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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FISHERIES
HUGH M. SMITH, -Commissioner

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND
THE OPERATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES
IN CONNECTION THEREWITH DURING
FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1916

CONTENTS

Page

Fresh-Water Mussel Fishery . A fe . n 50
Fisheries of Lake Pepin and Lake ee : A - 58
Crab Industry of Maryland and Virginia 60
Shad and Alewife Industry of Chesapeake Bay oF
Tributaries . és 65

Coastal Fisheries of New ore baa Mee Tees ; % a2,
Shad Fishery of the Hudson River : : - F 76
New England Vessel Fisheries 5 5 6 . z 76
Pacific Halibut and Cod Fisheries 5 : . : 96
Promotion of American Caviar . c 5 < 97
Introduction of New Aquatic Foods . ; A 98

[Extracted from the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries
to the Secretary of Commerce for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1916, pages 50-100 ]

Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 836b

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1917

Monograph

ea,
AS
1G/6Q
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Investigations completed by the Bureau during the year, in
addition to the work of local agents in collecting data tor important
mussel fisheries on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, included canvasses
of the fresh-water mussel fishery of the Mississippi River and its
western tributaries from Kansas northward; the fisheries of Lakes
Pepin and Cooper in the Mississippi River, the tormer between
Minnesota and Wisconsin, and the latter at Keokuk, Iowa; the
crab industry of Maryland and Virginia; the shad and alewife
industry of Chesapeake Bay and tributaries; the coastal fisheries of
New York and New Jersey, exclusive of shellfish, for 1915; and the
shad fishery of the Hudson River for 1915 and 1916. The inquiries
relating to the fresh-water mussel fishery in the region referred to,
and those relating to the shad and alewite industry, were begun the
latter part of the preceding fiscal year.

FRESH-WATER MUSSEL FISHERY.

The general canvass of the fresh-water mussel fishery, which has
been in progress for several years, was completed durmg the past
year. The streams covered were the Mississippi River and its
western tributaries from Kansas northward, except the Neosho
River in Kansas, which was included in the work of a previous year;
and the data collected were for the calendar year 1914. <A special
bulletin giving the results of the canvass was issued and distributed.
The number of persons engaged in the mussel fishery in these streams
in 1914 was 1,873, and the investment in boats, fishing apparatus,
and shore and accessory property amounted to $132,267. The
products included 8,539 tons of shells, valued at $148,960, and pearls
found in the mussels to the value of $62,902, a total of $211,862. All
the shells were used in the manufacture of pearl buttons. The
principal fishing apparatus used m taking mussels is the crowfoot
bar, the catch with this appliance in this region amounting to 6,524
tons of shells, valued at $120,859. The remainder of the catch was
taken with forks, rakes, diggers, tongs, scoops, or basket rakes, and
by hand while wading.

Mississippi River.—The most tnportant of these streams is the
Mississippi River, the products of which amounted to 6,626 tons of
shells, valued at $125,948, and $50,562 worth of pearls, a total of
$176,510 in value. This shows a decline of about 58 per cent in
quantity and 61 per cent in value of the output of shells and pearls
since 1903, the last previous year for which data are available. In
view of the fact that the mussel fishery has been prosecuted in the
Mississippi River for nearly 25 years, the decline in the output is
not so surprising. Nearly 94 per cent of the river’s catch in 1914
was taken with crowfoot bars, and of the remainder 2 per cent were
taken with forks, 2 per cent with rakes, and 2 per cent with diggers
and tongs. fishing with crowfoot bars is more vigorously prose-
cuted in Lake Pepin then in any other portion of the river. In many
cases two rowboats or scows are connected by a bar or pole 10 to 15
feet long, a gasoline boat pushing against the middle of the bar

50 >
De. Of D.
FEB 9 1917

6
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REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 5}.

being used as the propelling power. The two small boats are pro-
vided with 4 crowfoot bars, 3 of which are being fished while. the
fourth is having the mussels removed from it. Usually two men,
but occasionally only one man, handle such an outfit.

Mussel fishing on this river in 1914 was followed from Pine Bend,
about 20 miles below St. Paul, Minn., to the mouth of the Missouri
River, near Alton, Ill., the fishing ending abruptly at that point. A
few shells have been taken as far up the river 2s Bemidji, Minn.,
but no sale of them has ever been made. Probably the most pro-
ductive portion of the river in 1914 was in the vicinity of Frontenac,
Minn., where, within a few miles, the 45 men engaged caught €45
tons of shells, valued at $10,570, and $2,100 worth of pearls and
slugs. The beds near Maiden Rock, Wis., were also quite profitable,
the output of 36 men amounting to 390 tons, valued at $6,630, and
$2,100 worth of pearls. Lake Pepin as a whole produced 1,932 tons
of shells, valued at $31,486, and $11,820 worth of pearls. It is said
that there were at least 1,000 men fishing for mussels in Lake Pepin
in 1911, the catch amounting to about 4,000 tons, compared with
an output of less than 2,000 tons in 1914 taken by 281 fishermen.

In 1900, when the first mussel fishing was done at Red Wing, Minn.,
there were said to have been 75 boats at work on the beds there,
compared with 8 boats in 1914. The first mussel fishing at New
Albin, Iowa, was in 1899, when there were at least 20 men working
on the beds, which yielded an average day’s catch per man of
several thousand pounds, compared with 150 to 200 pounds now.
In the early days of the fishery very few shells other than nigger-
heads were saved. As recently as 1910 as many as 70 or 80 men
worked on the mussel beds opposite New Boston, Ill., while in 1914
only 15 men were engaged and small catches were made. There
were 15 or 18 mussel fishermen out of Quincy, IIl., in 1900, while in
1915 there were none, this being due both to overfishing and to the
building of dams and dikes by the Government to preserve the chan-
nel of the river. Similar changes have taken place at Canton, Mo.,
where a button factory is located, but the shell supply is obtained
from various parts of the Mississippi Valley. The mussel beds in
the vicinity of Prairie du Chien a few years ago were the most pro-
lific by far of any in the entire river, but in 1914 the catch of 100
men in that vicinity amounted to only 385 tons, valued at $6,872,
and $5,500 worth of pearls and slugs.

A great decline has taken place also in the beds near Muscatine,
Iowa, where the industry was first established in 1891. The near ex-
haustion of the beds in this vicinity has caused many of the local fisher-
men to seek unworked mussel streams in various parts of the country.

The catch of the Mississippi River as a whole was divided among
the different species approximately as follows: Niggerheads, 25 per
cent; three-ridges (including blue-points), 23 per cent; wartybacks,
13 per cent; muckets, 13 per cent; pig-toes, 6 per cent; washboards,
6 per cent; pocketbooks, 3 per cent; yellow sand-shells, 2 per cent;
Missouri niggerheads, 2 per cent; pistol-grips, 2 per cent; and mon-
key-faces, 1 percent. The remaining 4 per cent consist of black sand-
shells, ladyfingers, bullheads, and a few other unimportant species.

Cedar River.—The catch of this river was apportioned among the
different forms of apparatus as follows: 54 per cent with forks, 22
per cent with hands while wading, 18 per cent with crowfoot bars,
and the remainder with rakes. Muckets predominated in the catch,

52 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. ‘

with a percentage of 57. The remainder was divided as follows:
Three-ridges and blue-points, 18 per cent; pocketbooks, 10 per cent;
warty-backs, 3 per cent; pigtoes, 1 per cent; and a few each of pistol-
grips, black sand-shells, butterflies, maple-leaves, and other unim-
portant species.

A few pearls and slugs were taken from this river as far up as
Osage, Iowa, in 1914, but Charles City, Iowa, and vicinity was the
upper limit of shell fishing. The most productive beds were in the
vicinity of Cedar Rapids. This was also the lowest pomt on the
river where shells were taken. The catch of 15 men in that locality
amounted to 130 tons, valued at $2,020, and $975 worth of pearls
and slugs.

The first mussel shells were taken for market from this river in 1905
near Vinton, where a button factory was established about that time
and operated for several years.

Des Moines Riwer—More than 75 per cent of the river’s output is
taken between Ottumwa, Iowa, and about 15 miles below that city.
Forty-five tons of shells were taken from the east fork of the river
as far north as between Bert and Bancroft, this being the first year in
which work was done on that branch of the river. The lowest point
at which shells were taken was near Keosauqua, Iowa, an output of 17
tons being shown for that vicinity. The prevailing species were
three-ridges (including blue-points), warty-backs, muckets, and pig-
toes, with percentages of 45, 18, 15, and 13, respectively. The
remainder was made up of pistol-grips, maple-leaves, monkey-faces,
lady-fingers, pocketbooks, etc. About 63 per cent of the catch was
made with forks, 29 per cent with hands while wading, and the
remainder with rakes. The first record of any shells beg taken
from this river was near Keosauqua in 1910.

James River —This river, said to be the longest unnavigable river
in the United States, supported mussel fisheries from Riverside,
S. Dak., to within a few miles of its mouth—Yankton, 8. Dak. The
most prolific beds were between Milltown and Olivet, S. Dak.,
and those located a few miles above and below Yankton. The total
output of the river in 1914 amounted to 260 tons, valued at $3,498,
and $700 worth of pearls and slugs. Twenty-seven persons were
engaged in the fishery and had an investment of $1,460, including
apparatus, boats, and shore property. About 90 per cent of the
catch was taken with scoops, or basket rakes, and the remainder with
forks and by hand. The output was composed of 85 per cent three-
ridges (including blue-points), 10 per cent fat muckets, and the
remainder maple-leaves, pocketbooks, and heel-splitters. The first
record of any mussel fishing being done in the James River was in 1912.
Pearls, however, were taken several years previously.

Osage and Marais des Cygnes Rivers—The Osage and Marais des
Cygnes Rivers are treated as one, the latter bemg the name given to
that portion of the river flowing through Kansas. Forty men, with
an investment of $1,261, were engaged in shelling on this river from
near Trading Post, Kans., as far down as Warsaw, Mo. The total
output in 1914 amounted to 204 tons of shells, with a value of $2,111,
and $380 worth of pearls. About 37 per cent of the catch was made
with forks, 26 per cent with hands while wading, 22 per cent with
crowfoot bars, and the remainder with diggers and tongs. The out-
put was apportioned among the different species as follows: Three-

REPORT UF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 5S

ridges (including blue-points), 43 per cent; washboards, 17 per cent;
pig-toes, 15 per cent; muckets, 12 per cent; and a few each of warty-
backs, monkey-faces, lady-fingers, pistol-grips, maple-leaves, and but-
terflies. The most prolific beds were those between Warsaw and 55
miles above that town, 22 men working on these beds obtaining 110
tons, with a value of $1,540, and $100 worth of pearls.

Wapsipinicon River.—Maussel fishing on this river in 1914 extended
from Independence as far down as Anamosa, Iowa. The total output
was 132 tons, valued at $1,797, together with $765 worth of pearls and
slugs. The 37 persons engaged had an investment, in apparatus,
boats, and shore property, of $811. More than 50 per cent of the
catch was made with forks, the remainder being taken by hand
while wading, and with crowfoot bars, and rakes. The catch was
divided among the different species as follows: 71 per cent muckets,
15 per cent blue-points and three-ridges, 10 per cent pocketbooks,
and the remainder warty-backs, squaw-foots, pig-toes, and heel-
splitters. The first mussel fishing on this river of which there is
any record was in 1908.

Iowa River.—The total output of this river in 1914 was 93 tons of
shells, valued at $1,038, and $2,975 worth of pearls and slugs. The
86 persons engaged had an investment of $345 in apparatus, $500 in
boats, and $300 in shore property. More than one-half of the shells
were taken with hands while wading, about 25 per cent with forks,
and the remainder with crowfoot bars and rakes. The shells were
apportioned among the various species as follows: 42 per cent muck-
ets, 30 per cent pocketbooks, 20 per cent three-ridges (including blue-
points), and the remainder divided among warty-backs, squaw-foots,
ee black sand-shells, maple-leaves, pig-toes, lady-fingers,

eel-splitters, and butterflies. Pearls were found as far up the river as
Popejoy, but the upper limit of mussel fishing was near Eldora, from
which place it was followed at intervals as far down the river as North
Liberty. The first mussels for commercial use were taken from this
river in 1908.

Minnesota River.—Mussels were taken at intervals along this river
in 1914 from Montevideo, Minn., to within a short distance of its
mouth, the total output amounting to 118 tons of shells, valued at
$1,254, and $455 worth of pearls. The 13 men engaged had $120
invested in apparatus, $280 in boats, and $145 in shore property.
The most important catch was made in the vicinity of New Ulm,
Minn. The entire output of the river was taken with crowfoot bars,
and was composed of 56 per cent three-ridges (including blue-points),
27 per cent muckets, 6 per cent washboards, 5 per cent warty-backs,
and a few each of niggerheads, pig-toes, and pistol-grips. The first
commercial fishing in the Minnesota River was done near its mouth
in 1905 by a few fishermen from the Mississippi River, who remained
only a short time. Work was followed up more steadily from 1909.

Meramec Rwer.—Mussel shells were taken from the Meramec River
in 1914 at various localities between St. Clair and Valley Park, Mo.,
the total output amounting to 90 tons, valued at $830, and $465
worth of pearls and slugs. The 30 fishermen engaged had an invest-
ment of $280 in apparatus, boats, and shore property. Nearly nine-
tenths of the mussels were taken by hand and the remainder with
crowfoot bars. Muckets composed about 43 per cent, three-ridges

54 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

26 per cent, washboards 8 per cent, and warty-backs and pistol-grips,
or buckhorns, 7 per cent each of the catch, the balance bemg made
up of pig-toes, niggerheads, maple-leaves, and monkey-faces. The
first commercial fishing on this rrver was in 1910.

Blue River—Some mussel fishing was done on this river near Beat-
rice, Nebr., in 1914, a total catch of 55 tons of shells, valued at $770,
being reported.

South Skunk River.—The 5 fishermen on this river caught 43 tons
of mussel shells, valued at $602, and $310 worth of pearls and slugs
from the South Skunk River near Oskaloosa, Iowa, in 1914. Some
shells were taken from the Skunk River proper in 1913, but none in
1914.

Shell Rock River—Mussels were taken from this river between
Marble Rock and Shell Rock, Iowa, the total output, however, being
only 32 tons, valued at $354, and $210 worth of pearls and slugs.
Only 6 men were engaged on the entire stream in 1914, One-half of
the catch was made with forks, and the remainder with hands, crow-
foot bars, and rakes. The different species were found in the follow-
ing proportions: Pocketbooks, 47 per cent; muckets, 43 per cent;
blue-points, or three-ridges, 8 per cent; and a few squaw-foots. No
shelling was done on the river previous to 1908.

Cottonwood and Bourbeuse Rivers.—The two remaining streams in
the region canvassed were the Cottonwood and Bourbeuse Rivers,
Shells were taken on the former river at Cottonwood Falls, Kans.,
and on the latter near St. Clair, Mo., the combined catch of the two
rivers amounting to 65 tons, valued at $430, and $60 worth of pearls
and slugs.

