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COMMERCIAL BEWEEC!
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FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior
— Washington, D.C

a

A REVIEW OF

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary

© SOMMEITES REVIEW

DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

ALBERT M. DAY, Director

PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

A. W. Anderson, Editor
R.T. Whiteleather ,

Associate Editor

J. Pileggi

and £.G.Gruis, Assistant Editors

Applications for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed free to members of the

fishery industries and allied interests,should be addressed to the

Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, United Stotes Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C.

The contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to

the source will be apprecioted. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of materiol from outside sources.
The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, December 15,1949

CONTENTS

COVER:

BLACK TUNA (THUNNUS

TALIS) TAKEN BY SET NET

BY JAPANESE FISHERMEN ANDO L. NESD AT KAMOGAWA FISH MAR-
KET, CHIBA PREFECTURE.

NESE AND MOST OF IT IS CONSUMEO RAW.
— ea

THIS TUNA 1S ESTEEMED BY JAPA-

TUNA PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POTENTIALITIES OF JAPAN, BY WILLIAM C. HERRINGTON 20 ccccccccccscscccccrcccccccvevecessccseres

FISHERY PRODUCTS "AS A SOURCE OF ANIMAL PROTEIN, BY HUGO W.

NILSON ..ccecerenee
TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES, BY ARTHUR M. SANDBERG ...
PART | = FISHERY PRODUCTS TARIFF CHANGES AT TORQUAY ..-ecereseces
PART | 1= BACKGROUND ON RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM eecsecscercseverarerecerereresssuserasesssssasaraseseees

PAGE

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES .escseccceserecesusererer 20 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (CONTD.):

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ...cesescseccrescuccsvccsrece ed ECA PROCUREMENT AUTHOR! ZATIONS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS ,
ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U. S. FISHING VESSELS .....2.. 27 ECONOMIC COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM NOTES:
ALASKA FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC GRANTED LICENSES FOR PEARL

HERRING FISHERY NOTES .scccereceserccccsecescssesesseces 27 ESSENCE . ccccccccccccrccerecccesescvccesssesesasers
CALIFORNIA 1951-52 SARDINE SEASON OUTLOOK UNFAVORABLE .. 28 FURTHER Al D TO BELGIUM SUSPENDED ..ecesereeecsrenecs
CALIFORNIA SARDINE REDUCTION QUOTA FOR 1951-52 ANNOUNCED 28 ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPECIAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
CALIFORNIA STUDIES VALUABLE SQUID FISHERY eeecececsseees 29 MISSION TO THE PHILIPPINES .ecccccecccevecesesceere
CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA TESTS NEW FISH CONTAINER 5 St) ECONOMIC AID TO THE COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND THE
DANISH TROUT IDENTIFIED AS RAINBOW TROUT ...esese-eeeeee 30 PACIFIG ecccecccece
FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: FORE! GN: .

FRESH AND FROZEN FISH PURCHASES BY DEPARTMENT OF THE CANADA:

ARMY, FEBRUARY AND MARCH 1951 ..ececeserecesecseeseres 30 BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING FISHERY 1950-5] ..sssceeeee

CANNED FISHERY PROOUCTS 1952 REQUIREMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA REVIEWS iTS

ARMED FORCES .ccocccvcccecccccosecvccseseseseseseccses SI ACTIVITIES sevccnccccccccverccececerecncorssecececs
FISHERY B81OLOGY NOTES: PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT COMMIT~

NEW VESSEL FOR SHELLFISH STUDIES IN LONG ISLAND SOUND.. 32 TEE CREATED eeecccecerecccecerecacecscescseserssess

HATCHING AND REARING SALMON IN RESERVOIR WATER eeeeeees 32 RECORD HALIBUT CATCHES REPORTED IN 1950 .eseeecesees
GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: CHILE:

GROOVED-SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS CONTINUED BY "OREGON" FAO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AGREEMENTS INCLUDE FISHER-

(CRUISEINO.: 7) oc acecccccsccnstlcccescberecedacosececes | 3d VES ccccccccccccccccccccccccccecevecvcesccesssscces

CONTINUES TESTS OF SHRIMP=TRAWLING GEAR .sseseseceveree 34 GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

NEW JERSEY FISHERMEN TO EXPERIMENT WITH DANISH-TYPE LIFTING OF SHIPBUILDING RESTRICTIONS WILi AID FISH=

OTTER TRAWL sovecccccevecccesscvesvccccecescccccssccces 34 ERIES sce vevececccccccererecccevesecssenssesessenes
NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: 1NDONES| A:

TRENDS IN @HE NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES ..cceeseeeereees 34 FISHERIES PRODUCTION, 1950 ..ssccesenececectesseeees
NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: |, FISHERIES ADVISOR NAMED FOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ....

