ull | FEBRUARY 1951 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior ea | _- 3 = toe ] wt _ (—] = Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES \ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WIL, OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary ALBERT M. 6 4 COMMERCIAL =| SHER IE S A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDU, PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A. W. Anderson , Editor R.T. Whiteleather , Associate Editor Wm.H. Dumont and J. Pileggi, Assistant Editors Applications for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed tree to members of the fishery industries and allied interests,should be oddressed to the Director, Fish ond Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C. The contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to the source will be appreciated. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of material from outside sources. The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, December 15,1949 CONTENTS COVER: HAULING IN A PURSE SEINE FULL OF MENHADEN IN THE GULF NEAR THE MISSISSIPP| DELTA--THIS 1S ONE OF THE SCENES TO BE FOUND IN THE NEW FILM THE STORY OF MENHADEN. IN COOPERATION WITH THE MEMBERS OF THE MENHADEN INDUSTRY, THIS FILM WAS PRODUCED AND SUPERVISED BY THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (SEE P. 108 OF THIS ISSUE). AT THE TIME THIS SCENE WAS FILMED, THE UNUSUAL CHANT OF THE FISHERMEN WHILE THEY ARE TAKING UP THE SLACK IN THE NET WAS: RECORDED FOR THE SOUND TRACK OF THE FILM. ——_ PAGE PRELIMINARY FISHERIES SURVEY OF THE HAWAI|AN-LINE |SLANDS AREA -- PART |11 - THE LIVE-BAIT SKIPJACK FISHERY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, BY FRED C. JUNE......... aa) Slavntaln st arunatinr ofetota, SHOVSre ponte (ote eeuapeLateTe wl cteteto ote chelate he eR mama EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON QUALTIY OF FROZEN FUULETSIBYAS Pn Rem POTTINGE Rie iyete tre stetetatt tt emma oe ee @ PAGE PAGE RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: ...e.eseeereress 29 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (CONT. ): TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 8 ~ PROCESSING CANNED KING SOUTH PACIFIC FISHERY INVEST|GATIONS: AND DUNGENESS CRAB MEAT, BY M, E. STANSBY...... 29 COOPERATIVE SARDINE RESEARCH PROGRAM NOTES FOR TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 9 - CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL IGE@boboddaosonoagscocHooo0dGG eee cleieieeciesieiel (40 FROM COLD-RENDERED FUR=-SEAL BLUBBER, BY WM. U. S. IMPORTS OF GROUNOFISH FILLETS IN 1950 CUEGGRrievellelereleelsketelelelekeretteteere podvanon0NaVoGDOD00 SO) HIGHESTMONMREGCORD)ateteteleletaleteleretefetetetsrate SeodoeGooD00d S49) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: odoood doodb000 oocgg00g =a WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U. S. “FISHING. VESSELS. 32 WHOLESALE PRICES, DECEMBER 1950...cceceseeerees 42 FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS........... 32 RETAIL PRICES, DECEMBER 1950....e+eeeeerereeees 43 FISHERY BIOLOGY NOTES; ECONOMIC COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM METHOD FOR |M®ROVING OYSTER CULTCH EFFICIENCY. 34 NOTES: SETTING OF AMERICAN OYSTER IN LONG ISLAND SOUND 34 DANISH VETERINARIAN IN U. S. STUDIES BACTER|O- NEW OYSTER LARVAE FOOD ISOLATED........2+002+2 34 LOGICAL METHODS OF PRESERVING AND SHIPPING ©. VIRGINICA CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT RACES. bo.) ks FUSHERY, PRODUCT S!ic cle cence es esiet crite rie sie clelee (49 CULTURE OF EUROPEAN OYSTER....sesceeeeres 50 S85 INDONESIA TO USE ECA FUNDS TO RESTORE FISHING CULTURE OF QUAHOG, VENUS MERCENERIA 5 ee INDUSTRY. cee cerereccrersencesece one 44 STARFISHs esse evecare ester eter eter teeserensrere 35 NEW SLOGAN FOR ECA SHIPMENTS...ceceeeeee wee 44 METHOD DEVELOPED FOR TELLING SHAD'S AGE FROM ECA PROCUREMENT AUTHORIZATIONS FOR FISHERY SENUBS ach ooo00g5b6000000009000000000 0 ss PRODUCT Sis 10 «1e)cle) si viele ic)elcls 0 cies. 0+ oes ele sleje olelste slelsleelo/el NO) SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES BEING EXPLORED FOR USE FOREIGN?) cieicieielelovelelercicisleielelelele)elolelele |e clelelelelslolstelerelelefeletatenmmeaO) UND FIISHER Yes BIOL OGYfsyepayelelelateheletele|=lslelelelaleleieielsletolelel iOS INTERNAT! ONAL: GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: FOOD AND AGRI CULTURE ORGANIZATION BUDGET FOR REPORT ON SEA LAMPREY INVESTIGATIONS.....+2e-- 36 WPS conosco soboddusdanooaLecooOsOoDNDDDOOSdSD (48) GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: ADEN PROTECTORATE: OREGON TO LOCATE GROOVED SHIRMP GROUNDS OFF STATUS OF THE) FISHERIES. 20.00.60. cc wee sence we seie tO FLORIDA WEST COAST (CRUISE NO. 6)....-eeee0+0 37 AUSTRALIA: GULF FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: FlJUl=SAMOA TUNA ENTERPRISES! CLIPPER FISHING IN DRIFT CARDS BEING DISTRIBUTED IN GULF OF MEXICO 37 AUSTRALIAN WATERS. .cccceccsccccnccncresevereses 4/ ONCE IMPORTANT FLORIDA SPONGE FISHERY FADING OUT 38 BERMUDA: PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: RESEARCH FISHING PROGRAM PLANNED....eseee+eeee% 90 JOHN R. MANNING TO PURSE SEINE TUNA IN PHOENIX BRITISH HONDURAS: “AND LINE |SLANDS AREA (CRUISE NO. V)........- 38 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED..... SO OBSERVATIONS ON THE EQUATORIAL COUNTEREQUATORI AL CANADA: CURRENT ‘TO BE CONTINUED BY HUGH M. SMITH EXPANSION OF ATLANTIC COAST TRAWLER FLEET...---. 51 KGWISS Bos WM )ocasoosseacauobosasnandcoose = CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 109 ‘ COMMERCIAL FISHERIES February 1951 Washington 25, — ee wd | a | Imi = ey PRELIMINARY FISHERIES SURVEY OF THE | HAWAIIAN-LINE ISLANDS AREA” PART Il - THE LIVE-BAIT SKIPJACK FISHERY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS By Fred C. June INTRODUCTION The Hawaiian name for the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, is "aku," Pre- sumably, it is the same species that is found throughout the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean and other warm seas of the world (Kishinouye, 1923; Godsil and Byers, 1944). In the waters about the Hawaiian Islands, where it occurs in great numbers, the skipjack is the object of a rather intensive localized fishery, In terms of poundage and value to the fishermen, it is the most important commercial fish inthe Territory, In 1948, total skipjack landings for this island group were in excess of 8,355,000 pounds, which was the largest catch since the fishing fleet resumed operations following a break during World War II, The largest annual catch record- ed was for 19,0, when over 13,420,000 pounds of skipjack, valued at $527,666, were taken from these waters, The previous record catch was in 1937, when landings amounted to over 12,787,000 pounds, valued at $497,037. The annual skipjack pro= duetion for the period 1937-1948 is shown in figure l, During the war years the fishing rieet became virtually inactive, and complete catch records are not available for this period, The fish catch was not reported by species for the first two months of 1944, but skipjack landings for the last ten months of that year amounted to roughly 732,000 pounds, By the end of 1945, the skipjack fleet had regained its prewar size; however, fishing that year proved to be poor, and the total production amounted to only 3,907,000 pounds, As in the United States, the skipjack is utilized primarily for canning, The bulk of the catch in the Islands is processed by a single cannery which packs the fish for the local market and for shipment to the U, S, mainland, Important quan- tities are also sold on the fresh market, for the skipjack is an important item in the diet of many of the Oriental peoples, who prefer it in the raw form or as dried fish, TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PAGE DESCRIPTION AND NOTES ON BIOLOGY OF SKIPUJACK .....eeeee 2 | BAIT (cont. ): DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHERY 3 METHODS OF (CAPTURE «ciseccccnccccccrececanediecscescveued 8 FISHFNG BOATS AND CREWS SMEG MEM HOODS a lst olaletnisinielwlcials ia aletelaialsle/aim (alin «)n\alsiain(aiefeiejala(a eis 12 FISHING GEAR ...ceereeeve eaee eeee GNEISHIUNG AREAS WAND) SEASONS | i ciejenis\siecie sicle sla esisisicine viciviclaicia ai 13 BAM Tist eo yisisleicieinialtiv 6 afeleicin oie eeee sane WT }OUSPOSITIVON. OF THE CATCH ccc cece paawecccnccincecenereseses 15 BAIT SPECIES ...cceccce sae see 7 |FUTURE POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHERY . 15 BAIT FISHING GROUNDS BOPENTERATURE. C)TED® (chs (a ste wore orn’ cieisif'n\a slave srefelleols’evwisicic sine cis a 7 FISHERY RESEARCH BIOLOGIST, SECTION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE RERVICE, HONOLULU, T. H. 1/PART | = THE HAWAIIAN LONG-LINE FISHERY, BY THE SAME AUTHOR APPEARED IN COMMERCIAL FISH-~ FRIES REVIEW, JANUARY 1950, PP. 1-23 (Aso AVAILABLE AS SEPARATE NO. 244); PART I} - NOTES ON THE TUNA AND BAIT RESOURCES OF THE HAWAIIAN, LEEWARD, AND LINE ISLANDS, APPEARED JANUARY 1951, PP. 1-22 (ALSO AVAILABLE AS SEPARATE NO. 270). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 ee DESCRIPTION AND NOTES ON BIOLOGY OF SKIPJACK The skipjacks Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus 1758), is a member of the tunafam- ily (Thunnidae), although many taxonomists consider this species sufficiently dis- = tinct from other members of the tuna group to war- rant placing it, together with the genera Huthynnus and Auxis, in a separate family (Katsuwonidae). The skipjack is a circum- tropical species, ranging into temperate waters only during the warmer months. In the Pacific it is dis- tributed from the coast of. Canada off Vancouver Is-— land southward along the coastlines of the United States and Central America to Chile, westward through the Hawaiian, Caroline, Marshall, and Marianas is— FIGURE 1 - SKIPJACK LANDINGS IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI1, 1937- ands to St. Helens inTas- 48. (NO DATA AVAILABLE FOR 1943. CATCH FOR 1944 INCLUDES Mania, thence northward MARCH THROUGH DECEMBER ONLY. DATA OBTAINED FROM THE CATCH through the southern parts RECORDS OF THE TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME). ) of New South Wales, the Re- public of the Philippines, Formosa, and along the entire Pacific Coast of Japan to northern Hokkaido (Kishinouye, 1923; Herre, 1940; Serventy, 1941; Clemens and Wilby, 1946; Roedel, 1948; Shapiro, 1948; Imamura, 1949). It is also found on both sides of the Atlantic, the Mediter- ranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean (Gunther ,* 1860; Day, 1878; Breder, 1929; LaMonte, 1945). MILLIONS OF POUNDS ~ © © s a e 1938 1939 1940 1941 ioe2 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948! The skipjack may be recognized by the four or more dark longitudinal stripes on the silvery belly and along the sides below the lateral line. The back is dark bluish=-violet in life, becoming faded when the fish dies, The structure of the body is remarkably streamlined, with the first dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins fitting into grooves when they are folded back, The body is nearly round in cross- section and pointed at both ends; it is naked except for a corselet of scales in the region around the pectoral fins and a few minute scales scattered over the re= mainder of the body, There is a median keel on each side of the slender caudal peduncle, A series of 7 to 9 finlets follow the second dorsal and anal fins, The head is rather large and conical, The mouth is terminal in position, with a single row of teeth on both jaws, The skipjack reaches a maximum weight of about 40 pounds, In Hawaiian waters the average size taken by the commercial fishery is approximately 15 pounds, The skipjack is a fasteswimming, migratory fish that characteristically travels in schools which are often composed of many hundreds or even thousands of indivi- viduals, The schools found in Hawaiian waters are generally rather small, although Herre (op, cit.) mentions one school reported off the coast of Oahu that was about ninety miles long and ten miles broad, It has been demonstrated (Schaefer, 1948) that this species shows a marked tendency to aggregate by similar sizes, Schools are often encountered in which big-eyed and yellowfin tuna of comparable sizes travel together with skipjack. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 Recent studies by Japanese investigators (Imamura, op, cit,; Suyehiro, 1938) on the feeding habits and stomach contents of this species have shown that its food con- sists of a great variety of organisms, the most important of which include squid, crustacea, sardines, anchovies, flying fish, etc, Kishinouye (op, cit., p. 454) stated that the food of the skipjack taken in Japanese waters generally consisted of "medium-sized plankton: amphipods, Squilla's larvae and other crustaceans, Pteropods, heteropods (chiefly Atlanta), calamaries, and immature or small fishes, etc," Little is known concerning the spawning and early development of the skipjack inhabiting the Pacific Ocean, There is evidence, however, that one of the spawning areas for this species occurs in the eastern Pacific off the coast of Central America, Schaefer and Marr (op, cit.) report the capture of two juvenile specimens, 21 mm, and 44 mm, total length, in the oceanic waters off Costa Rica and upper Panama, Sex~ ually mature and spent adults were also found to be present in the same area during the early months of the year, Marr (ibid,) indicates that a spawning ground for this species probably exists in or near the northern Marshall Islands area during the sum- mer months, In addition, juvenile specimens, 113 to 183 mm, in length, have been collected in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands during the summer months (Eckles, 1949). There is some evidence that spawning also occurs in many other places in the Pacific (Kishinouye, 1927; Matsui, 1942; Hatai et al, 1941). Present knowledge in= dicates that the eggs, larvae, and juveniles, like the adults, are entirely pelagic, DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHERY The skipjack fishery in the Hawaiian Islands has developed from a small=scale subsistence fishery carried on by the early native Hawaiians to the commercial fishery of today, conducted mostly by fishermen of Japanese ancestry, From the earliest times, Hawaiian fishermen sought the skipjack in the waters lying adja= cent to the small villages scattered throughout the major islands in this group, The methods of capture and fishing gear used by these natives were similar to those employed in other parts of Polynesia (Beckley, 1883), The outrigger canoe was the characteristic craft found throughout this vast area, The canoes which were used for fishing in Hawaii varied fram about 15 to 35 feet in length (Hornell, 1936). The smaller canoes usually carried but a single fisherman; however, when fishing specifically for skipjack, frequently several fishermen would combine forces, Two of the large canoes from which the outriggers had been removed were lashed parallel to each other with two cross=pieces, This simple arrangement pro=- vided a much safer sea-going craft than a single canoe carrying a lone fisherman, for the search for the skipjack often carried the fishermen considerable distances offshore, A double fishing canoe carried a crew of three in each hull, although only one man in each was actually occupied with the fishing; the others managed the canoe, The canoes were sometimes rigged with a single sail, but paddles were the most common means of propelling these craft, The fishing technique used by the native Hawaiians for catching the pelagic skipjack were, in certain respects, similar to those practiced in the Islands today, Cobb's report, "The Commercial Fisheries of the Hawaiian falande pub lished in me gives an interesting account of native fishing: "ON REACHING THE FISHING GROUND THE FISHERMEN LOCATE THE FISH BY WATCHING THE SEA GULLS....AS SOON AS THE SCHOOL HAS BEEN SIGHTED THE CANOES ARE WORKED AROUND IN FRONT OF IT, AND THE FISH ARE ATTRACTED TOWARD THE BOAT BY MEANS OF A HANDFUL OR TWO OF SMALL LIVE BAIT THROWN INTO THE WATER.... TWO MEN STAND UP IN THE STERN OF THE BOAT, HOLDING IN THEIR HANDS A BAMBOO POLE ABOUT 12 FEET LONG WITH A LINE OF THE SAME h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 LENGTH ATTACHED, AND THE PEARL HOOK TIED TO THE END OF THIS LINE. By A QUICK MOVEMENT THE LINE AND HOOK ARE SLAPPED VIOLENTLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE WATER AND THEN DRAWN TOWARD THE BOAT...- AS SOON AS THE FISH 1S HOOKED, THE LINE 1S SWUNG UP OVER THE FISHERMAN'S HEAD SO AS TO MAKE ALMOST A COMPLETE REVOLUTION. IT IS VERY NECESSARY THAT THE LINE SHOULD BE KEPT TAUT, AS, OWING TO THE FACT THAT THE HOOK HAS BUT A SLIGHT BARB, THE FISH WOULD SHAKE !TSELF LOOSE SHOULD THE LINE SLACKEN IN THE LEAST... AS THE HOOKED FISH IS DESCRIBING THIS REVOLUTION THE FISHERMAN SWINGS AROUND TO MEET IT AS IT NEARS HIM, BOWING OUT HIS RIGHT ARM. WHEN THE FISH COMES BETWEEN HIS ARM AND SIDE HE CLOSES THEM UP AND THE FISH IS CAUGHT, UNHOOKED, AND DROPPED INTO THE BOAT. Containers of several different types were used for carryinglive bait. The double fishing canoes usually carried a box about 20 feet long, 2 feet high, and 16 inches wide, lashed below the cross—pieces between the canoes. The sides and bottom of the box were perforated to allow sea water to enter and circulate. At the time of Cobb's re- port, the skipjack fishery had already emerged as one of the more important commercial fish- ery enterprises in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1900, skipjack ranked fifth in poundage among the va-= rious commercial species caught in these waters, and total land- ings for that year amounted to slightly over 422,000 pounds. Of this catch approximately 401,000 pounds were sold on the fresh market, with the remaining 21,000 pounds processed as dried skipjack. ox Ww () = 2 z The early commercial devel- opment of the skipjack fishery inthe Islands was due primarily to the efforts of the Japanese immigrants. Accordingtoa re- port, "Investigation on Fishing LENGTH IN FEET in Foreign Countries," published FIGURE 2 - LENGTHS OF THE 32 BOATS THAT FISHED EXCLU- BA, EE ON HS HeEROE eee SIVELY FOR SKIPJACK IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII IN 1948, Went fisheries bureau, the first aliento be engaged in commercial operations in the Territory was a man named Kametaro Nishimura, an emigrant from Ya- maguchi-ken, who began fishing here in 1885. It is not definitely stated, however, that Nishimura fished specifically for skipjack. In 1899, Gorokichi Nakasuji, a native of Wakayama-ken brought a fishing boat and gear from Japan to Hawaii and be- gan fishing commercially for skipjack. Following the introduction of Japanese fish- ing methods and gear, the fishery underwent a period of rapid expansion. The skipjack boats used by the early Japanese fishermen were of the sampan de- sign. These boats were typically about 20 feet in over-all length, with a 43-foot beam, and a 16-inch draft. They were usually propelled by a scull, although many of the boats were also rigged for sails. Each was fitted with an overhanging stern which housed the rudder. There was a series of wells built into the center of the boat in which live bait was carried. The wells were from 12 to 15 inches deep and fitted with screened holes along the bottom to allow sea water to enter and circu- late in the wells when the boats were under way. Most of the sampans carried a fishing crew of from 4 to 6 men. February 1951 COMMERCIAL F 1SHERTES REVIEW 5 The first gasoline-powered skipjack boat in the Islands was successfully operated in 1907. Soon afterward, larger boats were designed with many new features, making it possible for practical fishing operations to be carried onat increasingly greater dis- tances offshore, Many of the improved features which were incorporated in the develop- ment of these boats have been attributed to a Japanese fisherman named Kitayama, who was active in the fishery in the 1930's, The first fly~- ing bridge was installed in 1931, and the first pump~spray systems, which are used during fishing, were added around 1935, Beginning about 1939, the - design of the hull was altered to allow more freeboard forward, The 1948 fishing fleet was comprisedof 32 FIGURE 3 - A TYPICAL SAMPAN-TYPE FISHING BOAT USED IN THE boats that fished exclu= HAWAI1AN SKIPJACK FISHERY. sively for skipjack, Of these, 21 boats were based dt Honolulu; 4, on the island of Maui; and 7, on the is- land of Hawaii, In addition to the regular fleet, there were a number of small boats that operated seasonally from various ports throughout the islands, FISHING BOATS AND CREWS The present-day Hawaiian skipjack boats have evolved from the Japanese sampan~ type tuna boats which were introduced in these waters around 1900, Various modifi~ cations in design have given rise to a distinct type of vessel adapted to local needs and conditions, These boats have a high narrow bow, with moderate free- board aft, and vary from 29 to 92 feet over-all (figure 2), The majority of the boats in the fleet are from 70 to 88 feet in length, with a beam of from 13 to 16 feet, They are powered by Diesel engines of either the slow- speed, heavy-duty type, ranging from 135 to 250 h.p. or of the high-speed type, ranging from 165 to © 330 h.p, The general fea- tures of this type of ves= SU NFISH: :. sel are shown in figures HONOLULU : 3 and 4 These boats are com- FIGURE 4 - DECK ARRANGEMENT OF A TYPICAL SKIPJACK FISHING pletely decked and fitted BOAT, KEWALO BASIN, HONOLULU. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 2 with a pilothouse and flying bridge amidships, The engine roam and a low trunk cabin are forward, with sleeping quarters for the crew provided in the forecastle and the pilothouse, The boats are equipped with radio, but only a few have adequate navigae tional equipment to permit long-range sea trips, There are from 2 to 6 live~bait wells fitted below the main deck abaft the engine room, Only two of the boats in the fleet are equipped with pump=circulating systems in the bait wells, On the remaining vessels, circulation is provided by a series of screened holes along the bottom of the well which allow sea water to enter when the boats are underway, If bait is care ried aboard these vessels while lying at anchor in quiet water, it is necessary for the crews to rock the boats to insure proper circulation in the well; however, on boats that have pumps installed for fraining the bait wells, the pumps are used to circulate water in the wells when hove to under these conditions, A sponson extends along both sides of the after deck and across the stern, It is from 35 to 4 feet wide and is raised about 2 feet above deck, Storage space is provided here for food and water, The sponson usually also houses a gasoline stove, since very few of the boats have any sort of galley. The skiff is lashed along the starboard side of the raised trunk cabin, These boats are equipped with a series of nozzles spaced at 4«foot intervals across the stern and along the after port and starboard gunwales through which sea water is pumped during fishing, It is claimed that the spray excites the skipjack into biting; in addition, the spray may also serve to screen the boat and movements of the fishermen, Stowage for the catch is provided in the bait wells as they are emptied of bait during fishing, Since most boats operate on daily runs out of port, refrigeration is not essential, However, an ice load of about 3,000 pounds is usually carried to insure preserving the catch should a fishing trip last several days, The total car- rying capacities of the boats vary fram about 10 to 30 tons, The crews of the skipjack boats are predominantly of Japanese extraction, ‘the larger boats in the fleet maintain crews of from 9 to 13 men, while some of the smaller boats employ crews of only 3 or 4, The crew consists of a captain, an engineer, and the fishermen, Usually one of the more experienced members of the fishing crew does the chunming, Fishing is done on a share basis, ‘The crews are usually paid at the end of each week, after operating expenses, such as fuel, oil, and ice, have been deducted from the gross, The boat owner's share is 30 percent; the captain receives a 5 per= cent bonus, and the remaining 65 percent is divided equally among the crew, Food expenses for the fishing trip are usually deducted from the crew's share, with all other than the above mentioned expenses being paid by the boat owner, FISHING GEAR The gear used for catching skipjack consists of a bamboo pole, to which is at= tached a length of line bearing a hook at its end, The poles, the largest of which are from 25 to 3 inches in diamster at the butt, vary from % to 15 feet in length, The shorter poles are generally used for iysmaybars fish weighing over 20 pounds, while the longer pOles are used for catching fish of smaller size, A small loop of linen is seized to the upper end of the pole, to which is fastened a 6to 12-foot length of line, The line is fabricated by hand by twisting together 2 strands of size 40=3 or 50-3 Irish linen thread, with from 5 to 10 threads to a strand, Al2- to 16-inch February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 4 sength of galvanized or piano-wire leader, which bears the hook, is attached to the lower end of the line, The leader is fastened by a short length of linen line in such a manner that it maybe rapidly — , . removed and changed during fishing, A 2-inch loop of linen line at the lower end of the leader provides for attachment of the hook, Galvanized barbless hooks are used in various sizes to suit the size of fish taken, A plain hook is used for fishing with live bait when the skipjack will not take - the more commonly used artificial jig or striker, The jig consists of a hook, the shank of which is embedded in tubular lead or brass, Various colored feathers or threads are added to make an attractive lure, A bit of dried "mahimahi" (Coryphaena hippurus) skin or a short length of quill is fastened around the base of feathers to prevent fraying, Hooks of vari- Ous types are shown in figure 5, BAIT BAIT SPECIES: Live bait is : essential in pole-and-line fish= FIGURE 5 - VARIOUS HOOKS USED IN THE HAWAIIAN SKI P- ing for skipjack, Several dif- JACK FISHERY. THE UPPER JIG 1S AN IMPORTED JAPA- NESE HOOK. THE BARE HOOK AT LEFT CENTER IS USED ferent types of small fish are WHEN FISHING WITH LIVE BAIT. THE REMAINING TWO used, depending upon their avail- JIGS ARE OF THE TYPES MOST COMMONLY USED. ability, The most common bait fish in Hawaiian waters is a small anchovy, with the local name "nehu," (Engraulis purpureus Fowler), It is a small omnivorous shore fish that occurs in schools over sand and mud bottoms in most of the larger bays and inlets that fringe the coastlines, It appears to have a rather short life cycle and grows to a maximum length of about 3 inches, This species is preferred above all others by the skipjack fishermen be~ cause, in addition to its good survival qualities in the bait wells, it character- istically "schools up" close to the boat when scattered as chum, Furthermore, nehu are not overly active in the water, and for this reason, the skipjack do not strike the hooks excessively hard in response to the chum, Nehu comprise about 95 percent of the total bait catch in the Territory (table 1), The second most important species used for live bait is a member of the silver-= sides family, to which belongs the jack smelt and the grunion found off the Pacific Coast of the United States, This bait fish is known locally as "iao" (Atherina insularum Jordan and Evermann), and although it is not as abundant in this locality as the nehu, it is a mch hardier bait and is readily taken by the skipjack, Many fishermen claim, however, that because of the larger size of the iao, it is not as suitable for bait as the nehu, Several members of the herring family (Spratelloides delicatulus Bennett, locally called "piha" and Etrumeus micropis Schlegel, called "makiawa"), when obtainable, are also utilized, 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 2 Table 1 - Live Bait Fish Catch in Boxes+/ Taken by the Skipjack Boats, Terri- tory of Hawaii, 7 Species Psi T aw Nehu Hawaii Kauai Molokai Lanai ther Bait Fish All Islands M7 USUALLY 6 BUCKETS OF BAIT ARE PLACED IN EACH BAIT WELL WHICH IS CALLED A BOX. (A BUCKET MAY CONTAIN ANYWHERE FROM 25 TO 75 PERCENT FISH BY VOLUME. (SEE TEXT, PP. 10 AND 12) SOURCE: BASED ON CATCH RECORDS OF THE TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME. ROG AMES eiclelolololeterelelelolelslelololelelelololelcicleleiclelslchelelalolclolelalclclelelell BAIT FISHING GROUNDS: While the above bait species are generally distributed throughout the main islands in the Hawaiian group, the relative abundance of the different species in various localities is limited by the habitats of suitable types available to them, The principal bait grounds on the island of Oahu are Kaneohe Bay, Pearl Harbor, and the Ala Wai Canal, with secondary areas located at Heeia, Waikane, and Waialua, The boats operating in the waters adjacent to the island of Hawaii obtain the bulk of their bait in Hilo Bay, Kawaihae Bay, and Kalihi, ‘The chief bait grounds off Maui are Kehei Bay, and Maalaea Bay, while along the coast of Molokai, Kaunakakai is the only area worthy of note, Minor bait grounds also occur at Nawili- wili Bay and at Hanapepe Bay off the island of Kauai, Kanoehe Bay is the most consistently employed baiting ground of all, Between 50 and 60 percent of the total annual nehu catch is taken from this area alone, Al- though seasonal fluctuations in abundance occur, both nehu and iao, as well as the other species mentioned, can be taken here throughout almost the entire year, Pearl Harbor supports considerable quantities of both nehu and iao, but baiting operations in this area have been restricted by various Naval regulations, and for this reason, it has not been visited by the skipjack boats as often as some of the other areas, The available bait supply in the main Hawaiian islands is not greatly in ex=- cess of the needs of the present fleet, and any great increase in the number of live- bait fishing boats using these baiting grounds isa not to be expected, Hence, much eXpansion and development of the live-bait fishery for skipjack in these waters would require that bait be obtained from other regions, Such areas as those adjacent to French Frigate Shoals and other islands in the leeward chain may prove to be substan- tial baiting grounds, Jao, for example, are known to occur in quantities at times in the vicinity of French Frigate Shoals (Smith and Schaefer, 19/9; Eckels, 1949). Other species suitable for use as live bait have also been captured in the same area, METHODS OF CAPTURE: Lift nets are used at night for catching nehu and piha, The nets are from 15 to 25 fathoms long and about 12 fathoms deep, The dimensions and rigging of a net of this type are shown in figure 6, This gear is operated in combination with a submarine light which is used to attract the fish as the fish- ing boat lies at anchor over the bait grounds, ‘The light is attached to the end of a pole and supported about 20 feet out from the port side of the boat, To pre- vent the light from splashing and possibly frightening the fish as the boat rolls, the globe is hung several feet below the surface of the water. The light is turned on about dark, and it is usually left on until about an hour before daybreak when a bait haul is made, If bait is especially plentiful, the net may be set whenever oW COMNERCIAL FISHERIES REV February 1951 ONIHSI4 WOVFdINS HOS Liiva VIINVW 2/1 “ HS3W 2/1 1 30IM 2) ONILLAN 3SANVdVP-HS3W , v/1 SNIYNLdvI YO4 g3sn 1L3N 1417 9 3YuNDI4 NO1L109 ‘VIO ,8/I NOLLOO ‘VIO ,91/S NOLLO9 ‘VIO B/E 9NO7 ‘13 08 9NOT ‘14 06 J3NIT 1VOT4 ONOT'i3 2 Sd007 10 COMVERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 2 sufficient numbers of fish have been attracted by the light, Frequently, a rheostat is used to dim the light shortly before netting operations begin, This technique causes the bait to concentrate more compactly around the light, and it also serves to screen the movement of the net in the water, In making a bait haul, the net is paid out from the net skiff, One end of the cork line is secured to the port side of the stern of the fishing boat, The crew aboard the skiff pay the net out as the skiff is moved perpendicularly to the port side of the fishing boat, When the net is completely paid out, the skiff is turned parallel to the fishing boat, and the erew aboard the skiff then pull the lead line and the rib lines as the skiff moves along the outer edge of the net, Meanwhile, aboard the fishing boat, the lead line is pulled from the bow and made fast, as are the rib lines, At a signal from the captain, the net is pulled on both the skiff and the fishing boat, As the net is "dried up," the fish are pocketed between the boat and the skiff, The light is turned out just before brailing begins, and the fish are transferred from the bag of the net to the bait wells aboard the fishing boat, The fish are dipped out of the net with a bucket by one man standing in the skiff. Lifting the bucket from the water, he passes it to a second man standing along the gunwale of the fishing boat where it is taken by the next man standing over the bait well, The bucket with the fish is completely immersed in the water in the well before it is emptied and the fish liberated, A similar chain of men return the buckets to the man brailing from the skiff, Every precaution is taken to avoid injury to the fish, Often the amount of bait caught during night fishing is not sufficient for the trip to sea, In this event, an attempt is made to supplement the catch with iao, This species is captured with surround nets during the daytime, since it does not respond to the artificial light at night as do the nehu and piha, The surround nets used for capturing "day bait" differ considerably from the night nets, both in construction and in operation, While there are many variations in the dimensions of these nets, they are generally about 80 fathoms long and 4 fathoms deep, with a fairly deep bunt, The details and dimensions of a net of this type are shown in figure 7. A net skiff with an outboard motor attached is generally used for setting the surround net in waters over 1 or 2 fathoms deep, When a school of bait fish has been located, the net is paid out from the skiff as the skiff encircles the school, When the set is completed, the two ends of the net are pulled aboard the skiff, One of the fishermen holds the junction of the two ends of the lead line together to prevent the fish from escaping alongside the skiff, while five or six fishermen, wearing goggles, dive down and work the lead line over the bottom and thus keep the net from becoming snagged, When the net is sufficiently "dried up," the bait is brailed from the pocket of the net into a bait compartment built in the center of the skiff, The skiff then proceeds to the fishing boat where the bait is transe ferred to the bait wells, In the event that bait is caught close to the anchored fishing boat, the net with the captured fish is towed directly to the boat where the fish are brailed from the net into the wells, Since many of the baiting areas are over shallow coral=-studded bottoms, it is often necessary for the fishing boat to anchor at a considerable distance from the scene of baiting operations, When fishing in shallow waters close inshore, the surround net is operated in the sams manner as a beach seine, and the captured bait is transported to the fishing boat by means of the bait skiff, Bait is measured by the "bucket," The number and weight of fish per bucket varies considerably due to differences in bucket sizes and the concentration of February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW COTTON FLOATS SPACED ABOUT 3" | FOOT APART. 7 COTTON nl * = COTTON a c * 3 wesu '6 JAPANESE MINNOW NETTING 5 8 MANILA FIGURE 7 - SURROUND NET USED FOR CAPTURING BAIT FOR SKIPJACK FISHING. itil 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wes so We, 2 bait in the net at the time of brailing, A bucket may contain anywhere from 25 to 75 percent fish by volume; hence any estimate of the amount of bait taken by the skipjack fleet is but a rough measure of the catch, Usually 6 buckets of bait are placed in each bait well which is called a "box," Since the size of the bait wells and the circulation therein vary considerably from boat to boat, the bait capacity of the wells, therefore, show considerable variation, so anywhere from 4 to 8 buckets may be a "box" depending on the particular vessel, FISHING METHODS Since the skipjack is a schooling fish, its presence may be detected in several ways, Schools may be encountered where the fish are finning or jumping at the sur- face, Breezing schools, which give the appearance of wind disturbance or a tide rip on the surface, are seldom seen in this area because of prevailing rough sea condi tions, The presence of a school is most often revealed by flocks of sea birds "work= ing" above the fish, Generally speaking, large numbers of birds flying low over the surface of the water and continually diving as if feeding are an indication of fish, An expertenced skipjack fisherman is able to distinguish by the activity ofthe birds whether a school of fish is worth any fishing effort, Moreover, once having located a school, he can usually anticipate the movements and behavior of the fish, The sea birds for which the Hawaiian fishermen are ever on the look out include frigate birds, the Hawaiian and noddy terns, and gannets, In these waters skipjack are very seldom encountered together with schools of porpoise as is common off the coast of Central America, The Hawaiian technique of fishing for skipjack is somewhat different from that employed by the American and Japanese tuna fishermen. When a school of fish has been located, the boat circles the fish in an attempt to cross in front of the school, As the boat approaches the school, the engine is throttled down, and the captain takes up a position in the stern of the boat, where he maneuvers the boat by means of a tiller, Si+ IMultaneously, the spray ap= pratus is turned on and the chummer begins throwing bait overboard, Using a small dip net, he scatters the chum over the surface ‘ # of the water a few fish at FIGURE 8 - SKIPJACK FISHING. A SCHOOL OF FISH HAS BEEN a time, If the fish are CHUMMED CLOSE TO THE BOAT AND THE FISH ARE JUST COMMENCING iting and rush in to take TO BITE. pes the chum, bait is thrown m more rapidly in an effort to bring the skipjack up close to the stern of the boat, The fishermen take their fishing positions and move the jigs across the surface in short arcs to simulate living fish, The older and more experienced fishermen sta- tion themselves along the stern where fishing is usually best, while younger members of the crew take positions along the gunwales (figure 8). Suddenly the first fish strikes, Each fisherman braces himself for the onrush of fish, The base of the pole rests against a denim pad hung in front of the groin, The left hand grips the pole and the right hand is free, When a fish strikes, the right hand quickly grasps February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 the base of the pole, and the fisherman leans back and down, utilizing the initial speed of the fish to lift it out of the water and swing it toward the boat, As the fish hurtles through the air, the fisherman catches it under his left arm, and with the pole supported across his right forearm, he removes the hook withhis right hand and drops the fish on deck behind him as the jig goes back into the water ready for the next fish, The practice of catching a fish under the arm is 4 matter of neces~ sity with the local fishermen, since the limited amount of deck space on the sampans prevent flipping the hooked fish aboard, This technique demands the utmost skill and agility on the part of the fisherman, especially when fish are large and there is a heavy sea running, The fishermen may often change poles during fishing, Generally, the short heavier poles are used when the fishing first begins and the fish are biting contin uously, but as the fishing slackens or the larger fish lag behind, the fishermen switch to the longer poles and use the most attractive jigs in their repertory, Be- cause of the difficulty of landing large fish when the long poles are used, the less experienced fishermen gaff the fish for those doing the fishing, The technique by which two or more poles are attached to a single hook is never practiced by the local fishermen; however, the fishermen often assist one another in landing large fish by using the tips of the poles to support the pole bearing a hooked fish, The actual fishing time is usually of relatively short duration, The schools encountered in these waters will stay with the boat for a period varying from a few minutes to half an hour, If the fish suddenly stop biting, and the school is large, a second run may be made on the school; however, if the fish will not bite on the second attempt, the school is usually abandoned, Oftentimes, the schools encountered will not respond to the chum, or the fish may take the live bait readily but will not touch a hook, At such times, the boat moves on in search of another school, When the last fish has been brought aboard, the catch is stowed in one of the empty bait wells, The deck is scrubbed down, and the boat sets off in search of another school, FISHING AREAS AND SEASONS The operations of the Hawaiian skipjack fleet are largely confined to the waters immediately adjacent to the main islands, In the past, lack of proper navigational equipment and adequate refrigeration has limited the extension of the fishery into the more distant offshore waters, It has been only during the 1949 season that sev~ eral of the boats installed radio direction finders which permitted them to venture farther offshore, Most of the fishing is centered around the island of Oahu, since the bulk of the fleet is based at Honolulu, Moreover, the presence of fish in the surrounding waters and the proximity of the main baiting grounds permit many of the boats to operate on single-day runs out of port, Some of the larger Honolulu boats, however, range as far eastward as the island of Hawaii and as far westward as Kauai and Niihau, The more distant trips usually last from 2 to 3 days, depending on fishe ing success, Hilo boats generally confine fishing operations to the windward side of Hawaii, while Kawaihse boats fish along the leeward coast, Maui boats generally fish in the waters adjacent to Molokai, Maui, and Lanai, The main fishing grounds are shown in figure 9, Weather conditions and information obtained from other boats often influence the fishermen's choice of a particular fishing area, Skipjack are not found in uniform abundance throughout the waters surrounding the main islands, consequently, consider- able time on occasions may be spent in searching for schools of fish, Most of the boats fish throughout the year except for periodic maintenance lay=ups, The winter Vol, 13, No, 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 14 “N3WY3HSIS TVIDN3WNOD AB O31LIWENS NOILVWHOINI 8%61—-9b6I SYSLVM NVIIVAVH NI WOVfdINS YOS SONNOYS ONIHSIS YOPVW - 6) FUNDA fae i ins ins i, a ly, ly Se a fe Le y Z es ie /// February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW We) season is slack, however, as compared with the summer fishery, Unfavorable weather conditions often make it necessary for the fleet to suspend fishing operations dur- ing this period, especially during the month of December, Furthermore, during the winter the fish are less abundant in Hawaiian waters, and the schools are reportedly smaller than those encountered in the summer fishery, The first appearance of the fish marking the beginning of the summer season usually occurs in May, After in- creasing rapidly to a maximum in June or July, the catches drop off gradually (See figure 10), Figure 11 illustrates the season of peak catch, with average monthly catches expressed as percentages of the average annual catches for the three-year period ending with 1948. DISPOSITION OF THE CATCH Since many of the skipjack boats operate on short runs out of port, the fish are oftentimes landed at the dock within a few hours after phey =a been caught (figure 12). The chief port of landing for the skipjack fleet is Honolulu, During the pee summer season, the bulk of the catch is sold [ 1946 to Hawaiian Tuna Packers Ltd, for canning, The plant is located close to the dock where the fish are unloaded and transferred by trucks to the cannery to await processing (figure 13). In addition to the main pack-= ing plant, the cannery also maintains a small subsidiary at Hilo where fish are re~ ceived for shipment to the plant in Hono= lulu, The price paid to the fishermen by the cannery for the fish is based on the prevailing price of. skipjack on the Pacific coast, less a differential approximating shipping costs, THOUSANDS OF POUNDS Only a few of the Honolulu boats sell their catches exclusively to fresh market outlets; however, during the winter months the skipjack landings are not sufficient to keep the cannery in operation, and the fish are then handled by the fresh markets, On most of the other islands, the entire catch is absorbed by the fresh market, The prices received by the fishermen for skipjack going to the fresh market fluctuates with the sup=- ply; generally, however, the average market price is slightly above the prevailing price FIGURE 10 - SKIPUACK LANDINGS BY MONTHS aid by the canne IN THE TERRITORY OF HAWAI!, 1946-40. P oe TYe (DATA OBTAINED FROM THE CATCH RECORDS OF THE TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF FISH AND GAME. ) FUTURE POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHERY There seem to exist excellent possibilities for expansion of the skipjack fish~ ery based on the Hawaiian Islands, Intensive research is underway, both by the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations and other agencies, for exploring and developing the tuna resources of the Central Pacific, Data are presently being gathered for studies of the basic biology of the skipjack, Im addi- tion, exploratory and experimental fishing is also being conducted with the aims of locating potentially productive areas, developing new gear, and improving existing methods and techniques for catching fish, Concomitant with this work, oceanographi- 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Woks By NOs 2 cal surveys are being carried on to correlate with the exploratory findings, The results of such research eventually should lead to a more efficient exploitation of local tuna resources and an extension of the fishery into adjacent geographical regions, The Line Islands and the expanse of islands and shallow-water banks ex~ tending northwestward from Niihau perhaps offer the most promising potential fish ing grounds for immediate expansion, As mentioned previously, the existing bait supply in the Hawaiian Islands is limited, Studies are now in progress to determine the factors in the physiology of the bait species related to handling and transporting them more effectively. In= vestigations with regard to the condition of the local bait fishery for nehu are being conducted by the Uni- versity of Hawaii and the Territorial Division of Fish and Game for the purpose of determining the maximum yield that can be harvested without causing a serious decrease in the local populations, Hope for future expansion also lies in the further ex= tension of bait fishing in FIGURE 11 - LANDINGS OF SKIPJACK IN MONTHLY PERCENTAGES FOR areas which have not been THE 3-YEAR PERIOD ENDING 1948. fished intensively in ree cent years, such as Pearl Harbor and others previously noted, There are also sev= eral areas lying to the northwest of the main island group which have not as yet been extensively exploitated commercially and which offer possibilities for an in-= creased bait supply. PERCENTAGE The local fishing fleet is continually incorporating modern mechanical equip- ment and methods which enable the vessels to venture farther offshore to exploit oceanic fish stocks which otherwise might not be available to the fishery, =iisee _ The installation of pump-circulation ne systems in the bait wells of several of the boats minimize the bait require- - ments (through reduced mortality rates of bait carried in the wells) and thus lead to an increase in profitable fish- ing time, and also allow larger loads of bait to be carried, Radio direc- tion finders are becoming standard equipment on an increasing number of boats, Hence, such vessels are no longer limited. to coastal waters be- cause of inadequate navigational aids, However, other modifications on the present boats would be necessary be- FIGURE 12 - A SKI PJACK CATCH WAITING 1U bE z ea UNLOADED AT KEWALO BASIN, HONOLULU. fore their cruising range could be economically increased to any great extent, For instance, modern refrigeration adequate for holding a catch during ex- tended fishing trips would have to be provided, Further improvement of living ac- commodations aboard the boats would provide greater comfort to the fishermen at aea, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FI There are other considerations which affect the development of the fishery, F in production, adequate facilities for handling the catch must be provided, mands of the fresh market constitute only jack landings, therefore, the greater part of the catch must be processed, In this respect, plans for another tuna canning plant to be located on the island of Kauai have already been formulated, and it is planned that it will be in operation by 1951. Second, there is at present a shortage of fishermen well trained in local fish- ing methods, hence, an increased de= mand for experienced personnel to man additional fishing boats would be even more critical unless additional fish ermen could be trained, or the fishing methods were sufficiently modified to attract experienced fishermen from the U, S, mainland, Third, it is likely that problems would arise with regard to financing any new fishery enter- prises, For example, financing the ownership and operation of a vessel by an without substantial backing from an outsi There are, Of course, many other fac sidered that will effect the future devel SHERIES REVIEW 17 must not be overlooked and which directly irst, should there be a substantial increase The de~ a small portion of the total annual skip- FIGURE 13 - SKIPJACK BEING UNLOADED FROM A SAMPAN FOR TRANSFER TO THE CANNERY, KEWALO BASIN, HONOLULU. individual or group is often difficult de source, tors than those mentioned above to be con= opment of the fishery, It may be pointed out, however, that the general feeling among local interests is that the fishing industry, and particularly the skipjack f ishery, offers opportunities for the Ter= ritory under favorable marketing conditions on the mainland where the major part of the Hawaiian tuna pack must be sold, LITERATURE ANONYMOUS 1938. INVESTIGATIONS“ON FISHING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES /KA! SUISAN CHOSA_/. (TEXT IN JAPANESE). DEPT. AGRI TOKYO, BUR. FISH., PP. 311-19. BECKLEY, EMMA M. P 1883. HAWAIIAN FISHERIES AND METHODS OF FISHING. ADVERT! STEAM PRINT, PP. 1-21. BREDER, C. M. 1929. FIELD BOOK OF MARINE FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST F LABRADOR TO TEXAS. G,. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, N. Y., 332 P. COBB, JOHN N 1903. THE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. U. S. FISH-COMM., VOL. 23, PT. 2, PP. 717-65. DAY, FRANCIS 1875-78. THE FISHES OF INDIA. LONDON, 778 P., 198 PLS. FOWLER, HENRY W. 1944, RESULTS OF THE FIFTH GEORGE VANDERBUILT EXPEDITION. ACAD. MONOGR. NO. 6, PP. 349, 373-74, 498. NAT. SCI., GODSIL, H. C. AND R. D. BYERS 1944. A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE PACIFIC TUNAS. CALIF. DI FISH AND GAME, FISH BUL. 60, PP. 1-131. GUNTHER, ALBERT 1860. CATALOGUE OF FISHES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON, VOL. 2, PP. 1-548. CITED HATA!, SHINKISH! ET AL 1941, A SYMPOSIUM ON THE INVESTIGATION OF TUNA AND SOUTH SEA SCI. 1, PP. 64-75. GAI SKIPJACK SPAWNING GROUNDS. ZKAGAKU NANYO_/, VOL. .4, NO. HERRE, ALBERT SER 1940. DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACKEREL-LIKE FISHES iN THE WESTERN PACIFIC NORTH OF THE EQUATOR, PROC. 6TH PAC, SCI. CONG., VOL. 3, PP. 211-15. ROM | HORNELL, JAMES 1936, THE CANOES OF POLYNESIA, FiJl, AND MICRONESIA CANOES OF OCEANIA BY A. C. HADDON AND J. HOR- NELL. 68. P. BISHOP MUS., VOL. 1, SPEC. PUB. 27, PP. 1-454, BUL. |MAMURA, YUTAKA 1949, THE SKIPJACK FISHERY: THE TEXT OF THE FISHERY ZSUISAN KOZA_/, FISHING SEC., VOL. 6, PP. 17- 94. KISHINOUYE, KAMAKICHI 1923. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SO-CALLED SCOMBROID FISHES. JOUR. COLL. AGRI., TOKYO IMP. UNIV., VOL. 8, NO. 3, PP, 293-475, FIGS, A-Z, PLS. 13-33. OUTLINE OF STUDIES OF THE PLECOSTE! (TUNA Vv. 1926. AN AND SKIPJACK) IN 1925, SUISAN GAKKAI HO, VOL. 4, NO. 3, PP. 125-37. LAMONTE, FRANCESCA 1945, NORTH AMERICAN GAME FISHES. DOUBLEDAY DORAN, N. Y. 202 P., 73 PLS. 18 _ COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Moly Ugh Nose2 MATSUI, KIZO SCHAEFER, MILNER G. AND J. C. MARR 1942, ON THE GONADS OF SKIPJACK FROM PALAO WATERS. 1948. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC SOUTH SEA SCI. ZKAGAKU NANYO_/, VOL. 5, NO. 1, TUNAS. U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, PP. 117-22. FISH. BUL. 44, PP. 187-206. ROEDEL, PHIL M. SHAPIRO, SIDNEY 1948. COMMON MARINE FISHES OF CALIFORNIA. CALIF. DIV. 1948. THE JAPANESE TUNA FISHERIES. US. FISH AND FISH AND GAME, FISH BUL., 68, PP. 3-142. WILDLIFE SERVICE, F. L. 297, PP. 5-60. SERVENTY, D. L. SUYEHIRO, YASUO 1941. THE AUSTRALIAN TUNAS. COUNCIL SCI. IND. RES., 1938. THE STUDY OF FINDING THE REASONS WHY BONITO DOES PAMPH. 104, 48 P., 4 PLS. NOT TAKE TO THE ANGLING-BAITS (TEXT IN’ JAPAN- ESE WITH ENGLISH ABSTRACT). JOUR. IMP. FISH FXP. STA., NO. 9, PP. 85-101. ALBACORF TUNA EXPLORATION IN ALASKAN AND ADJACENT WATERS--|949 Albacore, the white-meat tuna, has been fished commercially in California waters for many years, but only in the past decade has the industry been established in Oregon and Washington, In 1948, the conm- mercial range was extended to waters off the Canadian coast, The 1949 exploration of the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service's exploratory vessel | Oregon was undertaken with the view of studying albacore movements in the northeastern Pacific and the possibility of establishing a tuna fishery in Alaskan waters, Albacore were taken by the Oregon on trolled jigs during August and September in scattered areas from the Washington coast to the Welker Seamount, 300 miles offshore from Dixon Entrance, However, large schools, such as were present off the British Columbia coast in 1948, were not found in 1949, indicating possible annual variationin migration pattern, Surface water temperatures were correlated with the appearance of albacore; fish were caught in waters as cold as 56,89 F,, but best fish- ing was found at temperatures between 58° and 61° I Stomach analysis indicated that in the northeastern Pacific tuna feed almost solely on plankton and small fish, Euphausiids ("red feed") and small rockfish constituted the bulk of their diet, Methods of lo- cating concentrationsof these foodorganisms would probably be of benefit to the fishery, From the experiences of 1949, it appears that obtaining live bait (anchovies, pilchards, etc,) is a very serious problem for the bait boats, and may at times prove even more difficult than finding the alba- core, Although carrying live bait on two occasions, the Oregon did not locate large schools of tuna affording opportunity for its use, --Fishery Leaflet 376 February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON QUALITY OF FROZEN FISH FILLETS By S. R. Pottinger ABSTRACT VERY LITTLE DEFINITE !1NFORMATION OR ACTUAL DATA CAN BE FOUND IN SUPPORT OF THE MUCH=REPEATED STATEMENT THAT FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES HARM THE QUALITY OF FROZEN FOODS, BECAUSE OF THE NEED FOR THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION FOR FISH, A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON FISH QUALITY WAS INITIATED AT VHE COLLEGE PARK (MARYLAND)> FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY OF THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. A TOTAL OF APPROXIMATELY SOO SAMPLES OF CELLOPHANE=-WRAPPED Scr 2s) AND Shi MACKEREL FILLETS WERE HELD AT CONSTANT voulh Sop 8S OF -109, 0° AND 15° F., AND AT TEMPERATURES FLUCTUATING BETWEEN -10° AND 0°, AND BETWEEN 0? AND 150” F. AT CYCLES OF ONE, THREE, AND FOUR DAYS FOR VARIOUS LOTS. THE STRIPED BASS FILLETS HELD AT -109 F, AND O° F. REMAINED IN A SATIS~ FACTORY COND! TON oe 8 TO 9 MONTHS, WHILE 3 MONTHS WAS THE LIMIT OF THEIR STORAGE LIFE AT 15 e. THE BOSTON MACKEREL FILLETS HAD A STORAGE LIFE OF AROUT TWO MONTHS AT 750 F., AND APPROXIMATELY TWICE THAT TIME AT -100 F. AND AS BASED ON PALATABILITY SCORES, VOLATILE ACID NUMBERS, "DRIP" DETERMI - NATIONS, AND VISUAL EXAMINATIONS, THERE WAS NO ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF FROZEN FISH FILLETS DUE TO FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES IN THE TEMPER- ATURE RANGES COVERED IN THESE EXPERIMENTS. THE AVERAGE STORAGE TEMPERATURE ENCOUNTERED DURING THE FLUCTUATIONS WOULD SEEM MORE LIKELY TO BE THE DECIDING FACTOR. INTRODUCTION In many articles dealing with the storage of frozen foods, considerable empha- sis has been placed on the need for keeping foods at a constant storage temperature at all times. That such a condition is very difficult and often impossible to sat- isfy is quite obvious when some of the problems connected with the maintenance of constant temperatures are considered. Some of the causes of fluctuationsare: using storage rooms for freezing; overloading of the refrigeration equipment; power fail- ure; equipment breakdowns; improper setting of control devices; transferring frozen products from one storage room to another; and transporting frozen products from producer to consumer. Considering the number of opportunities for the temperature to change, it is quite possible that some products may undergo a series of fluctu-— ations in temperature before reaching the ultimate consumer. Very little definite information or actual data can be found in support of the much-repeated statement that fluctuating temperatures harm the quality of frozen foods. In many cases, the statement is undoubtedly based on hearsay and has been passed along for many years. Very often, the statement is based on a theoretical estimation of the effect of temperature changes on the increase and decrease in vapor pressure and its effect on the water transfer in the stored product. This would supposedly affect the rate of desiccation and size of ice crystals. CHEMIST, FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK, MD. 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Joslyn (1932), Finnegan (1938), Plagge (1938), Guest (1939) and Christensen (1945) stressed the need for constant storage temperatures but did not give data. Taylor (1932) stated that the maintenance of constant storage temperatures is highly important. But he further qualified his statement by noting that conclusions are commonly drawn from readings of fluctuating air temperatures in the storage space and that the only temperature fluctuation that has any effect on fish is that in the fish itself. He further mentioned that a considerable period of time is re— quired to change the temperature of the mass of fish in storage, but no data are given. On the other hand, Woodroof and Shelor (1947) gave data showing that more rapid deterioration of fruits occurred at a storage temperature fluctuating from 0° to 10° F., than at a constant temperature of 10° F. Shrewsbury, et al, (1942) presented considerable data indicating that temper- ature fluctuations between 4.5° and —15° F. caused no adverse changes in pork. Hustrulid and Winter (1943), working with fruits, vegetables, and meats, found that a constant storage temperature was not important if the product was properly selected, prepared, and packaged, and if the storage temperature was below 59 F. Gortner, et al, (1948) suggested that their data indicated that the quality of frozen foods was not seriously impaired by temperature fluctuation, with the possible exception of that due to a desiccating effect. Hustrulid, Winter, and Noble (1949) studied the effect of temperature fluctuations in the range 0° to -10° F. on the quality of beans, strawberries, beef, and pork. There was no evidence that growth of icecrys- tals caused greater cell destruction due to fluctuating temperature. These workers believed that the effects of a fluctuating storage temperature, per se, on frozen foods were not important below 0° F. for color, flavor, texture, or nutritive value. The need for good packaging materials was stressed, however. As with other products, it has been a generally-accepted and frequently—re-— peated statement that fluctuating freezer storage temperatures are detrimental to the quality of frozen fish. There are, however, very few, if any, data in thelit- erature to support this idea. Because of the need for information of this type for fish, a study of the effect of fluctuating storage temperatures on the quality of fish was initiated at the College Park (Maryland) Fishery Technological Laboratory of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. PREPARATION OF SAMPLES Two varieties of fish were used in the tests. Striped bass or rockfish (Roccus saxatilis) was chosen as being representative of a non-fatty type of fish. Since the fat in fish is very susceptible to oxidation and often undergoes rapid changes during frozen storage, a fatty type of fish was included ami was represented by Boston mackerel (Scomber scombrus). The striped bass were obtained from a nearby packing house and had been out of the water less than one-half day when brought to the laboratory. The Boston mackerel were taken directly from the boat in Boston and shipped immediately by railway express, and the shipment arrived at the College Park laboratory on the following day. Both varieties of fish were filleted upon arrival at thelaboratory The fillets were washed thoroughly in tap water and allowed to drain. They were then placed in a chilled room with a temperature of 35° F. Wrapping of the fillets was started as soon as possible, and only a few fillets were taken from the chilled room at a time. Fillets of each variety of fish taken at random were wrapped in pairs inmois— ture-vaporproof cellophane. They were weighed before and after wrappinge A tightly February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 applied druggist's wrap was used on half of each lot of fillets. The other half of each lot was wrapped so as to permit large air spaces to remain in the packages ir order to determine whether fluctuations in temperature caused increased moisture loss and cavity ice or frost formation within the package. All packages were im- mediately placed individually on freezer plates in a room at a temperature of —15° F. and held there for approximately two days. An equal number of packages of both varieties of fish, in tight and loose wraps, were placed in storage at the following temperatures: -—10°; 0°; fluctuating between 0° and -10°; 15°; and fluctuating between 0° and 15° F. As planned origi- nally, fluctuations in temperature were to occur every four days by moving the fil- lets from the one temperature to the other. After the first month of storage, it was apparent that the mackerel would havea relatively short storage life. Therefore, it was decided to subject various mackerel samples to additional fluctuations in temperature in order not to discard a large number of unused samples because of poor quality; consequently, fluctuations at three-day and one-day intervals were also maintained as far as possible. But the striped bass fillets were subjected to the four-day cycle only. A sufficient number of packages were prepared to make the required number of examinations at monthly intervals. Over the entire storage life of the products, two and, in a number of cases, three examinations each on different packages were made. EXAMINATION OF SAMPLES At monthly intervals, two separate packages each of striped bass and mackerel (in a number of instances three separate packages of mackerel) fillets were removed from storage and weighed before and after removing the wrapper. Each package con— tained two complete fillets. After noting the condition of the frozen fillets, portions from each fillet were taken for palatability tests, determination of "drip" or quantity of liquid that separates upon thawing, and at less frequent intervals, determination of volatile acid numbers. The last is a chemical test sometimes used as an indication of relative freshness of fish. Taste characteristics in particular were noted in determining quality since flavor is a deciding fattor as to whether a product is in salable condition. Palatability tests were made by a panel consisting of 4 or 5 members of the laboratory staff who were experienced in this type of test. Scores were based on appearance, flavor, and texture of the product. A sample receiving a weighted score below 85 was considered unacceptable. In preparing the fillets for the test, they were thawed at room temperature, brushed lightly with vegetable oil, and baked in a preheated oven at a temperature of 500° F. for 10 to 12 minutes, depending on the size and thickness of the fillets. The quantity of "drip" which formed upon thawing of the fillets was determined as follows: The frozen fillet was weighed and then placed upon a coarse-meshed wire screen inside of a rectangular-shaped glass dish. The screen was raised slightly above the bottom of the dish so as to permit drainage of the fillet. A sheet ofmoisture- vaporproof celophane was placed over the top of the dish and taped in place inorder to retard loss of moisture from the fillet. After approximately four and one-half hours at room temperature, the thawed fillet was removed, blotted lightly with a paper towel and weighed. The loss in weight represented the "drip." 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Volatile acid numbers were determined by the method of Hilligand Clark (1938). RESULTS The discussion of the results will be limited to those for the tight-fitting packages, unless otherwise noted, since loose-fitting packages are never to be re- commended for use in frozen food storage and were included in these tests only in an attempt to show differences in weight loss and cavity ice formation which might occur as a result of fluctuating storage temperatures. Table 1 -— Average of Two Palatability Scores for Tightly-Wrapped riped Bass FilletsStored at Various Temperatures Palatability Scorel/ --Storage Period in Months—- G27) |S OMaRES -10° F, 90 Fluctuating between -10° F. and O F. at four-day intervals = = © G15 Slo Sim alo dISG 6 ive} oO 8 0° F. at four-day intervals (es) 1 94 | 84 | 81 9 95 | 77 | 77 1/THE PALATABILITY SCORE WAS CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS: THE FILLET WAS SCORED ON THE BASIS OF 1 TO 10 POINTS EACH FOR APPEARANCE, FLAVOR, AND TEXTURE. THE FLAVOR SCORE WAS DOUBLED 'N ORDER TO GIVE ADDITIONAL WEIGHT TO THIS FACTOR. THE MEAN AS A PERCENT OF THESE SCORES RESULTED IN THE PALATABILITY SCORE. A SAMPLE WITH A SCORE BELOW 85 WAS CONSIDERED UN- ACCEPTABLE. 89 86 ee 87 37 | ba os O | 97 | 86 85 BF 80 ey 77 OEE & 0 o]O ro The average palatability scores for the striped bass fillets are given in table 1. The tightly-wrapped products held at constant temperatures of —10° and O° F., and at temperatures fluctuating between these two points received satis— factory and nearly identical scores at the end of eight months of storage. After nine months of storage, the samples stored under this fluctuating temperature range received the same score as those held at a constant temperature of -10° F. Atthis time, the samples held at a constant temperature of 0° F. were not considered sat- isfactory. All of these striped bass samples, in the raw state, were generally satisfac— tory in appearance until after the tenth month of storage. Slight, though almost negligible, surface desiccation occurred at that time on the samples in all three lots. A slight fishy odor was noted at the examination after eight months, and this increased somewhat after each succeeding month. The color was not as bright as that of fresh fillets but was commercially satisfactory. After only four months of storage at 15° F., the striped bass fillets failed to receive an acceptable score. At the same time, those undergoing temperature fluctuations between 15° and 0° F. were still acceptable. No noticeable surface desiccation had occurred in either lot at this time, and the odor and appearance of the uncooked fillets were satisfactory. The early low palatability scores noted were attributable mainly to adverse changes in flavor and texture. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 The palatability Table 2 - Average of Two scores for the Boston Tightly-Wrapped and Loosely-wrapped Packages of Boston mackerel fillets are Mackerel Fillets Stored at Various Tempe given in table 2. On Storage Temperature Te, ry S oO four-day intervals: Between -10° and O° F, Between 0° and 15° F, Fluctuating at three-day intervals: Between -10° and 0° F, Between 0° and 15° F. one-day intervals: Between -10° and 0° F, 98 5 Tight | 97 Loose 98 96 the basis of these scores, there was no apparent deterioration of quality due to fluc- tuating storage temper- atures. The scores for the samples undergoing temperature changes be- tween —10° and 0° F., irrespective of the rate of fluctuation, did not differ greatly from those for samples held at a constant temper— ature of -10° and acon- stant temperature of 0° F. In the case of the samples subjected to temperature fluctu- ations between 0° and 15° F., thescores dur- ing the first and sec-> ond months of storage do not signify any greater deterioration in quality than those for the fillets held Between 0° and 15° F, at a constant temper- ature of 15° F. This DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF STORAGE, THESE SAMPLES WERE SUBJECTED is also substantially TO TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AT FOUR-DAY INTERVALS. THE PALATA- | true for thethird and BILITY SCORES FOR THIS, PERIOD ARE GIVEN IN THE GROUP FLUCTUATING AT FOUR-DAY INTERVALS." (SEE NOTE TO TABLE 1 FOR METHOD used in| fourth ea eet CALCULATING PALATABILITY SCORE). the scores at this time were too low to be ac-— ceptable. In regard to the condition of the mackerel fillets prior to being cooked, those held at -10° F. had only a slightly rancid odor at the end of the five-month storage period. However, a slight fishy odor became apparent in some samples at the endof two months of storage and became stronger as the storage period progressed. Slight darkening of the flesh occurred after the third month. The color was not too at- tractive after that time. No "rusting" (extreme discoloration of the fat due to oxidation) was apparent in any of the samples. _ Some of the mackerel fillets held at 0° F. had a slightly rancid odor at the examination after the third month and some darkening in color had occurred, though no "rusting" was apparent. This was true also, in general, for the fillets under- going fluctuations in temperature between -10° and 0° F, The fillets held at 15° and at temperatures fluctuating between 0° and 15° F. were slightly rancid after the second month of storage and were showing signs of 2h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 a yellow discoloration. After further storage, the rancidity became very pronounced and extreme "rusting" and discoloration occurred. On the basis of these tests, mackerel fillets appeared to have a storage life of about two months at 15° F. and approx-— imately twice this life at the lower temperatures included in the tests. Table 3 = Volatile Acid Numbers for Tightly-Wrapped Packages of Striped Bass and Boston Mackerel Fillets Stored at Various Temperatures Volatile Acid Number Boston Striped Bass | Mackerel Fillets Fillets eo Storage Period in Months .e.. ai ee ee eT Storage emperature -10° and 0° F. at Volatile acid four-day intervals numbers, a chemical index used to some extent for express— ing relative fresh- four-day intervals ness of fish ona : 5? Fs Lie Be numerical basis, were determined at intervals for both varieties of fillets. These values increase as freshness decreases. Table 3 shows relative values for the different lots after storage for various periods. Although the results cannot be considered statistically significant, they are interesting since they roughly follow the trend shown by the palatability scores. The volatile acid numbers for the samples subjected to fluc- tuating temperatures generally fall between the numbers for the corresponding sam- ples that were held at a constant storage temperature. No adverse effect due to fluctuating temperatures is apparent. Initial values were not obtained. 15° and 0° F. at The quantity of "drip" occurring upon thawing of both varieties of fillets (tables 4 and 5) remained quite small during the entire course of the tests. A slight increase occurred after a few months of storage for the striped bass fillets but was still too small to be of much consequence. Almost negligible changes in the amount of "drip" from the mackerel fillets occurred during storage. Fluctuating storage temperatures appeared to have very little effect on the amount of "drip," except for possibly a few of the striped bass samples (table 4). able 4 — Quantity of "Drip" in Percent for Tightly-Wrapped and Loosely-Wrapped ___Packages of Stripe Storage Temperature Fluctuating between -10° and 0° F. at four-day intervals O-mins nw CW e@ je @ wa nwlo o and 0° F. at four-day intervals NR WG eS} 1. a 6}1.7 1. eOj1.7 February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Table 5 - Quantity of "Drip" in Percent for Tightly- Wrapped and Loosely-wrapped Packages of Boston Mackerel Fillets Stored at Various Temperatures Storage emperature Type "Drip" in Percent _ of Storage Period in Months Ei ow ee ) E 3.1 313.1 3.2 3|3.5 3.5] 3.4| 3.7 3.2] 3.5 rowd 3.2 | 3.4 day intervals: Between -10° and 0° F 2.9] 2.713.4|3.7 29) | Sedu Sede | Sa3 Between 0° and 15° F, 3.1] 3.0 13.11 3.5 - 2|3.3|2.8|3.2 day intervals: Between -10° and 0° F Between 0° and 15° F. Soh ee @ o|~a @ Fluctuating at one- day intervals: Between -10° and 0° F Between O° and 15° F, 1/DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF STORAGE, THESE SAMPLES WERE SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATYRE FLUCTUATIONS AT FOUR-DAY INTERVALS. THE PER- CENTAGE OF DRIP FOR THIS PERLOD IS GIVEN IN THE GROUP FLUC- TUATING AT FOUR-DAY INTERVALS. 25 Average weight losses for the tightly-—wrapped samples remained quite small. Slight increases in weight loss occurred with some of the lots un- dergoing temperature fluc- tuations but were still too small to be of any particular significance. As mentioned previ- ously, fillet samples with loose fitting wrap- pers were prepared for the tests to permit cavi- ty ice or frost to form in anattempt to measure the desiccating effect due to storage at the different constant tem- peratures and especially at temperatures which fluctuated. The differ- ence in weight due to the removal of the cav- ity ice was taken as the measure of the amount of desiccation that occurred. However, there was such a wide variation between amounts of ice found in individual packages and in fact between groups as a whole that no par- ticular relationship or trend was apparent. One peculiarity was noticed in connection with a number of the tightly-wrapped samples held at 15° F, Some of the mackerel fillets, after only two months of stor- age, and the striped bass fillets, after six months of storage, showed considerable surface desiccation. This increased as the storage period progressed. Though not as bad, it occurred to some extent with the fillets subjected to temperature fluc- tuations between 0° and 15° F. other lower temperatures. higher when this occurred. This did not happen with the samples held at the Weight losses of the affected samples were slightly Apparently the cellophane offered less resistance to moisture-vapor transmission at the higher temperatures, though why this occurred sooner with the mackerel fillets is not known. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The effect of temperature on the storage life of frozen foods has been a sub- ject of considerable controversy. Until quite recently, it was not at all uncommon to find statements in the literature signifying that storage temperatures in the range of 10° to 200 F, were considered satisfactory. Even today, after numerous 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW _ Vol. 13, No. 2 investigations have shown otherwise, these higher temperatures of storage arestill not held in disfavor by some handlers of frozen foods. Appreciable differences, due to storage temperatures, were found in the stor-— age life of the fillets used in these tests. The striped bass remained in a sat— isfactory condition for eight to nine months at -10° F. and 0° F. temperatures. At 15° F., however, the storage life was limited to only three months. For the Boston mackerel, the storage life at 15° F. was only about two months as compared to approximately twice that at -10° F. and 0° F. temperatures. Though often stressed in connection with frozen food packaging, the need for eliminating air spaces within the package was further brought out by these tests. Localized desiccation was quite evident on the loosely-wrapped fillets after only one month of storage and became extreme after only two months. Rancidity and dis-— coloration occurred much sooner and progressed more rapidly with these samples. The differences in quality due to tight and loose wrapping were also reflected in the palatability scores, though they were not so evident during the first part of the storage period. The findings regarding the effect of fluctuating storage temperatures on the quality of the frozen fillets are based on storage conditions that are much more severe than would be apt to be encountered commercially except under extreme cir— cumstances. The samples were stored individually on shelves, with free air cir- culation about each package, and without benefit of protection from mass packaging in a carton. Large temperature fluctuations occurred during an average of every four days for a period of up to 10 months for the striped bass; and at one-, three-, and four-day intervals for the Boston mackerel for at least four months. Withthe possible exception of those shifted at one-day intervals, there was ample time for the temperature of the samples to become completely adjusted to correspond with . that of the storage room in which they were held. Other workers or writers have sometimes included higher temperatures than those used in tests of this type or even suggested partial thawing of the product in their discussion of the effect of fluctuating temperatures. Although such con- ditions may be and are at times encountered under commercial handling, it was felt that the temperature in these tests should not exceed 15° F., as an entirely dif- ferent set of conditions may otherwise be introduced due to increased bacterial activity and other factors aside from temperature effects, as such. The data obtained in these tests on approximately 500 samples of striped bass and Boston mackerel fillets suggest that fluctuating temperatures, in themselves, do not have an appreciable adverse effect on the quality of frozen fish fillets, at least in the range covered in these experiments. Instead, any readily apparent effect would seem to be more likely related to the average storage temperature en- countered during the fluctuations. LITERATURE CITED "THE WAREHOUSING OF FROZEN FOOD. FOOD FREEZING, 1939. SOME PROBLEMS IN THE PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND YOL. 1, NO. 1, PP. 25, 32, 33. DISTRIBUTION OF FROZEN FOOD PRODUCTS. ICE AND REFRIG., VOL. 96, NO. 4, PP. 339-341. CHRISTENSEN, PAUL 8B. GUEST, W. E. 1945 CESAR, WM. Je 938. QUICK FREEZING FOODS. ICE AND REFRIG., VOL. 94, HILLIG, FRED, AND CLARK, E. P. NO. 1, PP. 45- 48. 1938. A CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING SPOILAGE IN CANNED FISH, ESPECIALLY SALMON AND TUNA FISH, GORTNER, WILLIS A.s; FENTON, FAITH; VOLZ, FRANCES E.; AND J. ASSOC. OFFIC. AGR. CHEMISTS, VOL. 21, NO. 4, GLEIM, ELLA PP. 688-695. 1948, EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON QUALITY OF FROZEN FUODS. IND. AND ENG. CHEM., | HUSTRULID, ANOREW AND WINTER, J. De vol. 40, NO. 8, PP. 1423-1426. 1943. THE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON FROZEN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. AGR. ENG., VOL. Suess We 24, NO. 12, P. 416. 939. SOME PROBLEMS IN THE PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION OF FROZEN FOOD PRODUCTS. 1CE AND REFRIG., VOL. 96, NO. 4, PP. 339-341. February 1951 HUSTRULID, ANDREW; WINTER, J. D.; AND NOBLE, |SAGEL 1949, HOW DO FLUCTUATING STORAGE TEMPERATURES AFFECT FROZEN FOODS? REFRIG. ENG., VOL. 57, NO. 1, PP, 36-41. YOSLYN, M. A. 1932, THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING ORANGE JUICE BY FREEZ- ING. IND. AND ENG, CHEM., VOL. 24, NO. 6, PP, 665-668. PLAGGE, H. H. 1938, SUGGESTIONS FOR FREEZING AND STORING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN REFRIGERATED LOCKER PLANTS. ICE AND REFRIG., VOL. 95, NO. 1, PP. 31-36, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 SHREWSBURY, C. L.; HORNE, L. W.; BRAUN, W. Q.; JORDAN, RUTH; MILLIGAN, OPAL; VESTAL, C. M.; AND WEITKAMP, N. E. 1942. CHEMICAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND PALATABILITY CHANGES IN PORK DURING FREEZING AND STORAGE IN THE FROZEN STATE. BULL. 472. PURDUE UNIV. AGR. EXP. STA, TAYLOR, HARDEN F. 1932. ADVANCES IN THE PRESERVATION OF FISH BY FREEZING. IND. AND ENG. CHEM., VOL, 24, NO. 6, PP. 679- 682. WOODROOF, J. G.; AND SHELOR, ETHYL 1947, EFFECT OF FREEZING STORAGE ON STRAWBERRIES, BLACK- BERRIES, RASPBERRIES, AND PEACHES, FOOD FREEZ- ING, VOL. 2, NO. 4, PP. 206-209, 223, OYSTERS REMICK SHELL OYSTERS* CUPS MAYONNAISE TABLESPOONS CHILI TEASPOON PAPRIKA DROPS TABASCO SAUCE TABLESPOON PREPARED MUSTARD TEASPOON SALT . TEASPOON PEPPER TABLESPOONS LEMON JUICE TABLESPOONS BUTTER CUP BREAD CRUMBS SLICES BACON Shuck and drain oysters; place on deep half of shells, Combine mayonnaise and sea- sonings, Spread mixture over oysters, and sprinkle with buttered crumbs, Place small piece of bacon on top of each oyster, Place oysters on pre- heated broiler pan about 3 inchesfrom ueat, and broil for about 5 minutesor until edges begin to curl, Serves 6, SAUCE Fish and Wildlife Service tested recipe, This is one of a series of recipes using fishery products tested and developed in the Service's test kitchens * 1F SHELL OYSTERS ARE NOT AVAILABLE, USED. SEASONINGS, AND COOK AS ABOVE. 1-1/2 PINTS SELECT SHUCKED OYSTERS MAY BE DRAIN OYSTERS, AND ARRANGE ON A SHALLOW BUTTERED BAKING DISH; SPREAD WITH 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 IN SE. RVICE LABORATORIES LL ae oe ree RN January 195! CANNING: In order to determine any color changes in the oil of canned salmon prepared from frozen fish, preliminary spectrophotometric data were obtained for samples of the free oil from canned pink and sockeye salmon. Composite samples of the free oil from six cans of the control and also the packs stored for 16 weeks were diluted suitably with carbon tetrachloride and the spectral transmission was determined with the Beckman spectrophotometer. No significant differences were found between control and experimental samples for each species examined within the visual spectrum range. Further spectrophotometric tests will be carried out as the regular quality examinations are made. (Ketchikan) oe F RESEARCH of *&& REFRIGERATION: Preliminary studies on ake cooking of shrimp were made uti- lizing side-stripe shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) frozen gn the exploratory vessel John N. Cobb during the recent shrimp investigation. Judging from these pre- liminary stu studies the optimum cooking conditions for thawed side-stripe shrimp would be two minutes in 10-percent brine. Excessive shrinkage and salt penetration were found with cooks for long periods. Use of shorter cooks or lower concentrations of salt in the brine resulted in flat flavor. Samples of shrimp from each method of cooking were frozen in vacuum—sealed 1/2-1b. flat cans for storage studies. th Examination was made of six packs of frozen shrimp prepared aboard the vessel John N. Cobb and stored at O° F. for 7 weeks. The frozen, cooked meat of coon- stripe shrimp (Pandalus hysinotus) was preferred by the taste panel to that of side- stripe shrimp. There was little difference between the quality of shrimp frozen raw (headless) and that frozen as picked, cooked shrimp. Shrimp that were given additional cooking in a 10-percent salt solution before freezing were definitely tough and had a slight off-flavor. Brine-cooked shrimp which were treated with a 2-percent ascorbic acid solution before freezing were slightly superior to brine- cooked shrimp not treated with ascorbic acid. (Ketchikan) A a 2 Further storage tests were carried out with various species of Pacific Coast rockfish, At the present time, after five months of storage at 0° F., theSebastodes alutus (long-jawed rockfish) and Sebastes marinus (Atlantic Coast rosefish) are still far superior in palatability to the other species, but even these two are be- ginning to show a definite discoloration and some slight traces of rancidity. The 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JANUARY 1951, PP. 34-5. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 Sebastodes pinniger (orange rockfish) and Sebastodes miniatus (vermilion rockfish) have reached a stage where they are practically inedible. All the other species are at an intermediate stage, having developed considerable discoloration and mod- erate rancidity. (Seattle) eee NUTRITION: Eight samples of hatchery diets submitted by the Washington State Game Department were assayed for riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and vitamin B)9. Work was begun on the assay of 26 diets used by the Service's Leavenworth hatchery. Some experimental work was carried out on methods of extraction on vitamins, par- ticularly vitamin Bj9, on different types of hatchery feed. It was found that when dealing with relatively dry products, such as fish meal or diets containing consid- erable quantities of such dry products, autoclaving of the sample was necessary in order to extract all of the vitamins. However, when wet products, such as salmon eggs were used, autoclaving decreased the yield of vitamins extracted. Accordingly, it is necessary to use a different extraction technique for the different types of products being analyzed. (Seattle) te PRESERVATION: A new series of preservation tests for salmon eggs was begun, using different quantities of sodium bisulfite. Former results were confirmed that 0.5 percent by weight of sodium bisulfite is required to preserve salmon eggs, but greater quantities of the bisulfite do not enhance the keeping quality. Another series was started to delve further into the method of mixing the bisulfite with the eggs. To date, no difference can be noted between samples in which the bisul- fite was well mixed with the eggs and those in which the bisulfite was added with- out special mixing precautions. (Seattle) ete TECHNIGAL NOTE NO. 8-- PROCESSING CANNED KING AND DUNGENESS CRAB MEAT To determine safe minimum processing times when Dungeness crab meat is packed in half-pound flat cans, heat penetration experiments with inoculated meat of this species of crab have been carried out by the American Can Company and the Hooper Medical Foundation. The latter found 98.2 minutes at 230° F. to be a minimumsafe processing time and recommends 105 minutes at this temperature to allow a margin of safety. More recent experiments at the American Can Company resulted in the following recommendations for half-pound flat containers. Processing temperature Processing time (minutes ) 230° F. 95 240° F. 60 2500 Fs 45 When the higher processing temperatures are used (240° F. and 250° F.), there is considerable danger of overcooking and scorching the crab meat unless the product is cooled promptly. 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 The National Canners Association, basing its conclusions on the American Can Company experiments, recommends 95 minutes at 230° F. for Dungeness crab meat packed in half-pound flat cans. None of the above cited experiments or recommendations have been published. Some processors of both Dungeness and king crab meat have used shorter proc- essing times than those cited above. Although a shorter processing time may tend to give a mcre acceptable product from the standpoint of color and texture of the crab meat, a definite danger exists that spoilage will occur. During recent years a number of commercial packs employing these shorter processing times have spoiled with considerable loss to the packers. No heat penetration studies on inoculated packs have been carried out with king crab. In the absence of such experiments, the Fish and Wildlife Service re— commends (in accord with recommendations of National Canners Association and Ameri- can Can Company) that the same minimum processing time recommended for Dungeness crab meat (95 minutes at 230° F. for half—pound flat cans) be used for king crab meat. In several preceding publications (Fishery Leaflet No. 374, Research Report No. 7, and Fishery Market News, May 1942 Supplement) the Fish and Wildlife Service has indicated that shorter processing times than those cited above were satisfac- tory for Dungeness and king crab meat. Processing times mentioned in these pub- lications were based either upon observations of practices prevailing in the crab— meat canning industry or upon experiments using crab meat that had not been in- oculated with bacteria. Inasmuch as the only adequate heat penetration tests for West Coast crab meat are those cited above for Dungeness crab meat, the Fish and Wildlife Service is replacing all former recommendations for processing this species with those given above. Until adequate tests have been made with king crab meat, the recommendations for Dungeness crab meat are tentatively recommended for king crab meat. : —M. E. Stansby, Chemist—in Charge, Fishery Technological Laboratory, Seattle, Washington kK EK TECHNICAL NOTE NO, 9 --CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL FROM COLD-RENDERED FUR-SEAL BLUBBER This report presents data on the characteristics of oil from cold-rendered fur-seal blubber. To provide a sample for analyses, Government biologists on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, collected in July 1949 about one kilogram of blubber from still warm bodies of several male fur seals (Callorhimus ursinus) 3 years of age. The sample of blubber was placed ina glass jar, frozen, and held in this condition until May of the following year when it was prepared for analyses at the Service's Seattle Technological Laboratory. Fur-seal blubber is creamy white. It underlies the skin of the body and is thinnest on the head and limbs. Its total weight in the fur-seal body is about 10 pounds for a 3-year-old male. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a1 Characteristics of Oil from Cold-Rendered Fur-Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Blubber Value Moisture and other volatile matter (A.0.A.C.*) ...eeeeeee| NOt measurable Todine number (AJO,ASC., Hanus) ccccveccccccccccccccocsee| 108 eee (A Orh oC. py so ie dec ucea’s dle ogi cess otacs Behe | a. 588 aponification number (A.0.A.C.) cecsecccccccecccesccvcee| 196.5 GCM MP EAVTLYMEDO Co/2OoN Cs seccccccsscceccceecosticces | Oooh Unsaponifiable matter (A.0.A.C.) sccccccccccsccecccccssee| 0.64% Fdexsof retract loneat (obo iCctisic cisle clieleic.ele eicicle sleisie ele ce siele oi} e470 itamin A content (1894 x Egog)2/ Maidciisisieeclesceccic cece |) COOoUNL LS per eram 1/DETERMINED ON THE WHOLE OIL WITHOUT SAPONIFICATION. *NOTE: METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS (AGOS Aes)! 