Statistics of the mussel fishery —Complete statistics for all of the
mussel-bearing streams of the Mississippi Valley show a total of
10,331 persons engaged in the fishery, an investment of $540,608,
and a catch of 51,571 tons of shells, valued at $825,776, together with
$376,284 worth of pearls and slugs; the total value of the products
amounting to $1,202,060. Statistics of the mussel fishery of the
Mississippi River and its western tributaries from Kansas northward
for 1914, and of the entire Mississippi Valley in three sections for
1912, 1913, and 1914, respectively, are given in the following tables:

55

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

FRESH-WATER MusseL FISHERY OF THE MississippI RIVER AND Its WESTERN
TRIBUTARIES FROM Kansas NORTHWARD IN 1914.4

| |
| Bie Bier, Cedar (Des Moines) Iowa James ee Soacel
Items. Deseuneod River, | River, River, River, beuse
River, Kans. Towa. Iowa. Iowa. S. Dak. Rivers, Mo.
Persons engaged: No. | Value.|No.| Value.|\No. Value.\No.| Value.|No.| Value.|No.| Value
HISHerIMeneees cess s- nc. | Yt Peace SON) Sse22 =- il ay ee eee SOs seeerk < 74 hh ee ee 326 ee se
PIULUSHLGMG year ans) e te ee | eae eee 10%) Bees bes baer on Haan hoe cee Poco eee eeeciod
AG tale eee. foe eon ANY (lie ee 90° |e B15 | oe HRSA tore a 7 ea eae op) \aeee ee
Fishermen, classified by meth- | -
ods used:
Crowfoot bars :..-<4--s.5--- =. Bexeeelanneaet 5 eae eee eB Ae ea| AU hsecerd pos -|bosoroe Oe eeceoe
INA Roreise Aone er eres Beene |: 28a. 2 VAC ts ee 24 fad [ete id ee ee = tlle ake Ree
REGS. sos a-enonsoo-cosossuee noes aa|eeseaq (pl basccee Be eee! OU) eee see|ecea aaaoee.. tl Pokcoee
Diggers or dredgers.........- ER sept ete Se | Ae) Mee) IC ae | (eR aie RRS rene Riise Ieee ee
MORESEen ic fakes coc oe see cscs Hee oe ee ise (iets Nee y-5-3.6t0| (ae 24 Prien eaten ieee | keener tee ll (CaeaRee bee fae ot lel Here Fare
SCOOpSMOmbASKCUTAKOSs..-.-- ola qoule hone cl mene ee sweae eee eee cifecees 2D ilecexe sale nisl tee cele
NWVAGOI See cies ocsiansasesscee | Wallner 60") ss8428 3/4).| BR ea 2: ioc B32 Neea-ese
Total, exclusive of dupli- |
CRUION Soest ete (| een ee BO eeeess Sl Wetec 24 SGN eso=5 2 Nene OD eetatoraiate
—— ed = —
Boats:
FUOWNORISE5 tae eee sees ol 7| =$55 | 74 | $660} 31 $295 | 82} $500 | 138] $245] 28 $180
Gasoline boats...-..--.-..---- [Aan Betas 3 DED: [eal eats teeta eta erere 9 OO aa Nestle eee
UOUSO-DGAUS ms oes ae Sec cE Se eal seem |= me a oa ee Seema eae cate ene ae: Males ee
Motel ade costes aa veces | 7 55 | 77 925 | 31 295 | 82 500 | 22 | 1,240 | 28 130
Apparatus: | ‘| ae he ae - a
Crowfoot bars.......-- alrsss Se ee eee Se 25 31363 eee lepers 20 200) Pace ancaee 2 20
INGEES Sane seieee tlie ases-< ici HAA cfare | creeped 77 103 | 31 44 | 85 115 2 Oil ered epoca
JRC IS 3 Sate SEStee COREE Eee enon he eee 6 Giles 2| 40 Om seey-| tsetse Soe | oases
Diggers or dredgers .........- ete Pisa ease ace eee A headers 23 | pee at Ee | eee
EIS Teepe anys asian oe ne oe es cH iars, tie clenel Be 2 See yee Se a eae So llineuis nial acme | pees
Scoops, or'basket rakes ......'......]....--. Te i aeiabey es 4 eee oe | aan 15 67 -Jeeeeeee
Te ee ee aa Na J...) 474 | 46|....| 345 | 7 20
=i ——— —| | <<
Shore and accessory property...|.....- 10 | Doone. 375 300 |..-- 220 | 150
Total investment..-.....|...... Ga ysoee 159645 o5 2 716 1, 145 1,530 |- 300
Products: ie a “
Shells—
With crowfoot bars.-.tons..}......|.....-.- | 87 OOS ee |e eae 10 LIONS o52 |e eee 10 90
Wath forks. =... 222.2% GOsss bao ron ee ees 261 | 3,316 |211 | 2,777 | 23 256 | 20 240) Asselin eer
Mathiraykes./.. .c2nc-~ Woneelecseeale poe | 2 285 | 25 325 | 10 1 C00 eee ee eee aos aeerete
With diggers or dredgers,
UOUEIS AER re, epee ees Ps is Sis =) = ane |): |e 9 ea bre ee Pes Ie N De oie beers
Math tones ioe... 25. uit) @\ tees Me IE cea feces ES cy we | 9) |B een fe a La] (ey es emer ety fas tt eae oe
With scoops, or basket
TAKOS Heo. o ccigues oes (i/0) 00 en (eee [ors eee ewe eae Aes ere | (elec paes era los eis cee |232 | 3,162 |....]...-...
Withwhands®2..s<+e.- do...| 110 | 1,120 |117 | 1,331 |100 | 1,300 | 50 562 | 8 96 | 90 820
Mo talea esse sc2 See seas 110 | 1,120 |485 | 5,926 336 | 4,402 | 93 | 1,038 |260 | 3,498 |100 910
(Ret eae ee wile ae a7 a | 100 |....| 3,665 |....| 2,305 |....| 2,975 |....| . 700 |. 475
al ay | = — | —_—_—_ —_—— —_
Total value of products...|...... | 1, 220 -| 9,591 |.--.} 6,707 |.-.-| 4,013 4,198 1,385
| |

a Not including the Neosho River, shown in another table.

56

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

FRESH-WATER MusseL FIsHERY OF THE Mississipp1 RivER AND ITs WESTERN
TRIBUTARIES FROM Kansas NORTHWARD IN 191492—Continued.

< yee ane eel Rock <r

innesota AEM Ales arais des | and South apsipin-

Items. River, Misses Cygnes Skunk icon Total.

Minn. & Rivers, Mo.| Rivers, River,
and Kans. lowa. Towa.

Persons engaged: No.| Value.| No. | Value. |No.| Value.|No.| Value.|No.| Value.| No. | Value
MISHORMONE =: eee) HB} ||seacboc IESE Sy | sesocanc Gt) |Ieosecce A) | avasetorel=te 389 Neosocod 1744) Soman
Shoresmen.......-.----- oem) eet eee Dil ecomeeeine i) eee 1 ese oe ee a aesoce 120 siden oe

Motels jst aceonecee s BT esepor 498" | eaerects AQ iceceeae 12s eee Bi ddl Boece 1, 873y|na02e%
Fishermen, classified by a y iy
methods used:
Crowfoot bars.........-- IBY Sacer TSG 4 ee sceer WRBeeene Sete ae 15M sass 1,452) |os-ge6
Works® oo esse nseeeee tes meal teeta 48 ee. Sees 25H serene LO} | Seeceoe Sh Bococes 313) ||-eeere
WRAKOS ns es Soc aoeec nome oes ae
Diggers or dredgers .....|-...
TONGS sa o2- 2s Haeweenewea laces
Scoops, or basket rakes--|..--
Waders: ss: patie. eel ere
Total, exclusive of
duplication. ...-..-
Boats:
HO WiDOAtSeeeee merce eee
Gasoline boats...-...-.-
ELOUSe-DOaTS: 5-15 se oe UBRe
Total Se. Seo sesdes = 12 280 | 1,520 | 91,710 | 34 855 | 10 80 | 36 335 | 1,859 | 96, 405

Apparatus: eS i
Crowfoot bars. .-.-.pairs..| 10 120 | 1,405 | 16,816] 8 80} 3 39 | 15 200 | 1,488 | 17,840
BORKS sais 4 se \52 cee ea ceeiao ml eesenne 48 103 | 25 ol} 10 13 | 35 44 313 456
Ralk6s stocks os -swadenclataclectcts 23 AT Ase olanense 5 4| 2 2 79 95
Diggers or dredgers .....|...-|......- 32 164 | 2 10: |sc2alikwce ss) 2seal| eee 34 174
DOMES Sec es eee ea oe: | See 14 (40) See Perseecs| ere a laoemeaer cee aecosos 14 70
Scoops; orjbasket: rakes a cjss2] sens ee ier Sete | ee eed te Pacem | kee | ere |e | ere 15 67

Total. Sec 2c -teeeeele eal 120) eis 17, 204 121 56 246:| cca 18, 702

Shore and accessory prop- ;

OLUyiteicemccicc ees eee a meee 145 Peter 1 4 285 ij looke PRs ccmoc 17, 160
Total investment....|....| 545 |......-. |123, 709 }...-| 1,261 221) |=<<<|) | Slt |eteesee 132, 267

Products: | =

Shells—
With crowfoot bars,

(OUSH eee ree eee 118 | 1, 254 | 6,216 |117, 288 | 45 630 | 13} 168 | 25 375 | 6,524 |120, 859
With forks...... CONS! jee see cote 149 | 3,308 | 75 | 730] 41); 526) 72 985 852 | 12,138
With rakes....... Goss Alewoalaceecns 132 S049 eee ee ees ll 150} 8 100 206 | 4,019
With diggers or dredg-

OiSlosoecososce LORS Se |b -.4| serene 85 | 1,393 | 20 280) Sete saoaneslee aiscosase 105 | 1,673
With tongszicc. ae 00s ieee beiaaee 44 960 | 10 Ve Bese peeaccs peaallsoacasts 54 1,100
With scoops, or basket

rakes ...--..-. HOO | 5o0d|aocnonalsoocasd|losocosself sosllansseoel|s< <ulaoaeeiaall Spalloecance 232 | 3,162
With hands...... C0 Ro ery ee sce Res ae py seca 54 331 | 10 E27, 337 566 | 6,009

Total tet 2 esas 118 | 1,254 | 6,626 |125,948 |204 | 2,111 | 75 956 |132 | 1,797 | 8,539 |148, 960

PO@AarlS wiv once sase seen lte ee Tani eevee 50}562 4). 241-S80)|c22 5)" 6200/22 5|— (Gone 62, 902

Total value of prod-

WO See ane eec nt bein LOOK | emictaiees 176; 510) |. -- =| 2;.491 1,476) |---| 2), 562) \|eaaeeae 211, 862
i] i

@ Not including the Neosho River, shown in another table.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 5 ql
FRESH-WATER MussEL FISHERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.
Streams tribu-
Streams tribu- eae Hb 5 Mississippi River
tary to Gulf of aniinisssinni and its western
Items. Mexicofrom Ohio ivoraen oth ot tributaries from Total.
River southward F Kansas north- |
inigi2.0 | he Ohio andeast) Yard in 1914.c |
; of the Mississippi rr
River in 1913.5
Persons engaged: No. Value No. Value. No. Value No. Value
HISHORMeN wos se oa 25 Se GOON Zone oe aes Spood Newnes eces CC ee eae! ON AGM coe eea ce
Mransporters <==. =25<.-- =: UM RES Adesees seambcncliconsn es eme Sere rece meeCriase oe Oe rein niet ets
(SUOONES V1 CIE Ae ae Soeee sesee le WHOS eae ce sa5% Pa eae SoBe LN ae nae REN ooo aecnoee
Matar te teat 2. dc -| CARO eee. TEM ee Ah lay eee ow Ro rssttie ees
Fishermen, classified by Rs, ie
methods used: | |
Crowfoot bars. .- 2.5.2.2... RYERSS AS seeeee PAD AN Tl Lea ee = D452) Mees ae 13,4 G Ui eset eer
HOGKS apne se eee sis ees SO4CIN Saree iL TOK Se etece BIS! | scrraereaa- ly a (ee ee
MOH ese te oe eee haces Geen ip Os fal Ween Gehan Sones 24) ook ae (iit el eee |
IDIGOR ES Soa aeete COneEacee so acee nl Ree ee ae 14 Oulese ered. vs Sees ee EGE | eeeesenec
WOU POrswe ee Sc oo sees CE) Seer CET OSes Se ae Seneeee eer ee | IGG 3 Sane esses
IH BKESie seem cck ceric seas PAU 2S ee ae OS i nde se coe 89) |e eee 255. 203 lPanc cea
Scoops oribasket rakesey s2\. |. 22. calMatcrctc fora oleae eels calstesmee cele QD Sactecione aa DOU asses
Miscellaneous apparatus....|.....-..|...-.....- 1G eee boa Banana Gaccaecdas on See Ae see
Wikders sens... asee eee 118059 eee O44F Weck SoS 3 2685) -< -J2 eee 252035 | Bence
Total, exclusive of du-
Mlicationiees ste e522 ee ae 4) 665) eecccsearce SHOR y Ersusesoe UAE. BePee are ON AGN ILS aoe nei
Boats and vessels:
Rowboats and barges... ..- 4,276 | $26,631 | 2,199 | $16,712 | 1,055 | $14,860 | 7,530 $58, 203
Gasoline boats 446} 59,545] 1,031] 87,320 749 | 74,950 | 2,226 | 221,815
apsbonts oss... s.cs. <3 579 | 46,990 115| 14,610 55 6, 595 749 68, 195
Vessels transporting........ 25 DONZOON Sancta lee ee ies | sarees |S eee wees 25 56, 265
a Sa — _
Rotaline ses. ees eee ats 5,326 | 189,431 | 3,345 | 118,642 | 1,859 96,405 | 10,530 404,478
Apparatus: ; |
Crowfoot bars.......pairs..| 2,795 31,896 | 2,212 24,395 | 1,488 17,840 | 6,495 74,131
HOTICS 8 cyararehe Ne isis isis siemis «es 2,324
(NOWES uses coconsbeecoocas 10, 187
DIP POTS oeretosepeisittns as ees lols 832
WOTEUPES 2. wisiscrescisiwa sac see = 1, 563
RUAK OSM a cer es te cittecea toes 272
Scoops, or basket rakes... . 67
Miscellaneous apparatus.... 9
MOUS ort soe owe Sete 89, 385
Shore and accessory property. eee 10}853) See sss NS B21 =< aeera LS LGOS Seer tee "46, 745
Total investment....../..-....- DAIPASG cea. ce T6GS855) |e acces RE ee 540, 608
Products: a a
Shells—
With crowfoot bars.tons..| 14,531 | 210,521 | 15,258 | 245,477 | 6,524 | 120,859 | 36,313 576, 857
iWathwonks™..- 2... 5 55, 757 852 12,138 | 5,421 83,178
With tongs........ 13, 559 54 | 1,100 | 4,045 70, 227
With diggers 28, 200 105 | 1,673 | 1,838 29, 873
With dredges BS DOO | a2 Siete eiserias ate ca 528 9, 592
With rakes........ ee. 2, 856 206 4,019 391 7, 254
With scoops, or basket
DAKESH swe cence HONSEY| Fs costes | Saeeis as | eee | bok ne nae 232 3, 162 232 3, 162
With miscellaneous ap-
paratus......--.: MONS 2 | Sasser: | saewece sc G8 il Sousoaeel ShrooSpnetc 34 453
With hands....... do.2s- 379 7,764 | 1,824 31, 408 566 6,009 2,769 45,181
Motaleees -sset 8 ces Sascee 19,715 | 294,606 | 23,317 | 382,210) 8,539 | 148,960 | 51,572 825, 776
IBOATS Mes soos oe been Fes aces des TUM AL | ae eee 164, 261.|........ 62/9025 |Ss.-eces 376, 284
Total value of products.|..-....-- BaD (Ode erties DAG NAVs trees oe 21 862) Soe ae ee 1, 202, 060

a From Statistical Bulletin 305.

This includes Neosho River, Kans.

6 From Statistical Bulletin 314. This does not include tributaries of the Ohio River in Ohio, data for
which were shown in Statistical Bulletin 305. ‘ ;
¢From Statistical Bulletin 343. This does not include the Neosho River, Kans., data for which were

shown in Statistical Bulletin 305. : mis, oh
d Obtained by combining statistics for the three sections of the Mississippi Valley for 1912, 1913, and 1914,

respectively.
eIncludes 56 women.
J Includes 253 women.
g Includes 118 women.

71824—17 2

58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.
FISHERIES OF LAKE PEPIN AND LAKE COOPER.

Lake Pepin.—Lake Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi River
between Minnesota and Wisconsin, is nearly 25 miles long and 3
miles wide at its greatest breadth. It supports quite extensive
fisheries. Pepin, Wis., is the most important town in the extent of
its fisheries along the lake. Maiden Rock, Wis., also supports impor-
tant fisheries.

In 1914 there were 137 fishermen engaged in the industry, their
total investment amounting to $43,599. The investment included 28
gasoline boats, worth $7,625; 53 rowboats, valued at $1,300; 1 house-
boat, valued at $100; 295 fyke nets, valued at $24,995; 14 seines,
valued at $3,340; 664 anchored gill nets, valued at $4,421; 8 trap nets,
with a value of $480; $3 worth of lines, and $1,335 worth of shore and
accessory property. The total output of the lake amounted to
758,670 pounds of fish, with a value to the fishermen of $33,719.
Buffalofish, German carp, fresh-water drum, and catfish made up 94
per cent of the value of the entire catch. The most important appa-
ratus used was the fyke net, known locally as hoop net. The catch
therewith amounted to 337,446 pounds of fish, valued at $18,973. The
leading species included in the catch were buffalofish, fresh-water
drum, German carp, suckers, and quillbacks, or white carp. Seines
ranked next in importance with a catch of 291,216 pounds of fish,
having a value of $8,219. German carp and buffalofish were the two
leading species taken, the value of the two beg more than three-
fourths that of the entire seine catch. The catch by anchored gill
nets amounted to 126,198 pounds, valued at $6,432. As in the case
of seines, the principal species taken were the buffalofish and German
carp. ‘Trap nets and lines were also used, but the combined catch of
the two amounted to only 3,810 pounds, with a value of $95.

