COMMER-- CIAL FISHERIES, BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII, 96812, On the Oceanographic Conditions in the Southwestern ~~ Region of the otsk Sea (2), by Makoto Wakao and Iori Kojima, 14 pp., illus., processed, November 1963. (Translated from the Japanese, Scientific Re- ports of the Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Sta- tion, no. 1, March 1963, pp. I-12.) 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE, U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHER- IES, WYATT BLDG., SUITE 611, 777 14TH ST. NW., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20005. Number MNL - 23 - Fisheries of Chile. Title Part I--North Chile, 1960-62 and Jan.-Sept. 1963, 52 pp. MNL - 52 - Menhaden Fish Oil Prices--New York City, 1953-1963 and January 1964, 5 pp. SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. (Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, Oc- Pp. tober 1963, (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 103 S. Gay St., Baltimore, Md. 23369.) Receipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces; total receipts by species and com- parisons with previous periods; and wholesale prices for fresh fishery products on the Baltimore market; for the month indicated. California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part Il - Fishing Information January 1964, 8 pp. Data, January i967. 13 pp. (Market News Service U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif. 90731.) California cannery re- ceipts of tuna and tunalike fish and other species used for canning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; for the month indicated. ? illus. (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio- logical Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta- tion, San Diego, Calif. 92100.) Contains sea-surface temperatures, fishing and research information of interest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and marine scientists; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re- Gulf of Mexico Monthl pandings. Production and Ship- ments of Fishery Bro ucts, January 1964, 8 pp. ceipts, Prices pandpitrendcenlantcasiGsaepiagnes (Market News Service, U. 5. Fishand Wildlife Serv- ice, U.S. Customs House, 610 S. Canal St., Rm. 1014, Chicago, Ill. 60607.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; forthe month indicated. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans, La. 70130.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL ex- press shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Mar- ket; fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; Gulf menhaden landings and production of meal, solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the month indicated. Vol. 26, No. 4 List of Primary Receivers of Imparted Fishery Pro- ducts and Byproducts at New York, 1963, 22 pp., processed, January 1964. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York, N. Y. 10038.) Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in electe reas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Mary- land, January 1964, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hamp- ton, Va. 23369.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and production of crab meat and shucked oysters for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beau- fort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data on fishery products and shrimp production; for the month indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, December 1963, 21 pp. (Market News Service, U. 5. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston, Mass. 02210.) Review of the principal New England fishery port. Presents data on fishery landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex- vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fish- ery products in New England warehouses, fishery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachu- setts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province- town, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rock- land), Rhode Island (Point Judith) and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to pri- mary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by species; for the month indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthi Summary--December 1963, 20pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York, N. Y. 10038.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices onwholesale Ful- ton Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh- water sections; imports entered at New York customs district; primary wholesalers! selling prices for fresh, frozen, and selected canned fishery products; marketing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Mar- ket docks and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indi- cated. Progress Report on Chemical Methods of Control of Molluscan Enemies, 20 pp., vol. 24, Bulletin No. 8, processed; November 1960. (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.) Report of Columbia River Fishery Program Office, Fis - cal Years 1959-1 960, 21 pp., illus., processed, 1961. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland, Oreg. (Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisher- ies, Month Summary, January 1964, 7 pp. (Mar- ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash. 98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the hali- but and salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; April 1964 landings of halibut reported by the International Pa- cific Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl vessels as reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Association of Washington; local landings by inde- pendent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways; imports from British Columbia via rail, motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports from other countries through Washing- ton customs district; for the month indicated. Use of Chemical Barriers to Protect Shellfish Beds ~ from Predators, by V. L. Loosanoff, acKen- zie, Jr. and L. ReSHoar ef 11 pp., vol. 23, Bulletin no. 6, processed, "1959. (U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.) THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF O DOCUMENTS , U. S. G v= "Artifical Light to Attract Young Perch: A New Method of Augmenting the Food Supply of Predaceous Fish Fry in Hatcheries,'' by George O. Schuniann, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no 4,Octo- ber » PP. -174, printed, single copy 25 cents. "Differential Survival of Rainbow Trout Fed Living Organisms and Hatchery Diets," by Edwin L. Cooper and Joseph H. Grosslight, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October Toe pp. 193- 197, printed, single copy 25 cents. "The Effects of Copper Sulfate on Microcystis and Zoo- plankton in Ponds,'' by Johnie H. Crance, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October _ , pp. 199-202, illus., printed, single copy 25 cents. Equilibrium Yield and Management of Cutthroat Trout in Yellowstone Lake, by Rocce Benson and Ross V. Bulkley, Re ‘Search Report 62, 50 pp., illus., print- ed, 35 cents, 1963. "A New Ichthyosporidium Parasite of the Spot Leios- tomus xanthurus): A Possible Answer to Recent Oys - ter Mortalities," by Frank J. Schwartz, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October oes pp. 181-186, illus., printed, single copy 25 cents. "Oregon Pellets,'' by Wallace F. Hublou, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October EF pp. 175-180, printed, single copy 25 cents. Summarizes the production feeding results with the Oregon pellet (a fish food) from 1959 to 1963 at the Oregon Fish Commission's 16 salmon hatcheries. "A Survey of Licensed Commercial Trout Hatcheries in Ontario," by Hugh R. McCrimmon and A. H. Berst, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October 1963, pp. -192, iflus., printed, single copy 25 cents. "A Unique Source of Warm-Water Fish for Restocking Managed Waters," by Russell A. Cookingham and Carleton Hudson, article, The Progressive Fish- Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, (October ) pp. 208-210, illus., printed, single copy 25 cents. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW | 85 "A Utility Raft for Fishery Work,''by Brian J. Rothchild, article, The Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 25, no. 4, October 1963, pp. 216-219, illus., printed, single copy 25 cents. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD- LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALASKA: Alaska's Animals and Fishes, by Frank Dufresne, 314 Pp., illus., printed, 1 . S. Barnes and Company, 232 Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y. The Kingdom of the Seal, by Francis M. Menager, 222 “pp., illus., printed, 1962. Loyola University Press, 3441 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago 13, Ill. An account of a missionary's experiences among Alaskan eski- mos. Includes some information on sealing and a chapter on subsistence fishing. ALMANAC: The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for “the Year 1965, 519 pp., illus.; printed, $3.75, 1963. Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.) Presents information re- lating to the sun, moon, planets, stars, eclipses, ephemerides, and satellites for the year 1964. ASCORBIC ACID: "Studies on Ascorbic Acid in Fish Tissues," by P. Am- buja Bai and M. Kalyani, article, Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, vol. 7, no. 2, 1960, pp. 162-166, printed. Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Bombay, India. AUSTRALIA: Foreign Trade Regulations of Australia, by Dane M. ack, OBR 63- p-, printed, 15 cents, October 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U.S. De- partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (Forsale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) A report on Australia's foreign trade regulations was issued recently by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The Government's policy is to offer protection under the customs tariff to "economic and efficient" locai industries. The report discusses Australian trade policy, import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, customs documentation, and labeling and mark- ing requirements. It also covers special customs provisions, nontariff import trade controls, Austra- lia's export controls, United States import and ex- port controls, and diplomatic representation between the two countries. Report by the Chief Secretary on Fisheries in New South Wales, for the Year tn ded 30th June, 1962, 15 pp., “printed, 1963. Oitice of the Chief Seer etary (Parliament), Sydney, Australia. Southern Pelagic Project Six-Monthly Review, No. 5 ctober pp., processed. Southern Pelagic 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Project Laboratory, Camberwell, Victoria, Austra- lia. Discusses research vessel operations, field operations and intelligence unit, tuna research, Aus- tralian salmon research, spiny lobster research, and catch sampling. BACTERIOLOGY: "Las Bacterias y los Seres Marinos" (Bacteria and Marine Life), article, Puntal, vol. X, no. 113, Au- gust 1963, pp. 10-11, printed in Spanish, single copy 12 ptas. (about 20 U. S. cents). Puntal, Apartado de Correos 316, Alicante, Spain. BASS: Catch Records from the Striped Bass Sportfisher California, by Harold K. Chadwick, 26 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Gatien Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 3, July 1963, pp. 153-177.) Printing Division, Documents Section, Department of Fish and Game, N. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacra- mento 14, Calif. BIOCHEMISTRY: "Comparison of Chemical and Organoleptic Data Ob- tained on Thawed and Unthawed Frozen,Cod, Had- dock, and Perch Fillets," by Fred Hillig and others, article, Journal of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists, vol. 46, June 1963, pp. TO3-S17, printed. Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists, P. O. Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4, D. C. BIVALVES: Common Marine Bivalves of California, by John E. Fitch, Fish Bulletin No. 90, 107 pp., illus., printed, 1953. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Sev- enth St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. BLACK CROAKER: Ra -History and Ecologic Notes on the Black Croak- " by Conrad Limbaugh, 12 pp., illus., printed. (ees from California Fish and Game vol. 47, no. 2, April 1961, pp. 163-174.) Printing Division, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. BRAZIL: "Erradicacao de Piranhas no Acude Publico 'Pocoda Cruz'--Inaja, Pernambuco --Ostariophisi, Characi- dae, Serrasalminae. 1--Reconhecimento da Bacia Hidrografica (1)"' (Eradication of Piranhas in the Poco da Cruz Public Dam--Inaja, Pernambuco--Os- tariophisi, Characidae, Serrasalminae. 1--Survey of the Hydrographic Basin), by R. Adhemar Braga, article, Boletim ae Museu Nacional, Zoologia no. 226, May 31, 1961, pp. 1-32, illus., printed in Portuguese with English summary. Servicio de Piscicultura do D.N.O.C.S., Av. do Imperador, 1313, Cx. Postal 25, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. The general objective of the survey was to verify the possibility of eradica- ting piranhas in the Poco da Cruz Dam. Findings showed that eradication was possible and could be done in 3 to 4 months with 5 percent Rotenone. BYPRODUCTS: "Nutritional Value of Fish Products Told. Part I-- Fish Products in Poultry Rations,"' by Elbert J. Day; "Part Il--Amino Acid Adequacy, Protein Efficiency," by G. Richard Childs; and ''Part IlI--Methodology in the Nutritional Evaluation of Protein (for Poultry)," by Hans Fisher, articles, Feedstuffs, vol. 35, April 6, 1963, pp. 20, 75, printed. Miller Publishing Co., 2501 ‘Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis 5, Minn. CALIFORNIA: California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no. 4, October 1963, 97 pp., illus., printed, single copy 75 cents. Print- ing Division, Documents Section, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento 14, Calif. 'Food of Young- of-the-Year Striped Bass (Roccus saxatilis) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River System,” by William Heubach, Robert J. Toth, and Alan M. McCready; "Fishes Collected in the Eastern Pacific during Tuna Cruises, 1952 through 1959, " by Harold B. Clemens and John C. Nowell; ''Mass Mortality of Marine Or- ganisms Attributed to the 'Red Tidet in Southern California,'' by Donald J. Reish; 'Egg-Cases of Some Elasmobranchs and a Cyclostome from Californian Waters,'' by Keith W. Cox; "Age and Length Compo- sition of the Sardine Catch Off the Pacific Coast of the United States and Mexico in 1960-61, " by Robert S. Wolf and Anita E. Daugherty; ' "Preliminary Age Determination of Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus th us," by Robert R. Bell; and "Migration of a Tagyed 1 Blue- fin Tuna Across the Pacific Ocean," by Craig J. Orange and Bernard D. Fink. commen Ocean Fishes of the California Coast, by Phil Roedel, Fish Bulletin No. 91, 181 pp., Tus. , print- wii 1953. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "Estimating the Number of Angling License Purchas- ers,'' by Norman J. Abramson, 3 pp., printed. (Re- printed from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 4, October 1962, pp. 253-255.) Printing Division, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "Mission Bay, a Review of Previous Studies and the Status of the Sportfishery,'' by Gordon A. Chapman, 14 pp., printed. (Reprinted from California Fishand Game, vol. 49, no.1, January 1963, pp. 30-43.) Print- ing Division, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. The Names of Certain Marine Fishes of ae. by “Phil M. Roedel, 18 pp., printed. (Reprinted fro California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 1, january 1962; pp. 19-34. J} Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento, Calif. Ocean eee Map of 2s Francisco, San Mateo and “Santa ounties and the Elkhor Enslough Area of ener ey Oana accordion-folded booklet, illus., _ printed. Conservation Education, Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento, Calif. "An Outline of California Fishing Gear," by W. L. Sco- field, 10 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Califor- nia Fish and Game, vol. 37, no. 4, October 1951, pp. 361-370.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "A Sea Urchin, a Lobster and a Fish, New to the Ma- rine Fauna of California,'' by John E. Fitch, 6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 4, October 1962, pp. 216-221.) April 1964 Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. CANADA: "Canadian Summer Fisheries--1963,"' article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 4, October 1963, pp. 6-9, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, De- partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. In the Mari- times and Quebec, all the summer fisheries started well except lobstering and by the end of June the total catch was ahead in both volume and value. Plans were announced for the construction of 2 fish- processing plants in Nova Scotia and 2 in Prince Ed- ward Island. Despite strikes on the Pacific Coast, good catches of halibut and other groundfish were made, although halibut prices were down because of large stocks carried over from the previous season. Salmon landings were fair but the season's pack to the end of August amounted to only a little more than half that of 1962. The fresh-water fisheries season ended with markets and prices firming and plans being made for more fish to be frozen and packed in the Arctic areas. Shipment of live food fish from northern Ontario to the United States fail- ed to meet the demand because of short supply. A Review of the Strait of Georgia Trawl Fishery, by ~ CUR. Forrester and K. §. Ketchen, Bulletin No. 139, 93 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Sir Charles Tupper Bldg., Riverside Dr., Ottawa, Canada. CANNING: "Fiskehermetikkindustrien i Spania Enkelte Andre Land" (Fish Canning Industry in Spain and a Few Other Countries), by B. Lovas-Svendsen, article, Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri, vol. 49, no. 11, November 1963, pp. 431-432, 434, illus., printedin Norwegian. Norske Hermetikfabrikers Landsforen- ing, Stavanger, Norway. CARRAGEENIN: "The Antithrombic Activity of Carrageenin in Human Blood," by W. W. Hawkins and Verna G. Leonard, article, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physi- ology, vol. 41, May 1963, pp- 1325-1327, printed. National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada. Carra- geenin is a sulfated galactan present in the red sea- weeds Chondrus and Gigartina. CATFISH: "A Close Look at One of Tennessee's Leading Famil- ies and Its Problems," by John Conder, article, The Tennessee Conservationist, vol. XXXI, no. 11, Novem- ber » Pp. 8-9, I3, illus., printed. Game and Fish Commission, 264 Cordell Hull Bldg., 436 Sixth Ave. N., Nashville, Tenn. CEPHALOPODS: Cephalopods of the Philippine Islands, by Gilbert L. Voss, Bulletin 5347 184 pp., illus., printed, $1, 1963. Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) CETACEANS: Damage Caused by Porpoises and Other Predator Marine Ee by om Ravel, GFCM Studies a COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 Reviews No. 22, 10 pp., processed, November 1963. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, It- aly. Discusses locations near Mediterranean coun- tries where porpoises and dolphins are most often encountered; damage caused to nets by these ani- mals; and methods used to control them. Since their meat is edible, market promotion of these species might result in a demand which would reduce their numbers. CHLOROPHYLL: Distribution of Chlorophyll in the Straits of Florida, by James B. Alexander and BE. F. Corcoran, Contri- bution No. 450, 4 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 8, no. 2, April 1963, pp. 294-2 e Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. CLAMS: "Histology of the Reproductive System of the Soft-Shell Clam (Mya arenaria),''by Alden P. Stickney, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 2, October 1963, pp. 344-351, illus., printed, single copy $2.50. Ma-- rine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. "Low-Cost Clam Purification System is Promising," by R. Anthony Barnes, article, National Fisherman/ Maine Coast Fisherman, vol. 44, June 1963, pp. 33, Se printed. Journal Publishing Co., Belfast, Me. "The Pismo Clam in 1960," by John L. Baxter, 5 pp., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 35-37.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Rich- ards Blvd., Sacramento, Calif. "The Incidence of Malacobdella grossa in Hard Clams from Nantucket Sound, Meseechusettat! by John W. Ropes, article, Limnology and Oceanography, vol. VIII, no. 3, July 1963, pp. 353- 55, illus., printed. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Lawrence, Kans. The Pismo Clam, by John E. Fitch, Marine Resources “Leaflet No. I, 24 pp., illus., processed, 1961. De- partment of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacra- mento 14, Calif. "Seasonal Variation in Chemical Composition of Clam (Tapes pullastra Mont),"' by G. Alvarez -Seoane, ar- ticle, Investigacion Pesquera, no. 17, 1960, pp. 3-32, printed in Spanish. Instituto de Investigaciones Pes- queras, Paseo Nacional, s/n, Barcelona-3, Spain. COLOMBIA: "Como Se Evade Nuestra Riqueza Pesquera" (How Our Fishery Wealth Is Wasted), by Tristan del Cauca, ar- ticle, Puntal, vol. X, no. 113, August 1963, pp. 16-19, illus., printed in Spanish, single copy 12 ptas. (about 20 U. S. cents). Puntal, Apartado de Correos 316, Alicante, Spain. CONTAINERS: "Iron Sulfide Blackening in Canned Protein Foods: Oxi- dation .and Reduction Mechanisms in Relation to Sulfur and Iron,''by George M. Pigott and Alexander M. Dol- 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 lar, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, April 1963, pp. 115-118, printed. The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, IIl. "The Mechanism of Iron Sulfide Discoloration inCans of Shrimp," by Mary H. Thompson, article, Food Technology, vol. 17, May 1963, pp. 157-163, print- ed. The Garrard Press, 510N. Hickory, Champaign, Ml. DENMARK: Fiskeriarbogen 1964 (The Fisheries Yearbook, 1964), edited by J. Fr. Simony, 815 pp., illus., printed in Danish, 14.17 kr. (about US$2.05), December 1963. Iver C. Weilbach & Company, Amaliegade 30, Copen- hagen, Denmark. A comprehensive collection of information on navigation, fishery rules and regu- lations, inspection, and related topics, primarily for Danish, Faroese, and Greenland fishermen, but it is also used by yachtsmen and small craft. Is- sued annually by the Ministry of Fisheries about the first of the year, the current issue is the 71st edition. The major sections are: (1) 1964 calendar-- navigation tables, courses, and distances; (2) rules of navigation and carrying of lights--harbor bylaws, buoyage, precautions with respect to submarine ca- bles, light and signal stations, radiotelephony and telegraphy; (3) acts and regulations governing the fishing industry--control of quality and exports of fish, fisheries statistics, and shipping; (4) index of fishing vessels, harbor signal letters; (5) acts and regulations governing inspection of ships, ship con- struction and equipment, medical supplies, and medical examination of crew; (6) fishery inspection, quarantine regulations; (7) accident insurance; (8) acts concerning loans to the fishing industry; (9) acts and regulations on hunting; (10) guidance on ship- wrecks and accidents; (11) institutions and addresses; (12) fish names and market classifications, courses, measures and weights; and (13) stability of fishing vessels. There is also a detailed alphabetical in- dex of the subject matter, and a list, by type of pro- duct, of the numerous fishery trade advertisements in the Yearbook. The final section is an article en- titled "Stability of Fishing Vessels," by Leo Retvig, of the Directorate for the Government's Ship In- spection. This is a review of research on stability and stability conditions in fishing vessels, stimula- ted by the loss of a number of Danish steel fishing cutters in February and the Autumn of 1963. The article is divided into sections on stability, back- ground, inclining tests and stability, rolling tests, wood and steel, and demand for stability research. October 1962. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C3, Australia. ELECTRICAL FISHING: "Apres le Congres Mondial des Peches (Suite): De la Technique Sovietique a la Peche a 1'Electricite" (After the World Congress of Fisheries: On the So- viet Technique of Electrical Fishing), by R. Lemaire, article, France Peche, no. 77, October 1963, pp. 39- 41, printed in French, single copy 2.5 F (about 50 U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lori- ent, France. "Electric Fishing--A Practical Application," article, World Fishing, vol. 12, April 1963, p. 35, printed. John Trundell and Partners ! +d., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England. ~ EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: Statistique des Peches (Fishery Statistics, 1950-1961), 75 pp., printed in French and German, 1963. Com- munaute Economique Europeenne, Office Statistique, Brussels, Belgium. FAUNA: Life Along the Seashore, by Alan Solem, 32 pp., illus., printed, 99 cents, 1963. Encyclopaedia Britannica Press, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE: Financial Assistance Policies and Administration for Fishery Industries, by E. 5. Holliman, Fisheries Studies No. IT, pp., printed, $1, 1962. Fisher- ies Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. This study was undertaken in response to a recommendation of the Technical Meeting on Credit for Fishery Industries held in Paris, October 17-22, 1960. The principal objective of this meeting, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), was to provide a forum for an exchange of views and experience inthe organi- zation, administration, and evaluation of fishery cred- it systems in FAO member countries. The report covers objectives of fishery credit policies in de- veloped and developing countries, implications of policy objectives on the nature and scope of credit assistance, and the measurement of needs. Also discusses the form of assistance, organization of financial assistance, administration of aid programs, and coordination and review of fishery credit polic- ies. FISH BEHAVIOR: "Concentrating Factors in Fisheries," by P.M.J. Wood- head, article, World Fishing, vol. 12, May 1963, pp. 63-64, 67-68, printed. John Trundell and Partners Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., LondonNW1, England. --Andrew W. Anderson DRYING: "New Fish Drying Plant," article, World Fishing, vol. 12, May 1963, pp. 37, 46, printed. John Trundelland Partners Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London NW., England. Conditioned Avoidance Learning in Two Fish Species, by Leon 5. Otis and Jean A. Cerf, 4 pp., printed, April 18, 1963. (Reprinted from Psychological Re- ports, vol. 12, 1963, pp. 679-682.) Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. ECOLOGY: Marine Distributions, by M. J. Dunbar, 118 pp., illus., printed, S . University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. "Electronically Scanned Sonar in the Investigation of Fish Behaviour," by V. G. Welsby, J.H.S. Blaxter, and C.J. Chapman, article, Nature, vol. 199, no. 4897, September 7, 1963, pp. 980-981, illus., printed, single EELS: A Smoked Eel Industry in Victoria, by D. D. Lynch, Fisheries Circular No, II pp., illus., processed, April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. copy 4s. (about 55 U. S. cents). St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. "The Visual Sense of Pelagic Fishes Especially the Visual Axis and Accommodation," by Tamotsu Ta- mura and Warren J. Wisby, article, Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 433-447, printed in Eng- lish with Spanish summary. Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Cause- way, Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla. FISH COOKERY: "Time-Temperature Studies of Baked Loaves (Meat, Fish, and Poultry),"' by Karla Longree and others, article, Journal of the American Dietetic Associa- tion, vol. 42; June 1963, pp. 500-504, printed. Ameri- can Dietetic Association, 620 North Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill. Describes an investigation tostudy the effect of various time and temperature combi- nations used in baking: beef loaf with raw meat; salmon loaf made with canned fish; and turkey loaf made with cooked meat; whole egg solids were used as the binder. Purpose was to determine the bac- teriologic safety of products using whole egg solids. FISHERY ECONOMICS: "Place of Economics in Fisheries," by G. M. Gerhard- sen, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, A- pril-June 1963, pp. 198-200, printed. A. J. Heigh- way Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England. FISHERY RESEARCH: Computer Programs for Fisheries Problems, 2 pp., Fisheries Circular No. %, processed, 1963. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. FISH LIVER OIL: "Seasonal Variations in Cod Liver Oil," by K. W. DeWitt, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 14, February 1963, pp. 92-98, printed. Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England. FISH MEAL: "Chemical and Nutritional Changes in Stored Herring Meal. 4--Nutritional Significance of Oxidation of the Oil," by K. J. Carpenter, article, British Jour- nal of Nutrition, vol. 17, no. 2, 1963, pp. 151-169, printed: Cambridge University Press, 200 Eusto Rd., London NW1, England. "Simple Method for Producing Highly Nutritious Fish Meal," by A. Valente de Fonseca Alves da Costa, article, Boletim da Pesca, vol. 13, no. 72, 1961, pp. 55-56, printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de Estudos das Pescas, 644 R.S. Bento, Lisbon, Portugal. "Studies on the Value of Bone Meal and Fish Meal as Phosphatic Fertilizers," by M.O. Ghani, K. A. Hasan, and M. A. Mannan, article, Pakistan Journal of Bio- logical and Agricultural Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, 1962, pp. 44-52, printed. Pakistan Journal of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Dacca, Pakistan. FISH OILS: "On the Structure of Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids of Fish Oils by High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectral Analysis," by Tetsutaro Hashi- moto and others, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists! Society, vol. 40, April 1963, pp. 124 - 128, printed. American Oil Chemists? Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill. FISH POPULATIONS: Concerning the Causes of Fluctuations in the Abundance of Fishes, by G. V. Nikolsky, Translation Series No. 389, TI pp., processed, 1962. (Translated from the Russian, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, vol. 1, no. 4 (21), 1961, pp. 659-665.) The Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. Demographic Diagnosis on Fish Populations in Trout Streams, by R. Cuinat and R. Vibert, GFCM Studies and Reviews No. 21, 30 pp., illus., processed, Oc- tober 1963. General Fisheries Council for the Medi- terranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. FISH SOLUBLES: "Unidentified Chick Growth Factor in Fish Solubles," by F. H. Steinke, H. R. Bird, and F. M. Strong, arti- cle, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 80, May 1963, pp. 60- 68, printed. American Institute of Nutrition, 36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Bulletin of Fishery Statistics, vol. 1--Landings b Species, 1937-36, -61, 205 pp., processed, 1963. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. This publication will be issued from time to time in a limited number of copies to supplement the tables and text of the Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics, to circulate new tables on a trial basis prior to their incorporation in the Yearbooks, and also to present detailed statistics of regional interest, statistics on selected fishery commodities, and special tabulations for meetings and working parties. This issue con- tains, in an extensively revised form, for 2 prewar years and 15 postwar years, landings statistics for approximately 170 species items broken down by country. Includes summary data on landings of a- quatic animals and plants by divisions and by groups of species and landings by groups of species and by species; and landings by species and by country of fresh-water and diadromous fish, marine fish, and crustaceans, molluscs, and other invertebrates. Data for whales, seals, and miscellaneous aquatic mammals, miscellaneous aquatic animals and resi- dues, and aquatic plants are not covered. The State of Food and Agriculture, 1963, 227 pp., print- ted, 1963. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1962 (Production and Fishery Craft), vol. XV, 454 pp., illus., processed in French, Spanish, and English, $8, 1963, Food and Agri- 90 culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. (Sold in United States by Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) This edition contains fishery statistics on catch and landings by quantity and value, production of preserved and processed com- modities, fishing craft, and whaling from all coun- tries. The toal nominal catch of fish, crustaceans and molluscs and other aquatic animals except seals and whales, residues and aquatic plants, throughout the world in 1962 is estimated at over 44 million metric tons, an increase of’7 percent over the nomi- nal catch of 1961, and is once more greater than in any other year. Out of the total of over 44 million tons nearly 12 million tons were used for the manu- facture of fish meals for animal feeding and about another million for miscellaneous purposes. The balance of about 32 million tons was used for human food in fresh, frozen, cured, or canned form. The Food and Agriculture Organization has published reports describing that Agency's activities under the Expanded Program for Technical Assistance for developing the fisheries of many countries. These reports have been processed only for limited dis- tribution to governments, libraries, anduniversities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. -hird Report to the Government of India on Fishin; Boats, by Peter Gurtner, EPTA Report No. 1535, 105 pp., processed, 1963. Report to the Government of the Phillippines on Fresh-water Fisheries Investigations, by John W. Parsons, EPTA Report No. , processed, 1962. Report to the Government of Aden on the Crawfish Resources of Eastern Aden Protectorate, by R. W. George, EPTA Report No. 1696, 23 pp., processed, 1963. Fourth Report to the Government of India on Fishin Boats, by Albert Sutherland, EPTA Report No. 4 24 pp., illus., processed, 1963. Report to the Government of the Federation of Rho- desia and Nyasaland on the Fisheries Development Program for Lake Tanganyika (Northern Rhodesia), ry Alphonse Collart, EPTS Report No. 1716, 20 pp., processed, 1963. Second Report to the Government of Guatemala on De- velopment on Inland Fisheries, by S. Y. Lin, EPTA Report No. 1719, 48 pp., processed, 1963. Report on the Regional Training Center on Fish Pro- cessing Technolo eld in Quezon City, Philippines 6 Werch: pril, 1961, by Dr. Rudolf Rreuzer EPTA Report No. 1725, 45 pp., processed, 1963. Report to the Government of El Salvador on an Inland Fisheries Project, by 5S. Y. Lin, EPTA Report No. _ 2 pp., processed, 1963. FRANCE: Statistique des Peches Maritimes, 1958 et 1960 (Marine Fishery Statistics, 1958 and 1960), 2 vol., printed, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 1963. Secretariat General de la Marine Marchande, Direction des Peches Maritimes, Paris, France. FREEZE-DRYING: "Developing and Testing Packages for Freeze Dried Foods,'' by H. E. Collins and R. L. Boegershausen, article, Package Engineering, vol. 8, no.1, January 1963, a aEEOtapEite . Angus J. Ray, 185 W. Wa- bash Ave., Chicago, IIl. A Director or eee e ing: Food Processors, quipment Firms, an ers, by Kermit Bird, 10 pp., processed, revised October 1963. Division of Information, Office Of Management Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 20250. Lists the names and addresses of 13 United States and Canadian and 23 foreign freeze-dry food pro- cessors, together with a description of the types of foods processed. Also includes names and addresses of 16 United States and Canadian and 11 foreign freeze- dry equipment manufacturers, and a description of the type of equipment produced. The final section lists names and addresses and types of businesses of 22 miscellaneous domestic and foreign firms, in- cluding handlers of freeze-dried foods, processors of non-food items, manufacturers of controls, and others. Freeze-Dried Foods and the Frozen Food Industry, by Kermit Bird, 24 pp., illus., processed, ober 1963. Division of Information, Office of Management Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C., 20250. Discusses the freeze-drying pro- cess and its advantages and disadvantages; major markets for freeze-dried foods; quality of freeze- dried foods as compared with frozen foods; costs of the freeze-drying process; expected freeze-drying volumes; and the future of freeze-drying. Includes statistical tables presenting data on taste tests of freeze-dried and frozen shrimp, crab, and other foods; estimates of capacity, investment, and costs of a typical freeze-drying plant; average costs of freeze-dry processing of shrimp and 3 other foods; length of processing season and average freeze-dry- ing costs per pound of water; and anticipated increases in refrigeration needs caused by freeze-drying in- dustry in 1967. "Freeze Dry Continuously," article, Food Processing, vol. 24, June 1963, pp. 68-72, printed. Putman = lishing Company, 111 E. Delaware Pl., Chicago 11, Ill. "Die kontinuierliche Gefriertrocknung von Lebensmit- teln'' (Continuous Freeze Drying of Foodstuffs), by U. Hackenberg, article, Dechema Monographien, vol. 46, nos. 761-780, 1963, pp. I61-I71, illus., printed in German. Rhengai-Allee 25, Frankfurt, Germany. FREEZER TRAWLERS: "Freezing Plants on Board Trawlers," by S. Roder- mund, article, Bulletin Technical Veritas, vol. 45, no. 4, April 1963, pp. 69-71, illus., printed in French. Bureau Veritas, 31 rue Henri-Rochefort, Paris, France. FREEZING FISH AT SEA: "Freezing at Sea with Vertical Plate Freezers,"'article, Modern Refrigeration, vol. 66, May 1963, pp. 422-423, printed. Refrigeration Press Ltd., Maclaren House, 131 Great Suffolk Street, London SE1, England. April 1964 tory; ''Modern Northern Pacific Halibut Gear;" "Whose Fish? Whose Sea? What Limits ?;" ''Hali- but--The King of the Flatfishes;'' 'How Halibut is Marketed;'' "Canadian Halibut Fleet, 1963;" "United States Halibut Fleet, 1963;"' ''Massive Bering Oper- ations Put Leverage on Halibut;" "The Men Who Man the Boats;"' "Asian Halibut Production Volume and Pricing Stirs Markets in U. S. and U. K.;"' and "'Hali- but Fishery of Norway." HANDLING: Handling Inshore Fish, by J. J. Waterman, Torry Ad- visory Note no. 11, 3 pp., printed, 1963. Torry Re- search Station, 135 Abbey Rd., Aberdeen, Scotland. HEMOGLOBIN: "Studies on Fish Hemoglobins Chinook Salmon and Rainbow Trout," by Donald R. Buhler, article, Jour- nal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 238, May 1963, pp. TeBSs167s- printed. American Society of Bio- logical Chemists, 428 East Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Statistical Bulletin for the Year 1961, vol. 11, 91 pp., illus., printed, C$3, 1963. Inter- national Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N. S., Canada. This bulletin is divided into two parts: Part 1 summarizes statis - tics on fishery landings in the Convention Area, 1952- 1961; and Part 2 includes statistical tables dealing with the fisheries in 1961. The presentation of the basic statistical data again has been designed to place emphasis on area and month of fishing. Con- tains a summary of all landings by species group, country, and statistical subdivision; landings of cod, haddock, ocean perch, halibut, and flounder for each type of gear; landings of each species by subarea; and fishing effort and landings by country, gear, and subarea. Member countries include Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom, and the United States. (North Pacific Fur Seal Commission) Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting, November cee December 3, 1962, Wasiiaston D. C., 36 pp., processed. Secre- tary, North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., 20240. The North Pacific Fur Seal Commission was established in January 1958, during a meeting held in Washing- ton, D. C. The Commission was organized pursuant to the Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals, signed in Washington, D. C., on February 9, 1957, by the Governments of Canada, Japan, the U.S.S.R., and the United States. The Con- vention came into force on October 14, 1957. This report contains a summary of the proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting, a report of the Standing Scien- tific Committee, a list of participants attending the meeting, Summaries of fur-seal investigations dur- ing 1962, plans for investigations during 1963, and administrative report of the Secretary to the Sixth Meeting. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: "Changes in the Microflora of Haddock Fillets and Shucked Soft-Shelled Clams After Irradiation with COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 BUT USUALLY MAY BE Co®9 Gamma Rays and Storage At O C. and 6 C.," by E. B. Masurovsky, J. S. Voss, and S. A. Goldblith, article, Applied Microbiology, vol. 11, May 1963, pp. 229-234, printed. illiams and Wilkins Co., 428 East Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md. Data were previ- ously presented on the micro-organisms obtained from shucked soft-shelled clams and haddock fillets before and, at various periods of time, after irradia- tion with Co®° gamma rays and storage at 0° and 6° C. This report presents the changes that took place in the constitution of the microflora of these marine products as the microbial population increased, and then they correlated these findings with such deleter- ious effects as spoilage and discoloration. They also searched for micro-organisms of public health sig- nificance in the hope that any problems associated with such microbes in radiation-treated seafoods might be brought into clearer perspective. "Effect of Substerilization Doses of Co°® Gamma Radi- ation on the Cold-Storage Life Extension of Shucked Soft-Shelled Clams and Haddock Filletd," by E. B.. Masurovsky, S. A. Goldblith and J. T. R. Nikerson, article, Applied Microbiology, vol. 11, May 1963, pp 220-228, printed. Williams and Wilkins Co., 428 East Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md. "Food Preservation by Radiation, Its Present Status-- Its Future Potential,’ by Samuel A. Goldblith, article, Food Engineering, vol. 35, May 1963, pp. 49-52, print- ed. Chilton Co., Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadelphia 39 eebae JAPAN: Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 21, September 1963, 85 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summaries. Hok- kaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoi- chi, Hokkaido, Japan. Contains, among others, arti- cles on: ''Male and Female Catches of the Pacific Salmon. by the Japanese High Seas Fisheries," by T. Ishida; ''Mesh Selective Biases on the Gill-Net Caught Sockeye and Chum Salmon," by T. Ishida; "Biochemical Studies on Squid. XXI--Re-Examina- tion on the Crude Fat Content of Squid Meat," by K. Kitabayashi and others; " . XXII--Inactivation of Trypsin by the Water Extract of Squid Meat," by S. Ishikawa and K. Kitabayashi; and "Studies on Fungi Isolated from Marine Products. III--Influence of Various Food Additives on the Growth of Fungi Iso- lated from Smoked Squid (1),"" by Y. Okunda and T. Sato. JELLYFISH: Notes on Freshwater oe In Ontario, by Glenn B. Wiggins, R. E. Whitfield, and F. A. Walden, No. 45, 6 pp., printed, January 15, 1957. Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, Division of Zoology and Palaeontology, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada. KELP: "History of Kelp Harvesting in California," by W. L. Scofield, 24 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 45, no. 3, July 1959, pp. 135-157.) Printing Office, Documents Section, Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramen- to 14, Calif. 92 FRESH FISH: "T tAvenir de la Peche et de la Consommation du Poisson Frais" (The Prospects for the Fishery and for the Consumption of Fresh Fish), by M. Keller, article, France Peche, no. 77, October 1963, pp. 29-32, illus., printed in French, single copy 2.5 F (about 50 U.S. cents). France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. GASTROPOD: "A New Pleurotomariid Gastropod Trawled in the Straits of Florida by R/V Gerda," by Frederick M. Bayer, Contribution No. 494, 5 pp., illus., printed in English with Spanish summary. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 488-492.) The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Mi- ami 49, Fla. GEAR: "Discharging Fish by Suction," article, World Fish- ing, vol. 12, April 1963, pp. 33-34, printed. John Trundell and Partners Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England. Drift and Set Line Fishing Gear in California, by W. L. Scofield, Fish Bulletin No. 66, 41 pp., illus., print- ed, 1947. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "New Japanese Net-Finding Instrument," article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 20, May 1963, p. 27, print- ed. National Business Publications Ltd., Garden- vale, Que., Canada. Trolling Gear in California, by W. L. Scofield, Fish Bulletin 103, 45 pp., illus., printed, 1956. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Rich- ards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. GENERAL: Fins and Tails: A Story of Strange Fish, by Elizabeth A. Campbell, 60 pp., ilfus., printed, $3, 1963. Little, Brown and Co., 34 Beacon St., Boston 6, Mass. Identification of Sex in Fish, Fisheries Circular No. , 7 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C3, Aus- tralia. "El Mar, Profanado'' (The Sea, Desecrated), article, Puntal, vol. X, no. 113, August 1963, p. 1, printedin Spanish, single copy 12 ptas. (about 20 U. S. cents). Puntal, Apartado de Correos 316, Alicante, Spain. GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission fur Meeresforschung, Neue Folge, Band , Heft 2, July 1963, 91 pp., illus., printed in German with Eng- lish summaries. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlags- buchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, Ger- many. Contains articles on: ''Biologisch-Statistische Untersuchugen uber die Deutsche Hochseefischerei. IV--Die Entwicklung der Hochseefischerei in Fang- technischer, Raumlicher und Biologischer Hinsicht. 7--Ertrags- und Bestandsveranderungen bei den Nutzfischen" (Biological-Statistical Research on Ger- man Deep Sea Fishing. IV--Development of Deep COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 BUT USUALLY MAY BE Sea Fishing with Regard to the Technique, the Area, and Biological Considerations of the Catch. 7-- Changes in Yield and Stock of Commercial Fishes), by Johannes Lundbeck; and "Uber das Wachstum des Steinbutts (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in der Nord- see'' (On the Growth of the Turbot--Scophthalmus maximus L.--in the North Sea), by Tekin Mengi. GREECE: Marine Science in Greece, by E. C. Haderlie and Adri- an F. Richards, 9 pp., printed, June 14, 1963. Of- fice of Naval Research, London, England. GROUNDFISH: "Discards of Fish at Sea by Northern New Brunswick Draggers,'"' by Yves Jean, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, March > pp. 407-524, printed. Queen's Printer and Con- troller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. GRUNION: A Guide to the Grunion, by Boyd W. Walker, 12 pp., ~ifllus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fishand Game, vol. 38, no. 3, July 1952, pp. 409-420.) Print- ing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. GUINEA: Preparing Shipments to Guinea, OBR 63-130, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents, October 1963. Bureau of Interna- tional Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Gives information on re- quirements for shipping documents; import regula- tions; mail shipment rules; and labeling, marking, and packing requirements. Also discusses entry, transit, and warehousing of goods; reexportation and free admission; customs procedures; and Guinean Government representation in the United States. GULF OF MEXICO: Circulation and Water Mass Distribution in the Gulf of Mexico, by T. Ichiye, Contribution No. 190, printed, . Oceanographic Institute, Florida State Univer- sity, Tallahassee, Fla. Surface Currents in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, by G. G. Salsman and W. H. Tolbert, Report No. 209, 43 pp., printed, $4.60, August 1963. Navy Mine De- fense Laboratory, Panama City, Fla. HALIBUT: Pacific Fisherman, vol. 61, no. 10, September 1963, 71 pp., illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. Pacific Fisherman, 500 Howard St., San Francisco, Calif., 94105. This issue, devoted to ''Halibut--Fish of Dis- tinction,'' includes, among others, articles on: "Hali- but, an Oceanic Resource in Focus;" '1963--Halibut's Year of Crisis;" "In 1913--Half a Century Ago Hali- but Research and Management Was Born;" ''Ameri- can Halibut Markets Closed to Non-Treaty Fish;" "Fathoming Halibut Facts, and How the Resource Was Rebuilt on Them;" ''Four Stand-Outs in Service to Pacific Halibut Resource;" "Halibut Association of North America--Promotion and Marketing;" "Hali- but "Lay' Governs Boat and Crew Relations;"' ''Hali- but Climbs Economic Peaks and Dips into the Valleys;" "The Pacific Halibut Fishery--Its Fleet and Its His- April 1964 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. KELP MEAL: "The Lack of a Consistent Chick Growth Response to Norwegian Kelp Meal," by E. L. Wisman and C. E. Howes, article, Poultry Science vol. 42, May 1963, pp. 787-790, printed. Poultry Science Association, Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio. KENYA: BG aes on Kenya Fisheries, 1962, 31 pp., printed, . Ministry of Forest t Development, Game and Fisheries, Fisheries Division, Nairobi, Kenya. LABOR LEGISLATION: Shellfish Processing on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts-- A Study of the Effects of Minimum Wage Coverage, SI pp., illus., processed, December 2. Wage and Hour and. Public Contract Divisions, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.,:20210. This report was prepared in response to Congressional requests for an analysis of the special adjustment problems fac- ing the shellfish-processing industry as a result of coming under the minimum wage provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act in September 1961. Most of the information was obtained through a compre- hensive survey covering all plants engaged in pro- cessing clams, crabs, oysters, and shrimp on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts in June 1962. The survey obtained general data on employment and wage rates of all production workers in occupations for which the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions have issued handicapped worker certificates to quali- fying employees. Data were also obtained on hours worked per week and on average weekly earnings. To obtain a picture of the labor force of this industry, data were obtained on age of workers and the charac- teristics of discharged employees. The report con- tains sections on the status of the shellfish industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938; special survey of employment, earnings, and related subjects; and general economic data on the industry. LAKE ERIE: Summary Review of the Lake Erie Commercial Fish Catch Snes the Beginning of Records, 52 pp., print- ater = ee A ed, esources Commission, Lansing, Mich. MARINE BIOLOGY: AIBS Bulletin, vol. 13, no. 5, October 1963, 107 pp., illus., printed, single copy $2. American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2000 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C. This is a special issue devoted to various aspects of marine biology. The section on ''National agencies--interest and support,'' covers the Office of Naval Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, National Science Founda- tion, Smithsonian Institution, Public Health Service, and National Oceanographic Data Center. The sec- tion on research and education discusses needs for research and education, and the readiness of aqua- tic biology for the computer age. The section on international cooperation gives information on the EQUALANT cruises and the International Indian O- cean Expedition. The final section covers research problems of marine organisms, marine bacteriology, phytoplankton and primary production, zooplankton and the food cycle, the deep sea benthos, larval de- velopment, pelagic fishes, and the improvement of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 BUT USUALLY MAY BE we = world fisheries from the biologist's and from the oceanographer's viewpoints. MARINE MAMMALS : "The Sea Lions, Seals and Sea Otter of the California Coast," by Paul Bonnot, 19 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from California Fish and Game, vol. 37, no. 4, October 1951, pp. 371-389 .) Printing Office, Docu- | ments Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., | Sacramento 14, Calif. MARINE OILS: "Progress in Marine Oil Research Conducted and Spon- sored by the United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries," by Neva L. Karrick, article, News Sum- mary No. ‘10, December 1962, pp. 92-112, printed. International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, 70 Wigmore St., London W1, England. MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS: "North Pacific Treaty Negotiations," article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 4, October 1963, p. 5, processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. MEXICAN SCAD: "A Range Extension for the Mexican Scad to Monterey Bay, California," by Herbert W. Freay, 2 pp., print- ed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 3, July 1962, pp. 210-211.) Printing Division, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. MOLLUSKS: "The Effect of Salinity on the Temperature Tolerance of Eggs and Larvae of Some Lamellibranch Mollusks,' by Harry C. Davis, 1 p., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Zo- ology, Waehingion: D. C., August 20-27, ELE vol. I.) U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn. "Observations on Pelagic Mollusks Associated with the Siphonophores Velella and Physalia,"’ by Frederick M. Bayer, Contribution No. pp., illus., print- ed in English with Spanish summary. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Carib- bean, vol. 13, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 454-466.) The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Mi- ami 49, Fla. MUSSELS: Mussel Poisoning As a Biological Problem on the Basis of Recent Research on its acaesr by L. von Haraghy, Translation Series No. 379, 7 pp., processed, 1962. (Translated from the German, Helgolander Wissen- schaftliche Meetesuntersuchungen | ee ES von der Biologischen Anstalt Welgctand: Volsi2)nonianae ) 1942; pp. 350-351.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, St. Andrews, B. C., Canada. "Stimulation of Spawning in the Mussels, Mytilus edu- lis Linnaeus and M ww oe Conrad, by Kraft Mill Effluent, Vilbur P. Breese, Raymond E. Millemann, and Rolend Bp. “Dimick, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 125, no. 2, October 1963, pp 187 205, illus., printed, single copy $2.50. Ma- rine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 94 NETS: Fishermen's Knots and Nets, by Raoul Graumont and Elmer Wenstrom, 215 pp., illus., printed, 1948. Cornell Maritime Press, Box 386, Cambridge, Md. Discusses angler's and still fishermen's knots, com- mercial fishermen's knots, fishing traps and seines, and netmaking and repairing. Purse Seines and Other Roundhaul Nets in California, by W. L. Scofield, Fish Bulletin No. 61, 87 pp.,illus., printed, 1951. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. NEW ENGLAND: "The Changing Face of the Seafood Industry," article, Frosted Food Field, vol. 36, no. 10, October 1963, pp. 22-25, 32-34, illus., printed, single copy$1. The Olsen Publishing Co., 321 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10007. Describes the outstanding progress achieved in the New England frozen fish industry during the past 10 years. NEW ZEALAND: Report on Fisheries for 1962, 24 pp., printed, 1963. Marine Department, Wellington, New Zealand. Dis- cusses total landings by class and by year, 1945-1962; spiny lobster landings, 1953-1962; fish landings by species, 1961-1962; landings by port; foreign trade in fish and shellfish; sport fishing; fish-liver oil production; whaling, 1962 season; rock and dredged oysters; and production of toheroa (edible mollusk). Also covers whitebait fishing; angling licences; re- search and investigation--research vessel opera- tions, grid pattern trawling, marine fish studies, marine mammal projects, shellfish studies, trout fisheries, Quinnat salmon, new game fish, introduc- tion of the English mayfly for trout food, and use of insecticides; select committee to inquire into the fishing industry; Freshwater Fisheries Advisory Council; Fishing Industry Advisory Council; and legislation pertaining to fisheries. Includes statis- tical tables giving data on the number of fishing ves- sels and fishermen by port or district and method of fishing; quantity of fish and shellfish landed by port; quantity of fish landed by species and type of gear; landings by species and port; landings of fish and spiny lobsters by ports and months; and foreign trade in fishery products. NIGERIA: Foreign Trade Regulations of Nigeria, OBR-63-122, 12 pp., printed, September 1963. Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Nigeria maintains an open system of imports, with controls imposed on only a few items in order to protect domestic producers, discourage smuggling, or assist in- digenous traders. The report discusses Nigeria's trade policy, import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, documentation and fees, and label- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 ing and marking requirements. Also covers special customs provisions, nontariff import trade controls, Nigeria's export controls, United States export and import controls, and diplomatic representation be- tween Nigeria and the United States. Report of The Federal Fisheries Service, 1961-62 and 1962-63, 26 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Printing Di- _ vision, Federal Ministry of Information, Lagos, Ni- geria. Discusses administrative operations, includ- ing Fisheries Service vessels, legislation affecting fisheries, and port facilities; sea research program-- oceanography, inventory of resources, bionomics, and publications; Lake Chad research program--pro- duction survey and biological studies of lake fish; and brackfish-water fish culture. NORTH ATLANTIC: International Collaboration in Fisheries Research; a Historical Review, with Particular Reference to the North Atlantic Region. Fisheries Biology Technical Paper No. 33, 6 pp., processed, 1963. Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. NUTRITION: Man, Land, and Food--Looking Ahead at World Food "Needs, by Lester R. Brown, Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 11, 161 pp., illus., processed, 50 cents, November 1963. Regional Analysis Divi- sion, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) This analysis seeks to assess the magnitude and direction of the effort which must be made during the remaining 4 decades of this century if the projected population, double today's figure, is to be sustained. The role of the United States agricultural sector, as a source of food capital and technical assistance for the food- scarce, less developed regions, is growing steadily, promising to achieve an importance without precedent. OCEANOGRAPHY: The Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent, by W. G. Met- “calf, A. D. Voorhis, and M. C. Stalcup, Contribution 1233, 12 pp., printed, 1962. (Reprinted from Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 67, no. 6, June 1962, pp. 5459-3508: ) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- tion, Woods Hole, Mass. Corals and Sea Pens, Indicators of the Hydrological Profile and Caspian Fouling and Its Changes in the Ten 1951-61), by K. N. Nesis and G. B. Zevina, OTS 63-21646, 39 pp., printed, $1.25, April 23, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Okeanolo- iya, vol. 2, no. 4, 1962, pp. 705-726.) Office of ech nical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. "The Delusion of 'Sea Level'," by D. E. Cartwright, article, New Scientist, vol. 20, no. 359, October 3, 1963, pp. 33-36, illus., printed. Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, England. Until recently mapmakers assumed that the mean lev- el of the sea, observed at a chosen spot, provided a foolproof basis for measuring land heights. Now scien- tists know that sea level is influenced by a great va- riety of physical effects; even across the Straits of Dover there is a discrepancy of 8 cms. April 1964 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. High Stability Seaborne Platforms for Range Instru- mentation, by Samuel T. Carpenter, Report No. SR 35, 52 pp., printed, December 1961. Mitre Corp., Bedford, Mass. Natural Coloring Matter as an Indicator of Inshore Water Masses, by Thomas L. Hopkins, Contribution No. 162, printed, October 1961. Oceanographic In- stitute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. Oceanographic Research, Progress Report No. 6, January 1-December 31, 1962, 20 pp., printed, 1962. Lamont Geological Observatory, Palisades, N. Y. Oceanographic Vessels of the World, vol. Il, Publi- cation G-2 in the NODC General Series, 417 pp., illus., processed, $4.50. National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C. This volume is essentially a continuation of the first volume of the same publication. Also includes photographs and plans of several of the unillustrated vessels in the first volume, errata to Vol. I, several ship specifi- cation revisions, and a revised ship index. Over120 additional ships are described, including ships of 3 new countries, so that the 2 volumes now ‘include over 300 ships belonging to 32 countries. It is plan- ned to issue periodic supplements to keep this publi- cation updated. "Results of the IGY: Oceanography," by John A. Knauss, article, Science, vol. 142, no. 3590, October 18, 1963, pp. 418, 421, printed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington 5, D.C. Soviet Oceanographic Research in the Mediterranean Sea, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, JPR 9 Pp., processed, February 19, 1962. (Translated from the Russian, Okeanologiya, vol. I, no. 4, pp. 745-761.) Office of Technical SOE U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. OYSTERS: First Supplementary List of Useful Publications for Oyster Farmers of the Maritimes, compiled by J. L. Hart, General Series Circular No. 41, 2 pp., printed, September 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Cana- da, Biological Station, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada. "Modified Clam Dredge Does Excellent Job onOysters,' by Earl R. Brenner, article, National Fisherman/ Maine Coast Fisherman, vol. 44, Apri » pp. 34- 35, printed. Journal Publishing Co., Belfast, Me. "Observations on the Food Value of Seven Species of Algae to the Larvae of Ostrea edulis. I--Feeding Experiments," by P. R. Walne, article, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United King- dom, vol. 43, no. 3, November 1963, pp. 767-784, illus., printed, single copy $12. Cambridge Univer - sity Press, 32 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y. PARASITES: "A Myxosporidian (Sporozoan) Parasite in the Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus,'' by E. S. Iversen and Bernard Yokel, Contribution No. 487, 5 pp., illus., printed in English with Spanish summary. (Reprint- ed from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 3, September 1963, pp. 449- 453.) The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Cause- way, Miami 49, Fla. PERU: La Pesqueria Peruana en 1962 (The Peruvian Fishery “in 1962), by Javier Iparraguirre Cortez, Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica 23, 54 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Departamento de Economia Pesquera, Ser- vicio de Pesqueria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, Peru. Discusses the rise of Peru as a fishing nation: the position of Peru in the world fisheries; domestic consumption; processed fishery products --investment and personnel, freezing, canning, fish meal and oil, and salted fish; fishery byproducts production; and coastal production of fish and shellfish by ports and by species. Also presents data on national byprod- ucts production and consumption of food fish, do- mestic and imported; fish supply in Greater Lima; quantity and value of fishery products consumed in Greater Lima, by species and source; landings of fish on the coast and its utilization; foreign trade in fishery products; world production of fish meal, fish solubles, and fish body oil; and domestic landings of whales. : PESTICIDES: Facts for Consumers, Pesticide Residues, FDA Publi- cation No. 16, 14 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents, Octo- ber 1963. Food and Drug Administration, U. S. De- partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Wash- ington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D. C., 20402.) Presents a summary of how the pesticide control system operates through 2 Federal laws: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (U. S. Department of Agriculture) and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Food and Drug Administration). Also contains sections on setting safe tolerances, policing tolerances, the farm- ers'role, and other safety clearance requirements. Pesticides, Public Health Service Publication No. 1081, 8 pp., printed, 5 cents, August 1963. Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Describes briefly what pesticides are, their importance in health and food protection, and what the hazards are when they are improperly used. Also contains a brief discus- sion on programs the Public Health Service, together with other Federal agencies, is conducting in the study of the effects of pesticides on men, animals, plants, food, soil, air, and water; and gives a listing of safety rules to follow when using pesticides. Most pesticides available today are chemical poisons, and the pests they kill may be weeds, insects, rats and mice, algae, worms, or other destructive forms of life. PHILIPPINES: Foreign Trade Regulations of the Philippines, by Dawn . Wachtel, OBR 63-138, 8 pp., printed, I5 cents. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) The need for foreign exchange to finance increasing import require- | 96 ments makes vital the Philippine Government policy to expand and diversify exports and export markets. This report discusses this trade policy, import tar- iff system, sales and other internal taxes, documen- tation and fees, and labeling and marking require- ments. Also covers special customs provisions, nontariff import trade controls, Philippine export controls, United States foreign trade controls, and diplomatic representation between the two countries. "Philippine Fisheries Investigations,'' article, Food Technology, vol. 17, June 1963, 86 pp., printed. The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, I1l. Scientists are looking to the natural resources of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, to help meet the protein needs of the country's rap- idly growing population. PHYSIOLOGY: Physiological Adaptations of Fishes to New Conditions ot Existence, by T. I. Privolnev, Translation Series No. 422, 10 pp., processed, 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Trudy Soveshchaniia Ikhtiologicheskoi Komissii Akademii Nauk SSSR, no. 3, » pp. 40- POLLUTION: Acid Mine Drainage, a Report Prepared for the Com- mittee on Public Works, House of Representatives, by the Division of Water Supply and Pollution Con- trol, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 24 pp., illus., print- ed, April19, 1962. Documents Room, House of Repre- sentatives, Washington, D. C. The Position of the Food and Agriculture Organization with Respect to Water Pollution Control, Fisheries Biology Technical Paper No. 34, 8 pp., processed, 1963. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Water and Its Impurities, by Thomas R. Camp, 355 pp., illus., printed, $18, 1963. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 18, N. Y. POND FISHERIES: Fish Pond Development Planning with the Help of by Gonz Linear Programming, by alo J. Arroyo, Fisher- ies Papers no. 5 pp., printed, 1962. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. POND FISHERIES: "Fishpond Improvement," by J. A. Bozeman and Floyd Fessler, article, The Tennessee Conservationist, vol. XXIX, no. 11, November 1963, pp. 10-11, illus., printed. Game and Fish Commission, 264 Cordell Hull Bldg., 436 Sixth Ave. N., Nashville, Tenn. "Many Factors Figure in Building of Successful Shrimp Pond," by S. F. Manning, article, National Fisher- man/Maine Coast Fisherman, vol. 44, May 1963, pp. 38-39, printed. Journal Publishing Co., Bel- fast, Me. "Prawn Ponds Yield Proteins for Singapore,"' article, New Scientist, vol. 17, March 21, 1963, p. 619, print- ed. Harrison, Raison and Co. Ltd., Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, England. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 Prudovoe Rybovodstvo (Pond Pisciculture--Textbook for Teachers at Agricultural Technical Schools), by S.-M. Dorokhod and others, R.28475, printed in Rus- sian, 1963. (Available on loan from the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, D.S.I.R., Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England.) PREDATORS: "Reproduction and Larval Development of the New Eng- land Clam Drill, Polinices duplicatus (Say) (Natici- dae: Gastropoda),” by James E. Hanks, 1 p., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Zoology, Washington, D. C., August 20- 27, 1963, vol. I, p. 507J Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn. PRESERVATION: "Fish Preservation Inquiries. III--Fisheries Products. Fish Sausages (2),'' by A. R. Prater and W. A. Mont- gomery, article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 22, April 1963, pp. 25-26, printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office, Dept. of Primary Industry, Canberra, Aus- tralia. PROCESSING: "Feeding for Fish Dressing (German Patent No, 900-221),"' by R. T. Baader, article, Food Manu- facture, vol. 38, June 1963, p. 346, printed. Leonard Hill Ltd., 9 Eden St., London NW1, England. PROCESSING PLANTS: Fish Working Premises - Materials and Design, by by J. J. Waterman. Torry Advisory Note no. 10,7 pp., printed, 1963. Torry Research Station, 135 Abbey Rd., Aberdeen, Scotland. QUALITY: Increasing the Satisfaction from Fish and Shellfish, by arles E. Eshbach an rby M. Hayes, cation 387, 19 pp., illus., printed, August 1963. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. The purpose of the leaflet is to present ways to select, store, prepare,: cook, and serve fish so that the most satisfaction may be obtained from use of this highly nutritious food. Discusses selection at the retail counter, forms of fish available, how much to buy, edible percentages of various fish and shellfish, and seasonality of supply and price. Also covers grades of fish, handling and storage, nutritive values, preparation and cooking, and adding contrast in color and flavor. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES: Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Fishing Industry, USSR, “by G. S. Karzinkin, OTS 63-31775, 79 pp., illus., printed, $2, September 17, 1963. Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing- ton, D. C., 20235. SALMON: An Analysis of Gross Returns from Salmon Fishing in “British Columbia by Seiners, Gillnetters, and Troll- ers for y B. A. Campbell and 5. L. Young, 44 pp., printed, 1963. Department of Fisheries, Pacific Area, Vancouver, B. C., Canada. "Chinook Salmon for the Selway,'' by Tom Welsh, arti- cle, Idaho Wildlife Review, vol. XVI, no. 3, November- April 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 December 1963, pp. 3-7, illus., printed. Idaho Fish and Game Commission, 518 Front St., Boise, Idaho. Presents a detailed explanation of the background and work being carried on to restore spring andsum- mer-run Chinook salmon to the Selway River (a tributary of the Columbia River) drainage in north Idaho. In 1961, the State of Idaho began its program by means of eyed-egg plantings. Future plans call for the taking of about one million eggs annually for 8 years from fish removed from the ladders of Bonne- ville Dam on the Columbia River. In addition, about one million eggs will be taken annually from fishin the Salmon River drainage. "A Feast and a Famine," article, Business Week, no. 1776, September 14, 1963, pp. 116- , illus., print- ed, single copy 50 cents. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y. Pink salmon in Alaska and Puget Sound were abundant in 1963, while the shortage of the choicer red salmon around Bristol Bay was the worst in 50 years, states the author. Washington State's Department of Fish- eries ascribes the boom in pink salmon largely to severe restrictions in commercial and sports fish- ing in 1961, and to efforts to clear spawning streams of log jams and other manmade obstructions. lation Series No. 437, 4pp., processed, 1963. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Nauchno-tekhnicheskii Biul- leten PINRO, no. 23 (20-21), 1962, pp. 37-38.) ~ Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. Information on the Biology and Survival of Salmon of the Kola Peninsula, by V. V. Azbelev, Translation — Series No. 440, 19 pp., processed, 1963. (Trans- lated from the Russian, Trudy PINRO, no. 12,1960, pp. 5-70.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. New Information on the Marine Period of Life and the Marine Fishery of Pacific Salmon, by I. B. Birman, Translation Series No. 357, 14 pp., illus., processed, 1962. (Translated from the Russian, Trudy Sovesh- chanii Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, no. 10, > Pp. -164. isheries Re- search Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. Parasitic Diseases of Young Pacific Salmon in Fish Hatcheries of the Far East, by E. AV Bogdanova, Translation Series No. 391, 5 pp., processed, 1962. (Translated from the Russian, Nauchno-Tekhnich- eskii Biulleten GosNIORKh, no. 11, 1960, pp. 49-52.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Sta - tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. "Potential Profits in the California Salmon Fishery," by Donald H. Frey, Jr., 12 pp., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 4, Oc- tober 1962, pp. 256-267.) Printing Division, Docu- ments Section, Department of Fish and Game, N. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "Salmon Protection in Newfoundland," by J. J. Quigley, article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 4, October 1963, pp. 3-4, illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Sport Fishing for Pacific Salmon, by Harry W. Howard, pp., illus., printed, 1954. Koke-Chapman Com- pany, Eugene, Oreg. SALMON AND TROUT: Scottish Salmon and Trout Fisheries; First Report by the Committee Appointed by the Secretary of State for Scotland, Cmnd. 2096, 58 pp., printed, 1963. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edin- burgh 2, Scotland. SANITATION: "Shellfish Chief Outlines Sanitary Control System," by Eugene T. Jensen, article, National Fisherman/ Maine Coast Fisherman, vol. 44, June 1963, pp. 34, 39, printed. Journal Publishing Co., Belfast, Me. SARDINES: Sardine Fishery for Victoria, by D. D. Lynch, Fisher- ies Circular No; 2 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Victoria's Resources, vol. 4, no. 3, September- November .) Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C3, Australia. SCALLOPS: Notes ona Scallop Fishery: A Guide for Development in Victoria, by D. D. Lynch, Fisheries Contribution No. 13, 18 pp., illus., processed, October 1963. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C3, Australia. SHELLFISH: Cooperative Epogram for the Certification of Inter- state Shellfis ippers. Part | --Sanitation of Shell- fish Growing Areas. Part II--Sanitation of the Har- vesting and Processing of Shellfish, 66 pp., printed, 1962. U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C., 20201. SHRIMP: "FAO Prawn Breeding Problem," article, Food Tech- nology, vol. 17, May 1963, pp. 54, 56, printed. Coun- cil of Australian Food Technology Associations, Inc., 12 O'Connell St., Sydney, Australia. "Sound Production in the Snapping Shrimps Alpheus (Crangon) and Synalpheus,'"' by Robert E. Knowlton and James M. Moulton, article, The Biological Bulle- tin, vol. 125, no. 2, October 1963, pp. = Faillus., printed, single copy $2.50. Marine Biological Labo- ratory, Woods Hole, Mass. SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Advertising in International Markets, by Harry C. Thompson, Management Aid for Small Manufacturers No. 160, 4 pp., processed, January 1964. Small Busi- ness Administration, Washington, D. C., 20416. A report on the use of the valuable and final tool of ad- vertising in overseas selling. International adver- tising supports overseas marketing by selling pro- ducts directly to users, obtaining channels of distri- bution, fostering government-business relations es- tablishing foreign credit and obtaining a good press in foreign countries. Small businessmen are urged to consult an advertising agency before initiating foreign advertising. Goals in overseas advertising 98 should be carefully defined. Media choices include United States magazines with foreign circulation, international periodicals, international trade papers, local language newspapers and magazines, inter- national television and radio broadcasting, and mov- ies. Costs of foreign advertising are discussed and a reference list of periodicals is included in the report. Bank Loan Limitations: Living Within Them, by Robert K. Landrum, Management Aid for Small Manufacturers No. 158, 4 pp., processed, November 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, D. C., 20416. Loan limitations and restrictions are designed to protect the lender against unnecessary risks. Knowing the reasons for limitations can help small business owners in understanding the nature of loan limitations as set by banks and other private lenders. Describing the loan agreement, the leaflet points out that limitations and restrictions can help the owner-manager. For example, the loan agreement protects him on his rate of repayment. Also, attention is called to the importance of keep- ing the lender informed about changes--good or bad--in the condition of the borrowers! business. How Small Utah Firms Get and Keep Their Employees, by Reed C. Richardson and Barbara S. Stubbletietd, Management Research Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, D. C., 20416. Recruiting sources most widely used by the 1,000 firms studied were: (1) referrals, (2) the State Department of Employment Security, (3) newspaper advertising, and (4) unsolicited applica- tions. In general, the firms relied on personal in- terviews and statements from former employers rather than on more formal screening devices inse- lecting employees. Good employer-employee re- lations were rated the best single approach to re- ducing turnover. Tax Compliance Costs in Small Firms, by Fred J. ~ Mueller, Management Research Summary, 4 pp., processed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, D. C., 20416. Businesses in all but 4 of 38 states having sales, use, and gross-receipts taxes serve essentially as tax-collection agents for the tax authority--in the majority of cases without reimbursement for the costs incurred. About two- thirds of the 34 states levying income taxes require withholding by the employer. The report showed that compliance by the study firms with regulations covering Federal payroll taxes required an average of 9.3 hours per employee per year. Collection of sales taxes from the customer required an average of 20 seconds a transaction; recording, reporting, and remitting required a total of 8.1 hours per year. SMELT: "Introduction of Pond Smelt from Japan into California," by Joseph H. Wales, 2 pp., printed. (Reprintedfrom California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 2, April 1962, pp. 141-142.) Printing Division, Documents Section, Department of Fish and Game, N. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC: Department of Nature Conservation, Report No. 19, Te82, 142 pp., illus., printed. Department of Nature COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 Conservation, Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town, South Africa Republic. A section on accomplishments of the Division of In- land Fisheries discusses the Jonkershoek Fish Hatch- ery, Pirie Trout Hatchery, and stocking of public waters. Also covers tidal waters, report on investi- gational work on Tilapia mossambica, and eradica- tion of undesirable water plants. SOUTH. ATLANTIC: "Fishing Expeditions in the Southern Atlantic," by V. Paz-Andrade, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, January-March 1963, pp. 71-73, printed. A.J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, Lon- don EC4, England. SPAIN: Establishing a Business in Spain, OBR 63-140, 12 pp., printed, 15 cents, November 1963. Bureau of Inter- national Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Information of impor- tance to Americans contemplating establishing a business in Spain is presented in this report. Since 1959 the Spanish Government has taken a number of steps toward a greater liberalization of foreign capi- tal investments. These have included removal of restrictions ‘on foreign ownership of Spanish com- panies and on the transfer abroad of earnings and the repatriation of capital. The report covers in- vestment factors such as Spanish Government regu- lations on foreign investments, real estate purchases and investments, National Institute of Industry, min- ing legislation, treaty relations with United States, repatriation of capital and profits, and foreign trade policy. Also discusses business organization--types of organizations, the mercantile register, notaries fees and other charges, and industrial property pro- tection; laws affecting employment--employment of aliens, syndicalism, and labor provisions; and tax system. "Evolucion de la Industria Pesquera Espanola" (Growth of the Spanish Fishery Industry), by Agustin de Bar- cena y Reus, article, Boletin de Informacion, nos. 59-60, August-September 1963, pp. 3-5, printed in Spanish. Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca, Paseo del Prado, 18-20, 6.2 Planta, Madrid, Spain. "La Pesca Espanola en Cifras" (The Spanish Fishery in Figures), by Alevin, article, Industria Conservera, vol. XXIX, no. 290, pp. 211-212, printed in Spanish. Union de Fabricantes de Conservas de Galicia, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain. SPINY LOBSTER: The Status of the Florida Spiny Lobster Fishery, 1962- 63, by Richard K. Robinson and Dolores E. Dimitriou, Technical Series No. 42, 30 pp., illus., printed, Au- gust 1963. Florida State Board of Conservation, W.V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla. STERN TRAWLERS: "Stern Trawling with the 'Netzsonde!," article, World Fishing, vol. 12, June 1963, pp. 70-71, printed. John Trundell Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt Street, London NW1, England. Describes use of headline echo-sounders which have a transducer fitted to the trawl. April 1964 STORAGE LIFE: "The Storage Life of Frozen Foods,''byG. C. Walker, article, Food Preservation Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 1, March 1963, pp. 20-21, printed. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Di- vision of Food Preservation, P. O. Box 43, Ryde, N.S.W, Australia. SUSQUEHANNA RIVER: "Susquehanna River Fish Pots,'' by John M. Hershour, article, Pennsylvania Angler, vol. 32, no. 12, De- cember 1963, pp. 2-6, illus., printed, single copy 25 cents. Pennsylvania Fish Commission, South Office Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa. SWORDFISH: "Swordfishing in Newfoundland," article, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 4, October 1963, p.10,illus., processed. Information and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. The Atlantic Coast's newest large-scale commercial fishery, long-line swordfishing, is having considerable success in Cana- da. The Newfoundland Department of Fisheries ex- perimental and demonstration vessel Beinir landed 293 swordfish at a processing plant inHarbour Grace. TAGGING: "A New Method of Attaching Peterson Disk Tags with Monofilament Nylon," by John E. Randall, 5 pp., illus. printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 42, no.1, January 1956, pp: 63-67.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Rich- ards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. TRANSPORTATION: Some Problems in the Transport of Frozen Food, by D. L. Nicol, Torry Memoir No. 414, 6p., processed, 1963. Torry Research Station, 135 Abbey Rd., Aberdeen, Scotland. The: Use of Anesthetics for the Handling andthe Trans- "port of Fishes, by William N. MoParland, 55/pps printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 4, October 1960, pp. 407-431.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Rich- ards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. TRAWLERS: "Cathodic Protection of Trawlers Against Corrosion Damage," by M. G. Duff, article, Fishing News Inter- national, vol. 2, January-March 1 > Pp. 65-67, printed. A. J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England. TRAWLING: "Construction and Operation of a Small Boat Trawling Apparatus,'' by Wayne J. Baldwin, 9pp., illus., print- ed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 47, no.1, January 1961, pp. 87-95.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "New Electro-Pneumatic Towing Block," article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 50, May 1963, pp. 31,34, printed. National Business Publications Ltd., Garden- vale, Que., Canada. TRAWLS: S "Les Engins de Peche--L'Ouverture Verticale du Chalut" (Fishing Gear--The Vertical Opening of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 Trawl), by A. Percier, article, France Peche, no. 77, October 1963, pp. 33-36, 38, illus., printed in French, single copy 2.5 F (about 50 U.S. cents), France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France. "Gallows Blocks from Norway," article, World Fish- ing, vol. 12, June 1963, p. 130, printed. John Trun- dell Ltd., St. Richards House, Eversholt Street, Lon- don NW1, England. Trawling Gear in California, by W. L. Scofield, Fish Bulletin 72, 63 pp., illus., printed, 1948. Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. TREATIES: Declaration of Understanding Regarding the Interna- tional Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisher- ies, Washington, April 24, 1961, Treaty Series No. 71, printed, 1963, 20 cents. British Information Serv- ices, 845 3rd Ave., New York 22, N. Y. TROPICAL FISH: "Florida's Fabulous Fish Industry," by John W. Ander- son, article, The Aquarium, vol. 32, no. 11, November 1963, pp. 3-5, illus., printed, single copy 40 cents. The Aquarium Publishing Co., Box 832, Norristown, Pa., 19404. TROUT: Brown Trout; its Life History, Ecology and Manage- ment, by O. M. Brynildson and others, Publication No. 234, 15 pp., printed, 1963. Wisconsin Conser- vation Department, Madison, Wis. "Report Cottonseed Meal Causative Factor in Liver Cancer in Fish," article, Feedstuffs, vol. 35, June 1, 1963, p. 76, printed. Miller Publishing Co., 2501 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis 5, Minn. Some Effects of Impoundment on the Environment and Growth of Brown Trout (SALMO TR ipa Loch Garry (Inverness-shire), by R. N. Campbell, Freshwater and Salmon Fisheries Research, No. 30, 27 pp. illus., printed, $2.10, 1963. British Informa- tion Services, 845 3rd Ave., New York 22, N. Y. "Trout Survival in Taylor Creek, a Tributary of Lake Tahoe, California," by Garth I. Murphy, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no. 1, January 1963, pp. 16-19.) Printing Division, Documents Section, Department of Fish and Game, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. TUNA: "Economic Potential of Australian Tuna," by D. J. Hardman, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, no. 138, April-June 1963, pp. 140-141, printed. A. J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England, "The 1960 Preseason Albacore Survey in the North- eastern Pacific Ocean," by William L. Craig and Rob- ert H. Caneday, 20 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 3, July 1962, pp. 179-198.) Printing Office, Documents Sec- tion, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento, Calif. 100 — COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 4 ELSHV AND BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. "ILa Pesca del Atun en los Mares del Globo" (The Tuna Fishery in the Seas of the World), article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol. XXXVII, no. 872, August : SIPs , printed in Spanish, single copy 40 ptas. (about 70 U. S. cents). Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz, 21-29, Vigo, Spain. "The Schooling Behavior of Pacific Yellowfin and Skipjack Tuna held in a Bait Well,'' by James Joseph and Izadore Barrett, 1 p., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no. 1, January 1963.) Printing Division, Documents Section No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. "Tuna Longlining: Results of a Cruise tothe Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean," by Robert C. Wilson and Bell M. Shimada, 8 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 41, no. 1, Jan- uary 1955, pp. 91-98.) Printing Office, Documents Section. No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacra- mento 14, Calif. "Tuna Seining in the Atlantic," by G. J. Gillespie, arti- cle, Trade News, vol. 16, no. 5-6, November-De- cember 1963, pp. 3-5, 17, illus., processed. In- formation and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Canadian maritime fish- ing history was made at Wilson's Beach, Campobello Island, New Brunswick, in the late summer andearly | fall of 1963 when 2 vessel captains initiated the first tuna-seining operation ever undertaken in the Atlan- tic coastal provinces. In 5 trips to fishing grounds off the New England coast and near Block Island, the 2 vessels landed more than 700,000 pounds of tuna, mostly bluefin. The tuna were unloaded at Wilson's Beach, then trucked to a cannery at Eastport, Maine. The project was jointly sponsored and financed by the Industrial Development Service of the Canadian Department of Fisheries and the newly-formed New Brunswick Department of Fisheries. The venture so far is strictly experimental and plans call for operations over a 3-year period. TUNA AND MACKEREL: "The Names of Tunas and Mackerels,"' by Phil M. Roedel, 1 p., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 49, no. 2, April 1963.) Print- ing Division, Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd, Sacramento 14, Calif. TURKEY: Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. XI, no. 11, November 1963, 35 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English table of contents. Et ve Balik Kurumu G. M., Balikcilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Tur- key. Includes, among others, articles on: ''Some Chemical Aspects about the Bonito and Horse Mack- erel which Are Caught in Our Waters;"' and ''Basic Researches in Inland Waters." Investment Factors in Turkey, by Barbara H. Hise, OBR 63-137, 12 pp., printed, 15 cents, November 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, Washing - ton, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D. C., 20402.) Factors to be considered by po- tential United States investors in Turkey. Covers scope of private foreign investment, fields for pri- vate foreign investment and enterprise, Government policy toward foreign investment, Government con- trols over industry, and screening of investment: proposals. Also includes information on taxation, financing facilities, labor conditions, investment counseling, foreign investment encouragement law, and handling of foreign capital brought into Turkey. UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS: "Observations on the Effect of Black Powder Explo- sions on Fish Life,'' by Donald H. Fry, Jr. and Keith W. Cox, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 39, no. 2, April 1953, pp. 233- 236.) Printing Office, Documents Section, No. Sev- enth St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. Report on Experiments Designed to Determine Effects of Underwater Explosions on Fish Life, by Carl L. Hubbs and Andreas B. Rechnitzer, 34 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol. 38, no. 2, July 1952, pp. 333-366.) Printing Of- fice , Documents Section, No. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY: La Photographie Sous-Marine Profonde et Son Ex- “ploitation Scientifique (Deep-Sea Underwater Photo- graphy and its Scientific Use), by Andre Laban, 32 pp., Bulletin No. 1258, processed, 1963. Institut Oceanographique, Musee Oceanographique, Monaco- Ville, Monaco. UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC: Foreign Trade Regulations of the United Arab Republic, “by Roger D. Severance, OBR 63-143, 8 pp., printed, — 15 cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash- ington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D. C., 20402.) The trade policy of the United Arab Republic is intended to maximize the use of monetary resources for the implementation of the economic development program of the country. The report covers import tariff system, documentation and fees, labeling and marking requirements, and special customs provisions. Also includes infor- mation on nontariff import trade controls, export controls, United States foreign trade controls, and diplomatic representation between the two countries. UNLOADING: A New Method for Pumping Fish, by S. W. Roach, F.G. ~ Claggett, and J. S. M. Harrison, 3 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Techno- logical Research Laboratory, Sir Charles Tupper Bldg., Riverside Dr., Ottawa, Canada. U.S.S.R.: "Searching the Oceans," by A. G. Koganovsky, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, April-June 1963, p. , printed. A. J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England. WHALES: "An Improved Method for Collection of Ear Plugs from Baleen Whales," by Hideo Omura, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette), vol. > no. 10, October 1963, pp. 279-283, illus., printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hvalfangst- Tidende, Sandefjord, Norway. hay BAKED HALIBUT TOPPED WITH FRENCH FRIED ONION RINGS OFFERS AN UNUSUAL SEAFOOD TREAT Created in the Test Kitchens of the 28 U. S. Department of the Interior's Bu- : reau of Commercial Fisheries, this sparkling seafood recipe calls on halibut to provide easy economy and easy ele- gance for today's imaginative homemaker. The natural hearty flavor of halibut steaks complemented with just a hint of lemon's tartness and baked under a crispy topping of french fried onion rings and tangy Parmesan cheese offers an exciting entree Suggestion to grace the Lenten table. Wholesome, meaty halibut steaks are in good supply in markets throughout the United States all throughthe year and ver- satile homemakers will find popular hali- but a winner at mealtime. BAKED HALIBUT SURPRISE 2 pounds halibut steaks or other + teaspoon salt fish steaks, fresh or frozen 1 can (35 ounces) french 3 cup Frenck dressing fried onions 2 tablespoons lemon juice $ cup grated Parmesan cheese Baked halibut surprise. Thaw frozen steaks. Cutintoserving-size portions. Place fish in a shallow bak- ing dish. Combine dressing, lemon juice, and salt. Pour sauce over fish and let stand for 30 minutes, turning once. Remove fish from sauce and place in a well-greased baking dish, 12 x 8 x 2 inches. Crush onions. Add cheese and mix thoroughly. Sprin- kle onion mixture over fish. Bake in a moderate oven, 350° F., for 25 to 30 minutes or until fish flakes easily when tested with a fork. Serves 6. From Special Fisheries Marketing Bulletin: "Heirloom Seafood Recipes to Treasure." A4YYE SX Fishes /¢ Mh MAY 1964 W Pc Ml of go @ HUOUCAEAHUNAUNT a2 | | ntl oe a HANOAAANRAGNUUUUULI ons cal CS) os << a "ee QE am & = SBS OW C Lit = Ew oo = &s LJ Ben ~ cS oc Of SS = = ° Lil | | | aS) = at) ae = =] _UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR VOL. 26, NO. 5 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISS|ONER COMMERCIAL F A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, ul MMH itn cet ala a Joseph Pileggi, Editor G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wyatt Bldg., Suite 611, 777 14th Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 1, 1963. 5/31/68 CONTENTS COVER: A giant midwater trawl developed by the gear research staff of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for pelagic fishing. This "Cobb" pelagic trawl with modification, may in the future be an efficient method of capturing pelagic species. Page 1 . .Second World Fishing Gear Congress, by Edward A. Schaefers and Dayton L. Alverson Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Alaska: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 12... Soviet Trawlers Return to Gulf of Alaska 16 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- 12... Bristol Bay Red Salmon Run Forecast for February 1964 1964 Fishy Flavors and Odors: 12... Foreign Fishing Fleets in Bering Sea In- 17... Chemistry of Volatile Components in Fishery crease in February Products Studied 12 .. Marine Plants and Animals in Shallow Coast- Great Lakes: al Waters Near Sitka 17... Midwest Federated Fisheries Council Or- Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear ganized Research: Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear 13... Trawling Experiments Yield Heavy Shrimp Research: Catches 18 .. Trawling Investigations in Southern Lake American Samoa: Michigan 13... Japanese Government Issues Special Permit Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: to Land Fiji Islands Tuna at Samoa 21... Shrimp and Menhaden Investigations in the California: Gulf of Mexico Continued 13... Sea Otter Population Survey Continued Gulf Fishery Investigations: Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: 22 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies 13... New Fisheries-Oceanographic Research Hawaii: Vessel Completes Successful Maiden 23... Skipjack Tuna Landings, February 1964 Voyage Industrial Fishery Products: 14 .. Plankton Studies Give Clues to Indian Ocean- 23... Use of Fish Reduction Products in Poultry Atlantic Zoogeographical Relations and Animal Nutrition Highly Regarded Exports: U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles: 15 .. Shrimp Vessel Equipment Sold to Colombia 24s Production and Imports, January 1964 Firm by United States Company U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles: YA G6 Production by Areas, February 1964 Contents continued page II. II Page 31 32 33 34 39 40 40 40 . FOREIGN: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Industrial Fishery Products (Contd.): U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles (Contd.): Production, January 1964 Mississippi: Shrimp Catch from Mississippi Sound Ana- lyzed Mississippi River Fisheries: Fishery Landings, 1962 Missouri: Commercial Fisheries Catch in 1963 National Fisheries Center and Aquarium: Variety of Aquatic Specimens To Be Donated Architects Selected to Draw Plans North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: Hydrographic -Plankton Survey in the Gulf of Maine Oceanography: Educational Grants for 1964 Awarded by Interior Department Oysters: Harvest in Spring Months Suggested Pollution: Conference on Milfoil Control Salmon: New Fish Farm in Washington State Estab- lished by Cooperative Effort Shrimp: United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, Feb- ruary 1964 South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Royal-Red Shrimp and Calico Scallop Grounds Photographed South Carolina: Fisheries Biological Research Progress, January-March 1964 United States Fisheries: More Fishery Products Used in United States in 1963 U.S. Foreign Trade: Imports of Canned Tuna Under Quota Processed Edible Fishery Products, January 1964 Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, De- cember 1963 Washington: Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1963 Salmon Catch by Sport Fishermen in 1963 Fishery Technicians To Be Trained at Peninsula College Wholesale Prices: Edible Fish and Shellfish, March 1964 Wisconsin: Fishery Landings, 1963 International: Fishing Limits: Modified 12-Mile Fisheries Limit Accepted by 13 Countries at European Fisheries Conference in London Fish Meal: Fish Meal Production and Exports for Selected Countries, January-December 1963 Food and Agriculture Organization: Model Standard for World Trade in Fishery | Products Worked Out by Fisheries Group Contents continued page Page 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 47 47 FOREIGN (Contd.): International (Contd.): Food and Agriculture Organizations (Contd.): Caribbean Fisheries Development Project General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: 21st Session Held at Geneva Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission: Lower 1964 Quota Recommended for Yellow- fin Tuna Caught in Eastern Pacific Mexico Joins International Tuna Group International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries: Canada Ratifies Protocol Amendment Con- cerning Harp and Hood Seals International Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission: Japan-Soviet Fisheries Conference Opened in Moscow on March 2, 1964 International Pacific Halibut Commission: Bering Sea Halibut Catch in Area 3B North Triangle, March 28, 1964 North Pacific Halibut Regulations for 1964 International Seaweed Symposium: Fifth Meeting To Be Held in August 1965 in Halifax, Canada North Pacific Fur Seal Convention: Protocol Amending Interim Convention Ratified by United States Organization for Economie Cooperation and Development: Ninth Meeting of Fisheries Committee United States -Irish Cooperation in Joint Fish- eries Projects Argentina: Atlantic Fishing Grounds off Argentina Worked by Italian Freezer-Trawlers Australia: Air Shipment of Anesthetized Live Spiny Lobsters Considered by Exporters Belgium-Luxembourg: Import Quota and Duty for Fresh and Frozen Cooked Crab and Shrimp, January 1, 1964- March 31, 1965 Canada: Fisheries Minister Comments on Proposed 12-Mile Fisheries Limits Joint Canadian-Japanese Fishery Base in Newfoundland Proposed Trade Mission Explores Latin American Market for Fish-Processing Equipment Cape Verde Islands: Japanese Tuna Base To Be Constructed Chile: Joint Tuna Enterprise with Japan New Fish-Meal Factory at Iquique Dedicated Denmark: "Caviar'' Plant Planned for Northern Ger- many Faroe Islands: Fishing Limit of 12 Miles Stirs Reactions Fisheries Trends, 1963 France: Industry Urged to Increase Exports of Canned Tuna Greece: Landings by Atlantic Freezer-Trawler Fleet, 1963 Ill. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW TI CONTENTS (CONTINUED) May 1964 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Iceland: 52 Herring Prices, March 1-June 15, 1964 52 Frozen Fish Sold to U.S.S. R. 53 Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Jan- uary-August 1963 53 Utilization of Fishery Landings, January- August 1963 India: 53 .. New Shrimp-Processing Plant in Cochin Italy: 54 .. Tuna Industry Trends 54 .. Expansion of Tuna Operations Planned 54 .. Joint Japanese-Italian Tuna Enterprise Proposed 54 .. Prices Paid for Japanese Frozen Tuna 55 .. Import Curbs Being Studied 55 .. No Increase in Duty-Free Frozen Tuna Im- port Quota 55 .. Japanese Frozen Tuna Rejects Reported 55 .. Japan Proposes to Participate in Canned Tuna Promotion Program 55 .. Project to Tag Young Tuna Initiated in Sicily Japan: 56 .. Frozen Tuna Export Quota for United States 56 .. Frozen Tuna Export Quotas for FY 1964 56 Atlantic Frozen Tuna Export Prices 56 Export Prices for Frozen Atlantic Tuna 56 .. Third Sale of Canned Tuna to United States 56 .. Value of Frozen and Canned Tuna Exports, 1962-1963 57... Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, April-De- cember 1962-1963 57... Fiscal Year 1964 Export Target for Fishery Products 57 Allocation Planned of Overseas Bases Tuna Export Quota 57 Tuna Industry Organizations Seek to Improve their Management 58 Tuna Mothership Returns from Eastern Pacific 58 .. Halibut Vessels Licensed for Triangle Area of Eastern Bering Sea 58 .. Trawlers Licensed to Fish Eastern North Pacific 59 .. Eastern Bering Sea Bottomfish Fishing Fleets for 1964 Season Announced 59 .. Two Motherships Issued Licenses for 1964 ‘King Crab Operations in Eastern Bering Sea 60 .. Stern-Trawling Operations 60 Long-Line Fleets Plan to Fish Bottomfish 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 South of Western Aleutian Islands in Fall 1964 Bottomfish Fishing Off New Zealand Japanese Shipyard Launches First of Five Tuna Factory-Motherships Ordered by WSs oes Trawlers To Be Exported to Ghana Skipjack Tuna Purse-Seining Test Off Philippines Proposed North Pacific Salmon Fishery Uses Mono- filament Gill Nets Polypropelene Tangle Nets To Be Used in King Crab Fishery Antarctic Whaling Stern Trawler Built in Japan for Rumania Page 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 72 FOREIGN (Contd.): Japan (Contd.): Market for Shrimp Whaling Operation in Ecuador Antarctic Whaling Fleets Whaling Operation in Brazil Efficiency Study of Tuna Vessels .. Ship-to-Ship Fueling of Tuna Vessels at Sea .. Firm Files Application to Import Frozen Yellowtail from Mexico New Stern Trawler to Fish Off South Africa Fishing Company Plans to Close South Georgia Island Whaling Base Licensing More Vessels to Operate in North- west Atlantic Planned Freezer Carriers to Transport Atlantic Trawl Fish to Japan . Fishing Vessel Construction Loan Program Proposed Fishing Vessel Construction Permits Issued: A March 13, 1964 6 February 29, 1964 O January 31, 1964 Fisheries Conference .. Suction Pump Fishing Jordan: Fishery Landings Drop in 1963 Mexico We Japanese Propose Joint Venture with Guay- mas Shrimp-Fishing Cooperatives .. New Fishing Port Planned at Progreso, Yucatan .. First Marine Exhibit a Success Morocco: . Tuna and Sardine Industry Development Projects Netherlands West Indies: Q-0 Japanese Tuna Base at St. Martin Tuna Transshipment Quota for St. Martin Base New Zealand: .. Exports of Small Spiny Lobster Banned Norway: . Exports of Canned Fish, 1963 . Big Herring Run Off North Coast Fisheries Trends: . March 1964 ° January 1964 . Modified 12-Mile Fisheries Limit Rejected . Ban May Be Relaxed on Foreign Landings . Fish Reaction to Gear and Engine Noise Studied Pakistan: Shrimp- Producing Costs Peru: Exports of Principal Marine Products, Jan- uary-September 1963 Fish-Canning Industry Responds to Tax Con- cessions Poland: .. Shipyards Building Large Trawlers and Factory-Trawlers Marine Fisheries Landings in 1963 Portugal: . Trawling Operations Off South Africa Contents continued page IV. IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): South Africa Republic: U.S.S.R (Contd.): 72 Pilchard-Maasbanker-Mackerel Fishery, 76 Soviet Scientists Develop New Species of 1963 Salmon and Sturgeon South Viet-Nam: United Kingdom: 12 Shrimp Fishing Potential 76 .. #EFreezer-Trawler Lands Frozen Blocks of Spain: Whole Fish V3} Fish Meal Production and Imports, 1962/63 77... Danish-British Talks on Fishery Coopera- and Forecast 1963/64 tion Taiwan: FEDERAL ACTIONS: 73 Fisheries Trends in 1963 and Outlook for Department of Commerce: 1964 Area Redevelopment Administration: 74 Fisheries Aided by World Bank Loan for 78 «. Alaska Bottomfish Industry Potential To Be Purchase of Modern Fishing Vessels Studied Under Technical Assistance Proj- Thailand: ect 74 Fishery Subsidy Fund Use UB) were Industrial Loan to Alaskan Cold-Storage Tunisia: Firm Handling Fishery Products 74 Fisheries Development 78... Lake Superior Commercial Fishing Industry U.S.S.R.: To Be Aided by Technical Assistance 75 Fishing Fleets in Atlantic Ocean and Bering Project Sea Department of the Treasury: 75 Three More Freezer-Trawlers Ordered Coast Guard: from Danish Shipyard TS Hearings on Lights and Fog Signals On Off- 76 Four New Freezer-Trawlers Delivered to shore Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico Soviet Atlantic Fishing Fleet 79 .. Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session) 76 Eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska Fish- RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: ing Activities, March 1964 84 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications 86 .. Miscellaneous Publications Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial affairs. As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre- newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con- served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Vol. 26, No. 5 Compositors: Alma Greene and Donna K. Wallace Jr. Compositor: Dorothy Stein Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P 38--J. Pileggi; pp. 58 and 59 (fig. 1)--R. C. Naab. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. = = mt wll mde aD rate BUT TTT Latins itn a itl TT] } May 1964 Washington, D. C. SECOND WORLD FISHING GEAR CONGRESS By Edward A. Schaefers* and Dayton L. Alverson** On May 25, 1963, the Second World Fishing Gear Congress, arranged by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, convened in London, England. Six years had elapsed since the First World Fishing Gear Congress, also arranged by FAO, convened in Hamburg, Germany. Some 600 delegates from 50 countries registered for the Second Con- gress at which 87 technical papers were presented and discussed during the five days of tech- nical sessions (May 27-31). To facilitate presentation and discussion, papers were divided, by natural classifications, into three main subjects: Materials, Gear and Fishing, and Gear Research. Each of these majors Subjects included a wide variety of topics. Rapporteurs from various countries were chosen to summarize one or more topics under each major subject. MATERIALS The discussion on materials centered around a review of the most widely used synthetic fibers which play such an important role in today's fisheries. Three topics, knotless netting, the use of monofilament nets, and new net materials, received the greatest emphasis. In con- trast to the 1957 Gear Congress, when a host of new synthetic fibers were being incorporated into fisheries, only one new synthetic fiber, polypropylene, was discussed in detail at the 1963 Congress. Experiments with this material have resulted in favorable catches during fishing trips in Japan, England, Germany, and the United States. These results suggest increaseduse of this fiber in fisheries. The introduction into fisheries of only one new synthetic net mate- rial in the past several years is not surprising considering the wide group of synthetic fibers which were introduced and adopted prior to 1960. When those materials were first tried by various fisheries their efficiency was judged by comparing their physical and chemical prop- erties with those of natural fibers. Synthetics having desirable characters were soon adopt- ed into world fisheries. Accordingly, new net materials must now compete with high-quality, well-proven synthetic twines, and must have characteristics which make them more suitable for use in fisheries than existing synthetic twines. The most striking change in the discussion on synthetic fiber materials between the 1957 and 1963 Gear Congresses was the complete acceptance at the latter Congress of synthetic fibers as the dominant material used for net construction. During the 1957 Congress synthet- ic fibers for fishing nets were relatively new. Considerable debate occurred as to the desir- ability of synthetic materials for use in various fisheries and as to the comparative merits of natural and synthetic fibers. In Japan, where synthetics were introduced into the fishing industry in 1949, the use of those fibers for fabrication into fishing nets has increased at a tremendous rate and by 1959 a total of 21.2 million pounds were reported as having been used. Two years later, in 1961, use of synthetics for nets had risen to 30.7 million pounds (table). Correspondingly, there has been a decrease in the use of natural fibers for netting in Japan--from 28 million pounds *Chief, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 22k Base Director, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 703 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Japanese Production of Synthetic Fibers for Fishing Nets, 1955, 1957, 1959, and 1961 Product Synthetic Fibers: INpylKeyal VanglorG 600 o o10 6 0v0'0' 6105 G00 90000 Wat, 5 650000060 06 60 0.0.0 40-0 0.0'0 Polyvinylidene chloride ...... 10 0 00.0 IRolbamuawil elaloretcls, Soo0od0 060600066 Polyester cy et ires swans gone svoneteiwe sist suesmelie| is Polvethylenewmiciay an) tpevey sue ts euch ais ech Twisted blended yarn of filament ...... Motal(Synthetiewiber si weesmeleeenemele Naturaljbibers eri Dodoo Doo dado OS Source: "Synthetic Fibre Fishing Nets and Ropes Made in Japan, '' by Japan Chemical Fibres Association, Tokyo, Japan (see Ap- pendix). in 1949 to only 4.4 million pounds in 1961. With regard to Japanese synthetic fiber fishing nets for export, the total soared from 383,000 pounds in 1955 to 10.6 million pounds in 1961, and found markets in more than 100 nations. The delegates were quite surprised to learn that while conversion to synthetics was 85 percent for netting, about 90 percent of the ropes used are still of natural fibers. Although the trend in Japan is perhaps somewhat more dra- matic than that which has occurred in other fishing nations, the use of synthetics as compared to natural fibers for nets has followed the same general trend throughout the world. Knotted netting is stillthe main material used in net construction by the fishing industry throughout the world. Knotless netting, however, is becoming increasingly important. Knot- less netting is currently produced in two types; the Japanese twisted type and the Raschel knitted type. In Norway, West Germany, Belgium, Peru, and the United States, the major in- crease in use of knotless netting has been in the Raschel type. The manufacture of this type is based on the; Raschel-technique, well known in curtain material manufacture for at least 100 years. The use of Raschel-type netting in Norwegian fisheries increased from 17 tons in 1960 to approximately 200 tons in 1962. No detailed discussion occurred concerning the differences in catchability between knot- less and knotted webbing. The major advantage of knotless webbing was reported to be its lower cost. For example, in Norway purse seines made from small-mesh knotless netting were reported to be from 25 to 30 percent cheaper than those made from knotted netting. With increasing mesh size, however, a point is reached when knotted netting can currently be produced more economically. It was also brought out that in Peru, 75 of the 1,200 purse seines now in operation are made of knotless netting, and that a new factory was recently es- tablished there which should produce 400 tons of Raschel knotless netting each year. Monofilament netting was also predicted to play an increasingly important role in world fisheries, particularly in gill-net fishing for species currently underutilized. In Viet Nam, monofilament netting is already the most popular material used for gill nets, outnumbering multifilament gill nets 8,000 to 160. It was emphasized throughout the discussions on synthetic materials that it is most im- portant not to generalize concerning the effectiveness of specific types of synthetics, particu- larly when the generalizations were derived from experiments in only one fishery and in one geographic area. Success of synthetics in one area or fishery does not insure its success in similar fisheries in other areas. GEAR AND FISHING Topics under the subject Gear and Fishing ranged from stern trawling to fish detection. A considerable portion of the time available for discussing fishing gear and fishing methods was devoted to stern, midwater, and bottom trawling. The predilection for trawling obviously May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 resulted from the large number of participants at the meeting from nations where trawling represents a major harvesting technique. For example, in Great Britain more than 70 per- cent of the fish landed are taken with trawls. A considerable portion of the time spent in discussing stern trawling was devoted to smaller vessels ranging in length from 70 to 100 feet. Particular attention was drawn to the 83-foot United States combination stern trawler-purse seiner Narragansett and to the 99-foot English stern trawler Ross Daring. The high degree of automation and extensive use of cen- tralized controls by both those vessels allows considerable reduction in manpower while im- proving handling procedures. The Narragansett, for example, is designed to operate with only three fishermen, while the Ross Daring is capable of operating with five. Although some disagreement oc~- curred concerning the desirability of increased mechanization and central- ized controls aboard fishing vessels, = the opponents of mechanizationfailed © EL. AUTOMATION to convince the majority. But it was ‘ obvious that the mechanization trend will continue (fig. 1). In fact, it was the opinion of many of the delegates that the main key to the survival of the fishing industry as abusiness prop- osition is a continual increase in au- tomation and mechanization aboard fishing craft. Such increases in au- tomation must lead to greater pro- ductivity for fishermen. The advancements indicated in bottom trawling since the 1957 Fish- ing Gear Congress were disappoint- ing and only one real breakthrough occurred which appears to offer any real possibilities of improving efficiency or effective- ness of this method of fishing. This concerns developments in the use or application of elec- tricity to bottom trawls for capturing bottomfish and shrimp. Experiments with electrical trawls were regarded as offering significant possibilities of improving their catching ability. The uSe of electricity to bring about galvanonarcosis of fish in front of the trawls was re- ported to increase the catching efficiency, depending on species, from about 100 to 500 per- cent. 2 Re. Fig. 1 - Vessel automation--circles indicate operations that can be automated or remotely controlled aboard fishing vessels. A paper describing possibilities of improving the capture of shrimp which burrow during daylight hours by applying an electrical shocking system to the trawl, was one of the more impressive contributions involving trawling. The results of the electrical shocking caused shrimp to rise from their burrows to where they were susceptible to being captured by the trawl. Although considerable attention was given to midwater trawling, advancements in that method of fishing since 1957 had not occurred at a pace which investigators had desired. Delegates, who anticipated hearing of Japanese midwater trawling experiments in the eastern China Sea, were disappointed as that paper was not assembled in final form before the meet- ing adjourned. It was reported, however, that midwater trawls had been used to capture shrimp in the eastern China Sea with considerable success. It was stated that some 200 Japa- nese vessels are now engaged in midwater trawling for shrimp in that area. Midwater trawl- ing is carried out as a single boat operation with vessels of approximately 370 tons using a trawl with a 160-foot headline; pair trawling is conducted from two smaller bull trawlers working side-by-side using a net with a 200-foot headline. The success of the Japanese mid- water shrimp trawling appears to be keyed to accurate vertical control of the net which is achieved through use of an acoustical device which records in the wheelhouse the depth that 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 the net is fishing. Considerable discussion occurred on the effectiveness of one-boat versus two-boat midwater trawling. It would appear that in spite of several successful one-boat op- erations that, in general, two-boat midwater trawling had been more productive from a com- mercial standpoint. A notable change was apparent in the concept of the use of midwater trawls. Some of the more vigorous proponents of midwater trawling, who previously viewed that gear as a panacea for the problems confronting bottom trawling, now look on midwater trawls as tools to be used interchangeably with bottom gear. Thus, when conditions appear appropriate for use of mid- water trawls, that is, when fish appear to be congregated in dense schools above the bottom, this type of gear would be used. In other circumstances, however, conventional bottom gear would be employed. An extremely large midwater trawl COBB PELAGIC TRAWL eee developed in the United States was dis- cussed in some detail (fig. 2). This = NETTING--KNOTTED, CONTINUOUS FILAMENT NYLON 7 1 o 3 LEAD LINE--140'-0 Xi6 GALVANIZED CHAIN MATERIALS}: FLOAT LINE--BREAST LINES & CORNER RIB LINES-- trawl was designed primarily to evalu- : BRA DEO NYLON z s K 2x. } "criss-cross" RIB LINES--" BRAIDED NYLON ate whether or not relatively fast-swim- Le 22% T OTTER BOARDS, OANDYLINES & FLOATS ARE SAME AS!| ming pelagic Species could be captured in midwater trawls. The gear achieved some success in that bonita, barracuda, mackerels, and other relatively rapid- swimming species were taken, The gear is at present, however, considered suc- cessful only as a biological sampling tool although alterations and continued experiments with the gear are designed toward developing a successful commer- cial net. It was apparent that most people were impressed with the rather signifi- cant improvements in fish-detecting de- Fig. 2 - Extremely large midwater trawl being developed in the United vices in recent years, particularly for aan ae eee ete ot snall eiivater Saubnia cetera distinguishing schooling species just off high speeds. the bottom and for horizontal echo-rang- ing. The efficient use of modern echo- sounding equipment for fish detection and fishing tactics has become an important part of many fisheries. Although there have been considerable improvements in the sensitivity and resolution of acoustical devices, the improvements have been paralleled by increased difficul- ty in interpretation and operation, these requiring specialized training and greater skill inthe fishermen who use them. In the Norwegian fisheries the need for training in sonar operation has become an urgent matter, and several years ago instruction courses were organized. Those courses, which originally required eight days of training, are expected to be lengthen- ed. The present course given in Norway has the objective of training operators in proper use of the equipment and to classify and identify echo traces. In addition to fish detection through echo-sounding, airplane spotting was discussed at considerable length, although not a single paper was prepared on the subject. This technique is used rather widely on both coasts of North America, and on the west coast of South Ameri- ca. In Chilean fisheries some operators reported that one spotter plane could successfully be employed to assist ten catcher vessels. Fleet operations involving motherships, although certainly not new, were the subject of considerable debate. Such operations are now carried out in practically all major oceans. Although fleet operations of that type date back some 300 years, there has been a rapid ex- pansion and buildup of fleet operations throughout the world in recent years. Such operations are now directed toward capture of a great variety of species including bottomfish, king crab, tuna, and sardine-like fishes. Although a distinct trend has occurred among European nations May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 toward operation of independent freezer trawlers and factory trawlers, this method has not proved successful in all instances. It was felt that where it is necessary to carry out fishing operations at considerable distances from home ports (greater than 4,000 miles), mothership operations are more successful. There was little if any evidence of a major breakthrough in changes or mechanization in the handling of mle ge pee long-line gear. An interesting paper 7 Eta a on the mechanization of dropline fish- ing at depths of 500 fathoms in the South Pacific, however, received favorable comment (fig. 3). An ex- cellent example of mechanization of a fishery, however, was provided in a paper describing Alaskan king crab operations. This fishery pro- duced approximately 50 million pounds of king crab from a fleet of about 200 vessels in 1962. The success of the fishery can be at- tributed to the efficiency of the modern king crab pot and to meth- ods used in handling and hauling pots with gypsy winches or V-grooved hydraulic pot haulers. Alaska king crab pots measuring 7 feet x 7 feet x 23 feet and weighing approximately 200 pounds each are commonly used. Some of the pots have caught over 200 crabs thus giving the pot and its contents a total weight of approximately 2,200 pounds. On an average, however, 50 crabs per pot is considered good fishing. POM Nah OU UreNU Senos fp ie a a TY \ Fig. 3 - Mechanized dropline gear--steel wire leads over bow of vessel to gurdy drum powered by small gasoline engine. Although only one document was presented at the conference describing purse-seining techniques, considerable discussion was initiated from the floor concerning purse-seine ac~- tivities, with particular attention devoted to the South American anchovetta fishery and the United States tuna operation. It was noted that in the case of the United States tuna fishery an almost complete conversion from the previous pole-and-line method occurred. In other fisheries minor modifications and adjustments in purse-seine techniques have resulted in more effective operations. In general, the increased efficiency in seining operations has been attributed to the adoption-of power -hauling techniques (generally the power block), synthetic twines, and more effective methods of fish detection. In purse-seining operations, fish detec- tion includes the use of aircraft and horizontal-scanning techniques. Delegates pointed out the necessity of adapting purse-seine operations to local conditions and to varying fishing tactics depending on species being sought. GEAR RESEARCH The final topics of the gear congress were under the subject of Gear Research. Topics discussed included instrumentation, fish behavior, application of telemetry and computers to fisheries problems, and finally, a look into the future of fishing. The session considering instrumentation and dynamics of fishing gear was involved with methods of measuring the various forces acting upon towed fishing gear, primarily trawls. Various studies conducted in Japan, Norway, and England on the resistance of netting, trawl doors, warps, and other components of the gear related numerous facts (some conflicting) concerning the most effective design for trawls. Some of the varying opinions concerning ef- ficient trawl design presumably result from differential behavior patterns of species sought. The progress in instrumentation, however, appears to be on the verge of contributing several devices which may be used by commercial fishermen in the near future. Possible devices in- 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 clude on-bottom indicators, cod-end load indicators to determine the quantity of fish captured, and automatic positioning and control devices for midwater trawls. Improvement in the array of fishing devices currently available to fishermen in the fu- ture is perhaps largely dependent on the accrual and advancement of the knowledge of fish be- havior. There can be little doubt that considerable emphasis was placed during the Congress on fish behavior and the importance of determining diurnal, seasonal, and geographic behavior patterns of species, as well as behavior to fishing gear and physical or chemical stimuli. It was quite evident from discussions that gear technologists, biologists, net manufacturers, and fishermen must be cognizant that successful design of fishing gear will require more data on the behavioral characteristics of various species sought. This field has been neglected to some extent by gear technologists as greater emphasis was placed on physical engineering properties of gear and the behavior of the gear itself. To be effective, however, the engineer - ing and physical characteristics of gears must be considered along with behavioral aspects of fishes. Preliminary experiments involving the reaction of commercial species of fishes such as herring, cod, whiting, and haddock, indicate that of the various stimuli produced by stationary and moving gears, visual responses are the most important and therefore determine to a large degree the effectiveness of fish-capturing devices. For example, in daylight it was observed that fish in the vicinity of the seabed respond to towed trawls by swimming away from the gear along its path and there was no evidence of avoiding the gear by swimming upwards. In midwater gear, however, avoidance was sometimes effected by sounding or moving downward in the water column, In darkness, those responses did not appear to take place, and the ori- entation and movement away from the gear were much less pronounced. The various papers presented and the resulting discussions indicated that considerable knowledge is being compiled and assembled from fishermen and scientific investigators on the general behavior patterns of marine commercial species. There are, however, many un- knowns concerning detailed behavior responses of fish to natural environmental and artificial influences. It is obvious that greater emphasis is now being placed by marine scientists on conducting experiments on the behavioral aspects of fish in their natural environment, rather than in tanks ashore, which has been the case in the past. Future harvesting methods and the possible applications of high-speed com- puters and associated elements of auto- matic data processing to the fishing in- dustry were the final topics of the Con- gress. It was reported that at least one United States fishing company is current- ly using computer techniques and that high-speed digital computers have been utilized by some shipbuilders to resolve form lines. Future concepts of fishing were dis- cussed with emphasis being placed on the need to adapt engineering principles employed in industry, military, and space fields. Improvements in the next several decades visualized possible systems that might be employed to increase harvest of living resources of the seas. Those discussed included retrievable buoys with built-in detection systems which could Fig. 4 - "Artificial log" would be designed to attract and detect schools . . of pelagic fish and relay to a catcher vessel information on concentra- automatically signal a catcher vessel of tions of fish in vicinity of the "log." the presence of fish. Artificial logs were May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 suggested for attracting fish. Those would also have built-in detection sys- tems for automatically signaling a catcher vessel when commercial con- centrations of fish were present (fig. 4). A network of oceanographic buoys was envisaged which would detect and transmit their data through satellite telemetry to a shore site ''hydro-cen- tral." The data would be collated, an- alyzed, and transmitted back via fac- simile methods to fishing vessels and to various fishing centers throughout the world. Also discussed was the possibility of application to fishing vessels and fishing gear of lightweight materials developed for space vehi- cles. CONCLUSIONS In reviewing the various papers Fig. 5 - Possible futuristic midwater trawling: presented and considering the discus- A--Midwater trawl with powered spreading devices controlled from bridge sions which were initiated from the Weholyn Coca ieat Cou) , 5 B--Midwater trawling with self-contained power units remotely controlled floor by the delegates, it was obvious fan Weal, that some basic changes had occurred in concepts of fishing since the first Congress was held in Hamburg in 1957. At the 1957 Con- gress stern trawlers were just entering fisheries and they were the subject of considerable debate. Their success was doubted in many instances and many looked upon them as exotic experimentation. At the 1963 Congress, however, they were an accepted and important con- stituent of the modern trawling fleets and there could be little doubt of their continued and ex- panded use. Synthetics, which were also a somewhat new commodity in fisheries at the 1957 Congress, have since been universally accepted. The 1963 Congress perhaps did not provide any major breakthroughs of proven commer- cial feasibility in new systems of harvesting fish and other living resources, but there was strong evidence of the realization for the necessity of applying modern engineering concepts to fisheries, to automation of fishing vessels, and the need to strike out boldly into new fron- tiers with radically new fish-capturing devices. To help resolve those problems, greater em- phasis is being directed toward understanding fish and their reaction to natural and artificial stimuli. It would seem that by the time of the next fishing gear congress, research in those fields will have been instrumental in developing entirely new tactics for application to fisher - ies throughout the world. The ''Appendix - List of Papers Presented at the Second World Fishing Gear Congress," appears on pages 8-11. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 APPENDIX - LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SECOND WORLD FISHING GEAR CONGRESS Subject: MATERIALS Topic: Netting Twines - Standardization of Terminolo- gy and Numbering Systems STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGY AND NUM- BERING SYSTEMS FOR NETTING TWINES, by Gerhard Klust, Institut fir Netz- und Materialforschung, Ham- burg, Federal Republic of Germany. Topic: Standardization of Testing Methods TEST METHODS FOR FISHING GEAR MATERIALS (TWINES AND NETTING), Edited by A. von Brandt, In- stitut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Feder- al Republic of Germany. Revised by P.J.G. Carrothers, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada. Topic: New Net Materials POLYPROPY LENE TWINES IN JAPAN, by Katsuji Honda, Professor Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan, and Shigeru Osada, The Nippon Gyomo Sengu Kaisha Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, SYNTHETIC FIBRE FISHING NETS AND ROPES MADE IN JAPAN, by Japan Chemical Fibres Associa- tion, Tokyo, Japan. THE USE OF ''ULSTRON" POLYPROPY LENE IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY, by C.L.B. Carter and K. West, Fibres Division, Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Harrogate, Yorkshire, England. PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SYN- THETIC NETS AND ROPES IN JAPAN, by Yoshinori Shimozaki, Tokai Regional Fisheries, Research Labo- ratory, Tokyo, Japan. ETUDES SUR LE FREINAGE ET L'USURE DES FILS DE PECHE, by Maurice Bombeke, Establissements Cousin Fréres, Wervicq-sud, France. NETTING TWINES MADE OF POLYPROPY LENE AND POLYAMIDE, A COMPARISON OF THEIR PROP- ERTIES, by Gerhard Kiusit, Institut fur Netz- und Ma- terialforschung, Hamburg-Altona 1, Federal Republic of Germany. NEW SYNTHETIC MATERIALS FOR HERRING DRIFTNETS USED IN THE NORTH SEA, by Janusz Zaucha, Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland, Topic: Lines and Ropes ROPES OF POLYETHYLENE MONOFILAMENTS, by C. C. Kloppenburg, Kunstzijdespinnerij ''Nyma"” N.V., Nijmegen, Netherlands, and J. Reuter, Neder- landsche Visserij-Proefstation en Laboratorium voor Materialen-Onderzoek, Utrecht, Netherlands. Topic: Knotless Nets KNOTLESS NETTING IN THE NORWEGIAN FISH- ERIES, by Norvald Mugaas, Statens Fiskeredskapsim- port, Bergen, Norway. TESTS ON KNOTLESS RASCHEL NETTING, by A. von Brandt, Institut fir Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. KNOTLESS FISHING NETS PRODUCED ON RASCHEL EQUIPMENT IN ITALY, by Mario Damiani, Societa Rhodiatoce S.p.A., Milan, Italy. RESISTANCE A LA RUPTURE DE FILETS SANS NOEUDS, by Francesco Pianaroli, Retificio Carlo Bad- inotti, Milan, Italy. Topic: Monofilament Nets MONOFILAMENTS IN FISHING, by W. Henstead, British Celanese Ltd., Coventry, England, and D.F.C. Ede, British Resin Products Ltd., Piccadilly, London, England. THE USE OF NYLON MONOFILAMENT IN THE VIET-NAM FISHERIES, by Tran-Van-Tri and Ha-Khac- Chu, Fisheries Directorate, Saigon, Viet-Nam. MONOFILAMENT GILLNETS IN FRESHWATER FISH- ING--EX PERIMENTAL AND PRACTICAL RESULTS, by R. Steinberg, Institut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg-Altona 1, Federal Republic of Germany. Subject: GEAR AND FISHING Topic: Stern Trawling THE STERN TRAWLER - A DECADE'S DEVELOP- MENT IN TRAWL HANDLING, by Conrad Birkhoff, Fischereitechnische Konstruktionen, Hamburg 13, Fed- eral Republic of Germany. SOME SMALL STERN TRAWLERS, by E.C.B. Cor- lett, Burness, Corlett & Partners Ltd., Basingstoke, England. ROSS DARING - EXPERIMENT, by Dennis Roberts, Ross Trawlers Ltd., Grimsby, England. Topic: Bottom Trawling with High Opening Nets or Low and Wide Opening Nets DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OTTER TRAWL GEAR, by Chikamasa Hamuro, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest- ry, Tokyo, Japan. SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVED HEAVY TRAWL GEAR, by Eldon Nichols, American Telephone and Tele- graph Company, 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York, U.S.A. FLEET TRAWLING OPERATIONS, by Hiroshi Tom- inaga, 4, 1-Chome, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, | Japan. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL SHRIMP TRAWLING GEAR, by Fredrick Wathne, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Gear Research Station, Pana- ma City, Florida, U.S.A. JAPANESE FISH NETTING OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES, by Iwao Tani, Japan Synthetic Fibre Net and Rope Asso- ciation, Echizenbori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. TOWING POWER, TOWING SPEED AND SIZE OF BULL TRAWL, by Chikamasa Hamuro, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. May 1964 DOUBLE-RIG SHRIMP BEAM TRAWLING, by J. Verhoest, Commissie T.W.O.Z., and A. Maton, Rijk- station voor Boerderijbouwkunde; both of the University of Agriculture, Ostend, Belgium. SOME COMPARATIVE FISHING EXPERIMENTS IN TRAWL DESIGN, by W. Dickson, Department of Agri- culture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Torry, Aberdeen, Scotland. SOME OF THE GENERAL ENGINEERING PRIN- CIPLES OF TRAWL GEAR DESIGN, by P. R. Crew, Westland Aircraft Ltd., Saunders-Roe Division, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, England. DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET TRAWLING TECH- NIQUES, by A. I. Treschev, Institute of Marine Fisher - ies and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, U.S.S.R. Topic: Midwater Trawling DEVELOPMENT OF THE COBB PELAGIC TRAWL-- A PROGRESS REPORT, by Richard L. McNeely, Explor- atory Fishing and Gear Research Base, Bureauof Com- mercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. REACTION OF HERRING TO FISHING GEAR STUD- IED BY MEANS OF ECHO SOUNDING, by H. Mohr, Institut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. UNDERWATER TELEMETERS FOR MIDWATER TRAWLS AND PURSE SEINES, by Chikamasa Hamuro and Kenji Ishii, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. TWO-BOAT MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR HERRING WITH BIGGER BOATS, by Rolf Steinberg, Institut fiir Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Federal Re- public of Germany. UNIVERSAL ONE-BOAT MIDWATER AND BOTTOM TRAWL, by S. Okonski, Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland, ONE-BOAT MIDWATER TRAWLING IN GERMANY, by J. Scharfe, Institut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. SOME NOTES ON THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOG- ICAL FACTORS IN FISHING OPERATIONS, by B. B. Parrish and J.H.S, Blaxter, Marine Laboratory, Aber- deen, Scotland. Topic: Gill-netting JAPANESE SALMON MOTHERSHIP FISHERY, by Masatake Neo, Nichiro Gyogyo Kaisha Ltd., Marunou- chi Bldg., Tokyo, Japan. DRIFTNET HAULERS FOR SALMON FISHING, by Chihiro Miyazaki, Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan, MECHANIZATION OF DRIFTNET FISHING OPERA- TIONS, by P. A. Kuraptsev, Institute of Marine Fisher- ies and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, U.S.S.R. Topic: Long-lining ECHO-SOUNDER MEASUREMENT OF TUNA LONG- LINE DEPTH, by Kyotaro Kawaguchi, Kanagawa Pre- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 fectural Fisheries Experimental Station, Misaki, Miura City, Japan; Masakatsu Hirana, Sanken Electronics Co., Numazu City, Japan; and Minoru Nishimura, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agri- culture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. MOTHERSHIP BOTTOM LONGLINE FISHERY, by Hiroshi Tominaga, Taiyo Gyogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, 4, 1-Chome, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. DROPLINE FISHING IN DEEP WATER, by Ronald Powell, Government of the Cook Islands, Raratonga, Cook Islands. Topic: Traps, Pots, and Dredges EEL TRAPS MADE OF PLASTIC, by H. Mohr, In- stitut fir Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Fed- eral Republic of Germany. TYPES OF PHILIPPINE FISH CORRALS (TRAPS), by Arsenio N, Roldan, Jr., and Santos B. Rasalan, Philippine Fisheries Commission, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. A NEW FISH TRAP USED IN PHILIPPINE WATERS, by Santos B. Rasalan, Philippine Fisheries Commission, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. LES MADRAGUES ATLANTIQUE ET SICILIENNE, by Vito Fodera, FAO/EPTA Fishery Adviser, Tunis, Tunisia, KING CRAB POT FISHING IN ALASKA, by Robert F. Allen, Marine Construction and Design Company, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Topic: Purse Seining SONAR INSTRUCTION COURSES FOR FISHERMEN, by G. Vestnes, Fiskeridirektoratets Havforskningsin- stitutt, Bergen, Norway. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ICELANDIC HER- RING PURSE SEINING, by Jakob Jakobssen, Atvin- nudeild Haskélans Fiskideild, Reykjavik, Iceland. Topic: Deck Machinery SOME SMALL STERN TRAWLERS, by E.C.B. Cor- lett, Burness, Corlett & Partners Ltd., Basingstoke, England. THE APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC POWER TO FISHING GEAR, by D. W. Lerch, Marine Construction and Design Company, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. THE COMPLEX MECHANIZATION OF BEACH SEIN- ING, by S. S. Torban, Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, U.S.S.R. Topic: Controls ADVANCES IN CENTRALIZED CONTROL AND AU- TOMATION, by H. E. H. Pain, Marine & Navigation Division, S. G. Brown Ltd., Watford, England. Topic: Fish Detection DETECTEUR DEPOISSON "EXPLORATOR," by J. Fontaine, Compagnie générale de télégraphie Sans Fil (CSF), Paris, France. 10 A COMPREHENSIVE ECHO SOUNDER FOR DIS- TANT-WATER TRAWLERS, by G. H. Ellis, P. R. Hop- kin and R, W. G. Haslett, Kelvin Hughes Division of S, Smith & Sons (England) Ltd., London, England. ECHO-SOUNDING THROUGH ICE, by Tomiju Hashi- moto, and Yoshinobu Maniwa, both of Fishing Boat Lab- oratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan; and Osamu Omoto, and Hide- kuni Noda, both of Shibaura Technical Institute, Tokyo, Japan, FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF MARINE SOUNDS, by Tomiju Hashimoto and Yoshinobu Maniwa, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. ECHO DETECTION OF TUNA, by Minoru Nishimura, Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. SECTOR-SCANNING SONAR FOR FISHERIES PUR- POSES, by D. G. Tucker and V. G. Welsby, both of The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England. IDENTIFYING PACIFIC COAST FISHES FROM ECHO-SOUNDER RECORDINGS, by E. A. Best, Marine Resources Branch, California Department of Fish and Game, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A. DETECTION ET LOCALISATION DES BANCS DE POISSONS, by Robert Lenier, President du Syndicat de materiél professionel des Industries Electroniques et Radio-Electriques, Conseiller des Péches Maritimes, Courbevoie (Seine), France. A NEW SONAR SYSTEM FOR MARINE RESEARCH PURPOSES, by T. S. Gerhardsen, Simonsen & Mustad A.A., Horten, Norway. STUDY OF ACOUSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FISH, by E. V. Shishkova, Institue of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, U.S.S.R. BIO-ACOUSTICAL DETECTION OF FISH-POSSI- BILITIES AND FUTURE ASPECTS, by G. Freytag, In- stitut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg-Al- tona 1, Federal Republic of Germany. Topic: Fleet Operations MOTHERSHIP FISHING FOR CRAB, by Nippon Suis - an Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo Building, Marunouchi, Chiyoda- ku, Tokyo, Japan. TUNA LONGLINE MOTHERSHIP FLEET OPERA- TIONS, by Goro Okabe, Taiyo Gyogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, 4, 1-Chome, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. LAS PESQUERIAS ESPANOLAS AUSTRO-ATLAN- TICAS, by V. Paz-Andrade, Union Espafiola de Arma- dores Pesqueros, Vigo, Espana. Subject: GEAR RESEARCH Topic: Mechanical and Hydro-Dynamic Theory THE THEORY OF DESIGNING FISHING NETS AND TESTING THEM IN MODEL, by Tasae Kawakami, De- partment of Fisheries, Kyoto University, Maizuru, Ja- pan. FISHING METHODS AND GEAR RESEARCH INSTI- TUTES: THEIR ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE, by A. von Brandt, Institut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MIDWATER TRAWL, by P. Dale, Arbeidsutvalget for utvikling av Pelagisk em- batstral (APE), Bergen, Norway, and S. Moller, Direc- tor, R & D Section, A. S. Bergens Mekaniske Verksteder, Bergen, Norway. Topic: Instrumented Gear Testing SOME JAPANESE INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING FISHING GEAR PERFORMANCE, by Chikamasa Hamuro and Kenji Ishii, both of Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fish- eries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan. TRAWL STUDIES AND CURRENTS, by J. N. Car- ruthers, National Institute of Oceanography, Godalming, Surrey, England. PERFORMANCE OF THE GRANTON TRAWL, by W. Dickson, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Torry, Aberdeen, Scotland, TRAWL GEAR INSTRUMENTATION AND FULL- SCALE TESTING, by J. Nicholls, Westland Aircraft Ltd., Saunders-Roe Division, Isle of Wight, England. Topic: Fish Behavior Studies SHRIMP BEHAVIOR AS RELATED TO GEAR RE- SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, by Charles M. Fuss, Jr., U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Gear Re- search Station, Panama City, Florida, U.S.A. TUNA BEHAVIOR RESEARCH PROGRAM AT HONO- LULU, by John J. Magnuson, U. S. Department of the In- terior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Honolulu, Hawaii. EVOLUTION DE LA PECHE A LA LUMIERE DANS LES LACS AFRICAINS, by A. Collart, FAO/EPTA .Economiste des Péches, Cotonou, Dahomey. UTILIZATION OF FISH REACTIONS TO ELECTRIC- ITY IN COMMERCIAL SEA FISHING, by Conradin O. Kreutzer, Smith Research and Development Co., Inc., Lewes, Delaware, U.S.A. THE USE OF AIR-BUBBLE CURTAINS AS AN AID TO FISHING, by Keith A. Smith, U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S.A. AN EXPERIMENT ON THE DISPERSION OF CHUM, by Kentaro Hamashima, Nagasaki Prefectural Fishing Experimental Station, Nagasaki, Japan. PROBLEMS OF ELECTRO-FISHING AND THEIR SOLUTIONS, by Jurgen Dethloff, Intelectron Internation- al Electronics GmbH, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. THE IMPORTANCE OF VISION IN THE REACTION OF FISH TO DRIFTNETS AND TRAWLS, by J. H. Blax- ‘ter, B.B. Parrish and W. Dickson, all of Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Labora- tory, Torry, Aberdeen, Scotland. THE IMPORTANCE OF MECHANICAL STIMULI IN FISH BEHAVIOR, ESPECIALLY TO TRAWLS, by C. J. Chapman, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Torry, Aberdeen, Scot- land, May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 PUMP FISHING FOR SAURY WITH LIGHT AND reau of Commercial Fisheries, Exploratory Fishing ELECTRIC CURRENT ATTRACTION, by I, V. Nikono- and Gear Research Base, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., rov, Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography and Norman J. Wilimovsky, Institute of Fisheries, Uni- (VNIRO), Moscow, U.S.S.R. versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Colum- bia, Canada, Topic: Application to Fisheries of Recent Advances in Telemetry, Computer Science, etc. AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING AND COMPUTER APPLICATION TO FISHERIES, by Benjamin F. Leeper, PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HARVEST | Univac Division of Sperry-Rand Corp., Baton Rouge, OF MARINE FISHES, by Dayton L. Alverson, U.S. Bu- | Louisiana, U.S.A. MARYLAND PAN-FRIED OYSTERS The home economists of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, U.S. Department of the Interior, recommend Maryland pan-fried oysters as a special treat for the family for their eating enjoyment. 2 cans (12 ounces each) fresh shucked oysters 15 cups dry bread crumbs 2 eggs, beaten 13 cups flour 2 tablespoons milk Lemon wedges 1 teaspoon salt Tartar Sauce Dash pepper QUICK TARTAR SAUCE 1 cup mayonnaise or salad dressing 4 cup undrained sweet pickle relish Combine mayonnaise and relish; mix thoroughly. Chill. Drainoysters. Combine egg, milk, and seasonings. Combine crumbs and flour. Roll oysters in crumb mixture. Dip in egg mixture and roll in crumb mixture. (A commercial breading may be used. Follow directions on the package.) Fry in hot fat at moderate heat until brown on one side. Turn carefully and brown the other side. Cooking time approxi- mately 5 minutes. Drain on absorbent paper. Serve with lemon wedges and tartar sauce. Serves 6. 12 Ree es ae Alaska SOVIET TRAWLERS RETURN TO GULF OF ALASKA: In mid-March 1964, a fleet of Soviet trawlers and accompanying processing and support vessels were seen about 40 miles southwest of Yakutat, Alaska. That was the first observed appearance during 1964 of So- viet fishing vessels in the Gulf of Alaska. The fleet was probably trawling for Pacific Ocean perch, large concentrations of which were located off the Yakutat Bay area by So- viet exploratory fishing vessels in 1960 and 1961. Although the sighting revealed a small fleet of less than 20 vessels, their appearance so far east m: v indicate an expansion of So- viet fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska in 1964. Large-scale Soviet fishing in the Gulf of A- laska began in 1962 and has been largely cen- tered around the Kodiak Island area. The Soviets usually leave the Gulf of Alaska a- bout the end of October apparently to avoid the severe winter storms. OK OK OK BRISTOL BAY RED SALMON RUN FORECAST FOR 1964: The Bristol Bay red salmon run will num- ber approximately 19.3 million fish, accord- ing to an announcement in February by the Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The forecast is based ona joint analysis of the available information by scientists of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Fisheries Research Insti- tute. Of the 19.3-million fish forecast, only a- bout 8 or 9 million are expected to be avail- able to United States fishermen, as out of the total run must come the necessary escape- ment plus the high-seas catch by the Japanese. KOK OK K * COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW SS — eS DEVELO PMENTS & Vol. 26, No. 5 FOREIGN FISHING FLEETS IN BERING SEA INCREASE IN FEBRUARY: ~~ The Soviet fleets fishing in the eastern Bering Sea, mainly northwest of the Pribilof Islands, continued to build up throughout Feb- ruary. Japanese fishing activities, however, remained at a low level. More than 150 Soviet trawlers and associ- ated support vessels were believed to be fish- ing in the Bering Sea in February. Major fishing emphasis was reportedly on herring and, to a lesser degree, flatfish and rockfish. The Japanese shrimp factoryship Chichibu Maru and her accompanying trawlers returned to Japan in late December 1963 for a brief refit and were back fishing in the area north of Unimak Island in the Bering Sea by early February. Two stern trawlers of the Akebono Maru type were reported fishing in the same vicinity. % KR KK MARINE PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN SHALLOW COASTAL WATERS NEAR SITKA: The shallow coastal waters near Sitka, Alaska, were studied for a one-week period this March by a team of diver-biologists from the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Auke Bay, Alaska. The major objective of the Sitka expedition was to obtain scientific information on marine plants and animals inhabiting open coast sit- uations. In the past, study of that area has been limited to collecting from tide pools and fishing or dredging in deeper waters. Those methods are now regarded as quite crude and relatively unproductive. With the use of SCUBA equipment, diving biologists now can intensively observe, measure, and collect in regions below the tides. The Bureau's scientific group was met at the Sitka State Ferry Terminal by members of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game who provided transportation for the divers to May 1964 andfrom the Bureau's oceanographic research vessel, the Murre II, which served as a base of operations for the expedition. From Sitka, the Murre II proceeded to nearby coastal points in the vicinity of Samsing Cove and Pirate Cove. The divers made both day and night dives at those areas to count, col- lect, and photograph the rich marine animal and plant life there. Fish collections on this expedition con- tained 25 species, 5 of which have never been recorded before in Alaskan waters. These northward range extensions represent fish previously known only as far north as the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia. Biologists made density estimates of fish populations by swimming transects and re- cording the numbers and kinds of fish sighted along the transect line. Some of the divers counted octopus and obtained specimens for the Bureau's labora - tory collection while other members of the expedition conducted a study of the subtidal distribution and density of the Sitka abalone. Collections were also made of other common and rare invertebrate species including sea stars, sea cucumbers and sea urchins. ee: Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research TRAWLING EXPERIMENTS YIELD HEAVY SHRIMP CATCHES: Experimental drags with a 10-foot trynet produced heavy catches of shrimp near Kasitsna Bay during early February. Drags of 15 minutes each yielded shrimp catches of 160 pounds. The pot-fishing gear for adult shrimp studies was changed from convention- al bottom sets to sets of vertical strings so as to obtain information on vertical distribu- tion of the shrimp. American Samoa JAPANESE GOVERNMENT ISSUES SPECIAL PERMIT TO LAND FIJI ISLANDS TUNA AT SAMOA: The Japanese Fisheries Agency has issued a special permit (valid until June 1964) au- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 thorizing the landing at American Samoa of tuna caught by Japanese tuna vessels (about 17) assigned to the base at Levuka, Fiji Is- lands. Reportedly, base facilities at Levuka are not expected to be completed until June. Also, one of the United States firms located at American Samoa is said to be faced with the problem of procuring an adequate supply of tuna due to the reluctance of Japanese tuna vessel operators to fish out of American Samoa since fishing in waters adjacent to that Island is poor. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, California SEA OTTER POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: Airplane Spotting Flight 64-4-Special Project (February 13, 1964): To obtain a visual and photographic count of California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), the Cali- fornia coastline from Morro Bay to Monterey was flown on the morning of February 13, 1964, by the California Department of Fish and Game's Beechcraft N5614D. Turbulent air necessitated flying at an altitude of about 250 feet, but visability was excellent. One observer counted 339 sea otters, and another observer counted 351 sea otters in the area surveyed during the flight. The largest con- centrations of sea otters were in the Carmel Bay area just below Cape San Martin. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 12. = a &s <— Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations NEW FISHERIES-OC EANOGRA PHIC RESEARCH VESSEL COMPLETES ' SUCCESSFUL MAIDEN VOYAGE: M/V “Townsend Cromwell” Cruise 1(Feb- ruary 14-March 6, 1964): The first scientific cruise of the Townsend Cromwell, the new fisheries-oceanographic research vessel op- ‘erated by the Honolulu Biological Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, was a success, announced the Bureau's Hawaii Acting Director on March 10, 1964. Theves- sel's three-week maiden voyage began on February 14, 1964, and was completed on March 6 when she returned to her base at Kewalo Basin, Honolulu, Hawaii. During the 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ig Shaded areas generally eastward flow Based on.Geostrophic Unshaded areas generally westward flow Interpretation of BT Slides Shows cruise track of research vessel Townsend Cromwell, Feb- tuary 14-March 6, 1964. cruise she met with almost constant strong winds and rough seas. The vessel cruised 4,500 miles and occu- pied its scheduled 42 oceanographic stations, sampling water temperatures and water chemistry down to depths of 4,500 feet throughout an area of 380,000 square miles to the east of the Hawaiian Islands. Detailed observations of weather were also recorded, and hauls were made with fine-meshed plankton nets to collect samples of the newly hatched larvae of skipjack (aku) tuna and other tuna species. The first research cruise of the Townsend Cromwell also marked the initiation of a Vol. 26, No. 5 new large-scale investigation of the trade wind zone waters around the Hawaiian Islands. According to the oceanographer in charge of the cruise, the trade winds are the most im- portant wind system of the North Pacific Ocean, for they drive the ocean currents that carry warm water to the north and cool water to the equatorial region, thereby moderating the climates of western America and eastern Asia. The projected study will contribute to scientists’ understanding of the mechanism by which the trade winds move the ocean's waters and will eventually improve the accu- racy of forecasting of climatic trends in the sea and over the land. The trade winds are of direct importance to Hawaii's major fish- ery, for their strength and steadiness deter- mine the type of water which the currents bring to bathe the Islands. This in turn de- termines whether fishing will be good or poor during the summer skipjack fishing season. During this cruise, a standard watch for bird flocks and fish schools was maintained during daylight hours. Only scattered birds were seen throughout the cruise except east of Hawaii along 154° W. and north of the Is- lands along 157° W. where bird flocks were observed. ‘Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 32. ok OOK OK OK OK PLANKTON STUDIES GIVE CLUES TO INDIAN OCEAN-ATLANTIC ZOOGEOGRA PHICAL RELATIONS: Problems in the zoogeography of marine animals--their large-scale distribution in relation to geographic features--are inter- esting in themselves and of practical impor- tance in several ways. The solution of such problems for example, may reveal the bound- aries of resources of commercially-valuable fish, and thus contribute to the intelligent planning of fishery management measures. Zoogeographical.studies can also lead toa better understanding of the biology of small animals that are important in the food chains of the larger creatures which man directly utilizes. When it comes to the zoogeography of planktonic animals, which have little or no power to move except as the currents carry them, study of the distribution of species provides valuable indications of the patterns of oceanic water circulation. Recently, a marine biologist specializing in that type of "indicator organism" research May 1964 at the Biological Laboratory of the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries in Honolulu, Hawaii, discovered in his samples of small planktonic crustaceans evidence of a remark- ably broad separation between certain animal populations of the equatorial Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. The biologist's studies are primarily concentrated on the copepods, which are small and somewhat shrimplike animals, individually well under an inch in length, but in the aggregate bulking very large in the economy of the sea and the food chains of most oceanic fishes. The biologist had earlier found that certain species of one family of copepods, the Candaciidae, in the central Pacific Ocean showed quite distinct patterns of occurrence, coinciding with the major patterns of circulation of the ocean waters. Participation of the Bureau's Honolulu Biological Laboratory staff in the Interna - tional Indian Ocean Expedition is providing an opportunity to discover whether similar copepod-ocean current relations are to be found in other parts of the world's oceans. United States research vessels, in the course of their 1963-64 schedule of biological field work, will collect more than two thousand samples of Indian Ocean plankton. Study of the copepods in those collections is already under way, and it appears from the prelim- inary findings that in the Indian Ocean, as in the Pacific, certain species of the family Candaciidae are associated with waters of certain temperature and salinity character- istics. For example, the distributions of some copepods are associated with water of the type found primarily in the Arabian Sea, while others are indicators of the equatorial water or the south-central water of the In- dian Ocean. It is known that water from the equatorial regions of the Indian Ocean flows south along the southeast coast of Africa as the Agulhas Current. During the southern summers this current may extend around the Cape of Good Hope to the South Atlantic, and thus afford a possible avenue for equatorial Indo-Pacific plankton animals to reach the Atlantic and mingle there with their counterparts in the Atlantic plankton. It has not been known, however, how far west the influence of the Agulhas Current reaches, nor consequently whether mixing of the equatorial Indian Ocean and Atlantic faunas actually occurs. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 The Bureau's laboratory planktologist has found, by examining the candaciid copepods in collections taken around the coasts of South Africa by the research ship Vema of the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University, that the transport of Indo-Pacific equatorial plankton into the Atlantic appears to be small. Although copepods typical of the tropical Indian Ocean were common in the Agulhas Current off the southeastern coast of Africa, they faded out of the samples before the Cape of Good Hope was reached. A con- jecture was that the few animals which may reach the southern tip of Africa either are carried by the currents onto shallow coastal banks and die of inshore conditions to which they are not adapted or are turned back east- ward by encountering the West Wind Drift. If any survived those obstacles and passed the Cape, they would then fall in with the cold, upwelled waters of the Benguela Current, ex- tending 200 to 300 miles offshore along the southwestern coast. This cold current was found to be heavily populated by Antarctic and inshore species of plankton. The copepod species used by the biologist as indicators of equatorial Indian Ocean wa- ter did not turn up in Atlantic collections any farther south than the Gulf of Guinea, which meant that more than 1,500 miles separated the Indian Ocean and Atlantic populations. This distance implies a genetic isolation that might be expected to result in anatomical differences between specimens of the same species from the two oceans. A search for such differences is now being made and, if found, they will support the hypothesis of independent plankton populations in the Indian Ocean and the equatorial Atlantic. Exports SHRIMP VESSEL EQUIPMENT SOLD TO COLOMBIA FIRM BY UNITED STATES COMPANY: company in Savannah, Ga., has arranged to sell shrimp vessel equipment to a firm in Colombia. The transaction with the South American firm involves several hundred thousand dollars. Export insurance for the contract was provided by the U.S. Export- Import Bank in the form of a 4-year credit guarantee, which was negotiated with the assistance of the Savannah Regional Export 16 Expansion Committee of the U.S. Department of Commerce. (International Commerce, March 2, 1964.) Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1964: Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of De- fense, more fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts were purchased by the Defense Subsist- ence Supply Centers in January 1964 than in the previous month. The increase was 25.6 percent in quantity and 21.7 percent in value. Compared with the same month in the previ- ous year, purchases in January 1964 wereup 0.9 percent in quantity but down 29.6 percent in value. The purchases in January 1963 had the exceptionally high average value of 74.0 cents per pound due to large purchases of shrimp. Purchases in February 1964 were up 17.1 percent in quantity and 15.3 percent in value from those in the same month in 1963. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Total purchases in the first 2 months of 1964 were up 8.8 percent in quantity but down 11.3 percent in value from those in the same period of the previous year. In 1964, there were larger purchases of flounder fillets, ocean perch fillets, and oysters, but Smaller purchases of shrimp, haddock fillets, sole fillets, and halibut steaks. In addition, the average wholesale price of shrimp in early 1964 was down sharply from the levels main- tained in January-February 1963. QUANTITY Janua Februar 1964 1963 1964. | 1963 "1964 | 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 BOLOLOIOGOMOIO GIGLo ora (COUN ESS) cholo Uo o.Gno ni oo ole 2,108 | 2,089 | 2,300 | 1,964 | 4,408 | 4,053 Table 2 - Selected Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, January-February 1964 with ee ; anua Product 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 Sileiiiel e/ lelielol-elliclleiieielislle) \elefle)l cilelrelleliaiven(HOUndS) Nelleljoteielleils tlio colicliemelionemcncmemcmencntomts Shrimp: raw headless 83, 500 2/ 99, 400 2, 182, 900 2. peeled and deveined 73, 850 2/ 110,900 2/ 184, 750 2) breaded 288, 800 2/ 349, 200 2/ 638,000 Total shrimp 446, 150 737, 817 559, 500 394, 526 1,005, 650 ie == = Scallops 172,750 154, 800 218, 350 245, 000 391, 100 399, 800 Oysters: Eastern 99,954 2/ 105, 434 2/ 205, 388 Pacific 30, 200 2/ 21,930 52, 130 2/ Total oysters 130, 154 102, 474 127, 364 90,973 257,518 193, 447 Clams 37, 448 26, 570 #900 44, 386 76, 508 70, 956 Fillets: Cod 33, 196 23,944 93, 294 104, 546 117, 238 Flounder 529,744 292, 200 285,920 857, 816 578, 120 Haddock 1/138) 594 261, 880 233,040 4/360, 244 494,920 Ocean Perch 276, 000 225,240 323, 092 662, 600 548, 332 Sole : 70, 430 31, 502 : 101,932 Steaks: Halibut 106, 525 102, 605 88,000 147,515 194,525 250, 120 poor Gainers 13) 157 7,250 10} 410 26, 880 23,567 34; 130 Swordfish 800 1, 250 1,900 1, 800 2,700 3, 050 |1/Includes 8,000 pounds of haddock portions. 2/Breakdown not available. 3/Includes 650 pounds of haddock portions. 4/Includes 8,650 pounds of haddock portions. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW iA Table 3 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, January-February 1964 with Comparisons Febru: Product anua: Tuna Salmon Sardines 1/Less than 500 pounds. 2/Less than $500. Canned: In the first 2 months of 1964, there were substantial purchases of canned tuna, canned salmon, and canned sardines for the use of the Armed Forces. Of the 3 principal canned fishery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines), only sardines were purchased in sizable quantity in January- February 1963. Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual local purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob- tainable. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 14. = Fishy Flavors and Odors CHEMISTRY OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN FISHERY PRODUCTS STUDIED: The most reliable procedures now being used for determining the quality of fish and fishery products are dependent upon organo- leptic evaluations (smell, taste, appearance). Such examinations give only a superficial quality indication depending entirely on the subjective judgment of the examiner. For most purposes this method is satisfactory but it provides no information regarding the chemical reactions that-produce undesirable flavors and odors in fish. The mechanism of flavor and odor development is extremely complex. An understanding of the fundamen- tal spoilage reactions is essential to reduce the development of undesirable fish odors and flavors and improve product quality. Studies on the chemistry of the volatile odor and fiavor components in raw and cooked haddock fillets and clam meats are being conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory at Gloucester, Mass. Some of the necessary preliminary planning for the project included the purchase and construction of specialized equipment for handling extremely small quan- tities of very volatile compounds. Precise sampling techniques had to be developed to handle and transfer those small quantities for analysis. [January [February | Jan. Feb. _| 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 anuda; 1963 ©0700 000 oe 408 Most of the compounds in the flavor and odor components of fishery products are made up of sulfides, carbonyls, and amines. Tech- niques for identifying the sulfides and car- bonyls from flavor and odor mixtures are be- ing investigated in an effort to relate concen- trations of those compounds to fish quality. Investigations using gas chromatography have been successful in identifying several sulfide compounds (dimethylsulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and dimethyldisulfide). Colorimetric methods for total sulfide and infrared spectrophotom- etry for compound identification are also be- ing investigated. Through the use of wet chemistry in conjunction with gas chromatog- raphy, volatile carbonyl compounds in clam meats have been separated. A method which permits concentration of the carbonyls using the Girard-T reagent, use of a regeneration process, and subsequent introduction into the gas chromatograph, has resulted in the de- tection of at least 18 carbonyl compounds in clam meats. Prior to development of this procedure, a maximum of 8 carbonyls had been detected. Future investigations will include the iden- tification of carbonyl! compounds by mass spectrometry, investigation and identification of amines, and the investigation of odor and flavor components of other fish such as cod, pollock, and ocean perch. Also, studies will be made to determine how the odor and flavor components can be controlled or altered to increase the quality and storage life of fishery products. Great Lakes MIDWEST FEDERATED FISHERIES COUNCIL ORGANIZED: The Midwest Federated Fisheries Council, an organization of existing fisheries associa- tions in the Middle West, ‘ha s been incorpora- tedto give better merece neon to the fishing industry in the Great Lakes and midwestern 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW rivers region, and to coordinate the promo- tion of fishery products by the individual or- ganizations. The Council was formed through the combined efforts of representatives of the commercial fishermen, wholesalers, brokers, processors, and large retailers. The first objective of the Councilis to seek legislation in Congress that will bring some stability to the fresh-water fisheries. All segments of the industry from the producers to the retailers have suffered in recent years because of the depredation of the sea lam- prey, and unexpected marketing problems. The affairs of the Council willbe governed by a Board of Directors made up of two rep- resentatives from each of the six incorpo- rating organizations. Provisions have been made to accept additional organizations and to provide representation on the Board of Directors. The six incorporating organiza- tions establishing the Council are: The Sea- food Club of Chicago, Michigan Fish Pro- 4 i fori "fh SINGLE Fish : Wy ee Fig. Vol. 26, No. 5 ducers Association, Ohio Commercial Fish- ermen's Association, Minnesota Fisheries Council, Wisconsin Fisheries Council, and the Fisheries Council of the Great Lakes. A meeting was planned in Chicago, II11., early in April 1964 to complete the organiza- tion of the Council and to outline in more de- tail the immediate objectives. Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research TRAWLING INVESTIGATIONS IN SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN: M/V “Kaho™ Cruise 15 (Phase I--Decem- ber 16-20, 1963; Phase Il--January 28-Feb- ruary 6, 1964; Phase III--March 3-12, 1964): Investigations to determine the effects of en- vironmental conditions on distribution of fish, 10 FATHOMS —} .) \ | es . ‘ Nac Agitiss Thy x rae thoms.an oY BOTTOM 50 Fo as 10 FATHOMS — ‘ = nN AN Saul BA Be Hi rae “~ BOTTOM -56 Fathomssaadatps Zi i= 1 - Echograms from a high resolution echo-sounder showing concentrations of fish on bottom and at midwater levels in south - ern Lake Michigan during M/V Kaho Cruise 15. A - Distribution of fish from 42 to 50 fathoms; distance traveled is 5 nautical miles at 9 knots. B - Vertical dispersion of fish at midwater levels; distance traveled is 1.5 nautical miles at 2.5 knots. C - Midwater concentrations of fish; distance traveled is 1.1 nautical miles at 9 knots. May 1964 availability to bottom trawls, and perform- ance of bottom trawls were conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex- ploratory fishing and gear research vessel Kaho in southern Lake Michigan during a three-phase cruise--December 16-20, 1963, January 28-February 6, and March 3-12, — 1964. The primary objective was to study trawl performance as affected by the direc- tion of towing in relation to water currents. The secondary objective was to obtain addi- hott Statute Miles ‘Fig. 2 - Shows area of operations in Lake Michigan by M/V Kaho during Cruise 15 (December 16, 1963-March 12, 1964). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1 ive} tional information on the seasonal effective - ness of trawls at previously established sta- tions in southern Lake Michigan. The cruise was highlighted during Phases II and III by the location of unusually high concentrations of alewife between 35 and 60 fathoms off Saugatuck, Mich. (fig. 1). Local commercial trawlers, following up on the in- formation, have enjoyed productive fishing never before experienced at those depths and that time of year. During February 6-March 19, 1964, three commercial fishing vessels landed about 428,000 pounds and averaged some 9,400 pounds per hour of fishing effort. During past explorations, large deviations in catch rate between drags made in alter- nating north and south direction have been noted. The results of recent limnological surveys indicate that currents in the south basin of Lake Michigan are dependent upon prevailing wind conditions which cause water currents to exceed one knot for many hours on occasion and may be either clockwise or counter-clockwise. Although other factors influence the catch rate, consistent large fluctuations make it reasonable to believe that catch rates are affected by those cur- rents. Information regarding the influence from lake current may enable commercial trawl fishermen toaccountfor large discrep- ancies in individual trawl catches. Table 1 - Summary of Catch Rate, Species Composition, and Percentage Differential by Direction of Trawl Drag Taken off Saugatuck, Mich., during Kaho's Exploratory Cmise 15, December 16-20, 1963; January 28-February 6, 1964; and March 3-12, 1964 Lae North Drag eS seipete Increase or Decrease pate | veptn | arewite | chun | otners | tovat | South to North hares | x» | wo | as| 0 | sas] seo | 24 | 26 | 020 vot. DAVE EE Oe | Ee a ee a Es ee ie Pom ance Aw. Re Ee Se a iy | ae a Pe ee # 20.0 RAE Ee De GS Tee an Ee | a ES [ee Se Ca | 1/30/ea [| 20 [= [16 [24 | [Seea= ae Te ae ESE] = 14.2 3/30/64 [25 [= | 2s fT 2 ena | an 2 O'S | mT a [EH 2M 7 61.5 AY SU/ GAGS | Pale DOPE | iver 1S ioe | ony B54Pa iene O Ne | BABA fe AD VTS he eos | 96On | 273764 [35 [3,000 [730 [= [3,030 [3,400 [25 | = | 3,425 | 7 13.0 |_2/3/64 | 40 | 2,400 | GO| - | 2,460 || No Effort ee ee a ae ee rs ee ee ECE) LE CTE Te TE TT a | as PS Eee eee) EE YEVAZ WE SEE 1a CEs ODS ES S| Poe da wa) ere 35] 0.0 le ee ee eee eee ee [9/9 /640| 90 isan |e Oe | OO TS] az. | 2 es Ee en [373/64 | _35 | 650_| 110 SS See = 30.8 CEVA ACS Te ac EC TT RSD OC ST CC =246.4 [3/a7ea_| 45 [| 1,900 | 100 [ - | 2,000 || 1,000 | 114 [6 | 1,120 | = 78.6 tS 74 7A [nisi 50 oa Ag SOO aN | NN LOO Nf ieal= cit | A400 | |=, LOO a see LOO | nc ek = es) id BOO] aa eee ane f374/64nfe60 =| 300s 100. Je 400. || 700 | 1101, | B15 [3/6/ea_|_70_| 510] 80 | 10 | 600 || No Effort Say ee Ps7ii/ea_|_80_ | 140 | 35 | 95 | 270 || No Effort 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Although the study of the effects of lake currents was the primary consideration this cruise, other information and samples of fish were collected as follows: (1) differential in east-west seasonal abundance and distribu- tion of alewife and chubs, (2) availability of all species to bottom trawls, (3) seasonal length-frequency data of alewife and chubs to supplement material collected earlier for biological research, (4) collection of fish, water, and bottom samples for subsequent laboratory analysis in connection with botu- lism studies, and (5) collection of fish sam- ples from various depths between 5 and 50 fathoms for life history studies. Excellent exploratory catches of alewife were taken at 20 fathoms during Phase I, at 35 and 40 fathoms during Phase II, and at 40 to 60 fathoms during Phase III, but only along the east shore. Fair catches of chubs were taken at 15 fathoms off Saugatuck during Phase II and at 25 and 30 fathoms during Phase III. Best catches of chubs were ob- tained off Racine, Wis., during Phase III at 30 to 50 fathoms. FISHING OPERATIONS: A total of 60 trawl drags was completed with a 52-foot (headrope) fish trawl during 13 days of op- eration--43 drags were completed off Sauga- tuck from 5 to 80 fathoms and 17 were made from 15 to 60 fathoms off Racine. All drags except 4 were paired tows of 30 minutes’? duration and made in alternating north and south directions. Adequate warp lengthver- sus depth was employed to insure good bot- tom contact; and shaft r.p.m. remained con- stant. No gear damage was sustained dur- Vol. 26, No. 5 ing the cruise. Bottom topography and bath- ymetric distribution of fish were continuously recorded with a high resolution type depth recorder. FISHING RESULTS: The study revealed that the direction of drag in relation to the observed current may consistently increase or decrease the catch by over 50 percent (tables 1 and 2). During Phases I and II, trawl drags made off Saugatuck in a south course were generally more productive than those completed in a northerly direction. Ex- ceptions occurred at 20 to 30 fathoms, but those differences are slight in comparison to others and could be attributed to other gear inconstancies. During Phase III, this drag- current relationship was reversed and tows made off Saugatuck in a north direction be- tween 10 and 50 fathoms were more produc- tive than those made in the opposite direction. Off Racine, drags completed in a southerly direction were more productive, which is in- dicative of the counter-clockwise current in effect during the latter operations. The investigations completed along the lakewide transect between Saugatuck, Mich., and Racine, Wis., revealed significant differ- ences in depth distribution, abundance, and species interrelationship from one side of the lake to the other. The most outstanding features were the almost total absence of alewife from catches off Racine and the ex- tremely large concentrations of that species off Saugatuck. The alewife dominated catches in that area at 17 fathoms during Phase I and from 35 to 80 fathoms during Phases II and Il. { Table 2 - Summary of Catch Rate, Species Composition, and Percentage Differential by Direction of Trawl Drag Taken off Racine, Wisconsin, during Kaho's Exploratory Cruise 15, March 3-12, 1964 North Drag | total | Chub South Drag Percentage Increase or Decrease South to North May 1964 Chub catches were good (300-425 pounds per half-hour drag) off Racine at 35 to 50 fathoms but only fair (200-250 pounds per half-hour drag) off Saugatuck at 25 and 30 fathoms. Only one catch contained another species in Significant quantity, and that was 319 pounds of yellow perch at 15 fathoms off Saugatuck. able 3 - Other [fable 3 - Other Species Taken Taken in Lake in Lake Michigan by M/V Kaho | by M/V Kaho No. of an oe Combined Catch vena Pounds/Drag (Pounds) Species ellow perch HYDROGRAPHIC DATA: Bathythermo- graph casts were made at each station, and air and surface water temperatures were recorded continuously. Surface water tem- peratures ranged from 32.0° to 36.0° F. throughout the cruise period, and bottom temperatures ranged from 36.0° to 40.0° F M/V ''Kaho" Cruise 16 (March 31-April 9, 1964): To extend knowledge on the sea- sonal distribution, abundance, ‘and availabil- ity of the alewife and chub stocks in central and southern Lake Michigan to bottom trawls was to be the primary objective of this 10- day cruise by exploratory fishing and gear research vessel Kaho. Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program SHRIMP AND MENHADEN INVESTIGATIONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO CONTINUED: M/V "Oregon™ Cruise 90 (February 17- March 13, 1964): The main objectives of this 26-day cruise along the Louisiana coast by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon were to: (1) obtain comparative data on the seasonal availability of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), pink shrimp (P. duorarum ), white shrimp (P. setiferus), and royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenaeus robustus); (2) investigate off-season menhaden resources; and (3) con- duct deep-water faunal trawling transects in COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 the northern area of the Gulf of Mex- ico. Catches of white and brown shrimp were light and scattered, with most counts (heads - off) in the 21-25 and 26-30 ranges. Very few pink shrimp were taken. White shrimp were found in 6 to 20 fathoms and brown shrimp in 16 to 52 fathoms. Royal-red shrimp were caught in light numbers between 220 and 300 fathoms, with drags in 220 to 230 fathoms yielding the best results. The largest catch of royal-red shrimp ina single 2-hour tow amounted to 26 pounds (heads-on). Heavy seas and rough bottom were encountered during much of the deep-water trawling. Both inshore and offshore shrimp con- centrations found on this cruise off Louisiana were comparable to those found during the exploratory cruise of the Oregon along the Texas coast in February and early March 1964. The fish catch from inshore trawling was dominated by sciaenid and sparid fishes, notably croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and the long-spined porgy (Stenotomus caprinus). Offshore drags were dominated by gadiforme fishes such as Merluccius species and Uro- phycis species. Seventeen gill-net stations were occupied. A total of 8 bottom sets and 9 surface sets were made in depths ranging from 63 to 38 fathoms. The gill nets used contained No. 7 monofilament nylon thread, made up in four 300-foot sections of 23- Pele , 25- , and 3- inch stretched mesh. Seven large- -scale men- haden (Brevoortia patronus) were caught in bottom sets, 48 were taken in surface sets, and an additional 34 were taken in 65-foot flat trawl drags in shallow water. Twenty- nine bathythermograph casts were made in conjunction with the gill-net sets. A series of mud samples was collected from selected areas within commercial shrimp grounds for viscosity, adhesiveness, and friction evaluation in connection with a study on the stimulation and response behav- ior of burrowed shrimp under electrical trawling conditions. Forty-three plankton tows were made for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory in Beaufort, N. C., 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW LOUISIANA GULF OF MEXICO 92 Vol. 26, No. 5 New Orleans A> oft x nA SE M/V Oregon Cruise 90 (February 17-March 13, 1964). which is also studying menhaden. An addi- tional 12 plankton tows were made for the Florida State Board of Conservation in co- operation with their studies on the distribu- tion of spiny lobster larvae. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 17. —— SS Gulf Fishery Investigations SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: M/V "Gus II" Cruise GUS-14 (February 8-March 3, 1964) and M/V “Belle of Texas" Cruise BT -33(February 18-24, 1964): Shrimp sampling studies as well as pink shrimp marking were carried out during these cruises by the chartered research vessels Gus III and Belle of Texas of the U.S. Bureau of — Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Tex. During shrimp sampling in the northwest- ern Gulf of Mexico, 8 statistical areas (13,14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21) off Louisiana and Texas were covered, with the Gus III survey- ing eastern stations and the Belle of Texas covering western stations. Standard 3-hour tows with a 45-foot shrimp trawl were made. Shrimp catches were spotty. The only good catch of brown shrimp consisted of 46 pounds of 12-15 count taken at a 25-fathom station off Cameron, La. White shrimp catches con- sisted mainly of the 41-50 count size which were found off the Texas coast in less than 10-fathom depths of area 18 (26 pounds), area 19 (34 pounds), and area 20 (21 pounds). Area 20 also yielded 34 pounds of 21-25 count white shrimp from 10-20 fathoms. Pink shrimp May 1964 were found in only 2 tows, and in both cases the quantity was less than 1 pound. During the combined cruises of the Gus III and the Belle of Texas, 66 bathythermo- graph casts were made including 26 on the Tortugas shrimp grounds. Ten special plankton-sled tows on the bottom and 40 reg- ular oblique-step plankton tows in mid-depths were completed. Between the Mississippi Delta and Key West, Fla., 10-drift-bottle stations were established and 12 drift bottles were released at each station. In addition to shrimp-sampling work, the Gus III completed a pink-shrimp marking study on the Tortugas shrimp grounds off south Florida. Approximately 3,000 pink shrimp were captured, stained, and released. M/V "Gus III" Cruise GUS-15 (February 28-March 3, 1964 and March 17-22, 1964): Shrimp catches were generally spotty during this cruise in the Gulf of Mexico by the char- tered research vessel Gus III. The cruise was conducted in two separate portions with- in the area of operations extending from off the coast of Louisiana westward to lower Texas. Standard 3-hour tows with a 45-foot shrimp trawl were made in each of the sta- tistical areas covered. LOUISIANA ga° 92° 0° Shows station pattern of M/V Gus III during cruise GUS-15, Feb- tuary 28-March 3, 1964. White shrimp catches were fair in the 0-10 fathom depth of area 14 (18 pounds of 26-30 count), area 16 (10 pounds of 15-20 count), and area 20 (21 pounds of 31-40 count). The 10-20 fathom depth in area 13 yielded 13 pounds of brown and white shrimp about evenly divided between sizes 15-20 and 26-30 count. The largest catch of brown shrimp (18 pounds of 31-40 count) during the cruise was from that depth in area 19. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 During the two portions of this cruise, 51 bathythermograph and 39 nansen bottle casts were made. A total of 29 special plankton- sled tows on the bottom and 50 oblique-step plankton tows were also completed. Notes: (1) Shrimp catches are heads-on weight; shrimp sizes are the number of heads-off shrimp per pound. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Apr. 1964 p. 19. Hawaii SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS, FEBRUARY 1964: Skipjack tuna landings in Hawaii in Feb- ruary 1964 were about 280,000 pounds. This was 73,000 pounds above the 1948-1963 aver- age for the month. The cumulative catch in January-February 1964 was about 755,000 pounds, or 249,000 pounds above the 1948- 1963 average for the 2-months period. During February 1964 there were 78 pro- ductive trips giving an average of 3,590 pounds per trip. Individual catches ranged from 90 pounds to 12,550 pounds. Oahu-based vessels landed 79 percent of the total catch. Sy Industrial Fishery Products USE OF FISH REDUCTION PRODUCTS IN POULTRY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION HIGHLY REGARDED: Mixed feed manufacturers in Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, were visited during February 3-11, 1964, by the Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries Technical Advisory Unit and the Animal Nutritionist at- tached to the Unit. Also visited at that time were Agricultural Experiment Stations in those States with the exception of New Jersey, and a visit was made to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Observations made by the two nutrition- ists during the trip and conclusions based on those observa- tions follow: Practically all the feed- mill officials visited expressed very high regard for fishery by products in poultry and swine nutrition, A definite preference for United States- produced fish meal was expressed by nearly every feed man- ufacturer visited, the reason usually given for such prefer- ence being greater uniformity of the product. There seems to be a general agreement among industrial nutritionists that the most economical poultry and swine rations, all things consid- ered, are those that are supplied with reasonably liberal amounts of fish meal, But this has not always been true, as one research director visited during the trip observed, For example, only two years ago some nutritionists believed that economies could be effected by omitting fish meal and instead enrichening feed mixtures made up entirely of grains and oth- er materials of vegetable origin with synthetic amino acids, Experience has shown that the rations lacking fish meal are 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW not equal to those containing the fish product and that such omission from poultry rations is false economy. Levels of fish meal utilization were found to be quite lib- eral in the area visited, At mills relatively near reduction plants, average utilization is around 7 percent in broiler ra- tions whereas in broiler rations produced by mills farther from fish meal supplies it is around 5.percent. The use of fish meal is relatively liberal in rations for young pigs in Pennsylvania, a typical commercial ration in that State con- taining 2.5 percent fish meal, However, about twice that lev- el is recommended by experiment station workers at the Pennsylvania State University. Rations are based upon Uni- versity recommendations containing 5 percent fish meal both in prestarter and starter rations. Pennsylvania leads in pork production among the northern Atlantic Coast States. A large feed mill in New York State produces a fish food that is 25 percent fish meal and, in addition, incorporates fish meal in rations for laboratory animals, A possible valuable effect of fish meal on ruminants was suggested to a professor of the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, University of Delaware (Newark), by a practical live- stock man. The suggestion was the feeding of fish meal to prevent cracked hooves in cattle, The professor pointed out that such suggestions, on further investigation, are often found to have practical value. The experiment station work- ers visited on the trip are, without exception, enthusiastic about the values of industrial fish products in poultry and animal nutrition, Workers at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., have demon- strated that highly unsaturated lipids increase the food val- ue to poultry of saturated fats like tallow by means of a synergistic interaction, (Menhaden oil is a highly unsatu- rated lipid.) gle gle se gee He Kk Ok OK OOK U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES: Production and Imports, January 1964: Based on domes- tic production and imports, the United States available sup- ply of fish meal for January 1964 amounted to 32,813 snort tons--12,033 tons (or 57,9 percent) more than during Janu- ary 1963, Domestic production was 447 tons (or 19.6 per- cent) less, but imports were 12,480 tons (or 67.5 percent) higher than in January 1963. Peru continued to lead other countries with shipments of 25,090 tons. [ U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January 1964 with Comparisons ——— Total Item 1/1964 [1963 1963 = . + (Short Tons). ... [Fish Meal and Scrap: Domestic production: Menhaden .....«- a 2/ 9 179,971 Tuna and mackerel. Herring ..3..ccee. Other... cess ace GF o=o 6 eo 8 0 e OQ u0=0 50 eo 2 © © 2 2 8 °e 2 0 © Total production. .....cceee Imports: Canada... 2. ee IROGUiai ie leilchenstele Chileyereyreveiter nei eis Norway ...ceee So, Africa Republic Other countries... ee ve sf_ed (ebieaney e O 0-40" OSD 0 es-ie) (oh tsmie™ ie, 0. (00s O° O50 shueptes fepuel, 6) O00 s 2050 18,495 | 383,107 20,780 | 624,753 Motalsimports so) ci\cive) elteievene cl 6 lAvailable fish meal supply...... Fish Solubles: Domestic production 2/....... (Table continued on next column.) Vol. 26, No. 5 anua Total ee e e (Short Tons). . 5 Imports: CEPECE Go5no500 Teeland pega eee So, Africa Republic , Other countries .... eo 0.0 dio-0-O°0 0 0-0 5 02020 020-0. 3G bo 0 0 coo o TotalimportShyepenceotenelen hols Available fish solubles supply ... 1/Preliminary. 2/Included with "other." 3/SO-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized condensed fish. The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho- mogenized fish) during January 1964 amounted to 1,493 tons--a decrease of 4.9 percent as compared with the same month in 1963. 7K OK OK OK OK U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production by Areas, February 1964: Pre- liminary data on U.S. production of fish meal, oil, and solubles for February 1964 as col- lected by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and submitted to the International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table. U.S. Production=/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, February 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons Solubles Homogenized>/ 2 © e © (Short Tons) . « o o East & Gulf Coasts. » 2 o. West Coast2/ Motallecmeniel els an.-Feb. 1964 Photalyemciteniene Jan.-Feb. 1963 Wotallemeleneie: 1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils. 2/Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. 3/Includes condensed fish. 4/Includes East, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts. Note: Beginning with March 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds in- stead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gal- lon. Production, January 1964: During January 1964, a total of 1,838 tons of fish meal and scrap and 708,000 pounds of ma- rine animal oil was produced in the United States. Compared with January 1963 this was a decrease of 447 tons in meal production and 284,000 pounds in oil production. The quantity of fish solubles manufactured in January 1964 amounted to 1,135 tons--237 tons less than in January 1963. Production of tuna and mackerel meal amounted to 1,124 tons which accounted for 61 percent of the January produc- tion. Oil from tuna and mackerel (456,000 pounds) com- prised 64 percent of the January oil production, May 1964 A total of 30,975 tons of fish meal was imported during January 1964--an increase of 67 percent as compared with January 1963. Table 1 - U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, January 1964 1/with Comparisons _ Sco a Me Fre iii .. (Short Tons)... ish Meal and Scrap: Herring ........ Menhaden 3/..... Sardine, Pacific... Tuna and mackerel, Unclassified ..... Total Menhaden.... Other Oil, body: HEKKingaeveleleveioielsielclicleis Menhaden 3/........ Sardine, Pacific Tuna and mackerel, 1/Preliminary data. 2/Included with unclassified. 3/Includes a small quantity of thread herring. 4/Not available on a monthly basis. Note: Beginning with February 1963 fish oil is shown in pounds instead of gallons. Conversion factor, 7.75 pounds equal 1 gallon. Mississippi SHRIMP CATCH FROM MISSISSIPPI SOUND ANALYZED: The Mississippi State Gulf Coast Re- search Laboratory is sampling and studying postlarval shrimp in Mississippi Sound. The research is being done under contract for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. All postlarval shrimp taken from Mississippi Sound during inshorc sampling in November Composition of Shrimp Yield from Mississippi Sound Composition ecies of Shrim Brown erieue:.s iel(RETCENt)\ci/e\r6 ele Classification Postlarvae from shrimp ampling, Nov, 1962-Oct, 1963 61,3 32.3 6.3 ommercial catch, 1962 61.0 31.9 | 6.9 | INote: The percentage breakdowns by species do not add to 100 percent, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 1962-October 1963 have been identified. The samples included 37,250 penaeid shrimp be- longing to the 3 commercial species. Of those, 5,257 were juvenile. Catch composition data for the 1962 commercial catch in Mis- sissippi Sound were also obtained. The postlarval shrimp study in Mississippi Sound will continue through November 1964. (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, March 6, 1964.) Mississippi River Fisheries FISHERY LANDINGS, 1962: Commercial landings of fish and shellfish in the Mississippi River drainage area in 1962 amounted to 69.4 million pounds with a landed value of $6.5 million--down 8.7 per- cent in quantity and 6.8 percent in value as compared with the 1961 landings. Ze Carp bufatofiss [CD I. WR DH Cathe | bullheads d ES, My Mp0 Ir 9900 Mussel shells S Me Sheepshead Other Beaune 4 8 12 16 20 Mississippi River catch, 1962. The four leading species were carp (20.3 million pounds), buffalofish (17.8 million), catfish and bullheads (11.1 million), sheeps- head (3.3 million). Those four species with a combined value of a little more than $5.0 mil- lion, accounted for about 95 percent of the total finfish landings of 55.8 million pounds. Catfish and I. WWW bullheads S ISR NNN. RRB Buffalofish I SWRA, Carp IVI Mussel shells S RON, Thousand Dollars 200 600 1,000 1,400 1,800 2,200 Value of Mississippi River catch, 1962. Crawfish Other 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mississippi River shellfish production in 1962 totaled 13.6 million pounds valued at $1.1 million. Mussel shell production of 11.0 million pounds with a value of $708,000 made up about 80 percent of the shellfish total. Crawfish landings followed with 2.3 million pounds valued at $272,000. (Mississippi Riv- er Fisheries--1962, C. F.S. No. 3408. aed COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CATCH IN 1963: Commercial fishermen took nearly 180 tons of fish in 1963 from the 3 rivers and 1 lake where commercial fishing was permit- ted in Missouri. Missouri Lake Wappapello, open in 1963 for its first full year of commercial fishing, pro- duced 75,800 pounds of fish, including 54,979 pounds of buffalofish, 17,577 pounds of carp, 651 pounds of drum, 2,274 pounds of gar, and occasional other species. Carp was the leading species on the riv- ers, with buffalofish, drum, and catfish also making up large portions of the catch. The commercial harvest in the rivers was 89,397 pounds in the Missouri, 189,571 pounds in the Mississippi, and 4,439 pounds in the St. Francis. (Missouri Conservation Commis- sion, March 16, 1964.) National Fisheries Center and Aquarium VARIETY OF AQUATIC SPECIMENS TO BE DONATED: A contribution from Spain of living spec- imens of Mediterranean cuttlefish to the Na- tional Fisheries Center and Aquarium to be built in Washington, D.C., was announced this past March by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The donation was offered by the Director of Fisheries of the Spanish In- land Fish and Game Service and will be the first of its kind ever exhibited in the United States. The cuttlefish is related to the octopus and squid and has been well known from an- Vol. 26, No. 5 cient times as a producer of dark brown se- pia, a favorite writing and illustrating medi- um of Japanese artists for centuries. Although the cuttlefish is considered an edible species in Europe and is in favor with a specialized trade in some parts of the United States, its main value today is for the production of cut- tlebone which is used in bird cages for ca- naries to sharpen their beaks. The "bone" is enclosed by the skin of the animal's back and actually constitutes what remains of the mollusk shell originally worn by its ancestors. The Acting Director of the Center said it is expected that aquariums throughout the United States and the world will contribute specimens of aquatic life to the $10 million research and education facility to be built in Washington, D.C. ''There are good indica- tions that Japan will provide some of the col- orful fish that abound in the Japanese Archi- pelago,'' he said. ''One of these is the red tai, an important food fish and a relative of the porgy. This species is striking because of its bright red color." The Center's Acting Director said one of the important contributors will be the Stein- hart Aquarium in San Francisco. The cura- tor for Steinhart said his aquarium will do- nate Pacific moray eels, swell sharks and leopard sharks, and the giant Pacific octopus-- the world's largest species. The Pacific oc- topus reaches a spread of up to 15 feet anda weight of 120 pounds. Other aquariums in the United States are expected to contribute such specimens as piranha, rays, sharks and, dolphins. A survey has shown that the dolphin--pop- ularly known as a porpoise--is the favorite of aquarium visitors because of its high in- telligence, according to the Center's Acting Director. In second place are the sea horse and the more ominous creatures such as the octopus, shark, piranha, electric eels, moray eels, and the sting ra "These animals have a special fascination, " he said. ''People are especially curious about things they believe are dangerous, but the reputation of some of the creatures is not fully deserved.' The octopus, for example, has an ancient reputation for being the terror of the deep but in reality it is a comparably mild animal. The reputation persists only because the oc- topus appears ferocious. The octopus, how- ever, could be extremely dangerous because it has all the equipment, including a poisonous May 1964 bite that paralyzes fish. But in its natural habitat, the octopus is skittish as far as man is concerned. In captivity, it loses its fear of man and at times becomes almost tame. Coming into contact with the octopus is more likely to be injurious to the marine animal than a man, it is said. "It isn't difficult to pull away from its suction cups,'' the Acting Director said. "If you do it too quickly, you might tear off the horny cap the octopus has over each suction." Another species seen in many aquariums is the piranha. The piranha is not spectac- ular in size or design, but the paradox of its reputation and mild appearance give that South American fish a special attraction. The piranha is said to be especially dangerous near Indian villages where garbage is thrown in the rivers. The piranha learns to associ- ate a splash with food. In more remote areas, however, the piranha is not likely to attack a swimmer unless it smells blood. The specimen most sought by all aquar- iums, and one which the Washington, D.C., Fisheries Center hopes to obtain, is the coe- lacanth, or "living fossil" fish. Fossils of the coelacanth are found in strata of the Mid- dle Devonian Era, which began about 325 million years ago. It occurred first as a fresh-water fish but later showed up as a marine fish in the Triassic Era, beginning about 190 million years ago. Then none were found, and it was believed the coelacanth had been extinct for at least 100 million years. The first scientific awareness that the coelacanth was still living occurred in 1938 when one was caught in a trawl off the south- eastern coast of Africa. The fish measured about five feet in length and was taken from a depth of about 250 feet. The Center's Act- ing Director said a few coelacanth were caught in the 1950's in the same area but none remained alive for more than several hours. He said the coelacanth is a true fish, but in the evolutionary tree it is close to where amphibians such as the salamander branched off. He noted that the paired pec- toral fins of fish, which become shoulders and arms in evolution, and the pelvic fins, which become hind legs, are in the advance stages of becoming limb-like in the coela- canth. ''Finding that fish alive is like finding a living dinosaur," he said. The Fisheries Center at Washington, D.C., plans to have 1,300 kinds of aquatic life--one COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 of the largest collections in the world. It is expected that many will be donated and the remainder will be purchased. There are some species of aquatic life that it will not be practical to keep at the Center. They in- clude the barracuda, which despite its vi- ciousness is too delicate and nervous towith- stand captivity. In confinement, it continually smashes into the sides of its tank and dies of the injuries. The manta ray, which reaches a spread of 22 feet, requires too much area for swimming. Also, it depends on plankton for food, and aquariums cannot supply the microscopic animals and plants in sufficient amounts. Other species ruled out are those from the deepest parts of the ocean because such fish live in an area of great pressure. When they are brought to the surface they suffer from decompression and usually die. The release of pressure causes small air bubbles to form and block blood vessels. The Fish- eries Center plans to display models of the deep ocean fish in a simulated habitat called "Creatures of the Abyssal Depths." The Center is to be constructed on a 20- acre site at Hains Point in East Potomac Park in Washington, D.C., and is expected to attract 3 million visitors a year. Completion is expected about 1967. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 22, Oct- ober 1963 p. 28, July 1963 p. 45. KOK OK OK OK ARCHITECTS SELECTED TO DRAW PLANS: The selection of two architectural firms to jointly prepare plans for the National Fish- eries Center and Aquarium in Washington, D.C., was announced on March 10, 1964, by General Services Administrator Bernard L. Boutin and Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall. The firms awarded the contract for the plans are in Los Angeles, Calif., and Mad- ison, Wis. Completion of preliminary draw - ings and alternate design concepts was ex- pected to take about three months. An es- timated 20 months will be required tocom- plete final working drawings. The U.S. Department of the Interior's proposed 1964/65 fiscal year budget provides $500,000 for the preparation of final plans. Financing arrangements for the $10 million 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Center are unique in that they provide that the Government research and educational institution will be self-supporting. Both con- struction and operation costs are to be paid from an admission charge to all except stu- dent groups. The Center will show one of the world's largest collections of aquatic animals in near natural habitat. There will be extensive research facilities for such studies as genet- ics, reproduction, nutrition, fish diseases, antibiotics produced by marine animals, and experimental ecology. The National Fisheries Center will be ad- ministered by Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations HYDROGRAPHIC -PLANKTON SURVEY IN THE GULF OF MAINE: M/V “Albatross IV" Cruise 64-2 (Febru- ary 24-March 7, 1964): To collect data on hydrographic conditions and zooplankton dis - tribution and abundance over the Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Maine area of the North Atlantic were the main objectives of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Albatross IV. | Legend: aa’ o - Stations, Ss cy 7Z Zz Tia 70° 69° 6s 67" 66" 6s° Albatross IV Cruise 64-2 (February 24-March 7, 1964): track and hydrographic-plankton stations. Vol. 26, No. 5 Planned observations were completed at 53 of the 54 plankton-hydrographic stations scheduled. At each station, samples for tem- perature, oxygen, salinity, chlorophyl, and zooplankton were taken. A total of 98 bathy- thermograph observations were made, and 265 drift bottles and 265 sea-bed drifters were released. Two oblique tows with a midwater trawl were made in deep water off the edge of the Continental Shelf. The Myctophidae taken in those tows was forwarded to a scientist asso- ciated with the British Museum. At the start of the cruise, an attempt was made to secure live haddock for blood sam- ples and aquarium specimens, but the opera- tion was hampered by poor weather condi- tions. Oceanography EDUCATIONAL GRANTS FOR 1964 AWARDED BY INTERIOR DEPARTMENT: Graduate educational grants to 17 univer- sities as part of the National Oceanographic Program were awarded by the U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, Secretary Udall an- nounced on March 11, 1964. The universities awarded those grants will select outstanding student scientists, who have been graduated or are about to be grad- uated to receive 1- or 2-year grants. The awards will be available at the beginning of the 1964 fall semester. Grants will be for study in the fields of economics, fishery tech- nology, taxonomy (science of classification), physical and chemical oceanography, marine biology, and fishery biology. The 1964 awards by Interior will support 20 new student recipients. Part of the funds also may be used to continue the training of seven students already participating in the study program. Grants provide for payment of tuition fees and a living expense allowance of $3,000 a year. Married students with children receive an additional $1,000 family allowance. At the close of the academic year, each student's progress is reviewed before a second-year grant is approved. Secretary Udall said the program began in 1962, following Congressional action, to May 1964 assist in developing scientists in fishery o- ceanography. It is administered by Interior's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, which makes $200,000 available each year for the study program. Selection of institutions to receive the grants is made by the Depart- ment of the Interior with the advice of a panel representing leading universitites and re- search institutions. All qualified institutions are invited to participate in the program. Grants were made to 17 universities in 1963 and to 12 in 1962. Student applications for grants are made directly to the university of their choice. The actual number of participating students will depend upon decisions by the universities in selecting students for one or two-year par- ticipation. Universities to receive the 1964 grants and fields of study are: University of California at Berkeley, fish- ery technology; University of California at San Diego (Scripps Institution of Oceano- graphy), oceanography and marine biology; Columbia University (Lamont Geological Ob- servatory), oceanography; Cornell Univer- sity, taxonomy; Duke University, marine bio- logy; University of Hawaii, marine biology; Iowa State University, fishery biology; The Johns Hopkins University, oceanography; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, o- ceanography and fishery technology; Univer- sity of Miami (Institute of Marine Science), fishery biology and taxonomy; University of Michigan, fishery biology and taxonomy; North Dakota State University, fishery tech- nology; Oregon State University, oceano- graphy and fishery technology; University of Rhode Island, marine biology or oceano- graphy; University of Virginia (Virginia In- stitute of Marine Science), marine biology; University of Washington, fishery economics, oceanography, and fishery biology; and Uni- versity of Wisconsin, fishery biology. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 34. Oysters HARVEST IN SPRING MONTHS SUGGESTED: The belief that oysters are good to eat only during months that have an "R'is a myth, according to biologists of the U.S. Bu- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 pe CS eee me Wik ioe Maryland pan fried oysters (see p. 11 for recipe). reau of Commercial Fisheries. Oysters usu- ally reach their peak of perfection in Mayand June--months that have no 'R' in them. Oys- ters are fatter and taste better in the spring because at that time they begin to store gly- cogen, and animal starch, in preparation for the spawning season in Summer. During summer and early fall, oysters be- come thinner, their nectar becomes compara- tively watery, and their flavor declines. The fattening cycle usually does not resume until October or November. The harvest of oys- ters, however, usually begins in September or October--a time when oysters generally are not at their best. Several reasons for the conflict between harvesting and natural growth were explained by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries’ As- sistant Director for Biological Research. The oyster harvest is begun in early fall because the demand is seasonal and the prices are highest at that time. The seasonal demand may have been caused by the '"R-month" myth. Another reason is that most oysters are mar- keted in the raw shucked state and, in the early 30 days, storage life probably was longer in cooler weather. Some of the origins of the "R-month'' myth may have been lost in his- tory, but one of the apparent origins is the spawning methods of the European oyster. That oyster is unique in that its young are retained by the mother until tiny shells are developed. The presence of the small gritty shells makes the European oyster undesira- ble for human food during the non ''R-months." Changing the oyster harvest time in the United States to late spring could result in important economic benefits to the oyster in- dustry. Oyster mortalities usually are heav- iest in summer, and losses of 25 to 50 per- cent are not uncommon. Thus, an earlier harvest could result in obtaining many more bushels of oysters ina given area. Further, because oysters are fatter in the spring, there would be a much greater yield of meats in each bushel harvested. The tradition of the fall harvest is unlikely to change, however, until enough consumers become aware that the ''R-month" rule is a myth and start asking for oysters in spring months. Pollution CONFERENCE ON MILFOIL CONTROL: A conference on the Eurasian water mil- foil problem was held early in 1964 in An- napolis, Md. The meeting (the Fifth Annual Workshop) was attended by about 60 special- ists, including officials of state and Federal agencies, universities, and the chemical in- dustry. The prolific growth of milfoil (an aquatic plant) is causing problems in Chesa- peake Bay and other areas. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 The chairman of the meeting stressed that realistic estimates must be made of the pres- ent and potential threat by milfoilto recreation- al use of water, to real estate values, toshell- fish, and to wildfowl feeding areas. Careful attention must also be given to any possible dangers resulting from the use of chemicals in controlling milfoil. All of those estimates are necessary in reaching wise decisions on control. The problems associated with milfoil were further outlined in a speech by the Director of the Natural Resources Institute of the Uni- versity of Maryland. He traced the rapid growth of water milfoil in the upper Chesa- peake Bay since 1959, its wide distribution, and the present threat to Cheapeake Bay re- sources. He cited the substantial success which has been achieved in the development of chemical methods which can control mil- foil in local areas. But he also mentioned the need for additional information on chemi- cal methods of control. Precise methods for detecting herbicide residues are needed. A better understanding of the biological effects of chemicals on marine life, wildlife, and plants is needed, and specific information should be developed to guide those stateagen- cies which must set regulations. It was reported that new areas were in- vaded by milfoil in 1963, including the Patux- ent River in Maryland, additional areas in Virginia, parts of the Tennessee Valley, and other locations. Tidal waters have been found to pose exceptional difficulties in con- trol. Maryland state officials have established a procedure for considering requests to use certain herbicides in Maryland waters. The procedure will apply to the requests of indi- viduals or groups who wish to control water milfoil in late May or June (the only time it is susceptible). The Maryland Department of Tidewater Fisheries will handle requests affecting tidal water, and the Maryland Game and Inland Fish Commission will handle re- quests affecting fresh water areas. Both a- gencies will work closely with the Maryland Health Department and Water Pollution Con- trol Commission in reviewing requests. Looking to the future, biologists reported that certain insects present on milfoil in Pakistan, and a plant-eating fish from Japan, called the "'sogyo,'' are under study as possi- ble aids in control. May 1964 Specialists described plans for chemical control of 750 acres of water in the Tennes- see Valley. Scientists also discussed plans to screen and test new herbicides, and plans for a thorough study of any direct or indirect toxic effects on plants and animals. Current Federal legislation which might assist in future efforts to control milfoil was summarized by the U.S. Army Corps of En- gineers. (Natural Resources Institute, Uni- versity of Maryland, February 24, 1964.) Salmon NEW FISH FARM IN WASHINGTON STATE ESTABLISHED BY COOPERATIVE EFFORT: A new salmon fish farm in Washington State will start production in 1964 through the joint efforts of a sport fishermen's club, land owners, and the Washington State De- partment of Fisheries. The new natural pro- duction area is Campbell Slough in the Hump- tulips River Delta about nine miles northwest of Hoquiam, Wash. The slough comprises approximately 10 acres of water area which drains into North Bay. A land owner in the area built a dike and installed a tide gate near the outlet of the slough to reclaim the area as a fresh-water lake. The Fisheries Department surveyed the slough, and took water samples for anal- ysis to determine the site's potential for salmon production. The results were favor- able. Water quality is such that chinook fin- gerlings can be raised to migrant size with- out a feeding program. After scrap fish are removed from the slough by rotenone treat- ment, chinook salmon will be planted. A sport fishermen!'s club in Grays Harbor will purchase all the material necessary for a permanent fish-rearing installation, and the State Fisheries Department will complete the project, thus Washington will gain a new fish farm through the multiple efforts of the sportsmen, land owners, and the Fisheries Department. Adult salmon returning to the new fish farm will contribute to the commercial and sport fisheries offshore, at Westport and Grays Harbor. (Washington State Depart- ment of Fisheries, February 28, 1964.) PE A tay ih, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Shrimp UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY INDICATORS, FEBRUARY 1964: Item and Period 1964 1963 1961 ».... (1,000 Lbs.,Heads-Off)..... ‘Total landings, So. Atl, and Gulf States: Aprile Vere clece cts 3,171] 4,728 Marchi rect sitellonslieneh 4,754] 4,099 Mebruany ens eseieene 3,910 3,784 January .... 5,686 5,402 Decemberjereier steel 6,538) 7,099 January-December. 91,396 |141,035 Quantity canned, Gulf States aVig APTiliS nga yeas Marchiivcneneueyisy iene Mebruary, -s csicie. 66 UANUAT Are eWelcienatene December....... January-December, Toa 30... March 31 .. February 29 January 31 . December 31 Imports 3/: April.... March... February . January .. December. . ween. January-December . (¢/1b., 26-30 Count, Heads- Off), . Ex-vessel price, all species, So. Atl. and Gulf Ports: NS AG oodom.cd 83.6 55.4 60.6 Manchiveienaieneneneinens = 85.5 56.0 56.3 February... . |4/57-65]| 85.7 53.5 51.8 January .... . |4/57-69| 85.0 52.5 49.5 December... Sed 9 59.6 75.2 54,2 November... oe ° October .... 2. September Wholesale price, froz. Apriliyreradievenere Marche) es. ets's February .... January... December. . November. . October ... September . eee eo eee eee 73-77 |113-118] 87-90 1/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by 30.3 2/Raw peuaice only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc. 3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bu- reau of the Census. 4/Range in prices at Tampa, Fla.; Texas only. Note: February 1963 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information published daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp -on weight multipl 1.68. to heads-on weight multiply by Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville, 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 South Atlantic in the center of the royal-red shrimp range (200 fathoms) off Florida's east coast was Exploratory Fishery Program the main objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory ROYAL-RED SHRIMP AND CALICO fishing vessel Silver Bay. For this purpose seh Lee GROUNDS PHOTOGRAPHED: an underwater camera was used at 8 stations ilver Bay” Cruise February extending from St. Augustine southward to 4- oo 1964): To obtain bottom photographs below Fort Pierce. BI? 7 80° 79° * ‘ s JACKSONVILLE » = -—— ? Legend: Station(s): - Underwater camera. @ - Shrimp trawl. A - Scallop dredge. “Okeechobee Shows the station pattern of M/V Silver Bay Crise 54, February 4-16, 1964. May 1964 A total of 500 feet of 35 millimeter black and white film was exposed in royal-red shrimp depths with a self-contained still camera equipped with electronic flash. At- tempts to obtain 16 millimeter motion pic- ture footage were unsuccessful because of heavy seas. An additional 200 feet of 35 mil- limeter black and white film was exposed on bottom on the calico scallop grounds (263 fathoms) off Cape Kennedy. Development of test film strips aboard the vessel showed that good photographs were obtained in both depth ranges. In depths of from 160 to 225 fathoms, 18 shrimp trawl drags yielded small catches of royal-red shrimp, ranging up to 70 pounds (21 to 46 heads-on count) for each 3-hour drag. An unusually low bottom temperature of 46° F. was obtained in 225 fathoms east of Daytona Beach. Catches of calico scallops on this cruise ranged from a few individuals to 4 bushels for each drag. These were made in eight 30- minute drags using a 6-foot tumbler dredge in the 25 to 28 fathoms depth range off Cape Kennedy. The scallop meats were in fair condition and averaged 105 count to the pound. South Carolina. FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRESS, JANUARY-MARCH 1964: A report on the progress of biological re- search by the Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, 8.C., for January-March 1964, follows: Oyster Studies: Experiments were con- tinued on the supplemental feeding of oysters during this period. Again the studies indi- cate that oysters maintained in 12 x 12 foot concrete tanks, when fed with cracked rice, gain 3.5 percent in underwater weight ina month when compared with oysters of sim- ilar size and weight used as controls and un- fed. This was true for controls both in the experimental tanks and in trays suspended under the Laboratory docks on We Creek. Shrimp Studies:, Catch-per-unit-of effort data in experimental trawling throughout coastal waters during January-March 1964 indicated that most commercial species of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 marine organisms were less abundant than during the same periods in 1963 and 1962. Average Catch Per Unit of Effort Experimental Trawling, January-March at Eighteen Regular Stations As can be seen in the table, a continual decline in the abundance of the species listed, with the exception of immature blue crabs, has taken place since 1962. White shrimp were almost nonexistent in experimental trawling during the first 3 months of 1964, and only two specimens were found in more than 75 standard trawl drags. It is apparent from this that very few white shrimp winter- ed-over in coastal waters. Spot and mature blue crabs also showed considerable declines in numbers during Jan- uary-March of 1964 as compared with the same quarters in 1963 and 1962. Croakers, while only slightly less numerous at stations during the 1964 quarter as. compared with that of 1963, nonetheless showed a general pattern of decreased abundance for the three year period. The reasons for the decline in abundance of commercial species during January-March over the past three years are not known at present. One possibility is that a very slight decline in average water temperature along the coast is responsible for the changes noted, although no such changes have been observed in the course of shrimp survey studies. It is possible that these changes, however, have been so gradual and slight as to escape de- tection by ordinary methods. It has been ob- served that spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), a small species of shark ordinarily found in colder northern waters, has become increas - ingly abundant in coastal waters during the past three years, and this may give some in- dication that water temperatures are playing a part in the changes which have taken place during that period. Plankton Studies: Experimental plankton collections were made from Little River, south of Calibogue Sound, during January- Marchof this year. Postlarval brown shrimp began to appear in plankton samples in early February 1964, but reached no significant abundance until late February and early March. To date the postlarvae have been 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW slightly less abundant at plankton stations located from Charleston Harbor south to Calibogue Sound, 8.C., than during the same period of 1963. Recruitment of those post- larvae at stations located north of Charleston Harbor has been greater than to the south, and through March of this year has been slightly improved over that of 1963. On the whole, the outlook for brownshrimp in 1964 appears about the same, if perhaps even less promising, as the outlook in 1963 was at the end of the first quarter. Larval and postlarval spot, menhaden, and flounder showed normalor above normal re- cruitment in coastal waters January-March 1964. Phenomenalnumbers of postlarval men- haden were observed in Breach Inlet and Lit- tle River Inlet during February and March of this year. Apparently successful offshore spawning of spot and menhaden, as well as flounder, took place in December and Janu- ary resulting in the unusual abundance of these fishes in plankton collections. Pond Cultivation: The major ponds at the Laboratory are being prepared to begin further experiments on the cultivation of shrimp in ponds. The flood gates to the 1- acre ''Fish Pond" have been adjusted to allow a flow of about 13-acre feet of water in and out of the pond on each tide. When the flood gates are thus adjusted about 18 inches of water remains in the pond at all times. Post- larval brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) made their appearance in We Creek, which waters feed the ponds, beginning on March 9. The flood gates were to remain open until the first part of April in an attempt to trapa sizable population of postlarval shrimp in the pond for "pasturing" and growth. United States Fisheries MORE FISHERY PRODUCTS USED IN UNITED STATES IN 1963: A record 11.2 billion pounds of fishery products were land- ed and imported in the United States in 1963 as compared with the previous high of 10.4 billion pounds in 1962. Some 6.7 billion pounds of fish was converted into industrial fishery products, with the remainder used for human food. The increased supply of fishery products in the United States in 1963 was due to a gain of more than 1.5 billion pounds which was used for industrial products--mostly fish meal. But the United States per capita consumption of edible fishery products for the year dropped about one-tenth of a poundfrom 1962. Plentiful supplies of poultry and beef at relatively low prices were believed responsible for the lower consumption of fishery products. Vol. 26, No. 5 For the first time, imports accounted for more than half of the total supply of fishery products in the United States. Landings by domestic fishermen in 1963 provided only about 42 percent of the total as compared with 52 percent in 1962. United States fishery landings of 4.75 billion pounds during the year with an ex-vessel value of $378 million provided about 55 percent of the edible fish supply forthe United States and only about 34 percent of the inedible supply were used for industrial products. Despite a 600-million-pound drop from the previous year in the United States fishery landings, and a decrease in value of $18 million, the 1963 value was second only to 1962 when it was $396 million. Most of the decline in landings was due to the lower menhaden catch (down 568 million pounds)--a species used for fish meal and oil. Landings also were lower for salmon, whiting, ocean perch, Pacific mackerel and sar- dines, haddock, Maine herring, and blue crab. But total United States shrimp landings were up 49 million pounds, 24 million pounds more of king crab were landed, and landings of yellowtail flounder were up 22 million pounds from 1962. A review of the United States 1963 commercial fishery landings by regions follows: New England and North Atlantic: There was a large in- crease in landings of North Atlantic tuna, but groundfish landings such as cod, haddock, and ocean perch, were down. Herring was down because of low demand. Most of the sharply increased yellowtail flounder landings were at New Bedford, Mass. The domestic tuna catch in the North At- lantic was a record breaking 18 million pounds. Middle Atlantic: Menhaden iandings dropped sharply to only 366 million pounds, about 400 million pounds below 1962. Chesapeake Bay: There was a sharp decline in crabs and menhaden. oaker and oysters also were down. South Atlantic: The poorest shrimp landings in years were experienced, but a record was established in the catch of blue crabs. Menhaden landings showed a strong rise. Gulf of Mexico: Oyster production set a new record, and shrimp landings were the best since 1955, Menhaden and blue crabs were down slightly. Pacific Coast and Hawaii: There were good landings of al- bacore tuna, but yellowfin was down, with virtually no change in the over-all quantity of tuna landed, Sardines again failed to appear in quantity off southern California. In Washington, a large pink salmon run brought the total salmon catch to 55 million pounds, compared with 23 million pounds in 1962. The catch of Dungeness crabs was less than normal. Alaska: King crab production set a record, The salmon catch was down due to smaller runs. Halibut landings were below 1962 but the Dungeness crab catch was up nearly 3 mil lion pounds, The United States with about 6 percent of the world fish- ery landings in 1963 remained in fifth place among the world's leading fishing nations. Japanrankedfirst, followed by Peru, Cornmunist China, and the Soviet Union. ~ a. SS ~ May 1964 U. S. Foreign Trade IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA UNDER QUOTA: United States imports of tuna canned in brine during January 1-February 29, 1964, amounted to 4,234,009 pounds (about 201,619 standard cases), according to preliminary data compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Customs. The quantity of tuna canned in brine which can be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1964 at the 123-percent rate of duty has not been announced; how- ever, in 1963 the quota was 63,130,642 pounds (or about 3,006,221 standard cases of 48 7- oz. cans). Any imports in excess of that quota would have been dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem. 7K OK OK OK °K PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY 1964: United States imports of processed edible fishery products in January 1964 were up 14.7 percent in quantity and 2.2 percent in value from those in the previous month. In January 1964, there were higher imports of most fish fillet items, fish blocks and slabs, and canned sardines (in oil and not in oil). The increase was partly offset by a sharp drop in arrivals of canned tuna in brine. Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in January 1964 were up 29.0 per- cent in quantity and 35.9 percent in value. There was a Substantial increase this Janu- ary in imports of fish blocks and slabs, cod fillets, ocean perch fillets, flounder fillets, sea catfish fillets, yellow pike fillets, canned tuna in brine, canned sardines (in oil and not in oil), and canned oysters. But there was a U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products, January 1964 with Comparisons - (Millions of Lbs.) . 49.2 37.9 ENG e (Millions of $). 14.0 10.3 1.5 1.6 ducts classified by the U.S. Bu- reau of the Census as ''Manufactured foodstuffs. '' Included are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving substantial processing, i. e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil- lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not otherwise processed), 2/Excludes fresh and frozen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 noticeable decline in imports of haddock fil- lets. Exports of processed edible fish and shell- fish from the United States in January 1964 were up 2.3 percent in quantity but down 28.6 percent in value from those in the previous month. A sharp increase in exports of the lower-priced canned mackerel was about off- set by a decline in shipments of canned squid and the higher-priced canned salmon and canned shrimp. Compared with the same month in 1963, the exports in January 1964 were up 18.9 per- cent in quantity but down 6.3 percent invalue. This January there were much larger exports of canned mackerel and shipments of canned shrimp were also somewhat higher, but ex- ports were down sharply for canned salmon and canned squid. Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown were included in news releases on "U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fish - ery Products." Before October 1963, data showing "U.S. Im- ports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufactured and crude products. At present, a monthly summary of U. S. imports of crude or nonprocessed fishery products is not avail- able; therefore, only imports of manufactured or processed fish- ery products are reported. The import data are, therefore, not comparable to previous reports of "U.S. Imports of Edible Fish- ery Products." The export data shown are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible Fishery Products," The export data in this series of articles have always been limited to manufactured or processed products. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 37. sk ok ook ook ook wk OK OK OK AIRBORNE IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER 1963: Airborne fishery imports into the United States in Decem- ber 1963 were up 38.1 percent in quantity and 32,1 percent in value from those in the previous month. The increase was due mainly to greater arrivals of shrimp from Venezuela, Raw headless shrimp continued to make up the bulk of the airborne shrimp imports--in December 1963, shipments con- sisted of 702,423 pounds of fresh or frozen raw headless, 12,267 pounds of frozen raw peeled, and 34,996 pounds of un- classified shrimp. About 98 percent of the airborne shrimp arrivals in December entered through the U, S. Customs Dis- trict of Florida. The remainder entered through the Customs Districts of Laredo (Tex.) and Puerto Rico, Airborne imports of shellfish other than shrimp in Decem- ber consisted of 73,777 pounds of fresh or frozen spiny lob- ster products and 13,660 pounds of scallops, all of which en- tered through the Customs District of Florida, Total airborne imports of fishery products in 1963 were about the same as those in 1962, although there were changes in shipments from individual countries. A sharp increase in airborne shipments of shrimp from Venezuela in 1963 was partly offset by a decline in airborne shrimp shipments from Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala, The leading shellfish items other than shrimp im;:orted by air in 1962 and 1963 were live northern lobsters from Cana- da and fresh and frozen spiny lobster products from Central and South American countries, Airborne shipments of north- 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW u.S.” Airborne Imports of Fishery Products, January~December 1963 with Comparative Data roduct and Origin 2/ [Fish: Mexico ....-e.e.0- British Honduras ... Honduras. JAPAN elise) elie! lis . United Kingdom .... Tran ws wee eee eo we Jan.-Dec [vated | 99.3! | vanea ~ _ (3 > raOoNe woryr0e© Panama......ses USS UR oie cele wlal = Canada ......-. oe Costa Rica Other countries ... pl nor won rMHr rr rote ss ie) a COC Dero pisos) ten a mn | Total Fish .. 3.7 Shrimp: Guatemala........ a = El Salvador ....... 40.3] 28.8 Hondurag.. 0. 0s eee = S Nicaragua ...... +. | 12.3 6.7 Costa Rica........ 46.5] 24.1 tt 1 Panama....... coo |p cibot || Bs Venezuela ........ 547.7 | 201. EiCuadOr Perel ctieleiel peas ¥ i Hrancel eyever seh» see = MeEXICOM Veuclionelelel=le . 3 Netherlands Antilles . S Argentinal pyeyeie rettens: = British Honduras .,.. 7 JAMAICA Here jo tererevenen|el Lee Total Shrimp..... 749.7 | 322, |Shellfish other than Shrimp: Mexico! ecycie) je) c) eel = fe 101.1 60.8 94,0 61.6 British Honduras ...{| 34.1 29.3 378.6} 311.1 317.1] 219.3 El Salvador . - = 5.0) 3.6 7.1 5.1 Honduras. . = = 17.0 7.0 141.5} 104.5 Nicaragua . cher 18.7] 13.3 183.2) 113.3 18.7 16,2 Costa Ricalrs. . tc). . z 73.8 60.1 ek 6.0 JAMAICA Baie iolle) «lee leite 20.1 17.1 86.6) 67.3 43.3 30.2 Netherlands Antilles . cs be 45,5) 32.7 58.0 34.8 Colombia ce ce ene crs = = 8.0) 21.7 1.8 5.1 Ecuador). vec. ass) 1s 6 5 = 2.2) 1.8 3.7 2.1 EUNISI Ay Velevevelensiane : = 5 0.8) 0.9 = = Leeward and Wind- ward Islands..... = i 1.6) 0.5 31.3 11.9 British Guiana ..... & = 1.7 0.3 z o Canada. sop esensdeierarete = o 213.3) 109.2 224.1 91.1 Venezuela ........ 5 = 13.7 6.0 32.3 20.3 Panama.. 14.1 7.1 19.1 10.9 1.0 1.0 Guatemala , a a 5 2 12.9 6.3 Bahamas ........-. = = 5.3 5.2 37.5 12.3 Dominican Republic. . 0. 0.1 25.7 23.9 33.2 28,3 Yugoslavia....... . 5 F 1,2 0.7 1 ir Mrinidady.payeteteveneseh Other countries .... Total Shellfish (ex- cept shrimp).... Grand Total. .... 1/Imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries are considered to be United States imports and are included. But United States trade with Puerto Rico and with United States possessions and trade between United States possessions are not included. 2/When the country of origin is not known, the country of shipment is shown. 3/Gross weight of shipments, including the weight of containers, wrappings, crates, and moisture content. 4/F.o.b. point of shipment. Does not include U.S. import duties, air freight, or insurance. S/Less than SO pounds. Note: These data are included in the over-all import figures for total imports, i.e., these im- ports are not to be added to other import data published. Source: United States Airborne General Imports of Merchandise, FT 380, December 1963, U.S. Bureau of the Census. — ern lobsters from Canada in 1963 were similar to those in the previous year, British Honduras was the leading supplier of airborne imports of spiny lobsters in both 1962 and 1963, In 1963, a sharp decline in airborne arrivals of spiny lobsters from Honduras was offset by increased spiny lobster ship- ments from Nicaragua, Fish fillets from Mexico were the leading finfish product (from a volume standpoint) imported by air in both 1962 and 1963, although the quantity was down Vol. 26, No. 5 sharply in 1963. The airborne imports in both years included several high-value shipments of caviar. The data as issued do not show the state of all products -- fresh, frozen, or canned--but it is believed that the bulk of the airborne imports consists of fresh and frozen products, Washington LANDINGS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH, 1963: Landings of fish and shellfish in Washing- ton State in 1963 amounted to 147,916,231 pounds valued at $23,027,000 as compared with landings of 116,519,289 pounds valued at $19,534,014 in 1962. Total Washington landings in 1963 included 53.8 million pounds of salmon, highlighted by a catch of 31.1 million pounds of pink salmon. Considering the cycle year of the pink salmon and Adams River sockeye salmon runs, the 1963 total landings (all species) are no better than average and have been exceeded 10 times during the past 28 years. Washington Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 19632 Ex-Vessel Value (Dollars Quantity Pounds Salmonwepeueteien sehen omes one Bottom fishy 4 ius eh ee tebiewelbeutel 53,756, 307 | 11,759,000 46, 668,537 | 2,887,-600 26, 283,997 | 5,309,000 4, 297, 094 27, 000 16,910,296 | 3,044,400 147,916, 231 | 23,027,000 1/Preliminary. High production was recorded in the com- mercial net fishery for salmon in the southern area of Puget Sound. However, in the north- ern areas--Port Susan, Port Gardiner, and Skagit-Bellingham-Samish Bays--the chum salmon fishery was a complete failure. Sock- eye salmon landings of 7.9 million pounds were good only because United States fisher - men were able to catch more than their usual share of the run while Canadian fishermen were tied-up by a labor dispute. Bottomfish landings of 46.7 million pounds were second only to the record production of 49.0 million pounds in 1945. True cod came back strong in 1963 with landings of 6.2 mil- lion pounds. (True cod landings had declined from an average of 12 million pounds between 1954 and 1959, to 2 million and 3 million pounds in 1961 and1962, respectively.) Ocean May 1964 perch landings of 15.5 million pounds were at a record level. Carp landings were also noteworthy, in- creasing from a range of 200,000-300,000 pounds in 1957-1960 to 825,000 pounds in 1961, 1.2 million pounds in 1962 and 1963. Carp are taken from Moses Lake, Sprague Lake, and reservoir areas of eastern Wash- ington. Virtually all of the carp catch is ex- ported or reduced to fish meal. The herring catch in 1963 was about av- erage with landings of 6.9 million pounds for all uses--reduction, bait, and human con- sumption. Shellfish landings of 16.9 million in 1963 were close to an all-time low due to a decline in the harvest of oysters, shrimp, and clams. (Washington Department of Fisheries, Feb- ruary 28, 1964.) 3K KG Kise) si SALMON CATCH BY SPORT FISHERMEN IN 1963: Washington State sport fishermen enjoyed an estimated record catch of 1,130,308 salm- on in 1963, with pink salmon predominating in the catch for the first time. The pink salmon catch of 437,000 fish was far above sport catches of that species in previous years. The sport catch of chinook and silver salmon was also high. The estimated silver salmon sport catch of 428,000 was second only to the record catch in 1957, and the 1963 chinook salmon sport catch of 265,000 was exceeded only in 1956 and 1957. Fishing effort, which obviously has an important effect on catch, increased in 1963 to a total of 1,467,000 angler trips, a gain of 337,000 trips over the previous high estab- lished in 1962. Despite the high fishing in- tensity, the average catch per fisherman- day was 0.77 salmon, the best return to the sport fisherman since 1957. In 1963, sport salmon catches out of West- port amounted to 173,791 fish, second only to the catch in 1962. Catches at the mouth of the Columbia River hit a record level (148,000 salmon), as did those at LaPush (22,852 salmon), and in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (229,142 salmon). In Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands the total catch of 555,723 salmon was the highest ever recorded inthose areas due to the large catches of pink salmon. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 Since the end of World War II there has been an accelerating trend toward private boat ownership, which has impaired a sport catch estimate system based partially upon reports from boathouses and rental boat agen- cies. Asa result of the current trends, an order of the Washington State Director of Fisheries requires all sport salmon anglers, beginning in 1964, to carry, maintain, and re- turn to the Department of Fisheries a free, nonlimiting punch card on which they will record their salmon catches. The new sys- tem will enumerate anglers for the first time and will yield needed information on fresh- water salmon catches. (Washington State De- partment of Fisheries, March 6, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 52. HK OH HC KK FISHERY TECHNICIANS TO BE TRAINED AT PENINSULA COLLEGE: Peninsula College in Port Angeles, Wash- ington, is developing a two-year training pro- gram to prepare students as technicians for employment in fish hatcheries and fishery re- search laboratories. The first class is ex- pected to start in September 1964. In addi- tion to technical training, the course will in- clude instruction in biology, chemistry, math- ematics, English, and speech. Peninsula College has been awarded a grant of $29,100 by the W. K. Kellogg Founda- , tion to assist in the development of the fish- ery technician training program. In addition, the Port Angeles Chamber of Commerce will construct a fish pond at the college. The Washington State Department of Fisheries will provide fingerlings for the pond and as- sist in its management. This grant represents one of a series of recent commitments by the philanthropic or- ganization to further semiprofessional and technical education in community junior col- leges. Wholesale Prices EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, MARCH 1964: From February to March, prices were lower for nearly all of the major fishery products listed in the wholesale price index, The exceptions were higher prices for Great Lakes fresh-water fish because of increased demand during the Jew- ish holidays and some increase in prices for shucked oysters, fresh shrimp, and canned Maine sardines, The March 1964 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 | ‘Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, March 1964 with Comparisons Point of Pricing Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: .. . 0 « « © Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish; ..... Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. o « Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh . 2. « e Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh . Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish); . . o » Fillets, haddock, smi., skins on, 20-Ib. tins ej Boston Ib. Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh |New York | ib. Oysters, shucked, standards ....o. Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): Fillets; Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg. » Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-ib. pkg. Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1=tb, pkg. Shrimp, ige. (26=80 count), brown, 5=lb. pkg. Ganned'Fishery/ProductsS:) s)20; ss es ele Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6=1/2 02z.), ASICANS/CSumlensiemomel aneaouemelcnenencae Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (15 oz.), AS\canS/CSeeteueewete eater ielicie Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn (3-3/4 02.), 100 cans/es. ee 0 o © © © © «| Norfolk Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes Unit (Gy (1957-59=100) Mar. | Feb. Mar.| Feb.| Jan.| Mar. 1964 | 1964 1964 | 1964] 1964; 1963 104.1} 109.0] 109.8) 117.3 105.5 113,0| 123,0 9 |New York -| Chicago |New York f A0. 100.8 gal. 128.6 sWolotleleelvelielielienia| NEWLVOFK T/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the Loth o' the month occurs. ~ prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices. 2/New product replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under re= vised procedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics. Trawler with nets hung out for drying. the mainstay of the New England food-fish industry. This type of trawler is wholesale price index for edible fish and shellfish (fresh, fro- zen, and canned) at 104.1 percent of the 1957-59 average was down 4,5 percent from the previous month, Compared with March 1963, prices this March were generally lower for most items with the overall index down 11,3 percent, A marked 16,5-percent drop from February to March in the subgroup incex for drawn, dressed, or whole finfish was the direct result of sharply lower ex-vessel prices at Boston for large haddock (down 61.4 percent), Prices for that spe- cies in February were very high because of extremely light haddock landings. Compared with the same month a year ear- lier, ex-vessel haddock prices this March were lower by 32,8 percent, The abrupt drop in haddock prices was partly offset by substantial increases in prices at Chicago for fresh Lake Superior whitefish (up 26,1 percent) for the Passover holiday trade, and a price rise at New York City for Great Lakes round yellow pike (up 12.9 percent), As compared with March 1963, the subgroup index was down 16.7 percent. Prices this March were lower than a year earlier for all items in the sub- group except fresh-water fish. The subgroup index for processed fresh fish and shellfish in March 1964 was down only 1.8 percent from the previous month despite sharply lower prices for fresh haddock fillets (down 44,8 percent) at Boston, Compared with the same month in 1963, fresh haddock fillet prices were lower by 18.0 percent. From February to March, fresh shrimp prices at New York City rose 6.1 percent and prices for standard shucked oysters at Norfolk were up 7.2 percent, Prices this March for all items in the subgroup were below those of March 1963 and the index was down 7.5 percent, From February to March, lower prices for frozen haddock fillets (down 6,3 percent) and a decline in prices for frozen shrimp (down 3 cents a pound) at Chicago were responsible for a 4,5-percent drop in the subgroup index for processed frozen fish and shellfish. March 1964 prices for other frozen fillets were unchanged from a month earlier. As compared with March 1963, the subgroup index this March was down 18.0 per- cent largely because of lower frozen shrimp prices and lower prices for ocean perch fillets. May 1964 March 1964 prices for most canned fishery products were unchanged from the previous month, but canned Maine sardine prices were up 1.5 percent. Those higher prices moved the subgroup index up 0.2 percent from February to March. But compared with March 1963, the index was down 5.1 percent. Prices. this March were lower for canned Alaska pink salmon (down 12.1 percent) and canned tuna prices were slightly be- low those of the same month a year earlier. Prices for canned Maine sardines were a little higher than in March 1963 when stocks were higher than they had been for some time. Wisconsin FISHERY LANDINGS, 1963: Total landings of fish at Wisconsin ports of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan (includ- ing Green Bay) in 1963 amounted to 16.2 mil- lion pounds--1.8 million pounds or 15 per- cent below landings for the previous year, according to data released by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries. Considerably less chubs (down 28 percent) and lake herring (down 58 percent) were landed in 1963 than in 1962, but there was some increase in the landings of alewives, and yellow perch landings were up 18 percent from the previous year. The 1963 landings of the more valuable species were lower than the previous year--whitefish was down 20 percent, and lake trout landings at Lake Su- perior were only about one-third those of the previous year because of restrictions placed on commercial fishing for that species. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 SUPERIOR Wisconsin fishing areas. Landings in Wisconsin during 1963 from Lake Michigan accounted for 9.9 million pounds, Green Bay 3.8 million pounds, and Lake Superior 2.6 million pounds. Four species of fish comprised 84 percent of the 1963 landings. They were chubs 35 percent; alewives 22 percent; yellow perch 20 percent; and lake herring 6 percent. The remainder was mostly carp and lake smelt. it runs out. HOW FAST DO FISH SWIM How fast dofishreally swim? Until recently 60 m.p.h. was thought reasonable for a really fast fish, but experiments at Aberdeen Research Laboratory, Scotland, and Cambridge University with fresh-water fish, show that they do not swim at such high speeds. So far the highest accurately recorded speed is 27 m.p.h. for four feet for a barracuda in American waters. a piscatometer--an instrument made from a fishing line fitted withac- curate gauges to measure the tension onthe line, and the speed at which The speed was measured by 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 ) International FISHING LIMITS MODIFIED 12-MILE FISHERIES LIMIT ACCEPTED BY 13 COUNTRIES AT EUROPEAN FISHERIES CONFERENCE IN LONDON: A new "6-plus-6" fisheries convention has been signed by 13 of the 16 countries attend- ing the European Fisheries Conference in London. The new convention provides for an ex- clusive 6-mile fishery limit with an addition- al 6-12 mile zone open only by agreement to certain foreign fishermen with traditional fishing claims. The new convention will be of unlimited duration, but contracting nations will have the right to withdraw after 20 years. The 16 countries attending the conference were the 6 members of the European Eco- nomic Community (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), the 7 members of the European Free Trade Association (Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), and also Iceland, Ireland, and Spain. The 3 countries which did not sign the new fisheries convention were Iceland, Switzer- land, and Norway. The conference also adopted resolutions on conservation, fisheries policing, and ac- cess to markets for fish. (EFTA Reporter, March 5, 1964.) FISH MEAL FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, JANUARY -DECEMBER 1963: Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza- tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of fish meal, The FEO countries are Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, and South Africa/South-West Africa, Exports of fish .meal by FEO countries during 1963 were up 11.7 percent while their total production was up 4.9 percent from that in the previous year. Table 1 - Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January-December 1963 sessed ngola fees |Norway POX UN Uar el nivitel/=\eleitetsl-elfeiieleKall= So. Africa (including S.W. Africa) eee e ee oe eee ees oe eee we ee ww Fao.rhvsooishiazan [" Table 2 - Production of Fish Meal by Member Countries . ot the FEO, January-December 1963 oe eee eee ee eo oo So, Africa (including Sowa Africa) lircpenc) sieiiciedeiele sibs: elisiisilei\elleiieHe}ielellelie 166.4|1,648.3]1,571.8 In 1963, Peru accounted for 72.9 percent of total fish- meal exports by FEO countries, followed by South Africa with 12,5 percent, Norway with 6.5 percent, Iceland with 6.2 percent, and Angola with 1.9 percent. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, March 18, 1964.) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION ; MODEL STANDARD FOR WORLD TRADE IN FISHERY PRODUCTS WORKED OUT BY FISHERIES GROUP: A model standard and code of practices to cover fish and fish products in international trade has been worked out by an expert fish- eries group of the Food and Agriculture Or- ganization (FAO). It is the first time this had been done on an international basis. The model standard is a result of the Feb- ruary 1964 meeting in Rome of 12 fisheries May 1964 International (Contd.): experts from as many countries. It covers the definition and accurate description of fish and fish products important in world trade, quality requirements for such products, per- missible additions to the products (salts, oils, preservatives, vegetables, or other food non- fish products), and marking and labeling re- quirements. The model standard is to be distributed by FAOto its 111 member nations. The meeting was held as part of the work be- ing carried out under the Joint Food and Ag- riculture Organization/ World Health Organi- zation Codex Alimentarius Commission. The model will go as a working document to the FAO Commission's next meeting in Geneva in September 1964. The fisheries group of experts also drew up a list of fish and fish products which should have priority for standardization. Itincludes 13 products --herring and sardine canned in oil or tomato sauce, tuna, bonito and mackerel can- nedinoilor brine, canned Pacific salmon, can- ned crab meat, canned shrimp, frozentuna, fro- zenherring, frozen Pacific salmon, frozen crustaceans (suchas shrimp, lobster, crab, etc.), salted herringand salted cod. In 1957, 1 out of every 4 tons of fish land- ed was exported, in one form or another. In 1961, that ratio had grown to 1 out of 3. It is believed to be even higher now. The experts noted that each major fishing country already had established food laws, regulations and quality standards for its prod- ucts. The job now facing world fisheries is to mold these into a commonly-accepted in- ternational instrument. (Food and Agricul- ture Organization press release, Rome, Feb- ruary 21, 1964.) ok ok Kx CARIBBEAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: The Food and Agriculture Organization on March 13, 1964, announced the appointment of a fisheries expert (Harry C. Winsor of St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada), as manager - designate for a United Nations Special Fund fisheries project in the Caribbean region. The expert was scheduled to arrive in the Caribbean in mid-April for a first round of discussions with participating governments. For this purpose he was to make his tempo- rary headquarters at the U. N. office in Port of Spain, Trinidad. His permanent head- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 quarters is yet to be determined. The 4-year Special Fund project is designed to provide, through exploratory fishing, market studies, and demonstration and training, a basis for fisheries development in Caribbean countries. The cost of the project to the Special Fund will be $1,558,500. The Caribbean nations and territories participating will contribute $712,800 in cash plus a wide range of local services. The project is expected to cover the Do- minican Republic, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, French Guiana, Guadalupe, Martinique, Suri- nam and the Netherlands Antilles, British Guiana, Barbados and the Leeward Islands, and Puerto Rico. (Food and Agriculture Or- ganization, Rome, March 13, 1964.) GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 21ST SESSION HELD AT GENEVA: An assessment of progress made in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Program for the Expansion of Inter- national Trade since the 1963 Ministerial meeting was to be the major topic at the 21st Session of the Contracting Parties to the GATT meeting at Geneva, February 24 to March 20, 1964, At the méeting, the Con- tracting Parties were to consider an agenda of more than 50 items. Under that topic the Contracting Parties were to review preparations of the Trade Ne- gotiations Committee for the forthcoming Kennedy Round of tariff negotiations and de- velopments in the intensive efforts under way to remove existing barriers to the export trade of less developed countries and seek out positive measures by which such trade can be expanded. In the context of new posi- tive measures the session was to hear a re- port by an expert group recommending GATT activity in the field of trade information and trade promotion advisory services, and a re- port of a special committee which has been examining proposals for a new chapter of the GATT which would more clearly reflect the responsibilities and functions of the Contract- ing Parties with respect to the trade and de- velopment needs of the less developed coun- tries. Developments in the various regional eco- nomic groupings were also to be discussed. The European Economic Community (EEC) was expected to present its recent agreements with Turkey and the Associated Overseas 42 International (Contd.): Countries to the Contracting Parties, as well as a report on other activities in the Com- munity. Other groupings to report included the Latin American Free Trade Association, the Central American Common Market, and the Equatorial Customs Union. Since the last GATT Session in 1962, some 20 countries have adhered to the GATT, bring- ing total membership nowto61. The Contract- ing Parties will confirm these recent accessions and also consider the applications for provision- alaccession of Iceland and possibly Viet-Nam. The efforts in the GATT to remove quan- titative restrictions, which have been increas - ingly successful, were to be continued at the 21st Session. Notification and examination procedures for those remaining restrictions inconsistent with GATT provisions were to be scrutinized and reports to be reviewed on consultations held during the past year with those countries which still maintain, consist- ent with the GATT, restrictions for balance- of-payments reasons. The GATT is the basic international in- strument guiding commercial relations among the nations of the world. The provisions of the GATT are designed to expand internation- al trade and thereby to raise living standards, increase productive employment, and utilize more fully the resources of the world. The meeting of the Contracting Parties provides an international forum to discuss trade poli- cy problems and to resolve trade difficulties in a manner conducive to the growth rather than the reduction of trade levels. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 68. INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION LOWER 1964 QUOTA RECOMMENDED FOR YELLOWFIN TUNA CAUGHT IN EASTERN PACIFIC: A 1964 catch-limit (quota) of 77,000 tons of yellowfin tuna from the eastern tropical Pacific was recommended to member govern- ments by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (United States, Costa Rica, Ecua- dor, Panama, and Mexico) at its 16th annual meeting in San Diego, Calif., March 18-19, 1964. This is 4,000 tons below the present estimated sustainable yield of about 81,000 tons. The lower quota for 1964 represents the first significant step the Commission has taken toward rebuilding yellowfin tuna stocks COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 to their maximum productive level of about 91,000 tons. At the meeting, the Commission's staff had suggested a quota of 74,000 tons aimed at bringing the resource back to full productivity quickly. The Commission felt that economic and other factors needed to be considered and therefore recommended the 77,000-ton quota. L The meeting was attended by delegations from Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and the United States. Mexico, which was represented for the first time, had a three-man delegation. The fifth member of the Commission, Panama, was represented by an observer from the Los Angeles (Calif.), Panamanian Consulate. An Inter governmental meeting on Yellow- fin Tuna Conservation was held the following day, March 20, in order to obtain an agree- ment on the mechanics for enforcing the Com- mission's recommendations. The governments with voting power (Costa Rica, Mexico, Ecua- dor, Japan, and the United States) agreed that they were prepared to put regulations into ef- fect when all nations fishing the resource on a meaningful scale agree to put into force ade- quate conservation measures. United States regulations will not be effective until all na- tions fishing on a meaningful scale have agreed to regulate their yellowfin tuna fishery. At the April 1963 meeting of the Commis- sion held in Panama, Republic of Panama, a catch quota of 81,000 tons was established, but with a provision for the reservation of 2,000 tons of the yellowfin tuna quota for al- lowance for incidental catches when fishing for other species, such as skipjack and big- eyed tuna, after the closure of unrestricted fishing for yellowfin tuna. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 55. Bo Eee ba S35 MEXICO JOINS INTERNATIONAL TUNA GROUP: On January 29, 1964, Mexico deposited ad- herence, becoming effective February 29, 1964, to the Convention for the establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, which entered into force March 3, 1950. The other members of the Commission are the United States, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Pana- ma. (Bulletin, U. S. Department of State, Feb- ruary 17, 1964.) May 1964 International (Contd.): INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CANADA RATIFIES PROTOCOL AMENDMENT CONCERNING HARP AND HOOD SEALS: On January 23, 1964, Canada deposited ratification of a Protocol to the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fish- eries. The Protocol (done at Washington July 15, 1963) relates to harp and hood seals and is intended to bring those species within the responsibility of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission. As of February 1964, the Protocol was not in force. (Bulletin, U.S. Department of State, February 10, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 45. INTERNATIONAL NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION JAPAN-SOVIET FISHERIES CONFERENCE OPENED IN MOSCOW ON MARCH 2, 1964: The International Northwest Pacific Fish- eries Commission (Soviet Union and Japan) scheduled a series of meetings which began on March 2, 1964, in Moscow. The Commis- sion sets the annual Soviet and Japanese catch quotas for salmon and king crab in the North- west Pacific Ocean. The Japanese delegation to the Moscow negotiations was headed by the Vice Presi- dent of the Japan Fisheries Association and included senior officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Fishery Agency. Attending as advisors were representatives from leading Japanese fisheries companies and fisheries associations and a representa- tive from the Hokkaido Prefectural Govern- ment. (Fisheries Attache, United States, Embassy, Tokyo, February 12, 1964.) INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION BERING'SEA HALIBUT CATCH IN AREA 3B NORTH TRIANGLE, MARCH 28, 1964: The total halibut catch by United States, Canadian, and Japanese vessels fishing in Area 3B North Triangle in the Bering Sea was estimated at 750,000 pounds through March 28, 1964, by the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC). Approximately 36 United States vessels, 28 Canadian ves- sels, and not more than 7 Japanese vessels began fishing in Area 3B North Triangle when it opened March 25, 1964, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 Fishing weather in the first days of the season was very good and the Alaskan earth- quake did not affect the fleet, or shore facili- ties at Sand Point, Alaska. However, the catch rate was said to be unsatisfactory from an economic standpoint for Canadian and Unit- ed States vessels, which can only stay on the grounds about 12 days before having to depart for landing ports with their catches. The IPHC considers that the area's catch limit of 6,393,340 pounds will not be attained for a considerable period of time. The number of Japanese vessels expected to operate in the area during the first month was 7, but it appears that some of those ves- sels may have been delayed since the maxi- mum number of Japanese vessels making landings on any day was 3. Se sei slel ste Se ke sk) os ste se NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT REGULATIONS FOR 1964: Fishing for halibut began May 1 at 6 p.m. in all North Pacific areas (Areas 1, 2, and 3A) except in the Ber- ing Sea (Area 3B North and Area 3B North Triangle) and waters west of Area 3A, not including the Bering Sea (Area 3B South), according to the recommendation of the International Pacific Halibut Commission to the Govern- ments of the United States and Canada for the 1964 fishing season. The regulations this year contain several im- portant changes from 1963. March 25 was the opening date for fishing in Area 3B North and Area 3B North Triangle. The opening date for fishing in Area 3B South was April 6. This year fishing in Areas 1, 2, and 3A began 8 days earlier than the opening date of May 9 last year. Area 3B North was opened to fishing on March 25 last year, the same as this year, but Area 3B South opened April 19 last year, 13 days later than the opening date this year. The opening and closing hours of the various regulatory areas shall be 6 p.m. Pacific Standard Time of the date in- dicated, except in Areas 3B North Triangle and 3B North where it shall be 6 p.m. local time. Fishing areas shall be: Area 1--south of Willapa Bay, Washington; Area 2--between Willapa Bay and Cape Spencer, Alaska; Area 3A--between Cape Spencer and Shumagin Is- lands; Area 3B South--waters west of Area 3A, not including Bering Sea; Area 3B North Triangle--waters between a line from Unimak Pass to the Pribilof Islands, north of the Aleu- tian Islands and east of 170° W. longitude; Area 3B North-- waters in Bering Sea outside of Area 3B North Triangle. In Area 1 the fishing season, without catch limit, shall terminate at the same time as that in Area 2, (Last year Area 1 was open to fishing to November 30 or the date on which Area 2 closed.) In Area 2 the fishing season shall terminate at the time of attainment of the catch limit of 25 million pounds or on Sep- tember 15, whichever is earlier. This is 3 million pounds less than last year’s quota of 28 million pounds, The catch limit in Area 2 in 1963 was not attained by November 30 when the season ended. As of October 17, the Area 2 catch was 25.6 million pounds. In Area 3A the fishing season shall terminate at the time of attainment of a catch limit of 34 million pounds or on Oc- tober 15, whichever is earlier, There is no change in the catch limit which is the same as last year (in 1963 Area 3A closed on August 9). 44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): In Area 3B South the fishing season shall terminate at the time of attainment of a catch limit of 4 million pounds or on October 15, whichever is earlier (the closing date last year was October 15 with no catch limit). In Area 3B North the fishing season, without catch limit, shall terminate on October 15 (the closing date last year was October 15). In Area 3B North Triangle the fishing season shall termi- nate at time of attainment of a catch limit of 6,393,340 pounds or on October 15, whichever is earlier, This catch limit is to be shared between Canada, the United States, and Japan, and its administration will involve a system of daily reporting of the amount and location of catches to the Commission by the fleet. Last year the quota for Area 3B North Triangle was 11 million pounds but the area closed on October 15 when 10,944,000 pounds had been taken by the three nations (Cana- da 4,058,000 pounds, United States 3,216,000 pounds, and Ja- pan 3,670,000 pounds), In 1963 the Pacific halibut fishery regulations were re- vised effective June 8, 1963. The revised regulations super- seded those which became effective on March 21, 1963, and were concerned primarily with division of Area 3B North into two areas described as Area 3B North and Area 3B North Tri- angle. There also were other changes made in wording and in the description of the regulatory areas. The Commission in 1964 will provide 10 days notice of closure of Areas 1 and 2, and 18 days notice of the closure of Area 3B and Area 3B South, The Commission’s recommendations for the 1964 season were announced on January 30 at the conclusion of its fortieth annual meeting at Seattle, Wash., with Chairman William A. Sprules of Ottawa, Ont., presiding. The Halibut Commission is responsible to Canada and the United States for the investigation and regulation of the halibut fishery of the northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, Its spe- cific function is the development of the stocks of halibut to lev- els that will permit the maximum sustained yield, and its de- cisions regarding regulation are based upon the findings of its scientific staff. During the past 32 years of Commission management, there has been progressive improvement of the stocks and increase in annual yield. The annual catch, which had de- clined to 44 million pounds in 1931 (the year before regula- tion), has averaged 72 million pounds during the past five years, The 1963 catch amounted to 71.2 million pounds, down nearly 4 million pounds from the previous year, but does not include the 3.7 million pounds taken by Japanese fishermen in Area 3B North Triangle. The 1963 halibut catch by United States fishermen amounted to 34,2 million pounds, or 6 mil- lion pounds less than in 1962 while the Canadian catch of 37 million pounds was 2 million pounds more, The Commission reviewed the past year’s fishery and the research conducted by its scientific staff. It also dealt with administrative matters and approved a research program for 1964, In the course of its sessions the Commission conferred not only with its staff, but also with representatives of the hal- ibut fishermen’s, vessel owners’ and dealers’ organizations. The scientific findings and all suggestions for regulations in 1964 were discussed at meetings. The Commission announced also that the 1965 annual meeting will take place at Vancouver, British Columbia, Can- ada, The date was not specified. Since in the past the United States and Canadian Govern- ments have accepted the recommendations of the Commission without changes, it is fairly certain the 1964 regulations as recommended by the Commission will be approved by the two Governments. Vol. 26, No. 5 INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM FIFTH MEETING TO BE HELD IN AUGUST 1965 IN HALIFAX, CANADA: The Vth International Seaweed Symposium will be held in Halifax, Canada, from August 25 to 28, 1965. Previous symposia have been held in Edinburgh, Scotland (1952); Trondheim, Norway (1955); Galway, Ireland (1958); and Biarritz, France (1961). The invitation for 1965 was extended by the National Research Council of Canada, the Nova Scotia Research Foundation, and Dalhousie University. It has been accepted by the International Advisory Committee of the Symposium. The symposium is open to all those who are interested in seaweeds and particularly in the problems associated with their proper utilization and conservation. There will be two classes of membership, regular and as- sociate. In order to give greater unity to the pro- gram, it is hoped that original papers can be grouped within the following broad divisions: ecology, taxonomy, physiology (including stud- ies of growth), carbohydrates, non-carbohy- drate constituents, metabolism algae as food, agricultural applications, and manufacture of algal extracts. ; There will be no official language but it is desirable that papers should be read in either English or French. There will be a post-conference excursion from August 29 to 31 to the prolific beds of seaweed in southwestern Nova Scotia around Digby. Additional information about the symposi- um may be obtained by writing to The Secre- tariat, V International Seaweed Symposium, National Research Council Laboratories, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL CONVENTION PROTOCOL AMENDING INTERIM CONVENTION RATIFIED BY UNITED STATES: On February 6, 1964, the United States de- posited ratification of the Protocol amending the interim convention of February 7, 1957, on conservation of North Pacific fur seals. (The ratification was signed by the President of the United States on the same day it was May 1964 International (Contd.): deposited.) The Protocol, which was done at Washington, D. C., October 8, 1963, was not in force at the time of United States ratifica- tion. (Bulletin, the U. S. Department of State, March 16, 1964.) ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT NINTH MEETING OF FISHERIES COMMITTEE: The Ninth Meeting of the Fisheries Com- mittee of the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) was held in Paris, France, February 10-12, 1964. Representatives from 17 member countries participated in the meeting, as well as from the European Economic Community (EEC), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Council for Europe. Significant agenda items for this meeting included (1) an examination of the different subsidies and other financial support to the fishing industries of member countries, (2) study of general services rendered to the fishery industry, (3) study of price systems, (4) study of the influence of recent changes in customs duties for fishery products, and (5) a review of the operational program for 1963 and 1964, The report on the examination of the dif- ferent subsidies and other financial support to the fishing industries of member countries was discussed in detail, country-by-country, and statements by a number of the member countries were accepted without comments or only with clarifying comments or minor revisions. The Secretariat announced that each country would be given a final draft of its chaper for a quick review. Later, the completed report would be submitted to the Chairman and Vice-Chairman for a final re- view before its submission to the OECD Council for approval. The report classifies the various subsidies and financial supports of the individual mem- ber countries and recommends that certain measures harmful to trade shouldbe progres- sively eliminated according to ''reasonable"’ timetables. The Fisheries Committee urged the designation of an early beginning date for the abolition of certain subsidies in conform- ity with the timetables. The submission of this report to the Council for final adoption comes after along periodof debate and marks COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 a significant step inproviding data and recom - mendations forachieving international cooper - ation in the fields of national fishery subsid- ies and financial support. It was recommended that the draft study on general services to the fishery industries fol- low a report on Germany but with less detail. On the study on price systems, the Committee favored the line followed in the report on Ger- many, but suggested information might be added on fees or costs involved. It was also recommended that the study on the influence of recent changes in customs duties for fishery products should be limited to fresh and frozen fillets, fresh and salted herring, and canned fish in the Common Mar- ket countries. The United States request for the addition of fish meal and fish oil was re- corded for future consideration, Belgium asked that a study of European Free Trade Association (EF TA) duties be made. The titles of projects listed under the op- erational program for 1964 follow: 1. Market Information Service. 2. Meeting of Technologists of Fish Proc- essing. 3. Sanitary Regulations for Canned Fish. 4, Multilingual Nomenclature of Fishery Products. 5. Study of a Rational Exploitation of the Resources of the Sea. 6. Study of the Market for Pelagic Fish (Herring). The study on Sanitary Regulations for Can- ned Fish will be guided by the results of a meeting of the Codex Alimentarius Committee of Experts on World-wide Standards for Fish and Fish Products, which was held in Rome, February 18-20, 1964. The Fisheries Committee officers who served in 1963 were all unanimously re- elected to serve in 1964. The next meeting of the OECD Fisheries Committee is tenta- tively scheduled for the end of May 1964. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Unit- ed States Embassy, Copenhagen, February 24, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1963 p. 76, May 1963 p. 54, February 1963 p. 62. 