6 The thawed sample was rendered by grinding in a power grinder which liberated the oil. The oil was filtered with suction through paper and then through a sin- tered glass filter, The oil was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature, whereupon it solidified. It was heated to 75° C. and filtered again through asin- tered glass filter. This oil was used for the analyses (see table). —William Clegg, Chemist, Fishery Technological baboratory, Seattle, Washington Minh wee CANNED FISH AND BYPRODUCTS--'949 DO YOU KNOW,,. That the 1949 pack of tuna and tuna-like fishes, which amounted to 7,290,320 cases (141,700,593 pounds), valued at $97,710,325, was 252,562 cases greater than the 1948 production, However, canners received nearly 15 million dollarslessfor the pack than in the previous year, The 1949 tuna pack was the fifth consecutive record pack of these fish, The 1949 pack of canned salmon amounted to 5,524,916 standard cases (265,195,968 pounds), valued at $103,430,980 to the canners, Compared with 1948 this was an increase of 15 percent in volume, but a decline of 14 percent in value, Although the pack was the second largest in the past six years, it was far less than the 1935-39 average of 7,163,985 cases, Despite the sharp decline in the price of canned salmon in 1949, the pack was the third most valuable in history, The J.949 pack of Californiasardines (pilchards) amounted to 3,768,212 standard cases (169,569,540 pounds), valued: at $21,334,825. Compared with the previous year, this was an increase of 42 percent in volume, but a decline of 3 percent in value, While the 1949 pack was the second largest in history, it was 1,238,942 cases less than the record 1941 production, --Fishery Leaflet 577 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No, 2 = AND =< 2=DEVELOPMENTS Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels A total of 52 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents as fishing craft during November 1950--9 less than in November 1949, Florida led with 13 vessels, followed by California with 10, and Louisiana with 8 vessels, the Bureau of Customs reports, During the first eleven months of 1950, a total of 768 vessels were documented, compared with 939 during the same period in 1949, Of the vessels receiving their first documents as fishing craft during Noveme= ber, 34 were built during 1949 and 1950, ‘The remainder were built prior to 1949, Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, November 1950 Section 1949 New Ingland cccccccevccccccvce Mid oWlewAt anitclicr sretcleleleleleleteieietele Chesapeake Bay ecoccecsccccecccee South Atlantic and Gulf cecoce Pacific Coast ecccccccoccccosc Great Lakes) cjcje. cicicie « cisiele civics IANASKA steteleieleleleliclercieleloiateleleiescisiels HAWal!d! Slejs eleleleisjelele 0) cjeiarelo elejaje) sie TIKTOWI feleieieleleleleielels cftrelelel ehalelelels = = 1 fs Total .scscesecccrseroere 1,002 NOTE: VESSELS HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS SECTIONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR HOME PORT. FRESH For military feeding of the U. S, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, the Army Quartermaster Corps purchased during November 1950 a total of 2,112,669 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery products (see table), Compared with the pre= vious month, November purchases dropped 18.5 percent in quantity and 16.9 per= cent in value; but compared with the corresponding month the previous year, No= vember 1950 purchases were greater by 47.8 percent in quantity and 64.5 percent in value, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 1950 1949 1950 lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 112,669 | 1,429,585 | 16,516, 351/16,042, 742 A comparison of purchases for the first 11 months in 1949 and 1950 shows that in the latter year there wasan increase of 2,9 percent in quantity and 27,1 percent in value, This indicates that the Quartermaster Corps was probably paying more for its fresh and frozen fishery preducts and also buying more expensive varieties dur- ing 1950. December 1950: Fresh and frozen fishery products purchased by the Army Quarter- master Corps during December 1950 for the U, S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force for military feeding amounted to 1,367,195 pounds by Department of the Army, December 1949 and 1950 December 1950 though December 1950 purchases pared with the previous month's lbs. £ ibs. 2 1,567,195 578,321 1,430,900 | 495,747 were 4.5 percent lower in quan- purchases, December's purchases tity, the value was 16,7 percent greater than in the corresponding month of 1949, dropped 35.3 percent in quantity and 33.7 percent in value, Al- 1947-50: Purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products by the Army Quarter=~ master Corps during 1950 for the U, S, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force for military feeding and a small amount for relief feeding amounted to 17,883,546 pounds, valued at $7,399,162, Although there has been an increase in the quantity purchased from 1947 through 1950, the rate of increase has dropped (see table), However, purchases for 1950 were 2,3 percent higher than in 1949, 8.4 percent above 1948, and 27,2 percent greater than in 1947. The value of these purchases in 1950 was 26,2 percent greater than in 1949, 24.2 percent higher as compared with 1948, and 71 percent more than in 1947, ‘The Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army, 1947-50 i eG ae | Vine Ape iets 1950 1949 1948 1947 | 1950 1949 1947 eeeeeeessce (in POUNDS saccecoeee cesiece @cecerseesesesee (in 3) @eeeeeseeecesne average price per pound paid by the Quartermaster Corps for fresh and frozen fish- ery products increased from 31 cents in 1947 to 36 cents in 1948, dropped to 334 cents in 1949, and reached a high of 41 cents in 1950. The high average price for 1950 indicates that the purchases consisted, in some instances, of higher-priced varieties. 3h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 With the contemplated increase in the Armed Services during 1951, purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products during the year no doubt will be greater than in 1950. Fishery Biology Notes METHOD FOR IMPROVING OYSTER CULICH EFFICIENCY: To test methods for improving the efficiency of oyster cultch, a 1949 shell planting in the Bastern Chesapeake Bay seed area was worked with a bagless dredge to knock off fouling organisms and clean shell surfaces for setting, according to a December 1950 report from the Serv~ ice's Chesapeake Shellfish Investigations, The following shows that the results of this technique increased efficiency: 1949 UNSCOURED SHELLS CAUGHT 80 SPAT PER BUSHEL 1949 SCOURED SHELLS CAUGHT 132 SPAT PER BUSHEL 1950 PLANTED SHELLS CAUGHT 146 SPAT PER BUSHEL This demonstrates that shells fouled by one year's accumulation of fouling organisms and silt may be cleaned and made more efficient by working with a bag= less dredge, It also shows that clean shells fram the shucking houses are the best cultch when planted just before the setting period, xe Ok KR See eS eS eee ber ), the latter peine the latest date =Gaeas was ever recorded there, As in Many previous years, there were two distinct setting waves, the first peaking about July 30 and the second September 17, The 1950 season generally was the third poorest since 1937; 1943 and 1948 showing poorer sets, the Sarvice's chell= fish Laboratory at Milford, Conn,, reported in December 1950. The Connecticut oyster industry's estimated losses of more than 5 million dollars as a result of the storm of November 25-26 greatly exceeded damages caused by the 1938 and 1944 hurricanes, NEW OYSTER LARVAE FOOD ISOLATED: In attempts to isolate and culture suffici- a new form, tentatively identified as Rhynchobodo agilis, and wili soon try it as larvae food, In two experiments they found larvae of early stages used some color= less flagellates, In one experiment larvae fed colorless flagellates were signifi- cantly larger at 8 days than larvae in control cultures fed green algae, BOR ‘VIRGINICA" CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT RACES: The staff demonstrated experi~ mentally for the first tims the existence of of physiologically different races of oysters within the general population of 0, virginica, Three years ago they brought seed oysters to Milford from different geographical districts, Oysters from Massachusetts or Long Island, the more northern latitudes of the range in which 0, virginica is found, spawned in Milford Harbor during the 1950 season, discharging all accumulated spawn, The majority of oysters from the warmer re=- gions, New Jersey or Virginia, either did not spawn or discharged by the end of summer only a portion of accumulated spawn, Spawning temperature requirements of northern oysters are somewhat lower than those of southern oysters, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 CULTURE OF EUROPEAN OYSTER: The young of the heavy set of European oysters (Ostrea edulis) obtained last summer in the experimental tanks at Milford laboratory are kept in Milford Harbor, Some individuals have reached the size of about 13 inches since setting, Some oysters, set last March in the laboratory and kept since under favorable conditions, now measure 3 inches, a size requiring several years! growth under natural conditions in England, CULTURE OF QUAHOG, "VENUS MERCENERIA"; Numerous healthy cultures of larvae were grown from spawn of clams kept in "cold storage" in Boothbay Harbor waters, A large group of these clams, brought to Milford on October 2 were kept in experi- mental tanks, where the water temperature was too low to induce spawning, From time to time these have been brought into the laboratory and induced to spawn, Thus a method to provide workers with clam spawn,during the period when it is not available locally, has been provided, To determine the effect of sudstrata on growth rate of clam set, the staff placed clams in boxes filled with md, sand, a mixture of mud and sand, and in gravel and kept them otherwise under identical conditions until the growing sea~ son ended, At the beginning of the experiment, the clams, which came from the population cultured from eggs under laboratory conditions, averaged 2,0 mm, in size, Remeasuring showed clams grew best in gravel, then in a mixture of mud and sand, in sand, and finally in md alone, Survival followed the same pattern, To determine effect of population density upon growth rate, the staff planted small clams at the rate of 200, 400, 600, and 800 individuals per square foot in a limited area and remeasured them at the end of the growing season, A report on this project will be issued after the date has been analyzed, STARFISH: The extremely light 1950 starfish (Asterias forbesi) set, begin- ning July 11 and ending August 7, was heaviest on July 22, Like the oyster setting, the starfish set density was heaviest at the depth of 20 feet in the Bridgeport area, Results of the fall survey of distribution and occurrence of starfish on Connecticut oyster beds have shown generally the distribution remains about the same as a year ago but eradication measures have substantially decreased the star= fish number, xe KKK METHOD DEVELOPED FOR TELLING SHAD'S AGE FROM SCALES: A method has been devel-= oped for reading the total age of shad from the scales, 1 reports the Service's Middle and South Atlantic Fishery Investigations, This is a new development, since hereto= fore only the spawning marks had been read and the age at maturity was not known, An analysis of the preliminary readings indicates that male shad mature at about 3 years of age and females at 3 or 4 years, The age distribution data made available by use of the new technique will per= mit much more accurate estimation of the dynamics of the shad population for use in conservation measures, the factors governing the abundance of fish stocks (marine as well as fresh water) is disease, an approach to this and other baffling problems is being undertaken at the Boothbay Harbor Station in Maine through the use of serological techniques, This approach is the sams as that used not only in diagnosing many diseases of warm-blooded SEROLOGICAL TECHNIQUES BEING EXPLORED FOR USE IN FISHERY BIOLOGY: Since one of 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Woks 25 We. 2 animals, but also in identifying protein as, for instance, distinguishing animal from | human blood, according to a December report from the Service's North Atlantic Fishery Investigations, A method for quickly and positively identifying infected individuals, even though no visual evidence of disease is present, may be provided by this approach, It is possible, too, that through this technique, a method of positive identification (to genus and species) of fish (even juveniles previously unidentifiable) can be made, Progress reported to date has been encouraging, Great Lakes Fishery Investigations REPORT ON SEA LAMPREY INVESTIGATIONS: In an effort to control the predatory sea lamprey in the Great Lakes, the Fish and Wildlife Service's Branch of Fishery Biology, under a cooperative arrangement with the University of Michigan, is study= ing effects of various toxicants on larval sea lampreys, The cooperators have tested over 120 chemicals, The majority of the compounds tested. kill larval sea lampreys at concentrations as low as 0,125 to 5.0 parts per million, One of the largest manufacturers of chemicals in the United States has made several thousand chemical compounds available for these tests, Philip J. Sawyer, a Service biologist, developed a rapid method of assaying these chemicals, At present, all available chemical compounds are being screened by the Service's Great Lakes Fishery Investigations to determine those best suited for killing larval lampreys, The next phase of this program will be to determine whether the most promising chemical compounds can be used in natural waters for controlling the sea lampreys which are causing so much havoc in the Great Lakes, In December 1950, the Branch of Fishery Biology reported that survey parties had returned to Hammond Bay station from Lake Superior, where they had been evalu= ating the abundance and reproductive capacity of the sea lamprey in all watersheds of the area, Preliminary analyses of data collected in the inshore waters of Lake Huron indicate the abundance of lake trout to be still declining while lamprey scarring continues to increase, Yellow perch, formerly relatively free from lam= prey depredations, now appear with as mich as 50 percent of the tatch scarred, Laboratory experiments on feeding habits of the sea lamprey are designed to deter= mine frequency and duration of lamprey attacks on prey species, and to measure growth of sea lampreys under varying conditions of available food, In Carp Lake River, the Cook Research Laboratory has installed an experimental apparatus to determine whether it is possible to electrocute young downstream mi- grant lampreys, Early observations indicate lampreys are much more difficult to kill at given voltage levels than any species of fish native to that area, During the fall of 1950, the Great Lakes staff reconstructed and improved existing control devices, They placed a concrete substructure in Carp Creek, Pres= que Island County, to test the feasibility of using this type of base for a portable weir which can be installed during seasons of spawning migrations, They altered the Ocqueoe River weir and traps for experiments during the coming spring with electronic control devices, They changed also the location of several other weirs to make them more suitable from either a biological or operational standpoint, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program "OREGON" TO LOCATE GROOVED SHRIMP GROUNDS OFF FLORIDA WEST COAST (Cruise No. 6.): shrimp fishery is the main objective of the Oregon's cruise No, 6, This exploratory fishery vessel of the Service left Pascagoula on January 8 and is scheduled to re~ turn on January 30, It will operate off the Florida coast, between Tampa Bay and Dry Tortugas, The vessel plans to record the conditions under which grooved shrimp in the area are found, A series of 50 trawling stations is planned, Mostof these stations will range between 10 and 30 fathoms, Two types of bottomless trawls have been constructed for use in areas that can not be fished with the conventional nets, These trawls will be tested to determine their efficiency, In addition, the use of shrimp, fish, and lobster traps in un-= favorable trawling areas will be continued, For use in future tuna fishing explorations, a seriesoftemperature stations will be made from the Mississippi coast south to about the 23rd parallel in order to determine thermocline levels in the Gulf in the winter, Gulf Fishery Investigations DRIFT CARDS BEING DISTRIBUTED IN GULF G MEXICO: Several thousand post cards (each sealed in a plastic container) are being dropped in the Gulf of Mexico to trace the com= plex system of NOTICE TO FINDER Interior——-Duplicating Section, Washington, D. C. 81106 surface cure NOTICIA A QUIEN ENCUNTRE rents in the These cards are being used to study the currents of the Gulf of Gulf, This pro- Mexico, Please remove from plastic and fill in blank spaces. Mail 5 every card you find, No postage needed in U, S, In rgturm you will be told the time and plAce of their release, Thank ae ~ ay, te ject is spon= sored by the Office of Naval z: Research, the [it]. 'Yourtnmes =< * Exact location of Gulf Fishery Su nombre Investigations of the U, Ss. bere get ewarete cee 5 Fish and Wild- Your address x life Service, NCES we hers Ves > the Texas Gam, Estas tarjetas son-en: cénjunto estudio de las corrientes del Fish, and Oys- Golfo de Mejico, Mos hare’ servicio si las soca de su cuvierta ter Commission, y llena en las liniag, 14\dmformacion que deseamos, Pongale ura and the Depart= estampilla a cada tarjeta y echela al carreo. Por su gran servicio wd ment of Oceano= a de reciver pago por estampilla y vd recivira informacior sobre graphy of Texas la hara y el sito del despache de cada tarjeta. Gracias. A, and M, College, Also cooperating in the undertaking is the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, U, S. Navy aircraft will distribute these "drift" cards at carefully established points throughout the Gulf during this year, Each card is printed in English and Spanish, 38 COMMERCIAL F ISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 Currents are expected to float most of the cards up on beaches, where many will be found and returned to the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission at New Orleans, The Commission will route them to scientists who will deduce therefrom the sea paths Which the cards must have followed, Studying marine currents by putting drift objects in the water is an old method, Oceanographers have generally used sealed bottles with cards in them to plot the Ocean currents, Winds often influence too greatly the course followed by drift bottles, a result which the use of drift cards is expected to correct, Once Important Florida Sponge Fishery Fading Out Most of the Tarpon Springs sponge vessels are either tied up or engaged in tourist activities in an attempt to make expenses, according to a report from the Service's Red Tide Fishery Investigations at Sarasota, Florida, Two members of the Investigations! staff visited Tarpon Springs, Florida, in December 1950 to discuss with sponge fishermen the condition of the once-important Florida sponge fishery, They found that three companies operating six boats conduct demonstration dives; a few converted boats are used for deep-sea fishing, Somes vessels operate off Key West in grounds which are difficult to fish but are reported unaffected by the blight which prevails on the grounds near Tarpon Springs, Because of the seasonal growth of "grass" and poor weather, vessels can work the grounds off of Key West only about one month in the year, The occurence of diseased sponges in the grounds off Tarpon Springs according to the chief of the Investigations, seems sporadic, New healthy sponges appear for a while and then suddenly become diseased, Boat owners restrict their fishing ef= forts to the shallower water in the hooking grounds, where they bring in a few mar= ketable sponges, but scarcely make expenses, There are not enough healthy sponges in the deeper waters to warrant diving operations, Boat owners feel that either the State or the Federal Government should study the Florida sponge fishery, Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations "JOHN R, MANNING" TO PURSE SEINE TUNA IN PHOENIX AND LINE ISLANDS AREA (Cruise No. V): > For seven weeks the he John R, | IR Manning, one of the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations vessels, w: will cruise through the Phoenix and Line Islands area in order to determine whether or not tunas may be caught in these regions with purse=seine equipment, On an earlier trip to the Phoenix Islands, the vessel en= countered few fish and difficult weather, The present cruise is part of the over= all plan to examine fishing possibilities at various times of the year, A West Coast purse seine, modified by insertion of two strips of linen webbing, will be employed to determine the effectiveness of a deeper net for catching tunas in the Central Pacific Ocean, and to test the qualities of linen cordage, Experience to date has indicated that tuna schools in the area of the cruise swim more rapidly and act more erratically than do those encountered off Central America, Consequently, the best chances for success with this type of fishing seem to lie in a design which has been modified for speed and ease in handling, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 Purse=line strain will be determined at various times during the actual set, Tests will be conducted also to determine the speed with which the lead line sinks and reaches the maximum depth, Secondary objectives will include making hydrographic, biological and synoptic weather observations, and the collection of biological materials, The vessel, which left Honolulu on or about January 11, is expected to return from this cruise between March 115, 1951. * * KW OR "HUGH M, SMITH" (Cruise No, VIII): In order to complete sections of hydrographic stations across the equatorial counterequatorial current system, the Hugh M. Smith left Honolulu on January 14 on its Cruise No, VIII, Because it now appears that the equatorial divergence is of primary importance in fertilizing surface waters, observations are needed farther southward into the adjacent south equatorial cur~ rent than were made on previous trips, These will be taken on the Samoan leg of the cruise, The station pattern is also designed to give information on north- south shifts in the position of the system and the differences in intensity of the circulation from that observed on previous cruises and to investigate the possible existence of significant eddies or meanderings along the boundary of the counter current, This research vessel of the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations will occupy a series of 26 hydrographic stations between Honolulu and 7° S, Lat, along 158° W. Long, Then the ship will return to the north equatorial belt and proceed westward along a series of diagonals across the equatorial current system to about 165° 30! W, Long., occupying stations 27 to 62; then to American Samoa, occupying stations 63 to 76 in this section, After a sort lay-over the vessel will cruise north to 21° N, Lat., occupying stations 77 to 106 in this last por- tion of the cruise; then proceed due east to Honolulu, About 8,700 miles will be covered by the Hugh M, Smith, At chosen depths at each station temperatures will be taken, together with water samples which will be analyzed for salinity, oxygen, and inorganic nutrients, A plankton haul will also be taken at each station, In certain localities trans-= parency measurements and hauls with a small fish trawl will be made, These data are being collected for determination of the position and extent of the counter- @quatorial current in different longitudes, the degree of upwelling along the cur~ rent boundaries, and the effect thereon onthe general productivity of the region, Bathythermograph observations will be made at regular intervals throughout the cruise, A thermograph recording surface temperatures will be operated continuously, Observations will be made en route, during daylight hours, on the occurrence of tuna schools and associated phenomena, Specimens of adult tunas, juvenile tunas, and tuna food organisms will be collected by various means, including surface troll- ing, night-light fishing, plankton net towing, and pelagic trawling, 4,0 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 South Pacific Fishery Investigations COOPERATIVE SARDINE RESEARCH PROGRAM NOTES FOR 1950: In investigating distri» bution and abundance of sardine spawning, the agencies cooperating in the Pacific Sardine Research Program have found sardine eggs to be spawned in the open sea near the surface, according to a report from the Service's South Pacific Fishery Invese tigations, Young sardine remain in upper layers, usually above 50 meters (164 feet), Hauling fine-meshed, silk plankton nets, vessel personnel quantitatively sampled eggs and young, At monthly intervals they collected oceanographic and biologic data, including plankton tows, in the waters from central Lower California to northern California and offshore to about 400 miles, The agencies cooperating in the program are the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the California Division of Fish and Game, and Industry (through the California Ma~ rine Research Committee), The Service's South Pacific Fishery Investigations! Black Douglas, and Scripps!’ Crest and Horizon, each covers a pattern of about 45 stations on each cruise, The 1949 and 1950 investigations disclosed a compact area of intense spawning around and south of Cedros Island and a mich larger area of more diffuse spawning off southern California and northern Lower California, Between these two areas spawn= ing was meagre during both seasons and was confined to a narrow coastal strip, North of Pt. Conception during the second season it was meagre, At the beginning of the 1950 season, spawning (at first confined to the southern portion of the surveyed area) gradually progressed northward as the season advanced, In February, the first cruise of the season, spawning was proceeding in the area around and south of Cedros Island, By March it had extended about 120 miles north= ward and during June extended from the Cedros area to San Francisco, Spawning was meagre over most of this range and only moderately heavy in the southern California area, July saw about the end of the spawning season, In 1950, as in 1949, sardines spawned within a rather narrow temperature range. Of the sardine eggs sampled, 98.4 percent occurred between 12,5° and 16,0° c, (54.5= 60,.8° F.), The northward spawning progression in both seasons associated itself with northward progression of favorable spawning temperatures, The two centers of heavy spawning are in areas enriched by upwelled water, Up= welling appears important because the nutrient enrichment associated with it increases food supply available tc sardine larvae and upwelled water temperature is likely to favor spawning, especially in the southern part of the spawning range, The manner in which currents in the two areas disperse the upwelled water seems to influence the extent of the two spawning centers, Currents carrying upwelled water from above and around Pt, Conception sweep in a broad are before bending inshore off Lower California, In this area spawning extends seaward 300 miles or so, Since cure rents in the Cedros area are mich closer to shore, spawning is concentrated within a 60 or 80=mile wide coastal strip, U. S. Imports of Groundfish Fillets in 1950 Highest on Record Imports of fresh and frozen cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish (ocean perch) fillets in 1950 were the highest on record (see table 1), The 1950 im- February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 ports of 66,618,167 pounds were 39 percent above the 1949 total of 47,776,990 pounds, according to preliminary data released in January by the Bureau of Customs, Canada shipped 77 percent of the fillets imported into the United States during 1950; followed by Iceland, 19 percent; and Norway, 3 percent (see table 2), Most of the remaining 1 percent was received from Denmark, Greenland, and the United Kingdom, Table 1 - U. S. Imports of Fresh and Frozen Groundfish (Including Rosefish) Fillets, 1939-50 Year | Pounds |[Year _—| Pounds | 66,618,167 47,776,990 53,727,697 35,093,435 49,171,089 QUOTA FOR 1951 ESTABLISHED:!/ The reduced=tariff=rate quota forthe calen= dar year 195l0n fresh andfrozen ground~ fish (cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish) fillets is 29,239,808 pounds, the Bureau of Customs announced |, 946 on January 12, The annual quota for 945 43.169.156 SerHLiad fo bo outared tar toneumptt entitled to be entered for consumption in the United States at the rateof 1-7/8 cents per pound, This annual quota is further divided into quarterly quotas, Any quantity entered over the quarterly quota during each quarter will be dutiable at 2-1/2 cents per pound, Table 2 - U. S. Imports of Groundfish (Including Rosefish) Fillets, by Countries of Origin, 1948-50 19501/ 1949 Pounds Pounds Pounds HmrGele eialelelaluteleidislaleleleleie elcls cals eivivle ccloieisjecc cieissi (uOl ,OOL.779 | 425409, 055,) 49,141 992 Ibo SUe veh oreo cor SOCIO COOOL FOURIO? DOUCCODOoCa fed aan erecaey Ae: 4,859 ,133 4,181,204 2,080,376 437,979 595,109 995,256 9,552 239,100 Netherlands @eeeveervreeveeeaeeeere eevee eeeeeseet ee @ OMAN gie\e0,0\0)0\0.0\e.cje.0.sie ees o els 0 clenieas se sis eves Sweden Ce eee eee eee es eee eet eFeeeseerersereores orien PedGral NREpublic ss ccaccescesaseseccee UCN POtm SOW ATTACH We aic cece cccicicinisioicie s sts ce OUE sivls elelsisislelcslsinisisis elses sleesescnassee | 06,010,167) 47,776,990 | Odsal ,097 1/PREL|MINARY. Of the total quantity of fish (29,239,808 pounds) entitled to entry at the rate of 1-7/8 cents, not more than one-fourth shall be entered at the reduced rate under the quota during the first, second, third, and fourth quarter, respectively, The quota for the first quarter (beginning January] andending March 31,1951) is 7,309,952 pounds, and the same amount is the quota for each succeeding quarter of 1951, The quotafor 1951 is a little overll percent higher than the quota of 26,235,738 pounds established for 1950, T/ ALSO SEE PP. 95-6 OF THIS ISSUE. 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 Wholesale and Retail Prices WHOLESALE PRICES, DECEMBER 1950: Generally higher wholesale prices for edible fishery products ‘8 prevailed during December 1950, This was attributed to an increase in demand early in the month and to the usual seasonal drop in production, In spite of the slackened demand that usually takes place in the marketing of most of these products during the Christmas-New Year holiday period, wholesale fish= ery products prices rose, conforming to the price trend of most other foods and com= modities, The edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesale index for December was 112.9 percent of the 1947 average (see table 1)--3.4 percent higher than the previous month and 12.2 percent above December 1949, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor reports, Table 1 - Wholesaie Average Prices and Indexes of Fish and Shellfish, December 1950, with —— Data GROUP, SUBGROUP, AND ITEM SPECIFICATION POINT OF PRICING [| UNIT | AVERAGE PRICES ($) ss] —S——sINDEXES (1947 = 1100) J Dec. 1950 | Nov. 1950} Dec. 949 Dec. 1950 a cee 1950 |Dec. 1949 DOSOUOSOCO ve ~ 112.9. | +109.2 | 100.6 Ereshyandysrozen\Eishery, Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: ....+ese-+es GonoanosoeoS stiate ate lotnicctoatale cletelalalats atalatalatalalatelaietetalalalaia etal ctalsetate Haddock, large, offshore, drawn, fresh eee. Boston Halibut, Western, 20/80 lbs., dressed, frésh OF FLOZEN ceeweeseeceeceessseccccce New York City Salmon, king, lge. & med., dressed, fresh or fTOZEN ..see- ess ceeeecceresccoes Lake trout, domestic, -mostly No. 1, drawn (araeced)e fresh cccccccccccccccccscnccce Whitefish, mostly Lake Surenio (dressed), fresh cccs-cccccccccere os Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie pound net, round, fresh seccccscsceescs-crccccces eee Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (Lakes Michigan & Huron), round, fresh ....sees Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish): ..ccccce---cceeeee oeeccccccecsosssesors ees e eee e sees os eee sees cece Fillets, haddock, small, skins on, 2O-1b. tind cceccvcecqescnescscvccccs coos Boston Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count) headless, fresh or LTOZEON seccorceecesrcesesce . New York City Oysters, shucked, standards ......s.0+ Norfolk area ga Processed, Frozen (Fish and Shellfish): .ccccceccces+eece-ee Ocoee classic cvcccevlsicss ciclclecllcisiclsiclesielelsisielsiele Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless, LO-1b. DOXOS cesses cccccesccce Boston Haddock, small, 10-1b.cello-pack Ld Rosefish, 10-1b. cello-pack .se.o Gloucester Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5- to 10-1b.bzs Chicago : A 6 fe ib Canned Fishery PLOGUCtB: cosccccreccccccccccrcncescesscessccsescssesssessesseseses eects cercccceccceseseres Gee Gees ea) “Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans POT CASO ceccccerenececececccccecssscce eee Tuna, light meat, “polia pack, No. t tuna (7 0z.), 48 cans per CAS€ cececcoccccccccce Sardines (pilchards), California, eee pack, No. 1 evait(s! oz.), 48 cans per case .. Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 4 drawn 3k oz.) , 100 cans per CASO eeeccccceceee os All subgroups in the fishery products wholesale index for December 1950 indicated a general increase over the previous month and over December 1949. The only exception was the processed fresh fish and shellfish subgroup which dropped below the index for a year earlier, Lighter landings of haddock in New England, a light supply and an increased demand for oysters, and an improvement in the demand for shrimp were the main factors respon= sible for the large increase in the subgroup index for fresh processed fishery products. This index jumped 10.5 percent from November to December, but was still 4.3 percent be= low the corresponding period a year earlier, There was a rise of 4.4 percent from November to December in the drawn, dressed, or whole fin fish subgroup due to a smaller production of nearly all items included in this category--a general seasonal occurrence, However, the December 1950 index was 16.6 percent higher than a year earlier, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 With cold storage holdings at the highest point for the year, the December index for processed frozen fish and shellfish increased 0.4 percent over November, but was only 0.1 percent higher than in the last month of 1949, Im this subgroup, the in- creases occurred mainly in frozen rosefish fillets (holdings of which are below a year earlier) and shrimp (in spite of heavy imports from Mexico), The unusual heavy catches of small scrod haddock landed at Boston towards the latter part of 1950 increased the processing of frozen small haddock fillets and consequently prices quoted for this product dropped in December, Since canned fishery products, especially salmon, had already increased substan- tially a few months earlier, December's index for this subgroup was only 0,4 percent higher than the previous month, but 20.6 percent greater than in December 1949, Mainly responsible for the small climb in this subgroup during December was the increase which occurred in the prices for canned Maine sardines, Prices quoted for canned salmon, California sardines, and tuna were similar to those that prevailed in November, RETAIL PRICES, DECEMBER 1950: The retail fishery products index did not increase as much as that for all foods from November 15 to December 15, 1950. However, retail fishery products prices continued to climb (see table 2). Between mid-November and mid-December 1950, retail food prices rose 2,8 percent, but fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) retail prices increased only 1,0 percent, Compared with mid-Decem- ber 1949, the retail index in mid-December 1950 was higher for all foods by 9.2 percent, but for all fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) it was 13,6 percent higher, The major portion of the increase in fishery products is due to higher prices quoted for canned fish, especially canned salmon, Fresh and frozen fishery products prices in mid-December 1950 were only 0,2 per- cent above those which prevailed in mid-November, but they were 7,5 percent higher than in mid-December 1949. Canned pink salmon also continued to increase and the index on December 15, 1950, was 456.4 percent of the 1938-39 average=~2.3 percent above the previous month, and 26.8 percent greater than in mid-December 1949. Table 2 = Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Fishery Products, December 15, 1950, with Comparative Data ALL foods @eeeeeeeeveevee eeeeaeed All fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, & canned) .. Fresh and frozen fish .cceceoe Canned salmon: pink .eeecccse Oe Eee O_O SHIPPING FISHERY PRODUCTS: _ A Danish veterinary surgeon is in this country for a three-month th study of bacteriological methods of processing, canning, and shipping fishery products, the Economic Cooperation Administration announced on January 24, Lh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 2 Sanitary and hygienic measures to raise the quality of fish and shellfish and methods of preventing spoilage are the particular interests of Hans P, Riemann, staff member of the Research Laboratory of the Danish Ministry of Fisheries, The study is important to the Danish fishing industry, which in 1949 exported fish valued at 192 million kroner ($27,840,000) and which expects to increase its volume, Riemann » whose study is sponsored by the Economic Cooperation Administration under its technical assistance program, will visit Government and private research institutions and canneries on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts, as well as Chicago, x oR OK OK OK INDONESIA TO USE ECA FUNDS TO RESTORE FISHING INDUSTRY: A series of U, S, aid projects have been launched by the Economic Cooperation Administration to assist the Indonesian Goverrment in certain aspects of its efforts to restore and advance the public health services, restore the fishing industry, aid the small rubber planters, develop forest resources, stimulate agriculture, and support small indus- tries throughout the country, ECA announced on January 26, The program of assistance to Indonesia has been developing over the past six months, since whe Congress last July authorized ECA. to extend its program to the countries of Southeast Asia, Burma, Thailand, and Indo-China also are receiving U. S, technical and economic assistance, A small American mission was sent to Djakarta, the Indonesian capital, and has been helping the Indonesian Government lay the groundwork for getting the maximum benefit from the American aid, American specialists inhealth and medicine, sanita= tion, agriculture, forestry and lumbering, fisheries, and industry are being re= eruited to work with the Indonesian Government officials, xR OK OK OX —= ee American-financed shipments to Europe and Southeast Asia, states a January 27 news release from ECA, It replaces the previous slogan, "For European Recovery, Sup=- plied by the USA," which has identified goods financed under the Marshall Plan, Adoption of the new slogan, the ECA Administrator said, is a symbol of ECA's new role in world affairs, From an assignment of promoting postwar recovery in Europe through the Marshell Plan, ECA has developed into a global operation with increasingly responsible duties in the mobilization picture, As an economic arm of the United States' foreign policy it is now operating in Southeast Asia as well as in the countries of Western Europe and their overseas dependencies, ECA has changed gradually into its new role since the start of the Korean war last June with defense needs receiving priority over requests for recovery projects, While still responsible for providing economic aid to maintain a solid economic base for the western world's defense program, ECA is now emphasizing programs to increase military production in Western Europe, This objective will be reached by supplying direct aid in the form of raw materials and machinery as well as technical assistance to the industrial plants of the North Atlantic Treaty countries, February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 ECA regulations require each supplying company to clearly label European~bound goods, where practicable, with the official emblem, Regulations covering the rela~ tively new Southeast Asia program are being revised to include this responsibility, ECA does not supply labels or stencils, but furnishes samples which can be made up by the supplying company itself or purchased from label supply firms, Samples of the new insignia are available from the ECA Office of Information, Washington 25, Dec. ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products No procurement and reimbursement authorizations for fishery products (edible and inedible) were announced by the Economic Cooperation Administration during January 1951. In addition, no cancellations or decreases affecting previous author-= izations for fishery products were reported, (See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1951, p.44 for cumulative totals), However, during January ECA announced a procurement and reimbursement author- ization of $395,000 to be used by the Indonesian Republic for purchasing fishing @quipment from the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States and Possessions, CANADIAN POSTAGE STAMP HONORS FISHERIES A new $1,00 Canadian postage stamp, in recognition of the commercial fisheries of that country, was issued on February 1, 1951, by the Canadian Post Office Department, reports the November 1950 g@— Trade News of the Depart- ment of Fisheries, The stamp emphasizes the great wealth of the fishery resources which are accessible to Canadian fishermenoff both the East and West coasts andin the [% inland lakes and rivers, The central subject /AgA in the design is symbolic | of Canada's hardy fisher- man, showing one of them in an open boat, hauling : i in a net, Surrounding this subject is a wide border with a fish-net back- ground, upon which are illustrated 16 varieties of fishery products impor- tant to Canada's economy, The new postage stamp is green andis the same size as the current $1.00 postage stamp, approximately 1g inches by 1 inch, 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. wo i | ‘Il f | rm ql International FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION BUDGET FOR 1951: The Food and Agriculture Organization has issuedits budget for 1951 (approved by the Conference). The proposed budget for 1951 is US$5,025,000; however, proposed expenditures are proposed on the basis of the first $4,500,000 income and then additional expenditures are proposed if the re- ceipts of the FAO are $5,000,000. The budget for the Fisheries Division of FAO is as follows: 1951 Expenditure Additional 1950 LOSI on Basis of First| Expenditure Expenditure by Budget |Proposed 4.5 million if Receipts Functions Allocation] Budget Receipts are $5 million @eeeeoeeoeorveedeo 6000 n U. e p eeeeoneevoeoeanesee2 2208088 Direc Corps sateleleloleveretaietercteietelelele 48,800 50,099 45,599 6,500 Economics and Statistics .... 60,500 51,284 51,284 = Biology eecceeeoeeceoeecececeree 47,000 44,264 44,764 (plus $500) Technology ccccecceccccccceccce 54,500 53,472 53,222 250 Regional Activities: Asia and the Far Hast .eee. 29,500 37 ,669 27,007 10,662 Hurope and the Near East .. 16,700 14,619 14,619 - ajtaaeeAmeriC alieleteleleleleielelelatere 15 ,'700 16,578 15,528 1,050 PO Laills\mevelererelelersvereterorelelevere 17,962 S INS Aden Protectorate STATUS OF THE FISHERIES: The basis of the fisheries in the Aden Protectorate are the sardine (mostly Sardinella longiceps) shoals which move close inshore throughout the winter, states an October 24, 1950, American consular dispatch from Aden. The main fishery is from October to December, but the fish may remain until the southwest monsoon breaks in May or June. Initially the oil content of the fish is high, but it falls off as the season advances. The sardine shoals are accompanied by large fish—the two most important are "deirak" (Scomberomorus commersoni) and "thamed" (tunny—Neothunnus alalunga), but other species of tunny and horse mackerel abound. Sharks are also fairly plentiful at such times but their occurrence in numbers is spasmodic. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 The fishery is unreliable since the amount of sardines and their attendant predators vary greatly from year to year. The winter of 1947-48 was exceptionally good but those of 1948-49 and 1949-50 have been the poorest within living memory, barely enough fish being taken to supply local needs. The main fishery is on the Mahra Coast on either side of Ras Fartak, towards the extreme eastern end of the Protectorate. From there westward thé fishery de- clines in importance, the sardines rarely reaching Aden in any numbers. There is, however, a considerable summer fishery at Aden, mostly for "dairak." Sardines are taken in cast nets and beach seines and their predators on hand lines and in various forms of gill nets. The boats are either dugout canoes im- ported from India (to which a -strake is added locally) or double-ended surf boats (the planks of which are pegged and sewn together with coir twine). The onlylarger fishing craft are dhows, up to 60 feet long, which work a number of single—hook shark lines, or others which operate several "deirak" gill nets. The sardines not locally consumed are either sun-dried to make a very poor and varied product (used as a crop fertilizer, but also eaten by camels and the poorest people) or else they are rotted in heaps to free a putrid oil. Larger fish are salted and dried in various ways for export, mostly through Aden to the Far East and East Africa. A very rough estimate, made several years ago, reckoned a good year's catchof all species for the whole Protectorate at 50,000 metric tons of fish (landed weight). The Aden Fishery Department was founded towards the end of 1947. The failure of the following two seasons and mechanical trouble with the Department's fishery vessel, a 50—-foot ex—naval craft, have hindered its work considerably; but statis— tical posts have been established along most of the coast and a new knowledge of the fisheries has been steadily accumulated. The failure of the past two seasons has made it difficult to promote any real developments, but when the sardines re— turn it is hoped that fish meal and oil production may be started. The canning of tunny is another promising development. However, these are left to private enter- prise or to ome of the British Goverrment Corporations for development. The Aden Government is not constituted to undertake commercial activity and the Fishery De- partment has a total staff of 2 British and 13 Arabs, including the crew of the fishery vessel and the statistical collectors, all of wham are already fully occupied. PE Australia FIJI-SAMOA TUNA ENTERPRISES’ CLIPPER FISHING IN AUSTRALIAN WATERS: Interest in tuna industry posibilities has spread from New South Wales to Western and South Aus- tralia since the Senibua, a tuna vessel o oe and operated by the campany which was organized to catch tuna in Fijian waters,~/ made its first trip pole fishing for tuna off New South Wales in October. On’ its first cruise in Australian waters, the tuna clipper caught six metric tons of southern bluefin tuna, averaging about 30 pounds each, in 40 minutes, the November 1950 Fisheries Newsletter issued by the Commonwealth Director of Fisheries reported. The fish were taken in mid-October about 10 miles southeast of St. George's Head (adjoining Jervis Bay) in about 80 fathoms. Bad weather caused the Senibua to return to Sydney with only 12 metric vy, SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCTOBER 1950, P,.41; SEPTEMBER 1950, P. 52; FEBRUARY 1949, PP. 58-9 Lg COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Australian fish canneries have approached the Goverrment for a visit by the Senibua in both New South Wales and Western and South Australia. In Adelaide, an Australian cannery announced at the end of September that it would commence canning tuna in October using a machine with a capacity of 10,000 cans per 8-hour day. The company stated it would concentrate on the Australian market first but would export when the home demand was satisfied. Advance orders had been "received from all parts of the world," according to the statement by the company. Fishermen will be paid 6d. (approximately 5.4 cents) per pound. The Senibua left Sydney October 9, 1950, for its first cruise. Trolling lines were set out and the first tuna were caught early the next day, 25 miles east of Bateman's Bay. Experienced fishermen on board considered that with proper live bait (which the clipper did not have at the time) 25 tons of tuna could have been landed from the first school encountered. The tuna clipper was successful in taking bait at night with a lampara net and lights. Although the vessel sighted tuna during the first part of the voyage, bad weather hampered operations. On its way north, the Senibua was able to capture 12 tons of tuna. Three Australian fishermen were signed on the vessel in order to learn tuna pole-fishing techniques. The Senibua has three live—bait tanks, a spotting plane, six brine wells, two ; skiffs, as well as fishing gear. _—— The propelling 190-h.p. Diesel = unit is controlled from the wheel- house (also can be controlled from the compressor roam and en— gine room). There is a direc- tion finder in the wheelhouse, and adirect-reading sonic depth finder whichmeasures depths from 50 to 600 feet in feet and fathoms, as well as a transmitting and re- ceiving radiotelephone set. The plane was stowed on top of the live—bait tanks. On this trip the wings of the plane were dis-— mantled because they projected eight feet on each side of the vessel, and if struck by a heavy sea they would be smashed. Nor- mally the plane is shore-based. There is a poop walk from the foredeck to the live—bait tanks so that the crew can get ; y quickly into position during srr adaes TSS Sue TieelNern eCoytS'on top ‘ishing. The live-bait tanks OF TANKS. VESSEL FISHING FOR TUNA OFF AUSTRALIA. are built on the after part of the main deck, They are fitted with slides SO their size can be varied. The forward and midship tanks are fitted with coils so that they can also be used to store tuna. Total capacity of the tanks is 2 tons of live bait or 16 tons of fish. The overflow fram the tanks goes out on the starboard side because February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 this helps to hold the vessel at an angle to the wind. The tanks are serviced by 6-inch pipes and pumps with a capacity of 500 gallons per minute, and are kept lighted all the time bait is in then. When fishing is about to begin, a section of netting (a crowder) is kept ready beside the tanks for use as soon as fishing begins. The purpose is to crowd the live bait into a smaller space in the tank so that it can be more quickly scooped out by the chummer. The vessel has six brine wells with a capacity of 52 tons (one on each side of the live bait tanks, and two on each side of the vessel, going forward). All the wells ard bait tanks are interconnected, and the two midship wells can also be used for holding bait. On the top of the live bait tanks on the port side, an 18-foot power skiff is carried, and on the starboard side a bait punt which carries a light when bait is being fished. Lampara nets are used for bait operations, and the Senibua has four of these as well as a beach net. With seven fishing racks, 22 fishermen can fish at one time. The stern rack takes four men; two corner racks (one on each side of the stern rack) each take three men; and four side racks (two on each side of the vessel) each takes three men. The two corner racks are regarded as the most important and the most skilled fishermen are consequently stationed on them, because the tuna seem to prefer to come at an angle to the vessel. The Senibua is equipped with two fuel tanks with a total capacity of 4,500 gallons; two ammonia condensers; an electrically driven windlass; two anchors; and numerous other equipment. Full loaded, the Senibua draws 12 feet. It is 75 feet between perpendiculars, and has an 18-foot beam. The tuna poles are made of Japanese bamboo, and the one-man pole is 12 feet to 14 feet long, and 2 inches in diameter at the butt tapering to 1 inch at the top. The Piper Cub spotting plane used is 28 feet long and has a wing spread of 35 feet. It can take off in about 170 yards and has a range of 200 miles. A two-way radiotelephone connects it with the tuna clipper. Flying at 800 feet, the observer who accompanies the pilot of the plane can see birds working over small fish and can identify fish when a school is sighted. Fuel supplies have been arranged for at Sydney, Mallacoota Inlet, Twofold Bay, Narooma, Lake Burrill, and Lake Illawarra so that it can operate from those points. The company that owns the Senibua is one of two canpanies organized by Harold Gatty, round-the-world flier. The associated company built a cannery in American Samoa. However, it has been reported that tuna in Fijian waters could not becaught in sufficient quantities. It is also reported that Gatty resigned from both com- panies in June 1950. In addition to the Senibua, the tuna fishing company operating out of the Fiji Islands owns two other brine—equipped tuna clippers (Senirosi and Senileba); two live- bait fishing boats (Mere and Sali); and a freezing mothership (Isalei—ll2 ft. long with three ammonia compressors and a quick freezing section in the brine cooler). 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Bermuda RESEARCH FISHING PROGRAM PLANNED: The methods proposed for the research fish— ing program contemplated in the waters off Bermuda under the auspices of the Gov— erment Aquarium include the long-line fishing method, a Jamary 4 American consular dispatch from Hamilton reports. It is the general consensus of opinion in Bermuda that every avenue of food supply offered by fishing should be explored, as this might provide much-needed food in times of crisis as well as establish an industry which’ can be run economically and efficiently with Government support. However, Louis Mowbray, Curator of the Aquarium, on December 29 issued a warn- ing to the Colony's fishermen and others who may be planning offshore fishing ven— tures. He feels that everyone interestéd in commercial fishing should lend their e-forts toward the promotion of a carefully planned Government-sponsored research program. The field should be surveyed and fishing grounds mapped within a 20-mile radius of Bermuda, according to him, since the quantities of deep-sea fish of cam— mercial value around Bermuda are not known at present and afford a wonderful field for research. The Colony's location offers excellent and as yet untapped fishing grounds, but individual persons can waste money and much equipment, states Mowbray, if they drop their nets into the water before research fishing is carried out. He feels that a proper research program would require at least 12 months. British Honduras FISHERY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT ESTABLISHED: The British Colonial Authorities have approved the organization of a new department in British Honduras to be known as the "Fishery Development Department." Funds for this Department have been re- ceived from the Secretary of State and were appropriated under a Colonial Develop— ment and Welfare Grant (b6,172—approximately $17,282), reports a November 9, 1950, American consular dispatch from Belize. The functions of this Department will be the conservation of existing stocks of fish to prevent depletion through overfishing or improper fishing methods; the carrying out of experimental work for discovering new fishing grounds and the de- velopment of the industry; the improvement of present methods of fishing and the curing of fish for the expansion of the Colony's export trade; the enforcement of legislation controlling fishing within the Colony; the improvement of the equipment and status of fishermen (by credit facilities, etc.); and keeping a check on the progress made by an efficient and reliable collection system of collecting statistics (quantity, value, and fishing effort expended). February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 Canada announced a little more than a year ago by the Minister of Fisheries, the December 1950 Trade News of the Canadian Fisheries Department reports. Seven trawlers are at present being built in Canada and three are being built in the United Kingdom for the Canadian fishing industry. All these vessels are in the large dragger category—— 100 feet or more in length. The seven keels which have been laid in Canada permit, under the new trawler policy, the licensing of the same number of secondhand trawlers if bought either in the United Kingdom or in the United States and registered in Canada after payment of duty. Thus, under the current building program, the Cana- dian trawler fleet will increase by at least 10 vessels, and licenses could be ob- tained for seven more. In addition, the industry is contemplating the construction of two more trawlers in Canada and seven in the United Kingdom. This additional construction, if pro- ceeded with, would add another nine trawlers to the fleet or 11 if advantage is taken of the opportunity to license secondhand vessels from the United States or theUnited Kingdom. Of the vessels now under construction, Nova Scotia firms are building six in Canada and two in the United Kingdom, while Newfoundland is building one in Canada and one in the United Kingdom. Prior to the announcement of the Department's change in policy on Atlantic Coast trawlers, licenses for trawlers were issued only to Canadian-built ships, and with the exception of the number of draggers built under subsidy during the war and in the postwar period, no additions to the Canadian trawler fleet have been made for many years. The trawler policy was revised to pramote an orderly expansion of the Maritime industry's catching facilities so that it could take greater advantage of the stocks available and at the same time to help it meet market demands for fresh and frozen fish. Costa Rica courts to the effect that Costa Rican courts do not have jurisdiction beyond the extent of the country's territorial waters and that those waters, in accordance with the Constitution, extend three nautical miles from the low-water line in accordance with the principles of International Law. The case arose over the collision of two ships in the Pacific Ocean about 30 miles southwest of Cabo Blanco, a December 28, 1950, American Embassy dispatch from San Jose reports. The Sala de Casacién limited its decision to a determination of jurisdiction of Costa Rican courts in it. The court stated that the current Consti- tution, which became effective on November 8, 1949, limits national sovereignty to the country's territorial waters, and that the extent of those waters, in accordance 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ey Vol. 13, No. 2 with the Constitution and the principles of International Law, is three nautical miles from the low-water line of the coasts. One of the judges of the court submitted a separate opinion in which he con- curred in the findings of the court but expanded on the legal aspects of the deci- sion. He roterved to the fact that it had been claimed that Decree Law No. 116 of duly 27, 1948,=/ extended the country's sovereignty to 200 miles from the coast and (thus) extended the territorial waters of Costa Rica to the same distance, He re- ferred to Article 6 of the Constitution which has been referred to above and went on to say that the Constitution, pramulgated on November 7, 1949 and effective the following day, through its Article 6 revoked that part of Decree Law No. 116 which refers to sovereignty of the State in its territorial waters not only tacitly by a substantial modification but also in an express manner. The limit of territorial waters at three miles from the low—tide line must be accepted as a principle of International Law he said. He reached the same conclusion as the full court: Costa Rican courts have no jurisdiction beyond the three-mile limit. d/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCTOBER 1948, P. 41. Denmark DANISH FISHERIES FAIR PLANNED: The first Danish Fisheries Fair will be held in the important fisheries base, Frederikshavn, Jutland, July 7-16, 1951, an Ameri- can Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen dated October 25, 1950, reports. The Fair will cover a space df 3,300 square meters and will supply a conprehen- sive picture of Danish fisheries and its affiliated industries. It will be divided into the following five sections: 1. Catches of the fisheries in general, by breeds and quantities; exports; home market comsumption; fisheries propaganda; new export opportunities; demonstration of preparation of fish 2. Fishing-shipyards; engines; catching equipment; salvage equip— ment 3. All shades of the Danish fisheries industry with working stands 4. Modern fisheries equipment, such as navigation instruments; ' Decca; echo sounding gear; radio; etc. 5. Pleasure fishing 5 The Fair is sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Fisheries, two associations of Danish fishermen, the wholesalers’ and retailers’ organizations, the cannery indus— try, the Fisheries Propaganda Association, the Danish Biological Station, and the Ministry of Fisheries’ Test Laboratory. The Fair enjoys the financial support of several of the sponsors, and all en- try fees, without any deductions, will accrue to a Fund for Danish Fisheries. This joint move on the part of all segments of the Danish fisheries is consid—- ered an important further expression of a general public and private realization of February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 the importance of Danish fisheries to the national economy, particularly as an ex- port trade. The first expression of this realization was the separation, inSeptem- ber 1947, of the trade fromthe jurisdiction of theMinistry of Agriculture andthe es- tablishment of an independent Ministry of Fisheries. Since its establishment, this Ministry has made considerable effort to bring about the cooperation of all sections of the industry, and this Fair is one of the results of these efforts. Egypt FISHING PORT PLANNED me PORT SAID: A fishing port in Port Said at the right of the entrance to Port Said harboris planned by the Suez Canal Company, reports a November 9, 1950, American consular dispatch from that city. This port will cover an area of 2,000 Square meters and will accomodate and provide safe berthing for all fishing and sailing craft, thus leaving the Port free from these craft. The cost of the project is estimated at LE1,000,000 ($2,870,000), and it will take at least two years to complete the port. During the sardine season, fishing craft are so numerous in Port Said harbor that they constitute a constant menace and danger to navigation, and it is believed that the new fishing port will eliminate the concentration of fishing vessels in the harbor. France FISH CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION, 1950: At an international congress (Congres International D'#tude sur Le Role du Poisson dans L'Alimentation) that was held in Paris in October 1950 to study the various aspects of the fishing industry, it was pointed out that the present average consumption of fish per person in France did not exceed 15.4 pounds per year, campared with an average of 19.8 pounds before World War II. It was stated that the French fishing fleet was capable as far as available tonage and equipment is concerned, of supplying enough fish to raise the per capita annual consumption to 26.4 pounds, according to a November 22 American consular dispatch from Paris. The Comite National de Propagande pour 1a Consommation du Poisson (A National Fish Consumption Advertising Committee) is continuing its efforts to popularize and increase the consumption of fishery products, and recently recommended that the practice of selling filleted and attractively wrapped fishery products at reasonable prices be introduced with a view to encouraging sales, Attention has also been called in Parliament to the advisability of improving transportation metnods for fish, particularly to smaller centers, and providing better facilities for handling and keeping fish in good condition at landing ports. 5h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 FRENCH TRAWLERS DOCKED AT MARSEILLE. France's total fisheries production for 1950 is estimated at approximately 275,000 metric tons, compared with 300,000 tons in 1949 and 310,000 tons in 1948. The decline in fisheries production in 1950 is particularly marked in the case of the tunny fishery in spite of the greater number of vessels engaged in this fishery. ge ‘French Morocco SARDINE PACK UP IN 1950: Figures are not yet available for French Morocco's 1950 fish canning season, which reaches its peak at the end of the year. However, preliminary reports indicate that the 1950 fish catch will exceed 100,000 metric tons (chiefly sardines) as compared with approximately 93,000 metric tons in 1949, reports a December 19 American consular dispatch from Casablanca. It seems probable, therefore, that the sardine canning industry will surpass last year's total of 2,500,000 cases. Markets are of increasingly greater concern to this industry, which was helped substantially in the current year by a British Government order of one millioncases. It is reported that this order will be renewed, however, and in addition the indus— try hopes for increasing success in the German and United States markets. Sardine exports to the United States will probably exceed $200,000 in 1950 as against less than $50,000 in 1949, and greater attention is now being given to American tastes in labeling and packing. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Iceland BULK OF TRAWLER FLEET TO FISH FOR ROSEFISH: Excitement has followed reports that there is an active market in the United States for frozen redfish (oceanperch, rosefish) fillets, according to a November 16 American consular dispatch from Rey— kjavik. Two of the first trawlers to go out after the settlement of the labor dis- pute on November 6, 1950, brought back good catches of redfish, which have been frozen at the towns of Keflavik and Akranes. Freezing plants in these towns were reported to be working at full blast for the first time in many months. Following the settlement of the seamen's labor dispute which had immobilized trawlers in Iceland for a little more than four months, a total of 34 trawlers left or were preparing to leave for the fishing grounds in mid-November 1950. These in- clude 33 new (postwar) trawlers and one old trawler—-l1 perwar trawlers, making up the balance of Iceland's operational trawler fleet, were scheduled to leave in time for the main fishing season which begins in January. According to the type of fishing, the Icelandic trawler fleet operating in mid- November was divided as follows: No. of Vessels Type of Fishing 9 For fresh fish on ice for delivery to Western Germany 2 For fresh fish on ice for delivery to the United Kingdom 23 For redfish (both for freezing and processing into meal and oil) Because of the limitations placed on the delivery of iced fish to Western Ger- many and some difficulties experienced in marketing iced fish in the United Kingdom, only 11 vessels of the trawler fleet were sent out to fish for fish to be delivered iced. An increase in the demand for iced fish was reported from the United Kingdom, but Icelandic operators were dubious of marketing possibilities. The market for redfish meal and oil continues to be favorable. Redfish catches by trawlers operating in this fishery will be processed into meal and oil at a nunm- ber of plants in southwest Iceland. The most modern fish-reduction plant in Iceland (in Reykjavik) was expected to commence full-scale operations for the first time in November 1950, using redfish. HERHH E NEW TRAWLERS FOR ICELANDIC FISHERIES BEING BUILT IN GREAT BRITAIN: The first of the ten new trawlers being built by British shipyards for Iceland on contracts placed in 1948 was delivered late in December 1950. Named Hardbakur by her owners, a company in the north coast town of Akureyri, the vessel is now fishing for the British fresh fish market, states a January 16 American consular dispatch from Rey- kjavik. The Hardbakur is a steam trawler of dimensions reported to be similar to those of the Neptunus - a type of trawler delivered by the United Kingdom to Iceland in 1948. The Neptunus is 684 gross metric tons, 183 feet long, 30 feet broad, and has a triple-expansion engine rated at 1,000 h.p. The nine other trawlers are scheduled to be délivered by British yards in the current year. Two of the ten new trawlers are Diesel—powered, while the others have 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 steam power. The steam trawlers are reported to be similar in dimensions to the Hardbakur. The two Diesel trawlers are understood to be 20 to 30 gross tons larger than the steam trawlers. The principal difference between the ten new trawlers and Iceland's 33 so-called "reconstruction" trawlers delivered by British shipyards in 1946-48 is that the new trawlers all have fish-meal processing equipment on board. The Hardbakur is the first Icelandic trawler to have such equipment. The new trawlers are reported to be selling for about 8,500,000 to 9,000,000 kronur (US $520,800 to $551,500). Sales are being handled by the Icelandic Govern- ment, which has arranged financing of the construction in British shipyards through loans extended by British banks. The cost of the new trawlers is about three times as high in Icelandic currency as the cost of the trawlers delivered in 1946-1948; those trawlers sold locally for approximately 3,000,000 kronur (which was thenequiv- alent to about US $461,200). There were substantial devaluations of the Icelandic krona in September 1949 and March 1950, which account for the disproportionate in- crease in the local cost of the new trawlers. In addition to the high initial cost, other factors make it problematical whether the new trawlers can be operated at a profit. The effect of the 42.6 per— cent devaluation in March 1950 on the trawler fleet has not yet been fully measured since the trawlers were laid up by a seamen's labor dispute from July 1 to early November 1950. Another question is the increased operating cost resulting from the new wage contracts entered into by trawler crews and operators at the conclusion of the labor dispute last November. Another imponderable is the future of the European iced fish market; Iceland made lucrative deliveries in the United Kingdom and West Germany in 1948, when contracts were let for the 10 new trawlers, but these markets were unsatisfactory in 1950. At one time last year it is understood that the de— sirability of disposing of the 10 new trawlers outside Iceland was under serious consideration in Iceland. However, the Icelandic Goverrment is now having little difficulty in selling the new trawlers to Icelandic operators. Seven of the trawlers have already been sold and bids for the three others are now under consideration. Indonesia DEVELOPING FISHERIES WITH ECA AID: In an effort to raise the standard of liv- ing of her one million regular and casual fishermen, the new Republic of Indonesia is using American aid to supplement her own resources in financing a program designed to increase the country's annual catch of fish, the Econamic Cooperation Administra- tion announced on January 5, 1951. Fishing has long been an important segnent of the economy of the Indonesian archipelago with its tens of thousands of square miles of fishing grounds. The In- donesian Government is making a determined effort to step up fish production and simultaneously lift the social and econamic status of fishermen, ECA is assisting the program financially and with technical aid. It recently made a thorough survey of Indonesia's fishery potentialities and needs. Because fish was not a major export crop, and since Indonesia has tin, rubber, pepper, copra, and other valuable products to sell to the world, fishing received little governmental help until less than 50 years ago. By 1939 there were only 32 motorized fishing vessels in the country. There are only 45 today. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 Indonesia planned to motorize the fishing fleet when it appeared that World War II might cut off the country's fish imports, but the Japanese occupied the archipelago before the program could be carried out. The Japanese did not build up the fishery industry during their occupation, and submarine activity made fish- ing very difficult. Many of the fishing vessels were sunk, including every motor- ized vessel, and others fell into disrepair. After the war, the Sea Fisheries Service was established as an agency of the government to carry out a fishery program. It plans to enlarge the fishing fleet; motorize fishing boats; establish a fleet of carrier vessels for sea transport from fishing areas to markets, and motor trucks for land transport of fish; establish processing plants for salting and drying fish; and make twine, hooks and other needs of the industry available. The Sea Fisheries Service has two branches, one concentrating on improving fishing methods and techniques, and the other attempting to improve the economic and social status of fishermen. The operational arm of the service is the Sea Fisheries Institute. Certain parts of the Indonesian Government's fishery program are already inop- eration, and will be continued by its own funds. The remainder it proposes to fi- nance with ECA aid or through U. S. Export-Import Bank loans. This program antic- ipates an immediate increase of about 15,000 metric tons of fish annually, of which 8,100 tons would come from the motorized majang fleet, 4,900 tons from the tuna fleet, and 2,000 tons from use of two carrier vessels. Expansion of Fishing Fleet: As one step in this program, the Economic Cooper— ation Administration has approved the Indonesian Goverrment's request to buy 60 small motorized "majang" (local type) fishing boats and 100 new engines for this type boat at a cost of $600,000. The purchase, ECA said, will be made in Japan which has been a principal supplier of these boats and engines. The 60 new vessels being procured with ECA funds will be powered with 15— to 20-h.p. engines, enabling the fishermen to expand their fishing area and remain at sea for several days at a time. The engines being procured with BCA funds are of 7, 15, and 20 hep., same of which will be installed in 35-foot carrier vessels as an experiment. These carriers will collect fish from sailing vessels at sea. The experiment is to determine if the majang boats can increase their catch and remain longer at sea by transferring their fish to the carrier vessels. If the experiment proves uneconomical, these carrier boats are to be converted to majang fishing vessels. Indonesia has boat-building facilities and has 62 more boats scheduled for domestic construction in addition to the 60 being bought from Japan. It is planned that about half of the new boats will operate out of Djakarta, more than doubling the number of motorized fishing boats in this area. The rest will be allocated to the fishing ports of Surabaja, Semarang,and Pontianak by the Sea Fisheries Service of the Indonesian Goverrment. The boats are to be sold to individual fishermen, or groups of fishermen organized into cooperatives, and the proceeds in local currency will be used to pay local costs of other Indonesian eco- nomic development projects. The Sea Fisheries Service estimates that sane 19,000 craft operated out of Java and Madura last year, compared with 32,000 before the war. 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Catch in 1949: The nation's total catch in 1949 was 420,000 metric tons, com— pared with 472,000 tons in 1940. Fishing has increased, however, in Indonesia's lakes, rivers, swamps, and artificially-made ponds, which yielded 175,000 tons of last year's (1949) total catch—47,000 tons over the 1940 inland catch. Exports in 1949: Indonesia's exports of fresh, salted,and dried fish in 1949 totaled less than 200 tons, compared with 4,000 tons before the war. Consumption: Domestic consumption in Java, one of the lowest of any maritime country, was 7.9 pounds per capita in 1949, compared with 14.7 pounds in 1940. These figures do not include the fish consumed by the million fishermen, their families, and others who fish occasionally to obtain a part of their food supply. Many other maritime countries average 33 pounds or more of fish per person annually, and 66 pounds is not unusual. : Although only Java, with its 50 million people, is considered lacking in fish supply, the ECA survey estimated that more than a million tons of fish a year would be required to give the entire country an average of 44 pounds per person, The current consumption of fish by the country's population of about 72,000,000is only about one-tenth that of the maritime countries of Northern Europe. The annual catch from the sea,-currently, is less than 75 percent of prewar. Indonesian authorities, it was reported, believe that their fish development program can produce about 750,000 tons a year, which would be more than 50 percent above the 1940 catch. Because of the large amount of funds required to finance such an expansion, how- ever, the immediate goal is to equal the 1940 catch of 350,000 tons of salt-water fish. Marketing: An auction-market system is used throughout Indonesia for selling the fishermen's catch. The market place may be owned by a municipality, or by a fishermen's cooperative organization. They charge a five percent commission. The cooperative movement is growing rapidly among fishermen, it is reported. The co-op owned markets use their commissions to make loans to fishermen to buy supplies or equipment, and even to provide such facilities as free medical service to their mem- bers. Some markets deduct ten percent from the gross sales and hold the amount in savings for the seller, giving it to him in a lump sum at the end of the year. Some finance the building of homes for fishermen on long-term payment plans. -_- BY Japan FISHING INDUSTRY IN FINANCIAL STRAITS :2/ Investigations of the economic condi- tions of Japanese fi sheries by SCAF's Natural Resources Section personnel show that the major portion of the industry is now facing a financial crisis, especially severe in the coastal fisheries which account for the bulk of the fisheries production. Unless these financial problems are overcome, the present upward trend of production will be reversed and many fishermen and cooperatives will be forced out of business. A combination of factors is responsible for the present unfavorable financial condition of Japanese fisheries. Some of the most important of these factors are: 1. Lack of adequate reserves for operating expenses owing to the large expenditures required to replace facilities and equipment 1/7 THIS WAS EXCERPTED FROM A MEMORANDUM (FINANCING JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY, DATED NOVEMBER 6, 1950) PREPARED BY SCAP'S NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION FOR A VISITING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL. EXCERPTS APPEARED IN THAT AGENCY'S WEEKLY SUMMARY OF NOVEMBER 25, 1950. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 lost or damaged during the war years (World War II), The inflation and high taxes also contributed to the present shortage of reserve funds. 2. There has been a marked decrease in the catch per individual unit despite the fact that present total production compares favorably with prewar production in the same geographical area. The number of fishermen has increased by 20 to 50 per- cent since the Surrender. 3. There has been a sharp increase in operating expenses owing to doubling and tripling of prices of fishing materials since the removal of goverrment subsidies in April 1950. 4. The price of fish paid the producer has decreased asa result of improvement of the over-all food supply situation during the past year. Lack of experience among new operators in selling on a free market (following a long period of con- trolled prices and distribution), resulting in inefficient marketing, has temporarily contributed to the decrease in price since govermment marketing decontrol in April 1950. Inadequacies of the existing credit structure, which were discussed in detail in the memorandum, are briefed as follows: 1. A more adequate and realistic credit system is needed to enable fishermen to maintain or increase production. At present the Central Cooperative Bank for Agriculture and Forestry is the chief source of credit for the fishermen. Current policy of this and other lending institutions re- stricts practically all loans to short-term (one year or less) regardless of the purpose or use to be made of the funds. Such restriction has necessitated constant renewal of loans, excessive administrative costs on the part of the loaning institutions, and loss of credit resources through unavoidable delinquencies. 2. The high interest rates required by present loaning institu- tions result in extreme hardship and numerous delinquencies by fishermen. Interest rates paid on term savings deposits normally average 3 1/2 to 4 percent while interest rates charged on loans are 9 to 10 percent for short-term (one year or less). This operational margin of 4 or 5 percent, or more, used by financial institutions does not appear justified. Furthermore, interest rates are the same within the two gen- eral categories of short-term and long-term loans regardless of the risk involved in the enterprise, available security, or repayment plan. Such practice has handicapped the bor- rower of sound low-risk investment funds in that he must pay interest rates high enough to meet deficits developed fran loans to high risk and questionable enterprises. Segregation of loans into categories ranging from "well secured" to "very high risk" should be established with varying rates of interest. 3. In the loaning of funds to fisheries, available security in the form of catch liens and facility mortgages have not been ob- tained. Such practice has in general weakened the entire credit system in fisheries. 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 The memorandum listed the funds required by cooperatives and federations for financing short-term (up to one year), medium-term (one to 10 years), long-term (over 10 ey) » and disaster or relief-type loans during the last half of the1950 fiscal years and for the 1951 fiscal year, as estimated by the Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, on the basis of reports from prefectural credit federations of fisheries cooperatives, as follows: Estimates of Fisheries Financing _Needs 2, 285 , 600 2,436,000 220,000 150,000 Short term (up to 1 yr.) Medium term (1 to 10 yrs.) Long term (over 10 yrs.) Disaster and relief type MOLAMEeleleleleleiiclelolelelele 6,766, 700 611,100 17,741,700 The amount for medium term loans does not include approximately four billion yen ($14,349,200) necessary for capitalization of fixed assets which the cooperatives have or will obtain by transfer fram the former fisheries associations during 1950 and 1951, including certain necessary refinancing. Of the total loan requirements it is estimated that approximately 20 percent may beobtainable fram local credit sources. Two alternative plans for establishment of adequate credit at the national level are proposed in the memorandum: (1) reorganization of the administrative operations and expansion of resources of the Central Cooperative Bank for Agriculture and For- estry to meet approximately 80 percent of total needs for short-term, medium-term, and long-term loans; or (2) establishment of a new banking facility to handle all types of fisheries loans, not available from present local sources at reasonable in- terest rates. Either of the above plans will undcubtedly require the support of the central government in making available necessary capital at low interest rates from such funds as the Special Deposit Account, U. 8. Counterpart Aid Fund Special Account, and direct goverrment subsidies. Fisheries specialists of Natural Resources Section are of the opinion that the Central Cooperative Bank for Agriculture and Forestry can adequately handle the normal credit functions of the fishing industry for short— term, medium-term, and long-term loans if the present policy on terms of loans is changed and certain internal reorganization of operations is carried out. Further- more, the financing of all three types of loans should be under the same administra- tion in order to insure proper repayment schedules and utilization of loan funds. The following recommendations are set forth in the memorandum: 1. The Central Cooperative Bank for Agriculture and Forestry should reorganize its administrative operations to conform with sound cooperative banking principles and change its policy regarding terms of loans to meet the needs of the fishing industry. The reorganization should include the providing of staff personnel with experience in fisheries operations and competent to analyze loan applications as to soundness and to provide some supervision to borrowers in carrying out a coordinated plan of repayment. 1/ JAPANESE FISCAL YEAR, APRIL 1, 1950-MARCH 31, 1951. February 1951 CQMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 2. If the Cooperative Bank cannot be reorganized in accordance with paragraph (1) above, a financing institution should be established for fisheries. If a separate bank is established, provisions should be made for short-term, medium-term, and long-term loans, which must be coordinated to insure realistic repayment schedules and proper utilization of loan funds. 3. Interest rates should be established on the basis of avarying scale according to soundness of loan,of risk involved, with the over-all average rates not to exceed 7 1/2 percent on short-term loans and 8 percent on medium- and long-term loans, 4. Disaster and relief type financing should be made available by direct government appropriation in accordance withactual need. Administration of such funds should not be under the general lending institution but under a separate goverrment agency. Financing of this type should be made direct to in- dividual fishermen. 5. Loans to cooperatives and federations should be made on the basis of the following: (a) Analysis of loan application by qualified personnel indicates soundness of loan (b) Repayment scheduled in accordance with the prospective income from the facility or enterprise and life of the facility, equipment, or materials being financed, and after thorough analysis of all outstanding obligations to be met. (c) Available security should be taken in the form of catch liens and assignment of sales for short-term loans and as mortgages on facilities for medium and long—termloans. (d) Medium and long-term loans should be based onstabilized security values with provision for refinancing during inflationary period. (e) Cooperatives receiving loans should be required to sub- mit regular and adequate financial statements, with annual audits by independent auditors. (f) Restrictions regarding maximum capitalization of the banking institution should be sufficiently flexible to meet current normal needs of fisheries. HHH K KE a —— than is known in the western nations. 1/ A PRESS STATEMENT MADE BY DR. WILLIS H. RICH, VISITING EXPERT CONSULTANT, WHICH APPEARED IN THE DECEMBER 2, 1950, WEEKLY SUMMARY OF SCAP S NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION, 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 In the past, the Japanese fisheries research program has been largely devoted to the improvement of fishing and processing methods and the development of new fisheries. The general effect has been to intensify exploitation. The Japanese have paid very little attention to the particular kinds of biological study that are of primary importance in conserving the resources upon which the fisheries in- dustries depend for their raw material. In the western nations, on the other hand, the fisheries research programs, especially of the various governmental organiza— tions, have been directed chiefly toward acquiring the information necessary to maintain the productivity of these resources. In the United States this approach to research has been a part of the great conservation movement that began about 50 years ago. The average American fisherman has learned the. importance of fisheries conservation; he realizes that "conservation is wise use" and that without conser-— vation his own future is jeopardized. It is highly significant that Japan shows a growing realization of the impor-— tance of fisheries conservation and a strong trend toward developing the kind of fishery research that is of the greatest importance to the care and maintenance of the fishery resources. Information from this research in the field of fishery bi- ology is absolutely essential if the resources are to be managed so as to provide continually the maximum yield. This change in emphasis in Japanese fisheryresearch has ‘been brought about very largely through the activities of the Fisheries Division, Natural Resources Section of SCAP, and the fine cooperation of officials of the Fisheries Agency of the Japanese Government. One of the most important moves in this new development has been the establish- ment of eight regional fisheries research laboratories instead of one single central station which dominated the entire fisheries research program. This neworganization has many advantages over the old system. The men working at the regional laborato-— ries gain a more direct knowledge of the practical problems of the fisheries and work more closely with prefectural research men. They become much better acquainted with the methods of the fisheries they are studying, and they make a much closer contact with the fishermen and the men in the industry. All of these factors will help the research men to improve their research greatly and to adapt it better to the condi- tions and the needs of the fisheries. Another great advantage of the new system lies in the fact that the independence of the new regional laboratories provides an opportunity for the development of new methods and for closer and more friendly con— tacts among the members of the various staffs. Japan's future as a great fishing nation will depend much upon the success of the new research program and even more upon the degree to which the need for scien— tific care of the fishery resources is accepted by administrators, legislators, and fishermen. Fishery research is designed to answer practical questions, but unless the results of research are translated into action it will serve no practical end. By regulations and education based on research, Japan can do much to maintain and im- prove the productivity of its own fisheries. But this alone is not enough; Japan should also take an active interest in the conservation of fishery resources the world over. None of the world's great fisheries is inexhaustible, and most fishery resources that have been exploited intensively show same effect of that exploitation. The new fishery research program will do mch to develop in Japan a realization of tke importance of proper care of fishery resources and will lead to better under— standing and more cordial relations with the other important fishing nations of the world. HHH E February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 DIP NETS WITH LIGHTS USED IN SAURY PIKE FISHERY: Before 1948, the Japanese principally used drift nets in the saury pike fisher fishery. However, since then most of the drift nets have been replaced by dip nets operated with lights, the December 23 Weekly Summary of SCAP's Natural Resources Section states. Fishermen at Onahama report that, for an average month's operation, the catch per boat using dip nets with lights equals the catch of the same size boat using drift nets. However,the boats using a dip net and light operate only during the dark of the moon. Therefore, they remain in port an average of 10 nights permonth The drift nets operate each night for the full 30-day period per month, weather per-— mitting. The operators state that the cost of operations and materials (nets) for the dip—net-and-light method is lower than for the drift—net method. SPERM WHALING OPERATIONS OF 1950-51 ANTARCTIC WHALING EXPEDITION: The two fleets of the 1950-51 Japanese Al Antarctic whaling e: expedition completed sperm whaling operations on December 21, 1950. The fleets took a total of 409 sperm whales, pro- duced 3,799 metric tons of sperm oil, and processed 1,402 metric tons of raw mate- rials for food and industrial use. On December 22, 1950, the first day of the baleen whaling season in the Antarc- tic designated by international agreement, the two fleets began baleen whaling oper- ations. HHHRUt HT ORDINANCE TO CONTROL SEA OTTER AND FUR-SEAL PRODUCTS: Action to prohibit and/ or restrict the possession of fur seal and sea otter pelt: pelts and products manufactured therefrom will be strengthened by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Ordinance No. 111 promulgated on October 13 and effective October 31, 1950. The Ordinance provides for carrying out articles of the Law for the Control of Sea Otter and Fur-Seal Hunting. Principal action will be inspection of pelts and manufactured articles to determine whether such items have been procured in accord- ance with the Law. Legally-obtained pelts and manufactured items therefrom will be marked with an official tag. JIllegally-procured pelts and products will be seized, and offenders will be subject to fines and imprisorment, according to the October 28, 1950, Weekly Summary issued by SCAP's Natural Resources Section. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Netherlands FISHING FOR HERRING FOR SALTING PURPOSES BANNED BECAUSE OF OVERSUPPLY: The Netherlands Fisheries Control Board has placed a ban on fishing for herring for salt- ing purposes, a November 17 American consular dispatch from The Hague states. Fish- ing vessels at sea, however, were allowed to camplete their catch. Fishing for fresh herring does not come under the ban. In November, the 1950 catch of salt herring totaled about 500,000 barrels (50,000 metric tons), most of which are in stock, The 1949 catch amounted to425,000 barrels (42,500 metric tons). The season's large catch together with the fact that the late season catch was of poor quality are the reasons given for the ban. Nor- mally the fishing of herring for salting ends about the emd of November or the first week in December. Officials of the Fisheries Control Board ressed the opinion that markets would be found at normal prices for present stocks of salted 6h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Norway NORWEGIAN RESEARCH VESSEL SEBKING EARLY WINTER HERRING SHOALS: In search of early winter herring sh shoals off the Norwegian coast, the fisheries research vessel G. O. Sars recently left Bergen, the Norwegian Tnformation Service amounced on December er 21, 1950. The fisheries consultant directing the expedition told the press that hardly anything is known concerning the whereabouts of the herring in the period between September and January-February. This is the first attempt of its kind ever made, he states. Late last summer Norwegian fishermen, vainly trying their luck in Icelandic waters, were tipped off by the Norwegian fisheries consultant that new herring shoals had been discovered about 60 sea miles southeast of the lonely island of Jan Mayen in the North Atlantic. It is reported that fishermen who went to the new location and fished returned to Norway with capacity hauls. With these gocd results in mind, the Norwegian Iceland Fishermen's Association has named a committee to report onre— commendations for processing and marketing of the herring due to be caught off Jan Mayen in 1951. HERRING PRICES FOR 1951 PROPOSED: The Norwegian Ministry of Finance and the Board of Norway's Herring Sales Organization have approved proposals for State-guar-— anteed herring prices during the 1951 fishing season. The proposed prices, higher than last year's, are 17 kroner per hectoliter ($1.19 per cwt.) for sloe herring and 14 kroner per hectoliter ($0.98 per cwt.) for spring herring. HEHEHE NORWEGIAN-SWEDISH SHRIMP DISPUTEL/SETTLED: After months of negotiation, Norway and Sweden have signed an agreement settling t the dispute concerning the rights of Swedish shrimpers in Norwegian territorial waters, according to a January 11 news release from the Norwegian Information Service. The agreement, which "regulates con— ditions of fishing in certain coastal waters belonging to Norway and Sweden," must be ratified by the Swedish and Norwegian Parliaments before it becomes effective. According to the terms, Swedish fishermen will be permitted to fish in specific waters of the outer Oslofjord. The same rights will be granted Norwegian fishermen in Swedish waters off the coast of northern Bohuslan province. Swedish and Norwegian fishermen, plying their trade in waters belonging to the other country, will have to camply with all laws and regulations applicable to fisheries in those waters. Each nation will have full police and jurisdictional authority over fishermen from the other country, while they are in that nation's waters. The agreement also spec— ifies what type of gear may be used by Norwegian and Swedish fishermen, respectively. 1/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCTOBER 1950, PP. 68-9. Pakistan REQUESTS FAO TECHNICAL AID ON FISHERIES: Pakistan has asked for technical ad— vice from FAO on 26 programs, , and included ar among these is one for fisheries, accord— ing to a December 6, 1950, American consular dispatch from Karachi. A greater part of the expenditures for the experts to be supplied forthe contemplated programs will be borne by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Pakistan will be required to furnish only their board, lodging, and transportation within the country. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 Portugal STATUS OF SARDINE INDUSTRY: After a two-year period of absence, the sardines off the Portuguese coast made their reappearance at the end of July 1950. This promised to end the severe economic hardships caused to the fishing and canning in- dustry by the shortage of sardines, a December 22 American consular dispatch from Lisbon states. Owing to the small catch of sardines, Portugal had discontinued importation of tin plate in May 1949. Since there is no damestic production, shortly after the reappearance of the sardines an effort was made to acquire tin plate. The agree- ment to supply the United Kingdom with half a million cases of sardines (which has been completed) had no provision for supply of tin plate. Orders from France for tin plate were not filled, and United States mills were not able to supply any even at sharply increased prices. The Economic Cooperation Administration authorized and made available to Por- tugal $433,000 and later $1,367,000 for the purchase of tin plate in the United States of 2,500 and 6,500 tons, respectively (a total of 9,000 tons for $1,800,000) at $200 per ton. However, to date no purchases of tin plate have been reported. Since the latter part of November 1950, the sardines seem to have again dis-— appeared off the Portuguese coast, with the result that the catch towards the end of 1950 was sporadic and canning and exports were greatly reduced. Studies for the expansion of Portuguese sardine exports to the United States have been continued and the following suggestions have been considered by the Por- tuguese Office of Fishery Studies: 1. Grouping of numerous separate shipments to the United States to expedite inspection. 2. Publicity for the marketing of other than skinless and bone- less sardines in olive oil; and more attractive labels, 3. Attempting to compete with Norwegian spratt and brisling packed with a large number of fish to the can in inferior oils but in attractive Norwegian-made aluminum cans, and which sell at lower prices than the Portuguese canned sar- dines. (Portuguese experiments with aluminum containers for sardines have not been successful in the past, accord- ing to a Portuguese official, but in light of the Norwegian success they might be resumed). 4. In shipping to the United States in containers of American tin plate, a waiver of part of the American duty on the con- tainers might be obtained as well as an exemption on the Portuguese export tax. (At the moment, however, the Portu-— guese importer is so concerned with obtaining tin plate that he a not attempted to take advantage of any such possibili- ties). Inasmuch as Portugal did not devaluate as much as Great Britain, the formeris at a disadvantage in selling its sardines in the sterling areas. Although Great Britain is looking towards Morocco, Yugoslavia, and Japan where more favorable ex-— change rates can be found, there is no indication that Great Britain will reduce im- ports of Portuguese sardines. 66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 NORTH SEA CONVENTION RATIFIED BY PORTUGAL: Portugal joined the ratifying na- tions of the North Sea Convention on July 13, 1950, and the provisions of that Con- vention were incorporated into and published as Portuguese Decree—law No. 37:9830n September 26, 1950. Portugal was one of the 12 participating countries in the 1946 London fisheries conference which drew up the "Convention of April 5, 1946 Governing the Fixation of the Mesh-size of Catching Equipment and Size Limits of Fish" (the so-called "North Sea Convention" whose principal purpose was the formulation of measures against over— fishing in the North Sea). KHER THIRD FISHING CONGRESS HELD: The Third National Fishing Congress convened in Lisbon during December 12-18, 1950, in the presence of the President of theRepublic, the President of the Council, the Ministers of Marine, Finance, Public Works, Eco- nomy, Colonies and Corporative Bodies, and the Director General of the Marine. The Second Congress was held in 1947. The work of the Congress was divided as follows: fishing off metropolitan Por- tugal; other fishing; and fishermen. Discussions in the first two phases were con- cerned with the problems .of the salt-water, river, and sport fishing industries; and also included discussions of naval construction, fishing ports, importation and ex- portation of salt-water fish, insurance, cooperatives, fishing laws, scientific methods of fishing, refrigeration, taxation, distribution, and marketing. Thethird phase (fishermen) was principally concerned with social welfare problems, and com- prised studies of the living conditions of fishermen, schools, homes and federal housing, cooperatives and mutual assistance, maternity care, nurseries, youthcenters, children's vacation camps, hospitals and asylums, collective work contracts, insur— ance, churches, agriculture, and economic capacity. cle Somalia PROPOSED FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT: In its capacity as administrator of the Terri- tory of Somalia in eastern Africa under United Nations trusteeship, the Italian Gov- ernment submitted certain proposals to the ECA Mission in Italy, requesting techni- cal assistance in certain specified fields (including fisheries). Two agricultural experts of the ECA Mission in Italy visited Somalia and on September 8, 1950, after examining conditions in that country, submitted a "Preliminary Report on Somalia Agricultural Projects," which included a report on Somalia's fisheries. The experts in their report on the fisheries project application of the Italian Government pointed out that insofar as the development of local fishing industries in Somalia is concerned “there appear to be an abundance of fish and ample boats and gear to catch them, Such boats and gear may be primitive but the demand for fish is not sufficient to justify any change in the local industry." To their var- ious inquiries, the experts received answers indicating that fish along the Samalia coast are very plentiful, including dentice am palombo, which are very popular in the Italian market. An Italian firm operates a fishing industry out of Mogadiscio and Merca and is apparently able to meet all local demands. This firm also owns a canning factory in north Somalia but at the present time is supplying local demand only as there are no exports. Local belief would indicate that there are sufficient sharks off Merca to create an industry for the extraction of liver oil. Although February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 there was some discussion concerning the revival of a fish canning industry and the expansion of this industry, with additional canneries to be-constructed along the coast, the BCA experts stated that "the availability of fish in paying quantities must first be proved before any assistance can be considered for the construction of canneries." It is clear that any fishing industry to be developed must sell its catch to countries outside Somalia, the report contimes. At ths moment it appears that efforts.must be concentrated on other than canned fish. The report also quotes Milo Moore, Fisheries Expert of ECA-Greece, who on July 25, 1950, prepared "A Review of Italian and Territorial Fisheries of Somalia." Moore, in his report, states: "it appears that Italy, as a maritime nation, can de- velop overseas fishing that will supply the needs of the Italian people. Indications are that fishing activities adjacent to the coast line of Italy are at present ex- ploited to a point of maximum yield and it would not be advisable to encourage greater expansion of the industry here, as such efforts might be detrimental and cause a decline in the abundance of fish in future years," Moore also reported that since tuna sells for about $250 per metric ton in Italy, it would seem that there is a possibility of developing a dollar. market if fish can be caught in sufficient quantities. England, Germany, and France would also be good markets. The ECA-Italy experts who visited Somalia believe that there is sufficient evidence to indicate the possibility of good fishing off the coast of Somalia and there appears to be little doubt that markets are available for the type of fish which can be caught even though these markets are thousands of miles away (Naples is approximately 2,700 miles from Mogadiscio). After the fish are caught, a prob- lem will be presented in transporting the fish these great distances. "We do not believe that’ a vast expenditure should be made solely for the purpose of carrying on a research program, as tuna, anchovies, sardines, sharks, lobsters, and other species of food fish are already known to inhabit the waters of Somalia. Italian officials expressed a desire for a modern tuna clipper from the Pacific Coast of the United States with a refrigeration capacity of 300 to 400 tons. In view of the above, the experts' recommendations with refererce to the fish- eries project application by Italy for Somalia were as follows: "l,. That a refrigerated boat of about 400-500 ton capacity, com- plete with trawl winch, small skiffs, nets, lines,and fishing equipment, be purchased in Europe either by building or by converting an existing vessel. A fisheries expert of ECA should assist in the selection of a suitable boat. "2. That the proposed fishing program in Somalia be essentially an action program with research carried out by two aquatic biologists or other qualified fisheries experts who should accompany the boat during fishing operations. As soon as a decision is made on the purchase of a boat, two experts, preferably from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, should be recruited for the first voyage. "3, That the Italian Goverrment enter into an agreement with a reliable, successful fishing company under which the company would furnish a captain to direct actual fishing operations, 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 a man especially trained in the handling of fishing gear, a man experienced in freezing and caring for fish, plus other personnel as may be required, "1, That a trip be made from Italy to the fishing grounds with the Italian Government paying all costs with the exception of the salaries of the men furnished by the company. The company to share in the profits of the load brought back to Italy after agreed-upon operating expenses have been deducted. "5, That after definite information has been obtained, efforts be made to encourage private enterprise to invest capital and expand the industry." 3 Spain fishing by two vessels) have been leaving their old fishing grounds off theSpanish, French, and Irish coasts and going further afield, particularly to the Newfoundland banks, states a December 29 American consular dispatch from Bilbao. These expedi— tions have met with such marked success that during this year's Newfoundland fish-— ing season an estimated sixty "pairs" will make the trip from ports situated in the Bilbao district of Spain where most of the operators of this type of fishing are concentrated. Several of the more important operators of fishing vessels of this type have recently indicated that they are now looking for ways to further augment their catch in those waters, particularly by cutting down on the travel time of the vessels. Whereas large trawlers need make only two trips a year back to Spain from the banks and can do so with relative speed, the pairs must return frequently due to their small storage capacity. Furthermore, their speed being markedly slower than that of the competing trawlers, they spend 10-15 days on the trip. Two methods of reme- dying this handicap are presently in process of evolution. Two or more of the local operators are planning to send out motherships with the pairs to periodically gather up the catch of their own vessels and return to Spanish ports from time to time to dispose of it. Another group is reported to be dickering with the French officials of Saint Pierre-Miquelon for rights to establish a storage depot on the former island which is conveniently situated near the fishing grounds. Under such an arrangement, the member vessels of this group of the fishing fleet would store up to 5,000 metric tons of fish on the island and these deposits would be drawn upon from time to time by a Spanish freighter chartered expressly for the purpose which would make periodic trips to and from Spain. Should such an arrangement as envisaged be concluded with the authorities of Saint Pierre, a considerable portion of the reportedly lucrative business of purveying the usual supplies and services to the vessels of the Spanish fishing fleet in that area would in all likelihood be transferred fram Saint John's, Newfoundland, where it is presently done, to the Islands. This is particularly true due to the apparently more favorable location of the Islands and the greater ease with which Spanish fishing interests are able to obtain French foreign exchange as compared with foreign exchange for use in Canada and elsewhere in the dollar area. 1/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1950, P. 51; MAY 1950, PP. 81-4. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 Sweden FOURTH WEST EUROPEAN FISHING CONFERENCE: The Fourth West European Fishing Con- ference was held in Goteborg on October 11, 1950, a January 3 American consular dis- patch from that city reports. Representatives of the nations interested in west European fishing were invited. This conference was chiefly held to prepare for the official fishing conference to be held in London in 1951. Representatives from the German West Zone were invited to and attended the Goteborg conference—-the first time German representatives were present since before World War Il. One of the most important questions discussed by the forty members of the con— ference was that of the gradually reduced fish stocks in the North Sea. Various suggestions were made for the improvement of this condition, such as increasing the size of the net meshes, controlling the catches by way of country quotas, prohibi- tion of fishing during certain periods, etc. The views appear to have differed and the delegates will now discuss this and other questions with their govermments, pending further negotiations in London. The hope was expressed at the conference that all countries would have signed the 1946 convention by 1951 before the London conference. This would make it pos— sible forthat conference to make important decisions in maters of interest. It is understood that no important decisions were made at the Goteborg Confer— ence, but questions were brought up which would be discussed in London. ji See Tunisia TUNA FISHING INDUSTRY: Production, 1948: Tuna fishing has never been of great importance in the Tunisian economy. In 1948, the last year for which detailed sta-— tistics are available, only 120 metric tons of tuna were caught, of which 36 tons were exported. The over-all production of the Tunisian fishing industry for that year (including tuna) was 12,058 tons, of which 1,582 tons were exported. It istrue that catches of tuna totaling over 2,000 tons (in 1904) have been made in past years but, until 1950, a constant downward trend in catches was evident (see table). This trend was, of course, aggravated by the Gear Used: Tuna fishing in Tunisia has been in the past and is done nowprima- rily with "madragues" (large fixed-net installations), although negligible quantities are occasionally caught with lines. These madragues are installed in fixed posi- tions on the coast line or on nearby islands. Each one consists of a line of nets extended perpendicular to the coast for a distance varying from a fewhundred meters up to three kilometers (approximately 656 to 9,840 feet). At some point along this line of nets (usually near the offshore end), there is an opening through which the fish, searching for a passage through the obstruction, pass into the "corpo" (a box- like net arrangement) where they are trapped until the fishermen raise the nets in the corpo and transfer the fish into boats and lighters. Madragues are usually associated with "thonaires" or processing plants of varying size on theshore nearby. 1/ESTIMATED. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 Present Status of Industry: In 1943, upon the liberation of Tunisia by Allied troops, tuna fishing facilities were in a lamentable state. In 1939 there had been five madragues in operation, four on the north coast of Tunisia and one on the east coast. By the end of the Tunisian campaign, however, installations had been seri- ously damaged and none of the madragues operated in 1940, 1942, or 1943 but one or two obtained a limited catch in 1941; only one madrague operated during the 1944 season. This was the madrague at Sidi Daoud, which is generally regarded as pos— sessing the best tuna fishing site in the country. In 1944 the Tunisian Goverrmment put it back into operation. To date no other thonaire or madrague has been reestab— lished. On March 28, 1949, the Tunisian Goverrment granted monopoly rights in the tuna fishing industry for a period-of forty years to a private company. This company re- ceived all rights to operate the madragues and thonaires at the five sites active in 1939 as well as all rights at three other sites on.the east coast which had been abandoned some time before 1939. In 1949 and 1950 only the one installation at Sidi Daoud was operated by the company, but the terms of the concession require the com— pany to be operating at least three madragues (two on the north coast and one on the east coast) during the 1953 season. During the 1951 season the madragues at Sidi Daoud and Monastir will be operated. In excess of these three, the number of madragues operated will be at the discretion of the company. The company is also required by the terms of the concession to utilize "the most modern methods of fishing." Particularly, it is required "to substitute for the traditional methods used until now in Tunisia the method known under the name of 'the Atlantic method! which is used in Morocco," In brief, this method appears to involve stronger nets of a considerably greater length which extend farther from shore. Otherwise the principle of the madrague appears unchanged. Results of the 1950 Season: The 1950 season was the first season during which the "Atlantic method" was used in Tunisian waters. Since only the madrague at Sidi Daoud was utilized during the season, only this madrague was converted to the new method, The results were very good: the catch of tuna amounted to 432 metric tons while 164 tons of bonito (Euthymnus pelamys and Pelamys sarda) were also caught. Unofficially the 1949 tuna catch was estimated at 65 metric tons. It is impossible to say at this time whether these results were obtained be— cause of the superiority of the new method over the old or because of an exceptional migration of tuna. In view of the fact that one madrague has equalled the average catch of five madragues during the decade preceeding World War II, there is, never— theless, considerable hope among local fishermen that the tuna fishing industry has been definitely revived. Seasons: Tunisian coastal waters lie in the path of annual migrations of tuna (mostly Orcynnus thynnus) proceeding fram the Atlantic toward the eastern Mediter— in search of favorable spawning conditions. These fish normally pass eastward through Tunisian waters, appearing off the north coast about May 20 each year and finally disappearing from southern shores about July 1. Smaller quantities of them also pass westward through Tunisian waters between August 30 and the middle of Oc- tober en route back to the Atlantic. Processing: The thonaires at each madrague normally clean the fish and prepare them for sale in the fresh fish markets. Only a limited amount of tuna can be ab— sorbed by local consumers as "fresh fish," however, and the canning of tuna fishis an industry capable of considerable expansion if more supplies of tuna fish become February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 available. There are, as yet, no canning plants installed at the thonaires. Con-— sequently, the tuna fish are prepared at the thonaires for shipment to the fresh fish markets and then sent to one of the three canning plants located at Tunis. The production of canned tuna fish in 1948 amounted to only 30 metric tons (out of 76 metric tons of tuna caught). No more recent statistics are available but it was reported in La Presse, August 14, 1950, that more than half of the 1950 catch (432 metric tons) was canned, which indicates that canned tuna production in Tunisia in 1950 (216 plus metric tons) was more than seven times as large as two years ago.2/ The possibility of increasing the production of canned tuna fish is regarded optimistically by local authorities. The product is canned with abundant and ex- cellent Tunisian olive oil and-is easily sold in Tunisia and on the world market. The limit to present canning activity is said to be only the availability of the tuna fish. Exports: In 1948 only 2.4 metric tons of canned tuna fish were exported with a value of 735,000 francs wel It is expected that a much greater quantity will be ex- ported during 1950 as a result of the much larger catch. A LIMITED QUANTITY OF TUNA 1S SMOKED OR DRIED, BOTH FOR LOCAL CONSUMPTION AND FOR EXPORT. 1 2/ ABOUT U. S. $3,000 Union of South Africa SPERM OIL DEMAND AND PRICE INCREASE: A whaling company at Durban reports that as soon as the situation in Korea became serious the company was overwhelmed with orders for sperm oil from European buyers. The largest shipments were made to Ger- many, Holland, and Belgium, a December 18 American consular dispatch from Durban states. Although this company reported early in 1950 large stocks of sperm oil, which it was endeavoring to dispose of on the world's markets at £55 (about $153) per ton f.o.b. Durban, in December it was learned that their stocks had been campletely ex-— hausted. In addition, the entire production of the current Antarctic expedition has been contracted for by European buyers, the campany stated. The price nowbeing paid for sperm oil is approximately £70 ($195) per ton f.o.b. Durban. Boe bike a ae United Kingdom UNRESTRICTED LANDINGS AT HUMBER PORTS ANNOUNCED: It was announced in mid-De- cember 1950 that unrestricted landings at Humber ports would againbe permitted aft- er January 1 this year, and that all laid-up deep-sea trawlers at Grimsby and Hull were to return to sea with orders to catch to capacity. This decision was made at a meeting of the Humber Distant Water Trawlers Development Scheme, reports the De- cember 23 issue of The Fishing News, a British fishery periodical. The meeting was called to consider the effect of the cut in the msat ration on the general food situation in Great Britain. Regulated sailings and landings at the port of Grimsby and Hull for distant- water vessels were inaugurated in mid-July 1950,2/ The trawler owners have decided 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1950, PP. 57-8. 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 that there should be no deterioration in the standard of quality achieved since landing restrictions were imposed. Present minimum dockside prices are to remain unchanged. KER U SCOTTISH SEAWEED RESEARCH INITIATED: The Gulland Laboratory of the Institute of Seaweed Research was recently opened at Inveresk, Musselburgh, a suburb of Edin— burgh, states a December 28 American consular dispatch from Edinburgh. The purpose of the Institute, which is sponsored by the Scottish Seaweed Research Association, is to discover processes for extracting chemicals from seaweed harvested onScottish shores, and to ascertain uses for the chemicals so extracted. The new laboratory was designed primarily for the development of pilot-scale processes for the produc-— tion of chemicals from seaweed. This will make possible the preparation of bulk samples of the chemicals which: will be turned over to member firms of the Research Association for industrial assessment. Furthermore, it is hoped that sample pro- - duction of these chemicals at the laboratory will permit estimates of industrial production costs to be made. As a result of the efforts of the Association, an industry has already been established in exploiting agar and alginic acid. The industry now produces about L750,000 ($2,100,000) worth of these chemicals ammually. There are many chemicals present in seaweed which are not being used at all and the Institute aims to find uses for them and to work out industrial production processes. It has been found that 200,000 tons of dry, brown seaweed are potentially available each year, and would be capable of yielding 30,000 tons of alginic acid, over 30,000 tons of mannitol, nearly 40,000 tons of laminarin, and over 5,000 tons of fucoidin. The seaweed also contains unknown quantities of proteins, fatssterols, amino acids, and other chemicals. Mannitol could be converted into glucose, and fucoidin into sugar fucose. Laminarin is a chemical found only in seaweed and is being investigated for possible use as a blood plasma substitute or to replace talc as a surgical powder. The Institute has been in existence only since 1944, operating with the assist-— ance of govermment grants. In 1946, a five-year program was embarked upon, with the Goverrment furnishing £127,000 ($355,600), representing more than 90 percent of the cost of the research program. It has now been announced that the government will assume full responsibility for the work wren the present program ends in June 1951. It is expected that the project will continue indefinitely, subject to further re— view in 1954. As a result of this action by the Goverrment, the Seaweed Research Association as such will cease to exist in 1951. It is anticipated that the cooper— ation of scientists, engineers, and industrialists will continue in the Institute when it comes under government sponsorship. Yugoslavia EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS ENCOURAGED: Yugoslavia will encourage the exporta— tion of fishery products aiter local needs have been met, reports a December 29 Ameri- can Embassy dispatch fromBelgrade. Nevertheless, every effort will be made to in- crease exports, particularly of snails and frogs which are in demand on the world mar- ket. Soon an enterprise for fish exports will be established. Cooperatives supplying fishery products for export will receive 70 percent of the foreign exchange earned by their exports and will be permitted to use it to purchase fishing equipment from abroad. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 FEDERAL ‘é ACTIONS Department of Commerce ing from operation of the present systems of import and export controls of various countries is the objective of a major recommendation adopted at the recent session of the Contracting Parties of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at Torquay, England, according to an announcement by the Office of International Trade of the Department of Commerce. This code of standard practices, which is basedupon a proposal by the U. S. Delegation, in the light of experiences reported by American exporters to the Department of Commerce, was made public December 27, 1950, at Geneva, and released simultaneously in Washington. The representatives of the 29 Contracting Parties participating in the session recommended that, unless there are clear and overriding considerations to the con- trary, governments should whenever possible be guided by this proposed code in the application of their import and export licensing systems, exchange controls, and like measures, Ultimate elimination of quantitative trade restrictions and exchange controls is one of the primary objectives of the GATT and of the International Monetary Fund. For so long as it is necessary that such measures be maintained, however, the rep- resentatives of the countries assembled at Torquay agreed that it is important to reduce the uncertainties and hardships to merchants resulting from varying and un—- predictable operation of such controls. They believed that if the following standard practices were adopted by govern- ments whenever possible, they would make a valuable contribution to the fulfilment of the objectives of the General Agreement, without weakening the essential effec- tiveness of the measures of control. It was urged that, in addition to meeting the complaints of the traders, general adoption of such practices would also minimize the accumulation of international commercial debts, and would avoid abrupt interrup- tions in the flow of commodities between countries. The standard practices in this field recommended by the Torquay Conference for general adoption are: 1. The grant of an import license should imply tation or exportation should not apply to goods shown that the necessary foreign exchange will be obtain- to the satisfaction of the control authority to have able if applied for within a reasonable time. When been en route at the time the change was announced or both import licenses and exchange permits are re- to have been paid for in substantial part or covered quired, the operation of the two requirements should by an irrevocable letter of credit. be coordinated. If more than one rate of exchange applies in payment for imports, the import license 32 Goods proven to have been covered by adequate or exchange permit should indicate the type of exchange | confirmed prior order at the time new or intensified which will apply in the settlement of the particular restrictions are announced, and not marketable else- transaction. where without appreciable loss, should receive special consideration on an individual case basis, provided 2. Any new or intensified restrictions on impor— | their delivery can be completed within a specified 7h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW period. Such goods, as well as those covered under paragraph 2, should be accountable against any import or export quota or exchange allocation that may have been established for that particular class of goods. 4. The administrative formalities in connection with the issuance of import and export licenses or exchange permits should be designed to allow action upon applications within a reasonably short period. A license or permit should be valid for a sufficient period to allow for the production and delivery of the goods, taking into account the character of the goods and the conditions of transport from the coun— try of origin. The control authorities should not withdraw licenses or permits unless they are satisfied that the exceptional circumstances necessitate such action, and should give sympathetic consideration to requests for renewal or revalidation of licenses or permits when exceptional circumstances prevent their utilization within the original period. 5. Under a system involving the fixing of quotas for particular classes of goods or of allocations of exchange in payment for them, any period that may be set, within which applications for such quotas of allocations must be made, should be sufficient to allow for the exchange of communications with likely foreign suppliers and the conclusion of purchase con— tracts. 6. When foreign products subject to quantitative Vol. 13, No. 2 limitations are apportioned among importers largely in the light of their past participation in the trade, the control authorities, at their discretion and with- out undue prejudice to the interests of established importers, should give consideration to requests for licenses or permits submitted by qualified and finan- cially responsible newcomers. 7. If an assurance regarding the issue of anim— port license is required as a condition of consular legalization of shipping documents in the country of exportation, a reliable communication giving the num- ber of the import license should suffice. 8. The authority given to customs officials should be adequate to allow them, at theirdiscretion, to grant reasonable tolerance for variations in the quantity or value of individual shipments as delivered from that specified in the prior import or export au- thorization, in accordance with the character of the product involved and any extenuating circumstances. 9. Where, owing to exceptional and unforeseen bal- ance-of—payment difficulties, a country is unable to provide foreign exchange for imports immediately payment becomes due to the supplier, transfers of foreign ex- change in respect of goods already imported or licensed for importation should have priority over transfers in respect of new orders, or should at least have adefinite and equitable share of the total amounts of foreign ex- change currently available for imports. VY NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY COPPER PROHIBITED IN EXTENSIVE LIST OF LESS—ESSENTIAL ITEMS: To conserve copper vitally needed for defense, an order governing the use of copper in the man- ufacture of a wide range of products, starting March 1, was issued December 30 by the National Production Authority. Use of copper was prohibited in an extensive list of less-essential items (excluding repair parts) by Amendment 1 to Order M-12. ‘The order does permit the use of copper generally, however, "where it serves a functional purpose and where no practical substitute is available." The fishing industry will note with interest that commercial fishing vessels receive the same consideration as other essential vessels in the permitted use of copper for "furnishings, fittings, and fixtures when located within the sphere of the magnetic compasses; and builders hardware, building materials, and snap hooks where the properties supplied by copper are essential and satisfactory substitutes are not available." Also recognized is the need of copper for marine lighting fix- tures and for commercial fishing equipment and supplies. "This action was taken to provide copper for defense and defense-supporting needs," the NPA Administrator said. "Although everything possible is being done to increase production, there is not enough copper to meet our expanding defense needs and to supply all civilian demands." The order provides copper cannot be used in certain less-essential items, but it does not forbid the manufacture of the article itself. In many cases manufacturers will be able to use substitute materials. 1/COPI1ES OF REGULATIONS, NOTICES, PRESS RELEASES, ETC., ISSUED BY THE NPA ARE AVAILABLE FROM eerae NATIONAL PRODUCT! ON AUTHORITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C., OR FROM DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FIELD OFFICES. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 Manufacturers are permitted to complete and sell affected items if they were in the process of manufacture on or before March 1] and are completed not later than April 30. The order provides, through appeals procedures, for adjustments and ex— ceptions where undue hardship occurs. Contained in the order is a list (List A) of articles in which no form of copper may be used beginning March 1. The list includes items in the following categories: Builders! hardware, building materials, burial equipment, clothing and dress acces-— sories, furniture and fixtures, hardware, home furnishings and equipment, household appliances, jewelry, gifts and novelties, miscellaneous articles, motor vehicles, and passenger transportation equipment. Previous NPA actions designed to effect savings in the use of copper prior to March 1, remain in force. Manufacturers are permitted, during January and February, to use 85 percent of the average monthly amount of brass millandwire mill products they used during the first six months of 1950, but they are permitted to use copper in foundry products at the same quarterly rate as they did during the first six months of 1950. Parts of the text of the amendment to order M-12 of interest to the fisheryand allied industries follow: Inventories. Applications for adjustment. Records and reports. Communications. Violations. List A. AuTHoRITY: §§ 29.21 to 29.35 issued under sec. 704, Pub. Law 774, 81st Cong. Interpret or apply sec. 101, Pub. Law 774, 81st Cong.; sec. 101; E. O. 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, F. R. 6105. § 29.21 What this subpart does. The purpose of this subpart is to describe how the copper remaining after allow- ing for the requirements of national de- fense may be distributed and used in the civilian economy. It is the policy of the National Production Authority that copper and articles made of copper, not required to fill rated orders, shall be distributed equitably through normal channels of distribution, and that due regard shall be given by suppliers to the needs of new and small business. It is the intent of this subpart that other materials which are not in short supply shall be substituted for copper and copper-base alloy wherever possible. § 29.22 Definitions. As used in this subpart: (a) “Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, association or any other organized group of persons and includes any agency of the United PaRT 29—CoOpPER AND COPPER-BASE ALLOYS SUBPART B—USE OF COPPER AND COPPER- BASE ALLOYS This amendment to NPA Order M-12, dated November 29, 1950, is found neces- sary and appropriate to promote the na- tional defense and is issued pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 1950. In the formulation of this Order, there has been consultation with industry repre- sentatives, including trade association representatives, and consideration has been given to their recommendations. However, consultation with representa- tives of all trades and industries affected in advance of the issuance of this Order has been rendered impracticable due to the necessity for immediate action and because the Order affects a large number of different trades and industries. This amendment affects NPA Order M-12 as follows: Paragraph (c) of § 29.23 is revised; a new § 29.27 is added and present §§ 29.27 through 29.33 are re- designated §§ 29.28 through 29.34; refer- ences to §§ 29.27 and 29.28 are changed to read ‘“§ 29.28” and “§ 29.29", respec- tively, whenever they occur; a new § 29.35 List A is added. As amended, Order M-12 is revised to read as follows: Sec. States or any other government. 29.21 What this subpart does. (b) “Base period” means the six- 29.22 Definitions. months period ending June 30, 1950. 29.23 Copper forms and products to which (c) “Manufacture” means to put into this subpart applies. process, machine, incorporate into prod- aoe a maine eS products,|ucts, fabricate or otherwise alter she copper wire mill products and foun-|f0rms and products of copper defined in dry products. § 29.23 by physical or chemical means, 29.26 Use of copper forms and products. and includes the use of copper in plating. 