The fishery conditions on Lake Pepin have improved very much
within the past 15 years by the opening up of the New York market
during the winter season. Previously there was only a local demand
for the fish. A considerable portion of the winter fishing is done
through the ice. Comparatively few fish are handled durmg warm
weather, as the demand is then very ight. There is a close season
pane the lake in both Minnesota and Wisconsin from April 15 to

une 15.

Lake Cooper.—Lake Cooper, which is merely a widening of the
Mississippi River formed by back water from the dam at Keokuk,
Iowa, has a length of about 50 miles.

There was a total of 105 men engaged in the fisheries of this lake
during 1914. These men had an investment of $16,190, and caught
661,155 pounds of fish, valued at $23,300. Buffalofish, German carp,
and catfish contributed 94 per cent of the value of the total catch.
The most important form of apparatus used was the fyke net, known
locally as bait net. The catch by this form of net amounted to
488,005 pounds, valued at $16,210. The remainder of the catch was
taken with lines and trammel nets. The most important species
taken both in fyke nets and trammel nets were German carp and
buffalofish. Catfish and German carp constituted the principal
species taken on lines.

The form of fyke net in general use on Lake Cooper is much smaller
than those used on Lake Pepin, having neither leader, wings, nor

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

heart, as have most of those on the latter lake.

a

fyke nets have from 4 to 7 hoops, 24 feet in diameter.
one set in the lake opposite Sandusky, Iowa, in 1914, however, which
had 9 hoops, the largest being 11 and the smallest 7 feet in diameter.
The total length of this net was 57 feet.

59

The Lake Cooper

There was

FISHERIES OF LAKE PEPIN AND LAKE Cooper (MississrppI RIVER) IN 1914.

Items.

Persons engaged:
Fishermen
Shoresmen

Boats, apparatus, and other property:
Gasoline boats

AtIeored: Sule tesesere ok ee nore ee tats ones ee eS eee
PUMA MINCE Las nee Sect ha oe came te ce oe csichine oF Geena a ss Spsior
Trap nets

Products by apparatus:
With seines—

Up LONSHE wayne. or cita skeet Semen a a Se Soe oiet=ieireteetatcine pounds
Gach Shiaeer Sere te ets ans See OS encase access ieee douse
Hresh- wale nui. ss65 se Aen sae fo eeeae cece cheese se don:
GierHtlamGanp eects. . ae soe eee migcs Secioses Se SES SecisS SHEE dos.c-
Noomrey ceinasits ses a. SRE St Seas bi beeedek se ctee dons
HIGONEVEUSmOKEO i= ose eee se ons. ke een kot canisccectes do.
Quillback or white'Carp:-22a.¢-5- s-c-esecesscestcesses<5 kone
Spoonbillicatvor paddlefish: 9-. <b. =~. cs-c2sc2s2-ssssec5 dos
Strgzeon: lake sec. Se Se Se eth Ses Sa dose
POULG CIS ee Soe ween cee Ca oe cis Hie wrstetsle's areata wicmrersisereteretats do: =:-
ATS eee an See wea detec cchnere een cine Samael vise atest
With fyke néts—
ESTIRTRIOHSH Metso ee Bee to Sat esccjarcis cols se stole ceimeree pounds. .
(CPD AS aie Soa, Spee aed eee a <a SP ee dose.
RSTeUD ICS eee ees ee OFT eee a ooo heen meee do.
PROPS HEP oo eae atainis eee e Sect nate hanaehrets do.
IreSh-WaberaEumnl ioe occa secs este een en aecoseeontee eet do.
MORITA CATES Stones s cues wane cto ee ees ce se wwe eas do.
MooneyeriresD ess... se She eee E ah. bee ee do.
MooneyersmOKed: 224.02 5.cs5ea6 55 entleasesciennss --do.
Quillback, or white carp.....-.-.-...-.--- edo:
Spoonbill cat, or paddlefish...............------ Sedore
MLULPROM MARGE Sonate WORN. boo SIA! Ooo Se etita ss ce mac = 22004
DUC KCTS ete re ene ae SRE Mok donee eee dose:
SU Shia ees ee ee No iT ce ata octienieaaeaetes dosG..
ANG CUS Sb SRS, FE Fk oe ie Ae oS ae eR er RSS oe eS Se Se ae
With anchored gill nets—
IB RTAON SH eye eee rch =o See ea atee de ceca been Sea sesue pounds
CEG Dc 38 SSK 8 Sead Se maine i eral niet a eee rs tee te 3 do..
iBresh=waterdrumise: st. sp fis ete See As ee aos do...
Germanicarp | 228 ce scenes as cak Heicp kseiesiss feSt~s See eee do.
Guitiback= of white Garp.s. sere t sheen sa snnd settee te dou.
Spoonbillicat jor paddlefishe. 225. 54.62.50 -p.ok 2s tein gs Osea.
SLUENPCON Ake eee re Hoe ans nemo U oe Seiccieee beng gas me ee dos.
Motels. 2-5-6 sc eees 452 nidae Senta soe sdenesade ce case ce cniaes

With trammel nets—
PAG KD ASSe eee tae et eee em eer ame nee ck Sones cares hock

Fresh-water drum
German carp
Sturgeon, lake

Lake Pepin. Lake Cooper.
Number. | Value. | Number.| Value.
TSBe eta cee 10TH ereS:
be ee ee ee en abs Se
137c)sosstee 105) | Nene as?
28 | $7,625 36 | $3,870
53 | 1,300 84 1, 250
1 100 10 1,075
295 | 24,995 1,378 5, 693
14 | $3540) |B oe bee |S) ees
GEA AAD I eee aalh Seana
Re ao ek eeanemee 14 304
8 ARON So. CER a ee
mae asia ee Bi ees eee os 2 153
re i ae 1; 3357 acces snl er seSe 5

|
Ee eerace 43599) e cacce- ce|) Op 90
1355505 llbp sande || ss kee e eee ae
11,785 7 BB Sa ah i lll ene
42, 150 ADO lke eh ee Re eae
13779201 |: ¥3296'74 | Le 5. 231 eee
3, 000 a CEE sauce es
365 1G) |. eS ee
45,775 ABO) | se ton pee
2, 205 1382) 082.2 eee
616 TON ee ee Sel ee
3, 850 YU I ene 2] ey eee
DOlso1 6 pes ela ieee. cscs ee meee
173,450 | 14,068 | 232,585 | 8, 615
10, 975 743 18,415 | 1,258
EER eset ee caice 50 | 3
1,534 16s tts SO Posmcmaes
85,000 | 1,964 21, 455 | 642
30,547 | 1,228] 209,715 | 5,456
6, 300 el [Se eee eee Rae Oe,
1, 100 TU ethan See ae (od See ee
13, 305 S7 Rte Maat Eee ae
340 19 ple ee oe {i eee
405 50 1, 095 | 69
14,490 390 4, 640 | 164
by Se 2 ee eee 50 3
ane =a |

337,446 | 18,973 | 488,005 | 16,210
44-950) |t-3: 3063. cae sens | eee
3, 760 OO al Sencar teed bees £ FE Be
1, 235 DE: aN see
69"050' || 254087 ins ee eee
1,525 Ppa ane Re oee2 E
6, 332 400) esot toca soeeee
46 I eee ee as
126 98) PG 4 ae eae =, rete aSSe Sc
15 | 1
15, 230 | 543
1, 055 69
20 | 1
3,065 | 108
61, 885 1,408
675 | 40
| 81,945 2,170

60 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

FISHERIES OF LAKE PEPIN AND LAKE CoopeER (Mississiep1 RIvER) In 1914—Con.

Items. Lake Pepin. Lake Cooper.

Products by apparatus—Continued.

With trap nets— Number. | Value. | Number. | Value.
Catfish. “3 -26ccne salsese cee eaters eee oi cenes pounds. . 235 $15" |. 2 oe once | ee eee
Kresh-water!drum: j.6.scs ca cosees aoe neereene tacos eee dohes 3, 400 65) | ..,2 =e 4.58

Totals n. 5 <j sted cela c's Se see cele oan eats hae ors eneeae ae eee 3, 635 80 |... oe | eee

With trot and hand lines— S z
BuiTal OAS Aen once eee ese ee em ae ene aeleeictesics POUNGSES See aseees | peace 2, 085 $94
Catfish a7. 225s. ceceeee cee ee eee one dosece 75 5 52, 065 3,528
GIS Ave his tx sielotceioeiseee maces Se eee eee cine eee cee GO: .5)..c3cee- = cele eeeeee 3, 800 250

Product by species:

Black (bassicace ss see cence eee De ainatste se eectele re sae eee POUNdS==|Peeeesese alesse nee 15 1
IButalofish ee. <So Sse SA eA ce at see eee eee do...-| 261,250 | 19,728 | 249,900 9, 252
Catfish sss5e- 8 cca deen enine concer teens eee eee nee do..-.} 26,830 | 1,745 7 71, 535 4,855
Crappiess 23-2 e soso sees Sone BE Nascca nese saoeeueeneenee Once! awscee eee Hosseeane 70 4
DO EA See oe ee rs SS es eee eae eae Ro Sees es domeae 1,534 4G. |.:. occa elas Sareea
TG Settee Sad ete eee als See eS Fee ee ae GO: Shale ee pee ee | 3,800 250
resh=waterjdrumisce - eecauert sae soa foe eee cee ee eee do..-.| 131,785 | 2,450 | 26,860 827
GerMAn (CATs f scmc winnaar om inne eee nie nae meet “..d0.22-) 237, 017) | 716237) (302. 30on eoes
Moonee ifresha: sno sencncce cece cme vine eels siecee -eeceae ce emee dose] 9, 300 88 | ...2-2 08 eee
Mooneye: smokedeaies1 fy are! babe nes ee soe Onnee| 1, 465 10" jee lessee gees
Bikes aaseccce sce cease scene COs aTON coe ein eon TeSneaus d0eeee 50 5 loco ece ee ee
Quillpack vor whitecarpstmecssacososeeeseaee sce oe eles Gore 60, 605 864 |. Seceee | eo
Spoonhuliicat on pad dleiishteecs- a-cecceeeee een oe tenes dorece 8, 877 GRY Mllsanee neh s= 1 2: Se ee
Sturgeon lakes Sea es wee aac ee eee eee eee do....| 1, 067 129 | 1,909 | 121
Suckers) 22a. costes oes eecoeincee seer een aeenen dOse= 18, 340 439 | 4,640 | 164
SUMMSH. cos cc cece ce cme eneae eee seen scceereene esse seecce ee do-- =< 50 5 | 50 | 3

POT se chee ee a ERR a Sore ny a 758, 670 | 33,719 | 661,135 | 23,300

CRAB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA.

The blue crab is one of the most valuable fishery resources of
Chesapeake Bay. In no other body of water is this species so abun-
dant and important. The increasing magnitude of the fishery has
occasioned much concern among those solicitous for its future wel-
fare, and there has been much discussion of the necessity for restric-
tive measures in Maryland and Virginia. The Bureau desired to
give the States full and reliable data on which to base any needed
action; and accordingly it placed its agents in the field on November
15, 1915, and on December 21, 1915, was able to issue a printed bul-
letin containing detailed statistics of the industry for the calendar
year 1915. This bulletin, which was very favorably received because
of its timely appearance and valuable contents, was distributed to
State legislators and fishery officials, to crab fishermen, dealers, and
canners, “and to all other interested persons.

In Maryland the growth of the hard-crab industry has been quite
marked during the past few years, owing to the increasing number of
firms aneiol in shipping crab meat. The soft-crab “fishery has
scarcely more than held its own. The crab industry of this State in
1915 gave employment to 7,312 persons, of whom 4,053 were engaged
in the shore or boat fisheries, 41 on fishing and tr ansporting vessels,
and 3,218 in the wholesale trade and ¢ anning industry. The invest-

YS a

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 61

ment in vessels, boats, fishing apparatus, and shore and accessory
property was $485,627. The wages paid in the wholesale and can-
ning trades amounted to $191,840. The catch aggregated 90,281,646
crabs in number, or 30,093,882 pounds, valued at $664,651. This
includes 22,491,675 pounds of hard crabs, valued at $335,375, and
7,602,207 pounds of soft crabs, valued at $329,276. The hard crabs
were taken chiefly with trot lines, and smaller quantities with scrapes
and scoop nets. The greater part of the catch of soft crabs was
taken with scrapes and scoop nets, and the remainder with trot lines
and seines.

Crisfield still remains the center of both soft and hard crab indus-
tries, about three-fourths of the entire crab catch of the State being
handled and shipped from that place in a live condition or as crab
meat. Many soft crabs are also brought here for shipment in the
early spring from the western shore of Virginia. In 1915 there were
47 firms in Crisfield and immediate vicinity handling soft crabs only,
17 firms handling hard crabs only, 2 firms handling both soft and
hard crabs, and 1 firm which canned soft crabs. Several of the soft-
crab firms had branch houses at various localities throughout Som-
erset and Dorchester Counties, Md., and Accomac County, Va., their
products being brought to Crisfield for shipment. Most of the crabs
caught on the western shore of Maryland are also brought by gasoline
boats to Crisfield for shipment. With the exception of a few shipped
by steamer for consumption in Baltimore, practically all of the soft
crabs are sent by express from Crisfield.

Somerset County leads all other counties in the production of
crabs, the value of its output to the fishermen in 1915 amounting to
$365,498, as compared with $130,136 for Dorchester, $106,480 for
Talbot, $18,695 for Queen Anne, $14,210 for Anne Arundel, $12,385
for Kent, $4,900 for Calvert, $3,425 for St. Mary, $1,850 for Wi-
comico, $1,670 for Charles, and $1,000 for Baltimore. The value of
the hard-crab industry far exceeds that of the soft-crab industry in
all of the above counties except Somerset, where the conditions are
reversed. All of the soft crabs except a few used for canning at
Crisfield are shipped alive, while most of the hard crabs are utilized
in the extraction of the meat, which is packed and shipped in tin
buckets. There were only 3 firms in the State canning crabs in 1915,
2 of these handling hard and 1 soft crabs; the combined output of
these firms was 179,976 cans, including a few glass jars, having a
value of $33,759.

The crab industry of Virginia employed 2,978 persons and $367,150
in invested capital. The catch amounted to 60,748,158 crabs in
number, or 20,249,386 pounds, valued at $317,156; of these, 18,765,148
pounds, valued at $242,754, were hard crabs, and the remainder,
1,484,238 pounds, valued at $74,402, were soft crabs. The most
important apparatus used for crabs in Virginia is the trot line, which
took 14,042,861 pounds, valued at $135,817; dredges are next, with
a catch of 4,196,000 pounds, valued at $94,928; the remaining hard
crabs were taken by means of scrapes and scoop nets. Scoop nets
constitute the most important apparatus used in the soft-crab
fishery, the catch with these amounted to 867,797 pounds, valued at
$47,362; scrapes are next in importance with 616,441 pounds, valued
at $27,040.

62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

Considering the relative importance of this industry by counties,
Elizabeth City County ranks first with 5,040,840 pounds, valued at
$78,533; Accomac County is next with 4,352,612 pounds, valued at
$96,130. The former county has an excess of 688,228 pounds over
the latter, but the value is $17,597 less. This is explamed by the
fact that Accomac County has quite an important soft-crab fishery,
while Elizabeth City County has only hard crabs. The third in
importance is York County, with 2,204,800 pounds, valued at $27,504;
the fourth is Mathews County, with 1,997,760 pounds, valued at
$18,221; the fifth is Norfolk County, with 1,959,000 pounds, valued
at $21,772; the sixth is Northampton County, with 1,050,264 pounds,
valued at $24,587. The remaining counties have less than 1,000,000
pounds each. Accomac County leads in the production of soft crabs,
the catch this year being 1,150,996 pounds, valued at $50,645. North-
umberland County leads the western-shore counties in the produc-
tion of soft crabs, the catch amounting to 166,390 pounds, valued at
$12,564; Lancaster County, the next in point of importance, shows
a catch amounting to 78,720 pounds, valued at $5,928. Great Wi-
comico River region in the former county and Corrotoman River, a
branch of Rappahannock River, in the latter county are regarded
as quite productive and remunerative soft-crab waters, rendered more
remunerative, probably, because of the fact that the soft crabs appear
here earlier than on the eastern shore, in the Tangier Sound region,
and oe Crisfield dealers send boats over in the early spring for the
catch.