SHRIMP IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES LOCATED BY JOHN N. ISRAEL:

COBB IN ALASKAN WATERS (CRUISE NO. 7) .eceveseeeseses 35 POINT FOUR AGREEMENT INCLUDES DEVELOPMENT OF FISH-

PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHERY: ERIES cccceccccccccccccccvcccsscsseccsccecsrseesees

FISHING REGULATIONS FOR 1951 ANNOUNCED ....essceseseees 36 JAPAN:

AREAS 2A AND 1B OPEN SEASON SHORTEST ON RECORD ....--. 38 ANTARCTIC WHALING CATCH, 1950-51 seesenseeereesnrene
SERVICE'S SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAM SELLS MORE FISH IN FIFTH TUNA EXPEDITION UNDER WAY .sseee

KENTUCKY seccescscccccccncccsccccsscsssecssccceccsseses 39 PROGRESS IN FISHERIES REFORM PROGRAM esececcesseeees
U.S. PACK OF CANNED ALEWIVES, 1950 .. 42 STUDY OF EXPANDING WATER USES AND EFFECT ON FISH-
U.S. PACK OF CANNED SHRIMP, {950 ....cccccecececerereces 42 ERIES [ovate o RMReeeh ceeeV cbsecmteabneresisvessesss
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES: MEXICO:

WHOLESALE PRICES, MARCH 1951] ....... 43 GUAYMAS SHRIMP INDUSTRY OVEREXPANDED 2.4. eeeseeeeess

RETAIL PRICES, MARCH 1951 ..... 45

CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 77

PAGE
45

er)

May 1951 Washington 25,D.C. Vol.13,No. 5

TUNA PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POTENTIALITIES OF JAPAN
By William GC. Herrington *

AN ADDRESS ("JAPAN'S POSITION AND POTENTIALITIES') GIVEN AT THE FISH-
ERIES FORUM (PANEL NO, 2 - THE PROBLEM OF FISHERY IMPORTS ) OF THE SIXTH
ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NATIONAL FISHERIES INSTITUTE, HOTEL STATLER, BOS-
TON, MASS., APRIL 9, 1951.

* * * * * ©

INTRODUCTION

The problem of foreign imports directly or indirectly affects practically every
fisherman, boat owner, processor, and dealer in the United States, It is a problem
which will remain with you throughout your future business activities, This problem
also affects United States citizens in general because of its relation to United
States foreign economic policy and the food budget of the consumer, Sinceit affects

'g0 many people in addition to you and others in your particular segment of the in-
dustry, you must accept the fact that United States policy regarding imports will
not be based alone on your interests and desires, You will get the import policy
and action you seek only
to the extent that you can
convince the United States
people and Government that
the policy you advocate
will contribute to the best
interests of the United
States as a whole, Itis,
therefore, essential that
you develop a sound policy
and the prerequisite for
such a development is a
thorough understanding of
all the factors involved,

I am here today, not ay
FIGURE 1 = I1ZU PEN, A TYPICAL FISHING VILLAGE NEAR ITO, JAPAN.

as an advocate of one policy
or another, but to give you as much background knowledge as I can concerning one
major factor, Japan and her tuna fisheries, Japan is not the only country with
which you will be concerned, but I believe that she will, to an increasing extent,
dominate the import picture in the Pacific,

Japan is a nation with some 1,5 to 2,5 million full- and part-time fishermen,
with more than 450 thousand fishing boats of all types, and with the greatest do-
mestic market for fishery products of any nation in the world, Japan also isa
nation of more than 83 million people jammed into an area smaller than the State of
California, This area is so mountainous that even by the use of extremely labori-
ous and costly mountainside terracing tne tillable area is much less than that now

* FORMERLY CHIEF OF THE FISHERIES DIVISION, NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION, GENERAL HEADQUARTERS,
SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS, TOKYO, JAPAN.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vor 3 1375 No.5

being cultivated in California, This tillable land is intensively and skilfully cul-~
tivated (providing the highest rice yields in the world) and improvements in cultiva~-
tion and handling are being placed in operation as rapidly as possible, However, the
most optimistic experts do not predict that Japan, even with these improvements, can

supply more than about 85 percent of her agricultural requirements,

FOOD FROM THE SEA TO BALANCE JAPANESE FOOD DEFICIT

Faced with a deficit in agricultural food production the Japanese officials and
people, looking out over their rigidly restricted and mountainous land see the oceans
as providing the only hope
for balancing their coun-
try's food budget, Already
} there has been an almost
unrestricted trend in this
direction, The coastal
fisheries of Japan, which
supply about 85 percent of
her total fisheries catch,
within the past ten years
have been crowded with
between a quarter= and a
half-million excess fish-
ermen, This has so divid-
ed the catch that practi-

a ae <a { : =
ye® ~~ Bit cally all of these fisher~

ema Te
~ Baad :
yteE Be 5 4 ; \ les face economic collapse
y ey unless some other liveli-
hood is found for the sur=
plus fishermen,

ene The Japanese people
. oor look to further expansion
FIGURE 2 - THE FRAMEWORK OF A JAPANESE TUNA BOAT. of their fisheries to do

three things:

— Se ne

1, Absorb same of the surplus fishermen now crowding the coastal
- waters
2, Provide greater production to reduce the food deficit of the
nation
3. Provide additional products for export to supply foreign ex-
change with which to obtain needed imports

The first two objectives do not concern us here today, but the third one does,
for it happens that the most promising and probable markets for Japanese fishery
exports lie in the United States,

U. S. POSITION REGARDING JAPANESE EXPORTS

Now, what about the United States position regarding Japan and Japanese exports?
Since shortly after the Japanese surrender it has been basic United States policy to
actively encourage a stable, economically sound, democratic Japan, The desirability
of this policy has become even more obvious in the last two years with the successful
drive of communism on the Asiatic mainland, The general approval and support of this
policy by the American people has been demonstrated during the past several years by
the repeated appropriation of hundreds of millions of dollars tohelp re-establish the

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Japanese economy on a sound, self-supporting, and democratic basis, Probably today
the only people who question the wisdom of our efforts to encourage a sound Japanese
economy are the Russian commmist leaders and their stooges and satellites,

le SS ee TL iN lle et ee ee

Bec ae ss : a ea e aie i =
FIGURE 3 - SKIPJACK TUNA CAUGHT BY POLE AND LINE IN THE RYUKYU AREA UNLOADED ON THE SANDY
BEACH OF ABURATSU, MIYAZAKI PREFECTURE, KYUSHU, JAPAN.