46 International (Contd.): UNITED STATES -IRISH COOPERATION IN JOINT FISHERIES PROJECTS The details of joint Irish-United States fisheries research and development projects which could lead to the establishment of an Irish deep-sea fishing industry were an- nounced by the Chairman of the Irish Sea Fisheries Board at a press conference held in Dublin in January 1964. Under the proj- ect, a research vessel will be permanently loaned to the Irish Fisheries Division of the Department of Lands by the United States, for use in exploring the North Atlantic to discover new fishing grounds. There is some belief that a tuna resource exists in the North Atlantic in the path of the Gulf Stream. The announcement followed a November 1963 visit to Ireland by Donald L. McKernan, Director of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and his collaboration with Bren- dan O'Kelly, Chairman of the Irish Sea Fish- eries Board, in the preparation of a basic re- port on United States and Irish cooperation in joint fisheries projects. In announcing the details of the project, the chairman said that a team of United States experts was expected to arrive in Ireland in April to begin work with personnel of the scientific section of the Irish Fisheries Division. He said that no real expansion of the Irish fishing industry could take place unless it was based on fuller research and development of the fish re- sources around their shores. The chairman added that comprehensive research, however, required considerable capital investment and for that reason the joint cooperative effort in the North Atlantic was a practical approach to the problem and would be of immense benefit to both coun- tries. It was pointed out that Irish and Unit- ed States fishery problems were very similar and that both countries were anxious to im- prove the efficiency of their fisheries and to survey and research alternative fishery re- sources more fully. In the surveys, special attention would be given to the expansion of shellfish fisheries. Educational proposals were designed to supplement existing educational programs toward recruitment of young people in the fishing industry and the training of skippers. It was also mentioned that the credit facili- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wools 2B. NOs 5 ties available to qualified applicants under the Irish Fisheries Board Marine Credit Plan were unequaled in any other Irish industry. (United States Embassy, Dublin, December 27, 1963, and January 10, 1964; The Fishing News, January 17, 1964.) ATLANTIC FISHING GROUNDS OFF ARGENTINA WORKED BY ITALIAN FREEZER-TRAWLERS: The Italian freezer-trawler Genepesca I fished off the coast of northern Argentina in June and July 1962 taking whiting, flounder, sea bream, corvina, and other groundfish in the Rio de la Plata area. The Captain of the vessel reported that fish stocks in the area appeared to be abundant, but that the fish caught differed somewhat from that usually consumed in Mediterranean areas. (Editor's Note: Other sources have reported that the convergence of the Antarctic Malvinas Cur- rent with the Equatorial Brazilian Current in an extensive continental shelf area off the Argentine coast between 38° and 44° south latitude creates favorable conditions for deep- sea trawling. International fisheries experts have estimated the annual possible yield of those waters at 3-3.5 million metric tons of fish per year.) Argentina Italian vessels have fished off Argentina between 36° and 42° south latitude. They en- countered regular depth variations and sandy bottoms which made trawl-net handling easy. They reported that on South American fishing grounds they preferred depths of 120 to 130 meters (394 to 426 feet) in winter, while in summer the most satisfactory trawling depth varied from 250 to 300 meters (820 to 984 feet), That was the main reason why they fished as far south as 42° latitude in summer, but stayed closer to 36° latitude in winter. (Alieia, January 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1963 p. 54. Australia AIR SHIPMENT OF ANESTHETIZED LIVE SPINY LOBSTERS CONSIDERED BY EXPORTERS: The use of anesthetics to develop air ship- ments of live spiny lobsters to France is be- May 1964 Australia (Contd.): ing explored by Australian exporters. Vari- ous anesthetics have long been employed to calm fish for experimental purposes, andthis has led to anesthetics being used in air ship~ ments of live fish, but it is believed that such methods have not been tried on shellfish. One of the best known drugs in this field is tricaine methanosulfonate. Small fish and amphibians can be quieted by immersion ina solution of one gram of the compound in1,000 ec. of water. For large sharks and rays, the solution is sprayed with a syringe or hand sprayer on the gills, and within a minute the fish may be handled safely. Small fish can be shipped in sealed plastic bags of water and oxygen to which is added small amounts of anesthetic to produce a tranquillizing effect. Less oxygen is con- sumed and survival is higher. In Australia, anesthetics have been used successfully to transport fingerling trout in Victoria and mature brown trout in Tasmania. Amyl alcohol, methylparafynol, chloral hydrate, and liquid quinaldine are other anes- thetics that have been successfully used in the shipment of fish. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, February 1964.) * Belgium-Luxembourg IMPORT QUOTA AND DUTY FOR FRESH AND FROZEN COOKED CRAB AND SHRIMP, JANUARY 1, 1964-MARCH 31, 1965: Belgian Ministerial Order of December 24, 1963 (Moniteur Belge, No. 12, January 16, 1964) set the annual combined quota for fresh or frozen crab and shrimp (Belgian Tariff No. ex 16.05 A). The 200 metric tons for calen- dar year 1963 was increased to 250 tons for the period January 1, 1964-March 31, 1965. Crab and shrimp, formerly duty free under the old quota, will be subject to an import duty of 3 percent ad valorem under the new quota. The quota applies to imports from both EEC countries and non-EEC countries. Goods entering under a tariff quota may not be re-exported from the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union in the condition in which they were imported. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 The description of the goods as it appeared in the order is: ''crabs of the varieties (king; 'kanasaki' and 'kegani' and shrimps of the va- riety 'Pandalus platiceros japonicus,' simply boiled and peeled or decorticated, including frozen intended for the canning and bottling industry."' (Board of Trade Journal, February 7, 1964.) Canada FISHERIES MINISTER COMMENTS ON PROPOSED 12-MILE FISHERIES LIMITS: A question was asked in the Canadian House of Commons on March 13, 1964, con- cerning the proposed extension of Canadian fisheries limits to 12 miles on May 15, 1964. The question asked, in part, was: ''...Since it is the Minister's intention to unilaterally extend Canada's fishing limits to 12 miles on May 15, will he tell the House what steps are being taken to prevent any retaliatory action by the United States that would be detrimental to Canada's fishing industry?" In response, the Canadian Minister of Fisheries said,''Mr. Speaker, in reply I wish to say that there is no indication whatsoever that any measures of retaliation will be taken by the United States.'' (United States Embassy, Ottawa, March 19, 1964.) ens inser oe JOINT CANADIAN-JAPANESE FISHERY BASE IN NEWFOUNDLAND PROPOSED: One of Japan's largest fishing companies is interested in establishing a joint Japanese- Canadian fishing and processing base in New- foundland. The company is said to be negoti- ating with Canadian interests for the establish- ment of such an enterprise. Under considera- tion is a plan to base at Newfoundland about seven 300- to 500-ton trawlers which would supply fish to a shore-based processing plant. (Suisan Tsushin, March 5, 1964.) SA Hoke Hist tlale lat pense Biot y ke iste TRADE MISSION EXPLORES LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR FISH-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT: On February 25, 1964, six Canadian engi- neers began a month-long tour of Latin Amer- ica, with visits scheduled in Mexico, Ecuador, 48 Canada (Contd.): Peru, and Chile. The tour, which was spon- sored by the Canadian Department of Trade and Commerce, was designed primarily to investigate potential markets for Canadian- designed fish-processing equipment. The Mission was made up of 4 representatives of consulting engineering firms, 1 representa~ tive of an equipment manufacturing firm, and an engineer from the Canadian Department of Trade and Commerce, who acted as Mis- sion Secretary. Four of the five companies represented on the Mission belong to the Canadian Food and Fish Plant Consortium, a business affiliation of some 20 engineering and machinery man- ufacturing firms, which was formed in late 1963. The Consortium's objective is to pool resources for more effective development of export business. Its membership can offer a full range services and facilities from design and economic studies to the provision of all the specialized machinery employed in food- and fish-proceéssing plants. (Canadian De- partment of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, February 24, 1964.) Cape Verde Islands JAPANESE TUNA BASE TO BE CONSTRUCTED: A Japanese trading firm and the Kanagawa Tuna Fishermen's Cooperative Association, together with a United States tuna-canning firm, are expected to enter into a formal agreement with a firm in the Cape Verde Is- lands (Portuguese) to establish a tuna base at Porto Grande, Sao Vicente Island. The Cape Verde firm presently operates a 720- ton capacity cold-storage plant. Under the joint partnership agreement, the holding ca- pacity of that plant will be increased to 3,000 tons, and medical and maintenance facilities will also be constructed. The Kanagawa Association plans to assign a fleet of 20 tuna long-liners to the Cape Verde base as soon as the base facilities are completed. The catch will be transshipped to the United States firm's tuna plant in Puer- to Rico. (Suisan Tsushin, February 27, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Chile JOINT TUNA ENTERPRISE WITH JAPAN: The Production Development Corporation of Chile (CORFO) has approached a Japanese fishing company to establish a joint tuna-fish- ing enterprise in Chile. The Japanese firm (which is conducting a joint resource investi- gation with Chile on centolla crabs off south- ern Chile) has not yet determined the feasibil- ity of CORFO's proposal. Informed sources in the Japanese Fisher- ies Agency feel that there may be problems regarding the establishment of such an enter- prise, since Chile claims a 200-mile territo- rial sea limit. (Suisancho Nippo, March 13, 1964.) sk ok ook ook ok ok OK CK KF NEW FISH-MEAL FACTORY AT IQUIQUE DEDICATED: The large new fish-meal factory built at Iquique, Chile, as a joint Chilean-South Afri- can venture was officially dedicated in Novem- ber 1963. In an address by the president of the fish-meal factory, he emphasized that it was an example of how Chileans and foreign- ers could work together and how important it was for Chile to expand its industries in order to provide foreign exchange. In another speech, the representative of the President of Chile spoke of the past greatness and collapse of Chile's nitrate era, and that recent developments together with new govern- ment legislation made it possible to provide the incentives for attracting the national and foreign capital necessary for the development of Iquique's (Province of Tarapaca) natural resources. One of the incentives was making the area a free industrial zone. The new factory at Iquique is said to be in many ways an extension to the west coast of South America of techniques and equipment evolved by the fish-meal industry of South and South-West Africa. The joint venture had its inception in late 1962 when South African capi- tal was invested to build a fish-meal factory in Chile. About that time, engineers and build- ing contractors from South Africa went to Chile to build the factory, as well as fishing vessel captains and vessel engineers who also went there to fish for the new factory. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, December 1963.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1963 p. 115. => =< <= May 1964 Denmark "CAVIAR" PLANT PLANNED FOR NORTHERN GERMANY: A large Danish fish-processing company in Glyngére, Denmark, plans to establish a fish-processing plant in northern Germany to produce Danish "caviar" for German, Bel- gian, and other European Common Market country markets. The caviar is produced from "lumpsuckers'" or lumpfish(Cyclop- teridae) and is a significant Dani§h export item. In 1963, Denmark's total exports of that type of ''caviar'' amounted to! 264 metric tons valued at 3,009,946 kroner (US$436,400). The planned construction in Germany makes it easier to meet strict German regulations on the processing of that semipreserved prod- uct and also many mean that Denmark's entry into the Common Market is not expected to occur very soon. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copen- hagen, March 4, 1964.) Res ae) Faroe Islands FISHING LIMIT OF 12 MILES STIRS REACTIONS: The Faroese fishing limit of 12 nautical miles came into effect March 12, 1964, end- ing the fishing rights of British trawlers in the 6- to 12-mile zone around the Faroe Is- lands. The limit will also prevent Soviet fish- ermen from entering the Faroese 12-mile coastal zone to transfer catches, The Faroese Lagting intends to make fish- ing limit violations more costly by increasing the minimum fine for illegal trawling from Kr. 10,000 (US$1,450) to Kr. 30,000 ($4,350). The catch and gear of vessels violating the limits will also be subject to confiscation. The patrol vessels available to watch for vio- lations off the Faroe Islands include the Dan- ish inspection vessels Ingolf and Vaedderen. Both vessels carry helicopters as well as ad- vanced electronic systems for accurately de- termining their own position and those of fish- ing craft violating the limits. British fishing organizations notified the Government of Denmark that Faroese landings of iced fish in British ports as well as Fa- roese shipments of frozen fish to Britain would be subject to quarterly quotas beginning April 1, 1964, as a result of the extension of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 Faroese fishing limits. It has been reported that the quotas will be set so that the value of current Faroese landings and shipments does not exceed the average value of those in the last 10 years. The annual quota would then be divided into quarterly limits of Kr. 5 million ($725,000) in the first and fourth quarters and Kr. 3.5 million ($507,500) in the second and third quarters. The value of the total quota for the year would be about one-third less than the value of average Faroese fishery ex- ports to Great Britain during 1961-1963. The reduction in Faroese fishery exports to Brit- ain actually may be much greater. Iced fish landings, which make up about 90 percent of the exports, are delivered mainly in the Oc- tober and January quarters, and it has been reported that unused portions of the April and July quarterly quotas may not be transferred. Faroese iced fish landings in British ports totaled about 19,400 metric tons in 1963, com- pared with 20,400 tons in 1962, and 21,900 tons in 1961. The probable course for the Faroese will be to land the quotas permitted in Great Britain. The remainder of the Faroese catch would then be landed in the Faroe Islands. Faroese fishermen are uncertain whether catch returns from landings in their home ports, including time and travel saved, would equal returns from landings in British ports. Faroese processing interests would wel- come the additional raw material. If salted fish prices remain high, part of the new sup- ply would be salted, but it is more probable that the greatest effort would be devoted to processing fish fillets for sale in United States and Continental markets. Additional process- ing capacity would be required to handle most of the diverted catch. There could be some increase in hand filleting, but not much sur- plus mechanical filleting capacity is available. However, the Economic Committee of the Gov- ernment of Denmark has approved a Kr. 3.6 million ($522,000) guarantee for the construc- tion of a Kr. 4.3 million ($624,000) fish fillet- processing plant in Klaksvig (Faroe Islands), with an annual capacity of 3.3 million to 4.4 million pounds of fillets. The new plant would be able to process from 11.0 million to 13.2 million pounds of whole fish a year. Sucha plant could possibly be completed late in 1964 when Faroese iced fish landings become sub- stantial. If about one-third ot the usual Faroese iced fish landings in Britain are diverted to the Faroe Islands, it will mean additional supplies 50 Faroe Islands (Contd.): of about 15.5 million pounds of fish, mostly cod, will be available each year in the Faroe Islands to produce about 6 million pounds of fillets for United States and Continental mar- kets. Because of the limitation on transfer - ring unused quotas, still more fish might be- come available. However, limited fillet- processing capacity and high prices for salted cod might prevent all of the new supply being used to produce fillets. United States imports of frozen fillets from the Faroe Islands increased from 1,159 tons valued at Kr. 3.8 million ($551,000) in 1961 to 1,602 tons valued at Kr. 5.0 million ($725,000), in 1962, and 2,725 tons valued at Kr. 8.7 mil- lion ($1.3 million) in 1963. There have been reports that Danish proc- essors might be interested in landings of Far- oese fish but it remains only a possibility which may be considered later in the year. Danish, Faroese, and British interests are reported to be preparing to establish a joint company to handle imports of Faroese fish into Grimsby, England, where it is thought the limitations on Faroese shipments may not be as restrictive. (Regional Fisheries At- tache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, March 4 and 11, 1964.) Note: Kroner (Danish) 6.90 equal US$1.00. FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963: Catch: Despite the addition of 11 new fish- ing vessels in 1963, the Faroese fisheries catch in 1963 was 3 percent less than in1962. A small increase in the herring catch was offset by a drop in the catch of cod and other fish (table 1). Table 1 - Catch of Demersal Species and Herring by Faroese Vessels, 1962-1963 cerita Demersal Species1/ Herring oe + © « o(Metric Tons2/) . 127,600 10, 960 133, 655 9, 855 1963 .. 138, 500 143,520 1OG2ieteuenke 1/Mostly cod, but also haddock, halibut, ling, plaice, saithe; tusk, porbeagle, Norway lobster, ocean perch (redfish), cat- fish, etc. 2/Round, fresh weight. Processing: WET-SALTED FISH: Total production of wet-salted fish in 1963 was down 7 percent from 1962. Only the produc - tion on the Icelandic grounds showed an in- crease over the previous year (table 2). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.5 Table 2 - Faroese Production of Salted Fish, By Fishing Area, 1962-1963 Fishing Area Faroe Islands (Metric Tons) . 1,594 311 856 1 360 | 1,069 1,023 1/Mostly Sa Does not include salted herring. 2/Includes production from fish taken off Newfoundland. 36, 136 38,771 DRY-SALTED FISH: Production of dry salted fish in 1963 was estimated at 8,000tons, or 27 percent less than the 10,872 tons pro- duced in 1962. SALTED HERRING: The production of salted herring in 1963 amounted to 85,000 ex- port barrels. This was well above the 64,000 barrels of 1962, but well under the 112,000 barrels produced in 1961 and 159,000 barrels in 1956. The net weight of an export barrel of herring is 145,147 kilos (320-324 pounds). FROZEN FILLETS: The production of frozen fillets in 1963 amounted to about 4,100 tons as compared with 2,700 tons in 1962. The 1963 total includes 860 tons of saithe (coal- fish) fillets prepared for Hungary, East Ger- many, and Czechoslovakia. Nordafar, the Nor- wegian, Danish, and Faroese company oper- ating at Faeringehavn, Greenland, produced about 2,100 tons of the 1963 total and about 1,600 tons of the 1962 quantity. Exports: Faroese exports of fishery prod- ucts in 1963 were up 8 percent in value from the previous year. (As usual, about 98 per- cent of total Faroese exports were fishery products.) Increases occurred only in wet- salted fish and frozen fillets (table 3). Table 3 - Value of Total Faroese Exports of Fishery Products, 1962-1963 Wet-salted fish1/ , Dry-salted fisht/ ... Salted herring Iced fish . ee Frozen fish fillets oe Other fishery products 1/Does not include herring. Year-End Stocks of Fish on Hand: Larger quantities of all major fishery commodities, except dry-salted fish, were in storage in the Faroe Islands at the end of 1963 than at the end of 1962. Relatively higher values for the stocks on December 31, 1963, \indicated higher unit prices were expected (table 4). May 1964 Faroe Islands (Contd.): Table 4 - Year-End Stocks of Fish in the Faroe Islands, 1962-1963 Dec. 31, 1962 et 31, 1963 Toy. | Vale | Oy. Vane | Wet-salted fish Dry-salted fish Salted herring RilletsWeweneleus [Total + [7,035 [19,700 2, 85315, 048 | 10,600], 535 Fishing Vessels: During 1963, the Faroese fishing fleet gained 11 new fishing vessels, 3 of which were built in Faroese shipyards. In 1964, a total of 10 new fishing vessels are to be delivered. Five will have refrigerated cargo holds and one will be equipped with a power block for herring seining (table 5). Table 5 - Faroese Fishing Vessels, By Tonnage Group, 1963 Number of Vessels Total Tonnage Gross Registered Tons 34, 622 The trend in the Faroese fleet is toward steel long-liners and better equipped vessels. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, Unit- ed States Embassy, Copenhagen, February 26, 1964.) Note: Kroner (Danish) 6.90 equal US$1.00. France INDUSTRY URGED TO INCREASE EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA: At a meeting of France's Tuna Committee in January 1964, it was decided to promote greater exports of French canned tuna. The Committee also decided to contribute funds for the promotion effort. The demand for canned tuna in France has been very good and markets were expanded considerably during the past three years. Recently, the demand dropped to such a low level on a national scale as to cause some concern, and fears were expressed that the national consumption potential of canned tuna may have been overestimated. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 Stocks of canned (yellowfin) tuna from the previous season's pack were ample at the be- ginning of 1964. As of early January 1964, tuna fishing was well in progress, with indica- tions that the season's quota would be reached by the end of May. Also, canned tuna was be- ing imported by France in sufficiently large quantities to further depress the market. It was also pointed out at the meeting that increasingly large supplies of canned salm- on were available--a product competitive to tuna and expected to become even more competitive. At the Tuna Committee meeting, emphasis was placed on increasing exports and that an attempt be made by industry for a substantial initial export shipment of canned tuna, (Le Marin, January 24, 1964.) le Greece LANDINGS BY ATLANTIC FREEZER-TRAWLER FLEET, 1963: The Greek fleet of freezer-trawlers fish- ing in Atlantic waters landed 18,613 metric tons of frozen fish in 1963 compared with 16,979 tons in 1962 and 14,500 tons in 1961. In spite of a decline in average landings by individual freezer -trawlers in both 1962 and 1963, the addition of new vessels to the freez- er-trawler fleet resulted in an increase in to- tal landings. The Greek fleet of freezer- trawlers was expanded from 13 vessels in 1961 to 17 vessels in 1962 and 22 vessels in 1963. Taking into consideration that the new trawlers added each year did not all start fishing at the first of the year, the average annual landings of frozen fish per vessel were determined to be 1,180 tons in 1961, but only 1,095 tons in 1962, and 990 tons in 1963. The reduction in average landings by 105 tons from 1962 to 1963 was estimated to mean an aver- age loss of revenue per vessel of over 1 mil- lion drachmas (US$33,333). The decline in average landings was said to be due to a drop in the catch off Mauritania in northwest Africa, (Alieia, January 1964.) Notes: (1) Greek drachmas 30.00 equal US$1.00. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1963 p. 63, April 1963 p. 52, Jane 1963 p. 92. 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Guatemala SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS IN CHAMPERICO: The joint Guatemalan- Japanese fishing and fish process- ing venture located at Guatemala’s Pacific Coast port of Champerico has 20 fishing vessels operating out of that port, Ten of the vessels are owned by the Guatemalan firm (owns and operates the packing plant) which is a party to the joint enterprise and the other 10 vessels are owned by a separate Guatemalan corporation (but with the same ownership as the Guatemalan firm party to the joint venture), The Guatema- lan interests of the joint enterprise control 51 percent of the venture, and a Japanese fishing firm and a Japanese trading firm both control the remaining 49 percent. In addition to their financial interest, the Japanese pro- vide technical supervision for the entire operation and mar- ket the processed product. All of the fishing vessels are jointly manned by Japanese and Guatemalans. The Japanese hold the positions of captain and chief machinist, while the Guatemalans occupy the three lesser posts in the typical five-man vessel crew. Other Japanese personnel oversee the processing and administrative functions. The shrimp that are caught and processed are marketed in the United States by a large Japanese trading organization. The fishing vessels normally make about one voyage ev- ery two weeks, The average biweekly catch appears to run between 5,000 and 7,000 pounds of heads-off shrimp per ves- sel, plus a few hundred pounds of finfish and spiny lobsters, It also appears that more fish than shrimp are actually caught, but they are not landed because of the relatively small local demand for finfish, nor can they be economically exported at this time. According to the Guatemalan com- pany’s officials, the greatest part of the shrimp catch is ex- ported to the United States, with nearly 90 percent shipped to New York City, 5 percent to Miami, Fla., and the remain- ing 5 percent divided between other United States cities and the domestic market. The firm’s representatives said that their shrimp were bringing good prices, according to size, on the New York City wholesale market and that prices f.o.b. Champerico ranged from 35 to 85 U.S, cents a pound, The frozen shrimp are usually shipped to the Atlantic Coast port of Matias de Galvez by refrigerated truck and from there transported to the United States by ship. The packing plant at Champerico is modern and has exten- sive freezing, ice-making, and frozen cold-storage facilities, The shrimp arrive at the plant in the shell but headless, and are immediately sorted and sized by machine. Following the sizing operation, the shrimp are placed in boxes, weighed (five pounds is the standard unit), and sent to the packing sec- tion of the plant. The shrimp are then frozen and packed in 50-pound cartons for export. The packing firm employs about 250 workers, including 40 Japanese, There are about 100 fishermen, and the remainder of the work force is engaged in fish processing. The only oth- er major employer in Champerico is a Government-owned en- terprise which operates all port services. The plant wage scales are comparable to wages paid in the food processing industry in Guatemala City despite the lower cost of living in the port city. The shrimp packers are paid on a piece-work basis and virtually all of the sorters and packers are women, It was reported that the Guatemalan fishing firm has re- cently had its share of labor problems because of agitation to organize a union to consolidate labor operations of both the fishing firm’s operations and those of the Champerico port authority. But the attempts to unionize failed, Guatemala’s Labor Ministry wishes to see the speedy re- placement of Japanese personnel by Guatemalans on the fish- ing vessels, pointing out that the original agreement for the establishment of the company provides that the Japanese will train Guatemalans in all aspects of fishery operations. In this connection, the Ministry of Labor and the company joint- ly announced the establishment of a school to train Guatemalans as fishing vessel captains and machinists. The school will be in Champerico and was scheduled to open on March 1 with an initial enrollment of 7 students. The wage scale for mariners aboard the firm’s fishing ves- sels is computed on the basis of the vessel’s total catch classi- fied as fish, lobster and shrimp, with the shrimp further bro- ken down by quality--best, good, and fair, The firm's account- ing records showed that the winch operators earn about Q51.00 (US$51.00) a trip and the seamen about Q45.00 ($45.00) a trip. In addition, they receive their food at no cost while working on the fishing vessel. The Japanese crew members, the Captian and the Chief Machinist, also receive a salary, the amount of which was not disclosed. The wage scale for plant employees is: dockworkers Q,20 (20 U.S. cents) an hour; sorters Q.20 (20 cents) an hour; cold storage Q.50 (50 cents) an hour; packers Q.005 (1/2 cent) per box packed, The operating hours of the plant depend on the size of the catch, and factory employees normally work sev- eral hours overtime, Time-and-a-half is paid for all over- time. (United States Embassy, Guatemala, March 6, 1964.) Notes: (1) 1.00 Guatemalan quetzales equals US$1.00. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1964 p. 51; and May 1963 p. 64. Iceland HERRING PRICES, MARCH 1-JUNE 15, 1964: The Icelandic State Fisheries Pricing Board has announced prices to be paid at processing plants for South and West Coast herring during March 1-June 15, 1964. Fol- lowing is a comparison between 1964 and 1963 prices according to the utilization of the her- ring: Utilization Mar, 1-June 15, Mar, 1-June 15, 1964 1963s 1. Kr./Kilo] US¢/Lb.| I, Kr./Kilo | US¢/Lb. 1.42 Herring for salting Herring for filleting iced herring for export. 2... ing fodder. . tozen herring, 10 percent fat content 3-6 herring per kilo Herring for reduction b Note: Iceland kronur 43,06 equal US$1.00. In 1964, prices were down for herring for salting and filleting, but the price of iced her- ing for export was above that in the previous year. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik, March 18, 1964.) FROZEN FISH SOLD TO U.S.S.R.: The Freezing Plants Corporation and the Fisheries Department of the Federation of Iceland Cooperatives contracted in early 1964 to supply the Soviet Union with 12,000 metric tons of south coast frozen herring and 15,000 May 1964 Iceland (Contd.): COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW tons of frozen fish fillets, including cod, had- dock, ocean catfish, coalfish, ling, and ocean perch. The same amounts were sold to the Soviet Union by Iceland in 1963. which will be received The price in 1964 for the white- fish and ocean perch fillets is #154 per met- ric ton (US$0.195 per pound) compared to £149 per ton ($0.189 per pound) in 1963. The price which will be received in 1964 for the herring will be £53 pe which is the same as the price in 1963. r ton ($0.067 per pound), (Unit - ed States Embassy, Reykjavik, March 4, 1964.) se ook ook ok He sk kook FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL SPECIES, JANUARY -AUGUST 1963: ok ok siete oh (Metric ons) ie tele Codbentatann sieosele eee 211,219 203, 456 addock| (i crs've.leiier te one 35, 064 30, 557 Saithelay ts cet ere couse ious ne 10,481 9, 586 Pingitore Scns catelort 4,630 5,756 Wolffish (catfish) 5... . 12, 423 12,595 Cuislamee ure asicworeris core 4,922 4, 107 Ocean perch 2. eeeee 26,005 10, 217 Elallabut) (cles 0 0 0 00 0 832 1,060 erring) y ire 1/0170) 6 <| loo 0) « 284, 861 382, 235 SHrimpLpa ts ai.) woe hevie sols 349 349 GthereMavavere cial atts 10, 268 9,234 Total. « lote: Converted to whole ungutted January -August 1963 1962 fish regardless of how landed. she aK Sleek ook UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS, JANUARY -AUGUST 1963: How Utilized Herring1/ for: Canning ... Oil and meal Freezing ... Salting ... Fresh on ice . Groundfish¢/ for: Fresh on ice... 6. Freezing and filleting Salting .. eee . Stockfish (dried unsalted) Canning) Maru )5 2. 22s Mothership Kawasaii Skiff aaron A foe ” ” No. ” No. Catcher Boat (Unknown) Wo ovo Ooo Taihei- Maru No, oo Choei-Maru No.3 .... Meiji-Maru No.1..... lal IE d: fD bel | F lo = co ery o le By . cae ohte: ONOORDWOORDOPLWPLANH oo-1-30 0 Dainichi-Maru......«. 5,859.1 Mothership Kawasaki No,1].... 9.8 Skiff a INOst a tetteire 9.7 a a INOS iealeiene 9.8 an oe INO. 5). 9.7 a a No. 10.1 my oa cece 10.1 LY ” 10.2 ” b. No. 9.0 i a alain 8.2 a Kanemoto- Maru No, 10. 84.7 Catcher Boat Oshima-Maru No. 11 .. 84.9 of Daikame- Maru No, 2 . .|. 82.1 a sik Matsuma- Maru No, 8.. 83.1 a Mutsumi- Maru No, 28. 6 72.5 nt Shunsho- Maru ‘No, 25° 50 84.8 22 The 1964 season operations were licensed for the period March 1 to December 31, 1964. However, it is anticipated that the quota will be attained before the expiration date of the licenses. (Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo, March 10, 1964.) KOK K KOK STERN-TRAWLING OPERATIONS: The President of a large Japanese fishing company, at a news interview held on Febru- ary 17, 1964, at Shimonoseki, announced that his firmis constructing two 3,500-ton stern trawlers, which are expected to be completed in June 1964. They are scheduled to fish in the Eastern Bering Sea. At the same time, one of the two 1,500-ton stern trawlers pres- ently assigned to the Bering Sea will be trans- ferred to the trawling grounds off Africa. Thus, under this plan the firm will have 3 large stern trawlers operating in the Eastern Bering Sea and 3 more in the Atlantic Ocean. At the present time, the 1,500-ton sterntrawl- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 ers Akebono Maru Nos. 51 and 52 are assigned to the Bering Sea and Nos. 50 and 53 to the At- lantic Ocean. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, Febru- ary 21, 1964, and other sources.) Kk kk OK LONG-LINE FLEETS PLAN TO FISH BOTTOMFISH SOUTH OF WESTERN ALEUTIAN ISLANDS IN FALL 1964: The Japanese Fisheries Agency reportedly plans to license 2 or 3 long-line fleets to fish on an experimental basis for bottomfish inthe waters south of the western Aleutian Islands infallof1964. Itis expected that the twocom- panies involved will submit applications to op- erate bottomfish long-line fleets in those wa- ters. Those same two firms had operated ves- sels north of the western Aleutian Islands in 1963 and are the only companies having oper- ated vessels near the waters which the Agen- cy plans to open up to experimental fishing. One firm is expected to use the mothership Shikishima Maru (5,871 gross tons) and the other firm the mothership Seifu Maru (8,269 gross tons) for the fall bottomfish long-line operation. The fleets would be licensed to operate for a four-month period, beginning in September 1964 (after the end of the salmon fishing sea- son). The Agency expected to announce its findings by May. (Suisancho Nippo, February 20, and 24, 1964.) sk sk ook ok KOK OK OK OK BOTTOMFISH FISHING OFF NEW ZEALAND: Japanese fishing companies and fishing ves- sel operators are showing increasing interest in the bottom long-line sea bream fishery off North Island, New Zealand. Even tuna vessels operating in the waters nearby New Zealand are engaging in that fishery. One such vessel is the 420-ton Umigata Maru No. 8, which temporarily switched to fishing for sea bream in late 1963 due to poor tuna fishing. That vessel was fishing for bottomfish with four unpowered boats, and catching an average of about 5 tons of fish a day. One small Japanese firm planned on send- ing the 1,184-ton freezer carrier Seiju Maru No. 3, deck-loaded with 10 small boats, to the New Zealand waters. Several other vessels are also outfitting for that fishery. May 1964 Japan (Contd.): As of late February, the Fisheries Agency had received about 30 applications from groups interested in engaging in the New Zealand bottom long-line fishery. However, many of the applications are believed to have _been submitted merely for the purpose of es- tablishing ''rights,'' should the Agency decide to place that fishery under a licensing sys- tem. Following the influx of Japanese fishing vessels to the waters off New Zealand, the New Zealand Government has contacted the Japanese Government concerning violations of New Zealand's territorial waters commit- ted by Japanese vessels. The Japanese Gov- ernment has issued stern warnings to its fish- ermen concerning this infraction. The Japa- nese Government is also considering placing the New Zealand bottomfish fishery under a licensing system, beginning in 1965, (Suisan Tsushin, February 18 & 24; Minato Shimbun, February 4, 1964.) pg bad Ens (bd SES JAPANESE SHIPYARD LAUNCHES FIRST OF FIVE TUNA FACTORY - MOTHERSHIPS ORDERED BY U.S.S.R.: On January 29, 1964, a Japanese shipyard held a launching ceremony at its Mukojima dockyard for a 5,000-gross-ton tuna factory - mothership, which is the first of 5 such ves- sels ordered in May 1963 by the Soviet Ship Import Association. Priced at about 1.3 bil- lion yen (US$3.6 million), the newly launched vessel is scheduled for completion at the end of June 1964. Another tuna mothership was scheduled to be launched in mid-April. It is further scheduled that the remaining 3 tuna motherships for the U.S.S.R. will be launched during 1964 at the end of June, in mid-Sep- tember, and in mid-December. Delivery of all the 5 vessels will be made by the end of March 1965, The new mothership, named Leninskiv Luchi, will carry six 22-ton catcher vessels and will be capable of remaining at sea for periods ranging up to 7 months. It will be equipped with tuna processing and canning equipment, quick-freezing equipment, and oil manufacturing equipment. Specifications of the new factory-mother - ship are as follows: length, 115 meters (377 feet); width, 17.4 meters (57 feet); depth 8.8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 meters (28.9 feet); draft, 5.5 meters(21.3 feet); main Diesel engine, 3,450 hp.; and speed, 14 knots. (Nihon Kogyo Shimbun, February 2, 1964.) mK OK TRAWLERS TO BE EXPORTED TO GHANA: A Japanese fishing company concluded final arrangements for delivery to the Ghanaian Government Fisheries Corporation of twelve 1,800-ton stern trawlers, the export of which was approved by the Japanese Government in 1963. The trawlers are to be delivered to Ghana according to the following schedule: 1964, two trawlers; 1965, three trawlers; 1966, three trawlers; and 1967, four trawlers. Bs SS SS Another Japanese fishing company is said to be proceeding with plans to export a large trawler to Ghana, and has already completed preliminary negotiations with a Ghanaian priv- ate citizen of considerable wealth. Reported- ly, the Japanese firm plans to export to Ghana a 1,500-ton stern trawler, and would assistin the operation and maintenance of that vessel. (Suisanho Nippo, February 28 & March 2, 1964.) ok kK Ok SKIPJACK TUNA PURSE-SEINING TEST OFF PHILIPPINES PROPOSED: A large Japanese fishing company submit- ted a petition to the Fisheries Agency request- ing that it be permitted to conduct experimen- tal purse-seine fishing for skipjack tuna south of the Philippine Islands and for yellowtail in the waters north of New Zealand for about three months, beginning mid-March. The company planned to employ the converted purse-Seine vessel Kenyo Maru (260 gross tons). The Kenyo Maru is equipped with a power- block and is the first Japanese fishing vessel to use that gear. For the past two years, that vessel conducted test fishing for skipjack off northeast Japan. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, March 9, 1964.) 2K ok Ok NORTH PACIFIC SALMON FISHERY USES MONOFILAMENT GILL NETS: Monofilament gill nets (originally used in the Japanese North Pacific on an experimen- tai basis a few years ago) are now widely used in the salmon fishery. It is estimated that in 1964 about 60 percent of the gill nets to be 62 Japan (Contd.): used in the Japanese mothership-type salm- on fishery will be made up of monofilament nets. (Suisan Tsushin, March 6, 1964.) Hoo oe ok ok POLY PROPELENE TANGLE NETS TO BE USED IN KING CRAB FISHERY: After several years of experimentation, one large Japanese fishing company is plan~ ning this year on completely changing the king crab tangle nets employed by its mother- ship (Kaiyo Maru, 5,549 gross tons) operating in the Okhotsk Sea to nets made from poly- propelene. Reportedly, the polypropelene net is not only as strong and efficient as the syn- thetic fiber net presently in use, but is cheap- er and easier to handle. The Japanese firm is also reported to be planning on field test- ing this year about 100 shackles of specially made polyvinyl king crab tangle nets which can be discarded after being used once. (Suis- an Tsushin, March 12, 1964.) KOK ok Kk ANTARCTIC WHALING: The Nisshin Maru No. 3 (23,406 gross tons) whale fleet (belonging to Japan's largest fish- ing company) is on its way home from the Antarctic whale fishing grounds. As of March 8, 1964, that fleet is reported to have not only met its target of 111 blue-whale units (118 finback whales and 312 sei whales) but has exceeded its original catch target of sperm whales by 561, harvesting a total of 2,665 sperm whales. The six other Japanese whaling fleets are reported to be doing well also, and were ex- pected to meet their quotas in a few weeks. (Suisan Tsushin, March 11; Suisancho Nippo, March 12, 1964.) HK OOK OK OK OK STERN TRAWLER BUILT IN JAPAN FOR RUMANIA: The 3,603-ton stern trawler built in Japan for Rumania departed Shimonoseki, Japan, on on March 3 for New Zealand waters on an ex- perimental fishing trip. On board that trawl- er are 17 Japanese fishing and gear experts who will train the Rumanian crew on fishing techniques. The vessel is later expected to operate in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, March 9, 1964.) aa % + ve COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No.5 MARKET FOR SHRIMP: Some Japanese shrimp dealers in mid- March 1964 were reported to be dumping im- ported frozen shrimp on the Japanese market even at a loss. Reportedly, 21-25 count Mex- ican frozen shrimp in 5-lb. cartons were be- ing sold for 1,800 yen (US$5) a carton. The dumping was attributed to several fac- tors: (1) large supply of shrimp on hand in Japan; (2) need for immediate cash, since March 30 was accounts-settlement date in Japan. Primary blame is placed on the ex- cessive competition taking place after the im- portation of shrimp was liberalized under the Japanese Government's trade liberalization program, (Minato Shimbun, March 17, 1964.) WHALING OPERATION IN ECUADOR: The establishment of a whaling operation in Ecuador presents many difficult economic problems due to the lack of adequate facilities, including the lack of water and electrical pow- er supply, reports the chief of the whaling de- partment of Japan's largest fishing company, who returned to Japan from Ecuador in mid- March. Another problem cited was the great distance of the whaling grounds from the con- templated base. He stated that he did not en- gage in any concrete talks with Ecuadorean officials concerning the establishment of Jap- anese whaling operations in Ecuador. (Suis- ancho Nippo, March 14, 1964.) ok ok ok Ok ANTARCTIC WHALING FLEETS: Four of Japan's seven whaling fleets oper- ating in the Antarctic Ocean were reported to have met their whale quotas as of mid-March. The remaining three fleets were expected to meet their targets by the end of March. Ja- pan's share for this season's Antarctic quota is 4,600 blue-whale units. (Minato Shimbun, March 17, 1964.) OK KOK OK WHALING OPERATION IN BRAZIL: Japan's largest fishing company has de- cided to terminate its whaling operations based in Brazil. The two whale catcher ves- sels assigned to the Brazilian base will be tied up at that base. -The whaling operations reportedly are being halted due to the de- pressed Brazilian market for whale meat. (Suisan Tsushin, March 18, 1964.) KOK OK OK OK May 1964 Japan (Contd.): EFFICIENCY STUDY OF TUNA VESSELS: The Japan National Federation of Tuna Fishermen's Cooperative Associations is having a scientific organization analyze 1963 tuna vessel catch trends according to vessel sizes. Preliminary examination of the data shows that the operation of 180-ton tuna ves- sels, which in the past have been considered to be the most efficient among all the differ - ent classes of tuna vessels, again showed a profitable rate of return. On the other hand, 99-ton tuna vessels operating out of Japan proper fared poorly. (Suisancho Nippo, March 11, 1964.) OK Kok Ok SHIP-TO-SHIP FUELING OF TUNA VESSELS AT SEA: The Japan National Federation of Tuna Fishermen's Cooperative Associations (NIKKATSUREN), at a conference in Tokyo on March 3, 1964, revealed that it is instal- ling on the oil tanker which it plans to utilize for refueling tuna vessels at sea a 150-ton capacity fresh-water tank and two sea-water conversion units capable of producing five tons of fresh water per day. In addition, the tanker would carry provisions, particularly dried vegetables, which would be supplied to those fishing vessels receiving fuel and wa- ter. In 1963 NIKKATSUREN, on an experimen- tal basis, had chartered the 1,500-ton oil tanker Shimmei Maru for refueling tuna ves- sels on the high seas. The experiment was described as successful but it was strongly criticized by the fishermen's union and the Ministry of Transportation on grounds that the extension cf time spent at sea worked hardship on crew members. It was recom- mended that the tanker should not only carry fuel but also fresh water and food, particular- ly fresh vegetables. The proposal was also made that the tank- er should have on board a doctor to treat fish- ermen at sea. This proposal is still under consideration. The oil tanker to be chartered by the NIKKATSUREN was scheduled to depart Ja- pan in mid-April. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 5, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 FIRM FILES APPLICATION TO IMPORT FROZEN YELLOWTAIL FROM MEXICO: A Japanese trading firm has submitted an application to the Japanese Fisheries Agency to import 1,000 tons of frozen yellowtail (val- ued at US$200,000) from Mexico. Yellowtail is normally imported by Japan from the Re- public of South Korea, but the Mexican yellow- tail can be imported into Japan at a much cheaper price (about 30 percent cheaper based on c.i.f. value). (Suisancho Nippo, February 6, 1964.) * OK Ok KOK NEW STERN TRAWLER TO FISH OFF SOUTH AFRICA: A newly-built stern trawler, Taiyo Maru No. 76 (2,150 gross tons), of one of Japan's” largest fishing companies, departed Shimono- seki, Japan, on February 17, for the trawling grounds off South Africa. (Suisan Tsushin, February 18, 1964.) % OK OK OX OK FISHING COMPANY PLANS TO CLOSE SOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND WHALING BASE: The Japanese fishing company which es- tablished a whaling base in South Georgia Is- land (British) in the South Atlantic Ocean in 1963, plans to close down operations at that base. The firm is reported to have not fared well in its operation. As of March 2, the firm's whaling vessels had harvested 189 fin whales and 379 sei whales (equal to 157.66 blue-whale units), and 32 sperm whales. The catch represents 60 percent of the target. Another Japanese fishing company which also had operated whaling vessels out of South Georgia closed its operations in December 1963 because it had also not fared well. (Suis- ancho Nippo, March 5, 1964.) ph ob ob dit LICENSING MORE VESSELS TO OPERATE IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC PLANNED: The Japanese Fisheries Agency is planning on issuing commercial fishing licenses for the operation of not more than ten large fishing vessels (ranging in the 2,000-3,000 ton-class) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean in|the fall of 1964. At the present time, the Agency is per- mitting only experimental fishing in those wa- ters. Vessels presently authorized by the Agency to operate onan experimental basis are the 3,500-ton stern trawler Tenyo Maru (fishing with two 300-ton trawlers) and the 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): 1,100-ton trawler Aoi Maru No. 2. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, February 21, 1964.) HK OOK ok ok ok FREEZER CARRIERS TO TRANSPORT ATLANTIC TRAWL FISH TO JAPAN: Two 1,800-ton freezer carriers owned by Japan's largest fishing company were sched- uled to be launched on March 14, 1964, in southern Japan, at Nagasaki and at Shimono- seki. They are the Banshu Maru Nos. 10 and il. They are being assigned to the Atlantic Ocean run to transport trawl-caught fish to Japan. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, March 9, 1964.) FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION LOAN PROGRAM PROPOSED: The Japan Fisheries Society scheduled a general meeting at Tokyo on March 17, 1964, to discuss measures to meet foreign fisher - ies competition. Principal topic on the agen- da is the vessel construction financial assist- ance program. According to critics, the Government-op- erated Japan Development Bank is not giving positive assistance in the matter of providing loans for the construction of fishing vessels. Also, interest rates of 9-10 percent are charged by lending institutions on loans for the construction of domestic fishing vessels, while loans at 4 percent interest, with pay- ment extended over seven years, are avail- able for the construction of fishing vessels placed on order by foreign firms with Japa- nese shipyards. The Society hopes to have a special fund set aside in the Development Bank specifical- ly for the purpose of providing money at a low interest rate for the construction of fish- ing vessels so as to enable Japan to meet foreign competition effectively. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 14, 1964.) 1K OK OK A OK FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION PERMITS ISSUED: March 13, 1964: The Japanese Fisheries Agency on March 13, 1964, issued permits Vol. 26, No. 5 for the construction of 30 fishing vessels: 13 wooden vessels totaling 500 tons gross and17 steel vessels totaling 5,489 tons gross. In- cluded were permits for 4 steel tuna vessels (192, 253, 354, and 362 tons), 3 steel distant- water trawlers (299, 314, and 2,950 tons), and one 39-ton wooden salmon long-liner. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 17, 1964.) sk sk ook ose oot * OK OOK Kk OK February 29, 1964: The Japanese Fisher- ies Agency on February 29, 1964, issued per- mits for the construction of 29 fishing vessels: 14 wood vessels (totaling 587 gross tons) and 15 steel vessels (totaling 4,987 gross tons). They include 1 wooden salmon vessel of 47 tons for the coastal drift-net fishery and 7 tuna vessels--1 wooden vessel (83 tons), and 6 steel vessels (4 of 192 tons and 2 of 253 tons). Also approved for construction was a 3,000-ton freezer carrier, to be called Ojika Maru, for transporting distant-water trawl- caught fish. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 3, 1964.) January 31, 1964: Permits for the con- struction of 38 fishing vessels were issued on January 31, 1964, by the Japanese Fisher - ies Agency: 9 wood vessels (289 gross tons total) and 29 steel vessels (totaling 4,440 gross tons). Included are four tuna vessels ranging in size between 64- to 11ll-gross tons each; one 253-ton tuna long-liner; one 392-ton tuna long-liner; eight 96-ton steel salmon vessels for the salmon mothership fishery; one 69-ton steel gill-net vessel for the coastal salmon fishery; and a 1,510- ton carrier vessel. On February 18, the Agency issued permits for the construction of 55 fishing vessels; 22 wood vessels (totaling 874 gross tons) and 33 steel vessels (totaling 4,335 gross tons). In- cluded are four 96-ton steel vessels for the salmon mothership fishery; four 39- to 64- ton wooden gill-net and long-line vessels for the coastal salmon fishery; one 498-ton port- able-boat-carrying tuna mothership plus one 19-ton portable boat; six 96- to 111-ton steel tuna vessels; and six 253- to 279-ton steel tuna long-line vessels. (Suisan Keizai Shim- bun, February 4 & 21, 1964.) He ok ok Ok Ok May 1964 Japan (Contd.): FISHERIES CONFERENCE: A Japanese Korean fisheries conference convened at Tokyo on March 10, 1964. The following items were scheduled for discus~- sion: (1) width of the territorial sea and es- tablishment of base lines; (2) extent of sea areas to be placed under joint jurisdiction and methods of enforcement; (3) jurisdictional rights; (4) composition of the joint regulatory committee and authority to be delegated to that committee; and (5) form of fisheries as- sistance and amount of financial assistance. (Suisan Tsushin, March 11, 1964.) ok Oe Kk ook ok SUCTION PUMP FISHING: A suction pump has been used to catchfish in Japan, it was reported at the fall meeting of the Japan Fisheries Academy in Otaru. In the course of a survey of modern fishery ‘methods, a team of the Nihon University's Fishery Department was able to land a catch weighing 12.5 kg. (27.5 pounds) in 15 minutes with the aid of a pump. The experiments were conducted from an 11-ton vessel in wa- ters near Ajishima Island off the Ojika penin- sula in May and June 1963. The suction pump was powered by an elec- tric motor connected to a rubber hose 5 me- ters (16.4 feet) long, with a trumpet~shaped mouthpiece at one end. Lights installed on the ship and fixed to the mouthpiece attracted fish. The technique had been tried before, but on earlier occasions the fish were invari- ably damaged. It is believed, however, that Soviet fishing boats successfully employ the suction pump-fishing method in the Caspian Sea. (New Scientist, November 21, 1963.) a US FISHERY LANDINGS DROP IN 1963: Jordan's fishery landings dropped from 185.8 metric tons in 1962 to 159.3 tons in 1963. Fishing agreements were signed which gave Jordan fishing rights in the territorial waters of Saudi Arabia and Sudan, but those rights have not yet been exploited and Jordan- ian fishermen still use rather primitive fish- ing methods. Jordan The Jordan Development Board has plans for the purchase of a modern fishing vessel COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 ] JORDAN Saudi Arabia with 20 to 30 tons of freezing capacity. If funds can be made available for that purpose, it is anticipated that the annual catch willrise to 600 or 700 tons. (United States Embassy, Amman, March 9, 1964.) gy ‘Mexico JAPANESE PROPOSE JOINT VENTURE WITH GUAYMAS SHRIMP- FISHING COOPERATIVES: According to an official of Mexico's Feder- acion de Corporaciones Pesqueras Sur de So- nora, which represents fishing cooperatives in Guaymas, a Japanese group visited him in Feb=- ruary 1964 and proposed that the cooperatives enter into an agreement with the Japanese firm represented by the group to supply labor for fishing vessels which would be brought from Japan. The Japanese vessels would be equipped with freezing equipment operated by Japanese technicians, and would pack shrimp, possibly for the European market. Wages would be a percentage of the catch, presumably at least equal to the percentage the cooperatives re- ceive under their contract with Mexican vessel owners (armadores). The Japanese group as- sured the Mexican official that they were ina position to furnish his cooperatives with a more reliable market than the United States. The group was told by the cooperatives' rep- resentative that they would have to take the matter up with appropriate officials in Mexico City. The Japanese group was headed for Puerto Penasco after their Guaymas visit. It was reported that the Japanese have been interested in a venture of this type for some 66 Mexico (Contd.): time and that the Mexican fishing coopera- tives had been approached previously by them. There are 14 fishery cooperatives in Guay- mas with 3,500 members, and a total of 238 vessels operate out of that port, according to the cooperatives' official. The annual catch at that port is estimated to be from 7,000 to 8,000 tons. Virtually all of the shrimp landed at Guay - mas is sold to two large United States fishery importer firms in California, and about 90 percent of the Guaymas income is from the shrimp industry. (United States Embassy, Mexico City, February 27, 1964.) By yO cg kook ok ok ook NEW FISHING PORT PLANNED AT PROGRESO, YUCATAN: The Department of Marine of the Mexican Government is investing 10 million pesos (US$800,000) in a new fishing port at Prog- reso, Yucatan, according to an interview pub- lished in El Universal, February 11, 1964.) Since the present port at Progreso is con- sidered inadequate for expanding fishing op- erations, the Government will construct a separate port in the marsh area to the west of the city. Principal construction will in- volve opening a bar in the harbor, dredging to to a depth of 10 feet, and building docks. The natural features of the marsh lend themselves to a relatively inexpensive, safe, sheltered harbor. Construction is expected to be completed in early 1965. Auxiliary facilities will be built later. The new port is expected to fa- cilitate the exploitation of fishery resources in the Gulf of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea. (Regional Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Mexico City, February 14, 1964.) FIRST MARINE EXHIBIT A SUCCESS: As part of the Mexican Government's pro- gram to improve the national diet by an in- creased consumption of fishery products, Mexico's National Fisheries Consultative Commission staged a ''Salon of the Sea and Its Resources" in conjunction with the Seventh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Home Fair held in Mexico, City, February 14- March 15, 1964. i The marine exhibit covered an area of about 7,200 square yards, attracted very large crowds, and was considered an unqualified success. An estimated 100,000 persons at- tended the exhibit on the first Sunday and 80,000 the following Sunday. Weekday attend- ance included numerous school groups. Care- ful planning and plenty of hard work resulted in an attractive and educational exhibit that will give the traditionally land-oriented Mexi- can a better understanding and appreciation of his country's marine resources. . Description of Salon: The visitor was first greeted by a huge symbolic mural that set the theme for the entire exhibit, ''The Conquest of our Marine Resources." As the visitor progressed through the exhibit, he was given an education in the ocean itself, its inorganic resources and particularly its living re- sources, the techniques of harvesting and utilization, and finally the end products inthe form of canned and dried fishery products, vitamins, etc. The first section of the exhibit was a well illustrated scientific presentation of the sea in all its aspects, with an explanation which stressed that it was oriented toward the ex- ploitable resources, so as to bring home to the visitor how important the ocean is to him. Exhibits demonstrating the physical composi- tion of sea water, marine geology, fossils, physical oceanography, and the extent of the world's oceans were followed by an exhibit on inorganic resources featuring salt production. Charts outlining the hydrologic cycle, the food chain, and the reproductive cycle introduced the section on marine life which followed a logical progression up the classical system of the plant and animal kingdoms. Step by step, illustrated by charts, photographs, pre- served specimens, shells, shark jaws, skele- tons, and models, the viewer was led from phytoplankton and kelp to marine mammals, with every intervening stage well represented by species important in the Mexican fisheries. Next was a demonstration of fishing methods, from the primitive to the modern, with de- scriptive material on fish culture and oyster culture. Charts showed the value of fishery products in nutrition, and a dining room scene had a table set with seafood. An open court with an aquarium was sur- rounded by booths of cooperating government May 1964 Mexico (Contd.): agencies. The aquarium consisted of a series of separate tanks displaying a variety of fresh- water fish and salt-water fish species. The aquarium was flanked by a display of ship models and an art gallery which contained paintings, sculpture, ceramics, jewelry, and metal work with a fishery motif or using aba- lone shell as part of the design. The visitor then entered a section entitled "Man and the Fishery.' In addition to photo- graphs and models, that area contained a phi- latelic exhibit of stamps dealing with the fish- eries and the sea, anda marine library. The industrialization section had models of a fish cannery, a fish-meal plant, and a working ice machine. In another open court were models of boats and full-size small fishing boats, an actual patrol helicopter, and a full-size steel shrimp boat, along with marine engines, propellors, etc. A motion picture room showed fishery and marine life films provided by the Governments of the United States, Norway, Japan, the Unit- ed Kingdom, and Denmark, The final governmental exhibit was a room containing a relief map of Mexico (including the coasts and fishing banks) which was set into the floor. The walls contained numerous colored charts showing Mexican fishery pro- duction and also large woodcuts of fishery scenes. Scientific and popular publications on the fisheries were exhibited. The remainder of the Salon was a commer - cial exhibit of marine products, nets, machin- ery, boats, etc. Cooperating Mexican Agencies: The Na- tional Fisheries Consultative Commission had primary responsibility for the Salon. Its technical consultant, was responsible for the entire exhibit, designing the layout, designing the relief map and fishery charts and even contributing some of the art isin the gallery. The following government agencies had exhibits and otherwise furnished exhibits: The Department of Fisheries of the Minis - try of Industry and Commerce had an exhibit which included models of the marine biologi- cal station at El Sauzal, the plant at Tres Ma- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 rias where inmates are rehabilitated by work- ing with fish products, a fish market, aschool of practical fisheries, and a telephone that answered questions on fisheries. The National Bank for Development of Co- operatives had an exhibit featuring its pilot fishing port at Alvarado. This exhibit was shared by the Mexican Institute of Renewable Natural Resources. It contained a model of the port and models of the vessels built for the port. One boat model was cutaway and contained a novel aquarium. The Ministry of Marine featured models of lighthouses, models and maps of harbors, full size navigational aids, etc. The National Institute of Indigenes demon- strated Indian fishing activities. The National Institute of Tourist Investiga- tions illustrated the importance of the ocean in attracting both domestic and foreign tour - ists. The National Council of Tourism illus- trated tourist attractions, highlighted by mod- els and maps of the development at Punta Banda near Ensenada. The Government company (CONASUPO) responsible for distributing staple food to low income groups demonstrated its fish program, principally dried fish. Recipe booklets were available. The National Development bank had an ex- hibit showing how its loans have aided the fish- ing and allied industries. The Department of Game provided specimens of marine birds. A chart at the entrance of the Salon acknowl- edged the assistance of several private Mexi- can firms, and the Embassies of Germany, Denmark, Japan, Norway, United Kingdom, and the United States, as wellas the Food and Agri- culture Organization (FAO), and United Nations. Special Features: The two outstanding in- dividual hits of the Salon were the aquarium and the shrimp vessel. Mexico is said to probably be the largest city in the world with- out some sort of aquarium and the live fish on display, therefore created a sensation. Re- portedly live salt-water fish have never been exhibited in Mexico and this 'first'’ created a stir. The logistics involved in transporting, and holding tropical marine fish at that high altitude location were said to have been formi- dable. 68 Mexico (Contd.): The 75-foot steel shrimp vessel on display was cutaway lengthwise leaving some 60 per- cent intact to show the engine in place, the ice hold, crew quarters, navigational equip- ment, etc. It was built in Mazatlan bya ship- yard known for its construction and export of shrimp vessels overseas. On the temporary ways it appeared huge to the inland people who were unacquainted with fishing vessels and stood around in crowds looking at it in awe. Among the many features of the Salon were: 1. The more than 40 ship and boat models and the numerous factory, school and port models. 2. The hundreds of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans that were cleverly displayed in oval plastic bubbles suspended from the ceil- ing. These were preserved in 10 percent formaldehyde and were especially lifelike. 3. The numerous photographs, blown up to very large size--colored and black and white, underwater and above--provided a striking background. 4, Colored charts on the ocean added to the displays. 5. The Mexican Club of Exploration and Aquatic Sports (CEDAM) provided a fine ex- hibit of submarine archeology with many rel- ics recovered from the bottom of the sea and from lakes. 6. An actual helicopter (made in U.S.) used for patrol by Mexico's Department of Fisheries. 7. Full size fishing vessels, an ancient dugout, a canoa or longboat (fiberglass), sail- boats and runabouts (all fiberglass and all made in Mexico except for one from Japan). 8. The colored fishery charts (which were to be reproduced for publication), the relief map of Mexico, approximately 15 x 25 feet, and a large fisheries chart of the Gulf of Mexico. Commercial Exhibits: The commercial section of the Salon contained exhibits by fish- ery products canners and producers of vita- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 mins and other industrial fishery products, as well as fishing gear and marine supplies. Mexican-made products predominated, but imports were featured among the engines and electronic equipment. Foreign made equipment on display was varied and included marine engines, genera- tors, centrifuges, electronic navigation equip- ment, refrigeration machinery, andother ma- rine engine parts from some half dozen coun- tries. The first ''Salon of the Sea and Its Re- sources'' was reported so successful that plans are being made to set up a permanent marine exhibit in Chapultepec Park in Mexico City. (Fishery Attache, United States Embas- sy, Mexico, March 10, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 63. Morocco TUNA AND SARDINE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: Tuna: A United States tuna fishery expert revisited Morocco at the invitation of the Mo- roccan Development Bank to work out a fish- ing contract with a United States tuna-fishing vessel of about 250 tons. The contract calls for the vessel to carry out a one-year explor- atory fishing project to determine the amount, quality, and location of tuna that would be a available to an expanded tuna industry in Mo- rocco. The cost of the exploratory project will be about $200,000. It will be financed by the Moroccan Development Bank and the Gov- ernment of Morocco. Sardines: A preliminary survey of the possibility of expanding the United States mar- ket for Moroccan sardines has been financed by the Moroccan Export Control Office at a cost of about $17,000. The survey concen- trated on the results which could be obtained by (1) an improved marketing organization and (2) a new high-quality brand of Moroccan sardines on the United States market. (United States Embassy, Rabat, March 2, 1964.) SL. >< = Ly ate = May 1964 Netherlands West Indies JAPANESE TUNA BASE AT ST. MARTIN: A Japanese cold-storage company, which obtained approval from the Netherlands Gov- ernment in 1963 to establish a tuna-fishing base on Saint Martin Island, Netherlands West Indies (situated east of Puerto Rico), has con- structed a 1,100-ton cold-storage plant on that Island. The plant was scheduled for com~- pletion in March 1964. To manage the fishing and cold-storage operations at that base, the Japanese firm in April 1963 established a wholly-owned sub- sidiary, capitalized at 102 million yen (US$283,333). In June 1963, the Japanese firm established another subsidiary company to handle the transshipment of fish from its Saint Martin base. The shipping company re- portedly will operate the carrier vessel Zen- ko Maru No. 1. (Suisancho Nippo, February 10, 1964.) Sey isle sie) (oi isk TUNA TRANSSHIPMENT QUOTA FOR ST. MARTIN BASE: The Japanese firm which has been author - ized by the Japanese Government to establish a joint tuna enterprise on St. Martin Island (located east of Puerto Rico), Netherlands West Indies, is expectedto be granted a 2,000-short-ton transshipment quota for that base. Rather than allot a completely new quota for the St. Martin base, where the Jap- anese firm has constructed a1,100ton capac- ity cold-storage plant, the Government is planning to reduce that company's American Samoan quota of 8,000 short tons by 2,000 tons and reallocate that amount to the St. Martin base. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, March 6, 1964.) fale New Zealand EXPORTS OF SMALL SPINY LOBSTER BANNED: The exporation of small spiny lobster tails under six inches long has been banned by the New Zealand Government. The Government intends that instead of going overseas, those tails should be left on the spiny lobster and that whole spiny lobster should be mar- keted in 2-lb. consumer packs on the New COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 Zealand market. Exporters, however, con- sider that New Zealanders will be reluctant to pay about 5s. (70 U.S. cents) eachfor small spiny lobsters. This is the price normally received overseas. They claim also that the ban will mean loss of overseas earnings, for New Zealand. (Australian Fisheries News- letter, February 1964.) bu Gio § NE: ‘Norway EXPORTS OF CANNED FISH, 1963: Norway's total exports of canned fish in 1963 were 4.8 percent less than in 1962. The decline affected all of Norway's principal canned fish products, except smoked small sild sardines. There was a particularly sharp decline in shipments to the United States due Norwegian Exports of Canned Fish, 1962-1963 1/1963 1962 e « » o(Metric Tons) . « « « 5, 368 6, 288 14,927 Product Brisling . «eee Small sild Kippered herring .... 3,149 Soft herring roe. 1 6 0 719 797 Sild delicatessen . o.oo 572 651 Other canned fish ....-. 3, 309 Shellfish esse 2 2 6 © 1,547 in large part to the recovery of the Maine sar- dine industry which recaptured a good part of the American market for canned sardines. (Norwegian Canners Export Journal, Febru- ary 1964.) BIG HERRING RUN OFF NORTH COAST: In early March 1964, a large mass of her- ring invaded the banks off north Norway from Harstad to Sandnessjgen. The biggest influx was at the mouth of Vestfjorden, off the Lofo- ten Islands, which traditionally is known for its cod fishery. By the end of the first week in March 1964, the herring catch in the Vestfjorden totaled over 20,000 metric tons, with an ex-vessel value of more than Kr. 3 million (US$419,000). According to a fishery scientist, fishermen could land as much as 100,000 tons of herring before the run ended. However, the fishery was not expected to last very long. By the latter part of March, the herring probably spawned and moved into the deep ocean. 70 Norway (Contd.): The large herring rush caused extensive damage to nets and in many cases more than half the catch was lost. (News of Norway, March 12, 1964.) * % Ww % FISHERIES TRENDS: March 1964: HERRING: Atotalof 254,000 metric tons of winter herring had been landed along the Norwegian coast as the week end of March 21, 1964, at which time large herring catches were still being made in waters off the Lofoten Islands. WHALING: Norway's 4 Antarctic whaling expeditions had processed 196,893 barrels of oil as of March 7, 1964, compared with 180,980 barrels by the same date in 1963, and 247,000 barrels by the comparable date in 1962. (News of Norway, March 26, 1964.) sielsiel siecle sie si SS Se Es ES January 1964: Bad weather in January 1964 hampered Norwegian fishermen. Onthe north and west coasts, fishermen were able to fish only about one day a week on the aver- age. Filleting and freezing plants were idle. On the south coast, large herring catches were taken in the Skagerrak during early January. Nine reduction plants in Haugesund and Karmoy reopened to process the catch, but storms soon interfered with fishing and the fish meal factories shut down again. LOFOTEN COD FISHERY: A majority of the Fisheries Committee of the Norwegian Parliament has recommended that the banon purse-seines in the Lofoten cod fishery be lifted for the coming season. The minority supported the opinion of the Ministry of Fish- eries and the Fisheries Director that the ban should not be lifted. WHALING: As of January 25, 1964, Nor- way's four Antarctic whaling expeditions had processed 86,475 barrels of whale oil and 29,480 barrels of sperm oil for a total of 115,955 barrels. This was 11,930 more bar- rels of oil than in the corresponding period of the 1962/63 season. (News of Norway, February 13, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 MODIFIED 12-MILE FISHERIES LIMIT REJECTED: In a statement to the 16-nation European Fisheries Conference in London, February 28, 1964, Norway affirmed that it could not subscribe to the new ''6-plus-6" fisheries con- vention which was signed by 13 other countries. Norway objected to the provisions in the treaty which would recognize foreign fishing rights in the 6-12 mile coastal zone. (The Norwegian Parliament had previously authorized local fisheries limits extending a full 12 miles.) As a compromise, Norway offered to extend its present transitional arrangement for foreign fishing rights in the outer 6-mile zone from 1970 to 1974, but the proposal was rejected. Commenting on the European Fisheries Conference, Arbeiderbladet, a Norwegian Labor Party newspaper, said, ''Norway pre- sented strong motivations for its standpoint. It was pointed out that fisheries play a deci- sive role all along our long and weatherbeaten coast. Therefore, it is of great economic and social importance to us to maintain our pres- ent fishery zone. It would be a heavy burden for our fishing population if all other countries permanently were to fish in all waters up to our 6-mile limit... . The London conference will now discuss future policies to guide trade in fish products. Here, vital interests are at stake for us. It will be a crucial political and diplomatic task to prevent a commercial iso- lation which, in the long run, can prove costly for Norway. If we were more or less excluded from European markets, the effect would be felt not least by those parts of Norway in great- est need.of expansion and a stronger economy." (News of Norway, March 5, 1964.) Tk OK OOK KK BAN MAY BE RELAXED ON FOREIGN LANDINGS: A new law relaxing the ban on landings of fish in Norway by foreign vessels has been proposed by the Norwegian Minister of Fish- eries. The rules now in force prohibit the landing of fish in Norway by foreign vessels when the catch has been taken by a conventional bottom trawl. Exceptions to that rule are only granted in an emergency, such as an accident at sea which forces a vessel to make for the nearest port. Under the proposed new law, Norwegian processing plants would be permitted to re- May 1964 Norway (Contd.): ceive fish from foreign vessels during peri- ods of short supply. This has been advocated by some Norwegian operators for several years Since their factories are sometimes closed down by seasonal shortages. It is thought that a law permitting foreign landings would result in a more stable supply of fish. (Fishing News, February 14, 1964.) FISH REACTION TO GEAR AND ENGINE NOISE STUDIED: The Oceanographic Research Institute in Bergen, Norway, a branch of the Norwegian Fisheries Directorate, in early 1964 madea series of experiments in the North Sea, near some 350 purse seiners, to record noise made by engines andfishing gear. Research- ers obtained sound recordings by lowering hydrophones into the sea at various distances from fishing vessels and fishing gear. The tape-recorded sound will be played back in aquaria where the reaction of various fish species can be observed. As the first step in this phase of the experiment, fish will be accustomed to a certain noise level while they are being fed. The same fish will than be exposed to different noise levels, such as those produced by engines and gear. Thus, investigators hope to measure and record de- viations in the fish behavior pattern. The re- sult might provide a better understanding of the extent to which it is necessary to reduce suchnoise. Efforts will also be made to clar- ify the reaction of various fish species to ma- rine pressure waves, since fishing gear may create Bus waves. (News of Norway, March 5, 1964, Pakistan SHRIMP-PRODUCING COSTS: A leading shrimp exporting firm in Pakis~ tan has estimated its average ex-vessel shrimp costs for the 6-months period ending February 1964 at Rs.1.50 (US$0.313) a pound for all shrimp purchased. For the larger shrimp normally exported to the United States. the ex-vessel cost per pound was Rs.2.00- 3.00 ($0.417-0.626). Deheading the shrimp reduces the weight by about 40 percent, thus increasing the per-pound-cost of shrimp at the freezing stage to Rs. 3.33-5.00 ($0.695- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 1.043). (United States Embassy, Karachi, Feb- ruary 25, 1964.) Peru EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL MARINE PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1963: Metric ‘Tons 841,475 116,925 Fish meal ... Fish oil) «03. Fish (frozen, canned, etc.) « Sperm oil ... Fertilizer (guano) . 3,051 Whale meal ... 2,967 1/F.0o.b. values converted at rate of 26.82 soles equal US$1. ource: United States Embassy, Lima, March 4, 1964. 27, 349 7,079 FISH-CANNING INDUSTRY RESPONDS TO TAX CONCESSIONS: Tax measures, enacted in September 1963 to revitalize the fish canning and allied indus~- tries in Peru, are apparently having the de- sired effect. The package of tariff exemptions and tax incentives has reportedly resulted in license applications to reopen 14 fish-canning plants. (United States Embassy, Lima, Feb- ruary 20, 1964.) Poland SHIPYARDS BUILDING LARGE TRAWLERS AND FACTORY-TRAWLERS: A Polish shipyard at Gdansk is building a series of thirteen 1,250-ton factory-trawlers. Nine of the vessels are being built for the So- viet Union and 4 are for a Polish fishery or- ganization based at Gdynia. The factory-trawl- ers are designed to carry a full range of proc- essing equipment, including a fish meal plant with a daily capacity of about 25 metric tons. Refrigeration equipment will be installed to maintain storage holds at -18° C. (-0.4° F.). The design specifications of the vessels are: length over-all, 278 feet; breadth, 45.2 feet; draft, 17.7 feet; depth to main deck, 23.2 feet; deadweight, 1,250 tons; main engine, 2,400 hp.; operating speed, 12.5 knots; and operating range, 70 days. 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Poland (Contd.): A Polish shipyard located in Gdynia ex- pects to launch at least twelve 600-ton trawl - ers by the end of 1965. The new trawlers will be capable of carrying 330 tons of fresh fish, 30 tons of fish meal, and 8 or 9 tons of fish-liver oil. The design specifications of the trawlers being built at Gdynia are: length over-all, 229.7 feet; breadth, 36.2 feet; dead- weight, 600 tons; main engine, 1,620 hp.; op- erating speed, 14 knots: and operating range, 50 days. Each trawler will have accommo- dations for 41 crewmen. (The Fishing News, February 14, 1964.) Oy hh Oe ot Bs BS Ses ES Bs MARINE FISHERIES LANDINGS IN 1963: Polish marine fisheries production in1963 amounted to 207,500 metric tons, surpassing the production goal for the year by 6,000 tons. The production in 1963 represented an in- crease of 13,000 tons or 26 percent over 1962. (The Fishing News, January 31, 1964.) Portugal TRAWLING OPERATIONS OFF SOUTH AFRICA: An initial cargo of 700 metric tons of fish caught by Portuguese trawlers operating off the southwest coast of Africa was delivered in Portugal in late February 1964 by the Gil Eanes, according to Portuguese newspaper reports. Due to the depletion of fishing grounds worked by Portuguese fishermen off the northwest coast of Africa, as well as new fishing restrictions imposed by some coun- tries, Portuguese trawlers have been com- pelled to move to more distant fishing grounds off the South Africa Republic. It is under- stood that Portuguese trawlers received au- thorization to land their catches at unspeci- fied ports of the South Africa Republic where they were frozen and later picked up by the Gil Eanes. If the first shipment is profitable, plans have been made to construct one or more vessels for expanded shipments in the future. (United States Embassy, Lisbon, February 29, 1964.) Vol. 26, No. 5 South Africa Republic PILCHARD-MAASBANKER- MACKEREL FISHERY, 1963: South Africa Republic west coast landings of maasbanker and mackerel during the short season in November and December 1963 a- mounted to 13,763 short tons. Added to the previous west coast catch of pilchards, maas- banker, and mackerel during the main fishing season from January to July, this brought the total South Africa Republic west coast shoal fish catch in 1963 to 483,167 tons, compared with 545,569 tons in the previous year. The November 1963 catch of 9,171 tons of maasbanker yielded 1,497 tons of fish meal, 42,211 gallons of fish body oil, and2,436,312 pounds of canned maasbanker. The December 1963 catch consisted of 4,402 tons of maasbanker and 190 tons of mackerel for a total of 4,592 tons, which yielded 828 tons of fish meal, 29,255 gallons of fish body oil, 968,328 pounds of canned maasbanker, and 99,168 pounds of canned mackerel. The total landings from the 1963 pilchard- maasbanker-mackerel fishery in the South Africa Republic during 1963 yielded 111,068 tons of fish meal, 6,764,911 gallons of fish body oil and 24,509,840 pounds of canned fish. (The South African Shipping News and Fish- ing Industry Review, February 1964.) Note: Data shown above only include landings and production in the South Africa Republic. The data do not include landings and production in South-West Africa. South Viet-Nam SHRIMP FISHING POTENTIAL: The Kien Giang Province in South Viet- Nam was visited in late February 1964, by an economic survey team composed of represen- tatives from the United States Agency for In- ternational Development (AID), the Govern- ment of South Viet-Nam, and a represntative of a United States firm. Preliminary information developed during the survey indicated that even though shrimp fishing is incidental to the Province's regular fishing activities, the port of Rach-Gia on the Gulf of Siam is still able to supply substantial quantities of shrimp to the local and Saigon May 1964 South Viet-Nam (Contd.): SOUTHEAST ASIA REPUBLIC OF VIET-NAM at PHILIPPINES REPUBLIC OF VIET-NAM PACIFIC INDIAN: OCEAN. markets. It is evident that the potential availability of shrimp is greater than indi- cated by past catches. It is believed that with proper guidance, improved techniques, and concentration on shrimp fishing, a sizable frozen shrimp plant could be maintained in Kien Giang Province. (United States Embassy, Saigon, February 28, 1964.) FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, 1962/63 AND FORECAST 1963/64: During the production year November 1962-October 1963, the Spanish fish meal supply for animal feed amounted to 103,249 metric tons, with imports accounting for 70,358 tons of the supply and domestic pro- duction accounting for 32,891 tons. (An ad- ditional 1,147 tons of fish meal for fertilizer were produced in Spain.) In the same period of 1963/64, forecasts indicate that the Span- ish fish meal supply for animal feed will a- mount to 140,000 tons. The forecasts pre- dict an increase in imports to 110,000 tons, but a decline in domestic production to 30,000 tons. Production and imports represent Spanish consumption of fish meal, since Spain is not presently exporting fish meal. Spain COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 Spanish mixed feed manufacturers are reported to have agreed to buy 30,000 tons of fish meal a year from domestic producers, after which the remainder of the supply need- ed can be imported. Fish meal produced in Spain has been more expensive than imported fish meal. In November 1962, the price of domestic fish meal (60 percent protein) on the Spanish wholesale market was 11,750- 13,000 pesetas per metric ton (US$178-196 per short ton), while the price of imported fish meal (60-65 percent protein) was 11,000 pesetas per metric ton ($166 per short ton). The price of domestic fish meal showed little tendencey to decline on the Spanish market until December 1963 when the price of do- mestic meal (60 percent protein) fell to 9,200- 9,500 pesetas per metric ton ($139-144 per short ton). The price of imported fish meal in Spain during December 1963 was not re- ported. (United States Embassy, Madrid, March 3, 1964.) Note: 59.95 pesetas equal US$1.00. Taiwan FISHERIES TRENDS IN 1963 AND OUTLOOK FOR 1964: The increase in Taiwan's 1963 deep-sea fishery landings was largely due to good catches made by tuna long-line vessels added to the fleet that year. The outlook for the 1964 deep-sea fishery landings is reported promising and expected to exceed those in 1963). In December 1963, Taiwan's Provincial Government agreed to permit 36 Kaohsiung tuna vessels of 50 tons or less to use Penang as a supply and transshipment base for their fishing operations in the Indian Ocean. In early 1964, the Government agreed to let at least 10 Kaohsiung tuna vessels (all 80 gross tons except one of 120 tons) fish in waters off American Samoa. A representative of one of Taiwan's fishing firms left Taiwan about that time for a survey of that fishing area. It was reported that the entire catch is to be sold to a United States tuna-canning firm in American Samoa. To the deep-sea fishing fleet will eventual - ly be added the 16 tuna vessels to be built 74 Taiwan (Contd.): from the US$7.8 million loan extended Taiwan by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which was signed in September 1963. Earlier this year, the Taiwan Fisheries Bureau was drawing up specifications for construction of those ves- sels, following which invitations to bid on their construction were to be issued by the Central Trust of Taiwan. Toward the latter part of 1963, a 550-ton vessel with a crew of 31 sailed for Cameroon. In line with an agreement between Taiwanand Cameroon, the fishing crew aboard that ves- sel and other vessels will demonstrate their fishing operations to Cameroon fishermen. Another vessel left in early 1964 for qe same destination and purpose. The 12 long-line vessels (160 to 210 gross tons each) added to the fleet in 1963 under a loan from the Joint Commission for Rural Reconstruction (JCRR), operated in the Indi- an Ocean between February and August 1963. It was reported that 4 of the 12 vessels may be converted to trawlers for fishing in the South China Sea. Another five privately- owned tuna fishing vessels (130 to 200 gross tons) fished in the Indian Ocean during 1963 using Penang and Singapore as a supply base. Taiwan's fishery exports in 1963 were valued at about $1.5 million which exceeded the value of the 1962 exports and indicates a growing emphasis on the deep-sea fisheries. The exports included about 225 metric tons of frozen shrimp valued at $500,000, most of which went to Japan. It was estimated that the exports included about 2,874 tons of tuna valued at $915,000. One fishing firm which operated six fishing vessels (4 of 350 gross tons and 2 of 600 tons) in the western Indian Ocean accounted for about 2,000 tons of Taiwan's total 1963 tuna exports. (United States Embassy, Taipei, February 19, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1963 p. 69. OK HE OK AK FISHERIES AIDED BY WORLD BANK LOAN FOR PURCHASE OF MODERN FISHING VESSELS: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development has granted Taiwan a loan of US$7.8 million for the purchase of 16 mod- ern tuna-fishing vessels. The initial agree- ment was signed in September 1963. The fish- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 ing industry of Taiwan comprises deep-sea and coastal fishing as well as fish farms. At the end of 1961, Taiwan's fishing fleet consisted of 5,800 motorized vessels totaling 84,000 gross registered tons. The loan will be used for the construction and equipment of 13 vessels of 300 tons eachand 3 of 1,000 tons, Each of the 1,000-ton vessels will have on board at least two 20-ton auxiliary vessels. It is expected that the addition of the new vessels will increase the value of landed fish by $45 million a year. In 1961, Taiwan's fishery landings totaled about 300,000 metric tons, and in 1962 its tuna exports amounted to about $700,000. (The Fishing News, January 24, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 78. bie wie ar chi Aa Thailand FISHERY SUBSIDY FUND USE: Officials of the Fish Marketing Organiza- tion (FMO) reported on February 18 that the FMO Subsidy Fund established in 1952 to pro- vide assistance to the fishing industry had ac- cumulated a total of 4,623,159 baht (approxi- mately US$230,000) of which 3,323,689 baht had been expended to aid the industry. Among the projects aided by the fund have been the construction of new piers to facilitate unload- ing of the fish catch from the fishing boats. The fund is financed through fees imposed on persons selling fish to the FMO, with the fees established as a percentage of the price ob- tained from the FMO for the fish, (United States Embassy, Bee. February 26, 1964.) Tunisia FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: The Office National des Peches (ONP), an agency of the Government of Tunisia, has out- lined current and planned fisheries develop- ment in Tunisia as follows: The Tunisian annual fisheries catch in- creased from 12,803 metric tons in 1957 to 25,000 tons in 1962, and is expected to reach 40,000 tons in the 1970's. The objective of the ONP is to raise fishing activities from the May 1964 Tunisia (Contd.): handicraft tothe industrial level and to under - take offshore fishing after 1965. Several fishing harbors in Tunisia are be- ing built or improved at Tabarka, La Goulet- te, Kelibia, Mahdia, and Zarzis. The ONP has purchased thirty 20-meter trawlers since 1959 at a total cost of US$1,800,000. Those vessels represent one-third of the modern Tunisian fishing fleet. Ten more trawlers have been purchased from Yugoslavia for de- livery in 1964. Sixty more 20-meter vessels will be purchased between 1965 and 1970. Tenders for the purchase of 2 vessels for offshore fishing will be issued in 1964, Three shipyards already exist in Tunisia at Bizerte, La Goulette, and Sfax. One hun- dred small vessels for coastal fishing have been built in those shipyards. After 1965, when the ONP hopes to have 2 new shipyards completed, plans call for the launching of 50 small fishing vessels each month in order to replace obsolete sailing craft. (This could lead to a sizable market for small marine motors in Tunisia.) In 1963, a total of 500 tons of fish meal was produced in Tunisia at plants in Sidi Daoud and La Goulette. A new fish-meal plant with a daily capacity of 25 tons is being built. A canning plant for sardines, anchov- ies, and mackerel operates at Sidi Daoud. The distribution network for fish products in Tunisia includes 40 retail shops. Thirty new shops will open in 1964, A network of refrigeration plants is being built at the har- bors and in the interior. It will be served by 50 refrigerated trucks. Two cold-storage plants costing $240,000 are being built at Sfax and Gabes to freeze fishery products for export to Europe. To handle foreign distribution, the ONP main- tains sales offices in Marseilles, Algiers, and Rome. The ONP plans to open foreign sales offices in Paris and Milan in 1964. The ONP is also working to develop the shellfish resources of Tunisia, Forty tons of lobsters a year are taken during the sum- mer season near Galite Island. Plans call for that catch to be increased to 60 tons. Cultivation of oysters in Tunisia is expected COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 to eventually employ 1,000 people. (United States Embassy, Tunis, March 19, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1960 p. 65. U.S.S.R. FISHING FLEETS IN ATLANTIC OCEAN AND BERING SEA: According to a Soviet publication dated February 22, almost all of the 548 fishing ves - sels attached to the Soviet Union's Western Fisheries Headquarter (responsible for the management of vessels based in the Baltic Sea region) prior to that date were fishing in the Atlantic Ocean. Since the beginning of 1964, they had caught over 100,000 metric tons of fish, exceeding by 10,000 tons the catch for the same period in 1963. The Baltic Sea fishing fleet is said to have exceeded its production quota by 130,000 metric tons. According to another report in a Russian periodical dated February 25, prior/to that date there were over 250 Russian fishing ves- sels operating in the Bering Sea. The vessels were primarily after flatfish and rockfish. (Suisancho Nippo, March 2 and 5, 1964.) SKK eh ok THREE MORE FREEZER-TRAWLERS ORDERED FROM DANISH SHIPYARD: The Soviet Union has ordered three addi- tional fish freezer-trawlers of 2,550 gross tons each from a Copenhagen shipyard. The vessels will cost about Kr. 70 million (US$10.2 million) and delivery is to be made by the end of 1965. They will be similar to, but are to be improved versions of, the series of 4 vessels completed by the shipyard in 1962 and 1963, and the series of 4 vessels now be- ing built at the same shipyard. The vessels are equipped to trawl over the stern or to receive catches from accompany - ing fishing vessels. The fish are dressed and frozen on board. More than 30 fishing vessels of this type and similar types have been built for the So- viet Union by the Copenhagen shipyard since World War II. Credit terms rather thanprice was the more important consideration in ob- taining this newest order. 