Crab fishing usually starts in Northumberland and Lancaster Coun-
ties about the 15th or 20th of April, while the soft-crab season about
Crisfield does not begin until about the middle of May. ‘The catch,
as well as the demand, diminishes about the early part of June, and
many of the fishermen then seek other employment, although the
Crisfield boats continue the trips practically throughout the season.
These boats also call at other points on the western shore to make crab
collections. Trot-line fishing is carried on with more or less impor-
tance in every county along both the eastern and western shores, but
at many points on the latter side the fishermen lack good shipping
facilities, the only outlet being to Baltimore by steamer, and crabs
thus shipped from some places one morning do not reach their desti-
nation until the following morning. Many of the York County fish-
ermen go to the lower part of the bay, where they consider the fishing
grounds to be more productive, and sell their catch to Hampton.
Some little trot-line fishing is carried on by Princess Anne County
fishermen living about Lynnhaven Inlet. They start in Lynnhaven
River in early spring, before the crabs begin moving about, and get
good prices for their early catch, but when the Hampton fishermen
begin fishing the price usually drops, and as the Lynnhaven fisher-
men are handicapped for want of convenient market they have about
all abandoned crab fishing by early June. Hampton is, by far, the
most important locality in the State for the crab industry, 33 of the
56 vessels hailing from this region. There are 15 wholesale dealers
here, 2 of whom handle canned crab meat. These dealers take prac-
tically the entire catch of the dredge boats in addition to the trot-line
catch of this (Elizabeth City) and other counties.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 63

Crabs are canned only during the summer months, and the crabs
used for this purpose are consequently taken by trot lines. The line
fishing begins as soon as the water becomes warm enough to cause the
crabs to move from the mud in which they have been bedded for the
winter for protection from the cold, usually some time in April or
early May, and continues through the summer until the cold forces
the crabs to again seek the mud bottom. In some sections, however,
the line fishing slackens during the extremely hot summer months,
this being especially true of those places where the shipping facilities
are not favorable. The dredging season usually opens some time
during November, usually about the middle of the month, as soon
as the crabs have bedded, and extends throughout the winter until
the water warms sufficiently to start the crabs from their winter beds.
Dredging is mostly done in the lower part of the bay, and sometimes
outside the capes when the sea is not too rough. The entire winter
catch is picked and sold as fresh meat. Crab meat. weighs 5 pounds
to the gallon, and an average of 7 crabs will yield 1 pound of meat.

A table showing the details of the industry in Maryland and Vir-
ginia follows. There are given also comparative statistics of the catch
for a number of years, beginning with 1880. The output in 1915
was the largest for any year for which data are available, and the
value then was 50 per cent more than in 1908, the last previous year
for which the Bureau had collected complete returns. The informa-
tion at hand, however, points to a catch in 1915 much short of that
a few years before, and the climax of the fishery seems to have been
reached about 1912.

Cras INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VirGiniA, 1915.

Items. Maryland. Virginia. Total.

Persons engaged: Number. Value. Number. | Value. Number. Value.
On vessels fishing. ......- | 33 1808 As Sars c. 222 Ns Somes
On vessels transporting. . : SUES Sots Sees. es eaieetasae se St saya ces
In shore or boat fisheries........-- 4, 053 1 A718 emcees eat 65970 ose 23552:
SHOLOSIMON 2.23. sos caisars sigs ese <isicc 3,218 BOTA Resesssée 4,085 |...-:---:-

ROAINCS Asem: ee ee eee eens | TES OMe ter ores 2,978 tesiccccre2 40; 200: 22025.

Vessels, boats, apparatus, and other |

property:
Wiesselsiishin ec. oe oe tecie cc os 16 $5, 450 56 | $139, 100 72 | $144,550
INetionnapeSces. 2 menses steels... 4 | ee ue ADT | oa Ss sears HOD! | o2oe5 oececs
Vessels transporting...........--.- | 4 CIS UU I ae ee oe Geel Seika t 4, 200
INGiitonmarels-ses ccc cece ee ce Dil yore Spl pal (eeiyatte abs neh a ON eee eee 7d eel
GASOLING|DOALS acs oo soccer sees ac 1,304 | 181,475 283 61, 160 1, 587 242,635
Sail'and‘row boats....25.--4.....- 3,053 | 119, 245 1,693 | 28,774 4,746 148,019
Apparatus vessel fisheries:
IDSs \o bs A Ne ee oe ea eee it or eee soe | Poe aeeore 182 4,511 182 4,511
DEG DES eae cetera oesas alice | 71 183 18 | 54 99 237
Apparatus shore fisheries: |
TOGBOS ie anna Sit cmine ees oteiac a iin steele alee eee 30 720 20 720
DCEAPES acces Acacias oe ction are 2,484 7,452 | 250 710 2, 734 8,162
DHROOPMELS s «no 5h ce scils Sele eiciore 1,770 874 641 317 2,411 1,191
UFOULINGSHsee ee mec coa-smeioses sie 1,525 8, 741 1,139 7,449 2, 664 16, 190
DOLNOSseeey aoe omic aie Set ocak BOT Le Meena choci io senorcme 111
Shore and accessory property......|------------ 1575896) | saces acces | 124,355 282, 251
SNOT LE tee 6 aps A GE en re Ol eR ABD" O27 pl ode issic cee se 367, 150 852,777
Products:
Vessel fisheries—
With dredges—Hard crabs,
OUD steers tee cites tiariaeei canes teceies| Seesaeieiete 3, 596, 400 81,246 | 3,596,400 81, 246
With scrapes—
Hard(crabs.....------ pounds. . 26, 962 577 11, 804 265 38, 766 842
Softicrabs22. 22. 22 <.5--< dotee. 85, 772 3, 875 52,332 | 2,355 138, 104 6, 230
Motalesee se ees = 112, 734 4,452 | 3,660,536 83,866 | 3,773,270 88,318

64

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

CraB INDUSTRY OF MARYLAND AND VirGINiA, 1915—Continued.

Items. Maryland. Virginia.
Products—Continued.
Shore fisheries—
With dredges—Hard crabs, | Number Value Number. Value.
arp ous BO nace Bpeeeemenscen beac sue a66 05 Hbootaasay 599,600 | $13, 682
ith scrapes—
ard !Crabs cise! pounds..| 1,444,435 | $25,190 219, 086 5, 063
Sofbierabs:.ssesqeen ences do....| 3,601,394 | 152,626 564, 109 24, 685
With scoop nets—
Hard crabs.........---.-d0....| 1,100,422 20, 908 295,397 6, 681
Sotticrabsee.--s-o-meees do....| 3,530,898 | 157,024 867, 797 47,362
With trot lines—
iPiardicrapsteeeeeee eas do....| 19,919,856 | 288,700 | 14,042,861 | 135,817
Solticrabsies joe-ccew se dos 364, 877 14266 No.2 be eaclaaeaen sees
With seines—Soft crabs. ..do.. 19, 266 IEE opp seecne|panecacrde
Totals <s.2sasses.te oss eeeeoe 29,981,148 | 660,199 | 16,588,850 | 233,290
Grand\total. 333-3 ae— eee 430,093,882 | 664,651 |520, 249,386 | 317,156
Wholesale and canning trade:
AWG SIRBS sdocdane acicc scecdopendaens| Srp ss5o55cue TOUS S40 jl Pee sieis 67,012
Barrels, boxes, cans, and packing
materials Used! S.2 22. emcee oa ae cee eae LOS O20 eee eee esses 38, 553
Crabs canned scercasseee ce CONSE: |: Fe Sesser ese cecal wees 45) sence Oeree

Total.

Number. Value.
599,600 | $13,682
1, 663, 521 30, 253
4,165, 503 177,311
1,395, 819 27,589
4,398,695 | 204,386
33, 962, 717 424,517
364, 877 14, 266
19, 266 1,485
46, 569, 998 893, 489
©50, 343, 268 981, 807
aie e seas 258, 852
cee 143, 082
478, 104 91, 465

a 90,281,646 in number.

b 60,748,158 in number.

¢ 151,029,804 in number.

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF THE CRAB PRODUCT OF MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA
FOR VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1880 TO 1915.

a Statistics not available.

Maryland.
Year. =
Crabs, hard. Crabs, soft. Total.
Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
ISSO hig ayo cer anes ee acne cee 1,166,667 | $46,850 (a) (a) 1, 166, 667 $46, 850
Uh (one Se cepa IQs SORTS SAO F onemsoeseSe 2,757,638 | 36,969 1,636,530 | $133,788 | 4,394, 168 170, 757
NBBS. od aease acces elas Peresaacs 2,674,675 | 37,438 | 2,208,829 | 161,331 | 4,883,504 198,769
SOO oe one Banh. epee, foe Sa 2,388,099 | 31,723 | 4,056,110 | 228,690 | 6,444,209 | 260,413
SOU Noes ae epistles cicasisece ea eee eee 2,776, 898 37,460 | 4,828,872 | 266,256 | 7,605,770 303,716
NBO Ye 3.0 Se tsiehjee cists nce c oss ce ee cote | 5,333,316 | 39,949 4,115,879 177, 637 9,449, 195 217, 586
NODE een ane See moe ee oe Denn ee | 9,824,793 85, 884 4,303,582 | 202,563 | 14, 128,375 288, 447
EY DY aes = Ae oaerets Bae ctiactar ce nee 12,665,282 | 168,996 | 5,732,865 189,851 | 18,398, 147 358, 847
LOO SiDI Se ae Be ee eee eee ee 12,786,000 | 124,000 | 7,587,000 | 195,000 | 20,373,000 319, 000
TODS tere Me tee cian LUN Aeel eseueue 22,491,675 | 335,375 | 7,602,207 | 329,276 | 30,093,882 | 664,651
Virginia.
Year. —= = == = Grand total.

Crabs, hard. Crabs, soft. Total.

: Pounds. | Value. | Pounds Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
HeD soon seoSeasce 2,139,200 | $32,088 (a) (a) 2,139,200 | $32,088 | 3,305,867 | $78,938
1ST ks SECs 626,820 | 15,479 | (a) (a) 626,820 | 15,479 | 5,020,988 | 186,236
IRBs =. Secs ole 956,843 | 24, 669 (a) (a) 956,843 | 24,669 | 5,840,347 | 223,438
LS OER cee Aeros 2,584, 794 28, 210 440,310 | $26,054 3,025, 104 54,264 | 9,469,313 | 314,677
SOU ys eae 2,208,071 | 32,683 585,956 | 29,379 | 2,794,027:| 62,062 | 10,399,797 | 365,778
AROT-. cee ee 5,331,398 | 28,331 | 1,068,116 39,914] 6,399,514 | 68,245 | 15,848,709 | 285,831
1901-2. eee 6,113,277 | 52,863 | 1,288,424 65,972 | 7,401,701 | 118,835 | 21,530,076 | 407,282
1904. cde a caineree 10,356,052 | 179,575 1,910,654 | 92,909 | 12,266,706 | 272,484 | 30,664,853 | 631,331

QOR IES eae 23,001,000 | 239,000 | 2,082,000 , 87,000 | 25,083,000 | 326,000 | 45,456,000 | 645,000
1) eee 18,765,148 | 242,754 | 1,484,238 | 74,402 | 20,249,386 | 317,156 | 50,343, 268 981, 807

» The statistics for 1908 are from data published by the Bureau of the Census.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 65
SHAD AND ALEWIFE INDUSTRY OF CHESAPEAKE BAY AND TRIBUTARIES.

In view of the large interests dependent on the perpetuation of the
supply of shad and alewives, or river herring, in the Chesapeake Basin,
the Bureau in 1915 made a complete canvass of the industries con-
nected with these fishes, for the purpose of bemg in position to sub-
stantiate the often expressed opinion that radical aciion was demanded
of the States in order to prevent commercial extermination. The
results of the canvass were promptly published in a statistical bul-
letin, which was at once sent to the governors and legislators of Mary-
fand and Virginia, accompanied by three large charts showing the
actual location of each pound net and gill net set for shad in 1915 on
certain sections of the western shore of Virgmia. The data thus
supplied are thought to have influenced the Virginia Legislature, in
its closmg hours, to pass an act, effective in 1917, which will have the
effect of permitting a larger portion of the run of spawning fish to
reach their spawning grounds. ‘This act, if its object is realized, will
supplement in an effective way the protection that has heretofore
been afforded to the migrating fish by the War Department through
the insistence that certain lanes for navigational purposes shall be left
in the maze of set nets on the shores of Chesapeake Bay and its major
tributaries.

The fishery for alewives is closely connected with that for shad,
the same apparatus being used and the seasons being coincident. The
canvass therefore included the alewives as well as the shad, and ihe
published bulletin, herein reprinted, gives the statistics of both
fisheries.

The catch of shad in Maryland in 1915, compared wiili that of 1909,
the latest previous year for which statistics are available, declined
more than 50 per cent in quantity and about 29 per cent in value,
and the catch of aiewives decreased nearly 47 per cent m quantity
and about 15 per cent in value. Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland,
showed a decline of about 45 per cent in the shad catch and 31 per
cent in the alewife catch. <A still larger decrease occurred in some
of the more important rivers. In the Susquehanna River, in Mary-
land and Pennsylvania, there was a decrease of 88 per cent in the
shad and 88 per cent in the alewife catch. In the Chopiank River
and tributaries there was a decrease of 83 per cent in the catch of
shad and 84 per cent in that of alewives. In the Potomac River the
shad catch decreased 11 per cent and the alewife catch 74 per cent.
In the Northeast River, which was the only one of importance which
did not show a decided decline in these species, the catch ot shad fell
off less than 10 per cent and that of alewives increased 47 per cent.

The catch of shad in the Patuxent River in 1915 amounted to 1,118
in number, compared with 7,485 in 1909, 9,577 in 1904, 43,000 in
1901, and 52,354 in 1896, the only years for which statistics are
available. The alewife catch fell off from 796,300 in 1909 to 20,400
in 1915.

The Elk River has never been a prolific shad stream, but has always
furnished large quantities of alewives. The largest output of shad
was in 1904, when 8,850 were taken. The catch of alewives in this
river was 6,736,000 in 1909 and 3,608,950 in 1915.

71824—17——3

66 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

The decreased run of shad and alewives in the Chesapeake Bay
basin of Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania in 1915 resulted in
a noticeable decline in the amount of all forms of apparatus used for
their capture.

In Virginia the catch of shad in 1915, compared with 1909, de-
creased 1,316,066 pounds, or 21.82 per cent in quantity, but increased
$169,674, or 34.74 per cent, in value, and the catch of alewives
decreased 11,733,850 pounds, or 42.22 per cent in quantity, and
increased $37,575, or 29.26 per cent, in value.

The pound nets fished in Virginia in these waters during the season
of 1915, compared with 1909, show a decrease of 31, but the number
of gill nets increased from 7,121 in 1909 to 16,793 in 1915. The total
catch of shad in Virginia during the year was 1,629,872 in number, or
4,714,134 pounds, valued at $658,010, and that of alewives was
40,135,328 in number, or 16,054,130 pounds, valued at $165,950.

In the Potomac River there were but two seies fished during the
season of 1915 for herring and shad—one on the Maryland side at
Chapmans Point and the other on the Virginia side at Stony Point.
There are very few pound nets along the Maryland side of this river,
but quite a number of large traps on the Virginia side off Northum-
berland County near the mouth. The alewife fisheries of Westmore-
land County were quite extensive up to a few years ago, and it was
this county that the canning of the roe originated. Several large
packing houses were located in this county as recently as 1909, but
now there is but one, and that very small. There are a number of
large packing houses in that part of Northumberland County bor-
dering on the Potomac, or rather in Coan River and Yeocomico River,
which are tributary to the Potomac. Both alewives and roe are
packed in large quantities at these points. Drift gill nets are not
fished for shad below Maryland Point, and from this place they are
used in various locations up to Jones Point, a short distance below
Alexandria. The gill-net catch of 1915 was reported by fishermen
as the lightest they had ever taken, and many of them made little
more than expenses. Some fishermen of Northumberland County
along the Potomac reported the herring and shad catch for 1915 as
very gratifying and thought that it was the best they have had for
several seasons.