Pie SRI

It is basic United States policy to encourage the Japanese to increase the
export of goods to acquire more foreign exchange with which to pay for the sup-
plies which they must import, This reduces their need for American financial as-
sistance which comes from the pockets of the United States taxpayer, How does
this balance against the present and probable future effect of these imports on
the United States economy, particularly on those segments of the economy which
are most directly affected by the imports? All of you are familiar with the pres-
ent effects; perhaps a brief review of conditions in the Japanese export fisheries
will help you in evaluating the probable future impact,

CONDITIONS IN THE JAPANESE EXPORT FISHERIES

FISHING FLEET: At present Japan has about 1,000 boats (of over 20 tons each)
engaged in high=seas fishing for skipjack, albacore, and other tuna and tuna-=like
fish, The number would have been much greater by now except for the fact that in
1947 the Occupation Authorities restricted further construction of all steel boats
and of wooden boats of over 100 gross metric tons to prevent overexpansion of the
fleet within the limited fishing area, Japan has an almost unlimited shipyard
capacity for fishing-boat construction, Japan has a relatively unlimited supply
of fishermen to man an increased fishing fleet, It is, therefore, a practical
certainty that the tuna fleet will be further increased as the fishing area open
to it is extended, The only real limit to this increase at present is the size of
the domestic and export markets,

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 23,eNor 5

PRESENT AND POTENTIAL PRODUCTION: Before World War II Japanese production of
skipjack Teached 200to 300 million pounds annually, while production of other tuna
reached about 125 million pounds, By 1945 this catch had dropped to a low level
put since then production has been rapidly increasing and in 1950 was well on the
way back to reach and exceed prewar levels, With this fishing intensity there has
been no indication that overfishing was taking place, even within the restricted
fishing area authorized
by SCAP, We can expect,
therefore, that Japanese
production over the next
few years will continue
to increase and will ex-
ceed the prewar level as
the fleet expands and
fishing is extended to
waters farther afield,
This is particularly
true for tuna fishing in
offshore waters where
FIGURE 4 - THE INTERIOR OF A TUNA CANNERY IN HIROSHIMA, JAPAN. the Japanese use a long=

IN THE RIGHT FOREGROUND CAN BE SEEN A VACUUM SEAMER. line gear developed by
them which is not sub=
ject to the limitations arising from a scarcity of live bait, which handicaps United
States fishermen,

Only the best quality of the skipjack and other tuna landed by the Japanese
boats is used for export, However, under the stimlus of competition and export
prices, better care is being taken of the tuna at sea, and with improving quality
an increasing proportion of the landings is meeting export standards, A total of
35.to 50 million pounds of skipjack and other tuna went into export products in
1950, This is only about 10 percent of the present potential production, Thus,
1950 exports represented only a small proportion of the potential, This potential
is expanding as Japanese fishermen extend their fisheries and improve their fish-
handling techniques,

PRICE AND TARIFF LIMITATIONS: It is difficult to evaluate the effect of price
changes and tariffs on Japanese exports, In the United States practically all of
the catch of skipjack and other tuna is canned, When a decline in the price of
canned fish forces the price of raw fish below a certain level, the boats in the
United States tie up and the fishermen seek other activities, In Japan the chain
of events differs markedly, First of all, only a small proportion of the catch
usually goes into export products, Therefore, a 20 percent decrease in the price
of fish for export does not mean a 20 percent. decrease in the value of a boat's
entire catch, Secondly, a Japanese tuna boat is licensed only to fish tuna, If
the boat stops fishing tuna neither it norits crew can engage in other fisheries,
which already are crowded with their own licensed boats, If a boat ties up, its
fishermen are idle and their families begin to go hungry, Because of these factors
a fishing boat usually is laid up only after all expedients, such as private borrow=
ing, government loans, and subsidies are exhausted, When a man has no other occu=
pation or source of income, he mst continue producing even though his wage or
share declines, He takes the decrease out of his standard of living, Japan has
to export to survive, Japan must find foreign markets, if necessary at the expense
of her people's standard of living,

Many people have asked me what effect the 224 percent increase in duty on
canned tuna will have on the amount Japan would export to the United States in

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW

1951. I don't know the answer but I am willing to guess and speculate along with
you. In my opinion, the tariff increase will cause a temporary drop in exports.
However, the packers will gradually adjust themselves to the change through lower
prices to fishermen and more efficient cannery operation. In general, there is
much room for improvement in canning effi-
ciency through further mechanization of op-
erations. Japanhas at least one tuna can-
nery which compares favorably with most of ,
those inthe United States. Under pressure
of competition she will develop others. Be-
fore 1951 ends it is likely that the volume
of Japanese exports will return to, if not
exceed, that for 1950.

WHAT SHOULD BE U. S. FISHERY INDUSTRY
POSITION TOWARDS IMPORTS?