29.27 Use of copper in manufacture and (d) ‘‘Maintenance” means the mini- construction. mum upkeep necessary to continue a 29.28 oeeeaye repair and operating} pyijding, machine, piece of equipment or su es. 29.29 teat pee building, machine, piece of equipment or facility to sound working condition when the same has been rendered unsafe or unfit for service by wear and tear, dam- age, failure of parts or the like: Pro- vided, however, Neither maintenance nor repair includes the improvement of any such item with materials of a better kind, quality or design. (e) “Operating supplies” means any copper or copper-base alloy forms or products listed in § 29.23: which are nor- mally carried by a person as operating supplies according to established ac- countin ; practice and are not included in his finished product, except that mate- rials included in’such product which are normally chargeable to operating ex- pense may be treated as operating supplies. § 29.23 Copper forms and products to which this subpart applies. This subpart applies to the following forms and products of copper: Copper, copper- base alloy, brass mill products, copper wire mill products, and foundry copper products and copper-base alloy products: For the purpose of this subpart, these items are defined as follows: (a) “Copper” means unalloyed copper. (It includes electrolytic copper, fire re- fined copper and all unalloyed copper in any form including scrap.) (b) “Copper-base alloy’ means any alloy in the composition of which the percentage of copper metal by weight equals or exceeds 40 percent of the total weight of the alloy. (It shall include fired and demilitarized cartridge and ar- tillery cases, and all copper-base alloy, as specified above, in any form including scrap.) It does not include alloyed gold produced in accordance with U. S. Com- mercial standard CS67-38. (c) “Brass mill product” means sheet, facility in sound working condition, and) including strip and plate; rod, including “repair” means the restoration of a/bars, forgings (rough as forged), and ex- 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 truded shapes; wire; or tube, including{monthly use of such material in October pipe; made from copper or copper-basejand November 1950. alloy. This does not include copper wire} (b) During the following months a to- mill products. tal quantity by weight of the forms and (d) “Copper wire mill product” means}products of copper defined in paragraphs bare wire, insulated wire and cable what-|(a), (b), (c), and (d) of § 29.23 in excess ever the outer protective coverings may}fof the percentages specified with respect be, and uninsulated wire and cables,/to each month of his average monthly where the conductors are made fromfuse of such material during the base copper, copper-base alloy, or copper clad] period: ‘steel containing over 20 percent copper by weight. All copper wire mill prod- ucts should be measured in terms of pounds of copper content. (e) “Foundry products” means cast copper and copper-base alloy shapes or forms suitable for ultimate use without remelting, rolling, drawing, extruding or forging. (Includes the removal of gates, risers and sprues, and sandblasting, tumbling, or dipping, but excludes any further machining or processing.) § 29.24 Application of subpart. Sub- ject to the exemptions stated in § 29.29, this subpart applies to all persons who} produce brass mill products, copper wire mill products or foundry products as listed in § 29.23, or who use any of the forms and products of copper defined in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) of § 29.23 for the purpose of manufac- ture, use in installation or construction, or for maintenance, repair or operating supplies. This subpart does not apply to persons who use copper or copper-base alloy in the production of other metals or metal alloys. § 29.25 Production of brass mill prod- ucts, copper wire mill products and foundry products. Subject to the ex- emptions stated in § 29.29, or unless specifically directed by the National Production Authority: (a) No person shall produce duri the following months a total quantity by, weight of brass mill products and coppe: wire mill products in excess of the per- centages specified with respect to eac! month of his average monthly produc- tion of such products during the basi period: (f) The exemptions contained in § 29.29 relating to the filling of rated orders and the use of small quantities of copper forms and products are not ap- plicable to the items included in § 29.35 (List A). § 29.28 Maintenance, repair and op- erating supplies. Unless specifically di- rected by the National Production Authority, during the calendar quarter g5{commencing on January 1, 1951, and each calendar quarter thereafter, no person shall use for maintenance, repair and operating supplies a quantity by weight of the forms and products of copper defined in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) of § 29.23 in excess of 100 percent of his average quarterly use for such purposes during the base period. § 29.29 Exemptions. (a) The pro- duction of brass mill, wire mill and foundry products is permitted to fill rated orders, or to meet any mandatory order of the National Production Au- thority, in addition to the production permitted by the provisions of § 29.25. (c) During the calendar quarter com- mencing on January 1, 1951, a total quantity by weight of foundry products in excess of 100 percent of his average quarterly use of such products during the base period. § 29.27 Use of copper in manufacture and construction. (a) Commencing on ‘March 1, 1951, copper in the forms and products defined in § 29.23 may not be used in the manufacture of any item included in § 2935 (List A) sa as indicated therein; Provided, however, That any such items may be completed (b) _Copper forms and products de- if they were in the process of manufac- fined in § 29.23 acquired with ratings or GurelionWorubeforeRMarch@issloslwani to meet a National Production Authority such completion is effected not later scheduled program! may be jused)injadais than April 30, 1951, and any such items tion to the quantities permitted by the so completed may be sold after April 30, provisions of §§ 29.26 and 29.28, 1951. (c) The provisions of §§ 29.25, 29.26 (b) Duri each ope thesemnonthe and 29.28 do not apply to persons who use ~ less than 1,000 lbs. of the copper forms of January and February, 1951, subject ; toutheblinitationsTonsuseninemanurac= and products defined in § 29.23 during any calendar quarter: Provided, however ture stated in § 29.26, no person may |7Hat a i u persons who by reason of the pro- use In the manufacture of the items |vicions of § 29.26 would be permitted to poo ShiNG Seo — ae wa use less than 1,000 Ibs. during any, calen- defined iniparaeraplslGan(b) ae) manic dar quarter, may use during such period a quantity up to 1,000 lbs. (d)_o} 9.23 in excess of 85 percent, E or of the foundry products defined in § 29.30 Inventories. In addition to aragraph (e) of said section in excess of |the provisions of Part 10 of this chapter 100 percent, of his average monthly use |(NPA Reg. 1) relating to Inventory Con- of such material during the base period. |trols, it is considered that a more exact (c) Any person who uses in constnnc: requirement applying to producers of tion any brass mill product as such for|brass mill products, copper wire mill a em included in E products and foundry products, and to may not accept delivery of or use such |users of the copper forms and products definied in § 29.23 is necessary. (a) No person producing brass mill products, copper wire mill products or §29.35 (List A) shall be exempt from |foundry products may receive or accept delivery of copper or copper-base alloy « the application of this section if the (b) During the calendar quarter com-|are used on vessels other than pleasure |if his inventory is, or by such receipt a mencing on January 1, 1951, no person\craft: (1) Furnishings, fittings and fix- |would become, in excess of that neces- shall produce a total quantity by weight}tures when located within the sphere of |sary to meet his deliveries or supply his of foundry products in excess of 100 per-/the magnetic compasses; and (2) build- services on the basis of his scheduled cent of this average quarterly production|ers hardware, building materials and method and rate of operation pursuant of foundry products during the base}snap hooks where the properties supplied {to this subpart during the succeeding period. by copper are essential and satisfactory |45-day period, or in excess of a “prac- aa Iticable minimum working inventory” substitutes not available. § 20.26 Use of copper forms and prod-| SUC Cornmencing on March 1, 1951, no |S defined in Part 10 of this chapter (NPA Reg. 1) ), whichever is less. ucts. Subject to the exemptions State a SaaiaatT ame in § 29.29, or unless specifically directed) person may use: (1) in the manutacture ini x forms by the National Production Authority, no[of_ any item, including components and |,, sedate deauied TART otSeees conn person shall manufacture, or use in in-|parts therefor, a greater quantity or bet- |manufacture, installation or construc- stallation or construction: ter grade of the copper forms and prod- |tion, or for maintenance, repair or oper- (a) During December 1950, a totallucts defined in § 29.23 than is necessary Jating supplies, may receive or accept quantity by weight of the forms and/for the functional operation of such |delivery of a quantity of such forms and products of copper defined in paragraphslitems: or (2) any such copper forms or |products if his inventory is, or by such receipt would become, in excess of that (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) of § 29.23 in| >roqucts for decorative purposes. excess of 100 percent of his average;———— necessary to meet his deliveries or sup- January, 1951_-----------_------------ February, 1951_--_----_--------------- March, 1951_------_---- February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW § 29.35 List A. (See § 29.27.) The use of the forms and products of copper as defined in § 29.23 in the itemslisted | under the descriptive sub-headings be- 1 X! n, hibited except to the extent nrermitted by this order, or as specified on this list. BUILDERS HARDWARE Butts, hinges and related items. Checking floor closers, overhead concealed semi-concealed and surface door closers (except gland nuts, regulating screw as- semblies and fusible links) . Closers, hanging brackets for. Closers, screen door. Cabinet hardware, including cabinet hinges. Hangers, track and related items including— Sliding door hardware Folding door hardware Sliding—Folding door hardware Folding Partition hardware Upward Acting door hardware Fire door hardware (except bearings and fusible links). Locks and lock trim (except that brass mill products may be used for cylinder assem- blies and keys, for essential working parts of locks and and latches, for faces of locks and latches and for trim of cylinder lock sets) . Sash, screen, transom, casement hardware and shelf hardware items. Spring hinges. Sash balances. Door holding devices. Kick plates. Push plates. Door pulls. Push bars. House numbers. Door knockers. Letter boxes. Nameplates. ply his services on the basis of his scheduled method and rate of operation pursuant to this Order during the suc- ceeding 60-day period, or in excess of a “practicable minimum working inven- tory” (as defined in Part 10 of this chap- ter (NPA Reg. 1) ), whichever is less. (c) For the purpos2 of this section, any copper forms and products defined in § 29.23, in which minor changes or alterations have been effected, shall be included in inventory. Part 10 of this chapter (NPA Reg. 1) will apply to all) such forms and products except as modi- fed by this section. § 29.31 Applications for adjustment. Any person affected by any provision of this subpart may file a request for ad- justment or exception upon the ground that his business operation was com- menced during or after the base period, or because any provision otherwise works an undue or exceptional hardship upon him not suffered generally by others in the same trade or industry, or its en- forcement against him would not be in the interest of the national defense or in the public interest. In considering re- quests for adjustment claiming that the public interest is prejudiced by the appli- cation of any provision of this subpart, consideration will be given to the require- ments of the public health and safety, civilian defense, and dislocation of labor and resulting unemployment that would impair the defense program. Each re- quest shall be in writing, shall set forth all pertinent facts and the nature of the relief sought, and shall state the justi- cation therefor. § 29.32 Records and reports. (a) Persons subject to this subpart shall pre- serve the records which they have main- tained of production, inventories, re- ceipts, deliveries and uses of copper forms and products defined in § 29.23 commencing with January 1, 1950. BUILDING MATERIALS Anchors and dowels (except safety anchors). Bands on pipe insulation. Bathtub enclosures and shower enclosures. Blinds, including fixtures and fittings (ex- cept where essential for operating parts) . Caulking anchors. Cement flooring and composition flooring (except that crude arsenical copper pre- cipitate may be used for flooring in hos- pital operating and anesthesia rooms, for places where explosives are handled or stored and fot places where explosive vapors may be present). Chimneys and flues. Conduits (except for instrument assemblies) . Cornices. Door sills. Door frames. Doors. Downspouts and accessories thereto. Drains (except strainer grids for showers and urinals). Drip pans. Elevators and escalators (except for worm ports to the National Production Author- ity as it shall require subject to the terms of the Federal Reports Act (Pub. Law 831, 77th Cong., 5 U. S. C. 139-139F) . § 29.33 Communications. All com- munications concerning this subpar shall be addressed to the National Pro- duction Authority, Washington 25, D. C. Ref: M-12. § 29.34 Violations. Any person who wilfully violates any provisions of this subpart or any other order or regula- gears and parts necessary for conducting tion of the National Production Author-|_ electricity). ity or wilfully conceals a material fact Escutcheons and plates for floor, ceiling and or furnishes false information in thel pvt pee aten course of operation under this subpart rood waste disposal units (except for current is guilty of a crime and upon conviction) carrying parts, bearings and controls). may be punished by fine or imprisonment Gratings. or both. In addition, administrative ac-j/Grids (except for flooring in hospital oper- tion may be taken against any suc ating rooms and anesthesia rooms, and for person to suspend his privilege of makin; Pome ees ts ee oaed ms Bear forte deliveries of, mar] ‘napors mayiberprment)i=7 feo Gaiatineation control.and to deprive hi Grilles and shields, including fresh air inlet boxes and radiator and convector enclo- of further priorities assistance. sures. tig Gutters and accessories thereto. Holdback hooks for curtains. I. P. S. waste nipples. Lavatory legs (excluding hospital types). Leaders and accessories thereto. Linoleum stripping. Louvres. Marquees. Metal siding. Mouldings for joining cabinet sinks. Ornamental metal work; work, railings, and fittings. Pipe, I. P. S. and fittings (except for indus- trial process piping, chemical gas equip- ment, underground water and gas service connections and except for solder nipples, solder bushing and ferrules). including grille Tube, tubing and fittings for interior piping systems or for lawn sprinkling systems. This restriction does not apply to the use of tube, tubing and fittings for under- ground water or gas service connections or for chemical gas equipment, and industrial process tube, tubing and fittings. Radiator covers and shields. Railings and fittings. Reglets, moulding and trim. Rim protectors for fixtures. Robe hcoks. Roofing. Roofing nails (not including staples, clips and similar devices designed for the pur- pose of protecting shingles and siding against wind damage). Shower curtain rods or bars hospital). Shower door frames. Shower goosenecks. Skylights. Stair and threshold treads, edgings. Store fronts. Straps and hangers for pipe supports. Supply pipes, I. P. S. for plumbing fixtures such as lavatories, sinks and water closets. Switch plates. Tanks for automatic storage water heaters. Traps, (except tube traps in 20 gauge without cleanouts and except traps cast from sec- ondary metal). Thresholds, and saddles. Towel bars and brackets. Unit heaters, unit ventilators, unit ventila- tor inlet wall boxes, and convectors, space or local heaters, and blast heating coils, or any apparatus using such coils as part of its construction (except that copper or copper base alloys may be used for valves, controls, bearings or parts necessary for conducting electricity, tor fins, and for water or steam courses and headers). Ventilators. Vents. Weatherstripping. Window frames. Window sills. Windows. FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT Andirons, fireplace screens and fittings. Candlesticks. Curtain fasteners, rods and rings. Cuspidors. Gas heater and stove installation connections (except parts essential for proper func- tioning). Lamp shades. Mops. Mud scrapers. Portable heaters (except electric portable heaters) . Scrubbing boards. Stoves and ranges for household cooking use—gas (except for burner valves and oven thermostats and for oil reservoirs). Stoves and ranges other than gas stoves and (excluding nosing and 1/THE 1 TEMS APPEARING UNDER THE FOLLOWING SUBHEADINGS IN THE ORIGINAL ORDER ARE NOT PART OF THIS ABSTRACT: BURIAL EQUIPMENT; CLOTHING AND DRESS ACCESSORIES, NOT FURNITURE AND FIXTURES; HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES; TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT. JEWELRY, INCLUDING SAFETY EQUIPMENT; GIFTS AND NOVELTIES; PASSENGER 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ranges for household cooking use (except }_ when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for valves, ferrules for compression fittings, controls, | and parts necessary for conducting elec- tricity or necessary for proper function- ing). Trays. Upholsterers supplies, including nails and tacks. Vases, pitchers, bowls, and artcraft (except laboratory). Washing tubs and washing boilers. Waste baskets, humidors and similar items. MISCELLANEOUS as an undercoating in the plating of out- side functional parts and for clips). ‘Furniture grommets. Garden tools and equipment (except that copper products or copper base alloy prod- ucts may be used in parts necessary for functional parts). Hair curlers, hair brushes and combs. Ice cream freezers for use in the home. Ink, bronze. Juke boxes (except for copper products and copper base alloy products for conducting electricity) - Kitchen utensils, devices and machines (ex- cept electrical appliances). Lace tips. Lamps, portable electric (except that copper products or copper base alloy products may be used for parts necessary for con- ducting electricity and plating) . Lamps, other than electric (except when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for valves, controls, and wicks, and for burners for mantle type kerosene lamps). jLanterns (except for functional parts). Letter boxes and mail chutes. Lighting fixtures (except for: (1) current- carrying parts, plating, rivets, eyelets, screws, small fasteners, (2) the threaded parts, clamping, sealing or attachment de- vices of exterior, explosion proof, dust} tight and vapor tight fixtures, (3) Marine and airport). Loose-leaf binders. Manicure implements. Match and pattern plates, flasks. Mattress buttons and furniture glides. Name plates, not including instruction and data plates and not including identifica- tion plates for use on machinery or equip- ment. Nonoperating or decorative uses of copper or copper base alloy, or the use of the same in such parts of installations and equip- ment (mechanical or otherwise) as bases, frames, guards, standards and supports. Package handles and holders. Pari-mutuel gambling and gaming machines, devices and accessories. | Pencils, mechanical (except that copper products or copper base alloy products may be used for the part or parts the function of which is to eject or retract the lead, and as an undercoating in the plating of out- side functional parts) . Pins, (except when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for common or safety pins and except for laundry net and laundry identification pins or for safety catches on products otherwise permitted under this order). Plating. The use of copper products or cop- per base allow products for plating any article not on List A or excepted on that list, and the plating of parts (including repair parts) for such an article is per- mitted Provided, That: (a) Such plating is not for decorative purposes, or part of a decoration. (b) The use of, or the normal wear on such article or parts would make impracticable any other form of coating for protective purposes or functional operation) . Pleasure boat fastenings and fittings. Razors operated by electricity (except for re- pair parts and when the only copper prod- ucts or copper base alloy products used are for functional parts and parts necessary for conducting electricity). Razors not operated by electricity (except when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used in making safety OK OK OK Ok Aiarm and protective systems (except when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for parts necessary for conducting electricity or where the use of such products is essential to the proper service or functioning of the parts). Antique reproductions. Arch supports. Atomizers (except atomizers for medicinal purposes and for use in the preparation of dried milk and dried eggs). ‘ Barrels, boxes, cans, jars, and other con-' tainers. Badges (except for use for identification and industrial security purposes). Bar and counter equipment and fittings. Barber shop equipment and supplies. Barrel hooks. Bathroom accessories (including grab bars, tumbler holders, tooth brush holders, paper holders, and shelf brackets). Beauty parlor equipment and supplies (ex- cept for repair and replacement parts of commercial permanent wave equipment and commercial hair driers) . Beverage dispensing units and parts thereof (except for carbonators and except for self-contained drinking water coolers). Bicycles, and similar vehicles and equipment therefor (except valves for bicycle tires and tubes). Binoculars (except precision types) and opera glasses. Bird and pet cages and stands. Branding, marking, and labeling devices and stock for same (except engraved burning ~ branding dies; and except where the de- vices and the stock are for affixing govern- mental, notarial and corporate seals). Brushes (except for the types used in elec- tric motors and generators; and except for industrial brushes). Carpet rods. Chimes and bells (except for any bells when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for parts necessary for conducting electricity and except for bells for use on board ship when the only copper products or copper base alloy prod- ucts used are for parts necessary for con- ducting electricity or where the use of such products is essential to the proper func- tioning of the parts). Clips, paper. Cleaning and polishing accessories, such as brooms, carpet sweepers, crumbing sets, dust pans, mops, pot scourers, whisk brooms and floor and furniture polishers. Clock cases (except for marine use). Clothes line pulleys and reels. Cocktail shakers. Cooking utensils (except for commercial processing machinery). Daubers for shoe polish. Dispensers, hand, for hand lotions, paper products, soap and straws. Flower pots, boxes and holders for same. Pountain pens (except that copper products or copper base alloy products may be used matrices, and| Vol. 13, No. 2 razors or parts are for heads, functional parts for head, and for plating, and, in making straight razors or parts are for rivets, pins and washers). Razor blade magazines. Reflectors (except photographic and except that copper products or copper base alloy products may be used as an undercoating or an overcoating in electroplating in con- nection with silvering or chromium). Refrigerator display cases. Slot, game and vending machines (except when the only copper products or copper base alloy products used are for tumblers for locks). Soda fountain equipment (except for carbon- ators). Sporting goods and equipment (except fish- ing equipment and supplies for commer- cial fishing. use, ammunition, and except reel gears, bearings and spools, swivels and snaps, rod mountings and copper for plat- ing of baits and lures for sport fishing use. Staplers and stapler machines (not includ- ing foot-operated or power-driven stitch- ing machines) . Stationery suppiies: Desk accessories. Office supplies. Pencils (except for ferrules) . Pens and penholders. Statues and statuettes (except religious and artists’ originals). Sundials. Tent poles and parts. 'Tobacco pipes. Toys (except copper in motors and essential operating parts). Unions and union fittings (except seats, and except for other parts of unions and union fittings (1) where and to the extent that the physical and chemical properties of the liquid or gas passing through the union or union fittings make the use of any other material dangerous or impractical, or (2) where the valve is of a type designed for use in an air conditioning or refrigeration “system”, or (3) where use of copper and tubing and/or brass pipe is permitted) Umbrellas and parasols. Vacuum bottles and jugs. Valve handles (except plumbing fixture trim). Walking sticks and canes. Weather vanes. Weight reducing and exercising machines (except where copper products or copper base alloy products are necessary for elec- trical conduction). Wool (except metal sponges intended for use in dairy products processing plants and by the canning industry and for filtering pur- poses). This subpart as amended shall take eftect_on December 30, 1950 NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY, W. H. Harrison, (sie Administrator. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 FURTHER STEPS TO CONSERVE TIN AFFECT USE OF METAL CONTAINERS AND TIN: Further steps to conserve tin to meet the requirements of national defense and to provide supplies for essential non-defense uses were taken on Jamary 27 by the National Production Authority. Five orders (M-8 Amended, M-24, M-25, M-26, and M-27) were issued which permit the use of tin only in certain products, and limit its use in others. However, there are no restrictions under the new orders on the packaging of perishable foods. This action supersedes and amends the basic tin order (M-8) issued November 13 and amended December 18.l/ M-25, Metal Can Specification and Limitation Order: Of the orders issued, M—25 (dated January 27, ig8L) specifically is of interest to the fishing and allied in- dustries, especially to canners. No packer is permitted by this order to purchase, accept delivery of or use a can made in whole or in part of tin plate or terneplate for any purpose other than for packing products listed in Schedule I of the order. There are no restrictions on the packing of perishable foods. All fishery products that fall in this category as indicated by Schedule I will be allowed an unlimited pack. In addition, during the first quarter of 1951 there will be no reduction, be- low the first quarter 1950 or the first quarter 1949 base, in the pack of all other non-perishable agricultural products, except beer and pet food which will be allowed 90 percent of their first quarter 1950 or first quarter 1949 base. The order permits can mamufacturers and packers to use stocks in inventory or in process of manufacture on January 27. It also permits manufacturers to use until March 31, 1951, certain weights of tin plate and terneplate for soldered parts on cans where facilities for soldering blakplate are not available, to permit them to equip themselves for soldering blackplate. Any person whose total use of cans for packing any product in any calendar year requires less than 250 base boxes (a base box equals 31,360 square inches) of tin plate or terneplate is exempt fram the use limitation, but not from the plate spec-— ifications in the order. The full text of order M-25 follows, except that only that part of Schedule I is given that lists fishery products: Part 102—Cans This order is found necessary and ap-| propriate to promote the national de- | fense and is issued pursuant to authority granted by section 101 of the Defense Production Act of 1950. In the formu- lation of this order there has been con- sultation with industry representatives, including trade association representa- tives, and consideration has been given to their recommendations. However, consultation with representatives of all trades and industries affected in ad- vance of the issuance of this order has been rendered impracticable by the fact that the order affects a very substantial number of different trades and indus-) tries. Sec. 102.1 What this part does. 102.2 Definitions. 102.3 Restrictions on use of cans. Other restrictions. Restrictions on amount that may be packed. 102.4 102.5 102.6 102.7 102.8 Exceptions. Certification of delivery of cans. Application for adjustment or ex- ception. Records and reports. 102.10 Communications. 102.11 Violations. AutHorITY: $§ 102.1 to 102.11 issued un- der sec. 704, Pub. Law 774, 8lst Cong. In- terpret or apply Sec. 101, Pub. Law 174, Blst Cong., Sec. 101, E. O. 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, 15 F.R. 6105. Sec. 2, E. O. 10200, dated January 3, 1951, 16 F. R. 61. § 102.1 What this part does. This part places restrictions upon cans made of tin plate and terne plate. Schedule I sets out plate specifications for cans which vary according to the products packed. This part also limits the use of cans made of tin plate and terne plate. 102.9 Part 27 of this chapter (Order M-8) sets forth the specifications for solder that may be used in the manufacture of cans. § 102.2 Definitions. As used in this (a) “Can” means any unused con- tainer made in whole or in part of tin plate, terne plate or black plate, which is suitable for packing any product. The term includes any container which has a closure or fitting, made in whole or in part of tin plate, terne plate or black plate, but does not include a glass con- tainer having such a closure or fitting. The term does not include fluid milk shipping containers. (b) “Tin plate’ means steel sheet coated with tin, and includes ‘primes’, Cans made wholly of black plate are not|‘‘seconds”, and all other forms of tin restricted by this part. Part 23 of this Plate, except waste and waste-waste. chapter (Order M-24) permits the use (c) “Terne plate’’ means steel sheets of tin plate and terne plate for cans injcoated with terne metal and includes accordance with the terms of this part. 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JANUARY 1951, PP. 73-5. “primes” and ‘“‘seconds”. ) The term does 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW not include terne plate waste-waste, or |preceded by 2 double asterisk any cans, terne plate waste. “‘Terne metal” means |made in whole or in part of tin plate or the lead-tin alloy used as the coating for |,terne plate, requiring more than 100 per- terne plate, but does not include lead re- |cent of the quantity by area of measure- covered from secondary sources which |ment of tin plate, terne plate and black contains less than 1% percent residual |plate which he used for packing that tin. particular product during the corre- (a) “SCMT” means special coated |sponding quarter of 1949 or 1950. The manufacturers’ terneplate. . amounts packed during each quarter (e) “Waste” means scrap tinplate and jshall be spread as equally as possible terneplate (including strips and circles) |over each of the three months of such produced in the ordinary course of man- |quarter, but no packer shall be required ufacturing cans, and tinplate and terne- | to take delivery of cans in less than car- plate strips produced in the ordinary |Joad lots to meet this provision. course of manufacturing tinplate and| (c¢) During the first quarter of the cal- terneplate. The term also includes tin- | endar year 1951 and each quarter there- plate and terneplate parts recovered /after, until otherwise ordered by NPA, from used cans. no packer may accept delivery of or use (f) ““Waste-waste’ means hot dipped |for packing any other product which is or electrolytic tin-coated steel sheets or |listed in Schedule I any cans, made in steel sheets coated with terne metal|whole or in part of tin plate or terne which have been rejected during proc- | plate, by area of measurement requiring essing by the producer because of im- | more than 90 percent of the quantity by perfections which disqualify such sheets | area of measurement of tin plate, terne from sale as primes or seconds. (g) “Blackplate’ means steel sheets (other than tinplate or terneplate) 29 gauge (128 pounds) or lighter. The term includes can manufacturing quality blackplate (CMQ), ‘“‘blackplate rejects’, chemically treated blackplate (CYB), | waste-waste, and waste. (h) “Packer” means any person who uses cans for commercially packing any product. (i) “Person” means any individual, corporation, partnership, association, or any other organized group of persons and includes any agency of the United States or any other government. 8102.3 Restrictions on use of cans. No packer shall purchase, accept de- livery of, or use @# can made in whole or in part of tin plate or terne plate for any purpose other than for packing products listed in Schedule I, and in ac- cordance with the specifications set out in said Schedule I. The restrictions con- tained in this section and said Schedule I are subject to the exceptions of § 102.6. Schedule I is set out at the end of this part. § 102.4 Other restrictions. No person li or deliver any a SN ENaiie Renee: peas reason to|be used in place of black plate for sol- 2 r used in vio- dered parts’on cans where facilities for Penn emai this part or any |S0ldering black plate are not available. other order or regulation of the NPA. | This exception is provided to enable manufacturers to equip themselves to § 102.5 Restrictions on amount that solder black plate. may be packed. (&) The restrictions of (c) Any person whose total use of this section do not apply to the packing/cans for packing any product in any of those products which are listed 1m) calendar year requires less than 250 base Schedule I and preceded by a single}hoxes of tin plate and terne plate shall asterisk. However, the restrictions Of}. gxempt from the use limitations of paragraph (b) of this section do apply!s§ 102.5 but not from the plate specifica- to products preceded by a single asterisk! tions of Schedule I. if such products are re-packed from| (d) Cans may be used to pack any other containers. product provided such product is not to packing such product during the corre- sponding quarter of 1949 or 1950. The amounts packed during each quarter shall be spread as equally as possible over each of the three months of such quarter, but no packer shall be required to take delivery of cans in less than car- load lots to meet this provision. § 102.6 Exceptions. (a) The plate specifications set out in Schedule I do not apply to the use of any cans which are in the inventory of a packer or in the inventory of a can manufacturer or in process of manufacture, or to tin plate or terne plate which was either in process at a tin mill, in the inventory of a tin mill for the account of a can manu- facturer or in the inventory of a can manufacturer on the effective date of this part. It is the intent of this section that any tin plate or terne plate in- tended for use in the manufacture of cans in inventory or process as afore- said shall be used notwithstanding the plate specifications of this part. How- ever, the restrictions of § 102.5 are not excepted by this paragraph (a). (b) Until March 31, 1951, .25 pound electrolytic tin plate or SCMT plate may (b) During the first quarter of thelbe sold in the same or different form, calendar year 1961 and each quarter|but this does not permit the use of cans thereafter, until otherwise ordered by|contrary to the provisions of this part NPA, no packer may accept delivery of|for the purpose of aiding or promoting or use for packing any particular prod-|the sale of a product. ‘uct which is listed in Schedule J and} (e) (1) Orders having a properly ap- plate and black plate which he used for Vol. AUS} No. 2 plied DO rating are exempt from the use limitations of this part but not from the plate specifications. 2 (2) The restrictions in this part shall not apply to military requirements for cans of a special design or style not nor- mally produced or used commercially, nor to cans for emergency rations and supplies for life boats. § 102.7 Certification of delivery of cans. No manufacturer shall sell or de- liver cans unléss he has received from the purchaser a certificate signed man- ually. This certificate shall be by letter in substantially the following form and, once filed by a purchaser with 2 manu- facturer, covers all future deliveries of cans from the manufacturer to that purchaser: Gs) eee tsce Rees See SEES) manufacturer: The undersigned purchaser certifies, sub- ject to criminal penalties for misrepresenta- tion, that he is familiar with Order M-25 of the National Production Authority, and that all purchases from you of items regulated by that order, and the acceptance of the same by the undersigned, will be in compliance with said order, and any amendments thereto. § 102.8 Application for adjustment or exception. Any person affected by any provision of this part may file a request for adjustment or exception upon the ground that his business operation was commenced during or after the base period, or because any provision other- wise works an undue or exceptional hardship upon him not suffered generally by others in the same trade or industry or its enfortement against him would not be in the interest of the national defense or in the public interest. In examining requests for adjustment claiming that the public interest is prejudiced by the application of any provision of this part, consideration: will be given to the re- quirements of the public health and safety, civilian defense, and dislocation of labor and resulting unemployment that would impair the defense program. Each request shall be in writing and shall set forth all pertinent facts and the nature of the relief sought, and shall state the justification therefor. § 1029 Records and reports. (a) Each person participating in any trans- action covered by this part shall retain in his possession for at least two years records of receipts, deliveries, inven- tories, and use, in sufficient detail to permii an audit that determines for each transaction that the provisions of this part have been met. This does not specify any particular accounting method and does not require alteration of the system of records customarily maintained, provided such records sup- ply an adequate basis for audit. Rec- ords may be retained in the form of microfilm or other photographic copies instead of the originals. ; (b) All records required by this part shall be made available at the usual place of business where maintained for in- spection and audit by duly authorized February 1951 representatives of the National Produc- tion Authority. (c) Persons subject to this part shall make such records and submit such re- ports to the National Production Au- thority as it shall require, subject to the terms of the Federal Reports Acts (Pub. Law 831, 77th Cong., 5 U.S.C. 139-139F). § 102.10 Communications. All com- munications concerning this part shall be addressed to the National Production Authority, Washington 25, D.C. Ref.: M-25. § 102.11 Violations. Any person who wilfully violates any provisions of this part or any other order or regulation of the National Production Authority or wilfully conceals a material fact or fur- nishes false information in the course of operation under this part is guilty of a crime and, upon conviction, may be punished by fine or imprisonment or both. In addition, administrative action may be taken against any such person to suspend his privilege of making or re- ceiving further deliveries of materials or using facilities under priority or alloca- tion control and to deprive him of fur- ther priorities assistance. Nore: All reporting And record-keeping requirements of this part have been ap- proved by the Bureau of the Budget in ac- cordance with said Federal Reports Act. This part shall take effect on January 27, 1951. NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY, LSEAL] MANLY FLEISCHMANN, Acting Administrator. SCHEDULE I—CAN SPECIFICATIONS Columns 2 and 3 specify the weights of tincoating per base box of tinplate and terne- plate which may be used for the parts of |! cans for the products listed in column 1. Any packer may also use for packing a listed Product blackplate cans or cans with a tin coating lighter than that specified for that |! COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW product. Wherever .25 lb. electrolytic tin- plate is specified SOMT may be used. Tin- plate menders arising in the production of electrolytic tin plate may be used without regard to the weight of coating for any pur- pose where .50 lb. electrolytic tin plate is per- mitted under this Schedule. Where menders arising cannot be used to replace .50 Ib. electrolytic tin plate, they may be used to replace any electrolytic tin plate. When only a figure is given in columns 2 or 3 this means that tin plate may be used for the part and the figures given indicate’ the maximum weight of tin coating on each base box of plate. Reference is made to § 102.5 for re- strictions on amount that may be packed and meaning of the asterisks preceding cer- tain products. CaN MATERIALS Product qa) Fish and Shell Fish . *Abalone *Alewives . *Anchovies_____ . **Caviar . **Chowder, all varieties: Inside enameled cans Plain body cans_____ . *Clams, processed__ : *Clamijuice-.) Sus eeat . **Codfish, salted **Crab, deviled. - *Crabmeat, processed *Crawfish od ol SE _ ‘Finan haddie: In round cans In oval cans . **Fish balls and cakes_. . **Fish frankfurters__ *Fish and seafood, fro eratede 2 eee ee . *Fish flakes and ground fish for human consumption only . *Fish livers: In reusable 5 gallon square cans_ inp nore e Uren 5 gallon square dry_- f *Fish bl in 5 gallon pauare cans_- *Fish paste _- a 5) i ** Fish pi pickled__ | *Fish roe. ‘ In round double seamed cans___ In oval drawn cams_____-___ _-- . *Halibut._ < . *Herring, in oil or brine (includ- ing sardines, pilchards and mackerel) : BERRERES & CaN MATERIALS Product 81 Sol- dered or sol- welded} dered qi) Fish and Salt Fish—Continued Round cans- \¥ drawn cans 34—3 piece cans Oval, drawn or oblong (other than 4 drawn) be used for scored . “Herring, in tomato or mustard sauce (including sardines, pil- }- chards and mackerel): In oval drawn or oblong cans- -- 1.25 may be used for scored - peenhesene . *Mullet..-- . *Mussels: Fresh Shucked Processed . *Oysters: processed . *Salmon: In round double seam cans “In oval or drawn cans 5 “ee processed - . *Shad In round double seam cans------ In oval or drawn cans-_--------- . “Shrimp: Processed -------------- . *Squid: In inside enameled cans- Plain body cans Rosia} CGS Ce Miscellaneous foods . Animal and pet food *Baby food Fish base type 253. **Chop suey 254. **Chow mein_ 293. Soups, liquid: *Seasonal from fresh vegetables only: Tomato, vegetarian vegetable. All other seasonal.