The total number of pound nets fished in Virginia during the year
was 2,012, valued at $408,675. Of these, 527, or about 26 per cent,
valued at $107,200, were fished by Mathews County fishermen.
Elizabeth City County ranks second in the number of pound nets,
having 317, valued at $73,900; Accomac County third, with 273 nets,
valued at $48,150; followed by Northumberland County with 269,
valued at $73,250, and Gloucester County with 204, valued at $33,100.

The catch for 1915 showed a great many more bucks than for the
average year, and many of these were smaller than usual. This
seemed to be the case on all parts of the bay.

In the James River stake gill nets are the leading form of apparatus
used for shad fishing. The only drifting grounds remaining are
located quite a distance up the river, and the catch with drift nets
was negligible in the 1915 season. During the summer of 1909, when
a canvass of the shad fisheries was made on this river, very few stake
nets were found above Ferguson’s Wharf, now called Rushmere,
located in Isle of Wight County about 12 miles above Newport News.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 67

Such nets are now found at various points up as far as Tar Bay, near
Coggins Point, within a short distance of the mouth of Appomattox
River. The shad run appeared in 1915 about March 15 to 20, though
a few stray fish were seen earlier, and the gill-net fishing was prac-
tically over by the third or fourth week in May. Gill nets can not
be used after the water is warm enough to start the crabs, as these
hang in the nets and interfere too much with the handling of them.
The run was much lighter than usual, but the greater part of the gill-
net catch was roe fish, and the high price received partly made up
for the decrease in the catch.

The apparatus used in the Chickahominy River consists entirely of
seines and drift gill nets, and the catch includes shad and other
species. Pound nets are not permitted in this river.

In the Rappahannock River stake gill nets having 23-inch mesh
are fished during the winter for perch and discontinued when the
shad season opens. The shad nets are then used on the same stands,
being the same length as the perch nets but of a larger mesh. Herring
do not usually figure in the catch of the perch nets, but there was an
early run of branch herring in 1915 and some of the nets made fairly

ood catches. The fishermen received as high as $20 per thousand
or these early herring. Some herring are caught also in the small
pound nets in this river, and the average price for these was about
$10 per thousand.

The number of persons engaged in the shad and alewife industries
of Chesapeake Bay and tributaries in 1915 was 8,839, of whom 6,612-
were fishermen and 2,227 were employed in shore industries. The
investment in boats, fishing apparatus, shore and accessory property,
and cash capital amounted to $1,528,824. The products of these
fisheries aggregated 2,129,486 shad in number, or 6,225,549 pounds,
valued at $857,771, and 71,571,278 alewives in number, or 28,628,510 |
pounds, valued at $297,899, a total value for both species of.
$1,155,670. Compared with the returns for 1909, there was a de--
crease of 258 in the number of pound nets and an increase of 7,968
in the number of gill nets operated. The catch of shad decreased
3,114,219 pounds, but increased $88,322 in value, and the catch of-
alewives decreased 22,803,590 pounds and increased $13,855 in value.

Statistics by States of the shad and alewife industry of Chesapeake
Bay and tributaries in 1915, and also comparative statistics for Mary-
land and Virginia for various years from 1880 te 1915, and by waters
for certain years from 1896 to 1915, are given in detail in the following.
tables. :

COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

THE

REPORT OF

68

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620 ‘OLE 409 461 ZT | S60'20E | GIS ‘OLT‘TT | 109‘z6s | OSO‘ZT | SIE ‘299‘2ZT | IS¢‘991 | Ber ‘TFS ‘C
663 ‘TOE | SSF S10 IT | P6E'L0G | GFZ‘R6h‘9 | O8‘zhE | Cha‘TEL | OSS‘SIP‘LT | GLS‘ITe | E18 ‘Fez‘9
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| | | | Opei4 JUyUU PUR ayesefoy \\

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

70

| LI 008 ‘2 J PBS Cems RO Sea CC SI) Scie Boa O Sam GDOCL Ste SEI ooo cel | (yy) G8Z pr O gia ichnia fn Jana wae 0'se4 aso oor AT OTP DON.

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ita 1 Ca ane Nae 09 OLF SEIS PISS SE SB 7 Penns a eel eee een NTT LT DOG
Sea || eet ea men ahaa Fo 4 cea eid Bites Ags cae ; 090 'T 002 ‘8 mares Mid 51 OR SCO laa ie Toreeress = JOATE 480 AA
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| | | | SIO ATX OBUIOIO |
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C21 ‘69 _| 00E‘€80‘ST | €0¢‘99 | OOS ‘22s ‘oz | E62‘SZT_ | SLE‘TCE | LST‘GPT | L0Z‘O8S | 960‘86 | OOS‘ELh | S6E‘Fr | OE ‘TIE Lan 4 en WAI 8 a i a "7c 77 puepsrey
GFL ‘ZEIS| OOT SLF ‘OE | 90S ‘89S| OFF ‘LEO ‘SE | OGL ‘OFFS | OTT ‘OET ‘T| 682 ‘SLe$ | SZE ‘LIT ‘T| 620 ‘OSES | LET ‘GZS ‘Ty | SCE ‘66TS | OBL “CSOT | GPL ‘GOTS | 0s "ZeT T] RYUTSIT A
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ST61 | 6061 ST6T | 6061 PO6T 1061 968T
BAS aes = “$1098 AA
‘SOAEMOLY, | “peys

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lt

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

‘OATY OYOOUBN YL pepnypouy o

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‘SIOATY EYOUIOI0 pus ‘ovwojog ‘seule oy} ydooxo Avg oyvedusay,) Jo soraeynqyay [Tv sepnyauy v

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668 ‘262 | 812 ‘TZ¢ ‘TL | 680 F8Z| 6FS ‘STO ‘8ZT| 122 ‘2e8 | 98h “6ST ‘Z| 6&4 ‘S82 | STO‘FZ6 ‘Z| ZoT ‘PEO ZP0‘2S6‘% | 6ee‘9IS | cot ‘ezo‘s LL ‘06st | 619 ‘298° ~[e]09 puBIy
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O9T 000 ‘OF 98 000 ‘e¢ | FLL 696 ‘T 00S‘ P18 098 ‘¢ 108 6PL ‘2 "> puepAreyy
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ss = | E | = =e, | eee ae :punog 9401090 |
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GOT‘Z@ | 000'FOS'S | 00S‘6 | 000 OFL‘E | 416 12 LPE‘9S =|: LEO FT | cle °@9 Segre, (q) (q) Ze ‘9 (OZON OO tees eee oie IOATY TSBOTTI.AO N
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ee = £2) Wc OC ee MeAT yy BUUBYeNbsng
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72 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

NuMBER oF Pounp Nets, THE CatcH OF SHAD AND ALEWIVES, AND THE AVERAGE
CatcH or Eacu Species per NET FoR CERTAIN SECTIONS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY
AND Potomac River, 1915.

| be a Average
Num) | Number | 4¥€f@8¢ | number
Pa ber of Number number
Locality. sere of of ale-
| pound | of shad. sities of shad wavesen
} nets. | Wap a to net.
| net.
From Cape Henry to Tue Point (lower side of York |
Rivermouth): acc S582 sec osee- me eae 496 268,374 | 1,974,490 541 3, 980
From York Spit (inclusive) to Stingray Point......- 623 | 491,196 | 4,437,345 772 7,122
From Rappahannock Spit (inclusive) to Smith Point. 276 | 291,266 | 21,667,166 1, G54 78, 504
Potomac shiversie sa. once secre ae eee eee 211 | 147,271 | 7,336,000 697 | — 34,760
|

COASTAL FISHERIES OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY.

Following a conference with the fishery authorities of the States
of New York and New Jers sey a January, 1916, regarding the con-
dition of the coastal fisheries of those States and the measures neces-
sary for their conservation, the Bureau undertook, by request, the
canvass of those fisheries so that their actual extent might be known.
The field work was completed in June and the results of the canvass
were communicated to those interested. The figures related to the
calendar year 1915 and covered only fishes proper.

In New York the number of persons engaged in the coastal fisheries
was 2,504, and the investment in vessels, “boats, fishing apparatus,
and shore and accessory property was $1,771,166. The products
amounted to 34,047,775 pounds of fish, vs alued at $1,121,641. Some
of the more important species taken were bluefish, 6,107,113 pounds,
valued at $492,928; butterfish, 1,244,475 pounds, valued at $51,636;
cod, 1,259,160 pounds, valued at $59,400; eels, 426,330 pounds,
valued at $34,387; flounders, 3,440,053 ‘pounds, valued at $96,337;
mackerel, 342 A89 pounds, valued at $25,620; menhaden, 14,518,812
pounds, valued at $100,935; scup, 1,026, 736 pounds, valued at
$44,447; sea bass, 973,686 pounds, valued at $44,894; and sque-
teague, 1 859,143 pounds, cee at $98,324

In New Jersey there were 2,303 persons employ et in the coastal
fisheries, and the investment amounted to $1,192,057. The products
aggregated 47,856,176 pounds of fish, valued at $1,348,667. The
species taken in largest quantities were bluefish, 2,728,779 pounds,

valued at $177,906; butterfish, 5,462,917 pounds, valued at $151,677;
cod, 679,133 vanities valued at $31,896 ; croaker, 2,084,719 pounds,
valued at $47,366; eels, 377,698 pounds, valued at $28,257; flounders,
1,531,376 pounds, valued at $58,443; mackerel, 367,307 pounds,
valued at $26,161; menhaden, 4, 354, 789 pounds, valued at $36,602;
scup, 3,279,693 pounds, valued at $94.7 76; sea bass, 6,171,922 pounds,

valued at $203,163; squeteague, 14,121,330 pounds, valued at
$358,977; and whiting, 2,407,217 pounds, valued at $36, 367.

The statistics of these fisheries, by counties, are given in detail in
the following table:

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

73

Sratistics oF Coastat FisHertes or New YorkK AND New JeRsEY, By COUNTIES,
EXCLUSIVE OF SHELLFISH, 1915.

NEW YORK.
| Kings, New York, |
Items. Queens, and Rich- | Nassau County. Suffolk County. Total.
mond Counties.
i. Value. | Number.| Value. | Number. Value Number. Value
Personsengaged..| —«- 84 |..--.----- 19 oe a 1544s ees | DSS | eee se
Vessels fishing.... 37 $306, 395 4 | $5,850 84 | $763, 896 145 |$1, 076, 141
onnage..... OTS ||s.2ase2=155 CP tl eee eae e341 eRe a OVO a paracrine
(Osi tie fa el Seer TEGO Leer eee C20 ete eres 4QPD5G) baton ce 195, 101
Vessels trans- |
Tethbre se Pe |S Sal eee Re oe See ene Sa aeeee 21 52, 720 | 21 52, 720
INSTI 3 eS |S ee | Seen DS SESa sens Sere aoe ZOD Neate 7. Pe
Ut oe Con eas Aare Seagate Ie ola Ie ee BIIMY | Oss Si 2, 240
Sail, row, and |
house boats... .- il 225 | 39 890 474 16, 160 524 17, 275
Gasoline boats... 4 2, 850 34 | 14,750 | 282 112,025 | 320 129, 625
Pound nets.....- deay 2. 800 eae cee eases: 460 | 114,215 464 | 117,015
Rianbe Sea 2: 20 | 17,900 | 23'| 15173 117 | 37,010 | 160 56, 083
MGUETIOUS- -. oa 3c: 100 | 1,100) 84 | 3,375 469 11,670 653 16, 145
ae en ES eee ee [een oe ee 5,373 | 24,152 5,373 24, 152
JL SVE 2 Sie ee RS eens ae 1 1) eee ok = eee 1 S| BSP ae ee 6,973
Ottonirawis:-22..|* <--es---)-5- Se eee Reeth es iasate ee sete ciace 156 | 3, 815 156 3,815
Helpots- 23.. ...-- 250 | 275 | 390 | 430 5,055 | 5, 503 5, 695 6, 208
Other apparatus.|--.---------- Beene Be capeece ( ASP eeeeceeareS se 112) a eee 2,388
Shore and acces- |
sory property . -|--.-.------- OT son Se Seem) UR UUN Re Ce Se ace 63080, |Saeieeae ans 65, 285
otal soss) | saaatea- = =~ 481, 920 Se ee SRY gE Sn eee 12085009 aos a— eee 1,771, 166
| |
Products: \
Albacore and }
horse) Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
mackerel... 430 | S20 uo tees eee ete. = 4,450 | $129 4, 880 $154
Alewives..... 11,000 | 140 | 500 $10 523, 605 | 7, 214 535, 105 7, 364
Bluefish...... 5,790,205 | 466,522 27,200} 2,690 289,708 | 23,716 | 6,107,113 | 492,928
BOnitol.. 5 1,054 | 100 | 300 30 11, 795 1,157 13, 149 1, 287
Butterfish BO SOOO Bee pel SSOOgPsniace se 2 sf ee 1, 184, 475 49,836 | 1,244,475 51, 636
(Cp aaa a (Bs Bee caeee eee Cie Peres rere 102,300 7,592 102, 300 7, 592
(Of ays Lieeae t 723,375 32,855 | 201,000 | 9,550 334,785 | 16,995 | 1,259, 160 59, 400
Croaker...... 1. 949 Bobesemees= Seok ged a 10, 000 350 24, 949 686
jae ee 5, 630 532) 32,900 | 3,395 387,800 | 30, 460 426, 330 34, 387
Flounders 28, 123 | 838 115,000 3,240 | 3,296,930 | 92,259 3, 440, 053 96, 337
Haddock....- 34, 041 1, 238 | 2, 000 100 49, 550 2,573 85, 591 3,911
ae 2,044 63 | 8,500} 200 52, 725 1, 238 63, 269 1,501
iSLYIE OPT | SO Lee ed ene (ae 7, 200 60 | 7, 200 60
Kingfish... ... 89 jah See eam (tie 31,005 | 3,170 31, 094 3, 188
Mackerel... ... 9,360 968 «6, 800 630 326,329 | 24,022 | 342, 489 25, 620
Menhaden... 632,100 19,307 «6, 000 60 | 11,880,712 81,568 | 14,518,812 | 100,935
Mullet. fresh.|.........--- Po aSS ee SSeS ie 2) are 5, 113 | 203 | 5,113 203
emlenoe Be eee or | BSC ee | 8, 000 40 138, 250 1,023 | 146, 250 1,063
able eens sas seer ened Mas ee Meg cata Mea aec ts osoe ns 800 | 96 800 96
Pollock...... 16, 170 529 | 30,000 | 900 35, 540 1,465 | 81,710 2, 894
Seup,orporgy| 511,476 | 20,574 |.--...---- (acibe 515,260 | 23,873 | 1,026,736 44, 447
Sea bass... .-.. 270, 263 14,398 150,000 | 2,500 553, 423 27,996 973, 686 44, 894
Sea robins.... 2,657 | 29 |----------|-------- 97,905 1,251 | 100, 562 1, 280
Sun oe 5,250 TES odetos Stes fae eeate = 14,705 1, 365 | 19, 955 2,150
Sharks....... 20,975 el eee aS |e Bakes 23 19,225 | 192 | 40, 200. 276
pkaleseeS. oS 7,700 | fila lesen eee leweee aot 204, 463 | 1, 360 212, 163 1,437
STG. Bante eee Been | ee 2,300} 350 4,450 1,320 6,750 1,670
Spanish mack- |
Greleka2. ._- 529 162 50! 10 20 | 2 599 174
co as Rapier OSE ts, ea ee | 1,500 60 1, 500 60
Squeteague... 592,254 | 22,477; 56,950| 3,022; 1,209,939 72,825 1, 859, 143 98, 324
Saqnid. 21.55. 1,200 fae SNE ot nod 2 3 556, 425 8, 306 557, 625 8,318
Striped [2 Ce A re ee 2,200 344 14, 700 2,460 16, 900 2, 804
Sturgeon..... 3, 826 673 | 3,826 673
Sturgeon
Caviar...... 241 248 241 248
Swellfish.... 50, 225 370 | 50, 225 | 370
Swordfish 7, 362 756 | 7, 362 | 756
Tantor.... =. 98, 100 3, 989 99,081 | 4,032
SRN Se RE ee raul ae ne ip V AR ale saat ceeds a cis |ae cin aeeemecloceecciss a 183, 484 7,748
Tomcod.. 70, 157 2,716 | ~ 70,157 2,716
White bait...|- 28, 200 2, 220' 28, 200 | 2,220
White perch . : 19, 400 2,038 19, 400 | 2,038
Whiting...... 328, 925 3, 742 329, 925 | 3,752
Other fish... . 213 | 12 213 12
Total.......| 10,926,239 591,665 | 649,800 | 27,076 | 22, 471,736 | 502, 900 | 34,047,775 | 1,121, 641

a Landed by New York vessels and does not include tilefish landed at New York by vessels from other

ports.