In the face of this situation, what
course should the United States fishery
industry adopt? With no protection there
is very little doubt that the United States
tuna fishery would greatly decline, if not
practically disappear. On the other hand,
to ask for complete protection would be
attempting to fly directly into the face
of basic United States policy, and remem-
ber that there is plenty of evidence that
most people believe this policy is in the Hee Se He a cA K He AL TOW. CANT
over-all national interest. To find a 4 i
course which will fit in with United States policy and win public support, it ap
pears that the tuna industry mist work out a position intermediate between com-
plete protection and no protection.

I hope that the information which I have given you will be of assistance in

choosing the wisest course.

U.S. TUNA PRODUCTION FOR I950
DO YOU KNOW...

That the United States tuna landings (including bonito
and yellowtail) in 1950 were at an all-time high, The total
catch of tuna and tuna-like fish was 400,000,000 in 1950 as
compared with 328,872,000 pounds in 1948.....

That the canned pack of tuna and tuna-like fish in 1950
totaled 9,100,000 standard cases, compared with 7,130,453
cases in 1949.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol; 13reNowns

FISHERY PRODUCTS AS A SOURCE OF ANIMAL PROTEIN!

By Hugo W. Nilson*

ABSTRACT

THE PROTEINS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH ARE OF HIGH NUTRITIVE QUALITY AND
ARE HIGHLY DIGESTIBLE. THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY IS THE SAME IRRESPECTIVE OF
THE SPECIES OF FISH OR SHELLFISH (AT LEAST THOSE COMMONLY USED FOR HUMAN
CONSUMPT1ON) AND OF THE METHODS OF COOKING OR PROCESSING USED. CONSUMP-
TION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS |S LARGELY DETERMINED BY CONSUMER PREFERENCES.
ANY FORESEEABLE DEMAND CAN UNDOUBTEDLY BE SUPPLIED BY DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
AND A REASONABLE QUANTITY OF FOREIGN iMPORTS.

INTRODUCTION

For several years the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service has emphasized that the
nutritive quality of the proteins of fishery products is the same irrespective of
the species of fish and shellfish (at least those commonly used for human consump-
tion), and of the cooking methods used or the type of processing, Furthermore,
fishery products are equal in nutritive quality to the proteins of competing animal
protein foods, namely, dairy products, meats, and poultry,

A second generalization has also been formated, namely, that the proteins
of fish and shellfish are uniformly very digestible, and that this level of digesti-
bility is similar to that of competing animal protein foods,

NUTRITIVE QUALITY
Two approaches have been used to determine the nutritive quality of proteins,

The content of the various amino acids have been determined by Pottinger and
Baldwin (1939), Lopez-Matas and Fellers (1948), Deas and Tarr (1949), Nielands and
associates (1949), Dunn and associates (1949), and others, The conclusions drawn
by Nielands and associates seem to summarize the findings by the various investiga~
tors, Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan are the three so-called essential amino
acids most important in evaluating the quality of a protein, The proteins of the
eight canned fishery products and three meats which they tested were found to be
very good sources of lysine, and good sources of methionine, tryptophan, and the
other essential amino acids, There did not seem to be any appreciable difference
in the amino acid content of the different proteins tested, The data also show no
Significant effect of heat processing on the content of the essential amino acids
of the samples which were analyzed,

At the present time tne analytical methods used often give data which are
more valuable for making comparisons tnan for expressing the true amino-acid con=
tent, <A typical analysis of fish meat for the so-called essential amino acids
would probably yield results about as follows:

* PHARMACOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE, FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND.

1/& PAPER PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE INST|TUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS,
MAY 23, 1950, IN CHICAGO, ILL.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

% of Protein

(n1/x 6.25)
F ginine Rinlslelolelolercioiciotelcieiere Methionine ....ccccccccecce :
Histidine ..cccccccceccecce Phenylalanine ..cccccccces

Tsoleucine w.wccccscccvccce Threonine .cccccoceccsccce

GUCANION elale/elalets slaiclela shelelelste Tryptophan’ <./clecielcic'e clee slele
'L sine @eoeoeeeevesreee22080828208 Valine @eoeoeoeeeveoeeoeeeeeoeee0
1/NITROGEN.

All fishery products are probably very similar in amino-acid content,

The second approach has been to determine the nutritive quality of the protein
by means of animal feeding teats, Experiments of this type have been conducted by
Lanham and Lemon (1938), Nilson and associates (1946, 1950, 1948, 1947), Lopez—Matas
and Fellers (1948), and others, The data indicate that there are no essential dif=
ferences in respect to quality of the proteins of the various species of fish and
shellfish, between fishery products cooked by different methods, or those processed
by freezing, canning, smoking or dehydration, These experiments were carried out
by feeding rats diets containing low levels of the test protein in order to insure
use of the protein for tissue-building purposes as mech as possible, Some studies
have also been carried out according to the nitrogen balance method, The data from
these are essentially similar to those obtained through studies with growing animals,

It may be concluded from these studies that fishery products contain proteins
which are of high quality and are at least equal to those from the various species
of farm animals or poultry,

Wilson (1949) reported that four girls who ate a fish or shellfish dish at the
noon meal, and who refrained, or largely refrained,from eating meat or fowl during
the other meals,had similar red cell counts, hemoglobin values, and hematocrit to
those of two girls who ate free=-choice diets,

The period of test was seven weeks, Although the results may only be considered
indicative, they corroborate the data from animal experiments which indicate that the
hemopoietic value of fishery products is equal to the task of supplying the body with
a normal blood supply,