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW WASH Sere (Contd): According to a newspaper report, negotia- tions are under way for the construction of an additional 16 refrigerator vessels. (Re- gional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, March 4, 1964,) se oye ke ee KK OK CK OK FOUR NEW FREEZER-TRAWLER DELIVERED TO SOVIET ATLANTIC FISHING FLEET: The Soviet Western Fishery Administration, headquartered at Riga, has received four new freezer trawlers of medium size for its Atlan- tic fleet. Thenew vessels areofatype being constructed serially at the Kiev Shipyards. They can fish with trawls or drift nets. Each vessel is equipped with a main engine of 800 horsepower. When under way or during pro- longed trawling, automated steering gear on the vessels can be controlled electronically. The freezing capacity of each trawler is 6 metric tons of fish a day. Three of the four vessels (Ampera, Saturnas, and Aloia) have joined the Lithuanian fishing fleet. In addition to the four new freezer trawl- ers for the Atlantic fleet, a fifth vessel (Al'tair) of this type will be delivered to the Soviet Far Eastern fishing fleet. (Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, January 1964.) sk de ke kek HS FR OK OK 3S EASTERN BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA FISHING ACTIVITIES, MARCH 1964: The Soviet fishing fleet in the northeast- ern Bering Sea in late March 1964 was be- lieved to have consisted of at least 125trawl- ers, 15 freezerships, 4 factoryships, and 3 cargo vessels. The major emphasis of the fleet was thought to have shifted from herring to Pacific ocean perch and, to a lesser de- gree, to flounder and sole, In March 1964, a small Soviet fleet began fishing in the vicinity of Chirikof Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Limited observations in- dicated they were seeking primarily Pacific ocean perch, Estimates indicated that about 18 trawlers, 1 factoryship, and at least 2 freezerships as well as support vessels were involved in the operation. The size of the fleet was expected to increase rapidly. In March 1964, another Soviet fleet was fishing in the Gulf of Alaska about 65 miles Vol. 26, No. 5 west of Yakutat. That fleet consisted of about 35 vessels, including 2 factoryships, a tanker, and about 30 trawlers, which were making ex- cellent catches of Pacific ocean perch. That is the first large-scale Soviet exploitation of the Pacific ocean perch concentrations found off Yakutat by Russian exploratory vessels in 1960 and 1961. Large-scale Soviet fishing operations in the Gulf of Alaska in 1964 began earlier than in past seasons. The fleet off Yakutat repre- sented the most easterly concerted Soviet fishery on record. (Unpublished sources.) KE OK SOVIET SCIENTISTS DEVELOP NEW SPECIES OF SALMON AND STURGEON: Soviet scientists of the Pacific Fisheries and Oceanography Research Institute (TINRO) are reported to have produced a hybrid salm- on from the small but prolific mesu salmon of the Indian Ocean and the larger but less fertile Pacific salmon. At first the crossing produced sterile fish. But after 18 months of experimenting, young were produced which were capable of reproducing themselves while maintaining the size and birthrate qualities of the original species. The average size of the new hybrid is from 4-5 kilograms (8.8-11.0 pounds), which is about 3 times as large as the Indian Ocean salmon. The new salmon is said to have an excellent taste. The Moscow Institute of Marine Biology has announced that one of its scientists has succeeded in hybridizing 2 varieties of stur- geon after 10 years of experimental work. A small but fecund sterlet sturgeon was crossed with a great sturgeon. The latter species. range up to 6 meters (20 feet) in size. In Au- gust 1963, over 30,000 fingerling of the new hybrid sturgeon were introduced into the Proletarian Reservoir, west of Rostov Na Donu. (Unpublished sources.) United Kingdom FREEZER-TRAWLER LANDS FROZEN BLOCKS OF WHOLE FISH: The first complete freezer-trawler (the Ross Fighter) operating out of Grimsby landed 230 metric tons of 100-pound quick-frozen fish blocks composed of whole (round fish May 1964 United Kingdom (Contd.): caught off the coast of Norway early in Feb- ruary 1964, The vessel sailed from Grimsby on De- cember 18, 1963, and had sufficiently good fishing during the first week of fishing opera- tions so that it seemed the trip would be com- pleted in about 30 days. The good fishing, however, was followed by a 10-day period of exceptionally cold weather and ice. Fishing was resumed when the weather moderated, and it continued until the vessel's refriger- ated fish hold was nearly full to capacity. When the vessel docked, the blocks of frozen fish went directly into a cold-storage ware- house. The blocks will be withdrawn, thawed out, and processed as required. The Ross Fighter was converted from a conventional steam-driven trawler into a Diesel-engine freezer-trawler and is owned by a British fishing firm which has recently built a number of new type small stern trawl- ers. (Fish Trades Gazette, February 15, 1964.) DANISH-BRITISH TALKS ON FISHERY COOPERATION: Cooperation in fisheries was among the subjects discussed by the British Foreign Secretary in the course of his official visit to Denmark in early February 1964, Agricultural and fishery products make up an important part of the trade between the two countries. Only West Germany rivals the United Kingdom as a market for Danish fish- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77 ery products. In January-November 1963, Danish fishery exports to the United Kingdom were valued at over £4 million (US$11.2 mil- lion). This would indicate that it would be to Denmark's advantage to avoid any rift that might follow the exclusion of British fishing vessels from Danish waters, or those of her dependencies, the Faroe Islands and Green- land. Following the announcement of majority agreement on a draft convention for modified 12-mile fishery limits at the second session of the European Fisheries Conference in Lon- don, it became clear that while Denmark was willing to allow traditional fishing rights to British vessels in Danish waters, similar rights could not be granted around the Faroes ‘and Greenland. On the other hand, there is growing concern among British fishermen, that while they are being denied access to grounds they have fish- ed for decades, British markets remain open to all. Denmark's fish-exporting trade could be affected by the recent announcement of accel- erated tariff reduction between countries in the European Common Market (EEC), which includes West Germany. This might be detri- mental to trade between EEC countries and nonmember countries, in which case the Brit- ish market would become even more impor- tant to Danish fishery exporters. It is unlikely that the British Foreign Sec- retary's visit led to any change in the 12-mile fisheries limit for the Faroese, but the Brit- ish fishing industry feels there is a possibility of a change in negotiation on Greenland's lim- its. (The Fishing News, February 7, 1964.) CORRECTION The article, ''Trawler 'Stella Leonis' Wins Silver Cod Trophy for 1963,"' which appeared in Commercial Fisher - ies Review, March 1964 page 75, incorrectly reported 1963 landings of fish by the Stella Leonis as 553,784 pounds. The vessel actually landed 39,556 kits (5,537,840 pounds) in 1963, 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW eG FEDERAL: “i 'y ty ACTIONS Department of Commerce AREA REDEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRAT1ON ALASKA BOTTOMFISH INDUSTRY POTENTIAL TO BE STUDIED UNDER TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT: Approval of a $12,000 technicalassistance project to study the potential of the Alaskan bottomfish industry was announced by the Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce on March 23, 1964, The project will be completed in about five months, Soviet and Japanese fishing fleets carry on heavy fishing operations off Alaska. The for- eign fleets include factoryships equipped with cold-storage and processing equipment. There is a large United States market for bottomfish (cod, flounder, ocean perch, etc.). At present the United States imports 300 mil- lion pounds of bottomfish annually. The ARA survey will help determine if American fish- ermen can gain a larger share of that market, and the conditions of production and process- ing required for success. (Area Redevelop- ment Administration, March 23, 1964.) He OAK OK ok ook INDUSTRIAL LOAN TO ALASKAN COLD-STORAGE FIRM HANDLING FISHERY PRODUCTS: The Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA) of the U. S. Department of Commerce on March 18, 1964, announced approval of a $184,100 industrial loan to the Valdez Cold- Storage Company, Inc., Valdez, Alaska. The ARA funds will help finance a project to ex- pand dock facilities at Valdez, and to purchase, renovate, and equip a factoryship for freez- ing and processing. The project should aid the salmon and crab industries in the area and help create 91 direct and related new jobs. The ARA industrial loan, which is repay- able in 15 years at an annual interest rate of Vol. 26, No. 5 4 percent, is conditioned on the provision of » a $56,670 loan by a local bank to help finance the project. In addition, the Valdez Develop- ment Company will invest $28,330, and the company will provide $14,170 inequity. (Area Redevelopment Administration, March 18, 1964.) Sch iki pokes? ste LAKE SUPERIOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY TO BE AIDED BY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT: The approval of a technical assistance project to provide advisory and research services to help improve the commercial fisheries industry in the Lake Superior area was announced by the Area Redevelopment Administration (ARA) of the U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce on March 5, 1964. ARA will provide $83,500 in technical assistance funds and the U. S, Department of the In- terior will contribute $19,000 to finance the project, which will be directed by the In- terior Department's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in cooperation with scientists of Michigan State University. During the past 20 years, the 16-county region adjacent to Lake Superior has relied on the fishing industry as abasic source of income. Since 1954 there has been asevere decline in commercial fishing in the area due to the near extinction of the lake trout population because of sea lamprey depre- dation. Troutfishing in Lake Superior has been closed since June 1962 in an effort to maintain breeding stock. As part of the new assistance project, two- man technical teams will consult with the processors and fishermen in an effort to ex- pand income and employment through in- creased efficiency of operations and market- ing. The project will also seek to expand consumer use of the abundant supplies of lake herring, smelt, chub, and other small fish which have been considered less mar- ketable because of size. In order to spread May 1964 the fishing season over longer periods, the pro- ject will experiment with trawl fishing, atech- nique which has proved effective in Lake Michi- gan and Lake Erie. (Area Redevelopment Ad- ministration, March 5, 1964.) ®, «* “Wera® Department of the Treasury COAST GUARD HEARINGS ON LIGHTS AND FOG SIGNALS ON OFFSHORE PLATFORMS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO: The Merchant Marine Council of the U.S. Coast Guard held hearings March 23, 1964, on proposed changes in Coast Guard regulations. One of the proposed changes would reduce the number of lights on offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico and in general relax the regu- lations with respect to the lights and fog sig- nals required on some of the offshore plat- forms. Officials of the National Fisheries Insti- tute opposed the proposed amendments to the regulations (Subchapter C--Aids to Naviga- tion). An attorney representing shrimp fish- ing interests also opposed the proposed amend- ments. At the conclusion of the testimony, the Chairman of the Council announced that the Coast Guard had received a request that action on the proposed amendment regarding lights and fog signals on offshore platforms be de- ferred for a period of 90 days, and stated that the request had been granted, Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolu- tions which may directly or indirectly affect the fisher - ies and allied industries are reportedupon. Introduction, referral to committees, per- tinent legislative actions by the House and Senate, as well as signature into law or other final dis- position are covered. ALASKA DISASTER RELIEF: S. 2719 (Jackson and others) introduced in Senate April 8, 1964, to amend .the Alaska Statehood Act (act of July 7, 1958; 72 Stat. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 339) and for other purposes; referred to Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Discussing the bill, Senator Jackson spoke from the floor of the Senate stating in part, "I sent to the desk for appropriate reference, a bill authorizing an Office of Alaska Re- construction which will provide, through earthquake in- surance, reasonable protection to the people of that State against loss of or damage to their real and per- sonal property. In order to provide assistance to Alaskan property owners and businessmen for damage caused by the recent earthquake and related disasters, benefits under this proposed Federal insurance and reinsurance program would be retroactive to the date of Alaska statehood, January 3, 1959, The program's terms of insurance would be determined by the Office of Alaska Reconstruction. .. Senators Bartlett, Gruening, and Magnuson, who joined with others in sponsoring the bill, also spoke from the floor of the Senate on the Alaskan disaster and the State's need for assistance. (Congressional Record, pages 7010-7019.) A companion bill, H. R. 818 (Rivers), was introduced in House April 13, 1964; referred to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. The Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, sitting as a Special Com- mittee of the Whole on Alaska, held hearings April 14 and 15, 1964, on S. 2719. Testimony was received from Congressmen Rivers, the Mayor of Kodiak, the Mayor of Anchorage, and public witnesses, The hearings were recessed subject to call, On April 15, 1964, the Speaker of the House presented a memorial of the Legislature of the State of Alaska, memorializing the President and the Congress of the United States relating to a national Natural Disaster Insurance Act. On April 16, 1964, Subcomittee on Fisheries and WildlifelConservation of the House Committee on Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries held a hearing regarding the effects of earthquakes and tidal waves on Alaskan fisheries, Testimony was received from Senator Gruen- ing, Congressman Rivers, the Governor of Alaska, and officials of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The testimony included an outline of a proposed four-point Federal program to meet the immediate needs of the Alaskan fishing industry. H. R. 10686 (Pelly) introduced in House April 6, 1964, to provide financial assistance to Alaskan fishermen adversely affected by the earthquake of March 27, 1964, and resulting tidal waves; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. On April 7,1964, the President signed into law (P.L. 88-296) H. J. Res. 976, making a supplemental appro- priation of $50 million to replenish the disaster relief fund of the President. On March 18, 1964, the Federal Disaster Act Report (H. Doc. 249) from the President was printed in the Congressional Record, page 5348, Included was a report of the status of disaster relief funds as of December 31, 1963. These funds are to be used for aid in Alaska earthquake-damaged areas. Senator Gruening, along with various other Senators, spoke from the floor of the Senate on March 30, 1964, concerning the recent earthquake and tidal waves in Alaska and along the West Coast. He announced that a program would be prepared concerning the disaster for presentation to the President and the Congress. (Congressional Record, pages 6272-6276.) Senator Bartlett also spoke from the floor of the Senate on the above subject on March 30, 1964, stating that the Alaskan fishing industry had been very hard hit. (Congressional Record, pages 6349-6353.) On March 80 31, 1964, Senator Gruening spoke from the floor of the Senate, inserting in the Congressional Record, (pages 6396-6411) news articles describing the dam- age in Alaska from the recent earthquake and tidal waves.. One of the articles (New York Times, March 31, 1964) concerned the possibility of a price increase in fishery products, particularly canned crab, OnApril 2, 1964, Senator Gruening spoke from the floor of the Senate inserting in the Congressional Record pages 6547-6559, additional news articles describing the dam- age in Alaska from the recent earthquake and tidal waves. One of the articles discussed the possible ef- fect on salmon resources of the loss of water in the Copper River. Another article mentioned a proposal to make fishing vessels available to Alaska fishermen to harvest salmon during the coming fishing season. Senator Gruening also discussed the Alaskan disaster from the floor of the Senate April 13, 1964 (Congres- sional Record, pages 7571-7572), and April ie toed (Congressional Record, pages 7986-7987). ANTIDUMPING ACT AMENDMENT: H. R. 10832 (Herlong), and similar bills through H. R. 10868, intro- duced in House April 14, 1964, to amend the Antidump- ing Act, 1921; referred to the Committee on Ways and Means. The objective of the U. S. Antidumping Act is to prevent foreign manufacturers from injuring Ameri- can industries by dumping surplus merchandise here at prices below those charged in the exporting country. If the Treasury Department finds a price differential, and the Tariff Commission finds an American industry is injured, the foreign manufacturer must pay the dif- ferential to the Treasury in dumping duties. Bills were introduced in the lst Session of the 88th Congress to make the Act more effective in achieving its original purpose and to help insure that international trade would be conducted in a fair and equitable manner. In introducting H. R. 10832, Congressman Herlong spoke from the floor of the House stating, in part, "I should like to make clear that the 1964 amendment to the Antidumping Act represents a merging of the pro- posals embodied in the amendments introduced during the first session of this (88th) Congress with a few pro- posals which add to, modify, or delete various provi- sions... .'' The Congressman's remarks, appearing in the Congressional Record, pages 7601-7602, contin- ued with a detailed description of the proposed changes contained in the 1964 amendment to the Antidumping Act. COAST GUARD APPROPRIATIONS: On March 24, 1964, Congressman Garmatz addressed the House on the subject of the Coast Guard equipment replacement and improvement program. He discussed the effects of a $10 million reduction in the funds authorized under P.L, 88-281 for procurement of vessels and aircraft and construction of shore and offshore establishments for the Coast Guard. The Congressman inserted inthe Congressional Record (page 5964) a list of projects to be deferred to make a reduction of $10 million in Coast Guard appropriations for fiscal year 1965. The listof projects that would be deferred included the construc- tion of one medium endurance vessel for fisheries pa- trol off the New England coast. CONSERVATION OF MARINE FISHERIES RE- SOURCES: The House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met in executive sessionon March 25, 1964, and ordered reported favorably to the House S. 1988 (a- mended), to prohibit fishing in the territorial waters of the United States and incertain other areas except by COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 domestic vessels or as provided by international agreement. mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session), 208 pp., printed. Contains hearings held Feb. 19, 20, 25, and 26, 1964, on S. 1988, and related bills. Includes the text of S, 1988, H. R. 7954, H. R. 8296, H. R. 9957, H. R. 10028, and H. R. 10040; reports from various _ Federal agencies; and statements of Congressmen, Fed- eral and state officials, and industry personnel. Fishing In U.S, Territorial Waters (Hearings before the Com H. R. 10492 (Downing) introduced in House March 18, 1964, to extend the national sovereignty of the United States over certain waters; referred to the Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs. Would extend ''complete and exclusive national sovereignty over the waters with- in a line 12 geographical miles distant from the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast of the United States which is in direct contact with the open sea and the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters," On March 21, 1964, Senator Bartlett spoke from the floor of the Senate on fisheries limits and inserted in the Congressional Record (page 5660) a paper entitled, "The Theory and Practice of the 12-Mile Fishery Limit," which had been presented to the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute at their meeting in Miami, Fla., dur- ing November 1963. FEDERAL WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH PRO- GRAM: On March 23, 1964, the House received a communication from the President of the United States, transmitting a report by the Federal Council for Science and Technology entitled Federal Water Resources Re- search Program for Fiscal Year 1965; referred to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. FOOD MARKETING NATIONAL COMMISSION: A message was received in the Senate, April I, 1964, from the President making legislative recommendations for establishment of a National Commission on Food Mar- keting to study the food industry from farm to consumer. In his message the President said, in part, '...Infor-- mation is not now available to permit an informed judg- ment concerning the effect of the recent changes in the food industry. We do not know whether the benefits of advanced technology are being fairly distributed among farmers, processors, distributors, retailers, and con- sumerg. We do not know whether shifts in bargaining power require new laws, We do not know enough about the new character of the industry to determine the ex- tent of the benefits and the need for any relief from hardship which may be necessary,'' Referred toCom- mittee on Commerce, The message was printed in the Congressional Record, page 6484, April 1, 1964. By unanimous consent, the Senate adopted an amendment on April 1, 1964, to substitute language of the proposed legislation recommended by the President for establish- ment of a National Commission on Food Marketing for the text of S. J. Res. 71, introduced April 26, 1963, di- recting the Federal Trade Commission to make an in- vestigation of chainstore practices which may be in vio- lation of antitrust laws. S. J. Res. 71 was pending inthe Senate Committee on Commerce. Companion resolutions introduced were H, J. Res. 977 (Cooley), H. J. Res. 978 (Roosevelt), H. J. Res. 979 (Kastenmeier), H. J. Res. 980 (Rosenthal), and H. J. Res. 983, (Olson) introduced in House April 6, 1964, and H. J. Res. 996 (Cunningham) introduced in House April 14, 1964; all referred to the Committee on Agriculture. The resolutions introduced May 1964 _ April 6 were discussed on the floor of the House by Congressman Roosevelt (Congressional Record page 6683) and Congressman Kastenmeier (Congressional Record, page 6718, April 6, 1964.) On April 13, 1964, the Senate Committee on Com- merce continued hearings on S. J. Res. 71, to estab- lish a National Commission on Food Marketing to study ‘food marketing from the farm to the consumer. The Committee heard testimony from an Assistant Secretary of Labor on April 13, and from the Secretary of Agri- culture on April 16, 1964. FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS OFF U. S. COASTS: On April 16, 1964, Senator Jackson spoke from the floor of the Senate concerning foreign fishing vessels off U.S. coasts, and the proposed extension of Canadian fishing limits to 12 miles. (Congressional Record, page 7938.) HALIBUT WEEK: H. Con. Res. 285 (Pelly) intro- duced in House April 6, 1964, and H. Con. Res. 287 (Stinson) introduced in House April 14, 1964, request- ing the President to proclaim the 6-day period begin- ning May 18, 1964, and ending May 23, 1964, as Na- tional Halibut Week; both referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. A companion resolution, S. Con, Res. 79 (Magnuson and Jackson), was submitted April 15, 1964 in the Sen- ate; referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. The remarks of Senator Magnuson in submitting the resolu- tion appear in the Congressional Record, pages 7858- 7859. HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE APPRO- PRIATIONS, FY 1965: H. Rept. No. 1316, Department of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, and Re- lated Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1965 (April 10, 1964, report from the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, to ac- company H. R. 10809), 58 pp., printed. Included are funds for the Food and Drug Administration; also funds for the Public Health Service's environmental engineer - ing and sanitation program, and water supply and water pollution control program, The environmental engineer - ing and sanitation program is designed to assure that only safe water, milk, shellfish and other marine food, and food supplies are served to the public; and to pro- vide for research on shellfish and other marine foods. The water pollution program provides for regional laboratories located in strategic points throughout the country to promote research and training activities and provide a base of action of State, interstate, and Fed- eral agencies cooperating to eliminate water pollution, INDIAN FISHING RIGHTS: S.J. Res. 170 and S. J. Res. 171 (Magnuson) introduced in Senate April 17, 1964, regarding Indian fishing rights; referred to Com- mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. The text of the resolutions together with remarks by Senator Magnu- son were published in the Congressional Record, pages 8065-8067. Senator Magnuson stated that S. J. Res. 170 was introduced "to establish that State statutes, rules, and regulations relating to hunting and fishing shall be presumed to be necessary for conservation in certain areas. This would authorize State regulation of the time and manner of fishing outside an Indian reserva- tion when such regulations are for the purpose of con- servation and are equally applicable to all persons." Speaking in regard to S. J. Res. 171, Senator Magnuson said, in part, "I also introduce for appropriate refer - ence a joint resolution on the same subject... This second approach provides for the acquisition by the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 Secretary of the Interior of the Indian treaty rights to fish at all usual and accustomed places in commonwith other citizens... ." INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT: After adopting an amendment thereto, the Senate on April 8, 1964, concurred in House amendment to S. 1605, a bill to amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended, to provide for label- ing of economic poisons with registration numbers, to eliminate registration under protest, and for other pur- poses. The amendments (concerning registration and review procedures for decisions on registration) and a statement by Senator Ribicoff on S. 1605 and the amend- ments were published in the Congressional Record, pages 6967-6969, April 8, 1964. On March 26, 1964, Senator Ribicoff spoke from the floor of the Senate on the subject of pesticide buildup in water sources. In his remarks, he mentioned announce- ments by the U. S. Public Health Service and the State of Louisiana concerning water pollution involving pesti- cides which appears to be the cause of fish kills in the lower Mississippi drainage basin and its estuarine waters in the Gulf of Mexico. The Senator also men- tioned the placing of three widely used pesticides under "severe restrictions" by the British Ministry of Agri- culture, Fisheries, and Food. In his remarks, Senator Ribicoff inserted a statement by the U. S. Public Health Service, a letter from the Louisiana State Board of Health, and several newspaper articles discussing the effects of pesticides. (Congressional Record, page 6250, March 26, 1964.) On April 2, 1964, Senator Ribicoff spoke from the floor of the Senate on the fish kills in Louisiana which have been attributed to pesticides, The Senator an- nounced that public hearings on the buildup of pesticides in water resources and the general environment would be held by the Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations of the Senate Committee on Government Operations. The hearings began April 7, 1964, when testimony was received from officials of the ‘Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. On April 8, 1964, officials of the Interior Department, and the Food and Drug Administration testified. Subsequent sessions were devoted to testimony from Department of Agriculture officials, Federal Aviation Agency officials, state officials, and others. INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS, FY 1965: The Sub- committee of the Senate Committee on Appropriations met in executive session on April 1, 1964, and approved for full committee consideration with amendments H. R. 10433, making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965, and for other purposes, On April 4, 1964, the Senate Committee on Appropriations reported favorably, with amendments, H. R. 10433. On April 8, 1964, Senator Hayden filed 4 notices in writing of his intention to move to suspend the rules for the purpose of proposing amendments to H. R. 10433. Interior Department and Related Agencies Appropri- ations for 1965 (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 88th Congress, 2nd Session; on H. R. 10433), 1,611 pp., print- ed. Included are testimony, statements, and exhibits relating to funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service: the Office of the Commissioner, and its two bureaus, Com- mercial Fisheries and Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 82 S. Rept. No. 971, Interior Department and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1965 (April 4, 1964, re- port from the Committee on Appropriations, U. S.Sen- ate, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany H. R. 10433), 43 pp., printed. Included are funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service: its two bureaus--Commercial Fisheries and Sport Fisheries and Wildlife--and the Office of the Commissioner. For the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, under management and investigations of resources, the Com- mittee recommended an appropriation of $18,669,900, an increase of $837,000 over the House allowance, but a decrease of $1,961,100 from the budget estimate. (For management, the Committee recommended $490,734, an increase of $100,000 over the House allowance and the budget estimate. For research, the Committee recommended $11,908,200, an increase of $737,000 over the House allowance, and an increase of $138,900 over the budget estimate. For marketing and technology, the Committee recommended $4,457,500, the same as the House allowance, but a decrease of $75,000 from the budget estimate. The Committee concurred in the House allowances and budget estimates for the following: re- search on fish migration over dams--$1,396,700; fish- ing vessel mortgage insurance--$41,800; Columbia River fishery facilities--$2,249,900; and increased Pay Act costs--$250,066.) The Committee concurred in the action of the House proposing to transfer $2,125,000 from the Pribilof Islands fund to the ''management and investigations of resources" activity. That transfer had not been provided for in the budget estimate. The additions recommended by the Committee under "management and investigations of resources" are: $132,000 for acquisition of avessel and additional reser- voir research in South Dakota; $100,000 for more ade- quate management and enforcement of fishing regula- tions in international waters; $50,000 for initiation ofa research program on shellfish processing and utiliza- tion at Ketchikan, Alaska; $325,000 for initiation of a research program on North Atlantic lobsters; and $230,000 for initiation of a program to survey and re- search the sea clam. Also for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Committee concurred with the House allowance and budget estimate of $300,000 for the special foreign currency program. In addition, the Committee concur- red with the House allowance and budget estimate of $4,788,000 for construction. (That will provide $1 mil- lion for the Shellfisheries Research Center at Milford, Conn,.; $1.5 million for a biological research laboratory for the tropical Atlantic area; $1,350,000 for the first phase construction of an exploratory fishing vessel; $350,000 to equip a fishery research vessel for use in the North Pacific and Bering Sea; and $588,000 for con- ducting the Columbia River fishery facilities program.) For the general administrative expenses of the Bu- reau of Commercial fisheries, the Committee recom- mended $667,000, the same as the House allowance, but a decrease of $9,000 from the budget estimate of $676,000. For the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the Committee recommended an appropriation of $50,989,300, an increase of $1,980,600 over the House allowance, and an increase of $3,353,300 over the budget estimate. The increases include additional funds for the construction of sport fish facilities, including fish hatcheries and fishery research facilities. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 The Committee concurred with the House appropria- tion for the Office of the Commissioner of $425,000, an increase of $32,000 over the budget estimate. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE NORTH- WEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES: On April 1, 1964, the Senate received a copy of the protocol (Ex. B, 88th Cong., 2nd Sess.) to the International Convention for the North- west Atlantic Fisheries signed at Washington, D. C., February 8, 1949, which protocol relating to harp and hood seals was signed at Washington, D. C., July 15, 1963, by the United States and 11 other governments; referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. OCEANOGRAPHY: H. R. 10904 (Wilson) introduced in House April 15, 1964, to establish the National Oceano- graphic Agency; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. The bill would establish a Na- tional Oceanographic Agency as an independent agency to establish a coordinated national program for oceanog- raphy and related sciences, including meteorology. All functions relating to oceanography now being carried out by separate agencies would be transferred to the National Oceanographic Agency. The remarks of Con- gressman Wilson in introducing the bill and the text of the bill appear in the Congressional Record, pages 7781- 7782. On March 23, 1964, the House received a communica- tion from the President of the United States, relative to forwarding advance copies of two publications of the Federal Council for Science and Technology that set forth Government-wide plans and budget details entitled National Oceanographic Program, Fiscal Year 1965, Parts T and IL referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Property rights, oceanography, and international law were discussed by Congressman Hanna under an exten- sion of remarks on April 8, 1964 (Congressional Record, Appendix page A1728). Under an extension of remarks, Congressman Hanna commented on plans of the U. S. Navy to create an Institute of Naval Oceanology. Anews- paper article discussing the Institute was inserted by the Congressman in the Congressional Record, Appen- dix page A1764, April 9, 1964, Wii: A paper titled 'Industry and the Economy of the Sea," delivered to the Governor's Conference on California and the World Ocean was inserted by Congressman King in the Congressional Record, pages 7612-7621, April 14, 1964, SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAM USE OF IMPORTED PRODUCTS: S. 2694 (Miller) introduced in Senate March 25, 1964, to prevent schools participating in the school- lunch program under the National School Lunch Act from serving lunches containing any meat, poultry, or fish, or any product thereof, imported into the United States; referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Senator Miller's statement of the need for the bill ap- peared in the Congressional Record, page 5977, March 25, 1964, TRANSPORTATION AMENDMENTS OF 1964: On April 9, , the House Committee on Rules deferred action on H. R. 9903, a bill to amend the Interstate Com- merce Act and the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 so as to strengthen and improve the national transportation sys- tem, and to implement more fully the national trans - portation policy, and for other purposes. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY AMENDMENT: on Interior and Insular Affairs held hearings March 24, H. R. 10682 (Mcintire) introduced in House April 6, 1964, on H. R. 3620 and S. 1111, similar bills, to pro- 1964, to © amend the act of June 12, 1960, for the cor- vide for the optimum development of the Nation's natu- rection of inequities in the construction of fish ves- ral resources through the coordinated planning of wa- sels, and tor other purposes; referred to the Commit- ter and related land resources, through the establish- tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. ment of a water resources council and river basin com- missions, and by providing financial assistance to the WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL: The Subcommittee | States in order to increase State participation in such on Irrigation and Reclamation of the House Committee planning. MARINE SCIENTISTS DRILL INTO OCEAN FLOOR Scientists from the Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, have succeeded , in drilling 186 feet into the ocean floor at a depth of 2,000 feet at a Caribbean site south- | west of Jamaica. Working from the 174-foot vessel Submarex, owned and operated by a California firm, and aided by the Institute of Marine Science Research vessel Gerda, the investigators anchored in deep water and obtained deep-sea sediments dating back some | 20 million years. The operation constitutes the first phase of Project LOCO (Long Cores). Planned and directed by the Institute of Marine Science, with the cooperation ofthe Cali- fornia firm and the financial support of the National. Science Foundation, the Miami investi- | gators hope eventually to obtain continuous core samples of up to one-half mile in length | from the ocean floor, Sediment in deep-sea cores is dated by radioactive methods and by identifying tiny fossil shells embedded in it. About half the ocean floor is covered with a mud containing the empty shells of Foraminifera, tiny protozoans that livenear the oceansurface. As the organisms die and sink, they contribute to the bottom sediment, known as Globigerina ‘ooze, which accumulates at a rate of about one inch in a thousand years. When major changes occur at the earth's surface--such as when a large mountain range is created, 'an oceanic current shifts its course, or a major glaciation causes a lowering of tempera- tures--the character of the sediment and the types of shells buried in it change. Thus deep-sea sediments contain a unique record of the past history of the earth. It is, of course, noteasy tosample these sediments. One method, developed by Prof, Borje Kullenberg in Sweden during World War II and extensively used today involves the lowering to the sea floor of up to 60 feet of steel pipe by means of a steel wire, Iron weights, placed on top of the pipes, force them into the sediment and piston placed inside helps the sediment to enter from the bottom opening. The longest core ever raised by this method is 66 feet long. In order to reach and sample deeper sediments, drilling equip- ment must be used, The California marine exploration firm of Los Angeles acquired considerable experi- ence in drilling through the deep ocean floor whenit conducted, more than two years ago, the first phase of the MOHO Project off the coast of southern California. The pur- pose of that project is essentially to sample the upper mantle, which underlies the crust of the earth at a depth of 3 to 4 miles below the ocean floor. The purpose ofthe Institute of Marine Science's LOCO Project, on the other hand, isto sample in continuity the sedi- ments of the deep-sea floor, whichare 1,000 to 3,000 feet thick,| and to thus gain an in- sight into the past history of the earth. 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHING- TON, D. C. 20240. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL - LOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. SL - STATISTICAL LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISH- ERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SSR. FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUTION. Number Title CFS-3405 - California Landings, October 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3407 - Mississippi Landings, October 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3408 - Mississippi River Fisheries, 1962 Annual Summary, 9 pp. CFS-3409 - Mississippi Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3414 - North Carolina Landings, December 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3415 - New Jersey Landings, November 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3416 - New Jersey Landings, December 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3420 - Michigan Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3423 - Ohio Landings, November 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3424 - Ohio Landings, December 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3425 - Alabama Landings, December 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3426 - Fish Meal and Oil, December 1963, 2 pp. CFS-3428 - Maryland Landings, December 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3429 - Ohio Landings, 1963: Annual Summary, 4 pp. CFS-3430 - Louisiana Landings, December 1963, 3 pp. CFS-3431 - Georgia Landings, January 1964, 2 pp. CFS-3432 - North Carolina Landings, January 1964, 4 pp. CFS-3433 - Virginia Landings, December 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3434 - South Carolina Landings, January 1964, 2 pp. CFS-3435 - New York Landings, December 1963, 4 pp. CFS-3437 - Florida Landings, January 1964, 7 pp. CFS-3439 - Shrimp Landings, September 1963, 8 pp. CFS-3450 - Advance Report on the Fisheries of the United States, 1963, 23 pp. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised): SL-24 - Minnesota (Great Lakes Area), 1963, I p. SL-26 - Illinois (Great Lakes Area), 1963, 2 pp. SL-27 - Indiana (Great Lakes Area), 1962, 1p. SL-33 - North Dakota (Mississippi River and Tribu- taries), 1962, 1 p. SL-37 - Kansas (Mississippi River and Tributaries), 1962, 1 p. Sep. No. 702 - Lake Erie Fisheries Explorations, May- November 1960. FL-481 - The Use of Aquatic Plants in the Home Aquari- um, 4 pp., revised, May 1963. a PM eRe ten ¢ Al ent Cha ro Sy 2M e “a? 4 ma: (99 42244 * Vol. 26, No. 5 Te abast ost Bafl.FA FL-552 - Estimated Federal Income Tax Procedure for Commercial Fishermen: Questions and Answers, by DeVora R. Alexander, 6 pp., October 1963. FL-562 - Sacramento River Chinook Disease (SRCD), by Thomas J. Parisot, 2 pp., October 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 422 - Records and Observations from Plankton Grid Studies off Baja California, April1952, by David Kramer, 44 pp., illus., September 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 444 - Northeast Pacific Albacore Oceanography Survey, 1961, by R. W. Owen, Jr., 40 pp., illus., November 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 445 - Factors Influencing the Return of Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to Spring Creek Hatchery, by Charles O. Junge, Jr. and Lloyd A. Phinney, 36 pp., illus., June 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 448 - Crab Larvae (Callinectes), in Plankton Collections from Cruises of M/V Theodore N. Gill, South Atlantic Coast of the United States, 1953-54, by Paul R. Nichols and Peggy M. Keney, 17 pp., illus., October 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 450 - Molt in the Northern Fur Seal, by Victor B. Schaeffer and Ancel M. Johnson, 38 pp., illus., October 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 451 - A Method for Tagging Immature Herring, by John E. Watson, 7 pp., 1963. SSR- Fish. No. 455 - Counts of Red-Tide Organisms, Gymnodinium breve, and Associated Oceanographic Data from Florida West Coast, 1960-61, by Alex- ander Dragovich and others, 43 pp., illus., October 1963. SSR-Fish. No. 473 - Economic Survey of the U. S. Fisheries in the Passamaquoddy Region, 1956-57, by Giulio Pontecorvo and Leslie W. Scattergood, 18 pp., illus., December 1963. The proposed Passamaquoddy Project would be built in an area important for its fisheries. An economic survey of the primary and secondary fisheries of the area has been made. In the primary fishery, the herring was most important; clams and scallops were quite valuable; groundfish, anadromous and catadromous fish, and lobsters were of minor importance. Average value of herring land- ings in 1948-57 was $102,000; clams, $60,000; scal- lops, $15,000; and the remaining species all less than $5,000. In the Project area 24 weirs, 7 stop seiners, and 16 carriers operated. Detailed infor- mation on investments, operating costs, and profits May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumula- tive and comparative data on fishery products and shrimp production; for the month indicated. is presented. The secondary survey covered the herring-processing industry whose 20 plants manu- factured $11 million worth of products, Annual Report for 1962, Branch of Fishery Management Services, by Edward C. Kinney, 39 pp., illus., 1963. New England Fisheries--Monthly Summar , January and February 1964, 24 pp. each. (Market News Serv- ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common- wealth Pier, Boston, Mass. 02210.) Review of THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ARTICLE 1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S,. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, 101 SEASIDE AVE., TERMINAL ISLAND, CALIF. Fishing Vessel Management from ''Review of the (Japa- nese) Tuna Fishery, by Shoichi Masuda, Translation Series No.7, 28 pp., processed, February 1964. (Translated from the Japanese, Review of the (Japa- nese) Tuna Fishery, Chap. VI, Sec. B, Item 3, pp. 390-410.) THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVA!LABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, No- vember ve December 1963, 8 pp. ea. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 103 S. Gay St., Baltimore, Md. 21202.) Receipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces; totalreceipts by species and comparisons with previous periods; and whole- sale prices for fresh fishery products on the Balti- more market; for the months indicated. California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part II, Fishing Information, February 1964, 21 pp., illus. (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio- logical Laboratory, P. O., Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta- tion, San Diego, Calif. 92100.) Contains sea-surface temperatures, fishing and research information of interest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and marine scientists; for the month indicated. Includes information on the U. S. Navy picket vessel albacore catch for 1963. In continuation of the cooperative trolling program which was started in 1960, the U.S. Navy logged albacore catches at each of its radar early warning surveillance stations off the west coast of the United States. The catch for 1963 was the highest for any one year since inception of the pro- gram. A total of 1,041 albacore was taken by the picket fleet.. The estimated weight of this catch is about 10,858 pounds, or 5.4-tons. For the fourth con- secutive year, distribution andavailability ofalbacore off the U. S. west coast has exhibited a striking cor- relation with prevailing sea surface temperatures. Frozen Mexican (West Coast) Shrimp Prices, 1959-1963, 7 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rm. 208, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif. 90731.) List of Primary Receivers of Imported Fishery Prod- Sig w Orleans, La., 1964, 4 ucts and Byproducts at New La. pp., March 1964, (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rm. 609, 600 South St,, New Orleans; La. 70130.) Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, ana. Maryland, February 1964, 4 pp. (Market News Serv- ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hampton, Va. 23369.) Landings of food fishand shell- fish and production of crabmeat and shuckedoysters for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincotea- gue, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the principal New England fishery ports. Presents data on fishery landings by ports and species; in- dustrial-fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New Eng- land warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston, Glouces- ter, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by species; for the months indicated. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly SRT a SEL 1964, 16 pp. (Market News Serv- ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York, N. Y. 10038.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh-water sections; imports entered at New York customs dis- trict; primary wholesalers’ selling prices for fresh, frozen, and selected canned fishery products; mar- keting trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Market docks and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indicated. Seattle--Landings, Receipts, and Value of Fishery Prod- ucts, 1963, by Charles M. Reardon, 37 pp., March 1964. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash. 98104.) Reviews Pacific Northwest fisheries trends and their effect upon Seattle fishery receipts for 1963. Contains statistical tables on landings by U. S. halibut fleet; Seattle's landings and receipts of fishery products; carload and truckload shipments of fishery products by months; imports of canned fishery products; receipts of Alaska canned fish and shellfish; and names, classifications, and approximate standards as used on Seattle Wholesale Market. Also presents data on receipts of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish; fresh and frozen salmon receipts and imports; ex-vessel landings and prices of fish by the otter-trawl fleet; Puget Sound canned salmon pack; and related information. (Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisher- ies, Monthly Summary, February 1964, 6 pp. (Mar- ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle, Wash. 98104.) Includes Seattle's landings by the hali- but and salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; landings of halibut reported by the International Pa- cific Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl vessels as reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Association of Washington; local landings by inde- pendent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways; imports from British Columbia via rail, motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports from other countries through Washington customs district; for the month indicated, 86 THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATION 1S FOR SALE AND |S AVAIL- ABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 20402. The Natural Resources of Ohio, 59 pp., illus., printed, and wildlife resources of Ohio and the program of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in that State. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION TSSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN, ALASKA: Progress Report for the Years 1960-1961-1962, Report No. 12, 82pp., illus., printed. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska. Reports on accom- plishments of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game since statehood was acquired on January 1, 1960. The report discusses the harvest and its values, re- search, development, regulatory management, Sup- port functions and activities, and organization. Ap- pendixes contain dataon harvests and values for com- mercial fisheries, development projects, and publi- cations and films. ALGAE: A Culture Method for Marine Diatoms and Flagellates, ~by B. Wisely and C. Purday, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Tuatara, vol.11,no.1, March 1963, pp. 20-26.) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Marine Laboratory, Cronulla, N. S. W., Australia. Some New Records and Range Extensions of Florida Marine Algae, by Harold J. Humm, Contribution no. 504, 11 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Ma- rine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 4, December 1963, pp. 516-526.) Institute of Marine Science, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. ANCHOVIES: "Anchovy Fishing Off the Chilean Coast," article, The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industr Review, vol. XIX, no.1, January 1964, pp. 79, 81, 83, 85, illus., printed, single copy 30¢ (about 45 U. S. cents). Thomson Newspapers, South Africa (Pty.) Ltd., 8th Floor, Trust House, Thibault Sq., Box 80, Cape Town, South Africa Republic. Describes the operations of the Iquique fleet of 60 purse-seiners ranging in size from 45 to 85 feet, of both wood and steel construction; separators in the fish oil plant; factory power transmission; stickwater pumps; and pumps on the jetty. BARRACUDA: "New Light on an Ocean Killer," article, New. Scien- tist, vol. 21, no. 375, January 23, 1964, p. 200, illus., printed, single copy 1s. 3d. (about 20 U.S. cents). Cromwell House, Fulwood Pl., High Holborn, London WC1, England. BEAKED FISH: The Beaked Fishes of Maryland, by Frank Schwartz, Educational Series No. 54, 4 pp., illus., printed. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. BERING SEA: ‘Peculiarities of Ichthyofauna Distribution in Southeast ~ Bering Sea, UsSR, by V.P- untov, 563- 5 20 pp., illus., printed, August 13, 1963, 50 cents. ' Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of | Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. BIOCHEMISTRY: "Studies on the External Mucous Substance of Fishes. 8--Quantitative Analysis of the Mucus- Polysaccharide from Some Fishes," by N. Enomoto andothers, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, no. 6, June 1963, pp. 542-545, printed in Japanese with English ab- stract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba- Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Its Facilities, His- tory and Program, Educational Series No. 62, 34 pp., ill 5 ee January 1964. Natural Resources In- stitute, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biologi- cal Laboratory, Solomons, Md. Describes in detail the physical facilities of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md.; the history of the Labo- ratory since its founding in 1924 by Dr. R. V. Truitt; its present staff and program; accomplishments in both practical and academic studies; and goals for the future. BRAZIL: Establishing a Business in Brazil, by Gertrude Heare and William Frohlich, OBR 63-149, 24 pp., printed 15 cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash- ington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D. C., 20402.) Foreign investments in Brazil have been fostered since 1955 by the existence of provisions encouraging the importation of capital e- quipment, licensed without exchange cover, as adi- rect foreign investment. This report discusses Gov- ernment policy on investment, entry and repatriation of capital, tariff concessions to industry, and busi- ness organization. Also covers patents, copyrights, and trade marks; regulations affecting employment; taxation; and United States tax aspects of Brazilian investments. Foreign Trade Regulations of Brazil, OBR 63-150, 12 pp., printed, cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Com- merce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Import substitution, protection of newly-established factories, and re- striction on the purchase of foreign exchange are the methods used by Brazil to achieve its foreign trade policy aims. The report discusses Brazil's trade policy, import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, documentation and fees, and labeling and mark- ing requirements. Also covers special customs pro- visions, nontariff import trade controls, Brazil's ex- port controls, United States foreign trade controls, and diplomatic representation between the two coun- tries. BYPRODUCTS: Fish from the Port of Gloucester to Your Feed Mill, by Raymond N, Allen, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint- ed from Eastern Feed Merchant, March 1960.) New May 1964 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. England By-Products Corp., 28 Church St., Win- chester, Mass. The processing of industrial fishery products and byproducts plays an important role in formulating fees for poultry, turkeys, and swine, This article discusses the processing of inedible portions of ocean perch into fish meal, oil, and solu- bles. Also covers briefly the history of the Glouces- ter fishing industry and its present operation. "Ovenstone-INDUS Factory in Chile is Now in Full Operation," article, The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, vol. XIX, no. 1, Janu- ary 1964, pp. 67, 69, 73, 77, illus., printed, single copy 30¢ (about 45 U. S, cents), Thomson Newspa- pers, South Africa (Pty.) Ltd., 8th Floor, Trust House, Thibault Sq., Box 80, Cape Town, South Africa Re- public. Discusses the fish meal and fish body oil plant at Iquique, Chile, jointly financed and operated by Ovenstone South West Investments Ltd, and Chile's Compania Industrial. Describes the history of the joint venture and the operations of the plant, Much of the equipment and even the building itself were constructed in South-West Africa, Plans are already being made to double its present capacity of 50 met- ric tons of fish an hour, CALIFORNIA: California Fish and Game, vol, 50, no. 1, January 1964, 66 pp., illus., printed, single copy 75 cents, Print- ing Division, Documents Section, Sacramento, Calif., 95814, Includes, among others, these articles: ''The Sand Shark, Carcharias ferox (Risso), in California," by Anita E. Daugherty; "An Experimental Study to Control Oyster Drills in Tomales Bay, California," by C. Irwin Haydock; "Underwater Tagging Gun," by Earl E, Ebert; "Notes on the Life History and a De- scription of the Sharpnose Seaper ch, Phanerodon atripes (Jordan and Gilbert),' by J. Gary Smith; "Landings Estimates of California's Marine Recrea- tional Salmon Fishery," by Paul T, Jensen; and "Observations on Spawning Pacific Sardines," by Robert 8, Wolf, The California Marine Fish Catch for 1962, Fish Bul- Tetin 125, 44 pp., illus., printed, 1964. Office of State Printing, Documents Section, P, O. Box 1612, Sacramento, California, 95807. A summary of the 1962 landings of the California commercial fishing fleet, the imports from other states or foreign coun- tries of fresh fish received for processing, and the catches of the partyboat fleet, Statistical data cover landings and shipments of leading species, by weight and value; annual landings and shipments, 1916 through 1962; number of licensed commercial fishermen; num- ber of registered fishing vessels by length; and origin of shipments, 1962, Also included are data onorigin of commercial. fish landings, 1962; monthly landings and shipments, 1962, by areas and statewide; value and poundage, annual landings and shipments by areas, 1962; value of landings and shipments by ports and areas, 1962; partyboat sport catch, 1953-62; and live bait catch, 1962, State of California Fish and Game Code, 1963, compiled by Monica OfBrien, 292 pp., illus., printed, Depart- ment of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Mall, Sacramento, Calif, 95814, Covers provisions of this code relat- ing to the taking, processing or use ofbirds, mammals, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, or reptiles, Also covers some provisions which relate or apply to or affect the taking, processing or use of fish, mollusks, crustaceans, kelp and other aquatic plants for commercial purposes. Discusses the organiza- tion and functions of the Fish andGame Commission and the Department of Fish and Game, Includes, a- mong others, a section on commercial fishing which covers provisions pertaining to particlular species of fish and shellfish--sardines, anchovies, salmon, lob- ster, crab, abalones, clams and other mollusks, salt- water and anadromous fish, fresh-water fish, and fresh-water fish used for bait. CANADA: Annual Report 1963, 20 pp., printed, 1963, Fishermen's Co-Operative Association, Prince Rupert, B. C., Canada. British Columbia Catch Statistics, 1963 (By Area and Type of Gear), 203 pp., illus., processed, February 5, 1964. Department of Fisheries of Canada, 1155 Robson St,, Vancouver 5, B. C., Canada. The thir- teenth annual report of fish-catch statistics for British Columbia based on Departmental copies of sales slips that are completed by all commercial fish buyers operating within the Province. The report is divided into three sections: (1) summary of landings by district and total landed value of all fish; (2) high- lights of catch statistics--a general review of signifi- cant events in the salmon fishery and a review for other species; and (3) detailed district and area monthly statistics by type of gear. Certain economic, weather, and conservation factors that have a bearing on the catch are also reviewed. Federal-Provincial Conference on Fisheries Develop- ment, January 20-24, 1964, Background Papers, iy pp., printed, 1963. Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 20, no. 6, November 1963, 224 pp., illus., printed, single copy C$2. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among others, articles on: ‘Body Fluid Regulation in Smolting Atlantic Salmon," by Arthur H. Houston and Lawrence T. Threadgold; "On the Problem of Maximum Yield from North Pacific Sock- eye Salmon Stocks," by Robert R. Parker; ''Studies on the Life History and Ecology of the Bigmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes),"' by R. P. Johnson; Use of Coloured Tags in Fish Population Estimates," by G. H. Lawler and G. F. M. Smith; ''2-Phenoxye- thanol as a General Anaesthetic for Sockeye Salmon," by H. S. Sehdev, J. R. McBride, and U. H. M. Fager- lund; "Effects of Formalin on Length and Weight of Fishes," by Robert R. Parker; "Olfactory Perception in Migrating Salmon. III--Stimulants for Adult Sock- eye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Home Stream Waters," by U. H. M_ Fagerlund and others; ''Fecun- dity of Grand Bank Haddock," by V. M. Hodder; and "Minke Whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede, of the Western North Atlantic,” by D. EB. Sergeant. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol, 21, no. 1, January 1964, 215 pp., illus., printed, single copy C$2. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among others, articles on: "Laboratory Ob- servations on Embryonic Development and Larvae of the Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius)," by 88 C. R. Forrester; ''Lethal Concentrations of Copper and Zinc for Young Atlantic Salmon," by J. B. Sprague; "Movements of Young Atlantic Salmon in a Small Stream," by Richard L. Saunders and John H. Gee; "Ultraviolet Irradiation of Circulating Refrigerated Fish Storage Brines,"' by J. W. Boyd and B, A. South- cott; "Variations in the Growth of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.),"' by A. C. Kohler; ''Polyphosphate Treatment of Frozen Cod. I--Protein Extractability Lipid Hydrolysis," by W. J. Dyer and others; "Water - Thawing of Frozen Cod Blocks," by W. A. MacCallum and D. G. Ellis; "Activity Cycles in the Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.). 2--Fish Artifically Fed," by D. R. Swift; and Observations on Herring Spawning Off Southwest Nova Scotia,'' by R. A. McKenzie. Report and Recommendations of the Newfoundland Fisheries Commission to the Government of New- foundland, April, 1963, 123 pp., printed, 1963. New- foundland Fisheries Commission, St. John's, New- foundland, Canada. 33rd Annual Report, 1962, Department of Fisheries, 137 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Presents the functions and activities of the Department of Fisheries for the year 1962, andthe financial state- ments of the Department for the fiscal year 1962/63. Covers in detail the activities of the Department's Conservation and Development Service, Protection Branch's patrol vessels, Inspection Service, Eco- nomics Service, Information and Consumer Service, and Industrial Development Service. Also covers the Fishermen's Indemnity Plan, and activities of the Fisheries Prices Support Board, Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, international commissions, and special committees. Canada's Pacific and At- lantic Coast and lake fisheries are also discussed. Statistics cover the quantity and value of fish and shellfish landed, exports by type of product, number of fishermen in Canada, and value of vessels and gear. The appendix contains financial statements for fiscal year 1962/63, and statements on fish-culture development. CANNING: "Canned Sprats and Herrings as Well as Salmon Sub- stitutes in Oil Flavored with Smoke Extracts, by B. Schobler, article, Fischerei-Forschung, vol. 5, no. 4, 1962, pp. 13-15, printed in German. Institut fur Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock- Marienehe, Germany. F CARP: Why Destroy the European Carp?, by A. Dunbavin Butcher, Fisheries Cia ar No. 6, 10 pp., illus., pro- cessed, 1962. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605 Flinders St., Melbourne C2, Australia. CHESAPEAKE BAY: Data from Virginia-Maryland Cooperative Fish Trawl Surveys in Chesapeake Bay, 1957 and 1958, by Wil- liam H. Massmann and Romeo J. Mansueti, Special Scientific Report No. 42, 21 pp., printed, 1963. In- stitute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va. Effects of Civilization on Striped Bass and Other Estu- arine Biota in Chesapeake Bay and Tributaries, by Romeo J. Mansueti, fs COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Appraisal, by J. J. ontribution No. 191, 17pp,, illus., Vol. 26, No. 5 printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Fourteenth Annual Session, November 1961, pp. 110-136.) Natural Re- sources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. CLAMS: Effect of an Introduced Clam (CORBICULA) on Water Quality in the Tennessee River Valley, by Ralph M. inclair, 14 pp., illus., processed, 1963. Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, Tennessee Depart- ment of Public Health, 620 Cordell Hull Bldg., Nash- ville, Tenn. COD: Longlining Experiments for Cod off the East Coast of Newfoundland and Southern Labrador, 1950-1955, by Wilfred Templeman and A, M. Fleming, Fisheries Research Board Bulletin 141, printed, $1.50. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada. "Quality Changes in Stored Refrozen Cod Fillets," by W. J. Dyer and others, article, Bulletin, Institut In- ternational du Froid, vol. 1, Annexe 1962, pp. 1-9, illus., printed in French. Institut International du Froid, 177 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris XVII, France. Sedimentation and Aggregation of Cod Myosin: A Re- Set Torry Memoir No, 148, 11 pp., printed, 1963. (Reprinted from Biochimica et Biophysica Acta.) Torry Research Station, Aber- deen, Scotland, COMMISSIONS: (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Min- utes of the 22nd Annual Meeting (September 24-26, 1963, Boston, Mass.), 181 pp., illus., processed, limited distribution. Atlantic States Marine Fisher- ies Commission, 336 E. College Ave., Tallahassee, Fla., 32301. Covers the minutes of the 22nd annual meeting of the Commission with details of attend- ance; the first, second, third, and fourth general sessions; and section meetings of the North Atlantic, Middle Atlantic, Chesapeake Bay, and South Atlantic Sections. Also includes accounts of the individual section meetings, resolutions recommended for a- doption, and the executive committee and biological committee meetings. Appendices include, among others, reports on the technological committee meet- ing, Commercial Fisheries Research and Develop- ment Act of 1963, developments in Washington on fisheries legislation, seasonal abundance of juvenile pink shrimp in the nursery grounds, and preserving the fisheries of estuarine waters. Also included in the appendices are reports on legislation and re- source conservation, pesticide research, the Co- operative Program for the Certification of Interstate Shellfish Shippers--1963, evaluation of commercial and sport fisheries of the Atlantic Coast, and Soviet fishing activity along the East Coast of the United States during 1963. COPEPODS: A Study of the Temperature Factor in Twelve Species of Oceanic Copepods, by Hilary B. Moore and Maria Foyo, Contribution no. 503, 14 pp., illus., printed. Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 13, no. 4, December 1963, May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE pp. 502-515.) Institute of Marine Science, 1 Ricken- backer Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. COSTA RICA: Foreign Trade Regulations of Costa Rica, by Rodney D. peter OBR 63-155, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Basic goals of the Central American Com- mon Market, of which Costs Rica is in the process of becoming a member, are: (1) the diversification of production for both the domestic and foreign mar- kets, which also will serve to stabilize Central A- merican exchange earnings as well as the domestic economy; and (2) the development of a broader in- ternal market, thereby enabling domestic industries to take advantage of economies of scale. The re- port presents information on Costa Rica's trade poli-’ cy, import tariff system, sales and other internal taxes, documentation and fees, and labeling and mark- ing requirements. Also covers special customs provisions, nontariff import trade controls, export controls, United States foreign trade controls, and diplomatic representation between the two countries. CRAYFISH: Crayfishes of the Cheat River Watershed in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Part Il- -Observations upon Ecological Factors Relating to Distribution, y Frank J. Schwartz and Wil jam G. Meredith, Con- tribution No. 207, 14 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 62, no. 5, September 1962, pp. 260-273.) Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Bio- logical Laboratory, Solomons, Md. Ecological Population Expansion of the. Introduced Crartich, ORCONEC VIRILIS, by Frank J. Schwartz, Robert Rubelmann, and James Allison, Contribution No. 233, 8 pp., illus., printed. (Re- printed from the Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 63, no. 6, November 1963, pp. 266-273.) Natural Re- sources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: Annual Report 1963, The Secretary of the Interior (For the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1963), 490 pp., illus., printed, $1.75, 1964. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) The activities of the Department's bureaus and offices, including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (and its two Bureaus --Com- mercial Fisheries and Sport Fisheries and Wildlife), are summarized in this report. » DOLPHIN: "Studies on Fishing Conditions of the Dolphin, Cory- hane hippurus L., in the Western Region of the Vener ea. 8--Comparison of Juvenile Fish Fauna in the Sea and in the Stomachs of Dolphin," by S. f Kojima, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, i no. 6, June 1963, pp. 507-513, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. DRIED FISH: "Relationship between Relative Humidity and Mois- ture Absorbed in Dried Fish Products," by M. Takei, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, no. 6, June 1963, pp. 525-530, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, EAST AFRICA: Annual Report 1962, 20 pp., printed, 1963, East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, Zanzibar, Zanzibar. ECOLOGY: Effects of Winter Water ‘Conditions on Two Species cology, vol. 44, no. 3, Summer 1963, pp. 622-623.) Natural Resources Institute, University of Mary- land, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. Results and Prospects of Acclimatization of Fish and Invertebrates to Water Bodies of USSR, OTS 63-41075, 21 pp., printed, 50 cents, November 6, 1963. Office of Technical Services, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. Some Problems on the Reproductive Ecology of Ma- rine Bottom Invertebrates with Pelagic Development, by S. A. Mileikovskii, Translations No. 100, 27 pp., printed, 1963. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. ELECTRIC TRAWLING: "Elektrotraly" (Electric Trawls), by V. A. Shentiakov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 38, no. 4, 1962, pp. 47-55, illus., printed. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R. EL SALVADOR: Basic Data on the Economy of El Salvador, by Thomas K. Brewer, OBR 63-145, 24 pp., printed, 15 cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) A report on the economy of El Salvador, smallest of the Latin American Republics. The Government established a Council for Economic Planning and Coordination in May 1962, The aims of the Council are to plan and coordinate the eco- nomic activities of the nation toward maximum or- derly and continuous growth and to achieve a better standard of living for all the people by broadening opportunities of progress and welfare. The report discusses some general information on geography, climate, government, and population; structure of the economy; agriculture; forestry and mining; in- dustry; power; transportation; communications; finance; foreign trade; economic development; and diplomatic representation between the United States and El Salvador. A section on fishing discusses the shrimp fishery, the fishery for tuna and other species, and the fishing law of 1955. Also included are a number of statistical tables including one giving data on U.S. imports of Salvadoran shrimp, 1957-1962. 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION: Third Annual Report of the European Free Trade As- sociation for the Period Ist July, 1962-30th June, European Free Trade Association, Geneva, Switzer - land. (Available from the Washington Information Office, European Free Trade Association, 711 14th St. NW., Washington, D. C., 20005.) Discusses prin- cipal accomplishments of the EFTA during the year, internal activities of the Association, organization of EFTA, relations with other organizations, econom- ic developments in EFTA in 1962/63, Association agreement with Finland, and amendments and im- plementation of the EFTA Convention. By the end of 1962 the intra-EFTA tariffs on industrial goods had been reduced by 50 percent. In May 1963, de- cisions were taken which will mean that by the end of 1966 all obstacles to the free movement within EFTA of goods covered by the Convention will have been abolished. Included in the report is a section on the Association's actions to facilitate an expan- sion of trade in fish and other marine products which will provide reasonable reciprocity to Member States whose economies depend to a great extent on exports of those products. FISH DETECTION: "Measurement of the Dimensions of Fish to Facilitate Calculations of Echo Strength in Acoustic Fish De- tection,’ by R. W. G. Haslett, article, Journal du Conseil, vol. 27, 1962, pp. 261-269, illus., printed. Conseil Permanent International Pour 1'Exploration de la Mer, Charlottenlund-Slot, Denmark. FISHERIES RESEARCH: "Discovery: Britain's Sea-Going Research Labora- tory,'' article, New Scientist, vol. 17, no, 323, 1963, pp. 117-179, illus., printed. Harrison, Raison and Co., Ltd., Cromwell House, Fulwood Place, High Holborn, London WC1, England. International Collaboration in Fisheries Research, by C. E. Lucas, Marine Reprint No. 214, 18 pp., printed, 1963, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland. FISHERY DEVELOPMENT: Problems of Fishery Development in Primitive Com- munities,'' by R. S. Rack, article, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 21, no, I, 1962, pp. 114- 120, printed. Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Road, London NW1, England, FISH MEAL: "Fish Waste for Feeding Pigs. II--Comparison of Digestibility and Utilization of Nutrients of Fish- meal and Fish Silage," by C. Lewicki and M. Wojciak, article, Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, vol. 79, 1962, pp. 221-227, printed in Polish with Russian and English summaries. Instytut Rybactaw Srodladowego, Palace Tultury Nauki, 27 Pietro, Pokoj 2719, Poland. "Hydrolysed Fodder Yeast and Fishmeal in Rations for Pregnant Sows," by I. I. Ismailov, article, Svino- vodstro, no. 2, 1962, pp. 36-37, printed in Russian, Akedmiia, Svinovodstvo, Selskokhoviaislvennyi, Nauk- Bibliotek, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "The New Protein Utilization of Fish Meals Manufac- tured in Chile for Human and Animal Consumption," by G. Donoso and E. Yanez, article, News Summary, International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, no. 10, 1962, pp. 66-76, printed in English with French, German, and Spanish summaries. (Trans- lated from the Spanish, Nutricion, Bromatologia, Toxicologia, Chile, vol. 1, no. 2, 1962, pp. 97-105.) International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, 70 Wigmore St., London W1, England. "Nutritional Evaluation of Fish Meals Using Four Short-Term Chick Tests,'' by L. E. Ousterhout and D. G. Snyder, article, Poultry Science, vol. 41, 1962, pp. 1753-1757, printed. Poultry Science Association, Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio, "Protein Quality of Different Types of Herring-Meal in Balance Experiments With Growing Pigs, by T. Homb, article, Meldin er fra Nor es Landbrukshogs- kole, vol. 41, no. 5, 1962, p. 31, printed in Norwegian with English Summary. Meldinger fra SSF, Bergen, Norway. FISH OILS: "Epoxidation of Some Marine Animal Oils and Proper- ties of the Epoxides as Plasticizers,'' by S. Komori and others, article, Journal, Chemical Society of Japan, vol. 64, 1961, pp. 1203-1208, printed. Suru, Gadai-Kauda Chiyoda-Ku 5, 1-Chome, Tokyo, Japan. FISH POPULATIONS: Role of Youth in Creating Abundance of Fish, USSR, by A. Isayev, OTS 63-31507, 6 pp., printed, 50 cents, August 12, 1963. Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE: "Effect of Supplementing Sorghum and Groundnut Diets with Fish Flour or Pure Amino Acids," by J. Adrian, R. Jacquot and M. Forestier, article, Annales de la Nutrition et de 1'Alimentation, vol. 15, 1961, pp. 227- 237, printed in French. Centre Nationalde la Re- cherche Scientifique, 13 quai Anatole-France, Paris VIl, France. A Report to the Fishing Industry on an Improved Meth- od of Producing Fish Protein Concentrate, by H. E. Power, New Series Circular No. 10, 2 pp., processed, September 21, 1962. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Sir Charles Tupper Bldg., Riverside Dr., Ottawa, Canada, FISH SAUSAGE: 'Produksjonen av Fiskepolser in Japan'' (Production of Fish Sausages in Japan), article, Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri, vol. 49, no. 12, December 1963, pp. 489-492, illus., printed in Norwegian, Norske Hermetikfabrikers Landsforening, Stavanger, Nor- way. FISH SILAGE: Fish Silage as a Protein Feed for Fattening Pigs," by L. V. Braunschweig and H. Gorlitz, article, Deu- tsche Landwirtschaft, vol. 12,1961, pp. 461-462, — printed in German. Deutscher Bauernverlag, Rein- hard-str. 14, Berlin NW7, Germany. "Fish Silage--A Valuable Animal Protein Feed," by G. Schellner, H. Trautmann, andG, Linke, article, Jahresbericht Arbeitgemeinschaft Futterungsbera- tung, vol. 3, 1960/61, pp. 202-209, printed in German. Futterungsberatungsstelle, Dresden A1, Germany. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW git THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: World Food Congress, Technical Commission, Agenda Item: [.C.2, by F. O. Otorubio, Commission Paper: WFC/63/CP/I.C./2b, 9 pp., printed. Fisheries Di- vision, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme diCaracalla, Rome, Italy. The Food and Agriculture Organization has published reports describing that Agency's activities under the Ex- panded Program for Technical Assistance for develop- ing the fisheries of many countries. These reports have been processed only for limited distribution to govern- ments, libraries, and universities. Food and Agricul- ture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. Informe al Govierno del Ecuador sobre la Biologia del Camaron (Report to the Government of Ecuador on the Biology of the Shrimp), by Robert W. Ellis, FAO Report No. 1537, 51 pp., illus., processed in Spanish, 1962. Informe al Gobierno de Cuba sobre la Encuesta Acerca Report to the Government of Nigeria on Improvements in the Bulk Smoking of Bonga in Western Nigeria, by Mieczyslaw Piatek, FAO Report No. 1756, 68 pp., 1963. FOOD PROCESSING: Food Processing Operations--Their Management, Ma- chines, Materials, and Methods, by J. L. Heid and Maynard A. Joslyn, vol. 2, 605 pp., illus., printed, 1963, domestic $19.75, foreign $20.75. The Avi Publishing Co., Inc., P. O. Box 388, Westport, Conn. This is the second volume of a series of books which summarizes the numerous factors involved in suc- cessful food-processing operations--from the source of the raw material to the sales outlet. Whereas volume 1 covers management techniques, raw mate- rials, facilities, and utilities, volume 2 contains com- prehensive summaries by specialists of their ideas, their know-how, and their skills on processing, packaging, and legal regulations. The information is written in such a manner as to be of maximum use to any plant processing food products. Volume 2 con- tains 17 chapters. One chapter deals entirely with Federal and state regulation of processed foods. There are chapters on cattle, hogs, and sheep; poultry production and processing; fats and oils; use ofacids in food processing; seasoning for the food manufac- turer; vitamins as ingredients in food processing; preservatives and antioxidants; enzymes in food pro- cessing; metal containers for food; glass containers; flexible packaging in food processing; corrugated and solid fiber boxes; food processing by heat steri- lization; processing by fermentation; and food proc- essing by drying and dehydration. With food process- ing becoming more complex, this type of book will aid considerably in guiding management through some of the many complexities that have developed. With reference to fish processing, there is informationon acids in frozenfish, oils for fish canning, and acids in shellfish. Each chapter contains a selected andade- quate bibliography. The book has a very good index. Processors and others interested in food products will find much that will be of value and interest in both volumes 1 and2. (Also see Commercial Fisher - ies Review, August 1963, p. 135, for review of vol- ume 1. --Joseph Pileggi FRANCE: "Les Ports du Nord Vont se Grouper en un Comite Regional des Peches Maritimes" (The Northern Ports Want to Group Themselves into a Regional Committee of Marine Fisheries), article, France Peche, no. 80, January 1964, pp. 41-42, printed in French. France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient, France, FREEZING: World Fishing, September 1963.) Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland, December 1963. Animal Husbandry Research Di- vision and Human Nutrition Research Division, Agri- cultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) As an excellent method of preserving meat and fish, freezing canbe done simply and effectively at home if the products are carefully selected, prepared, and packaged; and home freezing equipment freezes quickly at 0° F. or lower, and maintains those temperatures for stor- age of frozen products. This booklet explains gen- eral freezing procedures; cutting and boning methods for meat; meat yields; fish selection, and cleaning and dressing; wrapping, freezing, and storing; stor- age periods; and thawing meats and fish. "Immersion Freezing," by R. C. Webster and E, J. Benson, article, Food in Canada, vol. 22, no. 11,1962, pp. 27-30, 33, printed. Maclean-Hunter Publishing €o. Ltd., 481 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada. FROZEN FISH: "On the Deterioration of Frozen Fish during Storage," by J. Nishimoto, article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, vol. 11, no. 1, 1962, pp. 41-64, illus., printed in Japanese with English summary. Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima Univ- ersity, Shimoarata-Machi, Kagoshima, Japan. FROZEN FOODS: Consumer Practices in the Handling and Storing of Commercially Frozen Foods, Two Cities, Two Sea- sons, by Ruth A, Restrom, Elizabeth Davenport, and Janet Murray, Home Economics Research Report No. 23, 29 pp., illus., printed, 20.cents, September 1963, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) The research reported in this publication was under - taken to find out how frozen foods are handled and stored in the home in order to ascertain to what ex- tent these practices might affect the quality of the food. In order to obtain data for practical use in 92 COMMCERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 educational and marketing programs, surveys of approximately 300 households were made in each of 2 cities at 2 seasons of the year. Homemakers in representative samples of families in Baltimore, Md., were interviewed in the summer of 1959 and the winter of 1960, and in Indianapolis, Ind., in the summer of 1960 and the winter of 1961. In both Baltimore and Indianapolis, data on the purchase and use of 3 groups of frozen foods--fruits, juices, and vegetables-- were obtained for the 7-day period before the interview. In Indianapolis, the survey was broadened by the addition of 2 other types offrozen foods--baked goods and a meat group comprising meat, poultry, and fish or seafood--frozen plain, breaded, or with sauces--and meat dinners. From data gathered and evaluated in this study, it would appear that, in the great majority of cases, house- hold practices alone would not be a determining fac- tor in serious quality deterioration of frozen foods. FUR SEALS: Report on Canadian Pelagic Fur Seal Research in 1963, by G. C. Pike, Manuscript Report Series (Bio- logical) No, 761, 29 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Na- naimo, B. C., Canada, GENERAL: Weltfischwirtschaft (World Fisheries), by Wolfgang Krone, 134 pp., illus., printed 1963, DM 32 (about US$8). Westliche Berliner Verlagsgesellschaft Heenemann KG, 102 Uhlandstrasse, Berlin 31, Ger- many. This book is based on the author's doctoral thesis, titled "The Fishing Industries! Contribution to Human Nutrition,"' and deals with the contribution fisheries can make to the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, and the future development prospects of the fishing industry on a world-wide scale. Empha- sis is placed on the economic implications of fisher- ies development; however, both biological and tech- nical aspects influencing fisheries are seen inclose connection with the economic ones. To study the interrelation between biological, technical, and eco- nomic factors is, in fact, one of the main objects of the book. The author pleads for a more intimate collaboration among biologists, technicians, and eco- nomists in fisheries, which would certainly facilitate the solution of many problems in world fisheries. After surveying the basic biological and natural con- ditions of fisheries, the author discusses in a very interesting way the economic problems involved in optimum utilization of fishery resources of the sea. In view of the threat of overfishing in some areas and the ensuing regulatory measures, these problems deserve increasing attention. The author stresses that increasing care should be taken of the natural fish stock; regulatory measures should, however, take economic effects into account, and possible means of achieving those aims are described. Ade- tailed survey of fish production, international trade and the fisheries' contribution to national income, export proceeds and human nutrition showing the eco- nomic importance of the fishing industry in different countries ends the first half of the book. The second half deals with the possibilities of achieving an in- creased world fish production and consumption. The author, who is optimistic as regards the biological and technical aspects of increasing fish production in developing countries, examines the favorable ef- fects of fisheries projects on national income, em- ployment, balance of payments, and other sectors of the economy, to prove that fisheries could make an important contribution to over-all economic pro- gress in those countries. The practical problems encountered at any stage from the producer of fish to the retailer, and the possible ways and means of solving them, are dealt with in the conclusion of the book. The author has selected adequate statistics for his study. The book would be interesting and stimulating to people engaged, not only in fisheries, but in economics and development policies in gener- al. --A. Holm, Fisheries Division, O.E.C.D. GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Jahresbericht uber die Deutsche Fischwirtschaft, 1962/63 (Annual Report on German Fisheries, 1962/63), issued by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agricul- ture and Forestry in cooperation with the Feder- al Statistical Office, 296 pp., illus., printed in Ger- man with English table of contents and summaries, October 1963. (Available from Gebr. Mann, Haupt- strasse 26, Berlin 62, Germany.) A review cover- ing all phases of the German fisheries in 1961/62. Part I contains information on fishery policy, legis- lation, the sea and coastal fisheries as well as the fish supply, the German fishing fleet, biological- statistical report on the German deep-sea fishery, and foreign trade in fishery products. Part II in- cludes information on cruises on the fishery pro- tection and fishery research vessels, the fishing in- dustry and the Seamen's Vocational Association, work of the German Scientific Commission for the Exploration of the Sea, fishery research, andtech- nical assistance program of the Federal Republic of Germany for foreign fisheries. Part III presents data on the cutter deep sea and coastal fisheries, fresh-water fisheries, and the fish meal and oil in- dustry. Part IV gives data on foreign fisheries and whaling. INDIA: 8th Annual Report, 1962-63, Gujarat Fisheries Cen- tral Co-Operative Association Ltd., Ahmedabad-9 India, 50 pp., illus., printed. Gujarat Fisheries Cen- tral Co-Operative Association Ltd., Anmedabad 9, India. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: Annual Report for the Year 1962, 149 pp., printed, 1963. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commis- sion, La Jolla, Calif. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Annual Proceedings for the Year 1962-63, vol. 13, 46 pp., printed, 1963. International Commis- sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada. Presents anaccount of the activities of the Commis- sion's Secretariat during the year ending June 30,1963, including financial statements; a report of the Thir - teenth Annual Meeting held June 3-7, 1963, in Halifax, N.S., Canada; and summaries of research during 1962 by Subareas. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: Food Preservation by Irradiation, no. SB. 403, 11 pp., processed, 1962, Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE "Irradiation Nears Reality,'' by Joseph W. Slavinand P, Miller, article, Food Engineering, January 1964, pp. 92, 94, 98, illus., Santee Chilton Co., Chestnut and 56th St., Philadelphia 39, Pa. Commercial use of ionizing radiation for the preservation of fishery products was brought one step closer to reality with the recent start of construction of a Marine Products Development Irradiator in Gloucester, Mass. Radia- tion pasteurization offers promise as a means of extending the shelf life of fresh seafood, Investi- gations are being conducted on groundfish fillets and soft-shell clam meats at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Bureau of Commercial Fisher - ies Technological Laboratory in Gloucester. The Atomic Energy Commission is sponsoring research on other fishery products. The Gloucester labora- tory is now studying the effects of pasteurizing doses of radiation on the quality of ocean perch and cod and on the volatile compounds that comprise the flavor and odor of seafood. They are also looking into new methods of packaging irradiated products, The new irradiator at Gloucester will be used to obtain in- formation on the commercial feasibility and cost of processing and distributing irradiated seafoods, JAPAN: Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima U- niversity, vol. 12,no. 1, October 1963, iG Pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summaries. The Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kago- shima, Japan. Includes, among others, these arti- cles: 'Changes of the Oil Contained in Dried Fish Muscle, I--The Effect of Packaging on the Changes of Oil,"' by Shigenobu Oyama; ''Preventive Effect of Polyphosphate on the Drip-Formation of the Thawed Fish Flesh," by Fuyuo Ohta and Jun-ichi Nishimoto; "Studies on the Fishing Gear and the Fishing Effi- ciency of the Two-Boat Trawl Fishery (Preliminary Report), Some Problems on Construction of the Net Made of Manila Twine,'' by Nobio Higo; ''The Culture of Uni-Cellular Red Algae, Porphyridium cruentum," by Koji Nozawa; and "Studies on Some Marine Algae from Southern Japan. IV," by Takesi Tanaka. printed in Japanese. Japan Fisheries Resources Association, Shiba Nishikubo Sakuragawa-cho 24, Tokyo, Japan, Statistical Data on Frozen Fishery Products, Fiscal Year 1962, 20 pp., processed in Japanese. Japan Frozen Food Exporters' Association, Tokyo, Japan. Presents statistical tables showing data on frozen food exports in 1962; frozen tuna export validations: (1) by country of destination (January-December 1962 and for fiscal year April 1962-March 1963)and prices, (2) to United States from domestic port and by area of transshipment; and frozen tuna exports and prices to Canada, Italy, Yugoslavia, and other countries, Also contains data on frozen broadbill swordfish export validations and prices to United States; miscellaneous frozen fish and shellfish ex- ports to United States; and miscellaneous frozen fish and shellfish exports to other countries (except Unit- ed States). "Symposium on the Bottom Trawl Fisheries in the East China and Yeliow Seas,'' article, Nihon Suisan i] i Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, no. 6, June 1963, pp. 546-629, printed in Japanese. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, KOREA: 1963 Agricultural Year Book, 613 pp., illus., printed in Korean and English. The National Agricultural Co-Operatives Federation, Seoul, Korea. Includes a section of statistical tables showing data on num- bers of fishing vessels, marine products, fishery population, holdings of fishing boats by district, pro- ducts of aquatic culture, and processed marine pro- ducts. Also includes data on imports and exports of fishery products. LAKE TROUT: Save the Lake Trout?, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 33, 4 pp., processed, March1961. Fish Division, Mich- igan Department of Conservation, Lansing 26, Mich. MACKEREL: "Changes of Amino Acid Contents during Fermentation of Mackerel Muscle. 1--Examination of Assay Meth- od for Free Amino Acids in Fresh and Fermented Muscle. 2--Amino Acid Contents of Autolysed and Fermented Ordinary Muscle of Mackerel,” by N. Hoshino, article, Shokuryo Kenkyujo Kenk Hokoku, vol, 16, February 1962, pp. 39-46, oatnted in Japa- nese with English abstract. Food Research Insti- tute, Fukagawa Kenkyujo, Hama Zono Cho, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. MARINE BIOLOGY: Books on Aquatic Biology; Fresh-Water and Marine; Prepared for the Biological Sciences Communica - tions Project, by Carl R. Keeler, 45 pp., printed, 1963. George Washington University, Washington. DAC: MARINE MAMMALS: "Conservation Practices for Marine Mammals," arti- cle, Trade News, vol. 16, no.7, January 1964, pp. 9-10, illus., processed. Infermation and Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Marine Mammal Investigations, by John J, Burns and and Loren W. Croxton, 39 pp., illus., processed, June 1963. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska. MEGRIM: The Food of the Megrim, by Bennet B. Rae, Marine “Research 1963 No.3, 23 pp., printed, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland. MULLET: Synopsis of Biological Dataon the Grey Mullet (MUGIL WEPHALUS Linnaeus) 1758, by J. M. Thomson, Fish- eries Synopsis No.1, 1 vol., printed, 1963. Common- wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza- tion, 314 Albert St., E. Melbourne C2, Australia, NATURAL RESOURCES: Natural Resources and International Development, edited by Marion Clawson, 473 pp., printed, 1964, $7.50. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md., 21218, The relationship between natural resources 94 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM and economic growth in broad regions of the world; the interdependence between resources and the tech- niques, policies, and institutions that control their usability; and the contribution that wise resource management can make to the economic growth ofa nation is what this book is about. Samplings of some of the best thought on the conservation, development, and use of natural resources as they relate to eco- nomic growth on a world scale are presented in ten essays (presented at the 1963 Forum of Resources for the Future, Inc.). Of particular interest tomem- bers of and all those interested in the fishery in- dustries is the essay on ''Food and the World Fish- eries Situation," by Anthony D. Scott, Department of Economics and Political Science, University of British Columbia. In the very first sentence the author points out: ''The contribution that fisheries development can make to international economic de- velopment is probably small compared with that to be expected from agriculture and mining. But the word 'probably' is important, for the rational ex- ploitation of the seas is still in its infancy."' In the second paragraph the author makes the further quali- fication: ''We are just beginning to assess the seas! full potential productivity." Then the author goes on to point out that when better developed the seas will be an important source of food, and that this re- source can be relied upon to expand and continue. The essay is concerned with this aspect of inter- national economic development. Covered in the es- say are the growth of demand; supply from the stand- point of indicated productivity of the ocean and po- tential productivity (discusses fishing gear and equip- ment); and increasing the productivity of the oceans. The essay concludes with a discussion of the biology and economics of overfishing and patterns of inter- national cooperation. Of the ten essays in the book, three are on commodities--fisheries, agriculture, and oil; four focus on resource problems in regions of the world (Western Europe, the Soviet Union, Africa, and Latin America); and the final three con- cern the potentialities and hazards of foreign invest- ment for resource development, the terms of trade between raw material exporting and importing coun- tries, and the transfer of knowledge and capital a- cross national boundaries. The book is adequately indexed, Considering the interest in conservation today, this is a timely and thought-provoking book. --Joseph Pileggi NORTHEAST ATLANTIC: North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention, London, Januar 24, 1959 (The United Kingdom instrument of ratification was deposited on August 27, 1959, and the Convention entered into force on June 27, 1963), Treaty Series No. 68, printed, 30 cents, 1963. British Information Services, 845 3rd Ave., New York 22, N. Y. NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Declaration of Under- standin between United States and Other Govern- ments Be ‘arding Convention ot February 8, 1949, Signed BEAUTE April 24, 1961, 7 pp., printed, 5 cents, 5 . S. Department of State, Washing- ton, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D, C., 20402.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 BUT USUALLY MAY BE OCEANOGRAPHY: _ ‘Data from the First Plenum of the Section on Under- water Research, Oceanographic Commission, ' 63-31934, 77pp., printed, $2, October 14, 3s _ (Translated from the Russian, Okeanograficheskaya - Komissiya, Trudy, vol, 14, 1962, pp. 5-6, 76-107, 116-130.) Office of Technical Services, U. S. De- partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235, wigaaeres Journal du Conseil, vol. XXVIII, no.2, September 1963, 156 pp., illus., printed in French and English, single copy Kr. 16 (about US$2.30.) Andr, Fred. Host & Son, Bredgade, Copenhagen, Denmark. Includes, among others, articles on: ''The Food of the Irish Sea Her- ring in 1961 and 1962," by A. L. Rice; "Incidence of Coccidioses in Scottish Herring," by Z. Kabata; ''The Influence of Egg Size on Herring Larvae (Clupea harengus L.),"’ by J. H. S. Blaxter and G. Hempel; On the Relative Fishing Power of Dutch Trawlers," by J. J. Zijlstra and J. F. deVeen; ''Marine Fish Cul- ture in Britain. IV--High Survivals of Metamorphosed Plaice during Salinity Experiments in Open Circula- tion at Port Erin, Isle of Man, 1961," by J. E. Shel- bourne; ''Marine Fish Culture in Britain. V--An Electronic Device for Counting,the Nauplii of Artemia salina L.,'' by R. B. Mitson; "Preliminary Observa- tions on the Relationship between Growth, Spawning and Condition in Experimental Colonies of Venus mer- cenaria L.,'' by A. D. Ansell and F. A. Loosmore; _ and “Studies on the Age and Growth, Fecundity and Spawning of Osteogeneiousus militaris (Linn.),'' by V. Rayappa Pantulu. Toon, Oceanographical Observations in the Indian Ocean in 1961, H.M.A.S5. DIAMANTINA (Cruise Dm 2761), Oceanographical Cruise Report No. 9, 172 pp., illus., processed, 1963. Division of Fisheries and Oceanog- raphy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re- search Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Oceanographical Observations in the Pacific Ocean in the Paciie Ocean in 1961, H.M.A.S. GASCOYNE ~_ (Cruise G 1/61), Oceanographical Cruise Report No. 8, 147 pp., illus., processed, 1963, Division of Fish- eries and Oceanography, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia, "Oceanography," article, Current Affairs Bulletin, vol. 32, no. 13, November 11, 1963, pp. 195-208, illus., printed, single copy 6d. (about 10 U. S. cents). Cur- rent Affairs Bulletin, The University of Sydney, Syd- ney, Australia. OCEAN PERCH: "Identity of Larval Redfish Populations in the North Atlantic," by G.T.D. Henderson, article, Nature, vol. 201, no, 4917, January 25, 1964, p. 419, illus., print- ed. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. OCTOPUS: "Notes on the Laboratory Culture of the Octopus Lar+ vae,'' by K. Itami and others, article, Nihon Suisan Gakkai-shi, vol. 29, no. 6, June 1963, pp. 514-520, R printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. OREGON: Biennial Report, July 1, 1960-June 30, 1962, to the Governor and the Fifty -Second Legislative Assem- bly, 34 pp., illus., printed, limited distribution. Fish Commission of Oregon, 307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. 5th Ave., Portland 1, Oreg. Discusses the accomplishments of the Oregon Fish Commis- sion's Research Division, including albacore in- vestigations, otter trawl investigations, hatchery biology investigations, Columbia River Fishery De- velopment Program, coastal rivers investigations, mark analysis investigation, fish passage research, troll salmon investigations, and shellfish investi- gations. Also discusses the Commission's work in fish culture, engineering, development of water re- sources, and information and education. Includes statistical tables showing data on liberations of salmon into Oregon streams, egg taking at hatcher- ies, licenses issued, fish landings, and law enforce- ment, History of the Oregon Trawl Fishery, 1884-1961, by George Y. Harry, Jr. and Alfred R. Morgan, 22 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Research Briefs, Fish Commission of Oregon, vol. 9, no. 1, May 1963, pp. 5-26.) Fish Commission of Oregon, 307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. 5th Ave., Portland 1, Oreg. Early records show that between 1884 and World War II several attempts were made to start atrawl fishery but it did not flourish until the war created a demand for bottomfish. Since the war the Oregon fishery has been maintained at various levels of production. Many gear improvements have been introduced, The average size of fishing vessels has increased and larger engines, heavier otter doors, and drums with greater cable capacity have been installed. More instrumentation has been added to aid the trawl fisherman. Some boats have abandon- ed ice for refrigeration in favor of chilled sea water in tanks. Trawlers have tended tomove farther from their home ports although fishing trips are still on- ly about 3 to 5 days. The time per tow has increased in recent years to 3 or 4 hours on some grounds. Fish landings have fluctuated in response to market conditions. The peak trawl fishery in numbers of boats and pounds landed occurred during World War II, followed by a severe decline in landings in the early 1950's and slow recovery in the late 1950's. OYSTERS: "Historical Notes on the Oyster Fisheries of Ireland," by Arthur E. J. Went, article, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 62, sec. C, no. 7, August 1962, pp. 195-223, illus., printed, 3s. (about 45 U.S. cents). Hodges, Figgis and Co., Ltd., 6 Dawson St., Dublin, Ireland. Studies on Oysters in Relation to the Oil Industry, by J. G. Mackin and S. H. Hopkins, 319 pp., printed, 1962. Institute of Marine’ Science, Port Aransas, Tex, PACIFIC OCEAN: The Principal Hydrological Features of the Pacific ~ Ocean, by A. M. Muromtsev, OTS 63-11065, 421 pp., illus., processed, 1963. (Translated from the Rus- sian, Osnovnye Cherty Gidrologii Tikhogo Okeana.) Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235. PACKAGING: "Recent Experiments with the Packaging of Unfrozen and Smoked Fish," by J. M. Shewan and G, Hobbs, article, Fishing News, no, 2585, 1963, pp. 7, 12, printed. A, J. Heighway Publications Ltd,, 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England. PARASITES: The Incidence of Larvae of PORROCAECUM DECIPIENS “in the Flesh of Cod, by Bennet B. Rae, Marine Re- search 1963 No.2, 28 pp., printed. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland. PEARL CULTURE: "Growing Pearl Oysters in Tanks," by Edith Landau, article, New Scientist, vol. 20, no.368, December 5, 1963, pp. 618-619, illus., printed, single copy 1s. (about 15 U.S. cents). Cromwell House, Fulwood PIl., High Holborn, London WC1, England. The cultiva- tion of pearl oysters in water tanks, conducted in 1963 in the National Pearl Research Laboratory at Kashikojima, Japan, opens the possibility of liber- ating pearl cultivation from such hazards as typhoons and tidal waves. Pearl ‘oysters (Pinctada martensii Dunker) grew in 6 culture tanks of aerated sea water and were fed daily on a diet of diatoms. Researchers believe that the promising results ot their trials war- rant a more comprehensive project aimed at improv- ing culture equipment and the feeding mechanics, as well as comparing growth rates achieved with dif- ferent nutrients. PERU: Peruvian Fisheries Number - 1963 - of the Peruvian Times, October 28, 1963, 59 pp., illus., printed, s/. 25.00 (about 93 U. S. cents), Peruvian Times, S. A., Jiron Carabaya 928, Office 304, P. O. Box 531, Lima, Peru. A special annual issue devoted to the fisheries of Peru and containing articles on the ex- pansion of the Peruvian fisheries industry; 1962 ex- ports of fishery products; anchovy fishery off Peru; IV Annual Conference of the International Associa- tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers, held at Lima, Octo- ber 28-31, 1963; declaration of Peru of 200-mile territorial waters; regulation of fishing permits for foreign vessels; statistical tables giving data onland- ings and exports of fishery products, 1957-1962; di- rectory of the National Fisheries Association; and and fishing vessels at Callao. Also presents infor- mation on fish-meal reduction plants, a trip ina purse seiner, malnutrition in Peru, a visit to the fishing villages of Sechura Bay, aerial fish-spotting, land-based whaling station near Paita, activities of the Peruvian Fisheries Service, the Marine Resources Research Institute, the origin of trout hatcheries in Peru, and the Cabo Blanco big game fishing, "La Pesca in Peru--Como. se Desarrollo una Gran Industria Nacional" (Peruvian Fishing Industry-- How a Great National Industry was Developed), by Roberto Lecca Pardo, article, Puntal, vol. X, no. 116, November 1963, pp. 4-7, illus., printed in Spanish, Puntal, Apartado de Correos 316, Alicante, Spain. PHYSIOLOGY: ; "A New Apparatus for Measuring the Course of Rigor Mortis in Fish and Mammalian Muscles," by G. N. Karlsruhe, article, Fleischwirtschaft, vol. 15, no. 1, 96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1963, pp. 21-23, illus., printed in German with English, French, Italian and Spanish summaries. Verlagshaus Sponholz, 14/16 Neue Mainzerstrasse, Frankfurt a/M, Germany. PLANKTON: The Net Phytoplankton Taken in Virginia Tidal Waters ~January-December 1962, by Richard A. Mulford, Special Scientific Report No. 43, 22 pp., illus., print- ed, 1963. Point, Va. Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester POND FISHERIES: Hydrobiological Studies on the Artificially Constructed Ponds ("Tameike™ Ponds) of Japan, by Toshihiko Mizuno, 125 pp., printed, 1961. (Reprinted from Japanese Journal of Limnology, vol. 22, 1961.) Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto, Japan. PORPOISES: "Iz Opyta Promyslovogo Lova Del'finov"' (On the Experience Gained in Commercial Fishing for Por- poises), by A. I. Petrenko, article, Rybnoe Khozia- istvo, vol. 38, no. 3, 1962, pp. 44-48, illus., printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. PORTUGAL: "Artes de Pesca na Area Maritima do Sul" (The Art of Fishing in the Maritime Area of the South), by. Jorge Teles de Faria Correia Bastos, article, Boletim da Pesca, vol. XV, no. 81, December 1963, pp. 11-69, illus., printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de Estudos das Pescas, R. S. Bento, 644, 4° Esq., Lisbon, Portugal. "La Pesca en Portugal en 1962 y la Industrial Con- servera"’ (The Fishery in Portugal in 1962 and the Canning Industry), article, Boletim de Informacion del Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca, nos. 62-63, November-December 1963, pp. 10-11 printed in Spanish. Sindicato Nacional de la Pesca, Paseo del Prado, 18-20, 6% Planta, Madrid, Spain. SALMON: Annual Fish Passage Report, North Pacific Division, Bonneville, The Dalles, McNary and Ice Harbor Dams, Columbia and Snake Rivers, Oregon and Washington, 1962, 73 pp., illus., processed, 1963. U . 5. Army Engineer District, Portland, Oreg. Annual Report, 1962, 55 pp., printed, 1963, Skeena Salmon Management Committee, Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanai- mo, B. C., Canada. "Barge Block to Save Salmon," article, Outdoor California, vol, 25, no. 2, February 1964, pp. 3-6, illus., printed. Documents Section, Printing Di- visign, P. O, Box 1612, Sacramento, Calif., 95807. Describes the partial blocking of the San Joaquin River with a 130-foot barge loaded with 600 tons of sand to aid in breaking up pollution blocks, Also discusses the accomplishments of the California Department of Fish and Game in salmon conserva- tion in the California Central Valley. On the Biology of Primorsky Pink Salmon, ONCOR- HYNCHU, RBUSCH Walbaum), by O. V. Vasil- Vol. 26, No. 5 enko-Lukina, Circular 197, 8 pp., illus., processed, July 1963. (Translated from the Russian, Vopros Ikhtiologii, vol. 2, no. 4, 1962, pp. 604-608.) Fish- eries Research Institute, College of Fisheries, Uni- versity of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. Data Report, Salmon Tagging Experiments in Prince William Sound 196 Sse ae Wallace Noerenberg and David G. Savoie, Informational Leaflet 28, 38 pp., illus., processed, December 1963. Alaska Depart- ment of Fish and Game, Subport Bldg., Juneau, Alaska. New Data on the Migration of Pink Salmon in the Sak- ~halin Ar ee eee Dvinin, OTS 63-11103, 4pp., _ illus., processed, 1963. (Translated from the Rus- sian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 1, 1958, pp. 12-15.) Office of Technical Services, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. "Questions and Answers about Atlantic Salmon," by Paul F. Elson, article, The Atlantic Salmon Journal, no. 3, December 1963, pp. 8-9, illus., printed. The Atlantic Salmon Association, 1559 McGregor St., Montreal 25, Canada. "Restoration of a North Shore Salmon River," by C. R. Smith, article, The Atlantic Salmon Journal, no. 3, ! December 1963, pp. 3-7, illus., printed. The Atlan- tic Salmon Association, 1559 McGregor St., Montreal 25, Canada. Discusses salmon stock rehabilitation in the Great Watchichou River, in the Province of Quebec about 500 miles northeast of Quebec City and 175 miles from Seven Islands. The Salmon Fishery in the U.S.S.R.,'' by Boris Tar- asyuk, article, The Atlantic Salmon Journal, no. 3, December 1963, pp. 18-20, illus., printed. The At- lantic Salmon Association, 1559 McGregor St., Mon- treal 25, Canada. Discusses measures taken in the Soviet Far East to protect spawning salmon; field stations concerned with salmon escapement and other research work in Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Amur region, the Okhotsk coast, and the Maritime region; and salmon river improvement. Also covers the reduced salmon escapement in many rivers; artifi- cial spawning of salmon in hatcheries; artificial feeding of salmon fingerlings; and the need of regu- lation of commercial fishing in order to provide suf- ficient escapement to allow the improvement of Pa- cific salmon stocks. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean. Part II--Review of Oceanography of the Subarctic Pacific Region, by A. J. Dodimead, F. Favorite, and T. Hirano, Bulletin No, 13, 198 pp., illus., printed, 1963. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, 6640 NW. Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada. SALT FISH: Review of Salted Fish Production and the European Markets, 1962-63 Season, 44 pp., printed, 1963. Hawes and Company Lid., London, England. SARDINE: Synopsis on the Biology of the Sardine (SARDINELLA =RURTTA Valenciennes) (African Atlantic), by E. Postel, FAO Fisheries Biology Synopsis No. 6, 49 pp., illus., processed in French, distribution re- stricted, 1960. Biology Branch, Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ; 97 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE SCALLOPS: mesenteries, female urogenital system, male uro- Report of Scallop Bed Reconnaissance Work Carried genital system, circulatory system, heart andas- Out by the Scallop Dragger OCEAN SWELL, by sociated vessels, notochord and associated structures, George Imbeault, 6 pp., illus., printed, 19 63. Cana- dian Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. eye, inner ear, and brain. SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT: Helping Small Firms Develop and Exploit New Products, “by Delmar W, Karger and Andrew B. Jack, “Manage- ment Research Summary, 4 pp., illus., processed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington, vol, 10, no, 1, June 1963, pp. 1-24, printed. Usa D. C, 20416. Results of this study show that small Marine Biological Station, Oita Prefecture, Usa, Ja- manufacturers can be helped by a program of con- pan, ferences on basic management followed by individual counseling, Firms taking part in the study had a 15- SEALS: percent increase in sales during the 18-month pro- "The Hawaiian Monk Seal," by Dale W. Rice, article, ject. Sales of a contral group dropped 8 percent dur - Natural History, vol. LXXIII, no, 2, February 1964, ing the same period. pp. 48-55, illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New York, N.Y., 19024, SCARIDAE: "On the Fishes of the Family Scaridae of Japan, In- cluding the Riu Kiu Islands," by T. Kamohara, arti- cle, Reports of the Usa Marine Biological Station, Profits and Competition in Retail Food Pricing, by “Lee E. Preston, Reed Hertford, and Jim D. Likens, Management Research Summary, 2 pp., processed, 1963. Small Business Administration, Washington D. C. 20416. A retailer should develop pricing guides Protocol to Extend the Provisions of the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries es Signed at W at Washington on Febr on February 8, | 8, 1949, to Har rp and Hood Seals, Washington, July 15, 1963 (The Protocol has not been ratified by the United King- dom), Miscellaneous No. 18, printed, 20 cents, 1963. British Information Services, 845 3rd Ave., New York 22, N. Y. SHAD: Surface Trawl Surveys to Determine the Abundance of Juvenile American Shad (ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA) in the Pamunke ey and Mattaponi i Rivers, 1952-1956, by W. H. Massmann, Special Scientific Report No. 46, 8 pp., printed, 1963. Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va. SHARKS: Distribution of Sharks in the Canadian Atlantic (with fred Templemen, Bulletin No, 140, 77 pp., printed, 1963. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Sir Charles Tupper Bldg., Riverside Dr., Ottawa, Canada. The Dogfish Shark, a Photographic Study, by Addison “E, Lee and others, 38 pp., illus., printed, 1963. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 383 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017. The purpose of this atlas is twofold. It can serve as an adjunct to a laboratory manual and thus be of aid to students in locating structures which otherwise might be difficult to find, and in correctly identifying the structures of the dogfish shark. In addition, the atlas can be used as a study guide both to familiarize the student with the structures before dissection, and to review them afterward. The authors believe that photographs are superior to drawings for use by beginning students, since photographs are more realistic and demon- strate precisely the actual relationships among the anatomical structures. The atlas has been arranged according to systems, since this arrangement is the one adopted in a large number of comparative anato- my courses. Because the dogfish is used to intro- duce the student to fundamental structures of verte- brates, those structures have been photographed which the authors feel are most valuable for a com- petent understanding of basic anatomy. The atlas covers the external anatomy, digestive system, based on his costs and the tastes and incomes ofhis customers. The percentage of markup should be de- termined on the basis of how demand for the item responds to changes in price. ''Market-basket pric- ing considers the impact of the price of an item on total store sales and profits. A survey of 14 super- markets found that each firm, while responding to market pressures, was able to maintain some inde- pendence and thus to develop varied profit oppor- tunities. SMOKING: Fish Smoking, by G. H. O. Burgess and A. McK. Banner- man, 44 pp., printed, 60 cents, 1963. British Infor- mation Services, 845 3rd Ave., New York 22, N. Y. The Torry kiln was developed in 1939 in an attempt © to produce a fish-smoking kiln capable of turning out a high quality uniform product without the disadvan- tages of the traditional kiln. Although the Torry kiln has now been widely adopted by the British fish-smok- ing industry the Torry Research Station believes that the commercial operation of the kilns could be im- proved. This handbook gives advice to the kilnoper- ator and to management. It will be useful both to the operator and to individuals who want to know whether or not to install a kiln of this type. SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Sixteenth Annual Report of the Director, 1962, 107 pp., printed, 1963. Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa Republic, SOUTH AMERICA: Anuario de Pesca (Yearbook), 1962-1963, 287 pp., illus., printed in Spanish, $7. Ediciones Sudamerica S, A., Av. Wilson 911, Oficina 304, Apartado 2218, Lima, Peru. Contains articles on: ''Las 2 Caras de Sud- america" (The 2 Faces of South America); "Hori- zontes Oceanicos de Sudamerica" (Oceans' | Horizons of South America), by Zacarias Popovici; ' "Recursos Marinos en Chile, Ecuador y Peru'' (Marine Resources of Chile, Ecuador, and Peru), by Robert Clark; ' 'Chile-- Grandes Planes" (Chile--Great Plans); "Argentina; Vacas contra la Pesqueria" (Argentina: Cattle A- gainst Fisheries); ‘Uruguay, el Estado- Pescador" (Uruguay, the Fishermen's State); ''Brasil para los 98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 Brasilenos" (Brazil for the Brazilians); 'Vene- zuela, Mar de Recursos Desconocidos" (Venezuela, Sea of Unrecognized Resources); and ''Colombia Tiene Mar Pero no Pesca" (Colombia Has a Sea but no Fishery); ''Ecuador, Grande en Atun y Camaron" (Ecuador, Great in Tuna and Shrimp); ''Peru: Pura Anchoveta"' (Peru: Pure Anchovies); 'La Pesca Peruana en Cifras'' (The Peruvian Fishery in Fig- ures), by Isaac Vasquez; ''Harina y Aceite, Indus- trias Grandes: (Meal and Oil, Great Industries), by Nicolas Corrochano V, A directory of the Peruvian fishing industry includes sections on fishing firms, producers of fish meal and oil, producers of canned fish, producers of frozen fish, manufacturers of whale meal and oil, suppliers for the fishing indus- try, and the Peruvian anchovy fishing fleet. SOUTH CAROLINA: Annual Report, 1962-1963, Contributions from Bears Bluff Laboratories No. 39, 10 pp., illus., printed, January 1964, Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadma- law Island, S. C. (Reprinted from Report of South Carolina Wildlife Resources Department, Fiscal Year July 1, 1962-June 30, 1963.) Discusses the accomplishments of the Bears Bluff Laboratory dur- ing the year ended June 30, 1963, covering the study of oysters, shrimp, finfish, and pond cultivation, Also covers hazards of pesticides to the fisheries, the formation in South Carolina of an oystermen's association, a cooperative oceanographic cruise, and construction of a new research vessel. SPAIN: "La Exportacion de Galicia en 1962. II--Analisis Global" (Exports from Galicia in 1962. II--Over-All Analysis), article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol. 37, no. 877, November 1, 1963, pp. 433-434, printed in Spanish, single copy 40 ptas. (about 65 U. S. cents). Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz, 21-29, Vigo, Spain. Shows exports of canned fishery products 1957-1962. "La Exportacion Gallega de Conservas de Pescados" (Galicia's Exports of Canned Fishery Products), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 29, no. 293, No- vember 1963, pp. 310-313, printed in Spanish. Union de Fabricantes de Conservas de Galicia, Calle Mar- ques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain. "Ta Produccion Pesquera Espanola en 1963--Pers- pectiva Global'' (Spanish Fishery Production in 1963--Over-All View), by Mareiro, article, Indus- trias Pesqueras, vol. XXXVIII, no. 881, January 1, 1964, pp. 8-9, printed in Spanish, single copy 50 ptas. (about 85 U.S. cents). Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo Sanz 21-2°, Vigo, Spain. SPOILAGE: Autolytic Changes in the Lipids of Fish Flesh, by J. A. Lovern, Torry Memoir No. 106, 8 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Recent Advances in Food Science, 1962, pp. 194-201.) Torry Research Station Aberdeen, Scotland. "Degradation of Adenine- and Hypoxanthine-Nucleo- tide in the Muscle of Chill-Stored Trawled Cod (Gadus callarias),'' by N. R. Jones and J. Murray, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul- ture, vol. 13, 1962, pp. 475-480, illus., printed. The Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London SW1, England. STERN TRAWLERS: "Germany's Newest Stern Trawler," article, Fishin News, no. 2586, 1962, p. 3, illus., printed. Suite a, 110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. "A New Trawler to Solve Some Problems," by C. Birkhoff, article, Fishing News International, vol. 1 no. 3, 1962, pp. 46-49, illus., printed. A. J. Heigh- way Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet St., Ludgate House, London EC4, England. "The Stern Trawler, Pioneriro," article, Shippin World, vol. 147, no. 3600, 1962, p. 110, illus., print- ed. Shipping World, 127 Cheapside, London EC2, England. SUBMARINES FOR FISHERY RESEARCH: "Soviet Research by Submarine," article, World Fish- ing, vol. 13, no, 1, January 1964, pp. 40-41, flus., printed, single copy 3s. (about 42 U.S. cents). Gram- pian Press Ltd., The Tower, 229-243, Shepherds Bush Rd., Hammersmith, London W6, England. Re- views the history of the use of submarines for fish- ery research and discusses the conversion of a So- viet Navy submarine for this purpose. This con- sisted of removal of torpedo tubes and substitution of a scientific laboratory; addition of 3 portholes and a television camera for observation, echo-sounders, a direction-finder, and an instrument for instantane- ous measurement of water temperature and salinity. Instruments for taking samples of the bottom, for measuring illumination, and for analyzing sea water were also added. The submarine became operative in December 1958. "Soviet Research by Submarine. Part Two--Observ- ing Herring Underwater," article, World Fishing, vol, 13, no, 2, February 1964, pp. 45-48, illus., print- ed, single copy 3s. (about 45 U.S. cents), Grampian Press Limited, The Tower, 229-243, Shepherds Bush Rd., Hammersmith, London W6, England. Describes activities of the Soviet fisheries research submarine, Severyanka, in the Barents Sea during 1958-59. Ob- servations were made of plankton densities, as well as activities of herring shoals. Variable light sen- sitivity in herring was demonstrated. SUCKERS: Suckers, by Frank J. Schwartz, Educational Series No. 58, 6 pp., illus., printed. Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Labo- ratory, Solomons, Md. SYMBIOSIS: Symbiotic Behavior between Small Fishes and Jelly- fishes, with New Data on that between the Stromateid, “‘PEPRILUS ALEPIDOTUS, and the Scyphomedusa, CHRYSAORA QUINQUECIRRHA, by ance Mansueti, Contribution No. 216, 41 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint- ed from Copeia, no. 1, March 1963, pp. 40-80.) Nat- ural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. TAIWAN: Fishermen's Association in Taiwan, by J. L. Chen, FAO Occasional Paper 63/15, 3 pp., printed, 1963. Regional Office for Asia and the Far East, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bang- kok, Thailand. May 1964 OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. TARIFF AND TRADE: Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, 14th Report, July 1960-June 1962, TC Publication 120, 163 pp., processed, 1964. Secretary, U.S. Tariff Commission, Washington, D, C., 20436. During the period covered by the 14th report, the Contract- ing Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) sponsored multilateral tariff negotia- tions. At the 1960/62 GATT tariff conference, ne- gotiations were conducted with respect to: (1) the common external tariff of the European Economic Community, (2) new or additional concessions by some of the contracting parties, (3) concessions by certain countries acceding to GATT, and (4) revi- sion of certain existing concessions by some of the contracting parties. The report also covers major developments relating to the general provisions and administration of the GATT, actions of the United States relating to its trade agreements pro- gram, and major commercial policy developments in countries with which the United States has trade agreements, TAXONOMY: The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes, by David Starr Jordan, 816 pp., printed, 1963, $17.50. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. This is a reissue of an outstanding work, ''The Genera of Fishes." Although long recognized as a classic in zoological taxonomy, it has been out of print since the early 1930's. However, the reissue has been coupled with the publication of "A Classification of Fishes."" Together these two works have been the bible of two generations of ichthyologists and have been instrumental in achieving a stable nomencla- ture and a general classification of both fossil and living forms. Today Jordan's works still remain a prime reference tool for the taxonomist. The new Foreword by George S. Myers, Stanford Uni- versity, sets the work in the perspective of today's knowledge, Thus a guide is provided for correla- ting newer names and groups with those of Jordan's classification. ''The Genera of Fishes'' consists of four parts: Part I--From Linnaeus to Duvier, 1758- 1833; Part Il--From Agassiz to Bleeker, 1833-1858; Part IlI--From Guenther to Gill, 1859-1880; Part IV--From 1881-1920, "A Classification of Fishes" places each genus and subgenus, living and fossil, named or described, whether valid or not, in its proper family and the families themselves are ar- ranged in as natural a sequence as is possible with a Jinear series which embraces highly divergent lines of evolution. The book also contains a com- prehensive Index, printed here for the first time although used in manuscript form for 20 years. This book is indispensable to any research involv- ing the zoological nomenclature and bibliography of fish. It is a must for any reference library on fish and fisheries. --Joseph Pileggi TELEOSTS: "Electron Microscopic Observation on Liver of Tele- ost, Ctenochaetus striatus," by T. Kantani, article, Yamaguchi-Igaku, vol, 12, no. 1, March 1963, pp. 35-40, printed in Japanese, Yamaguchi Idai, Igak- kai, Ogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW "Electron Microscopic Observation on Stomach of Teleost, Ctenochaetus striatus,'' by T. Yokota, ar- ticle, Yamaguchi-Igaku, vol. 12,no, 1, March 1963, pp. 14-19, printed in Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai, Igakkai, Ogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan. TOXICITY: "Fish Poisoning. A Problem in Food Toxication," by A. F, Bartsch and E. F. McFarren, article, Pa- cific Science, vol. 16, 1963, pp. 43-56, printed. Of- fice of Publications, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii. TRAWLERS: "Te Chalutier-Usine Russe Leskof de 2670 T.J.B." (The Russian Factory-Trawler Leskof of 2,670 Met- ric Tons), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 42, no. 1027, October 1963, pp. 690-692, illus., printed in French, 12 F (about US$2.45). Les Editions Mari- times, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France, TROUT: This Wonderful World of Trout, by Charles K. Fox, 296 pp., illus., printed, $7.50, 1963, Foxcrest, Carlisle, Pa. TROUT AND SALMON: Trout and Salmon Culture (Hatchery Methods), by Earl Leitritz, Fish Bulletin No. 107, 213 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English references, re- printed January 1960. Printing Division, Docu- ments Section, N. Seventh St. at Richards Blvd., Sacramento 14, Calif. TUNA: Observations on the Economy of the Tuna Fisheries, 69 pp., illus., printed in Japanese, limited distri- bution, August 1963. Fishery Agency, Tokyo, Japan, "Practical Considerations on Green Discoloration of Tropical Tuna," by J. F. Aldrin, article, Revue de la Conserve, vol. 17, no, 7, 1962, pp. 147-151, print- ed in French, Societe d'Edition pour 1'Alimentation, rue de la Reale, Paris I, France. Some Technological Aspects of the Norwegian Tuna Purse Seining Fishery, by Johannes Hamre, 14 pp., illus., eamren (Reprinted from Reports on Nor- wegian Fisher and Marine Investigations, VOlseLS = no. 6, 1963.) Fiskeridirektoratet, Bergen, Norway. Gives an account of the development of the Norwe- gian tuna fishery, including a brief description of the purse-seine method used at present, and a con- sideration of its efficiency compared to the Ameri- can technique. Discusses the construction of the net, the fishing operation, the sinking velocity and the operation depth of the net, and some theoretical considerations on net constructions. The combi- nation of a short but strong bunt with a long wing made of very light material has enabled the Norwe- gian fishermen to construct a purse seine strong enough to hold a giant bluefin and at the same time be manageable for the fishing operation. The object in choice of net design is to obtain the largest catch- ing capacity of the net for the smallest cost of ma- terial and power requirement under actual fishing conditions. 99 100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. "Test Purse Seining for Tuna Using the Fish Boat Thynnus," by C. G. du Plessis, article, The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, vol. XIX, no. 1, January 1964, pp. 86-87, 89, 91-93, illus., printed, single copy 30¢ (about 45 U.S. cents). Thomson Newspapers, South Africa (Pty.) Ltd., 8th Floor, Trust House, Thibault Sq., Box 80, Cape Town, South Africa Republic. The purpose of experiments carried out with the Thynnus was to establish whether tuna could be caught in South African waters with a purse seine operated from a standard local type of pilchard fishing vessel. The vessel is 61 feet long, 42.19 net tons, and of wooden construction, Fishing was conducted between mid-July 1962 and mid-Au- gust 1963 off the coast of South Africa. Because of bad weather, only 6 throws were made, none of which was successful. However, the Fisheries Development Corporation of South Africa has decided to continue the work pioneered by the Thynnus, and has recently enlisted the part-time services of a 72-foot pilchard fishing boat. TURKEY: Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. XII, no. 2, February 1964, 32 pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English tableof contents. Etve Balik Kurumu G. M., Balikcilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes, among others, these articles: ''The Sponges (Part I);"" "The Postmortem Changes in Turkish Sea- Water Fishes (Part I);"' and ''Basic Researches on the Development of Fishery in Turkish Fresh-Waters, Lakes and Dams (Part II). UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC: Selling in the United Arab Republic, by Roger D, Sever- ance, OBR 63-160, 8 pp., printed, 15 cents, December 1963. Bureau of International Commerce, U. S. De- partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 20402.) Witha few exceptions, foreign suppliers selling in the U.A.R. deal with the Government, Fifteen government trading or import companies, supervised by the Egyptian General Trade Organization under the Ministry of Economy, have the responsibility for importing all goods that are not imported directly. The report dis- cusses the road to selling--representation, direct selling, import requirements, consumer goods, in- dustrial goods, and transportation, port, and storage facilities; commercial practices (wholesale and re- tail channels, credit terms and facilities, and trade customs); and market aids (advertising media, mar- ket research and trade organizations); and United States aids. Also covers Government procurement; selling under United States programs--A.I.D. loans, P. L. 480 assistance, export insurance, and export guarantees; and notes for business travelers. U.S.S.R. Notes from Soviet Fisheries Journals, no. 7, by Donald E. Bevan and Ole A. Mathisen, Circular No. 192, 26 pp., illus., processed, May 1963, Fisheries Research Institute, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash. Includes, among others, these items: "Strengthening and Developing International Relations in the Field of Fisheries;" "Biological Data on Pink Salmon Transplanted to White Sea and the Barents Sea;'' ''A Review of the Work of the Fishing Industry in 1962;"' ''Experiments on Transplantation of the Pacific Shrimp to the Black Sea;" "Catch of Flounder in the Bering Sea." Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 50, no. 1, January 1964, 96 pp., illus., printed in Russian, single copy 50 Kopecks (about 56 U.S. cents). Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, B-140, V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Includes, among others, articles on: ''Let Us Increase the ~ Catches of Fish;"' "The Further Development of Pond Fish Culture in the U.S.S.R.;" ''For a Rational Organi- zation of Herring Fishing in the White Sea," by I. I. Bagautdinoy; ''The Structure of the Sturgeon Catch in the Caspian Sea," by N. I. Kozhin; "Efficacy of Meds- ures to Increase the Ladoga Salmon Stocks," by Z. A. Boiarskaia; ''Method of Unloading Vessels in the Open Sea without Moorings," by S. M. Rudnitskii; ‘Improved Rigging of 15/21 Trawl Used in Ocean Perch Fishing," by B. K. Zhukov; "The Introduction of Purse Seining on the SRTR-400 Rubtsovsk," by Tu. Moskal'tsov; "How to Lower the Costs of Trap Nets;"' and "Rational Exploitation of the Fishery Re- sources," by F. I. Baranov, --M.A. Kravanja Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 50, no. 2, February 1964, 95 pp., illus., printed in Russian, single copy 50 Kopecks (about 56 U. S. cents). Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, B-140, V. Krasnosel'skaia 17, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Includes, among others, these articles: 'Fishermen and the 7-Year Plan;" ''Biological Principles of the Fishery Regulations in the Sea of Azov," by A. N. Smirnov and V. M Naumov; "A Method to Determine the A- bundance of Atlantic Salmon in the Pechora River," by O. A. Azernikova; ''The Effect of Temperature Factor in the Culture of Young Salmon," by I. N. Pet- renko; ''More Attention to the Mechanization of Load- ing and Unloading Operations in Fishery Ports," by T. P. Shumilova; ''A Trawl for Shrimpers,'' by V. S. Dolbish and others; ''A New Refrigerated Plant in the Fishing Port of Nakhodka," by V. I. Matveev; and "Fish-Freezing Plant Aboard Vessel," by V. K. Vasil'ev. --M.A. Kravanja Translations from RYBNOYE KHOZYAYSTVO (Fish- ing), No. 1, 1962, OTS 63-31096, 26 pp., illus., pro- cessed, 75 cents, 1963. (Translated from the Rus- sian, Rybnoye Khozyaystvo, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 9-13, 26-32, 30-364 GHtice of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bldg., T-30, Ohio Dr. and Independence Ave. SW., Washington, D.C., 20235. Includes articles on: ''Saury,' by S. I. Apano- vich; "Quantitative Assay of Baltic Cod Concentra- tions by Means of a Sonic Depth Finder," by K. I. Yudanoy; and ''Underwater Observations of the Be- havior of the Caspian Kilka,"' by I. V. Nikonorov. VESSELS: "All-Aluminum Menhaden Vessel," by Joe D. Smith, article, Fishing News International, vol. 2, April- June 1963, pp. 151-152, printed. A. J. Heighway Publications Ltd., 110 Fleet Street, London EC4, England, Problems Associated with the Development of Fisher- ies in Tropical Countries. I--Mechanization of Fish- ing Boats,'' by R. C. Cole and L. H. Greenwood-Bar- ton, article, Tropical Science, vol. 4, no. 3, 1962. pp. 127-146, illus., printed. Tropical Products In- stitute, 56/62 Grays Inn, London WC1, England. May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Refrizheratornye Suda (Refrigerator Ships), by V. P. Zaitsev, R. 28287, printed in Russian, 1963, (Avail- able on loan from the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, D.S.I.R., BostonSpa, York- shire, England.) VIRGIN ISLANDS: An Analysis of the Fish Populations of Artificial and Natural Reefs in the Virgin Islands, by John E, Ran- dall, 18 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Caribbean Journal of Science, vol. 3, no. 1, March 1963, pp. 31- 47.) University of Puerto Rico, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Caribbean Science, Mayaguez, 1D 1%, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: Fishing, Choice of Careers No. 90, 40 pp., printed, 1961. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England WATER RESOURCES: "Water Resources Research in the Federal Govern- ment,'' by Roger Revelle, article, Science, vol. 142, no. 3595, November 22, 1963, pp. 1027-1033, printed, single copy 35 cents. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington, D.C., 20005, WESTERN PACIFIC: Sbornik Dokladov po 2 Plenume Komissii po Rybok- hoziaistvennomu Issledovaniiu Zapadnoi Chasti Ti- khogo Okeana (Collection of Papers Read at the Second Plenum of the Commission on the Study of Fish Economy of the Western Part of the Pacific), edited by P. A. Moiseev, R. 28159, printed in Rus- sian, :962. (Available on loan from the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, D.S.IL.R., Boston Spa, Yorkshire, England.) Komissiia po Rybokhoziaistvennomu Issledovaniiu Zapadnoi Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, WHALES: Killer Whale!, by Joseph J. Cook and William L. Wis- ner, illus., printed, $3, 1963. Dodd, Mead and Co., 432 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y., 10016. WHALING: "International Whaling Commission (Chairman's Report of the Fifteenth Meeting),'' by M. N. Sukhoruchenko, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 53, no. I, January 1964, pp. 1- 6, 8, printed. Hvanfangerforeningen, Sandefjord, Norway. Discusses the agenda and accomplishments of the Fifteenth Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, July 1-6, 1963, London, Covers a re- view of the previous season's catch, the condition of the Antarctic whale stocks, the blue-whale unit limit, protection of humpbacked whales and blue whales, and the Antarctic baleen whaling season. Also cov- ers the North Pacific whale stocks, size limits for sperm whales, taking of whales for scientific pur- poses, the observer scheme, infractions, finance, and other business. WHITE SEA: Biology of the White Sea. Works of the White Sea Bio- Togical Station, Moscow University, Vol. 1, 1962, _ (Review), by V. G. Bogorov, OTS 63-31661, 2 pp., printed, 50 cents, August 30, 1963. (Translated from \ the Russian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 42, no. 6 1963, p. 967.) Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 20235. WHITING: The Scottish Whiting Fishery in the North Sea 1955- 60, by Ray Gambell, Marine Research 1963, No. 4, 31 pp., printed, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland. GIANT BOULDER LANDED BY BRITISH TRAWLER A four-ton boulder (consideredto be the largest everto be brought up by convention- al trawl gear) was landed at Grimsby in late 1963 by the British trawler Okino. Taken from the fishing area known as the "Silver Pits'' in the North Sea, the boulder has prob- ably caused damage to fishing gear for years. Ittooksevenhours to stow on deck, a haz- ardous undertaking which could have sunk the vessel if the rockhad dropped. The cost to the trawler owners was well over £100 (US$280) inlosttimeandfish. But only two meshes were broken in the cod-end which was made of synthetic fiber of great strength. Another demonstration of the strength of synthetic fiber was the netting of a 23-ton boulder in a polypropylene trawl by the Britishtrawler Ross Mallardin December 1962. Note: See, Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 89. 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED ABOUT CANNED FOODS Consumers frequently askthe Food and Drug Administration these questions about can- ned foods: ‘Les best storage is ina dry place at moderately cool, but not freezing, temperatures. Storage near steam pipes, radiators, furnaces, and kitchen ranges should be avoided. 2. How long will canned foods keep? Canned foods will keep just as long as nothing happens to the can or jar to make it leak. Extremely long periods of storage at high tem- peratures may result in some loss in color, flavor, appearance, and nutritive value, but the foods will remain wholesome. It is probably best to have a regular turnover, say, once a year. 3. What effect has freezing on canned foods? There may be a slight breakdownoftex- ture of a few products, but otherwise a single freezing and thawing does not affect canned foods adversely. Some creamy foods may curdle or separate upon freezing, but heating usually restores the original consistency. not affect the contents of the can as long as the can does not leak. However, any container that leaks or bulges should be discarded. frigerator, just as you would any other cooked food. Acid foods, such as grapefruit juice, may dissolve a little iron from the open can if it stands in the refrigerator for any long pe- riod of time. This metal is not harmful or dangerous to health, but thefood mayhave a| metallic taste. If such a product is not going to be consumed within a short time, it proba- bly would be preferable to empty the contents into a glass jar or other container. 6. What about the composition of cansthemselves? I sometimes notice discoloration in the food or in the linerof thecan. The Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act prohibits the use of food containers which would transfer a poison- ous or harmful substance to the food in the can. Consumers may be confident of the safety of the cans found in the market. However, a harmless discoloration sometimes does occur either in the can liner or in the food itself. This is one example: during the processing necessary for sterilization, some vegetables and meats liberate sulfur. This often causes a mottling of the inside sur- face of the can, in various shades of brown, blue, or black. This is due to the formation of tin sulfide and sometimes also iron sulfide. Food scientists state, however, that the sul- fide stain does not harm the contents, and is merely unsightly. (FDA Memo for Consumers from the Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- fare, February 10, 1964.) May 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1038 PORPOISE AND DOLPHIN RAVAGE FISHERMEN'S CATCH AND GEAR The porpoise andhis larger cousin, the dolphin, are oftenthought ofas man's best friends _inthesea. Fond of humans, remarkably intelligent, incurable show -offs, both those mammals are popularly painted as playful princes of the deep. This view is notsharedby the fisher- men of the Mediterranean. From Barcelona to Beirut, from Trieste to Tripoli, porpoise and dolphinalike are detested as pests, robbers, and natural enemies of all who make their living from the sea. A study of the General Fisheries Council of the Mediterranean (GFCM), written by C. Ravel of France and published recently through the Food and Agriculture Organization, gives the reasons for the fishermen's hostility. Hereare a few: Porpoise and dolphinannually destroy or seriously damage thousands upon thousands of fishing nets--not only nets used near the shore but trawls working over the continental shelf at depths up to 400 feet. Year after year those animals chase away schools of tuna the fishermen have some- times tracked for days. Propoise and dolphin feed on diminishing stocks of sardine, anchovy, sole, and other fish that make up the bulk of the Mediterranean catch. Italian fishermen report that porpoise alone cost them about $500,000 a year in de- stroyed or damaged nets. The French estimate damage to gear at $400 per boat for the Med- iterranean fishing fleet. The Spaniards say the porpoise damages or destroys up to 20,000 items of gear a year. Dolphin area major threat to the prize bluefin tuna fisheries off Mo- rocco's north coast. Yugoslavia, with an average of 3,000 nets ruined and 6,000 damaged, reckons its yearly losses to those animals at about $270,000. What is doubly galling to the fishermenis that the porpoise and the dolphin have public sympathy on their side. Any Mediterranean-wide campaign against them would probably set off achain of protests. Admiration for the porpoise and the dolphin goes back toancient times. Greeks and Romans saw the dolphin asa noble, evendivine, creature. Homer called the dolphin "the King of Fishes and Lord of the Sea." He also said that to hunt the dolphin was Sinful and displeasing to the Gods. Pliny cited the dolphin asa savior of drowning men and a fierce fighter of crocodiles in the Nile. Despite the porpoise-dolphin's established public relations image, the fishermen do what they can in their own defense. They use a variety of attacks: Porpoises and dolphins are shot with rifles--without much real effect on their numbers. Underwater detonators and grenades scare them away but seldom kill them. Poisons are poured in the sea where they are thought to collect--usually without impressive results. Ultrasonic wave emitters frighten them away from fishing boats--temporarily. Once the echo-sounders are shut off, the ''divine creatures''’ come swarming back. Other methods are tried--with indifferent success. The GFCM study offers one solution: eatthem. Ravel's study says that "porpoise hunt = ing might perhaps be intensified if porpoise meat could be marketed in the ordinary way. He points out that although porpoise meat is little eaten in his own country (its bright red coloris considered shocking), there is no reason why the meat could not achieve pop- ularity. (Continued on next page) 104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 5 "It tastes very good, rather likevenison. Certaincuts--fillet, tongue, brains, liverand kidney--are special delicacies. Inother countries, such as England and Italy, porpoise meat is highly esteemed and eaten quite normally. "In Canada," the study continues, ''canned dolphin meat is an enormous success, so thatits poor reputation elsewhere is quite undeserved and ought to be changed. Porpoise meat should find the place it usedto enjoy on the market and this would probably be the best way of keeping down the numbers of those animals.' A good way of combatting the Tursiops species of dolphin, Ravel recommends, is to "harpoon them on sight.'' Thus Mediterranean fishing boats, especially those engaged in tuna and sardine fishing, would do well to keep harpoons aboard "'so as to deal with the Tursiops when they start prowling around the boat.' Of allthe Mediterranean nations only Turkey has really gone after the dolphin properly. The Turks hunt the animal with military rifles from motor boats of 20 to 150 horsepower. Each riflemanis issued1,500 bullets and in years when there are plenty of dolphin the Turks may kill from 5,000 to 8,000 tons. "Turkey, therefore,'' the study states, "has organized dolphin hunting ina truly system- atic, businesslike fashion, so that the predators do not overabound in Turkish waters and thus do not cause serious damage to the fishermen's nets." Significantly the Turks like porpoise and dolphin meat and its marketing helps out a great deal in supplying the population with high-grade protein. Ravel's final recommendation is the use of underwater acoustic signals. As porpoise and dolphin are known to communicate with one another by such signals, he thinks that it may soon be possible to keep themat bay by transmitting their own alarmor distress sig- nals. "In other circumstances," his study concludes, "different signals might be used to at- tract those creatures to specific points, so that they may be caught and killed by the ap- propriate means."' BOOS SOLAR STILLS PURIFY SEA WATER IN INDIA In northern India where the sun shines brightly most of the year, methods for evaporating and distilling water in solar stills are being studied. The stills are in general airtight glass-roofed enclosures exposed to the sun in which brackish water or sea water isallowed to evaporate and condense alongthe walls. Thedistilled wa- ter is then collected introughs along the sides of the still. Experiments so far have indicated that a low-roof type of solar still is the most practical in the remote arid areas where the only water supply is underground brackish water. The yield from the stills is fairly constant and installation fairly inexpensive. About 14to 20 square feet of distillingareais requiredto produce a gallon of distilled water per day. A daily yield of about 1,500 gallons per acre would be sufficient to maintain a village community of about 250 persons, The study was reported inthe Indian Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. "W y ional Nene a eee ead ("Science News Letter,'' 83:30, January 12, 1963.) ae U.S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES activities were transferred from the U.S. Department of Commerce to the U.S. Depart- | ment of the Interior and consolidated with the Bureau of Biological Survey to form the Fish and Wildlife Service. Se Seattle ia . Wash. i 4 Ss / a 4 Mont. Me PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION H Oreg. 4 S __ GREAT LAKES AND 2 es neon "CENTRAL REGION .--—-- Da, 6) 6 < : a. 0: NORTH ATLANTIC | “aN. Jo Wisin} 7 Ss 1 4 \ or -_-— PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGION _-~—~— { Miss. Ala. } i iY pilaberd t > ’ cis cm $ a : Fla a Beach “oP L Honolulu Br) : HAWAII AREA f Regional and area boundaries, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 provided, in the U.S. Department ofthe Interior, 2 Fish and Wildlife Service composed of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This Act recognized fish and shellfish as a valuable resource, important to the Nation's future. It also directed the Bureau to manage wisely the marine resources and to help maintain a strong and prosperous fishing industry. As aresult of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, the activities of the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries were regionalized to establish closer contact at the field level. i I AOBERT AA a Be. Nr Hit Hill wn (n= mm ng a ON \OL. 26, NO. 6 a : | UNE 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. McKERNAN, DIRECTOR 0 D, SEW TI aoe co a ECRETARY, DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, ASST. DIRECTOR CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER COMMERCIAL FISHER A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor G. A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wyatt Bldg., Suite 611, 777 14th Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20005. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 1, 1963. 5/31/68 CONTENTS COVER: The aftermath of the March 27, 1964, Alaska earthquake. The prin- cipal damage was inthe Cook Inlet, Kodiak Island, and Prince William Sound areas. Although most of the vessels did not show obvious external damage, the king crab boat Mary Ruby shown here had a hole about 5 feet in diameter inher rightside. (See p. 8 of this issue.) Page 1 ..Shrimp Explorations off Vancouver Island (British Columbia) by M/V John N. Cobb, October-November 1962, by Lael L. Ronholt Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Alaska: Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear 8 .. Earthquake--Preliminary Appraisal Research: 9 .. Foreign Fishing Activity off Alaska, Late 15 .. Seasonal Distribution and Abundance of Ale- March 1964 wife and Chub Stocks in Lake Michigan 9 .. Six New Vessels Being Built for Alaskan Studied Fishermen Hawaii: 9 .. Canned Fishery Products Pack, 1963 16 .. Fisheries Landings, 1962-1963 Alaska Fishery Investigations: Industrial Fishery Products: 9 .. Tagged King Crab Retains Tag Over Six 17... Observations on Fish Meal Use in Animal Years Feed 10 .. Southeast Pink Egg Survival Rate Consid- 18 .. .U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles Produc- ered Good tion by Areas, March 1964 California: Maine Sardines: 10 .. Bottom-Trawling Explorations off Southern 18 .. Canning Season Opens California 19 .. World's Fair Display 11 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued National Fisheries Institute: 12... Hearings on Experimental Anchovy Industri- 19 .. Aid to United States Fishing Industry Pro- al Fishery posed at Convention Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear 12... Pelagic Fish Population Studies Continued Research: 14 .. Tuna Studies Continued 19 .. Ocean Perch Gilling by Trawl Nets Studied Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 20 .. Electrical Trawling Tests Continued 14 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- 20 .. Tuna and Swordfish Survey Continued March 1964 North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: Fur Seals: 21... Haddock Spawning and Maturity Investigated 15... Prices for Alaska Skins at Spring 1964 Auc- 21 .. Haddock Collection tion 21 .. Flounder Tagging Contents continued page II. II Page 21 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: Distribution and Abundance of Adult Hake off Southern California and Northern Mexi- co Studied Oceanography: Research Vessel Oceanographer Launched Pollution: Use of Pesticides Endanger Commercial Fisheries Says Interior Secretary Preservation: Irradiation Preservation of Food Studied for Commercial Implications Salmon: Fraser River Sockeye Losses Investigated Northwest Rivers Receive Record Plants of Silver and Spring Chinook Yearlings Site of First Pacific Coast Salmon Cannery Designated National Historic Landmark Shrimp: United States: Breaded Production, 1963 Supply and Disposition, 1961-1963 Supply Indicators, March 1964 South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Trawling Survey off Florida East Coast U. S. Fishing Vessels: Fisheries Loan Fund and Other Financial Aid for Vessels, January 1-March 31, 1964 Documentations Issued and Cancelled: February 1964 January 1964 U. S. Foreign Trade: Processed Edible Fishery Products, Febru- ary 1964 Washington: Steelhead Trout Incidental Catch Minimized by Larger Mesh Nets Purse-Seine Vessel Charters Sought by De- partment of Fisheries Whales: Whale Marking Project off Southern Califor- nia Wholesale Prices: Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1964 FOREIGN; International: Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission: Progress on Eighth Annual Japan-U.S.S.R. Conference North Pacific Fur Seal Convention: Soviet Union Ratifies Protocol Amending Interim Convention International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries: Iceland Ratifjes Protocol Amendment Con- cerning Harp and Hood Seals Fish Meal: Production and Exports for Selected Coun- tries, January 1964 World Production, January 1964 and Janu- ary-December 1963 Australia: Tuna Fishery Trends, 1963-64 Common Names for Shrimp Brazil: Japanese-Brazilian Joint Whaling Enterprise to Continue Operations Contents continued page Pa 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 ge FOREIGN (Contd.): Canada: New Brunswick Fisheries Trends, 1963 British Columbia Herring Landings and Prod- ucts, 1963/64 Ceylon: Loan Requested from Japan to Start Tuna Fishery Chile: New Regulations on Foreign Whaling Permits as Japanese Whalers Begin Operations for Chilean Firm Sonar Expert Assigned to Fisheries Develop- ment Institute Colombia: Fishing Industry Loses Fishing Vessels Communist China: Aquatic Products Society Founded Denmark: Fishery Exports to the United States, 1963 Fisheries Trends, March 1964 Greece: Fishery Landings, 1962-1963 Guatemala: Shrimp Catch, 1962-1963 Iceland: Fishery Exports to the Soviet Bloc, 1963 Utilization of Fishery Landings --January-Oct- ber 1963; January-September 1963 Fishery Landings by Principal Species --Janu- ary-October 1963; January-September 1963 Israel: Fisheries Development Japan: Frozen Tuna Exports: 1963 Fiscal Year 1963 Canned Tuna in Oil Exports Canned Tuna in Brine Exports to U. S., 1958- 1963 Canned Fish Export Target, Fiscal Year 1964 Canned Salmon Sold to Australia Exporters Adopt Tuna Program for Fiscal Year 1964 Summer Albacore Tuna Landed at Yaizu Japan Frozen Tuna Sales Company Reduces Levy Regulations for Overseas Tuna Bases Re- vised Poor Fishing Reported by Vessel Fishing Bottomfish in Gulf of Guinea Whale Oil Export Targets New Offshore Tuna Fishery Good Skipjack Tuna Fishing Near Marianas Overseas Tuna Base Operators Urged by Government to Organize Portable-Boat Tuna Mothership Fishery Tuna Motherships Sail for Tahiti and Fiji Tuna Mothership Operations in South Pacific Fisheries Census, 1963 ‘ Compensation for Loss of Fishing Gear and Catch Being Studied Vessel Construction Fisheries Mission Scheduled to Visit United States and Canada Fish Meal Operations in Bering Sea Fisheries Association Contributes Money to Alaska Earthquake Victims Ill. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III CONTENTS (CONTINUED) June 1964 Page FOREIGN (Contd.): Japan (Contd.): 49 .. Fish Sausage Production Korea: 49 .. Tuna Fishing Vessel Launched Mexico: 49 .. Ensenada Fishing Industry 51 .. Shrimp Vessels to Fish for French Guiana 52... Manning Shrimp Vessels with Fishermen not Members of Cooperatives Netherlands: 52 . Experimental Offshore Fishing to Continue Norway: Fisheries Trends: BB 66 March-April 1964 ae os Late March 1964 53 .. Canned Fish Exports, 1962-1963 54 .. Shipyard Building Four Purse Seiners for Chile Peru: 54 .. Fish-Meal Industry Trends, Early 1964 54 .. Fish Meal Exports by Country of Destination, January-September 1953 Philippine Republic: 55 .. Purchase of South African Sardines Approved Poland: BO! « Fisheries Goals, 1964 56 .. Fisheries Trends, 1963 57... ‘Super Trawler" Sinks off Iceland Portugal: 57 .. Canned Fish Exports, 1962-1963 57... Canned Fish Pack, 1962-1963 57... Loan Fund to Renovate Fishing Fleet Somalia Republic: 58 .. Fish-Processing and Freezing Plant to be Built in Alula as Joint U.S.-Somali Venture Surinam: 58 .. Four New Shrimp Vessels Delivered to Japa- nese Firm in Surinam Taiwan Bhs} Gag Fisheries Trends, February 1964 Page 58 62 63 63 64 64 64 64 72 74 FOREIGN (Contd.): Tunisia: Fisheries Trade with East Germany Turkey: 6 12-Mile Fisheries Limit Considered U.S.S.R.: .. Soviet Fishing Vessels Return to Northwest Atlantic Fishing for Tuna in South China Sea ; Fishing Fleets Operating off U. S. Coasts in 1963 Fisheries Development Hampered Salmon Catch, 1963 United Kingdom: 56 Two British-Built Purse-Seine Vessels Ac- quired by Chilean Company FEDERAL ACTIONS: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration: a0 Canned Tuna Standard of Identity Amended Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: : Proposals for Processing, Promoting, and Selling Alaska Sealskins Emergency Fishery Loan Office Opened in Alaska 5'0 Whaling Licenses on Pacific Coast U. S. Tariff Commission: Groundfish Fillets Reserved from Trade- Agreement Negotiations Department of the Treasury: Bureau of Customs Blo Imports of Tuna Canned in Brine Under Quota Proviso for 1964 Eighty-Eighth Congress (Second Session) RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications . Miscellaneous Publications Editorial Assistants: Ruth V. Keefe and Jean Zalevsky Compositors: Alma Greene, Donna K. Wallace, and Marjorie McGlone sk ote ok ok oo Kk Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Cover--R. H. Anderson, KVOS TV, Bellingham, Wash.; p. 23--Coast and Geodetic Survey; p. 59--The Boston Globe. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. ‘upog f ogy a Bir 4 Layhie hs Rs mete doe fersz 22227722 2 Z 2g2iiF Fit = PRE 25S 52 =f fine S=> SFE =e: S552. G26. 2° 5 a2 gs G5 i fois. 22 s2i2i, 7 2abiz.f2 ila HE Hae June 1964 Washington, D. C. Vol. 26, No. 6 SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS OFF VANCOUVER ISLAND (BRITISH COLUMBIA) BY M/V JOHN N. COBB, OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1962 By Lael L. Ronholt* ABSTRACT Sixty trawl drags were made in 30 to 105 fathoms between Cape Beale and Cape Cook. Three species of commercially important pandalid shrimp were found: the pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani), side-stripe shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar), and spot shrimp (Pandalus platycers). The best catches were made off Barkley Sound where 150 pounds of pink shrimp were taken in a one-half hour drag. Of the remaining 59 drags, 3 produced 50 pounds of pink shrimp, 6 yielded from 25 to 50 pounds, and 48 caught less than 25 pounds. Two drags failed, owing to gear damage. For all drags the number of pink shrimp, heads-on, ranged from 95 to 182 per pound. INTRODUCTION From October 15 to November 16, 1962, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries con- ducted a five-week exploratory shrimp cruise aboard the research vessel John N. Cobb. Ex- plorations extended along the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, from Cape Beale north- ward to Cape Cook in 30 to 100 fathoms. The primary purpose of the cruise was to locate and delineate commercial concentrations of shrimp and trawlable ground previously unknown to the commercial fishing fleet. Secondary objectives were to collect data on the life history and size of the shrimp inhabiting these waters. BACKGROUND Although commercial shrimp fishing has not been conducted off the west coast of Van- couver Island, commercial fisheries for the pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) have developed off Washington and Oregon. During the first two years of the fisheries, Washington shrimp landings rose rapidly to 6,729,000 pounds, but from 1958 to 1960 the yearly catch decreased to 1,805,000 pounds (table 1), The Oregon fishery was also characterized by a rapid rise in landings during the first two years. In 1959, 2,425,000 pounds of shrimp were landed, but in 1960 the catch decreased to 1,136,000 pounds, The decline inthe Washington-Oregon shrimp Table 1-Shrimp Landings off Oregonand Washington, 1955-601/ landings, although not fully documented, is r apparently the result of changes in the com- petitive economic status of the fishery com- Oregon bined with a reduction in catch per unit of Washingtent: effort and fishing intensity during the most recent years. 1/Source: Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, mimeographed report, December 1, 1961. Results of shrimp explorations conducted off Oregon and Washington by the Oregon Fish Commission and the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries have been published elsewhere ** Fishery Biologist, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Sep. No. 704 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 (Alverson, McNeely, and Johnson 1960; Pruter and Harry 1952; Ronholt and Magill 1961; Schaefers and Johnson 1957). Prior work off Vancouver Island by the Bureau consisted of 8 Gulf shrimp trawl drags made off Barkley Soundand Pachena Point in 60 to 118 fathoms. Two drags, in 60 to 69 fath- oms, produced from 300 to 400 pounds of pink shrimp per hour fished. The eight drags pro- duced an average catch of 92 pounds of pink shrimp and 11 pounds of the side-stripe shrimp per hour (Alverson, McNeely, and Johnson 1960). Explorations were conducted off the west coast of Vancouver Island by the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada in1955 (Butler and Dubokovic 1955). The area explored extended from off the Strait of Juande Fuca to Cape Scott in48 to100 fathoms. Sixty-two drags were made with a small-mesh shrimp otter trawl. Results indicated that shrimp were not available in sufficient quantities to support a commercial fishery. Although the catch rates in some areas were comparable to established, inshore, small-boat fisheries, the availability did not appear great enough to support operations with larger vessels required to fish the offshore grounds. Greatest availability was found off Nootka Sound where one drag resulted in a catch rate of 324 pounds per hour. The shrimp taken during those explorations were quite small, averag- ing about 200 heads-on-shrimp to the pound. During 1959, the Fisheries Research Board of Canada conducted further expolorations off Nootka Sound (Butler, 1959). Five drags were made with a small-mesh shrimp trawl in 64 to 75 fathoms. Four drags produced 795, 348, 216, and 120 pounds of pink shrimp per hour. The availability of shrimp was higher than in 1954, and the number of heads-on-shrimp per pound ranged from 178 to 286. The shrimp taken at the southern end of the Nootka grounds were larger than those taken at the northern end. REGION EXPLORED The offshore region of Vancouver Island was selected for shrimp explorations because (1) no commercial shrimp fishing was being conducted in that area, (2) prior explorations had indicated the possibility of shrimp concentrations, and (3) the area lies adjacent to the known shrimp grounds off the Washington coast. The Continental Shelf is relatively narrow, measuring approximately 40 miles in width off Cape Beale at the southern end, and 5 miles off Cape Cook at the northern end. The sub- strate is predominantly green mud, with some green sand or a mixture of green sand and mud. Trawlable grounds were intermingled with rough, rocky regions. GEAR AND METHODS FISHING GEAR: A Gulf-of-Mexico flat shrimp trawl measuring 43 feet along the foot rope (Schaefers and Johnson, 1957) was used at all stations. The net was constructed of 13- inch mesh throughout. The trawl doors were 23 by 5 feet, and weighed about 160 pounds each. Dandyline gear was not used, as the net was fastened directly behind the doors. Twenty-fathom bridles con- nected the doors to a Single warp. METHODS: The sampling procedure was designed to cover the 50- to 100-fathom depth interval. Two series of drags were alternated throughout the region as fishing conditions per- mitted. One series was made from 50 to 100 fathoms at 10-fathom intervals, the second from 55 to 95 fathoms at 10-fathom intervals. Before fishing the net, a sounding transect was made of the area. During the sounding transect the depth recorder marks a permanent ''trace,'' which shows the bottom configura- tion and indicates whether the bottom is soft or hard. When the recording revealed that the bottom was trawlable, the net was fished. All drags, with one exception, were 30 minutes long. Time was calculated from the time the net reached the bottom until retrievals were started. An attempt was made to maintain a constant depth during each drag. June 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 The shrimp catch in each drag was analyzed by species. Representative samples of the commercially important species were frozen for examination ashore. The associated fish catch was analyzed by species for: (1) number of individuals, (2) to- tal weight, and (3) minimum and maximum length. Length frequencies were taken for some commercially important species. RESULTS In 60 drags, made between Cape Beale and Cape Cook in 30 to 105 fathoms, no concentra- tions of shrimp were found that, at this time, could be considered commercially exploitable. Table 2 - Catch-Depth Relationship for the Pink Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Taken from Cape Beale to Cape Cook | Depth Range Number of | Number of Half-Hour Drags Total Shrimp Catch Average Catch (in Pounds) in Fathoms Half-Hour Drags __ | Containing Shrimp (in Pounds) Per Half-Hour Drag 1 0 1 0 3 2 15 15 16 16 16.47 15.47 5 5 1 1 58.47 54.57 t - ("trace") equals less than one pound. The pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) was the dominant species, and the largest catch was 150 pounds of pink shrimp from a half hour \ AMPHITRITE (35 drag in the area off Barkley Sound. The < POINT number of pink shrimp (heads-on per pound) Sates = ranged from 95 to 182, and the average catch per half-hour by depth ranged from 0 to 18 pounds (table 2), Other commercially uti- lized species found were side-stripe shrimp and spot shrimp. For ease of dis- cussion the region explored has been di- vided into the three following areas: Bark- ley Sound, Amphitrite Point to Esteban Point, and Esteban Point to Cape Cook. BARKLEY SOUND: Ten drags were made off Barkley Sound in depths from 60 to 90 fathoms (fig. 1). Four drags produced pink shrimp at a higher rate than 25 pounds per half hour. The highest catch (drag num- ber 1) was 150 pounds per half hour. Drag \ 57 number 4 took 50 pounds; and drags number a BARKLEY | SOUND 59 and 60 produced 46 and 42 pounds, re- ee Geet spectively. Pink shrimp were in highest numbers in the 80- to 89-fathom depth in- terval. Four drags in that depth range pro- duced an average of 56 pounds per half hour (table 3). Side-stripe and spot shrimp were also taken off Barkley Sound. Side-stripe shrimp were taken in 9 drags at rates from 1 to 7 pounds per half hour, with drag number 59 Fig. 1 - Gulf shrimp trawl drags off Barkley Sound. 125245! i 125° 30! COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Table 3 - Catch-Depth Relationship for the Pink Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Taken off Barkley Sound Depth Range in Fathoms Number of Half-Hour Drags 3 Number of Half-Hour Drags Containing Shrimp Average Catch (in Pounds) Per Half-Hour Drag Total Shrimp Catch producing the largest catch. Three specimens of spot shrimp were taken in drags number 59 and 60. 127° 00) “126°45' eee, \ ESTEBAN G34 ae POINT 51 \ CaN 5 N \ Piz FLORES We ISLAND ay 50 ims. We. 49 RR 50 SNAG pel & a \ 49° 15)§ ——_—_-__,___—\ = 100 \ fms t 56 = : | \ \CLAYOQUOT 14 Me Xs A x SOUND 15 Be \ . 3 aS 2 ~ Is N 17 Sy = + 49°00 126°15" _ 126900" , ms 48°45° 1 ggeqs' i \ Me 100 N fms. 50 : fms. \ 8 N , 12 Ni TH \ NS Nig \ 26°45 126°30' (26°15' ! 126°00' Table 4 - Catch-Depth Relationship for the Pink Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Taken from Amphitrite Point to Esteban Point Fig. 2 - Gulf shrimp trawl drag between Amphitrite Point and Esteban Point. Depth Range 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-105 Number of 1 21.4 fo} Pie MVNaAhe > N Number of Half-Hour Drags Total Shrimp Catch (in Pounds) Average Catch (in Pounds) Per Half-Hour Drag in Fathoms Half-Hour Drags Containing Shrimp 30-39 1 0) t - (''trace'') equals less than one pound, June 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW b) duced pink shrimp at a rate of 25 pounds or more per half hour. Drags number 10 and 52 pro- duced 50 pounds per half hour and drags number 11 and 13 yielded 25 pounds per half hour. The shrimp were most available in the 70- to 79-fathom depth interval, where six drags pro- duced an average catch of 16 pounds per half hour (table 4). Two drags were not successful because of gear damage. Side-stripe shrimp were not found in that area, but six specimens of spot shrimp were taken in drag number 12. 40 pounds, respectively. The remaining 24 drags produced less than 25 pounds per half hour. The highest catches occurred in the 60- to 69-fathom depth range where eight drags produced an average catch of 12 pounds per half hour (table 5). 127°15' NOOTKA ISLAND | NOOTKA SOUND 27°45) iN 127915 Xe 127°00' er Fig. 3 - Gulf shrimp trawl drags north of Esteban Point. Table 5 - Catch-Depth Relationship for the Pink Shrimp (Pandalus jordani) Taken from Esteban Point to Cape Cook Depth Range Number of Number of Half-Hour Drags Total Shrimp Catch Average Catch (in Pounds) in Fathoms Half-Hour Drags Containing Shrimp (in Pounds) Per Half-Hour Drag t - ("trace'') equals less than one pound. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Side-stripe shrimp were not found in that region; however, 13 pounds of spot shrimp were caught during drags number 40 and 41. FISH CATCH: Fish catches , which ranged from 1 to 412 pounds, were dominated by flat- fish and elasmobranchs, which accounted for 46.6 and 34.9 percent, respectively, of the total fish catch (table 6). Ratfish and turbot were the two dominant species, constituting 29.6 and 26.6 percent of the total fish catch. ee a Table 6 - Species of Fish Encountered Showing Total Pounds Caught, Average Catch Per Half-Hour, and Percent of Total Fish Catch Based on 58.5 (30-Minute) Drags = Sa = == —= = anene a Total Average Catch (in Pounds) Percentage of ERE ae Sa ae [ Pounds Per Half-Hour Drag Total Fish Catch Flatfish: 46.6 UME XOe Gila “aro ‘blo o)Sho Atheresthes stomias 1,678 28.7 26.4 Doversole....... Microstomus pacificus 522 8.9 8.3 Rexqsollevenemeirn nical Gly ptocephalus zachirus 420 Vor 6.7 English soletye.. «| sine Parophrys vetulus 113 1.9 1.8 Slendersole ...... Lyopsetta_exilis 75 1.3 1: Petrale sole .... Eopsetta jordani 54 0.9 0.9 Sandidalbiie ts foi ex ay ies) Citharichthys sordidus 42 0.7 0.7 Flathead sole ..... Hippoglossoides elassodon 15 0.3 0.2 ROIS eS “6 GGG 066 Lepidopsetta bilineata 9 0.2 0.1 Curlfingsolemre mente 5 Pleuronichthys decurrens 8 | 0.1 O.1 Butterssolewnancmemculsate Isopsetta_isole pis 3 it if lasmobranchs 34.9 Rattish Ree eee: 6 Hydrolagus colliei 1,838 31.4 29.2 Dogfishimensssirnic 0 'b.00 Squalus acanthius 298 Sel 4.7 Skate Wadena reo een Raja sp. 61 a iO sl 1.0 Rockfish: 9.2 Flag rockfish ..... Sebastodes rubrivinctus 135 2.3 2.1 Orange rockfish .... Sebastodes pinniger 129 2.2 oil Redstripe rockfish .. . Sebastodes proriger 77 1.3 1.2 Blackblotched rockfish Sebastodes crameri } 63 1.1 1.0 Bocacciommaenieinsiies or Sebastodes paucispinis 62 iaal 1.0 Greenstripe rockfish . . Sebastodes elongatus 30 0.5 0.5 Red snapper...... Sebastodes ruberrimus 26 0.4 0.4 Pacific ocean perch . . Sebastodes alutus 26 0.4 0.4 Yellowtail rockfish .. Sebastodes flavidus 26 0.4 0.4 | Silvergray rockfish 5 Sebastodes brevispinis 4 0.1 0.1 Pygmy rockfish .... Sebastodes wilsoni 2 t t Spingcheek rockfish . . Sebastolobus alascanus 2 ie t Splitnose rockfish ... Sebastodes diploproa il t t Stripetail rockfish .. . Sebastodes saxicola 1 t t Rounifish: ie aN Ne: I 8.5 IRENA GGO% 0 GONG Merluccius productus 150 2.6 2.4 Om COdWicn ej citeisiciienle Microgadus proximus 86 LGB) 1.4 Blackcodiiie vemeneiicrie Anoplopoma fimbria 65 ileal 1.0 Winigcod|ieweniei te tel iol elie Ophiodon elongatus 61 1.0 1.0 Whiting ..... Theragra chalcogrammus 60 1.0 1.0 UME Clo GoGo oo 6 Gadus macrocephalus 58 1.0 0.9 Enulachonwecmeiemetemens Thaleichthys pacificus 42 0.7 0.7 ELerring|reweeteneneneits Clupea pallasii 7 0.1 0.1 Miscellaneous or uniden- tified/species 2) 20.16 « 53 1.0 Total a eBacmeal| 106.5 t - ("trace") equals less than 0.1 percent or less than 0.1 pound per half-hour. APPENDIX A detailed fishing log showing the fishing positions, time on bottom, catch particulars, and other pertinent data for each drag is available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. Write for Separate No. 704 which contains ''Table 7 - Cruise 56 Fishing Log: Shrimp Explor- ations off Vancouver Island, British Columbia, October-November 1962." ALVERSON, DAYTON L.; HAROLD C, JOHNSON LITERATURE CITED RICHARD L. McNEELY; and 1960. Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fishing off Washington and Oregon (1958). Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, no. 1 (January), pp. 1-11. (Sep. No. 574.) BUTLER, T. H., and G. V. DUBOKOVIC 1955. Shrimp Prospecting in the Offshore Region of the Brit- ish Columbia Coast, June to August, 1955S. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Circular no. 35 (November). June 1964 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW U LITERATURE CITED (Contd.) BUTLER, T.H. RONHOLT, LAEL L., and AUSTIN R. MAGILL 1959. Results of Shrimp Trawling by Investigator No. 1, 1961. Biological Observations and Results of the 1960 John N. June 1959. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Cobb Exploratory Shrimp Cruise off the Central Oregon Pacific Biological Station, Circular no. 55 (Novem- Coast. Fish Commission of Oregon, Research Briefs, ber). vol. 8, no. 1 (August). PRUTER, ALONZO T., and GEORGE Y. HARRY, Jr. SCHAEFERS, EDWARD A., and HAROLD C. JOHNSON 1952. Results of Preliminary Shrimp Explorations off the Ore - 1957. Shrimp Explorations off the Washington Coast, Fall gon Coast. Fish Commission of Oregon, Research 1955 and Spring 1956. Commercial Fisheries Review, Briefs, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 12-24. vol. 19, no. 1 (January), pp. 9-25. (Sep. No. 465.) SPORT FISHING FOR SHARKS Sharks are increasing inimportanceas sportfish. Asurveyby the U.S. Fishand Wild- life Service estimated that sport fishermen caught 1,715,000 sharks in United States coastal waters in 1960; about 45 percent of those were taken between Maine and North Carolina, The mako, blue, porbeagle, white, thresher, tiger, and sawfish sharks rankas big-game fish, and are formally recognized among the 50 species of game fish on which the Interna- tional Game Fish Associationkeeps worldwide records. Anglersinthe Northeast who are interested in trying for record sharks are in an excellent area. Of the current world records for different tackle sizes, 21 weretaken in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, Anglersagree that few game fish can equal the NIN spectacular leapsandswiftruns of the mako. Al- \ Saolnnt though other species seldom leap, andopinions on 7 ~ their fighting qualities maybe varied, one thing is : certain: any large shark, caught on suitable tackle, Cae ne ~~ be a will test the fisherman's patience and endurance, Ps Ws \ Sib The excitementof landing a voracious shark has seb Hy ns an appealing element of danger that other fishing ite ss SEN 2 cay 7 seldom affords. SOS /h All sharks found off the northeastern coast \ are edible. The mako, porbeagle, thresher, and ; dogfish are considered most desirable; young fish are preferred to old. The meatcan be boiled, fried, broiled, or chowdered, but it should be cooked or cured as soon as possible. Cured, the meat is excellent whether smoked, salted, or kippered. Fresh mako, hammerhead, small dusky, and dogfish are good eating, particularly when cooked in sauces or with vegetables and other meats. These sharks have a distinc- tive flavor, milder than some of the more common food fishes. Elaborate preparations eries & Wildlife Circular No. 179, Washington, D.C.) 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW \ ~ by Nb { ==5 = Midwater trawl i LsAlsi6, @ - Bottom trawl stations, ats Eo hnaca x S3s Newport Beach %, sare ete esa aa BS) San Nicola ts ==] Xy reac ece aan Shows station pattern of M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 64-S-1, Feb- ruary 25-March 11, 1964, marine specimens were saved for specialists. A number of rare cephalopods were obtained for a special study sponsored by California's Department of Fish and Game. A large-pe- lagic octopus of the genus Alloposus was caught off San Diego, and may be a first for California waters. Other bathypelagic fish species including lanternfish, lightfish, and an anglerfish were collected on this cruise. Santa Barbara Island Area: Bottom trawls were made indepths of 220-245 fathoms. Fair numbers of Dover sole (Microstomus pacifi- cus), afew sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) as well as 10 longnose skates (Raja rhina) were caught a- long with a few other flatfish and a fair num- ber of rockfish. This area appears to be generally trawlable on the basis of two ex- ploratory cruises. A number of unusual cephalopids, andlarge catches of bathpelagic fishes were made. Work had to be terminated in this area as weather and sea conditions worsened and could not be resumed until con- ditions improved seven days later off San Diego. San Diego Area: Bottom trawl work was discontinued near the end of the cruise when the net was torn up west of Pt. Loma. Sever- al midwater hauls were made off San Diego and La Jolla which yielded a number of in- teresting bathypelagic fish and invertebrates. A night haul was made west of Pt. Loma with 200 fathoms of cable out which produced re- sults comparable to those obtained with 700 - fathoms in daytime hauls. Santa Catalina and San elements Islands Area: and invertebrates were made off Santa Cata- lina Island and between there and San Clem- June 1964 ente Island. Good kelp bass fishing at Santa Catalina Island yielded a sample of kelpbass needed by the Department's Sportfish Project for studies in reproduction. Kelp bass fishing at San Clemente Island was poor Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1963 p. 20. PELAGIC FISH POPULATION SURVEY CONTINUED: Aerial surveys to determine the distribu- tion and abundance of pelagic fish schools were continued during flights over the in- shore area off the California coast by air- craft of the California Department of Fish and Game. The following airplane spotting flights were made from February 10 toApril 3, 1964: Airplane Spotting Flight 64-3 (February 10-11, 1964): Cessna "182' 9042T scouted the inshore area from Point Ano Nuevo to the United States-Mexican Border during the sur- vey flight. Weather conditions were quite variable on both days of this survey. From Point Sur north, visibility was hindered by low clouds and rain squalls. South of Point Sur, condi- tions improved and were generally good for the balance of the survey. On February 10 the area from Point Ano Nuevo to Point Vicente was scouted. One Pacific sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) and two northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) schools were seen between Point Sur and Piedras Blancas. On February 11, the area from Point Vi- cente to the United States-Mexican Border was scouted. Only six small anchovy schools were seen that day, all in the general area of Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor. Airplane Spotting Flight 64-5 (February 19-21, 1964): Beechcraft N5614D surveyed the inshore and offshore waters from Long Beach, Calif., to Point Eugenia, Baja Cali- fornia, during this flight. On the first day's flight the area from Long Beach to Point Eugenia-Cedros Island was scouted. Air and water visibility were exceptionally good but at Cedros Island a high cloud cover and strong ground winds caused poor water visibility. Those condi- tions persisted during the return flight along COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11 the eastern shore area of Sebastian Viscaino Bay, north to Point San Antonio. From that Point north to Long Beach, aerial spotting conditions were excellent. Concentrations of northern anchovies (En- graulis mordax) were found in the Dana Point, Oceanside, and Carlsbad areas where none had been seen on the previous week's flight. South of the United States-Mexican Border a large concentration of mixed anchovy and Pa- cific sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) schools were encountered at Cape Colnett. The larg- est concentration of sardines (41 schools) was between Point Eugenia and Scammons Lagoon. Gray whales (Eschrichtius glaucus) were common along most sections of the coastline. At Scammons Lagoon over 30 whales were counted just inside the mouth. That lagoonis one of their major breeding areas. On February 21 the southern California Channel Islands area was scouted. Strong desert winds off southern California preclu- ded flights the day previous. The 21st was clear except for the Santa Catalina Islandarea where a low haze limited visibility to between 5 and 8 miles. Despite poor visibility around the island, 83 anchovy schools and several schools of Pacific bonito (Sarda chiliensis), jack mackerel (Trachurus Symmetricus), and other unidentified pelagic fish were seen. Over 100 Pacific pilot whales (Globiocephala scammoni) comprising 15 schools were sight- ed along the western side of the island. On this flight four small sardine schools were found near Santa Barbara Island. Seven gray whales and one unidentified mammal were seen near Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands; 16 individual gray whale and two pilot whale schools were spotted in the vicinity of San Clemente Island. Airplane Spotting Flight 64-6 (March 9-11, 1964): Cessna "182" 9042T surveyed the in- shore area from Moss Landing, Monterey Bay, to the United States-Mexican Border on this flight. On the first day's flight the area from Moss Landing to Point Vicente was scouted. Weather conditions were fair to poor. Rain squalls were encountered north of Moss Land- ing and broken, scattered clouds south to Mussel Point. A smoky haze severely limited aerial visibility from Santa Barbara to Point Vicente. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW A total of 8 northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) schools were sighted between Santa Barbara and Point Vicente and 29 gray whales (Eschrichtius glaucus) were seen between Santa Barbara Point and Monterey Bay. The area between the Mexican Border to Point Vicente was scouted on the second day's flight. Air and water visibility were gener- ally good with the exception of the San Diego area where rain squalls were encountered. The largest anchovy school group encountered this year (247 schools) was sighted between Laguna Beach and Point Vicente. The area from Point Vicente to Piedras Blancas was scouted on the last day of this survey. Thick smoke and haze persisted south of Jalama Park. Low broken clouds were encountered until reaching Estero Point and thereafter rain squalls prevailed. De- spite very limited visibility, anchovy school groups were located off Port Hueneme and in Santa Monica Bay. Airplane Spotting Flight 64-7 (April 1-3, 1964): Cessna "182" 9042T surveyed the in- shore area from Pigeon Point, San Mateo County to the United States-Mexican Border during this survey flight. No scouting was done on April 1, the first day of the survey, because of poor weather. Jalama Park Santa Barbara Point S Legend; A - Anchovy school. GW - Gray whale, individual. 