71824—16——4

74

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES,

Sravistics oF CoAsTaL FisHERIES OF New YoRK AND NEw JERSEY, BY COUNTIES,
EXCLUSIVE OF SHELLFISH, 1915—Continued.

NEW JERSEY.

Bergen and wa
Items. Atlantic County. Hudson Cape May County. pip
Counties. y-
Number. | Value. | Nwmber.| Value.| Nwmber. Value. | Number. Value
Persons engaged ........ POR Me mete oe oN ea (Ue) HOeemeree Sa}. 2 Seeks
Vessels fishing.........- LOMGTL 489. |. 5 eee ealet cece 25°} $74,690: |. -=.--<eeee joeee oats
MOnNALe® 3s a<'-/: OT aul Eee aes eget | (ame eet a 61 | | Pee SPE Se eens
OUGR Gee eee ren eee nebes GES GLU | Bee meets Desa] game a ee es 32, 725 |. -eii see] eee ee mee
Vessels transporting... . B85 OUD) | Se cote sashes Del GD Anse osc tetera See
Toenngees= =< 3 5.-.44 VB Nest ciars aa oes eet | eros a 1 1 AS a eee) |- Se
Qutitis.c.2-c ete Peace - se AG | body Salta eel We cee eas Lester eee See eae preeeceee
Sail, row, and house
DORIS: <5 cota cocc-. cae 63 | 1,720 16 $742 38 480 21 | $900
Gasoline boats. .-......- 34 | 12,250 4 900 130 69, 600 8 {| 2,400
HoaNG NETS =~... 2.2. 9- 3 ial AR TS 5 ial I= a 58 | 128,325 1 600
MBIBES:* eee es ass 42 | 1,722 5 215 21 3,988 10 4,175
Milietge Brett os 45 | 1,785 10} 1,315 199/15 3019s eeeeeereee Berane
PYRO TICES. 2/8 sa. cls ll 460 26 400 48 2,050 4) 200
BBE MOUS: - <<. ntel. 3 15 BTID ioe os nt Sales hercal ioe heeds s/he sl eerie cee ra ee eee ee
MIUOS? os o52 Sat sce sce snide| cee cena O24 eee ae LO eS ea eee 3,186, |. .....ss:2)a2 eee
BRSHIOUG Ae ees cae 50 45 4 6 202 325 98 | 98
UBEr AP VSFAEUE: S525. 2 [eau oo. 5 cee elec cleeledoee ss aos TD) |v oersaciacet oslo ate deen eee [Seahorses
Shore and accessory | |
PLOPCLtY= <slo2 wseiengcdlsece ssc Se CANE 0M (et Sees ae 1436" |okee cemenes 38,840 |... ssc 550
MROtAL seco aawectese eens a WAS ON) | Sets a 009 aaah eres ao S70;370 | eee 8,923
| =
Products: |
Albacore and horse | Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.| Pounds. Value. | Pounds. | Value
mackerel......... 800 te eel ekose 10, 220 S172. |. 2524-355] seco eeee
Alewapsine- 25. ae 13, 862 329 300 $30 29, 500 474 7,500 $100
Bluehshes fee. - 5. 1635668") 122004 |e. Sl abe ew sacs 874,335 55, 620 18,900 915
BOND! eave ses 800 48 ie os rae aeons 17, 469 S87 hai 5 eee Ree
Butterhshies.--- 22 AO HEOGN cally QA: GRE 3 on Ce HE eo 9,166,453) 1) G1,712)) 2s
Warp oiet sss. dob slee eee lcs sclate soa: 105650) || 057, | 28S5 32a eee 12,500 1,100
Code eer ai nk: DOU COUN as 330) ley ees oele Liou 261,870)| 12) S42) )0- sees eee
Wroakere op osa san n 207 ele | UsaSo: | cee shes cal Mec saa 1,063, 735 24,515" |. 5s acs ses eee eee
DB abit! Deri amg ae 480 OU cman ee eee 5,550 63) | cts ee eee
Wels ee Sete sd 5, 875 419 8, 025 670 42, 885 4,669 1,800 127
Flounders.......... GSA wae OS le kee Ue Me ares 318,044; 11,748 4, 400 197
HWaddodlke 323 .-225,.)e oo See Be siete imate (een a, </k| Mi ea 200 10 ||s..3< 5 tite pees
Hakessee me. 2: § 200 | Yd lees Sem) | Are cel! 1, 249 37 ||nsaseceaee Meneeeee
Konghishs. 22sec e=- 24 O68Gn bea S10) te Rosewiod alleen meres 17, 429 | 1,925) |...-Sa sailor ones
Mackerel...........| 152) A Dva ek OSS60! bce os Al Seeeoe 148,932 |) - 10,500 |:.... Seal eee cee
Menhaden........- 14200; OOM 14,000 |. 2o52.. apeee 101,381 598 | 112,569 236
Mullet, fresh... 5, 500 AN 8 (Oe eee eae 34, 750 990 |... .neiasts eens
Mullepnalteds «cc c\acan. cee dee eee oases letceceaeeelloee cae. 500 50 |. sesemecceieeeeeces
Palloclees gases. = 22 spe asd = <2 ae Ce oon eee ne ok Saeee RL oe 325 4 | siege esleeeeeeee
Scup, or porgy...-- S10, 400M 25109 eset Sonne clean octes 1,887,117 ; 53,090 |... 252 esha
Sea bass....-.----.- 1522; 258))):49; 2800 |. ee. 2 SPS SS So. $943, 624 | 123° 796) |. soo eames os sesein
Rhad ee sweht as 115 19 | 20,104 | 2,674 170 20 1, 705 312
iliarins Se = 55h espe Senn ates nets [oe ee ean, 10, 198 143 |... <. nese aeeeee
Bkates 5525.5... 1, 200 1 pt RS 8 ee 89, 180 Th i eee bStnoth coe
PINOY reg tae isos oS poe ae vcs oe oaeeine Sis [os olan’ ale Sisl a steeee | <a eo eee 6,000 , 1,200
SPaNinnemnimekere) oer c ef. Wen ee Ce 270 39 | cnianacateeleuenenee
SPO... caeceemeescee 4,175 EY 48 epee ee emesis 13, 085 304 2,000 — 60
Squeteague........ 1634, 0985) 42.613 [ose2 255. ens. on 4,331,759 | 122,331 88, 200 3,013
Squigs. 6-225. o 2822 500 GHGS Soce -s] cee ameee 289, 826 3,617 |2335ssaeeeieeeeeeee
Striped bass........ C08 | 1,384 [lets &. 2 ahi bo | eee eae eee 200 25
SCULE BORE S FS ioia:5 <.d| orcrete «cic etfs ches areas (a tetera ee ce 65 4 beaaxase cel Geer
Suckeress.425.4.%.3 3,550 226 | 15000 8,645: 28s. 5--258- eee Bee sr er feeteen
‘TAULGR ot tee. esos 600 1D al Ps SN 81 Io Se 760 19 |. 3S eeeeme bret cies
White perch....... | PR NY PSY Al Mee aacae) SapCeeae 1,575 145 75 6
Wihitinigyt: 2c 5- Nate 2 ee ee Ps cee a ell Coane, 2,000 | 33. |... asc eee
Yellow perch.......| 165 Beemer ee seS 450 22 |. 9s 2acahaeleheneene
Other fisH-~. 2: :... 1, 200 83 5, 035 495 180 19 bi ascasaeeeeaeeeee
Total aotcsieeoe 6, 226, 082 |180, 782 59,114 | 6,671 | 15,664,386 | 491, 288 | 255, 849 7, 291

2 lucludes men, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed and catch of fish taken in Upper New

York Bay and Hackensae

catch of shad taken in Hudson River.

River, and also men, boats, apparatus, and shore property employed and

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

75

Sratistics oF CoasTaL FisHERIES OF NEw YORK AND NEW JERSEY, BY COUNTIES,
EXCLUSIVE OF SHELLFISH, 1915—Continued.

NEW JERSEY—Continued

Ocean and Burling-

Items. Monmouth County. ton Countics. Total
Number. Value Number. Value Number. Value.
Bersensienenzed.-;..-,.--:---->----- BRO er tee | tO ee ere OER Bid Bese erae =
Wessels tise 265.25 26 Sees ee 3 $7, 300 1 $1, 500 48 | $154,975
py mdbOnnasar: t<). 225,225 s5cec5- = 35 Bt | Se Que ooeu sts (28a |e names
(GP Fe eS eat Sie a eee BUC ae sncee ee 2! tal are sas 61, 835
‘Vessels transporting.......-.-.-...-.-. Ziel SWS ee orice sol PR rise 5 14, 550
OUTS AGRE aah ees aa oa 73M eee ee gee taSastieseaoes|ace qeee cise AG or eced ae
utie een ee ee ase waked, (peer ai) a amc =e Oe SEN. allie <a ee e 1,495
Sail, row, and house boats..........- 67 | 1, 655 206 10, 436 411 15, 933
CECI} Si ee ee 179 | 78,150 154 | 55,100 | 509 | 218, 400
PGUNG HEES Sy 5.s-5 522 525.-6~s--2. =. 65 83, 090 47 | 127,800 | 174 341, 765
SU CLETRSS cote en EO eer Sea ener 8 2,440 46 2,410 | 132 14, 950
CET Ta7 oe Se ec ten ee ae 155 | 8,050 | 1,359 10, 626 1, 761 37, 688
Te a ee ee 103 1,430 | 77. 5, 660 970 10, 200
ISS ORMB DS tee Oho Sot a ao eee ea etet ieee Panter tsere 75 1, 900 90 2, 275
JETS 51 a oo et as a oe eee DESO Te ee cytes els (Cs Beem aneee 6,872
RUHR DEA WUIS: ceieieia aioe Sieia ct celaiaee qos) ate wise eceine feo ase sess 1 20 1 20
TAPE Cee Oe tag Sn Sie OC RE 1,424 1, 822 3,461 2, 685 5, 239 4,981
anor) SATA GUISE ses coe ace asi ot 2 aye [sec elapse ce = Mees. ons geen 3 SOK eee sa 112
Shore and accessory property.....-..|-.---------- ESE ROD se wo oe sigeis 1445 Ob) [ee eto Sane 306, 006
= [

TY) 2 Ee een or ae eae Rae ere CR TEBE! oll eee 2 tees PGSM Nel Meenas some 1, 192, 057
| ===
|

Products: | Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value.
Albacore and horse mackerel... . 14, 255 $654 44, 987 $1,095 70, 262 | $1, 932
IT ROE EE EARS ai | 214,270 2,153 351, 865 3,779 617, 297 6, 865
Blgatish= se <p ea- cae 25s | 1,402,898 | 87,697 268,982 | 21,670 | 2,728,779 | 177,906
Ravitaes) fee ee oaks. £5 ced 23,175 1, 908 75, 878 6, 291 117,322 9, 104
[BIR RARAED S480 ccc 3. och bs. < 711,881 | 22/297 | 2,535,378 | 66,627 | 5,462,917 | 151,677
2 ge ee eR Ee eT nee ek pn ean ae a ROS ae Daal RRO 23) 150 2,257
glee Se pte go | 122, 908 5, 697 93, 355 4,027 679, 133 31, 896
(ChE OES SENS OY See aaa | 288) 080 7,178 435, 626 9,185 | 2,084,719 47, 366
DAIS 225-2 Sake a5 wig 242-55 % | 8, 600 SOgia cece caer esse - = 14, 630 154
[bE Coa 658 earn eee ier 131, 238 9,161 187,875 | 13,211 377, 698 28, 257
Puraeiniten ste eee a as 373,415 | 15, 297 766,773 | 28,473 | 1,531,376 58, 443
QGOSGITM I). 5-25 Se aeac Oo Bane Renee 40,000 | DTS oa Rees A aael Meee sree 40, 000 125
TERIOR LPs pe ape a Sole eee tel PNT ie ae nosuectoed becsees jasc pcunnsp sue 200 10
FER MGS sere be sore h. cere ae os ice 20 727,493 | 9,305! 439,683 4,638 | 1,168,625 | 13,983
EMIEROEY SUB s perce acre cote ck one 3, 500 1 a] Pa NE, Re ee (es 3,500 165
Rin pfictn ete sae cic Bats ods oe 5,910 904 13, 190 2,188 | 60,597 7,167
su 1S CLC ea al 50,175 3,490 16,775 1,302 | 367,307 26,161
Mantindene 5, ..0 22 J2c0 22.2 Pee 2,765,830 | 20,142 175, 009 1,626 | 4,354,789 36, 602
MES CTOSHE. cc) scs8- s-e6ce82 22,750 OTN eee ee woe de toc c 63, 000 2,003
Mullet’ Se UC Re Oe anal leebde cote nc| SCCM See kc Doeens Se eene! Samer rm 500 50
Pollock Mislomle sc slsinalss was xaicseccee 3, 500 111 | 8,999 267 12, 824 382
Fond MOLring ooo. ches 35, 432 i pL eae as anata eek 35, 432 717
Bene Onnoreye ic: 5.020 se2 een 164, 950 5,992 387, 226 10,585 | 3,279,693 94,776
Sea b 327,800 | 16,339 378,260 | 13,748 | 6,171,922| 203,163

d 5 76, 875 1,045

42,137 6, 268

112, 548 1,066

513,566 3,379

| | 6,000 1, 200

Spanish mackerel. ..........-... 164 34 621 109 | 1,055 182
51 Doge deeonasaees ae aes aeHae 18, 950 431 28, 450 740 66, 660 1, 667
Squeteague....-.............--. 3,055, 048 86,973 | 5,012,224 | 104,047 | 14, 121, 330 358, 977
SCTIG (SARA ee EASE ene ae eae ae 157, 370 2,125 525,975 7,082 973, 671 12, 830
Soh Sa 0 OS. SRE 220 44 7,148 1,770 14, 648 3, 223
TITECO MEE oot see nate coos ae 2,788 435 500 50 3,353 489
Sturgeon caviar... ...2.50<- 2-25. 270 PP ee se aoe e aE RODS 70 272
SHERBES Meccan. oeec ease sees 8,7 586 27, 250 2,457
PR ioe nine e ents esis ee o's 3, 000 105 45,010 1, 908
TERT SLD ee See Ga Nae OSS es 2 See Cee eee 30 3
CNET Rr £ | £2 ie eS oe Og Cee Un near Gres 4 ee ae 5, 800 80
Vines [Pt RES Br Se Se ee ween (sO Orn ae 5 al ee ee | PRES ie 750 33
White perch 136,130 | 12,881 164, 939 15,405
MGR ese eee oe cath 650, 222 9,698 | 2,407,217 36, 367
SELL SP POST BSS ee ee ees a ee (reer cesar 61 37
Colirdh CECI S Ey 8 NEES Bee GAN gee Ae | aoe oe = 365 21 6,780 618
OUR. ce coe ose saree asec ee 12,880,428 | 334,122 | 12,770,317 | 328,513 | 47,856,176 | 1,348, 667

76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

SHAD FISHERY OF THE HUDSON RIVER.

In connection with the canvass of the coastal fisheries of New York
and New Jersey the shad fishery of the Hudson River was covered for
the years 1915 and 1916. The statistics are given in the following
table, showing for the latter year 119 fishermen, 79 gill nets, 3 seines,
and a catch of 9,287 shad, valued at $5,465. The Hudson was at one
time one of the great shad streams, its annual output running into
the hundreds of thousands. Thus, in 1896 the number of shad taken
was 588,898, valued at $83,237. The present condition of the shad
fishery is most deplorable.