DIGESTIBILITY

Nilson and associates (1947 and 1950) have determined the apparent or true di~
gestibility of the proteins of quite a few fishery products, The data indicate that
in most instances the proteins are digested in excess of 90 percent, This means
that the proteins of fishery products are very well digested, and very similar in
this respect to competing animal proteins,

SATIETY VALUE

Some work has been done on factors which may determine the satiety value of
foods, It is well known that certain meats have a very high satisfaction value,
Other foods, particularly lamb; poultry; dairy products, such as cheese; and fish
have a lower satiety value, Studies have been carried out by Marks (1943), Fil-
bert (1949), and Krieder (1950) in the Service's Fishery Technological Laboratory
at College Park to determine factors affecting the satiety value of foods, So
far it appears that some fishery products are very quickly digested and this may

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

cause low satiety value, In most cases there was no great difference in stomach
and intestinal evacuation time in the rat between the fish and the meats used as
controls, Evacuation time may not be as important a factor as has been indicated
in the literature, No impoxtant physiological factors have been found in the ex~=
periments so far conducted to account for differences in the satiety values of

foods, Although all avenues in this approach have not yet been investigated, it
may be necessary to consider chemical differences, particularly in the protein or
nitrogenous extractives, to account for the satisfaction quality of the food,

PROTEIN CONTENT OF PREPARED FISH DISHES

Incidentally, very few data are available in the literature on the protein~
content of dishes made from fishery products as prepared for the table, Lee (1950)
has analyzed about 400 samples in the past two years, The data indicate that the
dishes can be classified into four groups in respect to protein content,

(a) Pan fried, oven fried, baked, or broiled fish and some cooked
shellfish dishes usually contain 22 to 24 percent protein,
and all of it is from the fishery product used,

(b) Fish loaves, cakes, and casserole dishes in which the fishery
product used is not greatly diluted with- potatoes, crumbs,
or other ingredients, and fish or shellfish served with sauces
or stuffings contain 16 to 20 percent protein of which 85 to
90 percent is derived from the fishery product,

(c) Most salads, canapes, creamed dishes on toast, au gratin
dishes, souffles, the more diluted fish cakes and loaves, and
the more concentrated chowders and soups contain from 10 to 15
percent protein of which 75 percent is derived from the fishery
product used, Milk, eggs, and cheese are the principal second-
ary sources of protein,

(a) Most chowders, stews, bisques, some salads, and shrimp and crab-
meat creoles, curries, jambalayas, or similar dishes containing
rice contain 5 to 10 percent protein of which 75 to 80 percent
is derived from the fishery product, The low protein content
in these dishes is due to a high water or high carbohydrate con-
tent or a combination of both,

PROTEIN CONSUMPTION

From the standpoint of the nation's food supply it has been calculated from
the data supplied by the U, S, Department of Agriculture (1950) that the average .
per-capita consumption of proteins was 93 grams per day in 1949, which amounts to
74.8 pounds per year, Of this quantity, 39,6 pounds or 52,9 percent was animal
protein, Fishery products supplied 2,1 pounds of protein, The protein of fishery
products, therefore, amounts to 2,8 percent of the total protein intake or 5,3 per
percent of the total animal-protein inteke, This quantity most certainly can be
increased since it is not due so mich to a lack of available supply, except in
certain areas, as it is due to a camparatively low level of consumer acceptance in
comparison with dairy products (18,2 pounds protein), meats (15,5 pounds protein),
and poultry products (3.8 pounds protein per year),

Toe U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service has estimated that any foreseeable demand
for fishery products can be satisfied by domestic production and a reasonable
quantity of imported fishery products,

May 1951

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

LITERATURE CITED

DEAS, CATHERINE P., AND TARR, H. L. A.
1949 AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS. J. FISH. RES.
BD. CAN., VOL. 7, NO. 9, P. 522.

DUNN, M. S.; CAMIEN, M. N.3 ENDUSON, S.3 AND MALIN, R. B.
1949. THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CANNED FOODS. J. NUTR., VOL. 39,
(Pe, Wt

FILBERT, MARGARET G.
1949. A COMPARISON OF ORY MATTER AND RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE MEAS-
UREMENTS AS INDEXES OF THE RATE OF GASTROINTESTINAL
EVACUATION OF SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS. MASTER OF SCIENCE
THESIS, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK, MD.

KRIEDER, MARLIN 8.

1950. UNPUBLISHED DATA IN FILES OF THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK, MD.
LANHAM, WILLIAM B. JR., AND LEMON, -JAMES HM.
1938. NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR GROWTH OF SOME PROTEINS OF FISHERY

PRODUCTS. FOOD RESEARCH, VOL. 3, P.
LEE, CHARLES F.
1950. UNPUBLISHED DATA IN FILES OF THE U. S.
SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK, MO.

FISH AND WILOLIFE

LOPEZ-MATAS, ANTONIO, AND FELLERS, CARL E.

1948. “COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRESH, COOKED AND PROC-
ESSED SWORDFISH, FOOD RESEARCH, VOL. 13, P. 387.
MARKS, A. LOUISE
Jo43. THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN COOKING AND HOLDING METHODS ON THE

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE PROTEIN AND VITAMINS OF COD AND
OYSTERS. MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS, UNIVERSITY OF MARY-
LAND, COLLEGE PARK, MD.

MARKS, A.

LOUISE, AND NILSON, HUGO W.
fous.