17a ,\Carlsbad Scale: 1" = 20 mi. Pelagic Fish Survey Flight 64-7, April 1-3, 1964. Vol. 26, No. 6 The area from Pigeon Point to Point Vi- cente was scouted on April 2. High winds caused rough seas throughout the area flown and no fish schools were seen. On the last day of the flight the area from the United States-Mexican Border to Jalama Park was surveyed. Water and air visibility were generally good. Northern anchovy (En- graulis mordax) school groups were seen at Newport Beach, Dana Point and Carlsbad in the morning. One other group of anchovies was sighted at Santa Barbara Point. The large anchovy school group sighted near Newport Beach in March had diminished to only a few scattered schools. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1963 p. 20; April 1964 p. 12. HEARINGS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANCHOVY INDUSTRIAL FISHERY: ~The California State Fish and Game Com- mission held a special meeting in Monterey, Calif., May 11, 1964, to hear public comments on a proposed experiment to allow commer- cial fishermen to take a maximum of 13,000 tons of anchovies for reduction purposes, dur- ing the 12-month period beginning April 1, 1964, and ending March 31, 1965. (California Department of Fish and Game, April 6, 1964.) eS = Wwu4 — Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations PELAGIC FISH POPULATION STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V "Charles H. Gilbert” Cruise 71-- PART I (February 3-6, 1964): To selectively fish for small skipjack for visual acuity stud- ies and small yellowfin for sound perception studies was the principal purpose of Part I of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. During 3 days of fishing in an area 3 to 5 miles off Makapu, Oahu, a total of 86 skipjack tuna, 82 yellowfin tuna, and 26 frigate mackerel were caught and brought back alive to shore tanks. The captured fish ranged in size from 13 to 2 pounds. PART II (February 14-March 27, 1964): To make observations on the ecology and be- havior of the marine community in the area of a drifting raft and to collect specimens in the raft community were the main objectives of Part II of this cruise by the Charles H. Gil- bert. June 1964 5°— WASHINGTON /- FANNINGI/. CHRISTMAS |. _ RAFT-ORIFT 1 M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 71--Part Il, February 14-March 27, 1964. On February 22, 1964, a raft was launched in an area of upwelling close to the Equator at latitude 00°09'N., longitude 149935! W. to begin drift #1. Over a period of 193 hours 31 minutes it drifted due west for 576 nautical miles at an average rate of 2.5 knots until recovered March 1, 1964, at latitude 00°10! N., longitude 159°12' W. It was decided not to duplicate drift #1 as specified on the cruise plan, but to start drift #2 at latitude 4° N. near the boundaries of the South Equatorial and Equatorial Counter Currents, an area where tuna had been sighted earlier. Poor visibility and rough seas prevented launching in that area, so drift #2 was started south of the Cromwell Current at latitude 02933! S., longitude 1489143! W. During drift #2 the raft over a period of 215 hours 30 minutes drifted for 395 miles at an average rate of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 1.8 knots. Drift #2 was terminated March 20, 1964, at latitude 03°26! S., longitude 155°18! W. Fish species observed during the drifts were: skipjack (Euthynnus pelamis)--adults and juveniles; yellowfin (Neothunnus macro- pterus)--small adults and juveniles; wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri); common dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus) --adults; little dolphin (C. equiselis)--adults and juveniles; mackerel scad (Decapterus pinnulatus); rainbow runner (Elegatis bipinnulatus); pilotfish (Naucrates ductor); rudderfish (Psenes cyanophrys), man- of-war fish (Nomeus gronovii); shark-sucker (Remora remora); puffer (Arothron sp. ); flying- fish (Exocoetidae); blue shark (Prionace glauca); whitetip shark (Pterolamiops longi - manus); whale shark (Rhincodon typus); and manta ray (Manta sp.). In addition, single specimens of an unidentified shark, free swimming remora, juvenile carangid, turtle, and porpoise were seen. A greater variety and larger number of most species were observed around the raft during drift #2 than during drift #1. No fish accumulated around the raft in commercial quantities. A large percentage of the rudder- fish and pilotfish which collected at the raft were caught with the raft purse net at the end of each drift. The only other fish captured at the raft was a single mackerel scad. At- tempts to capture dolphin, wahoo, and other mackerel scad were unsuccessful. Nineteen hundred feet of 16 millimeter color and black-and-white movie film and 548 color and black-and-white still pictures were taken of the marine life sighted from the raft and of general operations. Detailed field notes were kept during the 90 hours and 31 minutes of observation during drift #1 and 100 hours and 30 minutes of observation during drift #2. Attempts to track individual fish with sonar were unsuccessful, but the presence of fish beneath the raft out of visual range was monitored with the sonar during drift #2 for 15 minutes out of every hour during daylight hours. Other experimental work during the cruise included efforts to sample tuna schools by live-bait and long-line fishing; to tag tuna when possible; and to collect larval and juvenile forms of tuna and tunalike fish with night- light fishing and plankton tows. 14 Five long-line stations were occupied with 5-basket 6-hook gear while the raft was drift- ing. During drift #1, the Cromwell Current set the long-line gear to the east while the raft drifted west, making it necessary totake the gear in early in order to keep the raftin sight. While long lining during drift #2, the research vessel was tied to the gear for part of the time to increase the duration of the set. A total of six whitetip sharks was caught but none was tagged. Six additional whitetip sharks were caught by hand-line and tagged. Two common dolphin were caught with squid hooks from the vessel. No other fish were caught from the vessel in the drift area. Two skipjack tuna, 2 wahoo, and 1 dolphin were caught by trolling. Sixteeen 1-hour night-light fishing stations were completed from the vessel while the raft was drifting. No tunalike fish were cap- tured or seen. Several species of dolphin (Coryphaena) were collected. A total of 53 plankton tows was made. Bathythermograph casts were made and surface salinity readings were taken at 3- hour intervals on all cruise tracks and at 6- hour intervals when drifting. In an effort to determine variability in an area where in- ternal waves may be important, hourly bathy- thermograph casts, salinity samples, and surface temperatures were taken during a 24-hour period which began on February 24 at latitude 00°09! N., longitude 152927! W. and terminated on February 25 at latitude 00°10! N., longitude 153938! W. The thermograph was operated continu- ously while at sea. Drift cards were released with each bathy- thermograph cast north of latitude 12° N. on the outbound and inbound tracks and when each drift began and ended. A total of 920 drift cards was released. A secchi and forel color reading were made at‘noon each day while drifting. Flyingfish which landed on deck were collected for stomach analysis. A standard watch for fish, birds, and a- quatic mammals was made during daylight hours while under way and when the raft was drifting. A total of 4 skipjack schools and 11 unidentified schools were sighted. Of those, only one school was seen while drift- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 ing and it was unidentified. No schools were fished. TUNA STUDIES CONTINUED: M/V “Charles H. Gilbert™ Cruise 70 (Jan- uary 3-22, 1964): To capture live tuna in wa- ters off Hawaii was the objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. A total of 23 skipjack tuna and 38 kawakawa (little tuna) were caught and placed in shore ponds. Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY-MARCH 1964: Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of De- fense, more fresh and frozen fishery products were purchased by the Defense Subsistence Supply Centers in March 1964 than in the pre- vious month. The increase was 3.6 percent in quantity, although the value was about the same in both months. Compared with the same month in the previous year, purchases in March 1964 were up 15.4 percent in quan- tity and 4.9 percent in value. Total purchases in the first 3 months of 1964 were up 11.0 percent in quantity but down 6.3 percent in value from those in the same peviod of the previous year. In 1964, there were larger purchases of flounder fillets, scallops, oysters, and clams, but smaller purchases of cod fillets, haddock fillets, and halibut steaks. [Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, March 1964 with Comparisons VALUE . March Jan. -Mar. 1963 | 1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 (GROCONEESS eee ee 2,064 | 6,790 | 6,117 1964 June 1964 Table 2 - Selected Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products| by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, March 1964 with Comparisons Raw Heatiess Peeled and deveined 601, 822|494, 50 1,607,472 299, 900]171, 168 691, 000 121,530 326,918 21,676| 1/ 73, 806 “se aa 156,075 400,724 , 8,744 120, 358 79,700 22,700| 58, 360 316, 000/307, 800 217, 650189, 300 348, 520/422, 258 Flounder and sole Haddock Ocean perch 112,500 152, 308 25,735] 17,405 2,610| 6,130 1/Breakdown not available. i2/Includes 8,650 pounds of haddock portions. Canned: In the first 3 months of 1964, to- tal purchases of the 3 principal canned fish- ery products (tuna, salmon, and sardines) were much higher than in the same period of the previous year. The increase was due to larger purchases of tuna and salmon. The gain was partly offset by smaller purchases of canned sardines. Table 3 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Defense Subsistence Supply Centers, March 1964 with h_1964 with Comparisons _| VALUE March _Jan. -Mar. March 1964 | 1963 1964 | 1963 | 1964 | 1963 eer] “es A (OOOLESS) Sewell awetls - (31, 00) eT es 236 Product 1/Less than 500 pounds. 2/Less than $500. Notes: (1) Armed Forces installations generally make some local purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are hicher than indicated because data on local purchases are not obtainable. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 16. Fur Seals PRICES FOR ALASKA SKINS AT SPRING 1964 AUCTION: The spring auction in 1964 (April 16-17) of United States Government-owned fur seal COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 skins yielded $2.28 million. The average price per skin received for male fur seal skins (dyed Black, Kitovi, and Matara) was $105.45 and for female skins (dyed Black, Kitovi, and Matara) the average price was $71.16. At the fall 1963 auction, male and fe- male skins were offered in mixed lots and the overall average price for the three colors of skins was $111.72. Of a total of 10,311 Black skins sold at the October 1963 auction, 10,137 were male and the average price for those, including the small number of female skins, was $126.13. At the spring 1963 auction, the three colors of male skins brought a record high average price of $122.52. The average price received for both male and female fur seal skins (dyed Black, Kitovi, and Matara) at the April 1964 auction was $90.60. Lakoda, or female sheared sealskins, brought an average price of $48.82, or much higher than the average of $40.63 received at the fall 1963 auction, and more than the av- erage of $43.09 received at the spring 1963 auction. Average prices per skin received for proc- essed male fur seal skins at the spring 1964 auction were: Black, $107.65; Kitovi, $88.42; Matara, $108.77. Average prices for both male and female dyed skins at the spring 1964 auction were (average for fall 1963 auction in parentheses): Black, $92.47 ($126.13); Kitovi, $81.66 ($95.58); Matara $91.58 ($103.94). Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 25 and June 1963 p. 24. R Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ALEWIFE AND CHUB STOCKS IN LAKE MICHIGAN STUDIED: M/V “Kaho™ Cruise 16 (March 31-April9, 1964): To extend knowledge of the seasonal distribution and abundance of alewife andchubs and their availability to bottom trawls was the primary objective of this cruise in central and southern Lake Michigan by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing and gear research vessel Kaho. Par- ticular attention was given to determining the differentials in east-west and north-south dis - tribution and commercial potential of those fish stocks. Other activities of the cruise 16 Manitowoc 2 80° “MEAN, Legend: — - Trawl drag. >< - Snag encountered. Waukegan 1) 20 -—@ —“4 Statute Miles Lake Michigan explorations M/V Kaho Cruise 16 (March 31-April | 9, 1964). were concerned with collecting length-fre- quency data on alewife and chubs to supple- ment material collected earlier, and collect- ing samples of fish, water, and bottom ma- terials for laboratory analysis relating to special studies. FISHING OPERATIONS: A total of 34 trawl drags were completed with a 52-foot (headrope) fish trawl in 6 days of operation-- 8 drags were made from 20to 60 fathoms off | St. Joseph, Mich., and 8 from 20 to 60 fath- oms off Waukegan, Ill.; 9 drags were made from 20 to 70 fathoms off Manitowoc, Wis., and 9 from 20 to 70 fathoms off Ludington, Mich. All drags were of 30 minutes duration and were made in one direction only. Minor gear damage occurred during one drag at 30 fathoms off Waukegan. Bottom topography and vertical distribution patterns of fish were continuously recorded with a high-resolution depth-recorder. FISHING RESULTS: The investigations. completed along the lakewide transects be- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 tween St. Joseph and Waukegan, and between Manitowoc and Ludington revealed significant differences in depth distribution, abundance, and species interrelationship from both south and central Lake Michigan and from one side of the lake to the other. The most noteworthy feature observed was the almost total absence of alewife from trawl catches off Manitowoc. Alewife dominated the catches from 25 to 35 fathoms off St. Joseph, and also from 45 to 50 fathoms off Waukegan, and at 40 fathoms off Ludington. The best alewife catch was 945 pounds made in a 30-minute drag at 50 fath- oms off Waukegan. Good catches of chubs (310 to 405 pounds per 30-minute drag) were made in 40 and 45 fathoms off St. Joseph, in 35 and 40 fathoms off Waukegan, and in 35 fathoms off Ludington. Echo-sounder operations revealed good to excellent concentrations of alewife and chubs in midwater depths at 35 to 50 fathoms off | Ludington. Only limited catches of species other than chub or alewife were taken during the cruise. Species Herring Sculpin Smelt Sucker Trout-perch Whitefish Sea lamprey HYDROGRAPHIC DATA: Bathythermo- graph casts were made at key stations, and air and surface water temperatures were rec- orded continuously. Surface water tempera- tures ranged from 34° to 35° F. during the CLUS. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 18. [ie | Hawaii FISHERIES LANDINGS, 1962-1963: Commercial landings of fish and shellfish in the State of Hawaii in 1963 were down 10.7 percent in quantity and 4.9 percent in value from those in the previous year, due mainly to a drop in landings of skipjack tuna and big- eyed tuna. June 1964 Hawaiian Commercial Fisheries Landings and Ex-Vessel Value, 1962-1963 Species 1963 1962 Quantity Value | Quantity | Value 1,000 1,000 Lbs. $1,000 Lbs. $1,000 Tuna and Tunalike Fish: Nibacone sameness mene chet 15.0 4.7 16.7 GS also 66'S bro opis 948.3 501.7 1,220.8 J.-C ONOO.0 010-0 384.9 153.2 396.8 5c aen.0.9-0 o.o-tton8 8,099.3 | 1,089.8 9,415.4 | 1,174.0 ono mala 60.2 8.3 noe) 9,507.7 | 1,757.7] 11,063.0 | 1,921.5 2,248.9 924.3| 2,106.7 Total fish and shellfish ... | 11,756.6 | 2,682.0 [13,169.7 2,819.3 The Island of Oahu was the State's leading fishery center in 1963 witha catch of 8,630,351 pounds. The Island of Hawaii was in second place with a catch of 1,651,787 pounds, fol- lowed by the Island of Maui with a catch of 1,222,536 pounds. The remainder of the catch was landed at ports on the Islands of Kauai, Lanai, and Molokai. (Hawaiian Department of Land and Natural Resources, March 30, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review June 1963 p. 33. Industrial Fishery Products OBSERVATIONS ON FISH MEAL USE IN ANIMAL FEED: Some research results that showed that fish meal added to all-vegetable laying ra- tions resulted in small body weight increases, increased egg production, and improved ef- ficiency were presented by the head of the Department of Poultry Science, Texas A. and M. University. The results were presented at the National Fisheries Institute (NFI) Sym- posium and the Maryland Nutrition Confer - ence held at Washington; D.C., on March11, 1964, and March 12-13, respectively. Least cost for feed per unit of production was a- chieved with 5-percent fish meal in the ra- tion. The results of the research suggest that both amino acids and unidentified growth factors contributed to the improved perfor- mance with fish meal. The results also dem- onstrated that not all fish meals of like ni- trogen content are of equal value in egg pro- duction. At the Maryland Nutrition Conference, a researcher from the Poultry Science Depart- ment, University of Maryland, gave some results of experiments in which solvent-ex- tracted fish meal was used at relatively high levels in broiler rations. The objective of the experiments was to determine the fea- sibility of using solvent-extracted (low fat) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 fish meals instead of regular fish meals when price structures of feed ingredients are such as to result in maximum profit when fish meal is used at levels as high as 15 percent of the ration. The objective of substituting solvent- extracted fish meal for regular fish mealun- der such conditions is to avoid the relatively high levels of fish oil in the rations that may accompany the use of regular fish meal at high concentrations. The trials demonstrated that solvent-extracted fish meal even at levels as high as 15 percent of the ration (highest level tested) yields results equal to those with regular fish meal and, consequently, that sol- vent-extracted fish meal can be substituted for regular fish meal in poultry rations when- ever, in the judgment of the ration formulator, it is advisable to do so. Two nutritionists of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technical Advisory Unit visited feed mills in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, and scientists at the Universities of North Carolina and Ten- nessee the latter part of March. Their ob- servations were: The mean levels of fish-meal utilization in the area visited appear to be: (1) in broiler starter-rations 5 percent; (2) in broiler fin- isher rations 3.5 percent; (3) in breeder ra- tions 2.5 percent; and (4) in laying rations 0.5 percent. Those are fairly liberal fish- meal allowances and that may be attributed in part to the fact that most of the mixed feed producers visited by the Bureau's nutritionists are able to obtain fish meal in bulk truck ship- ments directly from the fish-meal plants. One feed producer in North Carolina stated that he is marketing a pullet ration containing only 10 percent protein, a level 2 percent low- er than the minimum recommended by nutri- tional authorities at his State Experiment Station and equal to only five-eighths of that recommended by the National Research Coun- cil. The net effect of the low-protein ration is to delay egg production by about 3 weeks and to lower feed costs somewhat during the pullet year. The use of less than the recom- mended levels of protein conceivably could have unfortunate long-term effects. Trials completed recently at the University of Tennessee suggest that cattle can utilize menhaden oil at a level equal to 2 to 3.5 per- cent of the ration if an all-grain ration is fed, or in amounts equal to the oil that would be consumed under such conditions if some or all of the feed is given as roughage. The re- 18 sults of those trials will be published ifplans made at that time are carried out. The im- portance of those results rests upon the fact that fat at a level equal to 2 percent of the feed consumed is often sprayed upon the roughage fed cattle in fattening operations. Stabilized vegetable and animal fats are pres- ently used, but it appears that fish oil could be used more conveniently than fats that must be heated before spraying on the feed. How- ever, at prevailing prices, fish oil was con- sidered too valuable for that use. Poultry trials have been carried out at the University of Tennessee in which growing chicks responded equally well to 1-, 2-, or 5-percent fish meal in rations that were 25 percent protein. Ata protein level as high as that, it is doubtful that ''extra'’ methionine and lysine of fish meal were influential in promoting growth. Therefore it is logical to ‘conclude that the growth-promoting effect observed was due to UGF (unidentified growth factors) in the meal used in the trials and that the level of UGF was high enough to meet requirements even when fish meal was fedat the 1-percent level. Findings of the Bureau's nutritionists based on their observations demonstrate that a number of problems exist in the industrial fish products market. Examples of those problems are: 1. A number of mixed feed producers pointed out that if the price of fish meal con- tinues to advance, the product may be "'priced off the market." 2. Some feed mill operators expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that they are able to obtain domestically-produced fish meal throughout the year. 3. Some feed men pointed out that the quality of imported fish meal is extremely variable and that most such meal has been very "dusty'' (low oil content) during the past year. 4, Many producers use less fish meal in mixed feeds than research findings have shown to be optimum. U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES: Production by Areas, March 1964: Pre- liminary data on U.S. production of fish meal, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 oil, and solubles for March 1964 as collected by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and submitted to the International Associa- tion of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in the table. | U.S. Production!/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles by Areas, March 1964 (Preliminary) with Comparisons | Homage Area Meal enized3/ Short Tons arch 1964: East & Gulf Goastsiemeireite West Coast2/ . shotalkaressine Wotalvememele Maine Sardines CANNING SEASON OPENS: The 94th consecutive Maine sardine can- ning season opened April 15, 1964, but nopro- duction of any consequence was expected until late May, when the fish usually arrive in in- shore waters in adequate numbers for can- ning. Twenty-five canneries were put into operating condition to be ready for the schools of herring. The size of the pack will depend upon the fish supply and market conditions and it is too early to predict either of those factors, according to the Executive Secretary of the Maine Sardine Council. He said that inven- tories held by the canners were slightly larger than normal but not enough so as to be bur- densome. (Editor's Note: Canners' stocks of Maine sardines amounted to 1,063,000 stand- ard cases on January 1, 1964, and 1,092,000 standard cases on January 1, 1963, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Canned Food Report, January 1, 1964.) The Secretary fur- ther stated that Maine sardines now held more than 50 percent of the total U.S. sardine mar- ket and had been making a steady gain each month from the low point of 28 percent which occurred in 1961 and 1962 following the un- usually small Maine sardine pack in 1961. (Maine Sardine Council, April 16, 1964.) SO Cue a Rito June 1964 WORLD'S FAIR DISPLAY: The Maine Sardine Council is participating in an outdoor food exhibit on the grounds of the New England Pavilion at the New York World's Fair, and the industry's products are featured in the Pavilion's Country Store and Restaurant. The outdoor setting features the products of 12 New England food manufacturers through the use of large (4 x 6 feet), lighted photo- graphs mounted on raisedtriangles of unusual design. The Council's message to the public hails Maine sardines as "'the little brother of the Maine lobster"' and advises that the product is healthful and nourishing and that more than 50 brands are on sale everywhere in the United States. The photograph shows numerous ways in which sardines may be prepared and served; boiled lobsters with netting and other gear are depicted in the background. A sizable display of sardines is placed in the typical New England Country Store while the product is on the restaurant menu as a permanent item and is also served in the cocktail room as an appetizer. Recipe books and other material on Maine sardines are distributed at the State's information center within the New England Pavilion buildings. The Maine State Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries is cooperating with the Coun- cil on the outdoor exhibit. (Maine Sardine Council, April 18, 1964.) Cone SS a National Fisheries Institute AID TO UNITED STATES FISHING INDUSTRY PROPOSED AT CONVENTION: Bold measures are needed to bolster the Nation's fishing industry, Under Secretary James K. Carr of the U.S. Department of the Interior said April 25, 1964, at the Na- tional Fisheries Institute (NFI) Convention in Seattle, Wash. Citing an earlier arid land Federal reclamation program, the Under Secretary suggested the possibility of fed- erally financed low-cost loans for construc - tion of modern fishing vessels that would meet certain strict standards on size of ves- sel and equipment to make Americans more competitive with foreign fishermen. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 The Under Secretary called upon members of NFI to consider some means of using Fed- eral help along with other measures to revi- talize the United States fishing industry. He told the group if aman wants to build a $150,000 vessel in Canada, he can go into busi- ness with a cash outlay of $9,000. He said that even under legislation pending before the United States Congress to provide additional assistance, an American fisherman-owner would need a considerably larger cash outlay to put the same vessel in the water in com- petition with his Canadian neighbor. The Interior Under Secretary said that in five years the catch of United States fisher- men has dropped from second to fifth place in worldwide competition. He told the fishin- dustry representatives, 'now the United States is trailing Japan, the Soviet Union, Red China, and Peru.'' He declared the United States fishing fleet is antiquated in comparison to some modern fleets of other nations. He pointed out that more than half of the world's population suffers from malnutrition or undernutrition, and that the importance of fish food proteins grows with each passing month. He told the group that the lifegiving food from the sea will be the great arsenalin the future battles against poverty, hunger, and disease. He also said, 'In 1963, for the first time in the history of the Republic, over half (56 percent) of the United States fishery supply was derived from imports. In con- trast, less than 14 years ago (in 1950), only 25 percent of the supply was imported." North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research OCEAN PERCH GILLING BY TRAWL NETS STUDIED: M/V “Delaware” Cruise 64-1 (January 23- February 1, and February 5-27, 1964): To investigate the gilling effects upon oceanperch of 3-inch synthetic mesh trawl cod ends (ap- proximately equivalent to 3.5-inch doubled manila mesh) as compared to commonly used 2.3-inch manila-twine cod ends was the prin- cipal purpose of this cruise by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Delaware. The tests were made as part of a study to determine the effects of 20 a minimum-size 3-inch mesh on the fishing industry and on the fishery resources. The twosizes of cod ends were changed and measured every 2 tows throughout the cruise to permit evaluation of ocean perch gilling. A total of 39 of the 63 tows made during the cruise caught sufficient fish to be of value in the study. Bad weather throughout the en- tire cruise and poor fishing in many areas limited the number of tows and the size of catches. All tows were made off the coast of Nova Scotia with the majority taking place in in- shore waters ranging in depth from 72 to 100 fathoms. Some tows were also made indepths of 100 to 235 fathoms. The length of tows varied from 45 minutes to 2 hours. All fish gilled in the cod end were measured; males and females were weighed in separate groups. A random sample was taken from the fish free in the cod end for weight and length measurements. Because of the adverse conditions and limited time, sufficient tows were not made to establish conclusive evidence on the dif- ference between the gilling effects of the two cod ends. However, the test tows indicated that the 3-inch nylon cod end gilled more fish than the 2.3-inch double manila cod end. But the 3-inch nylon net allowed a relatively higher escapement than the 2.3-inch double manila. For complete analysis, all results were turned over to a representative of the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. ELECTRICAL TRAWLING TESTS CONTINUED: M/V “Delaware” Cruise 64-2 (March 11- April 3, 1964): To continue to test and eval- uate the effect of an electric field upon the catch of a commercial otter-trawl net when the field is used as an adjunct to the net was the main purpose of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Delaware. Work during the cruise was devoted to gear improvement and the determination of whether fish-size se- lectivity is possible through the use of vary- ing pulse frequencies. In accordance with the experience gained during Delaware Cruise 63-9, the electrical unit was successfully modified to provide a COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 pure pulse frequency throughout the electrical field. In addition, heavy coaxial conductor cable was used as the towing warp. A modi- fication to the earlier method of attaching the doors also improved the handling quality of the gear and helped to eliminate previous dif- ficulties. The net transformers were mounted on the net headrope during the latter part of the cruise. That shift in position, from the foot- rope, appeared to be worthwhile. Not only were some electrical problems reduced but net handling was made easier. Fishing operations were seriously ham- pered by weather conditions; however, 46tows were made during the cruise. A preliminary examination of fish-size selectivity data indicated that the electrical discharges applied during the cruise did not give the desired results. Future work will probably be conducted with an increase in the number of electrodes. Efforts to further reduce power requirements and to attain fish- size selectivity by species will be continued. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1964 p. 21. OF) ata M605 Je, OK OS KOK TUNA AND SWORDFISH SURVEY CONTINUED: M/V “Delaware” Cruise 64-3 (April 16- June 5, 1964): The U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries exploratory vessel M/V Dela- ware began a 51-day cruise on April 16, 1964, to continue a systematic survey of the dis- tribution and abundance of tuna and swordfish in the North Atlantic. This is the eleventh long-line cruise in the series. During this cruise, special attention was given to waters off the Middle Atlantic Bight between the 100- fathom curve of the Continental Shelf and the western edge of the Gulf Stream. Empha- sis was placed on giving coverage to those areas which have not been surveyed during previous investigations. Operations of the Delaware included day and night sets of long-line gear to sample tuna and swordfish below the surface; day- time surface trolling to sample tuna in the upper water layer; bathythermograph tran- sects to examine thermal relationships; tuna tagging in cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to study seasonal tuna movements; and tuna blood sampling in cooperation with tuna subpopulation studies June 1964 being conducted at the U.S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries biological laboratory in Honolulu, Hawaii. Plans called for a commercial tuna-fishing vessel to cooperate with the project by fish- ing in the general area of the investigation and comparing its results with those of the Delaware. Visiting scientists were aboard the Dela- ware as guest cooperators during the cruise. Two port calls were scheduled at Norfolk, Va. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1963 p. 36. North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations HADDOCK SPAWNING AND MATURITY INVESTIGATED: M/V atross IV" Cruise 64-3 (March 17-26, 1964): To collect blood samples from spawning populations of haddock, to record haddock maturity, and to collect live haddock were the objectives of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Albatross IV. The area of investiga- tion was Nausets, Chatham, Cultivator, North- ern Edge and Browns Bank. Trawling at 15 stations (23 tows) was made on a 12-hour a day basis. Blood samples 75° Use 73° W228 TAS) T1097 1699, 689. 1,670 4 669 16591649 460 en eee 7 a = 45°. 440|. Shows sampling areas for Cruise 64-3 of the research vessel Alba- tross IV, March 17-26, 1964. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 2H were taken from 25 haddock at each of the first 10 stations and tested with antisera for blood type. A total of 41 bathythermograph casts were made during the cruise. Agglutination responses for 250 haddock ‘were tabulated and the state of maturity was ‘noted. Fertilized haddock eggs and live had- _dock were brought back to the Bureau's Bio- logical Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1964 p. 23, Feb- tuary 1964 p. 36. HADDOCK COLLECTION: M/V “Albatross IV” Cruise 64-4 (April 6- 1964): To obtain live haddock for experi- Le purposes was the objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Albatross IV. A search was conducted on fishing grounds off Massachusetts, but haddock were not located where they could be hand-lined so no live specimens were obtained. Two trawl collec- tions of haddock were made. we sk ok ke Ok Sele ok) oi FLOUNDER TAGGING: M/V “Albatross IV” Cruise 64-5 (April 8- 14, 1964): To tag blackback flounder off New England in the area of Nantucket Shoals, Nau- set Beach, and Georges Bank was the main objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Albatross IV. Blackback were caught by otter trawl at selected stations and tagged with Petersen disc tags. A total of 1,315 were tagged at Nantucket Shoals, 550 at Georges Bank, and 15 along Nauset Beach. Fin ray counts were made onsome tagged and untagged blackbacks, and information on blackback Spawning was also obtained. The cruise was cut short by mechanical difficulties. North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ADULT HAKE OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND NORTHERN MEXICO STUDIED: M/V John N. Cobb” Cruise 64 (February 5-March 19, 1964): Pelagic trawling for adult hake (Merluccius productus) during a pre- dicted period of peak spawning was one of the principal objectives of this six-week cruise 22 115° 120° 130° 125° Noe oo eR ES Shows area of operations during John N. Cobb Cruise 64, Febru- ary 5-March 19, 1964. off southern California and northern Mexico by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. Other objectives of the cruise were to: (1) attempt capture using standard and modified versions of the ''Cobb"' pelagic trawl; (2) e- valuate three independent depth telemetry systems and a new type dual-frequency echo- sounding machine; and (3) determine con- figuration, drag ratio, and general utility of monofilament webbing in trawl construction. A predetermined trackline and station pat- tern was followed during most of the cruise. Echo-soundings were made continuously a- long tracklines and during drags made at stations. Maximum depth tows to 250 fath- oms were made at those stations where echo- soundings indicated an absence of marine life. Whenever echo-soundings indicated presence of marine life, tows were made at the indicated depth. Whenever relatively good echo-soundings were encountered, the station pattern was interrupted to allow re- petitive drags and possible correlation of soundings with catches of hake. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Severe weather conditions during most of the cruise limited the number of drags toa total of 35. Adult hake in amounts up to 350 pounds per 1-hour tow were taken in five of the drags. Two drags made through a fair showing of fish during the latter part of the cruise yielded 300 and 150 pounds of hake, respectively. The concentration, centered at 250 fathoms, dispersed in the evening hours and attempts to relocate the shoal on the fol- lowing day were fruitless. A correlation was apparent between the vessel's hake catches and the occurrence of hake eggs and larvae as determined by the Bureau's research vessel Black Douglass. Good catches of eggs and larvae were made at stations adjacent to hake-producing drags. Incidental fish catches were limited to small amounts of anchovies, bonitos, and deep-sea varieties such as lanternfish, fanged viperfish, and snipe eels. Accurate determination of depth of tows was provided by three independent depth te- lemetry systems. Two of the systems utilized electrical core towing cable and one of the systems functioned via acoustic transmission. All three systems functioned well during the entire cruise. Variation of indicated depth as shown on each system was less than 2 per- cent. Performance of a new type electrical towing cable was excellent as no evidence of conductor damage or deterioration of steel strands was noted. A two-pen electronic strip chart recorder was used to record depth and water temperature during each drag. A modified version of the ''Cobb" pelagic trawl, constructed mainly of monfilament webbing, was shown to have approximately 20 percent less drag which allowed an average towing speed of three knots. A conventional "Cobb" pelagic trawl (also used on the cruise) ayeraged 2.5 knots. The John N. Cobb was scheduled to depart Seattle April 13, 1964, for six weeks of ex- ploratory bottom trawling (Cruise 65) off the Washington coast (from the Columbia River to the Strait of Juan de Fuca.) The primary objective is to locate new trawling grounds along the coast of Washington. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 38. June 1964 Oceanography RESEARCH VESSEL. "OQCEANOGRAPHER" LAUNCHED: The Oceanographer, the largest and most modern oceanographic research vessel ever built in the United States, was launched April 18, 1964, at Jacksonville, Fla. The 303-foot COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 Built in 1897, it was commissioned by the Navy in World War I and was credited with sinking an enemy submarine. Again, in World War II, it saw service with the Navy in the Pacific. Between the two wars, the vessel was engaged in oceanographic research for the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The original Oceanographer was decommissioned in 1944 Artist's conception of the research vessel vessel is the first of two automated Class I oceanographic survey ships being built for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The second vessel, the Discoverer, will be identi- cal with the Oceanographer. The two vessels will cost $14,000,000. The Oceanographer, whose keel was laid in July 1963, is slated to be commissioned in 1965. A centralized control system in the engineroom will provide automatic starting and stopping of machinery, programming of the fuel and ballast system, and the auto- matic recording of operating data at a mas- ter-control station. In addition to automa- tion, closed-circuit television will be pro- vided throughout the engineroom. The new ship is not the first to bear the name Oceanographer. It was preceded by a veteran of two world wars with a long and varied career. The first Oceanographer was originally a $3-million luxury yacht. Oceanographer. and subsequently scrapped. (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, April 15, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1963 p. 43. Pollution USE OF PESTICIDES ENDANGER COMMERCIAL FISHERIES SAYS INTERIOR SECRETARY: Growing evidence of widespread environ- mental contamination from pesticides was cited by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, who testified before a special Senate subcommittee called by Senator Ribicoff of Connecticut during early April 1964. The Secretary called for a nationwide pesticide monitoring program and an end to the use of highly toxic chemicals whose spread cannot be controlled. He said the problem of pesti- cides had become even more acute in recent 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 months and that new data were strengthening earlier warnings and demonstrating new haz - ards to man and wildlife. The Secretary noted new evidence that DDT is responsible for the failure of lake trout to reproduce, and that it reduced re- productive success among several species of birds including pheasants, eagles, and black ducks. The most disturbing evidence now being accumulated, the Secretary said, points to the widespread existence of chemical pes- ticides following their use under "normal" and "controlled" conditions. Much data in- cluding that relating to recent fish kills on the lower Mississippi River does not relate to accidents or deliberate misuse, but are the apparently uncontrollable effects of wide- spread "normal"' pesticide application. Particular attention to the danger posed by pesticides to the commercial fisheries of the lower Mississippi and Gulf Coast areas was pointed out by the Secretary. Shrimp and other shellfish are almost unbelievably sensitive to certain pesticides, he said. The fishing industry--like the consumer in the supermarket--has no control over the way in which pesticides reach his product. Tens of thousands of jobs and millions of dollars of valuable fishery products may ultimately be at stake, Secretary Udall emphasized. He stated that "unlike farmers, our commercial fishermen do not use the pesticides them- selves and they must depend on effective governmental action to prevent damage to the resources they depend upon for a living." Preservation IRRADIATION PRESERVATION OF FOOD STUDIED FOR COMMERCIAL IMPLICATIONS: An extensive study of the commercial im- plications of the preservation of food by irra- diation was announced April 2, 1964, by the U.S. Department of Commerce. "Cooperative efforts among various gov- ernmental agencies including the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy Commis- sion have clearly indicated that the irradia- tion of food for the purposes of preserving it is perfectly safe and has many economic ad- vantages,'' said the Administrator of the Commerce Department's Business and De- fense Services Administration, which will coordinate the study. Explaining the purpose of the study, he stated, ''The widespread use of such foods in the relatively near future will affect processing, storage, distribution, and marketing techniques for a great many food products. We want to learn in depth as soon as possible just what the implications are." Aspects of the subject which will be studied include (1) the potential use of irradiated foods in providing proteins to developing areas which do not have conventional food storage facili- ties; (2) the question of winning consumer un- derstanding and acceptance of irradiated foods; and (3) the impact of the irradiation food pres- ervation technique upon other advanced meth- ods of food processing such as freeze-drying. The Department of Commerce is a mem- ber of the Interdepartmental Committee on Radiation Preservation of Food which has been collating promising developments in the field of food irradiation techniques. (U.S. Department of Commerce, April 2, 1964.) Salmon FRASER RIVER SOCKEYE LOSSES INVESTIGATED: Studies into the environmental factors re- lated to the serious mortality of unspawned Fraser River sockeye in 1961 and 1963 were carried out during the winter of 1964 by the ° staff of the International Pacific Salmon Fish- eries Commission. The investigations re- vealed that several factors are involved in any excessive mortality regardless of the actual cause of death. High or above normal temperatures and early arrival of the sockeye on the spawning grounds appear to be closely associated with any excessive loss of unspawned fish. Harly timing in migration, while related to high temperature, appears to be the more impor- tant of the two factors. Density of spawners has been found to be a major factor when other influences are adverse, but seems of little importance when those influences follow a normal pattern. Because of the complexity of the problem, fishery biologists need the advice of experts in other scientific fields. Once an under- standing is reached of the cause or causes of June 1964 premature death in sockeye spawners, suit- able controls possibly can be designed and placed in operation. While the costs of such controls may be high, the economic losses already sustained are also high. Remedial measures required to prevent such losses in the future could be economically justifiable. In an attempt to develop a program to solve the problem, the Commission called a special meeting in New Westminister, B.C., Canada, April 20, 1964, which was attended by experts in the fields of biochemistry, physiology, ecology, pathology, and medicine. (International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com- mission, April 15, 1964.) OK OK OK OK NORTHWEST RIVERS RECEIVE RECORD PLANTS OF SILVER AND SPRING CHINOOK YEARLINGS: In early April 1964, over 5.5 million year- ling silver salmon fingerlings weighing a total of 160,000 pounds were released in rivers of Washington and Oregon. The fish were raised in three National Fish Hatch- eries operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The plant included 590,000 silver salmon fingerlings which were released in Eagle Creek from the Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery, near Estacada, Oreg. The Columbia River received the remainder of the fish, which included 2,300,000 from the Willard National Fish Hatchery, Willard, Wash., and 2,700,000 from the Little White Salmon National Fish Hatchery, Cook, Wash. The April release was the largest plant of silver salmon fingerlings in the Northwest area from National Fish Hatcheries. Northwest rivers also received a record plant of yearling spring chinook salmonfrom National Fish Hatcheries in April 1964 when 3 million spring chinook fingerlings were re- leased from the Carson National Hatchery into the Wind River near Stevenson, Wash., and a total of 1,600,000 were released from the Eagle Creek National Hatchery into the Clackamas River, its tributary--Eagle Creek, and the Molalla River. The spring chinook yearlings were spawned by the 1962 runs of adult spring chinook salmon that ascended the new fishways on Eagle Creek and Wind River. Those streams became accessible to migrant salmon when fishways were con- structed to bypass falls that were impass- able. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 The young salmon will migrate to the Pa- cific Ocean, where they will spend several years. Upon reaching maturity and returning to the Columbia River system, they will con- tribute to both the sport and commercial fish- emiest SITE OF FIRST PACIFIC COAST SALMON CANNERY DESIGNATED NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK: The site of the first Pacific Coast salmon cannery, built in Sacramento, Calif., 100 years ago, has been designated a National Historic: Landmark, Congressmen Robert L. Leggett (Vallejo) and John E. Moss (Sacramento) of California announced this past April. The site, which was determined by histo- rians of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, is on the Yolo County side of the Sacramento River opposite the foot of Sacramento's K Street. A com- memorative plaque was to be unveiled at the location on April 28, 1964. The principal speaker was to be Senator Bartlett of Alaska, a member of the Senate Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee. Lloyd Turnacliff, a fish wholesaler in Sacramento and also a former vice president of the National Fisheries Institute, was to be master of ceremonies. The forerunner of today's multimillion dollar Pacific salmon canning industry was begun in the spring of 1864 by three former Maine fishermen, two of whom were brothers. One of the brothers entered the fishing busi- ness in Sacramento in 1852 and was joined by his brother four years later. The business at first was limited to the sale of fresh and salted salmon. The third member to join the enterprise was a tinsmith as well as a fish- erman and had experience canning lobster and salmon in New England. The newly form- ed company was short oncapital, so he brought along some crude can-making equipment to Sacramento with him. In the spring of 1864, the three partners enlarged the original cabin and purchased a large scow for additional factory floor space. They added an 18 by 24-foot extension to the cabin of the scow for a can-making shop. The salmon were packed in salted water, and the cans were boiled about an hour at 230 degrees. Later a pickle was added to each can to re- place the salt. The cans were painted a bright red with a combination of red lead, turpentine, 26 and linseed oil. As a result, the consumer identified canned salmon only by the flaming red can even when there was no label. The new company had a difficult time at the beginning. The equipment they had was crude and every operation had to be done by hand. At least half the cans manufactured in the first year burst at the seams. Despite, the handicaps, the company sold 2,000 cases at $5 per dozen cans the first year, and the business was launched. Because of the suc- cess of this first cannery, numerous other canneries sprang up. By 1882 there were 20 canneries along the Sacramento River pro- ducing about 200,000 cases of salmon a year. After that peak year the industry declined because of a sharp reduction in the number of salmon entering the Sacramento River. The shortage of fish was attributed to silting of the river by hydraulic mining and salmon canning on the Sacramento River was discon- tinued after 1919. The original and first salmon-canning company was gone long before the peak pack of 1882. A decline in salmon runs in the Sac- ramento in 1865 started the partners of that first cannery looking for a better source of supply. The following year they moved to Eagle Cliff, Wash., and established a cannery theres Today's $100 million salmon-canning in- dustry in the United States is a direct out- growth of the pioneering efforts of that first salmon-canning enterprise in Sacramento. The Alaska canned salmon pack in 1963 to- taled 2.7 million cases, or about 80 percent of the total United States canned salmon pack of 3.3 million cases. The remainder was packed by canneries in Washington and Ore- gon. - Shrimp UNITED STATES: Breaded Production, 1963: Breaded shrimp production during the fourth quarter of 1963 Table 1 - U.S. Production of Breaded Shrimp by Months, October-December 1963 Quantity 1,000 Lbs. OCtOberstemteisivelsiveiliotelehctedetenie 7, 390 Novemberivewtertepenopenensncieie 6, 129 December encelcienciers oles Ses) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Table 2 - U.S. Production of Breaded Shrimp by Areas, October-December 1963 =| aie (@OOONLDs=) ea 1,458 3, 566 489 Atlantic States . 2... Gulf and Inland States Pacific States. . 2.0. WMotalemeeienene Table 3 - Total U.S. Production and Value of Breaded Shrimp | by States, 1963 T oe No. of 1,000 Plants Pounds Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. Louisiana and Alabama . . WERE. 620 (G50 val.0 Arizona and California. . . NIOODOD 4 oc was 19 million pounds and for the entire year it was 75 million pounds, according to pre- liminary data. Breaded shrimp production has gradually increased over the years. From production of 6.6 million pounds in 1950 with a wholesale value of $4.2 million, the quantity increased Millions Legend: Pounds. A] Value in dollars. 1953 U.S. production and value of breaded shrimp 1953-63. to 77.3 million pounds with a value of $62.8 million in 1962--a record year. Compared with the peak year, production in 1963 was three percent less in volume and 16 percent less in value. COS) 5 LOO pha) ss Bes SS cis Supply and Disposition, 1961-1963: The was 16.7 percent greater than in 1962 and in- creased 30.4 percent from 1961. United States shrimp imports again were at a record high June 1964 U.S. Supply and Disposition of Shrimp, 1961-63 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 27 Supply Indicators, March 1964: Item ifioes [2/1962 1961 Item and Period 1964 | 1963 |1962 |1961 | 1960 =... (15000) Lbs. shell-on) 2... Supply: < : ; : ~..s. (1,000 Lbs, Heads - Off) 6100 Domestic landings heads-on 240,300 191,105 174,494 . ” Spo eie cu’ 2 in £ ist | (heads -off) (150,244) | (119,154) | (103,865 Sey eee So, Atl. and Gulf States’ Seale ovalt heunte oreign product o! Sis Cee 7 > ’ fisheries3 heads-on | 479 it TN SEDATE OC 4.427| 3.358] 3,171| 4.728 By eads-o _(¢ (301 - 2 Imports4/ heads -on 266,205 242,580 213,957 aE ae ee Dye ehe. Gon Ny aieae Bae eee ane Bieee he (heads-off) | (167,344) | (152,504) | (134,564) ol aiebeliebishie > ? , a > otal supply heads-on 506,509 | 404,164 388,451 Janne bya eee 6,1 60 3,993 3,840 5,686 5,402 | " a (heads-off) | (317,588) | (271,959) | (238,429) January~December , 138,281]105,839] 91,396)141,035 Di iti proximate) y ese (approximate Quantity canned, Gulf States 1/: Headless®/ heads-on 6/ 253,935 238,901 WES?G 86 6a: ofo-0 D/O 5 3,831 1,794 1,208 1,461 " (heads -off) (6/) (159,708) | (147,625) YN chester ans eat surtesthts - 105 ie) 9 66 Meat, raw (includes some cooked)5/ heads -on 6/ 81,959 81,107 Spares OVE: O4p, A Dc ae ae are 33 aha m (heads -off) (6/) (51,045) | (49,810) CIM, (0:90 700.010 5 s Meat, cooked9/ : heads -on 6/ 15,202 8,114 January... e oe of 325 449 492 183 266 | u uu (heads -off) (6/) (9,568) (4,830) January-December, = 29,468| 23,322] 14,500] 26,394 Breaded heads -on G/ 77,698 rn J — — — a a ie _|_ (heads -off) (G/) (48,950) | (44,505 Frozen inventories (as of end of each mo,)2/: Specialties heads -on wy 1,011 574 May 31 = 34.053) 13,004 | 24,.696| 17,540 i : sais ney 3 sd ootoe 60 24, , > ? (heads ott) Rawat) 24882) (382) Aprilgoe 01 222 4||° 22 \eatosa| 1576371] 27:492| 207502 Total frozen heads-on 399,060 342,240 318,428 a 9 2) 2 a a (heads-off) | (250,474) | (214,693) | (196,524) March 31... 20 27,970) 16,607) 31,345) 23,232 == =e aE ee ae February 29 .....| 35,303] 28,039] 19,012] 37,612] 29,063 rr (heads-off) | (42.479) | (35,604) | (24,872) January 31 ......| 43,752] 28,487| 21,328 | 37,842| 34,332 | Dried heads -on 7,531 3,296 4,499 January1l.......| 45,335] 31,577] 19,755 | 40,913) 37,866 a _| (heads-off) | (4,730) (2,069) (2,722 Fresh heads -on 27,000 | 25,000 24,000 Imports 3/: 2 (heads-off) |__(16,981) (15,723) (14,286) x z : ui 11,110] 11,020] 8,278] 9,902 Unclassified heads-on 4,648 7,106 40 & 1/082] 10.210 9208 7733 ad iheedseos) ee eee x29) March at 137616| 91658 | 10°347| 8/545 1/Prelim inary. 5.0-00,0 G YoLO 5 5 zkewsed. ee ey Hcy Re vat 8 February ..... +1] 11,690] 127100] 10,599] 8,932] 7,657 by domesti | principally in waters off Cen erica, and shipped to the United States. Seen ee ee ee accor | | aul poteners| one” phchispuisien poetneehoars fe composition of im imp was compiled from data assembled by the U.S. Bureau of the ‘ anuary-December. 2 E 26,2 i SE ee a ee aaa Tae oe raealestbecaleon weight by Soule plying Wie Guan b am : sussTeg 1 Gy cake Cae by 1.59, meat by 2.04, breaded by 1.00, canned by 3.21, dried by 7.69, and Ie (¢/lb. 26-30 Count, Heads-Off). . . ar ee |Ex-vessel price, all species, So, Atl. and Gulf Ports: May aepreieccnererstionet « = 80.9 RISY/ 52.8 62.9 [item es pases 1961 NGF 5 Sin. b9.8 0-0)0 = 83.6 | 82.2 | 55.4 | 60.6 R ~ ose miei (1, OOO) Les) ekeherenanelele| Maren Piste cio eaete.| fi punoe 85.5 80.9 56,0 56.3 Headies Srp ciaotecererereises 414,717 108, 628 101, 208 February ...... .|4/57-62 85.7 78.9 Boe 51.8 eat, raw 29, ; x Meat, cooked ee 1,988 (aie UANUATYy: veyelts emereltol’e 4/57 69 85,0 76.3 52.5 49,5 readed . 484 4 a | Ganned ie Sys ape US Wholesale price, froz. brown (5-lb, pkg.) Chicago, Dl.: Unclassified 2,923 4,469 25 WESVE oa Cldio.0 oo. 3 100-103 | 96-103) 67-69 74-77 [Beetoralererexeieus EERED AAT UES. wzo;z08 April eyenerete relic aek = 100-105 | 94-97 |69-70 | 74-75 5/May include some fresh products. March ssc) ereiicyexsnsne 72-75 |102-106 | 94-95 | 69-71 65-68 PRE ORE February .......| 73-82 |102-106 | 93-95 |69-71 | 65-67 ik ANUS THe etreitettelte 78-83 |102-106 | 91-94 | 69-71 64-66 in 1963 having increased 9.7 percent from the previous year and were up 24.4 percent from the 1961 imports. Domestic shrimp landings for 1963 were the best in many years--25.7 percent more than in 1962 and up 37.7 percent from 1961. The 1963 shrimp landings at ports in the Gulf of Mexico were the largest since the collec- tion of detailed statistical records was begun in 1956 by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Louisiana's 1963 shrimp landings of slightly more than 90 million pounds (heads-on weight) were double those of the previous year, but the ex-vessel value in- creased only about 30 percent from 1962. But shrimp landings for the year at South Atlan- tic ports were the lightest in many years. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1963 p. 42. OK ok Ok ok 1/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by 30.3. 2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc. 3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by the Bu- reau of the Census. 4/Range in prices at Tampa, Fla.; Morgan City, La., area; Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex. only. Note: March 1964 landings and quantity used for canning estimated from information pub- lished daily by the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to heads-on weight multiply by 1.68, : & South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program TRAWLING SURVEY OFF FLORIDA EAST COAST: M/V “Silver Bay" Cruise 55 (February 26- March 13, 1964): To conduct a fish trawling survey off the east coast of Florida between Summer Haven and Jupiter Inlet was the pri- mary objective of this cruise by the U.S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay. 28 JACKSONVILLE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. ou i ; +@ ere i} pe RY yi t. Augustine #) e (ms. curye* %=" Vn \0 Legend: Station (s) e -Fish trawl. *-Scallop dredge. ®-Fish trap. ‘@o- Loroatte eS K LA Little ae Bahama atts -g& Bank Area investigated off Florida's east coast during Cruise 55 of the M/V Silver Bay, February 26-March 13, 1964. June 1964 A total of 105 exploratory fishing stations was occupied in that area ranging from depths of 6 to 110 fathoms. Exploratory gear con- sisted primarily of 50/70 foot 43-inch mesh, nylon roller-rigged fish trawls fished on 8- foot bracket doors with 15-foot leg lines. Cod ends were 13-inch mesh. Trawling condi- tions were favorable throughout the area ex- cept at the edge of the Continental Shelf in 30 to 60 fathoms. Most catches were small with only occasional captures of commer- cially important species. Only moderate numbers of sharks and rays were taken from 8 drags in depths less than 10 fathoms. A total of 36 drags was made in the 11- to 20-fathom depth range. In those depths, mod- erate catches of butterfish (Poronotus), grunts (Haemulon), and pinfish (Lagodon) were made near Bethel Shoals. Catches of from 750 to 1,500 pounds of small (2- to 4-count) spots (Leiostomus), croakers (Micropogon), and drums were made off Cape Kennedy. Ex- tensive fish-school tracings were recorded on the depth-recorder off Summer Haven in 20 fathoms. Several drags in that area show - ed that the fish schools consisted of filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus). One 90-minute drag yielded 8,000 pounds of that species. Onthe same drag, 475 pounds of red, grey, and mutton snappers (L. aya, L. griseus, and L. analis), and 125 pounds of large porgies and sheepshead were also taken. That area ap- peared to be the southern boundary of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 extensive "broken bottom" areas previously delineated by the Silver Bay off northern Flor- ida. In depths greater than 21 fathoms, only occasional small catches of snappers, group- ers, or other commercially-valuable fishwere made. Fish-searching transects and catch results both indicated that large fish concen- trations were not present in those depth ranges during the survey period. Calico scallops (Pectin gibbus) were taken throughout the survey area. Samples of com- mercial-size scallops requested by industry were provided for machinery tests. At the time of this cruise the scallop population com- prised two size groups--the 50- to 55-milli- meter (2-to 24-inch) mature size group, andthe 35- to 45-millimeter (13- to 1¢-inch) matur- ing size group. The best scallop catches (4 to 5 bushels of shell stock per 30-minute tow) were made in the following areas: 16 fathoms off New Smyrna, 26 fathoms east of Cape Ken- nedy, 25 fathoms southeast of Bethel Shoals, and 20 fathoms east of St. Lucie Inlet. Night catches of rock shrimp (Sicyonia brevirostris) were made with the large-mesh fish trawls in several areas. Best catches were made in 20 fathoms east of St. Lucie In- let, where up to 110 pounds of 31-36 count (heads-on) shrimp were taken per 90-minute tow. A 40-pound catch of that shrimp species was made in 14 fathoms east of Hetzel Shoal. ‘Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 32. oh. U. S. Fishing Vessels FISHERIES LOAN FUND AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID FOR VESSELS, JANUARY 1-MARCH 31, 1964: From the beginning of the program in 1956 through March 31, 1964, a total of 1,384 loan applications for $38,155,392 were received by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Agency administering the Federal Fish- eries Loan Fund. Of the total, 710 applica- tions ($15,929,360) have been approved, 473 ($11,729,849) have been declined or found in- eligible, 160 ($6,106,422) have been withdrawn by the applicants before being processed, and 41 ($2,685,170) are pending. Of the applica- tions approved, 282 were approved for amounts less than applied for. The total reductionwas $1,704,591. 30 The following loans were approved from January 1, 1964, through March 31, 1964: New England Area: George F. Hume, Boothbay Harbor, Maine, $5,000; Alfred S. Osgood, Vinalhaven, Maine, $4,900. California: Clark W. Washburn, Crescent City, $6,570; Jack J. Riso, Monterey, $11,212; and Dewey H. Vanderpool, Pinole, $7,177. Pacific Northwest Area: Ronald E. Bow- hay, Bellingham, Wash., $15,000; Howard V. Rawley, Ferndale, Wash., $6,500; Charles R. Beechey, Ocean Park, Wash., $2,500; Henry P. Wold, Quinault, Wash., $7,500; Andreas Arntsen, Seattle, Wash., $28,000; Harry A. Hebert, Seattle, Wash., $13,500; William A. Monroe, Seattle, Wash., $3,191; Sven H. Sven- son, Seattle, Wash., $15,000; and Charles M. Thatcher, Tacoma, Wash., $2,800. Alaska: Ernest J. Heald, Anchorage, $8,450; Eugene D. Smith, Cohoe, $3,600; Rob- ert B. Sandstrom, Haines, $12,400; Charles Simon, Jr., Kasilof, $7,850; Johnie W. Huff and Lora Mae Huff, Ketchikan, $8,400; Oral L. Burch and Alvin R. Burch, Seward, $6,036; and George Rohrer, Sitka, $9,534. Under the Fishing Vessel Mortgage In- surance Program (also administered by the Bureau) during the first quarter of 1964, a total of 11 applications for $429,858 were received and 7 applications for $282,402 were approved. Since the program began (July 5, 1960), 50 applications were received for $4,741,309. Of the total, 33 applications were approved for $2,588,212 and 11 applica- tions for $672,895 were pending as of March 31, 1964. Since the mortgage program be- gan, applications received and approved by area are: New England Area: Received 11 ($1,054,500), approved 8 ($775,365). California Area: Received and approved 1 ($557,000), South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Received 28 ($81,228,815), approved 19($708,301). Pacific Northwest Area: Received 7 ($1,846,250), approved 4 ($507,546). Alaska Area: Received 3 ($54,744), ap- proved 1 ($40,000). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 No applications for the Fishing Vessel Con- struction Differential Subsidy were received from January through March 31, 1964, as the authority to accept applications expired on June 12, 1963. Since the beginning of that program on June 12, 1960, 13 applications were received for $1,101,770, of which 7 ap- plications were approved for $624,370, and 6 applications for $477,400 were pending. DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND CANCELLED: February 1964: During February 1964, a total of 30 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fishing craft, as compared with 26 in February 1963. There were 36 documents cancelled for fishing ves - sels in February 1964 as compared with 25 in February 1963. and Cancelled, by Areas, February 1964 with Comparisons Area Feb. Jan,-Feb., | Total (Home Port) 1964] 1963) 1964/1963) 1963 0 do-o-00 (Number)...... [Issued first documents 2/: New England). . ome. 5. 1 2 2 3 23 Middle Atlantic .......... 1 = 2 1 18 @hesapeakey rer emene ens) cre tenetiene = 3 5 8 66 SouthwAtlantiyCmapere cr ctecc mee 5 5 10 7 77 Guillieweroeshenene 20 11 37 23 2319 Pacific OO bo -6 3 5 6 9 160 (ereGeys LEVIS 6.5.0.0.0000000-0 2 ayy al 7 5 JAH) ICO). 5 ooo dod0o00 = ~ = 2 TOA 5 Sloo ooo oo OO O08 30 26 63 46 590 emoved from documentation 3/3 NewhEngland eee rer bemeenenct= 5 1 6 2 48 Middle Atlantic .......... 1 6 3 10 47 Chesapeake ncgemsmepe el clenlyci sr 5 2 9 3 2'5 South Atlantic .. O00 6 3 10 10 53 CRIS Oo oo bo 6 5 PACHA) 6 616'6.0 6.0.0-0:0 0-0.0°0 8 Great Lakes LAW Ales eMet ei sieieielehei eit enekents) NOt allie weWeWelte memati wee cua w sw |Note For explanation of footnotes, see table 3. [ able 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, February 1964 Gross Tonnage Issued 2/ Cancelled 3/ BIO0 O10 (Number)....... Dig etielfedesshoiisienelieleiteliviieliel ite 1 7 TLDS) 555 (Oy 0/D4010.0 Gs0s0:080 0.0 3 §) 20 TZ OM WelieheMetcbel stators Welteploushe 4 8 4 s = 5 5 1 5 a 5 = CORY) io G:bi0-6:5.0-0'o010/0050'0 6 2 1 VOWS) G6 alco o 6 00IG0 0.60 0 5 1 hiageaas FOOD MOON OOOO DOD = 1 200-209 ..... ee eee eee es 5 1 (Table continued on next page) June 1964 Issued2/__| Cancelled SiieMememen(NUmiber)¥sieilekcite Table 3 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued, by Vessel Length, February 1964 ength iT TT 1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft of 5 ~ net tons and over. 2/There were no redocumented vessels in February 1964 previously removed from rec- ~ ords. Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: 21 in 1964; 7 in 1963; 1 in 1962; and 1 prior to 1951. 3/Inciudes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc. Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Bureau of Cus- toms, U.S. Treasury Department. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Gross Tonnage Issued2/ Cancelled3/ cheileowen (Nui ber) Waneielene AORN) 5 G0 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 , 20-129 Note: For explanation of footnotes, see table 3. [ Table 3 - U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued, se osteo oe oe HK OK OK OK OK January 1964: During January 1964, a total of 33 vessels of 5 net tons and over was issued first documents as fishing craft, as compared with 20 in January 1963. There were 32 documents cancelled for fishing ves - sels in January 1964 as compared with 27 in January 1963. Table 1 - U.S, Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, January 1964 with Comparisons Area (Home Port) -. (Number)... Issued first documents 2/: INewshing landuepei ihe stetsitsiekatcnereteiceie 1 1 23 MacicllewAtlanticistsds ole efsitere islet sneiels 1 1 18 Ghesapeakeyee, swepleyeyeneseneWenccveneuchers 5 = 66 SOuthvAt Anti Civic ieieiielleliensielenenslieliers 5 2 717 GuUlEenelatahorelelalcteksicnescicvescueherenave 17 12 239 PACH. o ooo doo oO ooo Doo 3 4 160 Greatwuakeshpererenst sonemstenonedoleenene 1 = 5 UETLOVRIC OM opellslisleheiehelelelsieieh siete WO!” 5.0 0.0'6/0.0:0'0 0.00.06: 00.010.0.0 wo oo ' i) o ' uo © Oo tw Removed from documentation 3/: New England...... MSGS 1 1 48 IMiddleyAtlanticheuswe)sveteteeieiers ciel ene 2 4 47 Chesapeakelsmcnaremtenon wotenekeneteneneiencis 4 1 25 NOUthPA tlanticasisielenehelecrens csuelete leit 4 if 53 GUL WereMeetelsh del etonstensitenerchonelereticts 9 5 118 RACITIC MMe Hetepeieltekeederchereaetecuohene 7 7 87 Greatpliak esters sasheneteleneehehenenenelens 5 2 15 GIETE D o6.O OO booed OO CIO O DODD ts o 3 MRLOt alee MOA ai tena gvolsh gia geatee leeway nS! 27 396 Note: For explanation of footmotes, see table 3. ERK | Table 2 - U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, January 1964 Gross Tonnage Issued 2/ Cancelled 3/ Ryovetehel (NUINDET) Hatetotete tells 6 15 (Table continued on next column) by Vessel Length, January 1964 I/ | Issued+ Number 3 10 5 ’ 2 13 33 |1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft of S net tons and over, 2/Vessels issued first documents as fishing craft were built: S in 1964; 2 in 1963; 1 in 1961; 2 in 1960; and 4 prior to 1951, 3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc. Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Bureau of Cus- toms, U.S. Treasury Department. U.S. Foreign Trade PROCESSED EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, FEBRUARY 1964: ~~United States imports of processed edible fishery products in February 1964 were down 27.4 percent in quantity and 26,4 percent in value from those in the previous month, There was a sharp drop in imports of fish blocks and slabs (decline main- ly in shipments from Canada) and canned sardines not in oil (decline mainly in shipments from South Africa Republic), Shipments were also down for most other processed edible fishery products, except haddock fillets. Compared with the same month in 1963, imports in Febru- ary 1964 were down 8.6 percent in quantity and 6.3 percent in value. Imports of canned sardines not in oil were much lower this February. Imports were also down for most other canned fishery products, except canned sardines in oil. The decline was partly offset by heavier arrivals of groundfish fillets, flounder fillets, sea catfish fillets, and yellow pike fillets, U.S. Imports and Exports of Processed Edible Fishery Products, February 1964 with Comparisons Value an. -Feb. 1964 | 1963 1/Includes only those fishery products classified by the U. S. Bu- ~ reau of the Census as "Manufactured foodstuffs. "" Included are canned, smoked, and salted fishery products. The only fresh and frozen fishery products included are those involving substantial processing, i. e., fish blocks and slabs, fish fil- lets, and crab meat. Does not include fresh and frozen shrimp, lobsters, scallops, oysters, and whole fish (or fish processed only by removal of heads, viscera, or fins, but not otherwise processed). 2/Excludes fresh and frozen. 32 In the first 2 months of 1964, imports were up 9.4 percent in quantity and 14.0 percent in value from those in the same period of 1963. During January-February 1964 there were larger imports of cod fillets, ocean perch fillets, flounder fil- lets, blocks and slabs, sea catfish fillets, yellow pike fillets, canned tuna in brine, and canned sardines in oil, but imports were down for haddock fillets, halibut fillets, swordfish fillets, canned sardines not in oil, and canned crab meat, Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish from the United States in February 1964 were up 13.6 percent in quantity and 46.7 percent in value from those in the previous month, An increase in exports of canned squid and the high- er-priced canned salmon and canned shrimp was partly off- set by a decline in shipments of canned mackerel and canned sardines, Compared with the same month of the previous year, the exports in February 1964 were up 19.0 percent in quantity and 69.2 percent in value, Exports of canned salmon and canned mackerel were up, while shipments of canned sar- dines and canned squid declined, Processed fish and shellfish exports in the first 2 months of 1964 were up 19.0 percent in quantity and 27.6 percent in value from those in the same period of 1963. In January- February 1964 there were much larger shipments of canned mackerel and shipments of canned salmon and canned shrimp were also higher, but exports of canned sardines not in oiland canned squid were down sharply. Notes: (1) Prior to October 1963, the data shown were included in news articles on "U.S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products."' Before October 1963, data showing "U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products" summarized both manufactured and crude prod- ucts, At present, a monthly summary of U.S. imports of crude or nonprocessed fishery products is not available; therefore, only imports of manufactured or processed edible fishery products are reported. The import data are, therefore, not comparable to prev- ious reports of "U.S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products." The export data shown are comparable to previous data in "U.S. Exports of Edible Fishery Products." The export data in this series of articles have always been limited to manufactured or processed products. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1964 p. 35. Washington STEELHEAD TROUT INCIDENTAL CATCH MINIMIZED BY LARGER MESH NETS: An éxperimental 8-day gill-net fishery in Grays Harbor, Wash., conducted by the Wash- ington State Department of Fisheries during the first 2 weeks of December 1963 gave strong evidence that the use of nets with large mesh (73 inches or larger) definitely minimizes the incidental catch of steelhead trout. During the test, a total of 359 silver salmon and 22 steelhead trout were caught. One chartered vessel using standard (63- inch) mesh during 3 days in early December caught 4 silvers and 11 steelhead, of which 5 were released in good condition. A group of chartered vessels taking part in the test during the second week in December used nets with mesh of 73 inches or larger and caught 44 silvers and 8 steelhead. All 8 trout were released in good condition. Observations during the test confirmed the belief that seals are a serious predator COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 on both steelhead trout and silver salmon in the Grays Harbor area. (Washington State Department of Fisheries, April 1, 1964.) KOK ok ok ok PURSE-SEINE VESSEL CHARTERS SOUGHT BY DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES: The Washington State Department of Fish- eries dnnounced on April 22, 1964, that it wished to charter three purse-seine vessels and nets for salmon tagging at the following areas: West Beach, Rosario Strait, Iceberg Point, Salmon Banks, Lime Kiln, Mitchell Bay and Stuart Island. One of the requirements in bidding for a charter was that a shipper must be familiar with at least two of the above areas and be able to demonstrate that he had been successful in fishing for silver salmon in those areas. The charters will total a maximum of 20 fishing days per vessel and work will be done during the weekly 2- and 3-day closures of Puget Sound to commercial net fishing begin- ning on or about August 23, 1964. Charter will be on a per-day basis with no minimum season guarantee. Payment will be made for any day on which the net is set regardless of length of time fished. A bonus of a dollar per fish will be paid for every silver salmon tagged over a total of 160 per day. No bids were considered that were in ex- cess of $300 per day for drum seines and $350 per day for power-block seines. Such limits would not prevent payment of the bonus of one dollar for each silver salmon tagged in ex- cess of 160 per day. To be considered, a vessel had to be over 40 feet in length, large enough to handle two 36-inch circular fish tanks on deck, equipped with a deck pump for circulating sea water, and have adequate life-saving equipment. The fishing ability of the skipper, as well as gen- eral condition of the vessel, net, and working space were all considered in awarding the charters. The fisherman will furnish all fishing gear, including losses, fuel, food, crew, boat insur- ance, and other vessel requirements. Charter will include meals for two biologists, except when in port. The net used must be in good condition and be of a standard size for areas to be fished. One or more Washington State Department of Fisheries staff members will be aboard at all times when the net is fishing. June 1964 Bids were received by the Washington State Department of Fisheries until May 14, 1964. Whales WHALE MARKING PROJECT OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: three-week whale-marking cruise off southern California was begun in January 1964 by the Lynn Ann, a chartered research vessel of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The project is part of an inter- national program to conserve the world's populations of whales. poems led hin ee youll MISS him fr sure / ve A total of 59 whale marks were fired dur- ing this cruise and 34 whales were estimated to have been effectively marked. The marked whales were 27 sperm whales, 5 graywhales, 1 fin whale, and 1 humpback whale. Twenty- six fin whales, 6 sei whales, 1 humpback whale, 46 gray whales, and about 180 sperm whales were sighted. One killer whale and 3 dolphins were collected.. Gray whales were seen farther offshore than formerly observed and this raises some question in the index placed on land-based shore counts. In marking whales, an 8-inch, hollow, stainless-steel tube with a lead cap--or whale mark--is fired from a specially designed shotgun. The tube carries instructions re- questing anyone recovering the marker tore- turn it to the National Institute of Oceano- graphy in England. The United States takes an active part in the work of the International Whaling Com- mission which resulted from a pact signed by 17 nations in Washington, D.C., on De- cember 2, 1964. The U.S. Bureau of Com- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 mercial Fisheries carries out the Federal Government's responsibilities in the conser- vation of whales and has a staff member serv- ing on the Commission. Wholesale Prices EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, APRIL 1964: The April 1964 wholesale price index for edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) dropped 1.0 percent from the previous month. With few exceptions, prices this April were generally lower for most of the fishery products listed than in March, At 103.1 percent of the 1957-59 aver- age, the index this April was 9,2 percent lower than the same month a year earlier, From March to April 1964, the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup index was down 2.5 percent and was lower than April 1963 by 7.7 percent, Lower prices for western fro- zen halibut (down 7,2 percent) at New York City were largely responsible for the decline, together with sharply lower prices for Great Lakes fresh-water fish, Although certain North Pacific halibut fishing areas were open in April, the main areas did not open until May 1. Since stocks were lib- eral, frozen halibut prices dropped in April. The declines were offset, to some extent, by higher April prices at Boston for ex-vessel large haddock (up 9,1 percent) and fresh and frozen king salmon (up 1.8 percent) at New York City. Com- pared with April 1963, prices this April were lower for all items in the subgroup except fresh large haddock (up 7.8 per- cent) at Boston and round fresh yellow pike (up 1.2 percent) at New York City. The subgroup index for processed fresh fish and shellfish in April 1964 was down 0,9 percent from the previous month, Prices this April were lower than in March for fresh had- dock fillets (down 3.1 percent) at Boston and fresh shrimp (down 1.6 percent) at New York City. Compared with April 1963, the subgroup index this April was down 9.9 percent mainly because of lower prices for fresh shrimp (down 13.7 percent) as well as for all other items in the subgroup, All items listed in the subgroup for processed frozen fish and shellfish this April were priced lower than in March and the index was down 1.6 percent. The more significant price 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1964 with Comparisons Point of Avg. Prices1/ Indexes Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit @) o> (1957-59100) Apr. | Mar. Apr. Mar.| Feb.| Apr. 1964 | 1964 | 1964 | 1964 | 1964] 1963 ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen,& Canned), ............2.-.... | L082) 104.1 | 109.0) 113.6 Fresh & Frozen Hshery Products;. 2.1... esse ee eee eee Media te Eetosey Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish. ..-......s- Goud ucupo O=Un ONG 98.4 | 100.9 | 120.8] 706.6 | Haddock, ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. . . . ./Boston 1b. 209 208 Halibut, West., 20/80 ibs., drsd., fresh or froz. |New York lb. 28 30 Salmon, king, ige. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. | New York bb. 283 282 Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh. . . . . -|Chicago bb. ool clonal Yellow pike, LeMichigan & Huron, rnd., fresh |New York bb. AS 70 Processed, Fresh (Hish & Shellfish; ... . ih wilecaso Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-ib. tins ool Coe eS} Tiel | 140.8] ‘76.5 Shrimp, ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh 095 oT 111.3 | 113.1 | 106.6} 128.9 Oysters, shucked, standards. ..... 5 7.50 | 17.50 126.5 | 126.5 | 118.0} 184.9 Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish, ... eee oa Fillets; Flounder, skinless, I-lb. pkg. . . eT 239 93.8 98.9 98.9 Haddock, sml., skins on, 1#Ib. pkg. 237 | .87 | 107.0} 108.5 Ocean perch, lge., skins on 1-tb. pkg. ooh 033 108.7 Shrimp, Ige. (26=80 count), brown, 5-1b. pkg. b old 14 86.6 GannedpRIShe rvs ProductSe tele ielite nell olysitisit te) Kepitoire nt oibis Mi ol ist oltioll o Nioluieneette Goat Gg 102.5 Sain sainie pink, No. J tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs.. . . 21.15 | 95.9 Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz.), 48 cans/cS. +++ +++ +++ ++ + ++ + -|Los Angeles 11.63 | 103.3 Mackerel, jack, Calif., No. 1 tall (15 02.), 48 cans/CS.. + + 0 + + +++ e+ +e © © © «| LosAngeles 6.13 103.9 Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn (3-3/4 02.), 100 cans/cs. New York cs. | 9.09 | 9,21 | 116.5 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tu esday) during the week 116.2 in which the 15th of the month occurs. These ~ prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service “Fishery Products Reports”? should be referred to for actual prices. 2/Replaced California canned sardines starting December 1962; entered wholesale price index at 100 under revised pro= ~ cedures of Bureau of Labor Statistics, declines were for ocean perch fillets (down 5.3 percent) and flounder fillets (down 5.2 percent); frozen shrimp prices were down 0.7 percent from the previous month, Frozen shrimp prices this April were 29.5 percent lower than in the Same month a year earlier. While prices in this subgroup were lower than in April 1963 for nearly all items, the marked price drop for frozen shrimp contributed to a larger degree than the other items toward a 17,2-percent drop in the April 1964 subgroup index as compared with the same month in 1963. Despite reports of liberal canned pink salmon stocks, in- creased demand caused April 1964 prices to move up slight- ly (up 1.2 percent) from the previous month, but they were still 9.3 percent lower than in April 1963. That price in- crease was offset by somewhat lower prices for canned Maine sardines (down 1.4 percent) prior to the start of the new sardine canning season. The subgroup index for canned fishery products was down 0.3 percent from March to April and was lower by 4.0 percent as compared with April 1963. affairs. Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation’s water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre- newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con- served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future. June 1964 International NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION PROGRESS ON EIGHTH ANNUAL JAPAN-U.S.S.R. CONFERENCE: On April 3, 1964, Japan and the Soviet Union reached agree- ment at Moscow on the 1964 king crab production quota for the Okhotsk Sea, As in 1963, the quota was set at 630,000 cases (48 6,5-oz. cans), The Soviet Union’s share is 378,000 cases; Japan's 252,000 cases. Two seasons were established, April 15-May 25 and August 5-25, The closing date in August was shortened by five days from 1963, Area and gear restric- tions are the same as last year, Japan will again operate the four king crab factoryships Hakuyo Maru (6,372 gross tons), Yoko Maru (9,800 gross tons), Kaiyo Maru (5,449 gross tons), and Seiyo Maru (6,404 gross tons), The four factoryships, each ac- companied by four catcher vessels and carrying 10 Kawa- saki portable launches, were scheduled to leave Hakodate April 7-8 for the Okhotsk Sea, On April 6 Japan and the Soviet Union entered into discus- sions of the 1964 salmon catch quotas and regulatory meas- ures for the salmon fishery. Items on the agenda remaining to be settled during the annual meeting were: (1) de- termination of a salmon catch quota for a 2-year period; (2) establishment of the 1964 catch quota; (3) intensification of regulatory enforcement in Area B; and (4) regulation of the pink and red salmon fisheries, With regard to agenda item 1, the Soviet Union, although having agreed to discuss this matter provided that it would be limited to the catch for Area B, was taking the position that it would be impossible to determine a catch quota for a two- year period, Japan, on the other hand, wanted to open discus - sions on this subject. As for agenda items 2-4, the Soviet Union was pressing for a reduction in catch quotas for red salmon in Area A (Pacific Ocean north of 45° N, latitude) and for pink salmon in Area B (Pacific Ocean south of 45° N. latitude). The Russians based their analysis on the condition of pink salmonstocks in the treaty area on the basis of 1962 resource data, They are also asserting that in Area B enforcement should be strengthened in view of the great numbers of Japanese fish- ing vessels taking salmon in that area, (Note: U.S.S.R. claims over 2,000 Japanese fishing vessels operating'in Area B,) In addition to placing Russian observers on Japa- nese patrol vessels, the Soviet Union wanted to station inspec - tors at Japanese fishing ports to observe the unloading of salmon catches taken from Area B. Japan, on the other hand, was saidtobe seeking to develop the discussions on the condition of pink salmon stocks on the basis of resource conditions that prevailed in 1963, when pink salmon runs were relatively good. On the matter of en- forcement in Area B, Japan contends that the Soviet propos- al not only violates the agreement concluded in 1962 between the then Minister of Agriculture and Forestry and the Soviet Fisheries Minister--that Areas A and B would be patroled under separate systems--but would result in infringing on Japan’s sovereignty over her territory. Japan was also claiming that the patrol system as applied in Area A would be difficult to adopt for Area B, since numerous small oper- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 FOREIGN: ators of 2- to 3-ton vessels predominate in that fishery. Moreover, a more rigid application of enforcement measures would run counter to national sentiment. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun April 3,5, & 7; Suisan Tsushin, April 7, 1964.) NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL CONVENTION SOVIET UNION RATIFIES PROTOCOL AMENDING INTERIM CONVENTION: On March 12, 1964, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics deposited ratification of the Protocol amending the interim convention of February 7, 1957, on conservation of North Pacific fur seals. The Protocol, which was done at Washington, D. C., October 8, 1963, was not in force at the time of Soviet ratifica- tion. (Bulletin, U. S. Department of State, March 30, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 52. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES ICELAND RATIFIES PROTOCOL AMENDMENT CONCERNING HARP AND HOOD SEALS: On March 23, 1964, Iceland deposited rati- fication of a Protocol to the International Con- vention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. The Protocol (done at Washington July 15, 1963), relates to harp and hood seals and is intended to bring those species within the responsibility of the Northwest Atlantic Fish- eries Commission. The Protocol is not in force. (Bulletin, U.S. Department of State, April 13, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1964 p. 45. FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, JANUARY 1964: Member countries of the Fish Meal Exporters’ Organiza- tion (FEO) account for about 90 percent of world exports of fish meal, The FEO countries are Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, South Africa/South-West Africa, and Chile, Although total production of fish meal in FEO countries in January 1964 was up substantially from January 1963, their exports declined in the first month of 1964, The decline was due to a drop in Peruvian shipments, _ In January 1964, Peru accounted for 59,8 percent of total fish-meal exports by FEO countries, followed by Norway with 36 International (Contd.): Production and Exports of Fish Meal by Member Countries of the FEO, January 1964 Country ANI ZOlayomenenolciioiedeusiomeneneeners Iceland). 2. ccc esc cee oe INOT; WAY spe nccejielielisy eifejel/e (el silos eyin PETU } enero eKewellouetieyiielieken oles So, Africa (incl. S.W. Africa) . (CHS Gro 6 0010,.0'0,0-00 0.0/0 es es ew MOotalicuecsusneheereneelleietaten elon 1/Data not available. Chile became a member of FEO at the end of 1963. 15.9 percent, South Africa with 7.9 percent, Chile with 6.9 per- cent, Iceland with 6.7 percent, and Angola with 2.8 percent. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, April 1, 1964.) se ye ak OK kx WORLD PRODUCTION, JANUARY 1964 AND JANUARY -DECEMBER 1963: World fish meal production in January 1964 was substan- tially above that in the same month of the previous year. Peruvian output was up 34.2 percent, and production was up in most other producing countries, with the exception of Can- ada, Iceland, and the United States. Production during January-December 1963 was similar to that in the previous year. A decline in production in the United States and Iceland was offset by greater output in Denmark, Norway, Peru, and South Africa, Peru accounted for 49.5 percent of total fish meal production in 1963, fol- World Fish Meal Production by Countries, January 1964 and January~December 1963 January Jan,-Dec. a hates, Suede Metricn Tons) 4). yseneteie Canadaya vant cysuete) sane 3,405 7,516] 77,436 79,371 Denmanksarc) crecersiteisi= 8,799 6,118} 100,001 91,110 HranCestensn ciel sieneioners 1,100 1,100 13,200 13,200 German Federal Rep. 6,757 5,975 73,997 72,442 Netherlands ....... 1/ 2/300 6,700) 2/ 4,900 Reese 45 ‘Gn ovo oo dloto 1/ 2,085] 3/17,022 25,499 Sweden tgccaetersianenen ena 1,070 444 6,636 5,000 United Kingdom..... 7,736 6,443 75,290 74,184 United States....... 1,667 2,072)2 /208,289/2 /270,661 Ang olagsiianeuel stetenelia balte 5,566 2,956 31,829 32,767 Icelandic suc creucte 5,736 9,476 87,730 96,147 INOM Way) fi sos lets tone tele 8,607 3,659! 131,546} 120,924 Perv so oe eee 19d DoT 145 5659i 1592331 21096 So. Afr. (incl. SW. Afr.)} 14,302] 10,522) 238,269) 201,604 Belgium 2). sess eveteus 375 re) 4,500 1/ Chiles are aia 848 1/ 90,411 1/ Moroccoiic niente rote 1/ 1/ 19,000 1/ Total. .........{282,519| 204,700|2,341,089|2,208,905 1/Data not available. 2/Revised. 