SHAD FisHERY OF THE Hupson River, 1915 anp 1916.4

1915.
Items. New York. New Jersey. Total.
&. ———
WMISHELMON 15 seis ooe sce
Sail and row boats..........-
Gasoline boats: =-22. 232-45.
Gillimets: eno osss Seer eee
Semests soto s.c eee eee ee
Shore and accessory property.
Totals. se .coct eee ee
Shad caught:
With gill mets: . 2.22822). 11,333 | 47,333 | 5,834 | 4,249 | 20,104 | 2,674 | 15,582 | 67,437 | 8, 508
Withiseintess = 225) eens 62 298 OO ae sees 65 | ascents 62 298 33
With other apparatus in-
cidentallys= oes a 211 933 QD ees 2 cect oe 211 933 102
Tolbalisss 2 2. '- Jae eeeice 11,606 | 48,564 | 5,969 | 4,249 | 20,104 | 2,674 | 15,855 | 68,668 | 8,643
= = 1 au aa
1916
HISHBEMON Soe ts sce RN on Sul eeie se srl gee ee
Sail and row boats...........- $2, 240
Gasoline hoats...-.--......-.- 225 |
Gillimetss 2. genors = tosee ce wae 2,937
HOMOGSs 2 -eee ew sees ease 350 |
Shore and accessory property - 528 |
Totals ets = 6 — rte [Ace cee eet ae es 6, 280
Shad caught: | |
With gillimets=.. . oS .c25.k% 7,536 | 31,670 4, 399 1, 500 | 7, 250 925 | 9,036 | 38,920| 5,324
Wath Seinesses-- 2 eats 191 | 1,008 2 ies an Rs S| Le repay 2 191 ; 1,008 99
With other apparatus in- | |
cidentallve. 2.2052 .5-2%2 60 245 UL | eee Jevetteecfeesceee: | 60 245 42
Motale 5.0 hee Sk 7,787 | 32,923 | 4,540} 1,500| 7,250 925 | 9,287 | 40,173 | 5,465

|

a Includes Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Green, Orange, Rennselaer, Rockland, Schuyler, Ulster, and
Weschester Counties in New York, and Bergen and Hudson Counties in New Jersey.

NEW ENGLAND VESSEL FISHERIES.

Statistics of the extensive offshore vessel fisheries centering at
Boston and Gloucester, Mass., have been collected during the year
by the local agents, and published in monthly and annual bulletins
showing, by species and fishing grounds, the quantities and values of
the fishery products landed by the American fishing vessels at these
ports. 3 : : ee =

The fleet in 1915 was composed of 410 sail, steam, and gasoline
screw vessels. These vessels landed at Boston 3,772 trips, aggregating

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 77

97,899,487 pounds of fish, valued at $2,911,314, and at Gloucester
3,472 trips, aggregating 73,696,241 pounds, valued at $1,826,603.
The total for the two ports was 7,244 trips, aggregating 171,595,728
pounds of fresh and satted fish, having a value to the fishermen of
$4,737,917. Compared with the previous year there was a decrease
of 354 trips, but an increased production amounting to 9,006,508
pounds in quantity and $342,887 in value. There was a small de-
crease in the catch of cod, but an increase in that of practically all the
other important species. The value of haddock and cusk was slightly
less than that of the previous year. The halibut product increased
491,100 pounds in quantity and $46,946 in value. The mackerel
catch increased 6,688,850 pounds, or over 63 per cent, in quantity,
and $259,354, or 73 per cent, in value. There was some decrease in
the take of Newfoundland herring, but an increase in the value.
Swordfish increased 739,123 pounds in quantity and $43,890 in value.

The following tables present in detail (1) by fishing grounds and
(2) by months the products of the vessel fisheries of Boston and
Gloucester during the calendar year 1915. The weights of fresh and
salted fish given in these statistics represent the fish as landed from the
vessels, and the values are those received by the fishermen. The
grades, or sizes, given for certain species are those recognized in the
trade.

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91

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

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99 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

The fish landed at Boston and Gloucester, Mass., by American
fishing vessels are taken principally from fishing grounds lying off the
coast of the United States. In 1915, 71.78 per cent of the quantity
and 70.74 per cent of the value of the catch landed by the American
fishing fleet at these ports were obtained from these grounds. Of the
remainder, 9.41 per cent of the quantity and 9.70 per cent of the
value were taken from fishing banks off the coast of Newfoundland,
18.73 per cent of the quantity and 19.35 per cent of the value from
grounds off the Canadian Provinces, and less than 1 per cent of both
the quantity and value from the coast of Labrador. Newfoundland
herring constituted 6.58 per cent of the quantity and 5.39 per cent
of the value of the products landed at these ports during the year.
The herring were taken on the treaty coasts of Newfoundland, but cod
and other species from that region were obtained chiefly from fishing
banks on the high seas. All the fish caught by American fishing ves-
sels off the Canadian Provinces were from offshore fishing grounds.
The catch from each of these fishing regions is given in detail in the
following table:

QUANTITY AND VALUE oF Fish LANDED BY AMERICAN FISHING VESSELS AT Boston
AND GLouUCcESTER, Mass., IN 1915, FROM GROUNDS OFr THE COAST OF THE UNITED
Srates, NEWFOUNDLAND, AND CANADIAN PROVINCES.

Species. United States. Newfoundland.« | Canadian Provinces. Total.
es | ae ee ae rege Lb 5 re} |
Cod: Pounds. | Value. Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value. | Pounds. Value.
Fresh...... 23, 695,413 | $689, 361 484,815 | $9,962 | 9,907,896 | $189,529 34,088,124 | $888, 852
Salted... .. 1, 876, 888 | 71,419 3,009,390 105,146 | 6,081,495 | 207,543 | 10,967,773 384, 108
Haddock: |
Rireshieecece 51,712,661 1,185, 386 100 | 1] 6,100,289 | 120,065 | 57,813,050 | 1,305, 452
Salted...... 69, 675 1, 235 14,075 246 46, 844 880 130, 594 2,361
Hake:
WROSME Mees 11,248, 569 | 232,237 | 54, 860 | 704 | 3,285, 886 44,529 | 14,589,315 277, 470
Salted..... 24,713 428 91,200 | 1,450 184,712 3,129 300, 625 5, 007
Pollock
Fresh.....- 12,762,282 | 246,213 | 665 12 198, 366 2,963 | 12,961,313 | 249, 188
F Salted...... 180, 005 3, 113 7, 865 138 46,770 819 234, 640 4,070
Cusk: |
Fresh......| 4,550,491 71,946 | 3, 345 52 | 1,681,965 24,005 | 6,235,801 96, 003
F Caled ote 41, 146 1,012 | 5, 387 133 48, 410 1,202 | 94, 943 2,347
alibut: |
Fresh.....- 699,496 | 84,225 | 1,149,408 | 84,014 | 1,735,271 | 133,548 | 3,584,175 | 301, 787
Salted.....- 305 21) 145,665 | 11,304 140,540 | 10, 184 286, 510 21, 509
Mackerel: | |
Fresh....-- 62534"4008 MSR Terie ae neers eaten 810,174 | 61,238] 7,344,574 | 383,016
Salted.22 2 5!\ 256687485), 1905986) |SsesanS- ser albeeeeee= 905, 343 40,077 | 3,573,828 231, 063
Herring:
Fresh...... AO 774620) ee 2ONBS IN| eas tl50n KOsno45) | sees eee see |e eee 4, 345,770 89, 326
Salted ses alse ec we soeme Seemrtcert 85930) S008 1865788! Sa ceemaeeeer eee eee 8, 930, 800 186, 783
Swordfish:
ReSHiace oes 1,307,317 | 145,155 868 68 930, 782 76, 336 | 2,238, 967 221, 559
Miscellaneous: |
Tesh a. sae | 3,830, 532 87, 084 2,000 30 41, 644 866 | 3,874,176 87,980
Balteds.-ecale ancees eee selects Beek 750 Bie Pees sree lin aCe GH 750 36
Total... .123, 179,998 3,351,980 16, 269, 343 |469, 024 | 32, 146.387 | 916,913 171, 595, 728 | 4,737,917
|

a Includes 17,975 pounds of salted cod, valued at $617, and 102,151 pounds of salted halibut, valued at
$8,673, from the Labrador coast.

Ood.—In 1915 there were 33 vessels employed in the salt-bank
fishery and 102 in the market fishery landing their fares at Boston and
Gloucester. Considerable cod was landed also by vessels operating
on shore grounds. There were landed at these ports 45,055,897
pounds of fresh and salted cod, 34,088,124 pounds of the former and
10,967,773 pounds of the latter, valued at $1,272,960, against
47,529,625 pounds in 1914, of which 36,079,873 pounds were fresh and

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 93

11,449,752 pounds salted, valued at $1,359,416. There was, there-
fore, a decrease in the quantity in 1915, as compared with the previ-
ous year, of 1,991,749 pounds in the fresh and 481,979 pounds in the
salted cod landed.

Several large fares of cod were caught during the season of 1915.
A trip amounting to 359,483 pounds taken’on trawl lines was landed
at Gloucester in July, and one of the dory hand-line fleet brought in
478,365 pounds in September, this being the largest fare taken since
1909, when the same vessel weighed off 479,433 pounds.

Haddock.—The haddock fishery in 1915 was carried on with about
the same success as in the previous year. The quantity of haddock
landed was 57,943,644 pounds, valued at $1,307,813, an increase over
the previous year of 189,516 pounds in quantity and a decrease of
$73,343 in value. The catch of haddock by line trawlers landed at
Boston amounted to 30,776,733 pounds, of which 16.57 per cent were
‘““scrod.” The greater part of ‘lie scrod haddock brought in by line
trawlers came from the inshore grounds, the offshore banks supplying
a greater proportion of large haddock. On the inshore grounds the
amount of scrod haddock taken varied from 18 to 22 per cent of the
total catch and on the offshore grounds from 2 to 8 per cent.

Pollock.—The pollock fishery, which in recent years has supported
a considerable fleet of small craft employing purse seines as a means of
capture, was carried on with greater success than in 1914. The total
catch of pollock landed at Boston and Gloucester, including those
taken on hand and trawl lines and in gill nets, was 13,195,953 pounds,
having a value of $253,258, an increase of 741,230 pounds in quantity
and $53,522 in value compared with 1914. As in previous years,
most of the pollock landed by purse semers and gill netters were
caught in spring and fall months.

Halibut.—In the last few years the halibut fishery on the Atlantic
coast has fluctuated but little. The yield of fresh and salted halibut
in 1915 was 3,870,685 pounds, 3,584,175 pounds of the former and
286,510 pounds of the latter, valued at $323,296, an increase of
491,100 pounds and $46,946 over 1914. The largest catches of this
species were made on Georges, Browns, La Have, Quereau, Western,
and Grand Banks, the last-mentioned bank supplying the greatest
amount. The fishery was conducted throughout the year, but the
bulk of the-catch was taken during the early sprmg and summer
months. The vessels regularly employed in this fishery numbered 33
sail, although many of the cod hand-line and trawl-line fishermen fre-
quently caught halibut in considerable quantities. The usual activity
was displayed in this fishery in the spring of 1916. At the end of
May the fleet engaged numbered 26 vessels, and a considerable num-
ber of fairly large fares were landed.

The otter-trawl fishery—This method of fishing, as in 1914, was
carried on by 12 steamers. With the exception of several trips
landed at Portland and an occasional trip disposed of at Gloucester
during such times when there was a glut of fresh haddock in the
market, the bulk of fish caught by otter trawlers was landed at
Boston. The year’s catch was 21,116,300 pounds, representing 380
trips, an increase of 8 trips. There were landed from Georges 105
trips, from South Channel 248, Western Bank 26, and Browns Bank 1.
As in the previous year, Western Bank was resorted to in March,
April, and May, when haddock were less plentiful on Georges and

94 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

in the South Channel than during the winter months. Of the total
quantity of fish landed at Boston by this class of vessels, 17,062,732
pounds were haddock, of which 39.28 per cent were “‘scrod.”’ The
great disparity in the landings of small fish by this method as com-
pared with line trawls is confined wholly to haddock, the large and
small fish of other species caught by the two methods, such as cod,
cusk, and hake, being more equally divided. .

On July 20, 1915, the otter trawler Hast Hampton landed at
Gloucester 310,000 pounds of fresh fish, most of which were had-
dock. The largest trip previously brought in was 300,000 pounds,
caught by the otter trawler Long Island. These were the largest
fares ever taken by American otter trawlers.

Mackerel—The amount of salted mackerel taken in 1915 was
19,691 barrels, exceeding the catch of the previous year by 4,170
barrels. The catch off the New England coast was 15,480 barrels.
and on the Cape Shore, including a few fares from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, 4,211 barrels, or 750 barrels less than was taken in those
regions in 1914. The total catch of fresh mackerel by the fleet was
71,564 barrels, compared with 68,582 barrels the previous season.
The number of fresh mackerel taken on the Cape Shore was 781,000,
which exceeded the catch of 1914 by over 200,000 fish. In the fall
of 1915 several vessels of the seining fleet made phenomenal catches
in Massachusetts Bay, one vessel making a stock of $6,548 in three
weeks, at which time it was reported that a much larger body of
mackerel was on the coast than had been observed for several years,

The mackerel. fishery in the spring of 1916 showed a marked
improvement over that of 1915, the catch up to May 15 being nearly
double the amount recorded the previous season on the same date.
Three vessels of the seining fleet stocked over $9,000 each and one
$11,246, the last-mentioned stock being $2,361 more than the highest
made by a single vessel to the end of May, 1915. There were engaged
in the southern mackerel fishery 24 seiners and 58 netters. Fifteen
of the latter sailed from Gloucester and 43 from other ports. The
number of seiners was one less than in 1915, but there was an increase
of 41 netters. A portion of the seining fleet sailed on March 24,
but none of the netters sailed until April 25. The first mackerel of
the season of 1916, amounting to 7 barrels, were caught on April 5
about 80 miles east by south from Cape Henlopen, or practically
in the same locality where the first fish were encountered the previous
season. The fish were landed at Lewes, Del., from which place they
were shipped to New York by rail. Other small trips were caught
in the same region within a few days, but the first fare of any con-
siderable size was landed at New York on April 26, one vessel bringing
in 41,800 fish, followed the next day by the arrival of 6 vessels with
trips ranging from 6,000 to 40,000 fish. From this time until the
middle of May the supply of mackerel in the New York market was
about equal to the demand. For the week ended May 3 the amount
of fresh mackerel landed was 553,000 in number, mostly large and
medium, compared with 268,576 fish last year, which were mostly
small. Many of the large mackerel in April sold for 40 cents each.
The average price ranged from 12 to 20 cents for large and medium,
while tinkers brought from 3 to 6 cents a pound.

On May 31 there were 1,200 mackerel landed at Boston, the first
fare of the season. Four vessels of the seining fleet sailed for the

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 95

Cape Shore May 25, and on June 6 the number had increased to 24
ab The first mackerel of the season from this region were landed at
Boston on June 9, the trip consisting of 10,000 large and 35,000
medium fresh mackerel and 170 barrels salted. On June 10 there
were 3 other arrivals from the Cape Shore with fares taken off Halifax
and Liverpool, the combined catch amounting to 125,000 of mixed
fresh mackerel and 230 barrels salted. At that time there were 15
other seiners on the ground, all of which captured schools of mackerel.
Mackerel were reported plentiful on the Cape Shore until June 21, and
many large trips were taken. The highest stock made by a single
vessel in this region was $6,343, which 1s the largest recorded for one
trip in recent years. Fish were also abundant during the month on
grounds in the vicinity of No Mans Land, the entire fleet of seiners
and netters fishing in that locality doing well.

Swordfish.—This species was more plentiful in 1915 than in the
previous year, and 2,238,967 pounds, having a value of $221,559,
were landed at Boston and Gloucester, an increase of 739,123 pounds
and $43,860 over 1914. There were 42 vessels engaged in the fishery,
operating mostly on the more eastern grounds, although some good
catches were made on Georges, Nantucket Shoals, and adjacent
grounds. On July 20, 17 vessels landed at the Boston Fish Pier
1,126 swordfish that had been taken on Georges. This was probably
the greatest number of swordfish ever landed ‘at an American port
in one day.