___ -------- **Nonseasonal: mies bean, bean with bacon beef Chicken with noodles or rice All other nonseasonal Non Food Products 230. Oils (Industrial, EB, Animal or fish Li Following is a brief summary of each of the other orders issued: M-8 Amended: parts (2) BERR BSR REE RRR BEER to a z March ray to use pig tin, tin alloys, or other materials containing tin for purposes as listed in List A of the order. Parts (3) BERR BER SBE ERR BERR 8 Eyes SB SSB Except upon specific direction of NPA, no person is permitted, after All uses of tin not expressly authorized by NPA are prohibited and certification is required with all deliveries. items, prior to May 1, 1951. M24, Tin Plate and Terneplate: The order permits the campletion of the prohibited if they were in the process of manufacture on or before March 1, andcompleted The order covers "specialty items" (listed in Schedule A of the order), including kitchen equipment, food preparation and cooking equipment, dairy pails and equipment, roofing, gutters, downspouts and fittings, roof flashing and fire doors, for which tin plate and terneplate may be used. It specifies the maximum coating of tin or terne metal permitted in each case, and re- 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 quires a certification of use by the purchaser prior to sale. It permits the use only of secondary tin in the manufacture of terne metal. Tin plate and terneplate and reconditioned tin plate and terneplate may be used only for the purposes set forth in Schedule A, subject to the limitations, restric- tions, and conditions specified in the Schedule, The small manufacturer whose annual consumption of tin plate and terneplate is 100 base boxes or less may continue his present operation, if the items produced are not on the prohibited list (List A of M-8). Items on this list may becompleted if they were in process of manufacture on or before March 1 and campleted not later than April 30, 1951. (A base box equals 31,360 square inches.) M-26, Tin Plate Closure Order: The use of tin plate closures, including bottle caps and jar lids, is permitted only in the packing of products specifically listed, and then only when tin coating of the lids and caps meets certain specifications that vary with the type of product. There are no restrictions on the number of closures that may be used. Closures with a tin coating of not more than one—and—one-half pounds per base box are permitted for all food products, except malt beverages, if perserved in a hermetically—sealed container made sterile by heat. In the mamfacture of home can— ning lids, no person is permitted to use any tin plate with a tin coating of more than half a pound per base box for top-seal lids, or in excess of one-quarter pound per base box for bands and jelly glass lids. The order does not apply to any tin plate closures in the inventory of the packer or in the inventory of the manufacturer or in the process of manufacture on January 27, 1951. M-27, Collapsible Tubes: The amount of tin that may be used in collapsible tubes is limited, the percentage varying with the products to be packaged in the tubes. Tubes used for some pharmaceuticals and for all food products for human con— sumption are not restricted in the percent of tin. No person is permitted to pur— chase, accept delivery of, or use collapsible tubes containing tin for the purpose of packaging products except as specifically permitted in Schedule A of the order. No person may use for any product a collapsible tube with a tin content greater than that used for packing the product on January 27, 1951. Purchasers are required to certify their compliance with the order before manufacturers are permitted to sell or deliver tubes. No person may use in the mamfacture of collapsible tubes during any calendar month more aluminum than 90 percent of the average monthly use of aluminum for this purpose during the period from August 1, 1950, through November 30, 1950. Theorder does not apply to tubes in inventory or goods in process of manufacture prior to January 27, 1951. NOTE: COPIES OF M-8 AMENDED, M-24, M-25, M-26, AND M-27 ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL > PRODUCTION AUTHORITY, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. ERKEKSE tial civilian needs was discussed at a meeting of NPA officials and representatives of the steel shipping container industry on January ll. February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 Industry spokesmen told NPA that same container manufacturers had already been forced to cut plant operations and some smaller plants may be forced to shut down entirely unless sufficient steel is made available. Steel shipping containers are used primarily by the petroleum, chemical, and food industries. NPA officials pointed out that persons holding defense orders were entitled to material necessary to fill the orders and NPA would aid in finding steel for such orders. However, NPA officials said, an end use limitation order on steel shipping con- tainers may be necessary to assure that defense and essential civilian needs aremet. Industry members asked NPA to consider establishment of a pattern of essentiality before issuing such a limitation order. Industry members also recommended establishment of a steel allocation program to meet increased defense rated orders and essential civilian needs, "as such needs could not be met on the basis of present steel availability." Appointment of a task group to study the immediate and urgent problems facing the industry was made by NPA's Container and Packaging Division, upon recommendation by industry members. The used steel drum and wood barrel reconditioning industry met on January 15 with NPA as an advisory committee to discuss problems facing the industry as a re- sult of the expanding defense program. Principal problems of the industry, spokes— men said, are: (1) the difficulty of obtaining used steel drums and wood barrels; and (2) the shortage of steel rings and hoops, caustic soda for cleaning the con- tainers, and phenolic resin used as interior and exterior coating. fense Production Act by the National Production Authority on January 11. Notice-1l (as amended January 10, 1951) with reference to designation of scarce materials was issued to cover the additions. As a result of the recent additions, the list of items covered by the anti- hoarding provisions of Public Law 774 is virtually the same as that included in the inventory control regulation (NPA Regulation 1, issued September 18, 1950). Items added to the antihoarding list today include: Industrial ethyl alcohol, chlorine, zinc dust and oxides, natural and synthetic rubber, and the following textile materials: burlap (hessian), cotton pulp, high tenacity rayon yarn, and lon staples and nylon filament Ne 1/ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JANUARY 1950, PP. 76-7; DECEMBER 1950, P. 62; AND NOVEMBER 1950, P. 83 HHH EH HARD FIBER CORDAGE CONTROLS APPEAR UNNECESSARY: Controls on the production and distribution of hard—fiber cordage appear unnecessary at this time, the National Production Authority announced January 30, following a meeting with members of the Hard Fiber Cordage Industry Advisory Committee. According to the industry committee, both defense and civilian demands fortheir products are currently being met without difficulty. 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, Noe 2 The committee agreed with NPA officials, however, that in the event of a sub- stantial increase in defense requirements, NPA should require the industry to re- serve necessary amounts of hard-fiber cordage products to meet DO defense rated orders. Types of hard fiber include: sisal, which is imported from Africa, Brazil, and Haiti; manila, which comes from the Fhilippines and Central America; and, henequen which is imported chiefly from Mexico. Hard-fiber cordage products are important to the defense program and to certain industries such as commercial fishing, agriculture, transportation, oil and gas well drilling, commercial fibers are used are: shipping, and public utilities. rope, binder and baler twine, tying twine, same types of paper, padding for matresses, furniture, and automobiles. Among products in which these Defense Production Administration REDELEGATES CERTAIN FUNCTIONS RELATING TO PRIORITIES, ALLOCATIONS, ETC.: The Defense Production Administrator redelegated to other agencies certain functions re- lating to priorities, allocations, and other operations now being carried onby these agencies under provisions of the Defense Production Act of 1950, a January 24, DFA news release announced. This go One first taken by the Administrator, follows the terms of Execu- tive Order 10200, which established the Defense Production Administration and gave its Administrator all powers over priorities, allocations, requisitioning, loans, purchasing, and certification of accelerated tax amortization included under the De- fense Production Act. The text of DPA Delegation No. 1 (corrected February 5, 1951) follows: DEFENSE PRODUCTION ADMINISTRATION Pursuant to Executive Order No. 10200, issued January 3, 1951, certain of the functions conferred upon the Defense Production Administration by said Order are further delegated as follows: 1. The functions conferred upon the President by Title I of the Defense Pro- duction Act of 1950 are hereby delegated to the same officers and agencies to whom the said functions were delegated by Section 101 of Executive Order No. 10161 issued on September 9, 1950 (F. R. Doc. 50-8018), except as modified in the next succeeding paragraph of this dele- gation. 2. Those functions under Title I of the Defense Production Act of 1950 which were previously delegated to the Secretary of Interior by the Secretary of Commerce in National Production Authority Delegation No. 5 issued on December 18, 1950 (15 F. R. 9195) are hereby delegated to the Secretary of the Interior. 3. Each officer and agency to whom ‘functions are delegated by this Delega- ‘tion No. 1 shall, with respect to the Imaterials and facilities within his par- |ticular Jurisdiction as defined in the 'preceding paragraphs of this Delega- ‘tion No. 1, continue to perform the claim- ant functions assigned to him by Sections 102 and 103 of Executive Order 10161. 4. Each officer and agency to whom functions are delegated by this Delega- tion No. 1 shall, witn respect to the materials and facilities within his par- ticular jurisdiction as defined in the pre- ceding paragraphs of this Delegation No. 1, make recommendations to the De- fense Production Administrator for the issuance of certificates by the Adminis- trator for action under Sections 302 and 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (loans, purchases, commitments, etc.) as specified in paragraph 2b of Sec- tion 2 of Executive Order 10200, and in Sections 303 and 304 of Executive Order 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JANUARY 1951, PP. 78-80. Del. 1 Corrected Copy FEB. 5, 1951 10161, as amended. Such officers and agencies shall perform such additional functions with respect to the issuance of such certificates as may be prescribed by any regulations or procedures which may hereafter be issued. This para- graph shall not be construed to limit or affect the authority of the Secretary of Agriculture under Section 303 of Execu- tive Order 10161, as amended by Execu- tive Order 10200. 5. Each officer and agency to whom functions under Title I of the Defense Production Act of 1950 are delegated shall, with respect to the materials and facilities within his particular jurisdic- tion, make recommendations to the De- fense Production Administrator for the issuance of certificates under Subsection (e) of Section 124A of the Internal Rev- enue Code, as added by Section 216 of the Revenue Act of 1950, approved Sep- tember 23, 1950, subject to any regula- tions and procedures which may here- February 1951 after be issued. 6. Each officer and agency to whom functions under Title I of the Defense Production Act of 1950 are delegated may, with respect to the materials and facilities within his jurisdiction, carry out the consultations referred to in sub- section 708 (a) of that Act, and make recommendations to the Defense Pro- duction Administrator for the approval COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW of voluntary agreements and programs as provided in Section 708 of that Act. 7. Nothing in this Delegation No. 1 shall be construed to limit the right of redelegation and authorization of suc- cessive redelegation of any of the fore- going functions, pursuant to paragraph (b) of Section 902 of Executive Order 10161. 8. The functions delegated by the pre- 85 ceding paragraphs of this Delegation No. 1 shall be exercised subject to the direction and control of the Defense Production Administrator. This delegation shall take effect im- mediately (January 24, 1951). WILLIAM H. Harrison, Defense Production Administrator. > Economic Stabilization Agency GENERAL CEILING PRICE REGULATION: The General Ceiling Price Regulation issued by the Economic Stabilization Agency on January 26 affects the fishing and allied industries since it imposes a temporary ceiling on prices of most fishery products and byproducts, except "fresh fish and seafood" and a number of other specific prod- ucts. The Director of Price Stabilization formulated and will be directly respon- sible for the administration of this Regulation. The wording of the General Ceiling Price Regulation as far as it affects fish- ery products amd byproducts indicates that frozen, smoked, salted, canned, or any fishery products which are not considered "fresh fish and seafood," and most by- products are frozen at the highest prices charged by a particular seller for each commodity during the period fram December 19, 1950, to January 25, 1951. These prices become the particular seller's ceiling prices for all subsequent sales of the same cammodities. However, methods are provided for establishing ceiling prices for "new commodities" which were not manufactured or produced during the indicated base period. "Fresh fish and seafood" are exempt at all levels of production and distribu- tion (producer, wholesaler, and retailer levels). Of the manufacturered fishery products and byproducts, only the following are exempt fram price ceilings: shark oil, whale oil, sperm oil, and cod oil. Indirectly, of course, the fishing and allied industries also will be affected in various degrees by whether or not most of the supplies and materials used are under price ceilings. However, at present it seems that a large proportion of the supplies used by these industries are covered by the Price Regulation. Since the complete text2/ of the General Ceiling Price Regulation is quite lengthy, only those parts which are of interest to the fishing and alliedindustries are quoted below. (The underscoring of the portions which specifically apply to fishery products or byproducts is by the editors of this publication.) General Ceiling Price Regulation JANUARY 26. 1951 TITLE 32A—NATIONAL DEFENSE,| 9 GEN2R4L. Cetinc Paice Recutation eral. Ceiling Price Regulation is hereby Pursuant te the Defense Production} *SUe¢- APPENDIX ct of 1950 (Pub. Lom aA. Bist Cane. v4 WHAT THIS REGULATION DOES i ilizati ecutive Order 10161 ¢ . R. 6105),| . The purpose of the accompanying gen- Chapter lian eere: Sas nd Economic Stabilization Agency Gen-} eral regulation is to hold prices on a gency eral Order No. 2 (16 F. R. 738) this Gen-]} broad front. Accordingly, it covers the 17FOR COPIES OF THE COMPLETE TEXT OF THE GENERAL CEILING PRICE REGULATION ( JANUARY 26, 1951) WRITE DIRECTLY TO THE ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. 86 widest possible range of Coitimodities and sellers. Manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers together wi hh suppliers of serv- ices come within its terms. ‘The inten- ion has been to include within its scope all sellers of all commodities and serv- ices except to the extent that legal or strong practical reasons require that particular sellers or types of commodi- ties be exempt. Some exemptions are found provided in the Act itself. Thus, real estate is exempted by section 402 (e). That sec- tion of the Act also exempts professional services, materials furnished for publi- cation by press associations or feature services, books, magazines, motion pic- tures, periodicals, newspapers, radio=- broadcasting and television stations, outdoor advertising facilities, insurance, common carriers, public utilities, and margin requirements on commodity ex- changes. A number of commodities are ex- cluded from the regulation for reasons of administrative impracticability. These include: stamps and coins; pre- cious stones; paintings; antiques; used personal or household effects sold by the owner ; and damaged, abandoned or con- fiscated propery “ ana The regulation also excludes a num- ber of a Ticultural and related _com- modities. aw and unprocessed agri- cultural commodities when sold by the producer have been exempted, first, be- cause the freeze technique is at present administratively impracticable when ap- plied to sales by individual farmers, and, second, because the current prices of most such commodities are below the minirium price levels at which ceilings may be established under the Act. The further exemption of sales by farmers of farm-processed commodities in minor amounts is also dictated by administra- tive considerations. Fresh fruits and vegetables and fresh fish and seafood, ise Of 1 marketing factors and seasonal and perishable characteristics, are subject to sharp and unforeseeable price tions. uctua- a general freeze on these commodities would lead to capricious and inequitabie The regulation employs the frecze technique. The highest prices charged by a particular seller for each com- miodity during the psriod from Decem- ber 19, 1959 to January 25, 1951, become his ceiling prices for all subsequent sales of the same commodities. Methods are provided for establishing ceiling prices for new commodities or services not sold during this base period. These methods are designed to set ceiling prices for the new ccmmodities which are directly in line with the ceiling prices established through sales in the base period. These new commodity pricing methods have been made as automatic as possible. However, where sellers are permitted, be- cause they start handling a new category or a new business, to price their wares with reference to the ceiling prices of 1cst closely competitive sellers of the some class, they are required to submit Teports which will enable the Office of Price Stabilization to guard against abuses of this pricing formula. There is because of unusual Consequently, the imposition of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 a special problem in the case of some ne wholesalers since previous experience) under price control has demonstrated that intermediaries speculating in scarce goods inject themselves into the channels of distribution, multiplying the number of hands through which the goods must pass, and the number of markups added to basic costs. Such new intermediaries can be the source vi a substantial amount of price inflation. No general provision for the adjust- ment of individual hardship cases is in- cluded in the regulation. This is be- cause it is virtually impossible to predict the specific types of hardship situations which an order of this scope may create and which can be relieved consistently with the effectuation of the fundamental stabilization objectives of the Defense Production Act of 1950. However, the Office of Price Stabilization will at a future date issue such provisions and standards for adjustment as may be nec essary and proper under the statute. There are two specific instances in which provision for relief is made. These situations invoive, first, agricul- tural commodities or commodities proc- essed or manufactured in whole or sub- stantial part from agricultuxal commod- ities whose prices are at present below the standards set for them in the De- fense Production Acf of 1950, and sec- ond, certain sales of imported. com- modities. The regulation makes sgecial provi- sion for certain importers, permitting them to pass on price increases for im- ported goods which they receive after January 26, 1951, pursuant to contracts entered into on.or before that date. The purpose of this provision is to avoid in- teryuptions in the fiow of essential im- ported commodities, and the consequent Teduction of supplies available for the defense program, as well as to avoid the damage to our relations with friendly nations that would result if importers canceled bona fide contracts. Once de- liverics on existing contracts have been disposed of the importer’s ceiling price reverts to the base level. Opportunity will be afforded, throug! arrangements to be made by the Depart- ‘ment of State, for consideration by th Director of Price Stabilization of the views of foreign governments regarding adjustments of ceiling prices of com- Iaocities which are of special concern to themM.qcecececece Price Stabilization gave due considera- tion to the national effort to achieve maximum production in furtherance of the objectives of the Defense Production Act of 1950; to prices prevailing during the period from May 24, 1950 to June 24, 1950, inclusive; and to relevant factors of general applicability. In the formulation of this Regulation special circumstances have rendered im- practicable consultation with industry representatives, including’ trade associa- tion representatives. However, prior to the formulation of this Regulation the Director of Price Stabilization has ad- vised with a large number of persons representing a substantial segment of trade and industry concerning methods of checking inflationary trends. GENERAL CEILING PRICE REGULATION Section 1. What this regulation does. The purpose of this regulation is to es- tablish ceiling prices for all commodities and services (except those specifically exempt) upon the basis of prices in effect during the period from December 19, 1950 to January 25, 1951, inclusive. This period is referred to as the “base period.” Sec. 2. Applicability, and prohibitions. (a) Applicability. The provisions of this regulation are applicable to the United States, its Territories and posses- sions and the District of Columbia. (b) Effective date. This regulation is effective immediately. (c) Prohibitions. After the date of this order, regardless of any contract or other obligation, you shall not sell, and you shall not buy in the regular course of business or trade, any commodity or service at a price exceeding the ceiling price established by this regulation. Sec. 3. Ceiling prices for all sellers for commodities or services sold in base eriod. Your ceiling price for sale of a ‘commodity or service is the highest price at which you delivered it during the base period to a purchaser of the same class- If you did not deliver the commodity or service during the base period, your ceil- ing price is the highest price at which you offered it for base period delivery to a purchaser of the same class. The effective date offer must have been made in writing, but in the case of a retailer may have been made by display. ea D OG (a) If you are a manufacturer of a com- modity which you did not deliver or effer for delivery during the base period | but which falls within a “category” in which you dealt during the base period, determine your ceiling price by applying to your current unit direct cost the per- centage markup you are currently re- ceiving on a “comparison commodity.” Your current unit direct cost for the commodity being priced and for the com- parison commodity shall consist of the total unit direct labor and direct mate- rial cost foreach. The comparison com- modity must be in the same category as the commodity being priced; must be a commodity for which your ceiling price was determined under section 3; and must be of the commodities in that cate- gory with lower current unit direct costs, the one most nearly like the commodity being priced. If there is no commodity in the category having a lower current FINDINGS OF THE DIRECTOR OF PRICE STABILIZATION In the judgment of the Director cf Price Stabilization the prices of com- modities and services generally have Tisen and are threatening further to rise to an extent inconsistent with the pur- Does of the Defense Production Act of In the judgment of the Director of Price Stabilization the objectives of Title IV of the Defense Production Act of 1950 cannot be attained by voluntary action by business, agriculture, labor and con- sumers or by taking action with respect to individual commodities and service. Im the judgment of the Director of Price Stabilization the ceiling prices established by this Regulation are gen- erally fair and equitable and are neces- sary 10 effectuate the purposes of Title IV of the Defense Production Act of 1950. So far as practicable the Director of February 1951 unit direct cost, your comparison com- modity is the one with the same or higher current unit direct cost which is most nearly like the commodity being priced. If you are no longer manufacturing any commodities which meet the above standards for a comparison commodity, the commodity which you dealt in dur- ing the base period, in the same category, which is most nearly like the commodity being priced is your comparison com- modity, but the current unit dirgct cost of the base period commodity must be computed by using current material prices and wage rates. (b) To determine your ceiling price you ascertain the percentage markup for the comparison commodity by com- paring its current unit direct cost with its ceiling price. You determine your ceiling price on the new commodity by applying this markup to your current unit direct cost for the new commodity. The ceiling price so determined remains your ceiling price on all subsequent sales. (c) Category means a group of com- modities which are normally classed to- gether in your industry for purposes of production, accounting, or sales. You are required by section 16 of this regula- tion to prepare a list of your categories and in applying the pricing provisions of this section, you should refer to this list. You might, for example, have a category such as one of the following: glass con- tainers; fractional horsepower motors; brass mill products; millwork; print! cloth yarn fabrics; screw machine prod- ucts; ball bearings; textile machinery; women’s: and misses’ blouses; house and barn paints; motor oils. Sec. 5._Wholesalers’ _and_ retailers’ ceiling price for a commodity which you did not deliver or offer for delivery dur- ing the base period, but which falls within a “category” in which you deait; during the base period, you determine your ceiling price by. applying to your net invoice cost the percentage markup! you are currently receiving on a “com- parison commodity.” The comparison commodity must bi in the same category as the commodity’ being priced; must be a commodity for, which your ceiling price was determined under section 3; and must be, of the commodities in that category with lower: costs, the one most nearly like the com- modity being priced. commodity in the category with a cost below that of the commodity being priced, your comparison commodity is the one with the same or higher cost! modities which you propose to sell, an COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW should refer to this list. example, have a category such as one of the following: men’s clothing;- men’s furnishings; fruits; cosmetics and toiletries; frozen foods, notions; women’s coats and suits; cotton piece goods; major household appliances; women’s house dresses; office furniture; hand tools, (If you have no| that your ceiling prices have been dis- 87 You might, for (b) Required report if you are pricing under this section. Your report should state the name and address of your com- pany; the new categories in which the commodities fall and the most compara- ble categories dealt in by you during the base period; the name, address and type of business of your most closely com- eetitive seller of the same class; your reasons for selecting him as your most closely competitive seller; a statement of your customary price differentials; and, if you are starting a new business, a statement whether you or the princi- pal owner of your business are now or during the past twelve months have been engaged in any capacity in the same or a similar business at any other establish- mcni, and if so, the trade name and address of each such establishment. Your report should also include the fol- lowing: (1) If you are a manufacturer: Your proposed ceiling price and the specifica- tions of the commodity you are pricing; the manufacturing processes involved; your t direct costs; and the types of customers to whom you will be selling. (2) If you are a wholesaler: Your proposed ceiling price and your net in- voice cost of the commodity being priced; the names and addresses of your sources of supply, the function performed by them (e. g., manufacturing, distribut- ing, ete,), and the types of pyrchasers to whom they customarily sell; the types of customers to whom you plan to sell; and a statement showing that your pro- posed ceiling price will not exceed the ceiling price your customers paid to their customary sources of supply: (3) If you arz selling a service: Your proposed ceiling price and’ a description of the most comparable service delivered by you during the base period showing your present direct labor and materials costs and ceiling prive for it. Sec. 7. Sellers who cannot price under infants’ wear; canned musical instruments; Sec. 6. Ceiling prices for commodities in new categories; for new services; and for new sellers. (a) If you are pricing a commodity which is in a different cate- gory from any dealt in by you during the base period or if you are selling a s¢rvice which cannot be priced under section 3, your ceiling price is the same as the ceiling price_of your most closely com- petitive seller of the same class selling the same commodity or service to the Same class of purchaser. Once you have determined your ceil- ing prices under this section’ you may not redetermine them. Before selling) any commodity or service for which you have determined a ceiling price under this section you must file the report re- quired by paragraph (b) with the Di- rector of Price Stabilization, Washington, 25, D. C., and in addition you must ob- serve the following requirements: (1) If you are a manufacturer, you may not sell the commodity until te days after mailing your report; there- after you may sell the commodity at your proposed ceiling price unless and until notified by the Director of Price Stabilization that your proposed ceiling) price has been disapproved or that more information is required. (2) If you are a wholesaler, you may not sell the commodity until thirty days after mailing the report; thereafter you may sell the commodity at your proposed! ceiling prices unless and until you are notified by the Director of Price Stabili- zation that your proposed ceiling price| . has been disapproved or that more in-jother sections. If you claim that you formation is required. ar? unable to determine your ceiling (3) If you are a retailer or are selling}price for a commodity or service under a service, you must prepare and maintain\any of the foregoing provisions of this for the commodities or services being|regulation (which, in the opinion of the priced under this section the records re-|Director of Price Stabilization, provides quired of you under section 16. You may}adequate pricing instructions for virtu- begin sales of the new commodities and|ally all transactions), you may apply in services as soon as you have prepared|writing to the Director of Price Stabili- these records and mailed the required|zation, Washington 25, D. C., for the report to the Director of Price Stabiliza-|establishment of a ceiling price. This tion, Washington 25, D. C., and may con-|appPlication shall contain an explanation tinue to sell them unless and until noti-|of why you are unable to determine your fied by the Director of Price Stabilization|ceiling price under any other provision of this regulation; all pertinent infor- approved or that more information is|m2tion describing the commodity or required. If, as a retailer, you feel that|Service, and the nature of your business; because of the large number of new com-|your proposed ceiling price and the m=2thod used by you to determine it; which is most nearly like the commodity] item by item price comparison would be|#nd the reason you believe the proposed being priced.) The percentage markup}too burdensome, you may apply to the price is in line with the level of ceiling of the comparison commodity must be} Director of Price Stabilization for an al-. determined with reference to your most} ternative method of establishing ceiling recent net invoice cost for that com-/prices. Your application should contai modity. The ceiling price so determined}the information required in paragraph prices otherwise established by this reg- ulation. You may not sell the commod- ity ‘or service until the Director of Price Stabilization, in writing, notifies you of remains your ceiling price for all sub-| (b) together with a complete statement{|Yur ceiling price. sequent sales of that commodity. of the formula proposed and your rea-| Sec. 8. Modification of proposed ceil- (b) Category means a line of merchan-| SOMs demonstrating that it will result, on}ing prices by Director of Price Stabiliza- dise, a merchandise department, or ajthe average, in ceiling prices no higherjtion. group of commodities which are nor-}than those of your most closely competi- The Director of Price Stabiliza- tion may at any time disapprove or re- mally classed together in your trade forjtive sellers. In such a case you may notjvise ceiling prices reported or proposed selling, buying, merchandising or ac- begin sales of any commodity with refer- under this regulation so as to bring them counting. You are required by section|jence to which the application has been|into line with the level of ceiling prices 16 of this regulation to prépare a list}made until the Director of Price Stabili- of your categories and in applying .the)zation has fixed a method for establish- pricing provisions of this section you}ing your ceiling prices. otherwise established by this regulation. Sec. 9. Customary price differentials. Your ceiling prices, when determined, 88 shall reflect your customary price dif- ferentials, including discounts, allow- ances, premiums and extras, based upon differences in classes or location of pur- chasers, or in terms and conditions of saie or delivery. Sec. 10. Exporters and importers. (a) Exporters: Sales by persons ex- porting commodities from the United States (or its territories and possessions) are subject to the provisions of this regubttion. If the ceiling price is deter- mined by the seller for domestic pur- chasers, it may be adjusted pursuant to section 9 to take account of the seller’s customary differentials for export sales. (b) Importers: S2les made within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, its territories and possessions, of commodities imported by the sellers from other countries are subject to the provisions of this regulation. (c) Special provision for importers with existing purchase commitments. (1) If you resell a commodity which you import in substantially the same form (except for services normally per- formed by importers such as sorting or packaging), or sell that commodity after simple processing operations by you, such as wool scouring or coffee roasting, you may adjust a ceiling pride -deter- mined under section 3 for any such com- modity which is delivered to you pur- suant to a contract dated on or before January 26, 1951 to offset an increase in landed cost since the base period. The amount of the permitted increase is the dollar and cents ameunt by which your current landed cost per unit exceeds your highest base period landed cost for the commodity. sceee Sec. 12. Group of retail sellers under common control. A group of retail sellers under common ownership or con- trol which had an established practice of centrally determining uniform prices during the base period for some or all of their categories of commodities or services, may treat the entire group of retail sellers as one seHer for the purpose of (1) computing ceiling prices for the commodities or services for which this practice existed and (2) complying with the record-keeping, reporting and filing provisions of this regulation. The ceiling prices shall be the uniform centrally determined prices. Records shall be centrally kept, listing the names and addresses of all regail sellers of this group. If a group of retail sellers de- termines ceiling prices under this sec- tion, each retail outlet which is a mem- ber af the group must continue to abide by the ceiling prices under this section. The permission granted by this section may be withdrawn by the Director of Priée Stabilization from any group of retail sellers upon consideration of the Price records maintained by such group and such reports as he may require .... Sec. 14. Exemptions and exceptions. This regulation does not apply to the following: ~ ee Prices or rentals for real prop- erty; (b) Rates or fees charged for profes- sional services; eceeece (e) Rates charged by any person in the business of selling or underwriting .asurance; 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 may satisfy the requirement of this par- agraph (3) by recording on your pur- chase inv ices, pace I a Z ies (including every model, type, style, modity exchange; «oeeee and Kind) delivered or offered for deliv- (mn) Sales or deliveries of commodi- |ery by you during the base period, the ties made or produced by the seller at his |price at which you sold, or offered the home, solely for his own account, with- |commodities for delivery, during the out the assistance ct hired SP Laseee if |base period. the total of such sales or deliveries does (4) You must also prepare and pre- not exceed $200 in any one calendar serve a statement of your customary month. secsce HWise price differentials for terms and con- (s) The following agricultural com- | ditions of sale and classes of purchasers, Modities: geeces : which you had in effect during the base (eves fish_and-Seafood and gam (5) If you operate a restaurant, you (11) The following oilseeds or nuts, | are required to preserve all.menus used their oils and fatty acids or combina- | by you during the last ten ees of ne tions of these oils so long as in normal| ase Period and all menus hereafter i i aid ity: | used by you. weve, Brachice Shey retentive enity: (b) Current records. If you sell come modities or services covered by this reg- }ulation you must prepare and_ keep available for examination by the Direc- tor of Price Stabilization for ‘i period of Sec. 15. Amendments, protests: andtwo years, records of the kind which interpretations. The Director of PricaYou customarily keep showing the prices Stabilization may issue supplementary|Which you charge for the commodities resulations modifying or implementing)°F Services. In addition, he Haut, es this regulation as he deems appropriate,|Pare and preserve record cn n Ht ng Price Procedural Regulation No. 1%ets|Clearly the basis upon whic Sent ave forth the circumstances and the manner|@etermined the ceiling oe deli or ane in which you may obtain an official in-| Commodities or services not delivered by. terpretation of this regulation; file a|/yOu or offered for delivery during the protest: or petition for an amendment.|>ase Period. If you are a Zetalletayol If the Director of Price: Stabilization|#Te Teauired to preserve your purchase determines that adjustments are nec-|!2Voices and to record thereon both your essary to prevent or correct hardships|iitial selling price and the section of or inequities and can be put into effect Bie Teeula tion poder nie you have consistently with the objectives of the Ke SIR! peed WE eee "Sep odie Defense Production Act of 1950, he willj,. ‘© r rtain rn b eu adi issué_gppropriate amendments or sup- Hens. of Merb om eee Sea plemetary regulations providing for alt a a prepared or = SUS COUT Sec..17. Sales slips and receipts. Any Sec. 16. Records. This section tells seller who has ecco given a pur- you what records you must preserve and r chaser a sales slip, receipt, or similar what additional records you must pre-levidence of purchase shall eontinue to do pare. t so. -Upon iu from a purchaser an: (a) Base period records. On reurss 12 yy ., {seller, regardless of previous custom, (1) You must preserve and keep avail-|shall give the purchaser a receipt show- able for examination by the Director ‘of ling the date, the name and address of Price Stabilization those records in your |ihe seller, the name of each commodity Possession showing the prices charged by you for the commodities or services for it. which you delivered or offered to de-| Sec. 18. Evasion. Any practice which liver during the base period, and also}results in obtaining indirectly a higher sufficient records to establish the latest |price than is permitted by this regula- net cost incurred by you prior to the kion is a violation of this regulation. end of the base period in purchasing the Such practices include, but are not limit- commodities Gif you are a wholesaler or {ed to, devices making use of commissions, retailer). Bervices, cross sales, transportation -ar- (2) In addition, on or before March 1, fan gements, premiums, discounts, special 1951, you must prepare and preserve a privileges, tie in agreements and trade Statement showing the categories of \ynderstandings commodities in which you made deliv- eries and offers for delivery during the base period; or if you sold services you must prepare and preserve a statement listing the services which you delivered or offered to deliver during the base period. (3) On or before March 1, 1951, you § must also prepare and preserve a ceil- (f) Rates charged by any common carrier or other public utility; (g) Margin requirements on ahy com- Shark oil Sperm oil Whale oil Cod oil Sec. 19, Transfers of business or stock trade. If the business, assets or stock trade of any business are sold or ptherwise transferred after January 26, 951, and the transferee carries on the business, or continues to deal in the same ype of commodities or services, in an ablishment separate from any other pstablishment previously owned or op- in each category (listing each model, type, style, and kind), or the services, delivered or offered for delivery by you during the base period together with a description or identification of each such § o which his transferor would have been bubject if no such transfer hati taken lace, and his obligation to keep records fficient to verify such prices shall be he same. The transferor shall either preserve and make available, or turn pver, to the transferee all records of ansactions prior to the transfer which of the ceiling price. Your ceiling price ist may refer to an attached price list r catalogue. If you are a retailer you , JANUARY 1951, PP. 86-92. February 1951 are necessary to enable the transferee to comply with the record provisions of this regulation, Sec. 20. Separate statement of tazes. In addition to your ceiling price, you may collect the amount of any excise, Sales or similar taxes paid by you as such only if, during the base period, you stated and collected such taxes sepa- rately from your selling price. In the tase of such a tax imposed by law which is not effective until after January 26, 1£51, you may collect the amount of the GENERAL WAGE STABILIZATION: COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW tax actually paid as such by you, in ad- diticn to your ceiling price, if not pra- hibited by the tax law. You must in all Such cases state separately the amount of the tax. Sec. 21. Penalties. Persons violating any proviston of this regulation are sub- ject to the criminal penalties, civil en- forcement actions, and suits for treble damages provided for by the Defen.e Production Act of 1950. ....., Norte: The record keeping and reporting lrequirements of this regulation have been KERHE 89 {approved by the Bureau of the Budget in acccrdance with the Federal Reports Act of 1942. MICHAEL V. DISALLE, Director of Price Stabiiization. JANUARY 26, 1921. Approved: ERIC JOHNSTON, Administrator, Economic | Stabilization Agency. | JANUARY 26, 195: General Wage Stabilization Regulation 1 was issued by the Economic Stabilization Agency on January 26, 1951, at the same time as the General Ceiling Price Regulation was issued. The Wage Stabilization Board formulated and will be directly responsible for 1951. the administration of this The full text of this TITLE 32A—NATIONAL DEFENSE, APPENDIX Chapter Il—Economic Stabilization Agency GENERAL WAGE STABILIZATION REGULATION 1 Pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 1950 (Public Law 774, 81st Cong.) and Executive Order 10161 (15 F. R. 6105), It is hereby ordered, That rates of wages, salaries and other compensa- tion are stabilized as hereinafter pro- 1 vided. Statement of considerations. A regu- 2 lation establishing ceilings on prices of materials and- services generally was issued by the Economic Stabilization Agency on the 26 day of January, 1951. The provisions of Section 402 (b) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 require that upon the issuance of such an order wages, salaries and other compensation generally shall be stabilized. For the purpose of preparing itself for the discharge of its responsibilities the Weee Stabilization Board heretofore dis- tributed to representative labor and in- dustry groups a series of questions, the answers to which would provide the Board with essential information for the deveiopment of wage stabilization Policies. Following the distribution of the se- ries of questions, the Wage Stabiliza- tion Board conducted conferences which| were attended by representative groups of labor and industry which presented their views respecting the development Of wage stabilization policies. | Board. Regulation. Regulation follows: The Administrator has this day its- sued General Ceiling Price tegulation 1 and.is required by the Defense Produc- tion Act of 1959 to stabilize at the same time wages, salaries and other compen- sation. This regula-ion will Le modi- fied and implemented, from time to time, as the Wage Stabilization Board develops its wage stabilization policy. The Board will issue regulations govern- ing the procedure for applying for modifications and adjustments. GENERAL WAGE STABILIZATION REGULATION 1 Sec. General stabilization of wages, salaries and other compensation. Other existing regulations and orders superseded. 3 No rates below May 24-June 24, 1950, period. 4 Definitions. 6 Petitions for approval of increases. 6 Modifications and amendments. AuTHorRITY: §§ 1 to 6 issued under sec, 704, Pub. Law 774, 81st Cong. Interpret or apply Title IV, Pub. Law 774, 81st Cong., E. O. 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, 15 F. R. 6105. Section 1. wages, salaries and other compensation. No employer shall pay any employee and no employee shall receive “wages, sal- aries and other compensation” at a rate in excess of the rate at which such em- ployee was compensated on January 25, 1951, without the prior approval or au- General stabilization of! thorization of the Wage Stabilization New employees shall not be compensated at rates higher than those in effect on January 29, 1951, for the’ jobs for which they are hired: Sec. 2. Other existing regulations and orders superseded. The provisions of HHHEH It stabilizes wages as of January 25, this regulation shall supetsede the pro- visions of existing wage regulations and orders of the Economic Stabilization Agency. Wage Procedural Regulation No. 1 is hereby revoked. Sec. 3. No rates below May 24-June 24, 1950, period. Nothing in this regu- lation shall be construed to require the stabilization of wages, salaries and other compensation for any job at a rate less than that paid during the period from May 24, 1950, to June 24, 1950, inclusive, Sec. 4. Definitions. The term “wages, salaries and other compensation” shall have the meaning defined in Section 702 He the Defense Production Act of Sec. 5. Petitions for approval of in- creases. Petitions for the approval of any increase in “wages, salaries and other compensation” affected by this regulation shall be filed with the Wage Stabilization Board. Sec. 6. Modifications and amendments. This:regulation may be modified, amend- ed or superseded ‘by orders or regula- tions hereafter issued by the Wage Stabilization Board. All other orders and directives of the Economic Stabilization Administrator, including General Order No. 3 of Janu- ary 24, 1951, are hereby superseded to the extent that they are inconsistent herewith. ErIc JOHNSTON, Economic Stabilization Administrator. Issued: January 26, 1951. OPENING OF REGIONAL AND DISTRICT PRICE CONTROL OFFICES: Opening of ae regional ct tro. January was an- and district price control offices throughout the country on ; : rates by the Economic Stabilization Agency. Regional offices will be opened with a skeleton staff, with most of its members borrowed from other goverrment agencies or loaned from ESA in Washington. 