3/Data available only for January -October. Note: Japan does not report fish meal production to the International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers at present. Belgium, Chile, and Morocco did not report | production prior to 1963, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 lowed by South Africa with 10.2 percent, and the United States with 8.9 percent, Most of the principal countries producing fish meal sub- mit data to the Association monthly (see table), Australia TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, 1963-64: The Australian live bait and pole fishing season for bluefin tuna off New South Wales ended January 28, 1964, with a record catch of 2,915 metric tons. Long-lining and troll- ing for yellowfin tuna off New South Wales was continued by 12 vessels after the closure of the New South Wales bait-and-pole fishery for bluefin. The first big run of bluefin tuna was lo- cated off Green Cape on December 3, 1963, by spotter aircraft. The use of airborne scouts contributed greatly to the good catch- es. The success of the New South Wales sea- son raised the question of whether the tuna will be available in the future and whether the schools can be followed as far as Tasmania. A catch of 1,000 tons of bluefin tuna had been taken by mid-February 1964 off the State of South Australia where the season ex- tends later than in New South Wales. The bluefin catch target during the South Austra- lian season is 4,000 tons. (Australian Fish- eries Newsletter, March 1964.) se sk ole ke ok TK Kk OK OK OK COMMON NAMES FOR SHRIMP: The Australian Commonwealth-States Fish- eries Conference has adopted uniform names for shrimp as follows: June 1964 Australia (Contd.): Common Name Tiger prawn .. Banana prawn . York prawn .. Endeavor prawn Scientific Name : Penaeus esculentus . Penaeus merquiensis Metapenaeus eboracensis 5 Metapenaeus endeavouri . Metapenaeus macleayi Metapenaeus mastersii Parapenaeopsis sculptilis Penaeus plebejus Penaeus latisulcatus School prawn . Green-tail prawn Rainbow prawn .. Eastern king prawn Western king prawn In addition, the Conference has given the crab (Portunus pelagicus) the uniform com- mon name of sand crab. (Australian Fisher - ies Newsletter, March 1964.) Brazil JAPANESE-BRAZILIAN JOINT WHALING ENTERPRISE TO CONTINUE OPERATIONS: The Japanese firm which is partner to the joint Japanese-Brazilian whaling enterprise located at Cabedelo, nearby Joao Pessoa, Brazil, plans to continue its operations at that base. Reportedly, the joint enterprise showed a profit for the first time last year. Demand for whale meat in the region supplied by that firm is good. On the other hand, an- other Japanese fishing company is planning to terminate this year its whaling operations located at Cabo Frio, Brazil, due to a de- pressed local market for whale meat. (Suisan Tsushin, March 24, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 Canada NEW BRUNSWICK FISHERIES TRENDS, 1963: eA SO I Ne Se ee Fishing Fleet: The modernization of the New Brunswick fishing fleet continued at an accelerated rate in1963, when 7 new steel stern trawlers and 2 large wooden trawlers were built in New Brunswick shipyards at a total cost of C$3,450,000 (US$320,00C). Those, together with many new smaller in- shore vessels, contributed to the 15-percent increase in the annual New Brunswick catch, making 1963 a record year in total fish landings for the Province. Tuna Industry: The New Brunswick Fishermen’s Loan Board is participating in a plan to establish a commercial tuna fishery in the Province, The Board has helped pro- vide 2 well-equipped steel purse-seine vessels on a coop~ erative basis for 2 groups of Campobello Island fishermen at a cost of C$300,000 (US$278,000) each. Both vessels were built in Bathurst, New Brunswick, under a Federal cost-sharing program, One of the vessels arrived at Campobello Island in September 1964 with about 90 metric tons of skipjack tuna, the first commercial tuna ever landed by Canadians on the eastern seaboard, It is understood that the vessels made other good catches, Most of the tuna was unloaded at Campobello and trucked to a packing plant in Eastport, Maine, for processing. Some, however, found its way to the local New Brunswick market in fresh form, al- though it was not well accepted by local consumers, Shore Facilities: No important changes or significant de- velopments in the shore-based establishments of the New Brunswick fisheries industry were apparent during 1963. School of Fisheries: The Province’s first school designed to advance the technical and scientific knowledge of Provin- cial fishermen was established at Caraquet, New Brunswick, in 1963, The new school offers instruction in navigation, fish- eries, economics, oceanography, and the operation of electron- ic navigational equipment and fishing aids. The school features a three-year course; however, each year’s term runs only from the first of December until the end of April. There was an initial registration of about 40 students and they ranged in age between 18 and 35 years, Fisheries Department Established: A new Department of Fisheries was created by the Government of New Brunswick during 1963 to better meet the requirements of industry and the challenges of modern technology. Matters pertaining to the fisheries industry formerly were administered by the Fisheries Branch, operating under the Department of Industry and Development of the Provincial Government. (United States Consulate, Saint John, March 18, 1964.) Bd Eosuba cits BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING LANDINGS AND PRODUCTS, 1963/64: Season Ending Landings: District No. 2: Northern Central ec re - C. Islands. eee District No. 3: Lower East Coast Middle East Coast Upper East Coast West Coast... Total landings Products Produced: 49, 304 262,045 1/Limited operations. 265, 647 224, 161 171,941 Baitwc teins nee 1,128 886 575 1,619 1,046 Meal reat ne ofave 46,778 48,035 39,535 31,014 42, 307 4, 877, 688 4,771, 087 4,676,991 2,956,948 4,545, 845 49,595 185, 153 229, 634 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Canada (Contd.): Herring landings in British Columbia dur - ing the 1963/64 season were about the sameas in the previous season, Compared with the previous season, fish-meal production in 1963/64 was down 2.6 percent, but fish-oil production was up 2.2 percent. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 44. Ceylon LOAN REQUESTED FROM JAPAN TO START TUNA FISHERY: The Government of Ceylonhas approached the Japanese Government for a loan of US$4 million to establishatunafishery. Under the proposal, atunabase with cold-storage facil- ities would be constructed in Ceylon and ten 150-ton tuna vessels imported from Japan. Informed sources claim it is very likely that the Japanese Government would respond favorably to the proposal. The Japanese Fish- eries Agency is planning to conduct afeasibil- ity study as soon as further details become available. (Suisancho Nippo, April 9, 1964.) Chile NEW REGULATIONS ON FOREIGN WHALING PERMITS AS JAPANESE WHALERS BEGIN OPERATIONS FOR CHILEAN FIRM: The Chilean Government issued Decree No. 811, dated December 10, 1963, concern- ing regulations for foreign whalers request- ing permission to operated within the 200- mile marine zone claimed by Chile. Decree No. 811, published in Diario Oficial, No. 25730, January 2, 1964, grants the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture authority to issue permits to foreign whalers to hunt for a pe- riod of 3 years within the 200-mile zone claimed by Chile. Permits under Decree No. 811 are restricted to foreign vessels working under contract for a processing plant located in Chile. (Chilean Decree No. 130 of February 11, 1959, is the controlling regula- tion for the issuance of permits to foreign whalers seeking to operate within the 200- Vol. 26, No. 6 mile zone and to take their catch outside of Chile.) Foreign whaling vessels receiving permits under Decree No. 811 must be con- structed of steel and be under 10 years ofage. After three years the foreign vessel must be either nationalized or withdrawn. The issuance of Decree No. 811 may have been related to the contract made by a Chilean whaling company with the 2 Japanese whalers, Seiju Maru and Ryuho Maru, to work off Chile during a period in January-May 1964. The 2 Japanese whalers received a 4-month permit to hunt off Chile under Chilean Decree No. 1078, however, that decree was designed for foreign vessels desiring to fish for anchoveta. It is understood that the 2 Japanese whalers have sought new permits under Decree No. 811. In March 1964, a representative of the Chilean company that brought the Japanese whalers to Chile said that the Japanese equip- ment was excellent, their crews were experi- enced, and operations had been very success- ful. (United States Embassy, Santiago, March 18, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1963 p. 68. se ose oslo ok ok 59 Ss EB 8 b3 RS SONAR EXPERT ASSIGNED TO FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE: On March 10, 1964, the Food and Agricul- ture Organization (FAO) announced the assign- ment of a Norwegian fisheries acoustics ex- pert to the Fisheries Development Institute of Chile for 2 years. The Instituteisa project of the United Nations Special Fund, for which FAO is the executing agency. Launched in No- vember 1963, the Institute is working to pro- vide Chile with a permanent technological base for the rapid development of fisheries re- sources. Fhe acoustics specialist is the fifth FAO expert to be assigned to the Institute. His principal job will be to help determine, through sonar Ssweepings or readings, the distribution and abundance of fish stocks in Chilean waters. Plans called for him to begin sonar investiga - tions in late May or early June 1964 of the an- choveta schools off the northern coast of Chile. Inthe past, Chilean fishermen have taken ancho- veta only within narrow limits and always within sight of the coast. The possibility of extending the range of Chilean fishermen will be explored by the Norwegian expert. He will also train Chilean fishermen in the proper use of com- June 1964 Chile (Contd.): plicated sonar equipment. (Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, March 10, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1963 p. 58. Colombia FISHING INDUSTRY LOSES FISHING VESSELS: Colombia is losing the Panamanian, Costa Rican, and United States vessels which had supplied the developing fishing industry of Buenaventura, a Pacific port in northern Colombia. The vessels are leaving as a re- sult of the National Government's recent en- forcement of Colombian Decreto Numero 1409 of July 31, 1958, requiring foreign-flag vessels operating in Colombian waters to na- tionalize 25 percent of their ownership an- nually, according to an April 7, 1964, report. Two Colombian fish-processing plants have already shut down and two others are threatening to close because of a shortage of fish and shrimp. As a result, 500 fish-plant workers are unemployed and the number may increase. One Colombian fish-processing company has several fishing vessels under construc- tion in the United States, but the first vessel was not to be delivered until late April 1964. Other firms have been unable to finance the purchase or construction of new fishing ves- sels to supplement the limited Colombian fish- ing fleet. Communist China AQUATIC PRODUCTS SOCIETY FOUNDED: A Communist Chinese Aquatic Products Society has been established, according to "NCNA-English’’ Peking, December 28, 1963. The Society was said to have held its first national meeting in late 1963. Communist Chinese fishery technicians attending the meeting are reported to have claimed that encouraging results had been obtained in (1) the artificial breeding of fresh-water fish such as "big head" and carp; (2) extending edible seaweed toward the south; (3) survey- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 ing fishery resources and major fishing grounds; and (4) improving fishing gear, mo- tor vessels and junks, and processing. It was stated that Communist China has 23 research institutions and a total of 17 colleges and sec- ondary schools which conduct aquatic studies and fisheries training. (Newsletter, February 29, 1964, National Oceanographic Data Center.) Denmark FISHERY EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES, 1963: Danish total exports of fishery products and byproducts to the United States in 1963 dropped 10 percent in value from those in 1962, although the total quantity was about the same in both years. Larger shipments of frozen fillets were offset by a decline in the exports of frozen pond trout, frozen lobster, and canned brisling and herring, Pond trout exports declined because of more profitable prices in European markets. Lob- f- Danishl/ Fishery Products Exports to the United States, | 1962-1963 _—— == 1963 1962 | Product Qty. T Metric Tons Fresh and Frozen: Pond! troutgyo. 784.0) 6,103} 885) 969.0} 7,377|1,070 Other trout & Salmonyeisapailene 0.2 11 2 58.0 525 76 Trout.eggs .... 0.8 67 10 1.0 84 12 Blatfishieeyey sey ene 130.0 726} 105 226.0] 1,666) 242 Fillets: HlattishGaerereiieye! 141.0 539 78 23.0 119 Lt Cod ........| 8,935,0/27,918/4,048) 7,903.0/24,506|/3,553 Other eyeleyehevens 628.0 744) 108 612.0] 2,157] 312 Lobster, Deep- WES GO oioiG00 5 212.0] 4,368] 633 308.0] 6,562} 952 |MOthenkywawestenslens 11.0] 69 10 14.0 126 18 |Processed: Salted ey cial spe 104.0 187 27 122.0 242 35 | Smoked, ...... 0.6 20 3 1.0 34 5 (Canned: | Brisling and NELLING srowehelies 556.0] 2,977] 432] 1,569.0] 6,249] 906 Shrtmpepevetensiiote 175.0} 1,654} 240 209.0] 1,717] 249 Musselsiersie sys 57.0 350 51 24,0 154 22 Otherlwetesevevetstie 40.0 222 32 31.0 152 22 Semipreserved: Caviaryerenelevet. 17.0 196 28 16.0 179 26 Othe eieiece levels 3.0 44 6 1.0 3 2/ Fish solubles.... 400.0 0.0 Movalleeaietomeiet ligisale 46,539|6,748]12,187.0|51,932 |7,529 1/Includes direct shipments from Greenland. 2/Less than $1,000. Source: Preliminary data from Ministry of Fisheries. Note: One Danish kroner equals US$0. 145. | ster exports dropped with lower market prices in 1963, Ex- porters of canned brisling and herring found the United States market less profitable with the Maine canned sardine pack again at normal levels, (Regional Fisheries Attache for Eu- rope, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, March 25, 1964.) FISHERIES TRENDS, MARCH 1964: Joint Nordic Fisheries Limits Considered: Representa- tives of the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Fisheries Min- isteries met in late March 1964 to consider the implications 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Denmark (Contd.): of the agreement on fisheries limits reached at the recent Western European Fisheries Conference in London, The of- ficials also discussed the possibility of establishing joint Nordic fisheries limits. Danish Fisheries Council May Dissolve: At a meeting in Copenhagen on March 18, 1964, the 10 fisheries associations represented on the Danish Fishery Council could not agree on a substantial increase in the membership fee nor on the market promotion activities to be conducted in the future, The Council, which has served as a single point of contact be- tween the fisheries associations and Government authorities, will dissolve on April 1, 1965, unless there is a change in the view of the flatfish fillet association, the single dissenter from the majority opinion on the Council, Danish Promotion of Fish Marketing in the United States: Marketing of Danish fish in the United States will be aided by a contribution from the Danish Ministry of Fisheries, which has decided to contribute to the Fish 'n Seafood promotion of the United States fishery organizations. The amount of the Danish contribution will be determined by taking the 3-year average of exports of frozen groundfish fillets to the United States from Denmark, including Greenland, which represents about 7 percent of the total United States imports of ground- fish fillets. The Danish Ministry of Fisheries hopes that the Danish fishing industry will continue the contribution in fu- ture years, A Danish Fish Week at the New York World’s Fair this year is still in the planning stage. The Danish Fisheries Ministry is seeking applicants for the position of Danish fisheries attache in New York City. The attache’s responsibilities will include Canada as well as the United States, Low Industrial Fish Landings Stimulate Price Increase: After a promising start in early 1964, Danish landings of in- dustrial fish have declined. Fish meal and oil plants have increased ex-vessel industrial fish prices from $22,36 to $26.31 per short ton with the expectation of attracting some of the vessels which had shifted to catching food fish. At least half of Esbjerg’s 500 or more cutters normally fish for industrial fish, but about 150 had shifted to fishing for plaice and other food fish, Frozen Food Outlets May Triple: The number of stores which can sell deep-frozen foods in Denmark will be tripled after January 1, 1966, if legislation proposed by the Interior Ministry is adopted. By giving cooperatives and grocery stores the same rights to dispense deep-frozen foods as butchers and delicatessens now have, the proposed legisla- tion would add 13,578 grocery stores and 2,312 cooperatives to the present 5,543 frozen food outlets. Sale of frozen foods also would be permitted inautomatic vending machines. Fro- zen food packages would have to carry a date stamp and be inspected by health authorities. Fisheries Legislation Revisions Proposed: Four propo- sals for legislation governing the salt-water fisheries, the eel fisheries, the fresh-water fisheries, and fisheries in two of the Danish fjords have been submitted to the Danish Par- liament by the Fisheries Minister, Revisions in the salt- water fisheries legislation are designed to bring regulations into accord with modern fishery requirements and are in sub- stantial agreement with the recommendations of a committee composed mainly of industry representatives. One new pro- posal would forbid certain changes which would adversely af- fect the fisheries. Another proposal would make it possible for the fishing industry to seek damages when other activi- ties in fishing areas affect the industry, A three-man com- mittee would seek a solution in those cases where the fishing industry must give way to more important industrial, agri- cultural, or other interests, Early approval of the legislation is not expected because of the elections due in the fall and the unsettled question of Danish fisheries limits. Fishery Cooperatives Enjoy Good Year: Danish fishery cooperatives had a good year in 1963 with total sales of Kr.130 million (US$18.8 million), or 10 percent more than in 1962, There are 34 cooperatives with about 1,800 mem- bers, The local marketing cooperatives accounted for Kr. 50 million ($7.2 million) of the total; the 2 fish reduction plants for Kr. 63 million ($9.1 million) and the national association of fish marketing cooperatives, Dansk Andelsfisk, for Kr.17 million ($2.5 million), The cooperatives handle about 20-25 percent of the Danish fisheries catch, including about 15 per- cent of the food fish and about 35 percent of the industrial fish landings, Dansk Andelsfisk has just announced plans for the construction of a freezer and warehouse in Copenhagen to be completed in the spring of 1965. It will pack and freeze fillets from local plants as well as some shipped in from the filleting operation on the Island of Bornholm, The coopera- tive association ships substantial quantities of fish blocks to the United States. (Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe, United States Embassy, Copenhagen, March 25, 1964.) Note: Danish kroner 6.904 equals US$1.00. Greece FISHERY LANDINGS, 1962-1963: Greek fishery landings in 1963 were up 17.3 percent from those in previous year, due mainly to heavier landings by near- and mid- dle-water trawlers and purse Seiners. Total Greek landings were valued at DR.979 million Greek Fishery Landings by Fishing Areas, 1962-1963 Fishing Area - - (Metric Tons)... INERT. G59 0''6, 06°00 050 18, 600 17,000 Mediterranean ........ 9,200 10, 000 Middle and near-water (trawlers and purse seiners) 60, 000 48, 000 IBTUNTS 6G 160-010. 0.010 0-0-0 9,400 8,000 Lagoons and lakes ...... 6,000 5,000 Total landings ...... - | 103,200 (US$32.6 million) in 1963 and Dr.869 million ($29.0 million) in1962. (Alieia, January 1964.) Notes: (1) Greek drachmas 30.0 equal US$1.00. (2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1963 p. 52. Guatemala SHRIMP CATCH, 1962-1963: The Guatemalan Ministry of Agriculture has reported that in 1963 a total of 1,990,149 pounds of shrimp were landed in Guatemala by a fishing fleet of 30 vessels, compared with shrimp landings of 2,207,203 pounds by a fleet of 49 vessels in 1962. (United States Embas~- sy, Guatemala, March 20, 1964.) June 1964 Iceland FISHERY EXPORTS TO THE SOVIET BLOC, 1963: Iceland's trade with the Soviet Bloc has declined about 50 percent from the peak lev- els of the late 1950's. The Bloc's share of total Icelandic exports was 17.3 percent in 1963; 18.5 percent in 1962; 14.2 percent in 1961; 23.1 percent in 1960; and 33.7 percent in 1959. Fishery products accounted for about 96.3 percent of the value of Icelandic shipments to the Bloc in 1963. Frozen and salted herring and frozen fish fillets made up the bulk of Icelandic exports to the Bloc. In 1963, the Bloc bought 67 per- cent of Iceland's frozen herring exports and 34 percent of Iceland's salted herring exports. Icelandic Fishery Exports to the Soviet Bloc, 1963 Country of Destination and Commodity F,O.B. Value Quantity Czechoslovakia: Frozen herring ..... Frozen fish fillets ... Canned or preserved fish Cod-liver oil Ferringjmeall yj. «te «66 Elerringloilmensmensseleielle East Germany: rozeniherring . . «1 « « |) 3,790.2 24, 358 567 Other frozen fish. ... © 102.2 964 22 Salted herring ......| 1,863.5 17,015 396 Total so 0 oe oe | 9; 7dd09. 42, 337 985 Bulgaria: Cod-liver oil ...... 190.0 1,529 36 Hungary: Frozen fish fillets .... 75.0 1,311 31 Canned or preserved fish . 0.5 40 1 ashesnleal Site: ie lemete lle 520.1 3,285 76 Total 1.222 ce 595.6 4, 636 108 Poland: Frozen herring ...... 1,500.0 8,940 208 Cod=liveroil J... 370.0 3,706 86 Salted herring ...-.-..| 3,000.0 26,253 611 Fleringimeall Fi ols... cs 5,643.0 35, 156 819 Total iewes (IONSISSO 74,055 1,724 Rumania: Frozen herring ...+-.| 3,952.3 23,616 550 Salted herring ......| 2,592.6 20, 355 474 Cod-liveroil ......6 155.0 1, 140 26 Mocalmenesintensnele | nOnoo9n9 45, 111 1,050 U.S.S.R.: Frozen herring ......| 12,003.8 63,439 1,477 Frozen fish fillets ....| 15,411.5 | 248,622 5,789 Salted herring ......| 16,622.7 125,088 2,912 Canned and preserved fish 146.0 6,764 157 Total 2.60.) 44,184.0 443,913 10, 335 ? Grand total... . » »| 759,951.0 676,024 15,739 Note: Icelandic kronur 42.95 equals US$1.00. The Soviet Union was Iceland's most im- portant trade partner in the Bloc, followed by COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 Polandand Czechoslovakia. No marked change. in trade between Iceland and the Soviet Union is expected in the near future since the cur- rent trade protocol between the two countries will remain in effect until December 19, 1965. Some of the other trade partners inthe Bloc can expect a continual trade decline with Iceland. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 76. How Utilized 2 » »(Metric Tons)... Canning ... 296 335 Oil and meal 0 267 , 338 330,953 Freezing . . 26, 342 18, 194 Salting 71,240 55,515 Fresh on ice . 5,617 7,718 Groundfish¢/ for: Fresh on ice ... ee Freezing and filleting Salting Stockfish (dried unsalted) Canning Home consumption Oil and meal Capelin for: Freezing Oil and meal Shrimp for: IETEEZING re lioi ob ol losiel iionteme Canning eis elee Lobsters for: Ereshjonvice) <<. serene © RreezinGiis aemeiolemedeneteticl« 1/Whole fish. Species « « «.(Metric Tons)... . Herring!/ for: Oil and meal ........ | 264,388 330,953 Freezing’) ii cereus cei otiep reins 22,285 18, 194 Salting ct ciel sl.) ere RMone 70,012 55,515 Freshjoniice ie. si. les ie . 5,617 TAS: Cannin pn AA 296 335 Groundfish2/ for: al Fresh! onjiceje\je, ¢ je. » se 24,796 19,998 Freezing and filleting .... | 147,604 143,906 Salting) 2 0s 0 0 0 «wee « 69, 109 85, 108 Stockfish (dried unsalted) . . 67, 685 40,474 (Chimibte) OG 65.6.0 alse d 35 - Home consumption .... e 11, 167 10,040 ©ilfandimiealve.W.lesleie ats PATE Capelin for: Freezing. oles 211s «6 xe 188 Oil and meal .... es 889 Shrimp for: | Freeézing)ie)'.\%. \<){e4 0" te eee 267 Gann ingtetemensh tte sretier eats 82 Lobsters for: Fresh onfice «(515.415 oisdele 2 Freezing ie sai sj feu. %« oh te fenkelie production 1/Whole fish. 42 Iceland (Contd.): FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL SPECIES: Species January -October 1963 1962 . - - -(Metric Tons)... Col Gya80) 60/000 10. 6. 0-00.) 228, GSS 212,017 Eladdocla ey temeyieieivente eiislie 42,470 42,196 Seu G5. /6'o ‘Bo! o'9) 616 ond 13,117 11,958 Uskoay iG oy he aVa aioe a ofb 5 5,035 6,291 Wolffish (catfish) ...... 16,952 13, 166 CUSRGGH Ce pherays ey Dian: 5, 179 4,446 Oceantperchycmemtemeieilsien cic 29,911 19, 187 lalibutwremeponeacusicn 6 1,025 1, 348 Herring .. © 66.0 |) GYAO CRY 412,715 Shrimpyepenoneiiame, cite c00 $12 349 (Capelinteem.walrcire itis me icirons 1,077 - WO DStersiie) re vom oierkolle at felteilte 4,874 (ees) 6,909 9,216 716,548 735, 224 Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are drawn weight. 2 © © © © © © © ow Pacerarca tr ooe er en Species 1962 ee « (Metric Tons)... . Godurewenon smcwonel sa ewemenen a ota OL 207, 149 Eladdockgaeemewcyreliofiit-n cite 38,738 36, 205 SENG G oho 01050010000 11,946 10, 887 LING UAE eh eiciomoir i snicle 4, 804 5,947 Wolffish (catfish) ..... 12, 839 12, 838 (Cie 5.506 5 0.0.0.0, O00 5,013 4,201 @ceankperchivearemen omens O'6 28,059 16,015 ELalibutiyenei. met encetionele 914 1,216 ELErringhew oben intalilemsiten te 362,597 412,715 Sti) 66 O00 bo ouS 349 349 Ine Aaa: 1,077 = 10,521 0 692, 203 718,043 Note: Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are drawn weight. Israel FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: An Israeli fishing company wishes to buy, with Israeli governmental assistance, atrawl- er valued at 2.5 million francs (US$510,000) which will be able to process and carry 150 metric tons of fish. The company has oper- ated in the Red Sea and intends to expand its activity in that area. Israeli fish production amounts to about 16,300 tons per year. Fish consumption has been estimated at 6.75 kilos (14.9 pounds) per person per year and officials in the industry hope it will reach 8 kilos (17.6 pounds) per person COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 per year as in most Mediterranean countries. The Israeli Fisheries Department would like per capita consumption to reach 10 kilos (22.0 pounds) a year. That would require an annual production of 25,000 tons. To fulfill such a quota, 5,000 tons of salt-water fish would be needed. The remainder could be satisfied by fresh-water fish. In late 1963, the Israeli fishing fleet in- cluded a tuna vessel which was fishing in the Indian Ocean, 2 large trawlers and 3 other fishing vessels operating in the Red Sea off Massaouah, 14 trawlers fishing in the Mediter- ranean Sea and 2 trawlers fishing in the Atlan- tic, aS well as a few hundred smaller vessels fishing in the Mediterranean Sea and Aqaba Gulf. Israeli Red Sea trawlers, in cooperation with Ethiopia, have launched a research pro- gram which has enabled them to explore the Red Sea coast stretching between Assab and Massaouah. (La Peche Maritime, September 1963.) Japan FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS: 1963: Japanese exports of frozentuna to the United States and Canada in 1963 calendar year totaled 82,692 short tons and to other countries (mainly European and African countries) 60,186 metric tons, according to data released by the Japan Frozen Foods Exporters Association. (Suisan Tsushin, March 18, 1964.) [Table 1 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna to United States and Canada, Calendar Years 1962-1963 —_——— Product | 1963 1962 . (Short Tons). . From Japan Proper: FRICGRS GUIS G.5'0s0 6 oid 6 ab.0.0.00 15,655 22,594 Skip jackapl/Peauenered sremenemen eye ehe Melts 69 326 Yallowfin2/ 23,419 40,930 Big-eyed 2/ 31 398 Bluetinice ere: = 23 Loin 3/ 6,238 5,143 Subtotal weuaweluloh-McMeniiicieacdi cae 45,412 69,414 {[ransshipments: FRIESE AY 55S 56.0 Sid Clo BS Sla'd BS 6 23,127 20,049 Sabon EVO se TW /gidn Big oNta’G o, oboe O06 3,693 1,081 Mellow finial Aywaccu eh she -wekeieal chon eens 9,800 15,655 Bigs ey.edn2i/maneis uenedeeen storey creak ews 285 1,327 IMR shy Bilao eololbo G6 ome 6 bleed 374 483 [ae SUbtOtaley weyetca iets mele msnetcn tele 37,279 38,595 Motalicyeneasn un ten 82,691 108,009 1/Round fish, 2/Includes actual weight of gilled-and-gutted, dressed (with tail), and filleted tuna. 3/Includes mixture of albacore, yellowfin, big-eyed, and bluefin loins. June 1964 Japan (Contd.): Table 2 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna to Countries zal Other Than the United States and Canada, Calendar Years 1962-1963 = — Product | 1963 1962 ———+ . . (Metric Tons). . AISACOSE TW 5.0-0.0,0:0'0:0 00.0 0.0 ODO 7,292 5,549 WINOTARAW16 6 6 6-G.010-G10 010 0100.00 31,603 27,411 Big-eyed2i/. 5.2... EL OeeicubiGaneeo 11,305 9,750 Skipjack 1/. Oooo oid. oO ODO AUS) 332 Bluefin 2/. Codon ood OO BOO 8,251 3,373 Loin Bs oo COON HO OG 6 = 5 IOAN 55a .0 Od.c/0'd ON O.0 Bola G10 DLO 60,186 46,420 a 41/Round fish. 2/Includes actual weight of gilled-and-gutted, dressed (with tail), and filleted tuna. 3/Yellowfin tuna. 3c ic) oie) ko Fiscal Year 1963: Japanese exports of frozen tuna to the United States and Canada in fiscal year 1963 (April 1963- March 1964) were down 15.8 percent from those in fiscal year 1962 (April 1962-March 1963), according to data compiled by Japan's Frozen Foods Exporters Association. Direct shipments from Japan accounted for 56 percent and transshipments 44 per- cents of the total: Most ofthe decline was in exports of yellow- Table 1 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna to United States and Canada, Fiscal Years 1963/1964 and 1962/1963 Fiscal Year 1963 Direct | Transship- Shipment ment Product Total see) (Short Tons). | MoOtalNeewellehellele 3/Includes mixture of albacore, yellowfin, big-eyed, and bluefin loins. Table 2 - Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna to Other Countries, Fiscal Years 1963/1964 and 1962/1963 | 4/Round fish. 2/Includes actual weight of gilled-and-gutted, dréssed (with tail), and filleted tuna. ] i Fiscal Year 1963 we Yugo- | Czecho- Other Product Italy slavia | slovakia | Countries|Total oe sietoherle: cuelanstebe (IMetrichons) ie irelin nal ere jJAlbacore 1/,.| 1,110 Skipjack 1, 7 105 Yellowfin T2/ . | 26,822 Big-eyed 2/. .| 6,667 Bluefin 2/...| 4,871 Moins\) aem!. Tot. FY 1963/39,575 +-———_— Tot, FY 1962]33,049 1/Round fish. |2/Includes actual weight of gilled-and-gutted, dressed (with tail), and filleted tuna. | COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 fin (gilled-and-gutted, dressed, and fillets) which were down 34.8 percent or nearly 18,000 tons below fiscal year 1962. Exports of big-eyed tuna were down sharply and those for bluefin were down to about half the exports of the earlier fiscal year, Exports of round albacore were up 5.0 percent from the previous fiscal year, skipjack was up 52.5 percent, and there was some increase in exports of loins of various tuna species, Japan’s frozen tuna exports to other countries in fiscal year 1963 were up 17.0 percent from the previous year, Ex- ports to Italy were 19.7 percent more than in 1962 with yel- lowfin accounting for nearly 70 percent of the frozen tuna ex- ports to that country. Exports to Czechoslovakia were nearly double those of the previous year and there was some increase in exports to Yugoslavia and other countries. (Suisan Tsushin, April 8, 1964.) CANNED TUNA IN OIL EXPORTS: Japanese exports of canned tuna in oil for April 1963-February 1964 totaled 1,794,500 cases. Principal countries of destination were: West Germany--659,260 cases; Canada-- 205,200; Great Britain--148,350; Switzerland-- 114,860; Lebanon--88,910; Aden--88,250; Bel- gium--83,160; Netherlands--82,040; Saudi Arabia--61,700; Okinawa--53,050; Kuwait 42,900; Australia--30,230 or 33,230 cases (due to misprint, it is not possible to deter- mine which is the correct figure); and Italy-- 24,270 cases. (Suisancho Nippo, March 23, 1964.) The export market for Japanese canned tuna in oil continues to be very slow this year ever Since the price per case (7-oz. 48's) de- clined by US$0.30 in January 1964. The cur- rent Japanese export price per case (c.i.f.) of Indian Ocean bluefin tuna is reported to be US$7.10. On the other hand, the Japanese do- mestic market price for that pack continued to hold steady at about the 2,330 yen ($6.47) level. Consequently, Japanese exporting firms are not handling that product at the present time. The ex-vessel price in Japan for frozen Indian Ocean bluefin (dressed) is presently 80 yen per kilogram (US$202 a short ton). Japanese packers claim that at that price they cannot make any profit, but they are packing a small quantity of that species so as to keep their plants in operation. They also have in stock over 100,000 cases of bluefin tuna in oil. Unless that stock is moved, there will be little likelihood for improvement in the export mar- ket situation. (Suisan Tsushin, March 25, 1964.) Sienisto ate Sime ice cami) 44 Japan (Contd.): CANNED TUNA IN BRINE EXPORTS TO U. S., 195851963: Japanese canned tuna in brine exports to the United States increased steadily during 1958-1963, according to data compiled by the Japanese Fisheries Agency. During that 6- year period, the Japanese supplied 80-90 per- cent of United States total imports of canned tuna in brine. However, due to a decline in United States domestic production of canned tuna in calendar year 1963, the quantity of tuna canned in brine which can be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1964 at the 12.5-percent rate of duty is expected to total about 2,850,000 standard cases, about 5 percent less than 1963's 3,006,221 cases (48 7-oz. cans). This de- Japanese Canned Tuna in Brine Exports to the United States, 1958-1963 Standard Cases1/ 2, 301, 600 Percentage of Total U. S. Imports 2, 244, 000 2, 217,000 2,030,000 2, 122,000 1,926, 000 1/48 7-oz. cans. velopment in turn is expected to affect 1964 Japanese canned tuna exports to the United States. They are expected to decline below 1963 exports, which totaled 2,301,600 cases, valued at US$35,206,000. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 18, 1964.) Sleisleiiisle yale nate kK ok ook ook CANNED FISH EXPORT TARGET, FISCAL YEAR 1964: The Agriculture and Fisheries Products Export Com- mittee, Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Min- istry, at a meeting on March 25, 1964, tentatively set the Japanese Canned Fish Export Target for FY 1964 with Comparisons FY 1964 Target | FY 1963 Target ommodity 1/ 1/Commodities listed as "shellfish and others" not included. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 fiscal year 1964 (April 1964-March 25, 1965) export target for canned agricultural and fishery products at17.3 miliion cases, valued at US$161 million. The export target for canned fishery products (not including shellfish) totaled 8,628,000 cases, valued at US$107,887,000. To achieve the export target, the Export Committee draft- ed the following recommendations: 1. In order to ensure supply of raw material for tuna pack- ers, the Government should: (a) exercise a greater degree of administrative leadership to facilitate collective bargaining be- tween producers and packers; (b) provide a greater degree of leadership to encourage and promote delivery of raw material to packers; and (c) investigate fishery resources to ensure availability of raw material for canning purposes, 2, Add to the list of war reparations payable in kind to the Philippines, Burma, and Indonesia canned sardine, saury, mackerel, squid, and salmon (particularly pink salmon). 3. Establish measures authorizing extension of govern- ment loans to the canned foods joint sales companies under the same conditions applicable to canned foods exporters. This should be done promptly since the export income exemption system is to be abolished, 4, Devise measures to prohibit exports of commodities on which substantially higher duties would be imposed through ap- plication of the EEC common tariff. 5. Increase government subsidy for expenses necessary to conduct sales promotion in foreign countries. 6. Extend the sugar rebate system to all export commodi- ties, simplify rebate procedures, and liberalize sale of sugar with over 98 percent sugar content. 7. Negotiate with the United States for reduction of U. S. tariff on tuna packed in oil, from the present ad valorem rate of 35 percent to the 12.5-percent rate applied to imports of tuna packed in brine; on canned crab, from the present 22,5 percent to 11.25 percent; and on canned clam, down to 10 per- cent, 8. Negotiate with the United States for removal of U.S. restrictions on imports of canned tuna in brine, 9. Promote exports of commodities suitable for export to foreign countries, 10. Reduce can prices. : 11. Develop measures whereby countries in southeast Asia (particularly Indonesia) and United Arab League countries will increase their canned sardine, saury, and mackerel im- port quotas. 12, Take steps to forestall the enactment of import bans or restrictions by foreign countries presently buying Japanese canned fishery products, 13, Establish favorable public transportation fees (such as railway and harbor cartage fees) for export canned food prod- ucts, and provide special arrangements for the utilization of railway freight cars during the packing season, (Nihon Sui- san Shimbun, March 27, 1964.) ee. slohist-Minlamslamicle sks) sky isk 3k CANNED SALMON SOLD TO AUSTRALIA: The Japan Canned Salmon Sales Company contracted to deliver in June 1964, a total of 44,000 cases of second-grade red salmon halves (Japanese can size--No. 2 flat 48 cans per case) to two Australian trading firms. This sale cleared the stock of second-grade red salmon held by the sales company. As of June 1964 Japan (Contd.): early April the company still had a very limited quantity of second-grade pink salmon on hand. (Suisancho Nippo, April 7, 1964.) K OK OK ok 3K EXPORTERS ADOPT TUNA PROGRAM FOR FISCAL YEAR 1964: The Japan Frozen Foods Exporters Asso- ciation, at a special general meeting on March 19, 1964, approved the following ex- port quotas for overseas bases for fiscalyear 1964 (April 1964-March 1965): American Samoa--25,000 short tons; Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides--6,000 tons; Noumea, New Caledonia--7,500 tons; Levuka, Fiji Islands-- 9,000 tons; Penang, Malaysia--6,000 tons; Saint Martin, Netherlands Antilles--2,000 tons; total 55,500 short tons. The overseas bases export quotas are to be distributed to Association members in proportion to their previous year's export performance record. However, for bases (newly established) without export perform- ance records, the export quotas are to be allotted on the basis of the sales contracts concluded between exporting firms and the joint companies which operate the bases. In this case, 10 percent of the allotted quota is to be turned over to the Association, which will be pooled (referred to as adjustment quota), and distributed to Association mem- bers with actual performance records ona first-come first-served basis. The Association also agreed on an assess- ment of 30 yen (US$0.083) a short ton for fresh tuna landed in overseas bases. The assess- ment on frozen tuna is 90 yen ($0.25) a short ton, as before. In addition, the Association agreed ona special assessment of 30 yen ($0.083) a met- ric ton for the purpose of raising 1,770,000 yen ($4,917) to be used for the promotion of tuna sales in Europe and Africa. Of this a- mount, 1.5 million yen ($4,167) would be used exclusively for tuna promotion in Italy. This amount represents the Association's contribu- tion to the joint Italian-Japanese tuna promo- tion effort, which had been proposed by the Italian tuna industry. Earlier, at a meeting on March 2, the As- sociation had agreed on contributing a total of six million yen ($16,667) for the joint pro- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 motion program. Of that sum, the Japanese Government was to be requested to contribute half, and Japanese producers and exporters one-fourth each. (Suisancho Nippo, March 23; Suisan Tsushin, March 4 and 21, 1964.) SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA LANDED AT YAIZU: The first large landing of summer albacore was made at Yaizu, Japan, on April 2, 1964-- 120 metric tons were landed on that day. Japa- nese tuna packers paid as much as 125 yena kilogram (US$315 a short ton) for the fish. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 4, 1964.) aH) cto! thisety Be ety ES Sa eta phe JAPAN FROZEN TUNA SALES COMPANY REDUCES LEVY: At a meeting in Tokyo on March 30, 1964, the Japan Frozen Tuna Sales Company agreed to reduce the levy on frozen tuna consigned to the company by two-tenths of one percent-~- from three-tenths to one-tenth of one percent. The Sales Company has been under strong criticism from certain producers who insisted that the management of that company should be rationalized. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, April 1, 1964.) REGULATIONS FOR OVERSEAS TUNA BASES REVISED: The Japanese Fisheries Agency on March 31, 1964, issueda directive revising the existing regulation governing overseas tuna base oper- ators. Effective April 1, the directive allows the landing of frozen tuna at overseas bases~-~- heretofore only fresh (iced) tuna was permitted to be landed at overseas bases. The Agency also reduced the 27,000-tontuna quota for American Samoa by 2,000 tons, and applied that amount as the quota for the newly established tuna base at St. Martin, Nether - lands Antilles. The landing quotas for all oth- er bases (Penang, Fiji Islands, Noumea, and Espiritu Santo) remain the same. (Nihon Suis- an Shimbun, April 3, 1964.) Sense se) sel st ok ok OOK ok Ok POOR FISHING REPORTED BY VESSEL FISHING BOTTOMFISH IN GULF OF GUINEA: The Koyo Maru (314 gross tons), which has been operating in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Japan (Contd.): Ocean) since late January 1964, reports poor fishing. That vessel, which had been dis- patched to the Gulf for the purpose of explor- ing grounds not suited for trawling, is sched- uled to remain on the fishing grounds for one year. Fishing with different types of line gear, the Koyo Maru on good days caught as much as 3.5 metric tons of bottomfish a day, but is also said to have experienced many days of poor fishing. (Suisan Tsushin, March 24, 1964.) WHALE OIL EXPORT TARGETS: The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, at a meeting on March 18, 1964, adopted the following whale oil ex- port targets for fiscal year 1964 (April 1964- March 1965): baleen whale oil--99,400 met- ric tons (value US$20,742,000); sperm whale oil--118,000 metric tons (value $24,535,000). (Suisancho Nippo, March 21, 1964.) tA oe oO. OR I OK Ok OK NEW OFFSHORE TUNA FISHERY: As of March 23, the Japanese Fisheries Agency had received over 2,000 applications to engage in the newly-designated offshore tuna fishery (north of 10° N. latitude and west of 160° E. longitude) in the North Pacific. The fishery is to be restricted to a total of 1,850 tuna vessels in the 20- to 50-tonrange. Deadline for filing applications was March 24, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 24, 1964.) GOOD SKIPJACK TUNA FISHING NEAR MARIANAS: Japanese tuna vessels operating out of Japan found excellent skipjack fishing near the Mariana Islands in early March. The area, which was discovered last year, is cen- tered at 11° N. latitude-135° E. longitude, about 720 kilometers southwest of Guam, and was yielding large fish of about 6.5 pounds. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, March 18, 1964.) OVERSEAS TUNA BASE OPERATORS URGED BY GOVERNMENT TO ORGANIZE: Overseas tuna base operators in Ameri- can Samoa, Fiji Islands, Espiritu Santo (New Hebrides Is.), Penang (Malaysia), and Noumea (New Caledonia) are being encouraged by the Japanese fisheries Agency to organize a liai- son council so that problems of mutual inter - est, such as ex-vessel price, export, wage Vol. 26, No. 6 and labor problems, and the decline in hook rate in nearby fishing grounds, can be fully aired. The Agency feels that the time has now come for all the overseas tuna base operators to get together to fully explore those problems, which are common to all the bases. The Agen- cy also feels that, despite the existence of a sellers' market, the overseas base operators were not in position to favorably negotiate sales contracts or fish-quality inspection ar- rangements with either the exporters or Unit- ed States tuna packers. As a result, they need to organize to improve their status. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, April 3, 1964.) Soa ste) sk SK PORTABLE-BOAT TUNA MOTHERSHIP FISHERY: The portable-boat-carrying tuna mother- ship fleet in Japan consists of 44 motherships carrying piggyback a total of 120 portable boats (each 20 tons in size). The Japanese Portable-Boat-Carrying Tuna Mothership Conference submitted a pno- posal to the Fisheries Agency requesting that not only mothership-to-mothership transfer of of catches be authorized but that portable- — boat-carrying tuna motherships be also au- thorized to transfer or receive fish from regu- lar distant-water tuna vessels. The Agency is reported to be opposed to this plan. Accord- ing to the Agency, the objective of the propos- al is to make it possible for the portable-boat- carrying motherships to fish with 300-ton dis- tant water tuna vessels, which would Serve as catcher vessels to the motherships. This will then result in completely changing the existing structure of the portable-boat-carrying tuna mothership fishery. Furthermore, the Agency holds that the intensification of fishing effort at the present time is not desirable from are- source standpoint. (Suisancho Nippo, March 17, 1964.) op A ote oh mK Kk OK OOK 3K TUNA MOTHERSHIPS SAIL FOR TAHITI AND FIJI: The Japanese tuna mothership Nojima Maru (8,800 gross tons), accompanied by 65 catcher vessels, was scheduledto depart Kobe, Japan, on May 10, 1964. The firm which operates that fleet has notified the Japanese Fisheries Agency of its intention to operate the mother- ship in Tahitian waters this year. The tuna mothership Yuyo Maru (5,040 gross tons), accompanied by 55 catcher ves- sels and two carrier vessels, was scheduled June 1964 Japan (Contd.): to depart Tokyo on May 20 for the tuna fish- ing grounds off the Fiji Islands. (Suisancho Nippo, April 8, 1964.) BA FI Ba Ba ES TUNA MOTHERSHIP OPERATIONS IN SOUTH PACIFIC: A large Japanese fishing company, which recently submitted an application to the Japa- nese Fisheries Agency to operate two tuna mothership fleets in the South Pacific Ocean this year (one in the summer and the other in the fall) is having a difficult time signing up sufficient tuna fishing vessels to organize the fall fishing expedition. That company may cancel its plans for the fall operation, accord- ing to speculation. The firm's tuna mothership Yuyo Maru (5,040 gross tons) is scheduled for the sum- mer operation. She was scheduled to depart Japan on May 20, 1964, accompanied by a fleet of 55 fishing and support vessels. (Suis- an Tsushin, March 23, 1964.) Editor Note: Although Japanese Govern- ment regulations permit tuna-fishing vessels up to 240 tons gross to participate in the tuna mothership-type fishery, most of the catcher vessels participating in that fishery are ves- sels under 100 tons gross. Owners of this class of vessels are reported to be very re- luctant about operating their vessels in the South Pacific this year, due to the steady de- cline in catch rate per hook in that area, which was quite low in 1963. skh se se ok rk ook ok ok ok FISHERIES CENSUS, 1963: The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry on April 1, 1964 released preliminary data from its third national fisheries census, Started on November 1, 1963, the census includes data as of March 23, 1964. The census showed that: 1. Fisheries enterprises (families or organizations which operated fishing vessels over 30 days during the year) totaled 234,000 in 1963 as against 252,000 in 1953, a decline of 7 percent in 10 years, Decline was widespread throughout Japan, Only the prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, Aichi, Mie, Ehime, Fukuoka, and Kumamoto showed gains, The national trend, by regions, was as follows: (a) Hok- kaido Region--decline of 16 percent, mainly due to failure of herring fishery. (b) Northern Pacific Coast Region--Aomori, Fukushima, and Ibaraki prefectures showed a decline. Iwate and Miyagi showed an increase as a result of expansion in laver cultivation, (c) Central Pacific Coast Region-- Tokyo showed a decline of 24 percent; Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuo- ka showed decreases, Aichi and Mie showed a 30-percent in- crease. Aichi’s increase was in laver cultivation; Mie’s in- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 crease in pearl cultivation. Tokyo’s and Chiba’s decline was mainly attributed to abandonment of laver cultivation fields due to industrial expansion in the Tokyo Bay region. (d) South Pacific Coast Region--Ehime and Kochi showed a sharp gain, Oita no gain, and other prefectures in the region showed a de- cline ranging from 10-20 percent, Sharp rises in Ehime and Kochi were due to increases in laver and pearl cultivation. (e) Northern Japan Sea Region--All prefectures, except Akita, registered a decline of 20-30 percent, due to the stagnant con- dition of the set-net fishery, coastal trawl fishery, and hook- and-line fishery. Akita showed a drastic decline of over 50 percent due mainly to the land reclamation program at Hachi- rogata Lagoon. (f) Western Japan Sea Region--All prefectures showed declines, particularly Tottori. Decline was attributed to stagnant condition of trawl fishery, hook-and-line fishery, and the land reclamation project at Nakaumi. (g) East China Sea Region--Laver cultivation in the Ariake Sea showed a great increase. Fukuoka and Kumamoto (which border this sea) registered increases of 30 and 50 percent, respectively. (h) In- land Sea Region--Ali prefectures bordering the Inland Sea showed a decline of 20-30 percent. Decline was attributed in great part to abandonment of fishing grounds due to industrial development. 2, Families engaged in fishing for others, Families which did not operate their own fishing vessels in 1963 but which fished at sea for others for a period of 30 days or more during that year totaled approximately 171,000 as compared to 240,000 in 1953, a decline of 29 percent, The decline was par- ticularly great for the prefectures bordering the Japan Sea and the Inland Sea. The prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, and Kanagawa showed increases of 20-30 percent, They are at- tributed to increases in enterprises requiring the employment of a great number of fishermen (such as at the large fishing ports at Miyako, Shiogama, and Misaki), and to the employ- ment of larger fishing vessels and changes in production base resulting from expansion of port facilities. 3. Motorized vessels, Motorized vessels owned by fishing enterprises (families or organizations which operated fishing vessels over 30 days during the year) totaled approximately 146,000 (as of survey date) as compared to 111,000 in 1963-- an increase of 31 percent. By vessel size, the number of mo- torized vessels under five gross tons totaled 37,000, an in- crease of 40 percent. Of fishing vessels over 200 gross tons, there was a fourfold increase in numbers of vessels between 200-500 tons, and a tenfold increase in vessels over 500 tons. People engaged in fisheries (those over 15 years of age). The number of people engaged in fisheries in 1963 totaled 490,000, as compared to 607,000 in 1953, a decline of 23 per- cent. The prefectures of Iwate, Mie, and Fukuoka each showed increases of about 19 percent, but all other prefectures, par- ticularly those bordering the Japan Sea and the Inland Sea, showed a decline. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, April 3, 1964.) Ses sk se Se ook ook Kk ook COMPENSATION FOR LOSS OF FISHING GEAR AND CATCH BEING STUDIED: The Japanese Fisheries Agency is negoti- ating with the Ministry of Finance to revise a section of the existing fisheries legislation on vessel loss compensation so that vessel own- ers who dump their catch, gear, and fuel over- board to lighten their vessels, so as to pre- vent loss or damage totheir vessels when they run aground, will be compensated for such losses. The Agency hoped to have the revi- sion become effective from April 1, 1964, but as of early April, the matter of special pre- mium rates had not been fully resolved. Through a directive issued October 1963 by the Director of the Japanese Fisheries 48 Japan (Contd.): Agency, vessel owners are now being com- pensated for loss of gear which they have been compelled to abandon on the high seas as a result of being pursued by foreign patrol vessels. This directive is to be incorporated within the proposed revision. Only vessels covered under a special agreement will be eligible for compensation. (Nihon Suisan Shimbun, April 3, 1964.) se osle eee OS OK OK Kk OK VESSEL CONSTRUCTION: Loan Program Trends: Due to inadequate funds in the Government-operated Develop- ment Bank, the Japanese Ministry of Agricul- ture and Forestry (MAF) is planning on limit- ing the programs it hopes to have financed by the Bank. For fiscal year 1964 (April 1964- March 1965), the MAF is actively encourag- ing the Development Bank to make available loans for the construction of large distant- water trawlers. However, the Bank feels that it will be difficult to accommodate all de- mands placed on the limited funds available for loan purposes, unless adjustments are made. Accordingly, the Fisheries Agency (MAF) plans to review existing conditions, possibly establishing a priority system for those seeking loans for the construction of distant-water trawlers. (Suisan Keizai Shim- bun, March 20, 1964.) Permits Issued March 30, 1964: OnMarch 30, 1964, the Japanese Fisheries Agency is- sued permits for the construction of 57 fish- ing vessels: 25 wooden vessels totaling 771 gross tons and 32 steel vessels totaling 4,323 gross tons. Included are permits for 2 small wooden salmon vessels under 39 tons gross, 8 steel 96-ton salmon vessels, 4 steel tuna vessels (one 99-ton, one 192-ton, and two 253- ton vessels), and 5 steel distant-water trawl- ers (one 92-ton, two 299-ton, and two 314- ton vessels). (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 1, 1964.) FISHERIES MISSION SCHEDULED TO VISIT UNITED STATES AND CANADA: An official of the Japan Fisheries Associ- ation reports that his Association plans to sponsor a fisheries mission to the United States and Canada in July 1964. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 The mission will consist of 15 members of the Japan Fisheries Association and its affili- ated organizations, according to the Associa- tion's plans. The mission's tentative plans call for departure from Tokyo July 1, and re- turn to Tokyo on July 28, 1964. Itinerary in- cludes visits to the major fishery areas and fishing ports in Alaska, calls at Vancouver, B. C., and to fisheries centers in the Satate of Washington, The official stated that the Japan Fisheries Association is aware of the intense concern that fisheries problems between the United States and Japan have aroused in the Ameri- can fishing industry during the past several years, and that the purpose of the trip is to promote good will and understanding between the fishing industries of Canada, Japan, and the United States. The Japanese mission will, for the first time, have an opportunity to gain better under- standing of fisheries management and conser- vation practices conducted in Alaska as well as observe fishing operations. It is planned that members of the mission will brief the ~ United States and Canadian authorities on the state of Japan's northern seas fisheries. In that connection, the Association official said that there will be no exchange of views on the revision of the North Pacific Fisheries Con- vention scheduled for discussion at Ottawa in 1964. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, March 30, 1964.) FISH MEAL OPERATIONS IN BERING SEA: The Japanese oil-meal factoryship Tenyo Maru (11,581 gross tons), accompanied by 28 trawlers, departed Yokohama for the eastern Bering Sea on April 8, 1964. The fish-meal factoryships Gyokuei Maru (10,357 gross tons) and Hoyo Maru (former Renshin Maru of 14,094 gross tons) were scheduled to depart for the eastern Bering Sea from Hakodate on April 10 and 15, respectively. Each factory- ship was accompanied by 30 trawlers. (Suisan Tsushin, April 8, 1964.) FISHERIES ASSOCIATION CONTRIBUTES MONEY TO ALASKA EARTHQUAKE VICTIMS: A check for $5,000, contributed by the Ja- pan Fisheries Association to the victims of the Alaska earthquake, was presented to the June 1964 Japan (Contd.): U. S. Deputy Chief of Mission, United States Embassy, Tokyo, on April 7, 1964. In making the presentation, the President of the Associ- ation, accompanied by other officials of that organization, read the following message: "We have heard that the great earthquake which hit the Alaska district on March 28 dealt great damage to the area, and that the damage sustained by fisheries facilities was especially severe. We feel deep sympathy, and we, Japanese fisheries enterprisers, mainly those engaged in northern seas fish- eries, have hereby decided to present $5,009 in token of our deep sympathy. "The amount, we are afraid, is very small, but we hope that it may perhaps serve as a primer. We wish to convey our heartfelt prayer that the victims of the earthquake will achieve reconstruction quickly." The U. S. Deputy Chief of Mission acknowl- edged the contribution and in reply described the action of the Japan Fisheries Association as an example of the cooperation and sympa- thetic understanding which exists between our two countries. The check, which was made out to the Unit- ed States Ambassador to Japan, has been en- dorsed for payment to the Treasurer of the State of Alaska. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, April 13, 1964.) Ser lel) lene sia) it FISH SAUSAGE PRODUCTION: The Japan Fish Sausage Association stated that fish sausage production for fiscal year 1963 (April 1963-March 1964) was expected to show an increase of over 10 percent, and was estimated to total 125,000 metric tons. In fiscal year 1962 the production was 114,120 metric tons. (Suisancho Nippo, April 6, 1964.) g , TUNA FISHING VESSEL LAUNCHED: A 145-ton tuna vessel was launched on April 14, 1964, at Pusan, Korea. The vessel is 1 of 3 tuna vessels being constructed by a Pusan shipyard for a Korean company under Korea COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 a loan from a United States firm. The vessel is scheduled to operate in the Southwest Pa- cific and land tuna at American Samoa. The other two vessels are expected to be com- pleted in June 1964 and dispatched to the South- west Pacific. In addition to their construction program, the Koreans are importing fishing vessels in order to increase their fisheries catch. (Unit- ed States Embassy, Seoul, April 20, 1964.) Mexico ENSENADA FISHING INDUSTRY: The port of Ensenada in Baja California is one of Mexico's most important fisheries cen- ters. The greater part of the canned fish pro- duced in Mexico originates in Ensenada, as do virtually all of Mexico's abalone and spiny lob~ ster exports. Canning: Ensenada's greatest importance as a fishing port stems from its canneries. Three active canneries are located in Ensena- da and one is in the suburb of El Sauzal. The three canneries in Ensenada pack sar- dines and mackerel. As none of them are lo- cated directly on the waterfront, the fish must be trucked from vessel to plant. Fishing ves- sels lie in the harbor and unload directly into amphibious landing craft which churn their way across the harbor, emerge ona gently sloping sandy beach, and proceed to the can- neries over city streets. The fish are cutand packed by hand. The cannery at nearby El Sauzal is the largest fish canning enterprise in Mexico with an annual production of about 500,000 cases. Sardine, mackerel, and tuna are packed at the mechanized El Sauzal cannery which has fish- cleaning and filleting machines. This inte- grated plant also operates: (1) a tomato can- nery, primarily for the tomato sauce used in sardine canning; (2) a reduction plant for the manufacture of fish meal, oil, and solubles from cannery offal; and (3) a quality control laboratory. Inthe spring of 1964, the El Sauzal cannery began building a can-making factory as a joint venture with the United States firm, which now supplies most of the cans used by the Mexican plant. The El Sauzal harbor is too shallow for most fishing vessels, so the company has ob- 50 Mexico (Contd.): tained space at the general cargo dockin Ense- nada where it has mooreda barge equipped with suction pumps that canunload twovessels ata time. Belt conveyors carry the fishfrom the barge to trucks which haul the fish five miles to El Sauzal. Currently the entire fish pack at Ensenada and El Sauzal is sold on the domestic Mexi- can market. The demand for canned fish is growing rapidly in Mexico and all four plants operate to capacity when fish are available. Sardines are packed principally in 1-pound oval cans with tomato sauce or mustard, and in 8-ounce round cans in brine. Pacific mackerel and jack mackerel are packed in a variety of ways. They are put up in 1-pound tall cans and sold as ''mackerel, salmon-style.'' Small fish are packed in 1- pound ovals withtomato sauce as ''sardines." Some of the larger fish are filletedand pack- ed in oval cans as ''sardine fillets." Yellowfin, bluefin, albacore, and shipjack tuna are packed in half-pound round cans, as in the United States, and sold as atun (tuna). Bonito and yeHowtail are packed tuna-style and labeled either ''economia atun'' or "boni- to," Lobsters, Clams, and Abalone: Ensenada is an exporting center for the products of the fisheries for spiny lobster, abalone, and Pismo clam that are located in the villages along the coast to the south. The spiny lobster fishery is conducted mainly by the ''cooperativas'' or cooperative groups of fishermen operating out of several villages as far south as Turtle Bay. In order to maintain an orderly marketing procedure, the Mexican National Bank for the Develop- ment of Cooperatives buys most of the spiny lobster production of the several fishing co- operatives. The bank contracts with a firm in Ensenada to cook, sort, freeze, and ship the lobsters, most of which are exported to the United States under contract with a buyer in California, The catch of the fishingcamps close to Ensenada are brought to the central processing plant by truck. Those from the outlying camps come to Ensenada on vessels supplied with circulating sea water to keep the spiny lobsters alive. The first carrier vessel planned specifically for hauling spiny lobsters has been ordered by the Cooperative COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 at Mazatlan. Although designed for the lobster fishery, the vessel will be able to operate in other fisheries during the closed season. The 1963/1964 spiny lobster fishing season (October 1-March 15) in Baja California yield- ed a catch of 840 metric tons (live weight) as compared with 750 tons in the previous sea- son, according to the Mexican Department of Fisheries. Pismo clams are dug by the members of fishery cooperatives along the beaches near San Quintin. Most of their production is shucked and shipped as clam meats to a can- ner in California. Recognizing the large clam resource on the miles of beaches between San Quintin and Abreojos, Mexican interests are attempting to interest United States chowder canners in a large-scale harvest of pismo clams using modern clam dredges. The abalone fishery was started many years ago by Japanese divers. Originally the aba- lone meat was dried for export to the Orient. Now all diving in the Mexican abalone fishery is done by members of the Mexican fisher - men's cooperatives. Abalone canneries are located at Turtle Bay and Cedros Island, the most important centers of the fishery. Coop- eratives in Ensenada and El Rosario alsocon- tribute to the catch. Canned abalone, in 1- pound tall cans, is the principal product, al- though the production of frozen abalone slices is becoming important. Although domestic sales of canned abalone are increasing, most of the output is exported. In 1962, exports of canned abalone (mainly to the United States) totaled 6,784,000 pounds, valued at US$2.3 million. In 1962, exports of frozen sliced abalone (almost entirely to the United States), reached 390,000 pounds with a value of $342,000. Kelp and Agar Agar: Giant kelp is abun- dant along the Baja California coast from the United States border to several hundred miles south. Considerable quantities are harvested in the Ensenada area and exported without processing to San Diego. The buyer uses the "sargaso'' to augment its own harvest of the ‘same species from California waters for the manufacture of alginates for use in a great variety of products. About 23,300 short tons (wet weight) of giant kelp were exported in 1962, according to the Mexican Department of Fisheries. June 1964 Mexico (Contd.): Another seaweed, gelidium, is gathered at Ensenada andthe fishing camps down the coast. It is dried at the camps and exported for use in the manufacture of agar-agar. A total of 756,000 pounds (dried weight) of gel- idium was shipped in 1962, according to the Mexican Department of Fisheries. Fishing Fleet: Fishing and the harvest of seaweed are a major factor in the economy of Ensenada. They are particularly impor- tant to the sparse population of the villages to the south. According to the Ensenada office of the Mexican Department of Fisheries, the coop- eratives in the coastal area served by Ense- nada include 1,650 active fishermen. An ad- ditional 700 crew members are employed by the purse seiners and smaller vessels fish- ing for sardines, mackerel, and tuna. The canneries in Ensenada and El Sauzal employ about 800 workers. . Although catches are seasonal, one aspect or another of the fisheries provides some employment throughout the year. The proxi- mity to Southern California results in rela- tively high wages and high prices for fish. The Ensenada fishing vessels include small craft which fish for the local fresh market, a fleet of small to medium purse Seiners, and a fleet of 10 large purse seiners. Practically the entire fleet originated in Cal- ifornia. Some vessels were bought outright by Mexican fishermen or canneries. Others came to Ensenada under United States owner - ship and with United States crews to fish for the canneries. Gradually the United States crews were replaced by Mexican fishermen and the boats passed into Mexican ownership. It is reported that the entire fleet is now lo- cally-owned. The high seas fleet of 10 modern purse seiners fish for the cannery at El Sauzal. The vessels range in capacity from 100 to 300 tons. Six of those vessels are sardine and mackerel seiners capable of fishing sev- eral hundred miles to the south and returning their catches under brine refrigeration. The cannery, is therefore, not dependent on sea- sonal runs in local waters. The other four large purse seiners are tuna vessels that range as far as South America, and are e- quipped with modern electronic aids to fish- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 ing, nylon nets, and power blocks for net haul- ing. Fisheries College: Ensenada is also the location of a fisheries college. Known as the "Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas," it is part of the Autonomous University of Baja California. Under the direction of a former scientist of the Mexican Department of Fish- eries, the fisheries college has a faculty of 11 and a student body of about 50. The col- lege offers a four. year course leading to the degree of ''Oceanologo" or oceanologist (the term covers both physical and biological oceanography). Because the college is new, it now has students in the first two classes only. In addition to the marine college, the uni- versity also operates a preparatory school in Ensenada at the high school level. Because classes are conducted in the late afternoon and evening, both the college and the prepara- tory school can draw on the talent of the lo- cal industrial community. Students graduated by the fisheries college will help relieve Mexico's shortage of marine scientists. (United States Embassy, Mexico, April 27, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1963 p. 73; June 1963 p. 83. ste sle se cle ok ok Kk SK ook «ook SHRIMP VESSELS TO FISH FOR FRENCH GUIANA: Some 14 shrimp vessels accompanied by a small freezership, which left the port of Ma- zatlan to fish in French Guiana, are reported to have reached Trinidad and may already be operating off South America. The vessels are said to be fishing for the same San Diego, Calif., importer who handled their shrimp catches in Mexico. About 6 other Mazatlan shrimp vessels are awaiting government ap- proval to depart and several vessels at Salina Cruz have so far failed to receive authority to leave. Although the vessel operators anticipate better catches and increased profits in the newly-developed fishery off French Guiana, Mexican fishing industry sources indicate that the increasing friction between boat own- ers and the crews who belong to fishermen's cooperatives hastened the move to new shrimp grounds. (Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Mexico, April 10, 1964.) se sk ole se oe Sy hs Et et SS 52 Mexico (Contd.): MANNING SHRIMP VESSELS WITH FISHERMEN NOT MEMBERS OF COOPERATIVES: Another development in the disagreement between shrimp boat owners and fishermen's cooperatives is being watched with great in- terest by the entire industry as well as by labor organizations. Some months ago a boat owner in Salina Cruz found what appeared to be a way to man his boats with fishermen who are not members of cooperatives, thus avoid- ing the necessity of making contract agree- ments. Although the law reserves shrimp fishing to members of cooperatives, one clause permits ''free fishing.'' After a great deal of effort the Salina Cruz boat owner suc- ceeded in obtaining official permission for nonmember crews. Fourteen vessels arere- ported to have started ''free fishing'' on March 30, 1964. If the ''free fishing" effort succeeds, it may revolutionize all the fish- eries now reserved to cooperatives or re- sult in the passage of tighter laws to protect the cooperatives. (Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Mexico, April 10, 1964.) Netherlands EXPERIMENTAL OFFSHORE FISHING TO CONTINUE: Experimental distant-water fishing by 8 Dutch trawlers outside their customary fish- ing grounds in the North Sea will be contin- ued, according to a statement on March 19, 1964, by the Dutch Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries before the Permanent Commit- tee on Fisheries of the Second Chamber of the Netherlands Parliament. He said that, so far, the experiment had not been a paying proposition, but owners of the fishing vessels involved desired its continuation and expan- sion. The Government will continue to sub- sidize the experiment, for which fl 1 million (US$278,000) annually has been made avail- able for a period of 3 years. The number of vessels involved in the experimental distant- water fishing project may be increased to 10 trawlers. (United States Embassy, The Hague, April 12, 1964.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 Norway FISHERIES TRENDS: March-April 1964: HERRING: A total of 296,000 metric tons of winter herring were landed by Norwegian fishermen during the season which ended March 25, 1964. That was the best result since 1960 and a good re- Homeward bound loaded with herring. covery from the depressed levels of 1963. Almost half of the 1964 winter herring catch was made in waters off the Lofoten Islands, which were previously noted for their large cod fishery. COD: Despite the unusually good weather, this year's Lofoten cod fishery has been dis- appointing, yielding a catchofonly 37,816 tons as of March 28, 1964, as compared with 47,975 tons by the same date in 1963, and61,661 tons in 1962. WHALING: At the end of the 1963/64 sea- son, the 4 Norwegian Antarctic whaling expedi- tions had produced 251,230 barrels of whale and sperm oil. This was 26,585 barrels more than the same expeditions produced in 1962/63. In that season, however, the whale facto- ryship Sir James Clark Ross was put out of commission on January 27, 1963, and failed to resume operations. FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION FOR GHANA AND MOROCCO: The first of seven 231-foot stern trawlers, to be built for the Ghana Fishing Corporation by Norwegian Ship- yards, was launched in early 1964, Acompre- hensive training program for the Ghanaian crews that will man the vessels has been planned by the Norwegian Development As- sistance, in cooperation with private firms. June 1964 Norway (Contd.): A Norwegian shipyard near Molde has ob- tained a contract to build twenty 63-foot fish- ing vessels for a Moroccan company within a 20-months period. The total price for the vessels, electronic equipment, engines, and gear will be about Kr. 10.8 million (US$1.5 million). All equipment will be delivered by Norwegian companies. (News of Norway, April 16, 1964.) Note: Norwegian kroner 7.17 equal US$1.00. Late March 1964: HERRING: A total of 291,725 metric tons of winter herring had been landed by Norwegian fishermen as of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 since 1960 when the herring catch by the same date amounted to 322,734 tons. A total of 85.1 percent of the 1964 winter herring catch was processed into meal and oil, as against 53.6 percent in 1960. COD: There was some improvement inthe Lofoten cod fishery in late March 1964, but fishermen in that area had landed only 12,441 tons as of March 25, 1964, at least 5,000tons less than the Lofoten cod catch by the same date in 1963. (News of Norway, April 2, 1964.) CANNED FISH EXPORTS, 1962-1963: Norwegian exports of canned fishery prod- March 24, 1964. That was the best result “| ucts in 1963 were down 8.9 percent in quan- Metric Tons Smoked brisling in oil .... 4,793 32,785 Smoked brisling in tomato . . 575 3,175 Smoked small sild inoil ... 11,478 48, 482 Smoked small sild in tomato . 1, 447 5,234 Unsmoked small sild in oil . 869 2,812 Unsmoked small sild in tomato 61 225 Kippered herring 2... .- Unsmoked herring in tomato . 3, 149 13,442 666 Mackerel fmeuemoieonenisiieizene ey ay/ Roesunclassified| 9s". « s) « 6 1,412 Sse. Soft herring re 2.2.2.0 GAS, 3,545 Bishsballlse hs.) wile; sie elles ei 581 1,517 Other canned fish ...... 162 1,212 Shelitishyystielchetions 1,545 16, 486 Table 1 - Norwegian Exports of Canned Fishery Products by Type, 1962-1963 Product January -December 1963 January -December 1962 1,000 Kroner US$1,000 | Metric Tons | 1,000 Kroner Gee 4,579 5,480 36, 821 443 808 4, 635 6,771 12, 185 52, 300 731 1, 157 4, 102 393 782 2, 589 31 117 442 1,877 4,242 18, 362 = 110 270 435 685 3,219 717 1,232 4,476 495 797 3,413 212 572 1,515 169 129 946 2, 303 1, 839 19, 681 5 Totaly. ele ew ee 27, 457 137, 164 19, 156 30,135 152,771 ai, 366 Table 2 - Norwegian Exports of Canned Fishery Products+/ by Country of Destination, 1962-1963 Country of January -December 1963 January -December 1962 Destination dl Monsey Value Metric Tons | 1,000 Kroner 4 US$1,000 | Metric Tons | 1,000 Kroner ; US$1,000. Binlandivs ey ewte! tele) Ovo 185 1, 187 166 143 881 123 Sweden ..... 0 396 2,036 284 421 1,984 277 pelgitmetixen bourg O00 649 3, 124 436 682 BS ezAs) 452 Hrelandimenteteitelte te te G40 295 1,087 152 314 1,137 159 ran cCeymisivelNeltel el eis 0 278 1,151 161 398 1,616 226 Netherlands ..... c 219 893 125 195 844 118 United Kingdom. . . : 4,859 21, 608 3,018 5,412 24, 802 3, 469 West Germany . . . 782 3,012 421 673 2,654 371 East Germany . bwovter 0 1,479 5,295 739 1,478 5,072 709 South Africa Repablic oxoaa 212 981 137 1,112 4,647 650 INF 6 OG. OyorO\OVOLO Hs00 O 1,233 5,126 716 102 384 54 Canada... . 922 5,527 772 92) 6,920 968 United States . 11, 900 61,597 8, 603 13,234 68,765 9,617 Australia ... 1,947 7,150 999 1,746 1, 106 994 New Zealand . 503 2,144 299) 251 1,022 143 Other Countries 2, 186 7,797 1,089 1,875 6, 831 955 1/Does not include exports of canned shellfish. 2/Totals are slightly larger than the combined exports of canned fish (excluding shellfish) shown in table 1. Note: In 1962, Norwegian kroner 7.15 equaled US$1.00; in 1963, Norwegian kroner 7.16 equaled US$1.00. 54 Norway (Contd.): tity and 10.3 percent in value from those in 1962. Norway's leading fishery exports-- smoked brisling in oil, smoked small sild in oil, and kippered herring--were all affected by the decline. The United States was Norway's most im- portant market for canned fishery products, accounting for 42.4 percent of total shipments in 1963 and 45.3 percent in 1962. Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1963 p. 88. SHIPYARD BUILDING FOUR PURSE SEINERS FOR CHILE: A Norwegian shipyard is building four 120- gross-ton oceangoing purse seiners for Chile. One of the vessels was to be delivered in May 1964, another in June, and the other two later inthe summer. The specifications of each vessel are reported to be: 101 feet 6 inches in length, 24 feet wide, and 13 feet in depth. No information is available on the prices and payment arrangements for the vessels but it is believed that part of the payment is being financed through a Norwegian Govern- ment guaranteed export credit loan at 6-per- cent interest. (United States Embassy, Oslo, April 7, 1964.) Peru FISH-MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS, EARLY 1964: The financial difficulties of the Peruvian fish-meal producers are now receiving Gov- ernment attention. The Peruvian Chamber of Deputies announced on March 13, 1964, the formation of a special committee to study the industry's problems. Special attention will be given to the advisability of tax relief and to possible changes in the established market~- ing system. The National Fisheries Society is preparing a proposal to the Government for taxation based upon profits as an alterna- tive to the present tax based on output. The financial squeeze in the Peruvian fish- meal industry is based on excess capacity, coupled with the poor equity base of many producers. Those problems are now being compounded by the disappointing fish-meal COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 26, No. 6 yield per ton of anchoveta. While the Peru- vian fisheries catch in January 1964 hit an all-time high of more than one million metric tons, only slim profits were reported in the fish-meal industry. Eight small plants were reported to have closed down. Tax relief could be a significant short- term boost for hard-pressed producers, but the eventual elimination of the inefficient, poorly capitalized plants may be inevitable. However, the financial problems of individual producers are not likely to significantly affect overall production for the year. Well-run, soundly capitalized plants are still operating profitably, and the longer term prospects for the industry are considered bright enough to keep output up through the present period of financial stringency. Also, private invest- ment capital from foreign countries continues to move into the industry. (United States Em- bassy, Lima, March 26, 1964.) cs) 04 Dy oth ok ok OK Ok OK FISH MEAL EXPORTS BY COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, JANUARY -SEPTEMBER 1963: “The United States was the leading market for Peruvian fish meal during January -Sep- Peruvian Fish Meal Exports by Country of Destination, January -September 1963 |= Country of Destination Quantity etric Tons United States: [EIR COEKENIG GOO GOO OOOO O 0.00 86.0)0.0 131,177 West Coast O00 000-000 o000000 54,118 IRERENbL Gig io OFG: 0 0100-0 010.00 0.0100 5 500 Total (United|States) 7... 6) 6 iol wel eleene Other Countries: Germanys WieSsturemensiloited cicmophohicoh oi si-bielte 152,922 Germany, Eastern . 2... Gi drd.c O00 35,618 JAUERSIE) Quad 6) O.0800°0 050000050 G.0.0:0.00 0 3,570 AiStra'liayauemice 7,353.1|1,003,3]81,070.8 data released by the Japanese Fisheries Agen- . (Suisancho Nippo, March 21, 1964.) Total ... +. .| 3,442.0/33,565.7/35,706.7 June 1964 United Kingdom TWO BRITISH-BUILT PURSE-SEINE VESSELS ACQUIRED BY CHILEAN COMPANY: The Amanzule and Asuokaw, two tuna purse-seine vessels built ina British ship- yard for the Ghana Fishing Corporation sev- eral years ago, have changed their names and ownership. Nowknown as La Patria and Flor de Chile, they have been acquired bya Chilean fishing company and will be based at Iquique in northern Chile after a7,000-mile delivery trip. The vessels had been out of commission at Hull, England, for about a year. The future of two other purse-seiners built in Britain for Ghana is still uncertain. Both vessels are now in England. One, the Fawn- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 pawn, is at Hull and the other, the Kpeshie, is at Appledore. Commenting on West African fishing meth- ods, a representative of a trawler company who was in Ghana when the Amanzule and Asuokaw were fishing there said, ''The tuna fish in West African waters are more easily caught by long-lining rather than by purse- seining, which is the method used by these vessels... .\’ The 4 tuna purse-seiners built for the Ghana Fishing Corporation were part of an order for 6 vessels. The other two vessels, which are stern trawlers, are still in service in Ghana, (The Fishing News, March 13, 1964.) Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1963 p. 63. DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENTS OF FUR SEALS The northern fur seal, anabundant and widely ranging mammal, is seldom observed a- live except by fishermen and seamen working offshore or by visitors to the Alaskan and Asian Islands where the seals breed. Originally the furseals that breed on the Pribilof Islands, on the Commander Islands, and on Robben Island and some of the Kurile Islands (Pribilof Islands are U.S. territory; Commander, Robben, and Kurile Islands are under the administration of the U.S.S.R.) were described as three separate species because of supposed differences in color and in shape of head and neck. They have since been found to be indistinguishable by physical appear- ance and measurements; their wintering grounds overlap; andtagged seals, especially young males, are regularly found in small numbers on rookery islands other than where born. Therefore, the furseals ofthe North Pacific are now considered to belong to a single spe- cies, Callorhinus ursinus. Except as stragglers, few furseals rangenorth of the Pribilof Islands. They migrate south to the Channel Islands off Santa Barbara, Calif. In the west they range from the vi- cinity of the Commander Islands to the seas southwest of Kinkazan Peninsula on northern Honshu and into the Sea of Japan. Fur seals breed on the followingislands: St. Paul andSt. George Islands andSea Lion Rock of the Pribilof group in Alaska; Copper and Bering Islands of the Commander group off Kamchatka; Robben Island, off Sakhalin; Kotikovaya Rock and Srednevoya Island in the Kurile Chainof Islands. Seals were also reported by the Soviet Institute of Oceanology to be on the Kurile Islands, Paramushir and Urup, but no pups were seen. Fur seals of the Kurile Islands were thought to be exterminated by sealers in the 1890's; however, in 1955 and 1956, investigations revealed their presence once again, in small numbers. About 80 percent of the northern fur seals are from the Pribilof Islands. | --Excerpted from: The Norther Fur Seal, Circular 169, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C. 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CANNED TUNA STANDARD OF IDENTITY AMENDED: he Commissioner of the U. 8. Food and Drug Administration signed an order April 10, 1964, adopting a proposed amendment to the standard of identity for canned tuna. The a- mendment will permit the use of sodiumacid pyrophosphate as an optional ingredient to prevent the formation of struvite. The order as published in the Federal Reg- ister, April 16, 1964, follows: Title 21—FO0B AND DRUGS Chapter I—-Food and Drug Adminis- tration, Department of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS PART 37—FISH; DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY; STAND- ARDS OF FILL OF CONTAINER Canned Tung; Order Listing Sodium ‘ Acid Pyrophosphate as Optional Ingredient In the matter of amending the stand- ard of identity for canned tuna (21 CFR 37.1) by listing sodium acid pyrosphos- phate in an amount not to exceed 0.15 gram per ounce, net weight, as an op- tional ingredient of canned tuna for in- hibiting the development of struvite erystals in the food: The notice of proposed rule making in the above-identified matter published in the FrperaL Recister of February 6, 1964 (29 F.R. 1807) elicited only one comment, which favored the proposal. Therefore, in consideration of the infor- mation furnished in the petition, the comment received, and other relevant information available, it is concluded that it would promote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of consumers to amend the definition and standard of identity for canned tuna as hereinafter set forth. Pursuant to the authority vested in the Secretary of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (secs. 401, 701, 52 Stat. 1046, 1055 as amended 70 Stat. 919; 21 U.S.C. 341, 371) and delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs by the Secretary (21 CFR 2.90; 29 FR. 471): It is ordered, That §37.1 be amended as set forth below: Paragraph (a) is amended; and para- graph (h) is amended by redesignating subparagraph (7) as (8) and by inserting @ new subparagraph (7). As amended, the affected portions of the section read as follows: § 37.1 Canned tuna; definition and standard of identity; label statement of optional ingredients. (a) Canned tuna is the food consist- ing of processed flesh of fish of the spe- cies enumerated in paragraph (b) of this section, prepared in one of the optional forms of pack specified in paragraph (c) of this section, conforming to one of the color designations specified in paragraph (d) of this section, in one of the optional packing media specified in paragraph (e) of this section, and may contain one or more of the seasonings and flavorings specified in paragraph (f) of this sec- tion. For the purpose of inhibiting the development of struvite crystals, sodium acid pyrophosphate may be added in a quantity not in excess of 0.5 percent by weight of the finished food. It is packed in hermetically sealed containers and so processed by heat as to prevent spoilage. It is labeled in accordance with the pro- visions of paragraph (h) of this section. . * s * s (h) seo 8 (7) Where the canned tuna contains the optional ingredient sodium acid py- rophosphate as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, the label shall bear the statement “pyrophosphate added” or “with added pyrophosphate.” (8) Wherever the name of the food appears on the label so conspicuously as to be easily seen under customary con- ditions of purchase, the names of the optional ingredient used, as specified in subparagraphs (3), (6), and (7) of this paragraph, shall immediately and con- spicuously precede or follow such name, without intervening, written, printed, or graphic matter, except that the common name of the species of tuna fish used may so intervene; but the species name “albacore” may be employed only for canned tuna of that species which meets the color designation “white” as pre- scribed by paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Any person who will be adversely af- fected by the foregoing order may at any time within 30 days from the date of its publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER file with the Hearing Clerk, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Room Vol. 26, No. 6 June 1964 5440, 330 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, D.C., 20201, written objec- tions thereto, preferably in quintuplicate. Objections shall. show wherein the person filing will be adversely affected by the order and specify with particularity the provisions.of the order deemed objec- tionable and the grounds for the objec- tions. If a hearing is requested, the ob- Jections must state the issues for the hearing, and such objections must be supported by grounds legally sufficient to justify the relief sought. Objections May be accompanied by a memorandum or brief in support thereof. Effective date. This order shall be- come effective 60 days from the date of fts publication in the FepErat REGISTER, except as to any provisions that may be stayed by the filing of proper objections. Notice of the filing of objections or lack thereof will be announced by publication in the FzperaL REGISTER. (Secs. 401, 701, 52 Stat. 1046, 1055 as amend- ed 70 Stat. 919, 21 U.S.C. 341, 371) Dated: April 10, 1964. Geo. P. LaRRICK, Commissioner of Food and Drugs. @ Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PROPOSALS FOR PROCESSING, PROMOTING, AND SELLING ALASKA SEALSKINS: Four firms submitted proposals for proc- essing, promoting, and selling Alaska seal- skins for the account of the United States Government, the Department of the Interior announced on April 15, 1964. Two other firms submitted proposals only for selling finished sealskins. : Firms submitting proposals for process- ing sealskins were required to submit sam- ples of their workmanship in converting raw sealskins into finished luxury furs, using raw sealskins provided by the U.S. Bureau of Com - mercial Fisheries, A comprehensive evaluation was under- taken to determine the relative quality of the sample sealskins submitted by firms seeking the processing contract, This was expected to be completed by mid-June and the start of contract negotiations was expected to be about July 1, 1964. A new contract, or contracts, for processing and selling Alaska sealskins for the Federal Government should be ar- ranged by midsummer 1964, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 The quality evaluation of the sample furs was based primarily ona 3-phase program: Evaluation by a panel of experts from 5 De- partment of the Federal Government; physi- cal and chemical tests to be conducted by the National Bureau of Standards; and market- ability study based on garments manufactured from the sample sealskins. The fur seal herds of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, are managed under the terms of a treaty to which Japan, Canada, the U.S.S.R., and the United States are parties. Anamend- ment to the treaty was ratified April 10, 1964, extending its duration to 1969. Under treaty protection, the Pribilof seal herd has increased to its present estimated size of 1,500,000 ani- mals, from which a substantial annual har- vest can be anticipated on a continuing basis. ok ke kek EMERGENCY FISHERY LOAN OFFICE OPENED IN ALASKA: An emergency office was opened inKodiak, Alaska, in April 1964, to arrange for loans to fishing vessel owners in the Kodiak area whose vessels or fishing gear were lost or damaged during the March earthquake, The April 8 announcement by Secretary of the In- terior Stewart L, Udall, of the opening of an emergency office there, followed a recom- mendation made by Under Secretary of the Interior James K. Carr who had been on an inspection trip of the disaster area, The emergency office was open for busi- ness on April 11 and was headed by the Chief of the Branch of Loans and Grants, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, in Washington, D. C. Arrangements were made for immediate processing of loan applications so that ves- sels could be made ready for the approaching fishing season in that area. The Bureau's Alaska Loan Office in Juneau was also pre- pared to receive applications for priority ac- tion. Similar offices were to be set up inoth- er localities if conditions warranted the es- tablishment of such emergency offices. This emergency action was taken under the Secretary's authority to operate a fish- eries loan program which permits loans for financing and refinancing operations, mainte- ance, repair, replacement, and equipment of fishing vessels and gear. HK OK OK OK 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW WHALING LICENSES ON PACIFIC COAST: Notice of a delegation of authority within the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries con- cerning the issuance of licenses relating to whaling on the Pacific Coast was published in the Federal Register, April 9, 1964. The no- tice stated, Taj The authority to execute, on behalf of the Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, annual licenses required for whale catchers and whale land stations conducting whaling operations along the Pacific Coast, is hereby delegated to the Regional Director, Pacific Northwest Region (Region 1), Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washing- ton. (b) The authority delegated in section (a) may not be redelegated by the Regional Di- rector," U. S. Tariff Commission GROUNDFISH FILLETS RESERVED FROM TRADE-AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS: Groundfish fillets (cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pollock, and Atlantic ocean perch, under Tariff Schedules of the United States Item Nos. 110.50 and 110.55) will be reserved from the President’s list of articles up for tariff modification in the forthcoming trade negotiations under the General Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade, The determination was contained in a U.S. Tariff Com- mission report to the President on April 22, 1964, stating that economic conditions have not substantially improved in the industry since the Commission found on May 7, 1954, and October 12, 1956, that groundfish fillets were being im- ported into the United States in such increased quantities as to cause serious injury to the domestic industry producing like or directly competitive products, The Tariff Commission's report on April 22, 1964, contained the results of its investigations numbered TEA-225(b)-1 to 15 under section 225(b) of the Trade Ex- pansion Act of 1962. Under conditions set forth in sec- tion 225(b), certain articles included in the President's list furnished to the Commission on October 22, 1963, pursuant to section 221 ofthe Trade Expansion Act, must be reserved from negotiation for the reduction of duty or other import restriction or the elimination of duty. This reservation provision applies to any article with respect to which (1) the Commission in escape-clause proceedings concluded prior to October 11, 1962, found by majority vote that such article was being imported in such increased quantities as to cause or threaten serious injury to an industry; (2) there was not in effect on October 11, 1962, any action taken under section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951; (3) a request for reservation on behalf of the industry concerned is filed with the Commission not later than 60 days after publication of the President's list; and (4) the Commission finds and advises the President that economic conditions in such industry have not substantially improved since the date of the report of the finding referred to in (1). (U.S. Tariff Commission, Washington, D.C., April 22, 1964.) 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