EFFECT OF COOKING ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE PROTEIN
OF COD. COM. FISH. REVIEW, VOL. 8, NO. 12, P. 1.
NIELANDS, J. 8.; SIRNEY, R. J.; SOHLJELL, |.; STRONG, F. M.3 AND

ELVEHJEM, C. A.
1949.’ THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CANNED FOOD. J.
2, P. 187.

NUTR. VOL. 39,

we
UNPUBLISHED DATA IN FILES OF THE U. S.
SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK, MD.

NILSON, HUGO
1950 FISH AND WILDLIFE

NILSON, HUGO W.; MARTINEK, WILLIAM A.; AND DARLING, DOROTHY B.
1948. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF A
PROTEIN. U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, FISHERY
LEAFLET 296.

NILSON, H. W.; MARTINEK, W. A.; AND JACOBS, 8.
1947

NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR GROWTH OF SOME FISH PROTEINS. COM.
FISH. REVIEW, VOL. 9, NO. 7, P. 1,
POTTINGER, S. R., AND BALDWIN, W. H.
1939. THE CONTENT OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS IN SEAFOODS. PROC. 6TH

PAC. SCI. CONGRESS,
FORNIA PRESS.

tit, P. 453, UNIVERSITY OF CALI~-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
1950, THE NATIONAL FOOD SITUATION.
APRIL-JUNE.

NFS-52, TABLE 3, P. 4,

WILSON, SHIRLEY J.
149. THE EFFECT OF A SEAFOOD DIET ON THE RED CELL COUNT, HEMO-
GLOBIN VALUE, AND HEMATOCRIT OF HUMAN BLOOD. U. S.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, FISHERY LEAFLET 334,

PLANKED WHITEFISH

3- OR 4-POUND WHITEFISH, DRESSED
1 1/2 TEASPOONS SALT
1/8 TEASPOON PEPPER

1/4 CUP BUTTER OR OTHER FAT, MELTED

: If hardwood plank is used, oil
heat thoroughly as oven preheats,

Clean, wash, and dry fish,
pepper, Brush with melted fat,

3%

Garnish with parsley and lemon or tomato wedges,

the plank, Serves 6,

A Fish and Wildlife Service tested recipe,

SEASONED MASHED POTATOES

SEASONED COOKED VEGETABLES (PEAS,
CARROTS, CAULIFLOWER, TOMATOES,
OR ONIONS)

well and place in a cold oven and

Sprinkle inside and out with salt and
Place fish-on the hot, oiled plank or

on a greased oven-glass
or metal platter, Bake
in a moderate oven/00°F,
for 35-45 minutes or until
fish flakes easily when
tested with a fork, Re=-
move from Ovenand quickly
arrange a border of hot
mashed potatoes around
fish, Place ina preheated
broileruntil potatoes are
slightly browned, about
5 minutes, Remove, and
arrange two or more hot
vegetables around fish,
Serve immediately on

This is one in the

series of recipes using fishery products tested and developed in the

Service's test kitchens,

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES

By A. M. Sandberg*

ABSTRACT

PART | OF THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE RESULTS OF THE TORQUAY CONFERENCE
FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE FISHERY AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES. AT THIS CONFERENCE
PARTIES PARTICIPATING IN AND PARTIES SIGNIFYING THEIR DESIRE TO ACCEDE TO THE
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE MET TO NEGOTIATE TARIFF CONCESSIONS.
THE SPECIFIC UNITED STATES CONCESSIONS AS WELL AS CONCESSIONS BY FOREIGN COUN-
TRIES ON FISHERY PRODUCTS TARIFF ITEMS ARE LISTED.

PART 11 OF THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A FEW OF THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE RECIP-
ROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM SO THAT FISHERY OPERATORS AND DEALERS MAY KNOW
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM AND, IN THE LIGHT OF THESE, BE BETTER ABLE TO
JUDGE THE RESULTS WHICH SO FREQUENTLY ARE OF CONSEQUENTIAL CONCERN TO THEM.

Part | - Fishery Products Tariff Changes at Torquay
INTRODUCTION

Among the wide variety of products on which tariff concessions were exchanged
at the Torquay Conference (Third Set of Tariff Negotiations by Contracting Parties
to the General Agreement in T=riffs and Trade) are many items of interest to the
fishery trade, The pertinent details
of the results of the negotiations per=
taining to the fishery and allied in-=
dustries are set forth in this report,
Since the material for this report was
necessarily obtained fram preliminary
documents, it should be noted that the
final authoritative schedules are to be
printed by the United Nations, under
the auspices of the Contracting Parties
to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT),

EXTENT OF
GENERAL TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS

The Torquay Conference (held from
September 28, 1950, to April 21, 1951)
resulted in 34 countries completing al-
most 150 pairs of negotiations with
each other, In addition, the modifications in tariffs agreed to at Geneva and An-
necy were continued until January 1, 1954, ‘This renewal ensures a set of tariff
schedules for some 38 countries all of which will be bound against increase for
three years,

The United States obtained new concessions, either in the form of lower tariffs
or the continuation of present tariff treatment, on export products valued at over
a billion dollars in terms of 1949 trade, In exchange, United States import duties
were bound or reduced on products valued at about a half billion dollars in terms
of 1949 trade,

COMMOD|TY-!NOUSTRY ANALYST (FISHERIES), ECONOMICS AND COOPERATIVE MARKETING SECTION, BRANCH

OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASH-
INGTON, D. C,
,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW iat