Winter gill-net fishery—The winter gill-net fishery practically
ceased at the end of May. A fleet of 30 vessels was employed at
Gloucester during the season, and there were a few vessels that oper-
ated out of other ports. Fishing was conducted on the inshore
grounds along the New England coast from Cape Ann to Portland.
As in previous years, the principal species taken by this method
were cod, haddock, and pollock. While the fleet as a whole did not
meet with the same degree of success as in some years past, the
fishery was an improvement over the previous season. Several
good stocks were made, one vessel making $30,000, with a share of
$1,500 to each member of the crew. This was probably the highest
record ever attained in one season by a vessel engaged in the winter
gill-net fishery.

Italian fishing boats.—The number of Italian motor boats fishing
out of Boston and landing their catch at that port has creased in the
last few years. At the present time there are approximately 200
boats of this class engaged in the shore fisheries, all of which are too
small for registration, being under 5 tons, and in consequence their
catch is not recorded in the Boston and Gloucester bulletins. These
boats take a variety of species and operate several kinds of fishing
gear, namely, trawl lines, hand lines, and drag seines.

Some ten years ago the catch of this class of boats consisted largely
of flounders, but in the last few years greater efforts have been made
to capture other species of ground fish, such as cod, haddock, cusk,
hake, etc. Mackerel also have been taken to some extent. In 1915
the Italian catch landed at Boston, and sold through the New England
Fish Exchange, was over 3,500,000 pounds of fish, valued at $135,000.
The catch consisted largely of cod, haddock, pollock, hake, and cusk.
The amount of flounders landed was about 36,000 pounds.

96 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

PACIFIC HALIBUT AND COD FISHERIES.

The halibut banks off Oregon and Washington, recently surveyed
by the steamer Albatross, were resorted to during the month of June,
1915, by a portion of the halibut fleet sailing out of Seattle, from which
grounds 26 trips of halibut were taken in that month, comprising
1,318,000 pounds, valued at $64,623. As halibut were scarce on these
grounds in the summer months, the remainder of the catch of that
species landed at Seattle from June to December was: taken from
banks farther north, extending from Flattery Bank, off the coast of
Washington, to Portlock Bank, Alaska. This amounted to 13,876,970
pounds, having a market value of $820,585. In the first half of the
calendar year 1916, 25 fares were brought from the banks off Oregon
and Washington, amounting to 931,692 pounds, valued at $77,819.
The total quantity of halibut landed at Seattle during that period,
including the catch from banks farther north, was 7,391,384 pounds,
valued at $608,947, taken in 274 trips.

According to the Pacifie Fisherman, the total eatch of halibut on
the Pacific coast by American vessels in 1915 was 50,238,390 pounds,
of which 33,133,313 pounds were landed at Seattle, 11,323,500
pounds in Canadian ports, and 5,781,577 pounds in Alaska, against
48,902,575 pounds the preceding year, a gain of 1,335,815 pounds.
The American fleet erigaged in this fishery consisted of 100 sail, known
as ‘‘independent’’ and ‘‘company’’ vessels, there being 89 of the
former and 11 of the latter, ranging in size from 7 to 196 tons. The
Canadian fleet comprised 27 vessels, the catch of which amounted to
16,031,265 pounds, an increase of 1,074,465 pounds over 1914.

The fleet employed in the cod fishery of the Pacific coast numbered
20 sail, including 2 vessels engaged in transporting cured fish from the
shore stations in Alaska. Three regions were represented in the
fishery—San Francisco by 9 vessels, Puget Sound by 8 vessels, and
Alaska by 3 vessels. One of the Alaskan vessels was lost in the early
part of the season. The fleet met with very good success and made
a catch of 3,798,071 fish, equivalent to 19,092,319 pounds, the fish
being reckoned at 44 pounds each. The catch fell short of that of
1914 by 122,831 fish, or 552,739 pounds.

The work of collecting statistics of the quantity and value of
fishery products landed at Seattle, Wash., by American fishing
vessels was reestablished in June, 1915, by the appointment of a
local agent at that port. The products landed from July, 1915, to
June, 1916, comprised 513 trips, including 19,580,163 pounds of
halibut, valued at $1,330,609, and 948,024 pounds of other species,
valued at $23,285; a total of 20,528,187 pounds, valued at $1,353,894.
The monthly receipts by species are shown in the following table:

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

97

QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF CERTAIN FIsHERY PRopucts LANDED AT SEATTLE,
WasH., BY AMERICAN FisHina VESSELS DuRING THE FiscaL YEAR 1916.

Month uti Halibut. Cod. Black cod.
1915. Pounds. Value. Pounds. | Value. | Pounds. | Value.
BULL yaa tate eee tees oneees 61 ZHOU 400) Me eloes SOO deme sees lsacem ene 39, 300 $855
PATIO UST etn eee beet eee 36 1, 698, 288 92, 253 645 $10 8, 860 217
September. sn eenseeeen 53 2,172, 000 132, 496 1,312 20 | 332,000} 8,300
Mctobererere woe eee een ene 31 1, 644, 792 HOS TODD Mien eis ciate flare tae 130, 545 3,164
INGVeTnberst nace cece seis ese 30 2,312, 527 LA OO4s Ree ea ee sees Sees 17, 000 425
MECOMPOI sccm once cote se cS aee 28 1, 660, 742 O20Se eaeeee eaaleoeee eee 26, 000 650
|
1916

WAMUETY So-s eects coe os ce tcrsecs 8 923, 055 G85 049 ee tastaeae|Lmecrcat 18, 000 360
NEDRUAT Ys Ve ooces ae shee seecece Y 706,931 | ATAGHOS Peseccer on |s-com eee 16, 232 443
Maren eerem cscs tiiscticcrcec cia 31 815, 209 | 82, 226 60 1 16,175 484
PATIL Sees eee eee Sa eS 61 1, 207, 372 | IBTIEC SES | aeoceoreodl harsanee | 10,566 318
ICE) Re a 89 ORS TOG |), 120; G72 lee oc 3 Lae 84,955 | 2,124
TUITION eae eer re ES 78 1, 714, 712 PO S808 4 [ee Penge cee 200,233 | 4,883

ROT | tes ao ae 513 | 419,580,163 1, 330, 609 2,017 31 899, 866 | 22,223

Month Ling cod. Rock cod. Total.
1915. Pounds. | Value. | Pownds.| Value Pounds. Value.
TWIN cst or CSC SOS OC Ee tI re [ac a PO 2,739,730 | $153,714
IAT DU Stee ee nee Penne ey BO Ae Pea AS ee ie a 1,000 $15 | 1,708, 793 92, 495
Renten bar eeee te caeete anys NN Career kaa ie freee oi: oo ceiae Sal een eoents 2,505,312 | 140,816
(OXELIC BYSTR wip Acs Ee eit er OC A se Lh a 10, 000 250 | 1,785,337 | 107,366
JONAH CEs oA ac SARE ROA a RE Ren Ode BSED Or Gees aes ere mee ee [aoe eae 2,329,527 | 148, 419
IDE REHM E PA Go Sas Seoan oso COO ene Oe nee Seon BOSC S SE Con LEDC One Oes Cop aEee mee ik Senn ae 1, 686, 742 92, 758
1916

EPSLISTI ELT y Ae eR te ces Peet ey eee ese hall Sk ere NS Ben aeee rece 941, 055 68, 409
TELE NA 34. eb ek ences eee BAAS Lela ae eA ee nee ce ee 723, 163 48, 112
INEAROM sSasc Ss sae Gee On OE eB Oe Soe oe PUSS GETS Re ici Ree Rear eet ees nN eee 831, 444 82,711
INTO Asa Tae aie os re ee | 6, 006 $120 11, 413 293 | 1,235,357 131, 169
DV een ere Pe een rarer ee web ed oe Boe Pe Ne Smo OE SoCal ce telomere 2,109, 060 131, 796
RUUD See tee oe te cco canine Broke mebemies 11, 732 230 5,990 123 | 1,932, 667 156, 129

Ota Mee PPE sone chk alse Se on 17, 738 350 | 28, 403 681 | 20,528,187 | 1,353, 894

a Includes 5,000 pounds of salt halibut, worth $125, landed in August.

The remainder of the catch was

sold fresh.

PROMOTION OF AMERICAN CAVIAR.

s

One of the most valuable of all fishery products is caviar, which
is prepared from the roe of sturgeon primarily, but also from that of
the paddlefish of the Mississippi Valley, and sometimes, under appro-
priate descriptive names, from the eggs of carp, whitefish, and other
species. The product has always been imported extensively, while it
is known that suitable material in this country is often wasted through
ignorance of the fishermen as to the methods of preservation to
employ. After a suitable investigation of the matter, the Bureau
issued an economic circular describing in simple language the methods
which may be efficiently employed by any fisherman. The paper had
the twofold object of preventing unnecessary waste through ignorance
or neglect and of awakening a more effective interest in the protection
of the sturgeon and the paddlefish.

98 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES.

INTRODUCTION OF NEW AQUATIC FOODS.

One of the most useful ways in which the Bureau of Fisheries can
Serve the fishermen and the general fish-eating public is to make
known new sources of aquatic foods and to assist in establishing fish-
eries and markets therefor. The conspicuous success achieved in the
case of the sea mussel has been referred to in previous reports. This
excellent, abundant, accessible, cheap, and widely distributed shell-
fish, formerly neglected, has now become a staple in certain important
markets. Various other water products of great prospective value,
but now largely unutilized, should be exploited as speedily as possible,
but the limited funds and facilities at the disposal of the Bureau for
such work make it impossible to conduct an active campaign with
more than one or two such articles at one time. In the fiscal year
1916 one hitherto neglected fish has been given a permanent and im-
portant place in the fisheries and fish trade by the Bureau’s efforts, and
a campaign of great prospective consequence has been inaugurated
with reference to several others.

In October, 1915, the Bureau undertook to popularize the tilefish in
the belief that it is a fish of great prospective food value. Its utili-
zation had been advocated years ago, but the efforts to introduce it
were not sufficiently comprehensive or sustained to bring success, and
the fish in reality came into some disrepute because of the failures that
attended the attempts to give it a commercial status. The task con-
fronting the Bureau was to induce fishermen to catch the fish, dealers
to handle the fish, and the public to consume the fish, and to bring all
this about simultaneously. The effective methods pursued ma de it
possible for the Government to withdraw from the campaign within
one month and to intrust future developments to private enterprise.

The essential feature of the exploit was the chartering of a regular
fishing vessel with practical fishermen as its crew. The auxiliary
schooner Stranger, of Gloucester, carrying 12 men, was the vessel
selected for the purpose. The Bureau had ouare anteed the Stranger
$1,500 for one month’s service, but in 27 days she caught 38,383
pounds of tilefish, which, after deducting commissions, sold for
$2,036.63; and not only was the Bureau at no expense whatever for'the
fishing operations, but the proceeds, taking no account of several thou-

sand pounds ¢ gratuitously distributed for advertising purposes, yielded
a substantial bonus to the crew over their regular remuneration.

When the wholesale trade of New York was requested to cooperate
in the proposed campaign, the unfortunate past stood in the way of
mmediate acquiescence. ‘There is no demand for the fish,” said
the dealers, but the Bureau explained that getting the fish and creating
a demand were its part of the work and that all that was desired of the
trade was a cheerful willingness to handle the fish to satisfy such de-
mand as might develop. When the first fare was landed in New York
on October 22, four or five dealers in Fulton Market rather reluctantly
agreed to handle the fish, some of which were given away and the re-
mainder sold for 5 cents per pound. When the fourth trip arrived but

20 days later, 15 dealers were competing for the fish, which sold for 7
cents. In the interval a demand had arisen which no large wholesale
or commission house could afford toignore. This demand was created
solely by an advertising campaign which kept the fish constantly be-

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 99

fore the public and concentrated attention on its points of interest
and excellence. Newspapers were furnished items recounting the
unusual history of the fish—its discovery, practieal extermination,
and reappearance; incidents in the campaign were exploited; fish
were more or less conspicuously supplied to prominent persons; lead-
ing hotels and restaurants were induced to give the tilefish prominence
on their menus; a great motion-picture company placéd a camera
man on the Stranger and exhibited motion pictures of the fishery as a
feature of its weekly news reel; and the Bureau’s own advertising
matter was distributed freely.

The propaganda conducted in behalf of this fishery covered practi-
cally the entire field. The fishing grounds were found and pointed
out to fishermen; a regular commercial fishing vessel was engaged
to demonstrate the financial yield of this fishery under regular indus-
trial conditions; the wholesale trade was enlisted in the distribution
of the fish; the retailer was furnished with attractive display adver-
tising matter calling his customers’ attention to the fact that the fish
was on sale; and the consumer was told about the tilefish and how
to cook it, and his curiosity and interest were stimulated to the point
where he wished to try it and asked his dealer for it. As a conse-
quence, when the Bureau ceased its fishing operations, other vessels
were already at work, and within 10 days of the landing of the last fare
by the Stranger eight schooners were either in the fishery or about to
enter it and by the end of the month had landed in New York about
156,000 pounds of tilefish.

The progress of this fishery has far exceeded expectations. While
New York continues to be the center of the industry, Boston, At-
lantic City, Newport, and other places have become practically inter-
ested by putting vessels in the fishery. At the end of June, 1916, the
New York fleet consisted of 13 vessels making regular trips to the
fishing grounds, although earlier in the season a number of other ves-
sels were engaged. The catch has varied from month to month, but
has shown a general upward trend as increased fares were brought in
to meet the growing demand, and the yield in June exceeded that
of any preceding month, aggregating over 1,221,000 pounds landed
at New Yorkin 28 fares. A new record was made in July, 1916, when
2,200,000 pounds were landed at New York, 230,000 at Boston, and
various minor fares at other ports.

By the end of the fiscal year 1916, when the fishery was only eight
months old, upward of 4,388,500 pounds of tilefish, which brought
the fishermen over $210,000, were caught and sold. The monthly
receipts at New York were as follows:

7

Month. Pounds. | Month. | Pounds.
ERETTER ETM ON pce ep cles. 2 cin vice x oe TGR HOO PA DMM O1G aaa <i naanse nea | 626,000
J unbaaeltie, Oly 58s Sh ees ZO# 200 || MMayelOlG sheen sone noes eee mecceeeee | 620, 000
US GE eee BOROOO Nitra: LOL Gr eaeee ee ac cee te ere trees es 1, 221, 000
Menlaranve LOL Gta 1 oe acs cc sete cess 469,000 | i— _—
wildly, TON Teds Se Se eee 615,000 | Motaleeen cease seer aeeeleo eee aceaee 4, 275, 700

The tilefish grounds extend along the edge of the continental shelf
from a point south of Nantucket to an area east of Atlantic City.
Few fish have been taken in depths over 100 fathoms, and the best

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
100 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF

fish are in from 60 to 65 fathoms of water. Ti

as to the kind and quality of bait offered them. ~ vite Syuru, viues
backs, menhaden, clams, etc., are very acceptable, they will bite
freely on inferior kinds of bait, making the bait question compara-
tively easy to solve.

The fishery has proved a great deal more remunerative than was at
first expected by most fishermen and is now considered by them as
being well established. The prices received by the fishermen have at
times been as high as 7 cents a pound and as low as 14 cents, the
average being about 5 cents.. The fish bears shipment perhaps better
than any other staple fish of the Atlantic coast and now reaches con-
sumers all over the eastern half of the country. Some large ship-
ments have gone as far west as Kansas City. The catch in recent
months has been at the rate of 20,000,000 pounds per annum.

Following long consideration and much discussion, the present
Congress has passed an act, approved June 21, 1916, which provides
a way of alleviating the losses sustained by the fishermen, more
especially those of the Atlantic coast, from the ravages of dogfishes.
The act carries an appropriation of $25,000 to enable the Commis-
sioner of Fisheries to conduct investigations and experiments to this
end, and the method of procedure, as recommended by the Bureau
and understood by Congress, is to make the dogfishes useful. Mistaken
economic and biological conceptions as to the possibility of bringin
about the extermination of dogfishes have been abandoned, and a
persons now interested in the welfare of the fishermen and the ad-
vancement of the fisheries are united in the efforts that will be made,
under authority of law, to convert an injurious and hitherto useless
article into a valuable asset. While the dogfishes and other sharks
yield by-products, such as oil, gelatin, and leather, of undoubted
economic importance, their principal utility comes through their
known value as food. The task before the Bureau is to overcome the
deep-seated prejudice that exists against these fishes and to determine
the ways and means for creating a demand for fresh and preserved
dogfish that will react on the fishermen and enable them to market
their catch at a profit.

O

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Hollinger Corp.
pH 8.5