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, Noe 2 In addition, it is expected that 20 more district offices will be opened on or about February 15, and 9 others about March 1. The regional offices operating di- rectly under national headquarters in Washington will direct the activities of the district offices, which in turn will carry the price stabilization program intolocal communities. Each regional price director will be assisted by a staff which will include price specialists, attorneys, enforcement personnel, an information officer, an ad~ ministrative officer, and a clerical staff. staffed. The district offices will be similarly The 13 continental regional offices and the States they will serve and the 42 district offices are as follows: | Region III (Delaware, Pennsylvania). Of- TITLE 32A—NATIONAL DEFENSE, fice: Philadelphia, Pa., Fifteenth and Market APPENDIX Chapter fl—Economic Stabilization Agency REGIONAL AND DISTRICT OFFICES AMENDMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STATEMENT The organization of the Economic Stabilization Agency, established pur- suant to the Defense Production Act of 1950 (Pub. Law 774, 81st Cong.), and Executive Order 10161 (15 F. R. 6105), as published in the Feprrat Recister dated December 16, 1950 (15 F. R. 9004), is amended by adding the following sec- tion thereto: Src. VII. Location. The Regional and District Offices of the Economic Stabili- zation Agency are located as follows: Region I (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Ver- mont). Office: Boston, Mass., 141 Milk Street. District offices: Portland, Maine, Post Office Building; Monvycelier, Vt., 126 Main Street; Concord, N. H.; 44 South Main Street; Hartford, Conn., 179 Allyn Street; Providence, R. I., 49 Westminster Street. Region IIT (New York, New Jersey). Office: New York, N. Y., 2 Park Avenue. District offices: Buffalo, N. Y., 295 Main Street; New- ark, N. J., 185 Washington Street. Streets. District offices: Pittsburgh, Pa., Ful- ton Building; Wilmington, Del. 901 West Eighth Street. Region IV (Maryland, North Carolina, Vir- ginia, West Virginia, District of Columbia). Office: Richmond, Va., 900 North Lombardy Street. District offices: Charleston, W. Va, 601 Virginia Street East; Charlotte, N. C., 500 West Trade Street; Baltimore, Md, 103 South Gay Street; District of Columbia, 310 Sixth Street NW. Region V (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mis- sissippi, South Carolina, Tennessee). Office: Atlanta, Ga., 114 Marietta Street NW. Dis- trict offices: Columbia, S. C., 1313 Main Street; Memphis, Tenn., Marx & Bensdorf Building; Jackson, Miss., 407 West Capitol Street; Birmingham, Ala., 1814 Second Ave- nue; Jacksonville, Fla., 221 West ‘Adams Street. Region VI (Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio). Cffice: Cleveland, Ohio, 1901 East Thir- teenth Street. District offices: Cincinnati, Ohio, 37-41 West Seventh Street; Detroit, Mich., Book Tower; Louisville, Ky., 307 South Fifth Avenue. Region VII (Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin). Office: Chicago, Tll., 219 South Clark Street. District offices: Indianapolis, Ind., 730 East Washington Street; Milwaukee, Wis., 161 West Wisconsin Avenue. Region VIII (Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, South Dakota). Office: Minne- apolis, Minn., 620 Marquette. District of- fices: Fargo, N. Dak., 16 Eighth Street South; Sioux Falls, S. Dak., 114 South Main Avenue; Helena, Mont., Federal Building. Region IX (lows, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska). Office: Kansas City, Mo., 112 Ninth Street. District offices: St. Louis, Mo., 314 North Broadway; Omaha, Nebr., 1516 Harney Street; Des Moines, Iowa, 418 Sev- enth Street; Wichita, Kans., 3234 East Doug- las Street. Region X (Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas). Office: Dallas, Tex., 3306 Main Street. District offices: Little Rock, Ark., 555 Building; Houston,- Tex, 510 LaBanc Street; New Orleans, La., Standard Of] Build- ing; Oklahoma City, Okla., 322 North Robin- son Street. Region XI (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming). Office: Denver, Colo., Central ‘Savings Building, Fifteenth and Arapahoe Streets. District Offices: Cheyenne, Wyo., 1509 Bent Avenue; Salt Lake City, Utah, 222 South West Temple Street; Albuquerque, N. Mex., 142 North Monroe Street. Region XII (Arizona, California, Nevada). Cffice: San Francisco, Calif.,..1000 Geary Street. District offices: Reno, Nev., 1475 Wells Avenue; Los Angeles, Calif., 108 West 6th Street; Phoenix, Ariz., 315 North Central Avenue. Region XIII (idaho, Oregon, Washington). Office: Seattle, Wash. 1110 Second Avenue. District offices: Portland, Oreg., Lincoln Building; Boise, Idaho, American Legion Building. Ertc JOHNSTON, Economic Stabilization Administrator. The fourteenth regional office will be for territories, and will be located in Washington. District offices will be located in the principal cities of the terri- tories, and acting directors will be appointed to head them by the territorial gov— ernors o e Department of the Interior DEFENSE FISHERIES ADMINISTRATION SURVEY OF MATERIALS TREMENTS OF FISHERY INDUSTRIES: REQU. Late in January the Defense Fisheries Administration (DFA) announced that it was participating in a Nation-wide survey requested by the National Production Authority (NPA). This sur- vey is a prerequisite to the establishment of an orderly system of production and apportionment programming for scarce materials. Because of the expanded military program, it is possible that a "Controlled Materials Plan" may be implemented as February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 early as the third quarter of 1951. In order to prepare for this contingency, NPA must have the necessary information on materials requirements of all industries by March 1, 1951. Obviously, the time available did not allow for a complete and comprehensive survey. For the phase of the survey affecting the fishery and allied industries, the Fish and Wildlife Service assigned some 30 of its staff to assist DFA in making the materials requirements survey of these industries. A high degree of cooperation from the fishery industries and the best efforts of those assigned to make the sur-— vey are required in order to successfully gauge the needs of these industries for scarce materials. Whether or not the fishery industries are apportioned the necessary amounts of scarce materials depends on whether or not the members of these industries realize how important it is to them that their requirements be stated as completely and ac- curately as possible. The early days of World War II demonstrated the futility of granting priorities assistance for more materials than had been produced and how necessary and important it was to schedule in advance sufficient production to meet requirements. No questionnaires were circulated and no formal reports were required for this survey, but Service personnel are calling on representatives of the industry and asking their assistance in arriving at typical unit requirements. It is from these that estimates will be made for total requirements of the various segments of the fishery industries. KEKE Rattray of Seattle, Wash., as a deputy administrator of the Defense Fisheries Admin- istration was announced by the Secretary of the Interior on Jamary 25. The new deputy will assist DFA Administrator Albert M. Day and Deputy Adminis- trator Milton C. James in the broad supervision of the Department's program for as— suring sufficient fishery commodities to satisfy the country's emergency needs. Rattray has been president of a West Coast firm of exporters of canned foods since 1938. He has been associated with the fishing industry during his entire business career, which began in Canada when he joined the firm of which he is now president. Fram 1925 to 1938, Mr. Rattray headed the firm's office in Seattle, Wash., and San Francisco, Calif. During World War II he served as chief of the Fish and Food Products Division of War Foods Administration in Washington, D. Ce HHH BRANCH OF ECONOMIC FACILITIES ESTABLISHED AND CHIEF NAMED: Under the Defense Fisheries Administration a Branch of Economics Facilities has been established, Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman announced on January 18. The new branch, according to Defense Fisheries Administrator Albert M. Day, will plan and initiate programs relating to the economic aspects of the fishery in- dustries, such as allocation of fish landings, concentration of production insofar as required, and interpretation of control regulations. It will also exercise ad- visory functions for the staff and for other Government agencies on ceiling prices, rationing, and manpower. 13, Noe 2 Vol. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 92 SEILIAILOV NOILYZITIGON SZILIAIL2¥ NO1LINGONd ONIAVH SZIONZOY HEHLO 36"3430 W9A0 TOW1NOD ONY NO12381 OD SS GE NOVLVYLSININGY S31Y3HSI4 3SN3430/7 S31LIAIL2V NQILYZ171GQH 40 NO! 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LINOOKd S3uNI3S SOYYOS 03H1GHOI NO *S,"N S1N3S3Ud3Y SMYBDOUd NOI LINGO BOs SAN3W3HINDIY AIddNS HOYT S3LVMIIS3 NOI SNYAX3 NOILINGOKd JO 3409S IN1WY9130 S1YOD WYHDOUd NOILINGOYd S13S ALIVIGISY33 MYWDOKd $3NINY3130 S311 1NO1Bs NO}LINGONS TV-WIAO S3HS!TBVIS3 33111 MHOD WOLVUISINIWOY 3A14N23x3 NO L2NOOBS WOLVYLSINIMOY AONZOV aT NOILVZTTIGWIS OINONOOT NOILVUISINTNGY 2 NoMiondowd_gsNzaTd W3LSAS 3AWISIY IVYIO32 FHL JO SYONUIACD 40 QYVYO 3H ONY ‘GUSN ‘348 JO NIMBIVHD ES igeans 3Hi 40 ny3uNE ONY ‘YO8YT ONY {38NLINI INDY “HOINILNI 2 Pann ROVE HORGTARAO LATIN “32uaMMO? *36N9430 ‘AYNSVINL JO S3/HV198I39S S1oNNOD 4118935 WHOL LVH Kvvites Via noo #30 WOLD aUC) O¥yORe S398NOSIE AL1YN2IS VNO! LVN 0123410 a INSOISHUd FHL JO SOIZs0 AALS @avod NOTIVZITIGON ZSNasa0 NOILVZITIGOK SSNEIEC 40 DIsIo NOILVZITIIGOW 4ISNI44G YFJGNN ALINOHLNY 4O SANIT February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 At the same time, Dr. Richard A. Kahn has been named acting chief of the newly- established Branch. He has been Chief of the Economics and Cooperative Marketing Section, Branch of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, since Jan- uary 6, 1944. His new duties will be somewhat similar to those he had during World War II when he was detailed from the Fish and Wildlife Service to the Office of the Coordinator of Fisheries in Washington, D. C., to assist in handling manpower prob- lems, deferments, allocation and concentration orders, and matters related to the adjustment of ceiling prices then administered by the Office of Price Administration. Department of State INTERIOR REPRESENTATIVE TO ATTEND THIRD SET OF TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS :L/ Paul A. Unger, Office of the Secretary, Department of the Interior, will attend the Third Set of Tariff Negotiations by the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade now in session at Torquay, England, the Department of State an- nounced on January 25. He will represent the Department of the Interior on the In- terdepartmental Committee on Trade PAERCEDeRt ss The representative of the Department of the Interior on the committee,— William E. S. Flory will be unable to attend and Unger, who left January 25 for Torquay, will serve as his alternate. Executive Order No. 10170, issued by the President on October 12, 1950, added the Department of the Interior to the eight government agencies which already had members on the Committee. T/ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1950, P. 84. x kK KOK POINT FOUR AGREEMENT WITH PERU INCLUDES FISHERY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: The which the two Governments will continue and expamd their comprehensive program of technical cooperation, the Department of State announced on the same date. The agreement specifies the basic conditions of cooperation, as prescribed by the Act for International Development, authorizing the Point Four Program. U. S.-Peruvian cooperation in the fields of agriculture (including fisheries), health and sanitation, and education has been carried on for the past eight years, chiefly through the work of three "servicios" jointly organized, staffed, and fi- nanced by the Peruvian Government and the Institute of Inter-American Affairs, a corporation of the U. S. Goverrment. With the establishement last September of the Technical Cooperation Adminis-— tration in the Department of State, this work came under the Point Four Program. Six other technical assistance projects, begun under previous legislation, are also being continued under Point Four. Twelve requests for new projects are now under consideration by the Technical Cooperation Administration. A total of $1,091,250 has been tentatively earmarked from Point Four funds for the Peruvian program in the current fiscal year. This includes the $750,000 ear— marked for the work of three "servicios" operated by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs and the Peruvian Government. The agriculture "servicio" has been mainly concerned with improving the food supply of the Peruvian people. The program now engages the services of 17 U. S. 9k COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 specialists and 279 Peruvians. (Included among the U. S. specialists is Robert 0. Smith, fisheries consultant, who is working through the "servicio" on a project to develop Peru's fishing industry. KHHEK of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council is scheduled to open at Madras, India, on February 1, 1951. H. J. Deason, Chief, Office of Foreign Activities, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C., has been designated the United States Delegate, according to a January 26 Department of State news release. Deason will be assisted by Townsend Cromwell, Oceanographer, Research and Development Section, Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. The principal functions of the Council are (1) to formulate the oceanographical, biological, and other technical aspects of the problems of development and proper utilization of the living aquatic resources of the Indo-Pacific area; (2) to encour- age and coordinate research and the application of improved methods in everyday prac— tices; and (3) to assemble, publish or otherwise disseminate oceanographical, bio— logical, and other technical information relating to living aquatic resources. Arrangements have been made for the Council to survey all aspects of the work which has been performed in carrying out these functions since its last meeting at Cronulla, Australia, April 17-28, 1950, and to review and discuss a number of spec— ial technical papers which have been prepared for the guidance of the Council in outlining its program for the coming year. In connection with the forthcaming meeting, the Council will also hold a sym— posium on "The Transplantation of Fish within the Indo-Pacific Region and the Intro— duction of Fish to the Region from Outside." The Agreement for the Establishment of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, which was formulated at a fisheries meeting held at Baguio, Philippines, February 25-28, 1948, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na— tions, entered into force on November 9, 1948. The following 15 countries are par— ties to the agreement at the present time: Australia, Burma, Ceylon, China, France, India, Korea, Indonesia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United King— dom, United States, and Vietnam. T/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1950, PP. 23-4; MAY 1950, PP. 91-2. x KOK XX Atlantic Fisheries Commission was announced by the President, on January 15, 1951. They are: Hilary J. Deason, Chief of the Office of Foreign Activities, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior; Bernhard Knollenberg, author and lawyer of Chester, Connecticut; and Francis W. Sargent, Director of the Divi- sion of Marine Fisheries, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts. The Commission is being established by virtue of a Convention between the United States and nine other nations which participate in the fisheries of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Its purpose will be to provide the machinery for inter- national cooperation in the scientific investigation and development of the fishery resources of the waters off the west coast of Greenland, and the east coasts of February 1951 Se DEASON HILARY J. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 Canada and New England. The Commission will have no regulatory powers but will make recommendations to the respective Goverrments regarding measures which may be necessary for maintaining the stocks of fish which support the international fisheries in the Convention area, The Convention came into effect on July 3, 1950 upon deposit of instruments of ratification by four of the Contracting Goverrmerts. Five countries have ratified the Convention: Canada, Dermark, Iceland, United Kingdom, United States. Five nations have not yet deposited instruments of ratification: France, Italy, Norway, Portu- gal, Spain. By the Final Act of the Conference the United States was charged with the duty of convening the first meeting of the Commission as soon as pos-— sible after the Convention came into effect and it is expected that such a meeting will be held in Washington within the next few months. BANS IMPORTS OF RUSSIAN CANNED CRAB MEAT: Department of the Treasury BUREAU OF CUSTOMS Imports of Russian crab meat were banned by by the Bureau of Customs effective . January 27, 1951, on the grounds that it is processed by "forced, convict and indentured labor," The full text of the order as it appeared in the Federal Register of Jamary 27 follows: Bureau of Customs [T. D. 52655] Convict, FORCED oR INDENTURED LABOR Goops CANNED CRAB MEAT FROM THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Upon the basis of the evidence obtained from various sources, I have ascertained and hereby find, pursuant to the provi- sions of § 12.42, Customs Regulations of 1943, promulgated in accordance with the authority contained in section 307, Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S. C. 1307), that convict labor, forced labor, and in- dentured labor -under penal sanctions are used in whole or in part in the manu- facture and production of canned crabjlics or manufactured or produced wholly meat in the Union of Soviet Socialist| or in part on vessels of “U.S. S. R.” reg- Republics and on vessels which are of|istry or on vessels under the exclusive “U. S. S. R.” registry or under the ex-| dominion and control of the “U.S. S. R.” clusive dominion and control of the}‘unless the importer establishes by satis- “U.S. S. R.”, and that canned crab meat|factory evidence, as provided for in is manufactured or produced in the| §§ 12.42-12.46, inclusive, Customs Regu- United States in sufficient quantities to|lations of 1943, that the merchandise meet the consumptive demands of the|was not manufactured or produced United States. wholly or in part by any one of the Accordingly, on and after the date of| classes of labor mentioned above. the publication of this finding in the Feperat REGISTER, collectors of customs] (Sec. 307, 46 Stat. 689; 19 U. S. C. 1307) shall prohibit, under the provisions of} [sgar] Frank Dow, section 307, Tariff Act of 1930, the im- Commissioner of Customs. portation of canned crab meat manu- _ factured or produced wholly or in part| 4PProved: January 25, 1951. in the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- Joun S. GRAHAM, Acting Secretary of the Treasury. eRHeHEK 1951 TARIFF-RATE QUOTA FOR GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING ROSEFISH) FILLETS: :Y/ The fol- lowing establishing a a 1951 tariff—rate quota for fresh and frozen groum groundfish (in- cluding rosefish) fillets appeared in the Federal Register of January 20, 1951: 1/ALSO SEE PP. 40-1 OF THIS ISSUE. 96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, Noe 2 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY| modified pursuant to the General Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade (T. D. 51802). In accordance with the proviso to item 717 (b) of Part I, Schedule XX, of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade '(T. D. 51802), it has been ascertained |consumption during the calendar year TARIFF-RATE QUOTA that the average aggregate apparent /1951 at the reduced rate of duty estab- eer Toa annual consumption in the United States |lished pursuant to that agreement is, : > : of fish, fresh or frozen (whether or not/}therefore, 29,239,808 pounds. The tariff-rate quota, for the calendar] packed in ice), filleted, skinned, boned, year 1951 on certain fish dutiable under) sliced, or divided into portions, not spe- [szaL] paragraph 717 (b), Tariff Act of 1930, as|cially provided for: Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish, in the 3 years preceding 1951, calculated in the manner provided for in the cited agreement, was 194,932,053 pounds. The quantity of such fish that may be imported for Bureau of Customs [T. D. 52647] FIsH i Frank Dow, Commissioner of Customs. ——— Eighty-Second Congress (First Session) JANUARY 195! The First Session of the Eighty-Second Congress commenced on January 5, 1951. Listed below are public bills and resolutions introduced and referred to committees, or passed by the Eighty-Second Congress (First Session) and signed by the President, that affect in any way the fisheries and allied industries. Public bills and reso- lutions are shown in this seetion only when introduced and, if passed, when they are signed by the President; and the more pertinent reports or hearings on some of the bills shown in this section from month to month are also listed. x BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED: Alaska Fisheries—Transfer of Jurisdiction to Territory: H.R. 159 (Bartlett) — A bill transfer ring the jurisdiction, supervision, administration, and control over the salmon and other fisheries of Alaska, except the fur-seal and sea-otter fisheries, from the Department of the Interior to the Territory of Alaska, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Alaska Statehood: S$. 50 (O'Mahoney, for himself and 18 other Senators) — A bill to provide for the admission of Alaska into the Union; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Also: H. Re 1493 (Bartlett)...to the Committee on Public Lands. H. Re 1510 (Yorty) oe H. R. 1863 (Angell)... Alaskan Labor Conditions Report: H. J. Res. 5 (Bartlett) — Joint resolution authorizing the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor to report periodically -on labor conditions in the Territory of Alaska; to the Committee on Edu- cation and Labor. Chemicals in Food Products: H. Res. 18 (Delaney)- Resolution to continue the authority of the Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products; to the Committee on Rules. Also: H. Res. 74 (Delaney) oo. H. Con. Res. 39 (Delaney) - Authorizing the Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products to have printed for its use additional copies of certain hearings; to the Committee on House Admin- istration. Colorado River Dam: S. 75 (McFarland, for himself and Hayden) = A bill authorizing the construction, operation, and maintenance of a dam and incidental works in the stream of the Colorado River at Bridge Canyon, together with certain appurtenant dams and canals, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Defense Production Act Presidential Powers: Res. 4& (Javits) — Concurrent resolution expressing © ‘|to Russia or Satellites: the sense of the Congress that the President exercise now powers granted him by section 402 of the Defense Production Act of 1950; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Also: H. Con. Res. 38 (McKinnon)... duction Act of 1950 which prevent effective control of food prices; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Dollar Purchasing Power Equalization for Imports: IH. R. 283 (Ramsay) - A bill to equalize the purchasing power of the American dollar and currencies of the United States, when the same come into competition with foreign moneys in the purchase of goods and mer- chandise, of all kinds not on the free list, that are bought for transportation and importation into the nited States of America from foreign countries; to he Committee on Ways and Means. Econamic Aid Ban for Foreign Countries Exporting H. Re 1621 (Lantaff) — A bill to provide that no economic or financial assistance shall be furnished to foreign countries which permit the exportation of strategic war materials to Russia and Russia's satellites, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Economic Aid to China: S. 438 (McCarran) - A bill to provide economic, financial and other aid to China; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Israel; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. | Economic Stabilization: H. R. 1617 (Hoffman of Michigan) - A bill to stabilize prices, prevent in- \flation, and control production; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. | Export Policies and Control Regulations Study: H. Res. 23 (Heselton) —- Resolution directing full, com- plete, and continuing study and investigation of thé administration, execution, and enforcement of export H. Condjpolicies and control regulations; to the Committee on Rules. February 1951 Facilities to Protect Federal Resources Affected by Dam Projects: H.R. 1626 (Mansfield) - A bill to provide for the installation of improvements and fa- cilities needed for the protection, development, and utilization of Federal resources affected by dam and water reservoir projects constructed by the Federal Goverrmment, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Lands. Fats and Oils Import Equalizing Fee, Etc.: H.R. 528 (McCormack) ~ A bill to provide aid in stabiliz— ing agriculture prices by providing an equalizing fee on imported fats and oils, an offset on exports of fats and oils, and for other purposes; to theCom mittee on Ways and Means, Fats and Oils Parity Price: H.R. 1312 (Scudder) - A bill to amend the Agricultural Act of 1948 by adding thereto a new section to establish an average parity price for fats and oils and to aid in maintaining such parity price to producers; to the Committee on Agri- culture. Fertilizer Materials Regulations: H. R. 1755 (Burdick) - A bill to regulate the registration, manu- facture, labeling, and inspection of fertilizer and fertilizer materials shipped in interstate commerce, and for other purposes; to the Committee onAgriculture. Fish Hatchery: H. R. 424 (Wickersham) - A bill to establish rearing ponds and a fish hatchery in south- western Oklahoma; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Fishing Industry Relief: S. Res. 30 (Brewster) - Whereas the fishing industry is an important part of the economy of the United States; and Whereas the growing population of the Nation em- phasizes the increasing future importance of fish as a food; and Whereas the men and equipment of the fishing fleets and the shore workers engaged in the preparation of the catches, and the food resource thereby made avail- able, have been demonstrated in two world wars to be necessary to the national defense; and Whereas operations of much of the fishing industry have been seriously curtailed by reason of steadily ‘growing imports of fish and fishery products, particu- larly of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets, and there is reason to believe that similar conditions are imminent in the tuna industry on the Pacificcoast; and Whereas if the present trend is permitted to con— tinue, the fishing industry will, within a short time, be soimpaired as to force out of business a major por- tion of the fishing fleet of the United States and force out of employment a major portion of the work-— men employed in various phases of the industry; and Whereas the domestic fishing industry has already been adversely affected amd is further seriously threatened by the consistently increasing importations of fish and fishery products into the United States; and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW slfe Whereas the imported fish are caught by workmen whose wage scale and standard of living are far below those of Americans in like occupations; and Whereas, notwithstanding the resulting lower cos of fish in their primary foreign market, the finally processed product is sold to the American housewife at the same price as the domestic fish; and Whereas representatives of the fishing industry and others fram many parts of the United States recently appeared before the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries of the House of Representatives and attested to the facts hereinbefore stated; and Whereas the foregoing indicates the need for an immediate study and invostigation of the cause and ef- fect of a situation that will, if not corrected, re- sult in the serious impairment of the oldest amd one of the most important food-producing industries in the United States: Therefore be it Resolved, That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he hereby is, requested to cause an immediate study to be made of-—- (1) the differences in the costs of domestic pro- duction of fresh and frozen fish, especially ground- fish fillets, and the costs of foreign production of similar fish; and (2) the effect on the domestic fishing industry of increasing imports of fresh ami frozen fish, especially groundfish fillets, into the United States; and with the advice of, and in coordination with, the Department of State, the Department of Agriculture, the United States Tariff Commission, the Bureau of Customs of the Department of the Treasury, and other appropriate executive departments and independent agencies of the Government to recammend means by which the United States fishing industry may survive and be saved harmless against the inroads of foreign—caught and foreign—-processed fish; and that, because of the urgency of the situation, he be and hereby is requested to make his report and recommendation to the Senate within 30 days after the adoption of this resolution. Fishing Vessels Marine Inspection by U. S. Coast Guard: H. R. 1762 (Nicholson) A pilL for the safety of life and property by making all commercial fishing vessels subject to the rules and regulations of the United States Coast Guard marine inspection; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Forced Labor Products Imports Prohibited: H. R. (Reed) — A bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 to facilitate the enforcement of certain provisions thereof prohibiting importation of pmoducts of forced labor, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Foreign-Trade Agreements with Communist—Controlled Countries: H. Con. Res. 2 (Burnside) — Concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress that the President should rescind foreign-trade agreements with Communist-controlled countries; to the Committee on Ways and Means. 98 Also: H. Con. Res. 3 (Hand) es. H. Con. Res. 5 (Jenkins)... H. Con. Res. 9 (Ramsay)... H. Con. Res. 11 (Sadlak)... H. Con. Res. 12 (Secrest)... H. Con. Res. 23 (Phillips)... Hawaii Statehood: S. 49 (O'Mahoney, for himself and 20 other Senators) - Abill to enable the people of Hawaii to form a constitution and State goverrment and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Also: H.R. 49 (Curtis of Nebraska)... to the Can- mittee on Public Lands. H. Re 1646 (Yorty) 6 H. Re Tees (Angell)... Resolution creating a select committee to conduct an investigation and study of the importation of convict- made goods; to the Committee on Rules. Also: H. Res. 35 (Ramsay) — Resolution to provide funds for the expenses of the investigation and study authorized by House Resolution 34; to the Committee on House Administration. Marketing and Minimum Prices for Agricultural Prod— ucts: H.R. 2047 (Gross) - A bill to regulate inter— state and foreign commerce in agricultural products; to prevent unfair competition; to provide for the orderly marketing of such products; to promote the general welfare by assuring an abundant and permanent supply of such products by securing to the producers a& minimum price of not less than cost of production, and for other purposes; to the Committee onAgriculture. Market, Facilities for Perishable Commodities: H. R. 26 (Brooks) - A bill to encourage the improve— ment and development of marketing facilities for han- dking perishable agricultural commodities; to theCom mittee on Agriculture. Also: H. R. 39 (Cooley) .o. H. R. 1291 (Phillips)... Merrimack River Survey: H. R. 206 (Lane) - A bill to provide for a comprehensive survey to promote the development of hydroelectric power, flood control, and other in.provements on the Merrimack River; to the Cam- mittee on Public Works. Merrimack Valley Authority: H.R. 205 (Lane) -A bill to establish a Merrimack Valley Authority to pro- vide for unified water control and resource development or the Merrimack River and surrounding region in the interest of the control and prevention of floods, the promotion of navigation and reclamation of the public lands, the promotion of family type farming, the de- velopment of the recreational possibilities and the promotion of the general welfare of the area, the strengthening of the national defense, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Works. Motor Vehicle Laws: H. J. Res. 54 (Taylor) — Joint resolution establishinga Federal Motor Vehicle Commis— sion for the purpose of making uniform laws pertaining to operation, ownership, and control of motor vehicles; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Nautical Education: S. 474 (Brewster) - A billto provide for nautical education in the Territories, to facilitate nautical education in the States and Terri-— COMMERCIAL FISHERIS REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 tories, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. New England Rivers Survey: H.R. 349 (Rogers of Massachusetts) — A bill to provide for an examination and survey of the rivers of the New England States to further the program for the general generation of elec- tric energy in such States; to the Committee on Public Works . Nutrition Through Improved Food Supplies Distribu- tion: S. 267 Aiken) -— A bill to safeguard the health efficiency, and morale of the American people; to pro— vide for improved nutrition through a more effective distribution of food supplies through a food—allot— ment program; to assist in maintaining fair prices and incomes to farmers by providing adequate outlets for agricultural products; to prevent burdening and obstructing channels of interstate commerce; to pro-— mote the full use of agricultural resources; and for other purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Passamaquoddy Power Project: S. 72 (Smith of Maine) - A bill to establish the Passamaquoddy power project for the development and use of tidal energy in the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay for the production of electrical power; to the Committee on Public Works. Passamaquoddy Power Project Plans Survey: S. Je Res. 18 (Smith of Maine) — Joint resolution authoriz— ing the International Joint Commission to make a sur-— vey to determine the most econamical and most feasible plan for the construction of the proposed Passamaquoddy tidal power project at Passamaquoddy Bay in the State of Maine and the Province of New Brunswick and auth- orizing the appropriation of not to exceed $3,900,000 to defray the cost thereof, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Also: H. J. Res. 118 (Fellow)...to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. H. J. Res. 120 (Hale)... if price or wage controls are exercised under that sec— tion they be exercised for prices and wages generally and ceilings be set at the levels prevailing fromMay 24, 1950, to June 24, 1950; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Price Control Act of 1942 Amendment: H. R. 221 (Larcade) — A bill to amend the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, as amended, relating to actions for civil liabilities for violation of the Pmergency Price Control Act; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Interior to establish recreatioml facilities in reser- voir areas of reclamation projects; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Reduction-of-Tariff-Rates Executive Agreements: H. Re 86 (Hand) — A bill to require approval by Congress of executive agreements with respect to the reduction of tariff rates before the same become effective; to the Camiittee on Ways and Means. Retail Meat Price Control: H. Res. 50 (Zdwin Artnur Hall) — Resolution calling for retail price control of meat; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. February 1951 Rockfish Sales in D. C.: S. 41 (McCarran) — A bill prohibiting the sale in the District of Columbia of rockfish weighing more than 15 pounds; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. general roll-back of retail prices to the July 1939 level; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. spect to the apportionment of funds to Hawaii and Alaska; to the Committee on Education and Labor. Tidelands Jurisdiction: H. R. 58 (Doyle) - A bill to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands beneath navigable waters within State boundaries and to the natural resources within such lamis and waters, to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources, and to provide for the use, con trol, exploration, development, and conservation of certain resources of the Continental Shelf lying out- side of State oourdaries; to the Committee on Judiciary. Also: H. x. 1089 (walter)... H. R. 1230 (Willis)... Tidelands Jurisdiction: H. R. 266 (Poulson) -A bill to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands beneath navigable waters within State bound- aries and natural resources within such lands and waters and to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Also: H. R. 415 (Werdel)... H. R. 1022 (Hale)... H. R. 1310 (Scudder)... H. Re 1364 (McDonough)... H. Re 1523 (Boggs of Louisiana)... H. R. 1934 (Bramblett)... Trade Agreements Extension: H. R. 1612 (Doughton)- A bill to extend the authority of the President to enter into trade agreements under section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Transportation on Canadian Vessels in Alaska and to United States: H.R. 157 (Bartlett) — A bill to pro- vide transportation on Canadian vessels between Skag- way, Alaska, and other points in Alaska, betweenHaines, Alaska, and other points in Alaska, and between Hyder, Alaska, and other points in Alaska or the continental United States, either directly or via a foreign port, or for any part of the Transportation; to theCommittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Transportation Tax Exemption for Fishing Vessels: H.R. 84 (Hand) - A bill to provide that the tax on the transportation of persons shall not apply to trans- portation on boats for fishing purposes; to the Cam mittee on Ways and Means. Also: H. R. 387 (Sasscer)... Valley Authority Confirmation by State Vote: H. R. 1344 (McDonough) — A bill to prohibit the establish- ment of a valley authority in any State that would be substantially affected thereby until the peopfle of the affected areas of such State have voted affirmatively for such valley authority; to the Committee on Public Works. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 (Murphy) Act to increase the amount authorized to be appropri- ated for making loans to States, municipalities, and interstate agencies for the construction of treatment works and for the preparation of engineering reports, plans, and specifications in connection therewith; to the Committee on Public Works. Watersheds Program Amendment: H. Re 927 (Lanham)- A bill to amend the programs on the watersheds auth- orized in section 13 of the Flood Control Act of De- cember 22, 1944; to the Committee on Public Works. River and tributaries; to the Committee on Public Works. CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS : Printed proceedings of Congressional hearings of interest to the fishery and allied industries (avail- able only fram the committee holding the hearings): 1 Extension of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (Hearing before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Eighty-Second Congress, First Session, on H. R. 1612, A bill to extend the -authority of the President to enter into trade agree- ments under section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, amd for other purposes; January 22, 24, 25, and 26, 1951), 631 p., illus., printed. This report con- tains all the statements and data submitted to the Gammittee on the Reciprocal Trade Agreements. It in- cludes the testimony and information presented by mem- bers of the fishery and allied industries whotestified as to the affect of these Agreements on the Nation's fisheries. CONGRESSIONAL REPORTS : Committee reports on bills reported in this sec- tion of interest to the fishery and allied industries (available only fram the camittee submitting the re- port): Investigation of the Use of Chemicals in Food Prod— ucts, House Report No. 3254 (January 3, 1951, 81st Congress, 2nd Sessions), 11 p., printed, pursuant to H. Res. 323 (lst Cong., Ist sess.), authorizing se— lect cammittee to conduct an investigation on the use of chemicals, compounds, and synthetics in the pro— duction, processing, preparation, and packaging of food products to determine the effect of these upon the health and welfare of the Nation and upon the stability and well-being of the agricultural economy; use of pesticides and insecticides with respect to food and food products; and the use of chemicals, campounds, and synthetics in the manufacture of fer— tilizer. Discusses the scope and nature of the prob- lem; hazards to the public health resulting from the use of pesticides; public-health problems arising fram the use of chemicals in the processing, preservation, and production of foods; chemical fertilizers and the public health; and inadequacy of present legislation. In its conclusions the camittee states that "The evidence so far presented indicates that existing Federal laws dealing with the use of chemicals infood are not adequate to protect the public against the addition of unsafe chemicals." 100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RaeVIGw Vol. 13, No. LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS NAINE - LANDINGS NOT INCLUDING IMPORTS COMPARATIVE DATA (1N ACTUAL PouNDS) teey TQTAL - 353,279,886 949 - 2927 203/570} 1948 = 305,037,517 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH SALT-WATER MARKET 26 COMPARATIVE DATA 24 (iN ACTUAL POUNDS) 1990 we - 173,970,059° 22 - 181 3387, 73892 1 oie - 18) 7592, 7625 *PRELIMINARY 20) JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS HEADS OFF - FOR ALL USES COMPARATIVE DATA (1N ACTUAL POUNDS) 1350 TQTAL - 59,125,625 949 , ~ 45,754;750 1948 - 38; 763,250 (INCLUDES ONLY LEADING PORTS) JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE In Thousands 160 CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS COMPARATIVE DATA (im acTUAL TONS ) 1950/51 SEASON Hip - Suz, 530° ieee is 5,572 a = = 387848 ae JULY A‘G. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE In Millions of Pounds i MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD COMPARATIVE DATA (1N ACTUAL POUNDS) Nee ES - 522,636,098 949 - 564; 825, 638 1948 5 573; 119; 518) JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH WHOLESALE MARKET COMPARATIVE DATA (1N ACTUAL POUNDS) 1350 TQTAL - 107,000,000° - 101 7231 3175 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS = 16 COMPARATIVE DATA (im ACTUAL POUNDS) 1950 TQTAL - 88,900, 000° 1949 | = - 81,921,999 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Tons CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH COMPARATIVE DATA (1m ACTUAL TONS) aaSO TATA 1 180,966) . = 1595660 - 156, 134 *PRELIMINARY JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 2 February 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW 101 COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS In Millions of Pounds U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH 180 160 U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS COMPARATIVE DATA (1N ACTUAL POUNDS) 1950 TQTAL - 287,189,592 1949, = 285,822,018 1948 - 291,987,979 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA - G F = FF FISH . 1 , FIS ALIFORNIA HOLDINGS O ROZEN FIS 11.4 48 42 36 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 102 COMMERCIAL FISHERTES RaVIEW Vol. 13, No. 2 CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands of Standard Cases MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK UNITED STATES - SHRIMP 240 210 COMPARATIVE DATA 1950 TQTAL = 1949 | = nis’ elclara\niefelereravelnin alsisielaie’eiatsrs CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS........-0: PRICES, IMPORTS AND BYPRODUCTS ....eceseceeecvccreves RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: FISH ANQ WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS....--e-e-ee0- IN ARTICLE BY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AUTHORS OTHER PUBLICATIONS........- 109 PAGE 73 73 74 79 82 83 83 84 85 89 89 90 91 91 93 94 Illustrator-- Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors-- Jean Zalevsky, Carolyn Wood, Betty Coakley Photograph credits: Cover page and p. 108--=. A. Macklow; p. 54--A. M. Sandberg. Interior=-Duplicating Section, Washington, D. C. 90513 TT NEW ENGLAND SINK GILL NET 3 9088 01018 123 The gill net is a type of gear for catching fish whichcan be traced back to prehistoric times, However, this gear still maintains a Bae of importance in world fisheries today, Fishery Leaflet 379, New Englan Sink Gill Net, deals with the sink gill net used in New England a catching ine rounded (cod, haddock, and pollock), Thispublication de- scribes the operation and Gonptruetian of the New England sink gill net, Detailed sketches of the gear and vessels used are included, Fishing by sink gill net on New England banks is carried on at a depth of 20-0 fathoms, up to 10-35 miles offshore, during periods of fair weather, The season starts in early April and continues until late June, It is again resumed in September and generally lasts through December, Free copies of Fishery Leaflet 379 are available upon request from the Division of Information, U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. 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