Te United States reached tariff-reducing agreements with 17 of the 24 countries
with which it negotiated at Torquay, Governments with which the United States reached
agreements are: Canada, Belgium, Brazil, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Domin~
ican Republic, France, Indonesia, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Federal Republic of
Germany, Korea, Peru, and Turkey, With the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand,
India, the Union of South Africa, Cuba, and Guatemala the United States failed to
reach agreement because it was not able to obtain satisfactory concessions in return
for modifications in United States tariff items, The following governments also par-
ticipated: Ceylon, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Greece, Haiti, the Philippines,
Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, and Uruguay,

In the negotiations at Torquay, six "new" countries (Austria, Federal Republic
of Germany, Korea, Peru, the Philippines, and Turkey) negotiated for the purpose of
accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, In addition, existing con=-
tracting parties extended and added to the concessions which they made at Geneva and
Annecy, Each of the "new" countries, upon signing of the final documents, will have
agreed to reduce its tariffs through the negotiations with the contracting parties
and with each other, Accession to the Protocol also entails the obligation to abide
by the Articles of the General Agreement which BEEN the use of trade-restricting
devices other than tariff duties, i

Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) procedure, negotiations
are conducted between principal supplying and importing countries individually, and
each tariff item is given separate consideration, Acceptance of the agreement under
the terms of GATT automatically extends the concessions made between individual con=
tracting parties to GATT,

The Torquay conference was the third such miltilateral meeting held since the
war for the purpose of exchanging reciprocal concessions on tariffs and other trade
barriers, The other two conferences were at Geneva in 1947, when the General Agree=
ment was concluded between 23 countries; and at Annecy in 1949, when 10 additional
countries negotiated for the purpose of accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade,

EXTENT OF FISHERY PRODUCTS TARIFF CONCESSIONS

The United States gave concessions on fishery products tariff items the imports
of which in terms of 1949 trade totaled about 19,000,000 pounds, valued about
$6,000,000, Concessions were made on about 4 percent of the quantity and 5 percent
of the value of the total 1949 United States edible fishery products imports,

In terms of 1950 trade, the fishery concessions totaled about 23,000,000 pounds,
valued at $5,700,000, In this year, the edible items on which concessions were made
represented about 3 percent in both quantity and value of total 1950edible fishery
products imports,

Direct concessions to the United States on fishery products were obtained only
through the negotiations with Canada, In terms of 1949 trade, the items concerned
therein totaled in excess of a half million dollars, Direct benefits of concern to
the fishery industry were a minor proportion of the total concessions gained by the
United States, Numerous indirect benefits will also accrue to the fishery indus=
tries and trade as a result of concessions exchanged between other participants,
Under the "most~favored=-nation" clause, concessions made by any country at these
trade agreement negotiations will aoply, to all participating countries, Specific

1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, , JANUARY 1951, P. 98, "REPORT ON FIFTH SESSION OF GENERAL
AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE."

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13; No,%5%

details of these will not be available until the schedules of the foreign agreements
are published by the Secretariat of the United Nations at Geneva,

US. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS

MILLIONS
OF POUNDS

600

1934-38 39 40 4 42

AVG.

IMPORTS OF EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS IN 1950 REACHED A TOTAL OF 643 MILLION POUNDS, ALMOST
DOUBLE THE 1934-38 AVERAGE OF 330 MILLION. EXPORTS OF 127 MILLION POUNDS IN 1950 WERE
ABOUT THE SAME AS FOR THE PREWAR PERIOD.

Among the fishery items on which the United States granted varying concessions
are the following: Sodium alginate; certain fish oils; halibut-liver oil; agar-agar;
seal oil; fresh mackerel; canned bonito and yellowtail; certain canned sardines and
herring; canned salmon; pickled or salted herring, sprats, pilchards, and anchovies;
smoked or kippered fish; canned razor clams; canned clam chowder and clam juice;
caviar and other fish roe (except sturgeon); and fish hooks,

Numerous items which were originally listed for negotiation by the United States
were dropped fram consideration or no concessions were offered because of unsatis~-
factory return offers by the other negotiating party, Among the fishery items listed
on which no modification of rate was made are groundfish fillets (including rosefish),
canned herring in containers weighing with contents more than one pound, pickled or
salted salmon, and smoked or kippered salmon, On many items the tariff reduction was
held to less than the maximum permissible, Under United States law, the maximum reduc-
tion permissible is 50 percent of the rate in effect on January 1, 1945,

Concessions were obtained from Canada on canned salmon, fresh herring, fresh
and frozen shrimp, menhaden oil, and certain unclassified products of the fisheries,
Included in these concessions was the elimination of the British preferential rate
On salmon and shrimp imports into Canada,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

The results of the negotiations may be brought into force by the contracting
parties and the acceding governments (as and when they became contracting parties)
at various dates between May and November 1951, depending on the dates of their
signatures or notifications regarding Article XXVIII negotiations, October 20 will
be the last day for signature of the Torquay Protocol, The United States signed on
April 21, The United States will give effect June 6 to any agreements signed by
the other contracting parties May 7 or earlier--and to others 30 days after signing,

CONCESSIONS OBTAINED BY U. S. FROM DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS

CANADA: The duty on fresh and frozen shrimp was lowered to 12% percent, a re=-
duetion of 38 percent, Shrimp are not shown separately in Canadian foreign trade
statistics but the United States statistics show exports to Canada of 390,000pounds,
valued at US$253,000, in 1949; and 519,000 pounds, valued at US$326,000, in 1950,

Canned salmon was made dutiable at 15 percent--a 45 percent reduction from
27% percent, United States statistics show 89,288 pounds, valued at US$37,378,
were exported to Canada in 1949; and 7,670 pounds, valued at US$2,348, in 1950,

The British Preferential rates on canned salmon and shrimp were also eliminated,
Canada lowered the duty on menhaden oil and on "All other articles, the produce of
the fisheries" from 20 percent to 175 percent, The latter is a general classifica=
tion covering many fish products not enumerated in the tariff and applied to C4$/,/,6,000
of Canadian imports (including shrimp previously mentioned) from the United States
in 1949.

Free entry of fresh herring into Canada was guaranteed for the future, The
following tabulation shows each fishery item, identified by tariff paragraph, on
which Canada granted a concession to the United States as a result of direct nego
tiations at Torquay; the Canadian rates of duty before the concession was made
(both to the United States and under the British Preferential Agreements) and the
rates afterward; and the value of Canadian imports from the United States in 1949
of each concession item,

Canadian Import Duty
Tariff Item Commodity Description oe in 1949
No. abbreviated TORUAES Ml NSE s=/4| LTORUAISS | IBSies— (al }

Herring, fresh
Canned salmon

All other products of the |
fisheries

Shrimp, fresh or frozen

Menhaden oil

THE B.P. SHOWN IS THE LOWEST RATE UNDER CANADA'S PREFERENTIAL TARIFF.
2/1NCLUDED IN 133--U. S. STATISTICS SHOW EXPORTS VALUED AT U.S.$253,000 IN 1949, U.S.$326,000 IN 1950,

NETHERLANDS: ‘The Netherlands in an agreement with the United States bound
the 20=percent duty on yarns for fish nets imported into Surinam, Imports from
the U, S, in 1948 totaled about $12,601,

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

TARIFF CHANGES ON FISHERY ITEMS RESULTING FROM
NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN OTHER COUNTRIES

Meany of the benefits derived from bindings or reductions of rates of duty which
were negotiated between other countries will accrue to United States products exported
to the country agreeing to the rate change, As a result of the "most-favored-nation"
provision of the agreements, concessions granted by a contracting party to any one
of the others automatically is extended to all countries participating in GATT,

Products of interest to the United States on which duties were lowered by Canada
in negotiations with other countries include crabs in sealed containers; fish pre~
served in oil, n,o,p,; bonito, preserved in oil; and fish hooks, Sweden will reduce
its duty on canned salmon from 75 to 50 kronas per 100 kilograms, and France reduces
its ad-valorem rate on canned salmon from 25 to 20 percent, Western Germany agreed
to reduce its tariff on canned salmon fram 30 to 25 percent, Denmark bound free its
tariff on fish oils, The Dominican Republic is to reduce the duty on canned sardines,
whether or not in oil, from 0,15 pesos per net kilogram to 0,12 pesos, Haiti will
continue its present rate of duty on fish in brine but will assess it on a different
weight basis, Cuba will reduce its duty on codfish and stockfish from 4,125 pesos per
100 kilograms to 4,00 pesos,

Selected fishery items included in the negotiations between other countries of
interest to the United States fishery industries are listed in the table that follows,
These items are listed under each country whose tariff rate is affected (that is,
the new rate on imports into that country) by tariff item number, commodity descrip=-
tion, and the rate of duty to go into effect upon signature of the agreement by the
contracting parties concerned,

Country and Rate of Duty
Tariff Item Commodity Description After
Number abbreviated) Torqua:
Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
ex 36 Mother-of-pearl and other shells (other than tortoise shell)
raw, also if simply cut up, split or stretched, but not worked. Free
Canada
ae ee
121 eOnm
ex 121 Leu
ex 682 Fish hooks, for deep sea or lake fishing, not smaller in size
than number 2.0, not to include fish hooks used for sports-
men's purposes. Free
Cuba
247-a Codfish and stockfish 4.00 pesos per
100 kilograms
Czechoslovakia
ex 131» Edibles in tins, bottles and similar containers, hermetically
sealed,
Preserved fish:
Herrings, mackerels, sprats, and tunny fish, in tomato sauce | 400 Kes. per 100
kgs.
France
ex 164 Fish, prepared or preserved, put up:
In tins, glasses, jars, and hermetically sealed in containers:
Salmonidae 20 percent
741 E Seal skins and skins of other sea mammals, further processed
than tanned. [Eh td

ex 25A (Effective Guadeloupe and dependencies, Martinique, Reunion,
French Guiana) ;
Fish simply salted, dried or smoked: Herrings, put up: Other-

ed d ed smoked Dpe

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Country and Rate of Duty
Tariff Item Commodity Description After
Number (abbreviated) Torqua

France (Cont.
ex 25B (Effective Martinique)

Codfish, including klipfish and halibut, put up: In fillets 10 percent
India
15 (5) Fish oil and whale oil, hardened and hydrogenated 8 Rs. per cwt.
United Kingdom
3 (exemptions) Shells (including fresh water shells) not in any way prepared

or worked--mother-of-pearl, trochus, and green snail Free
ex 142.5 Boiled salmon in tins kilograms
Austria
107 ex b Fish, preserved, in airtight containers, n.e.s. (except

marinated fish and fish in jelly) 15 percent

ex 6 Shrimps, preserved in airtight containers 300 Gold Crowns per

100 kilograms
Federal Republic of Germany

03 01 Fish, live or dead, fresh, chilled or frozen:
A. Fresh water fish (1) Salmon 12 percent
03 03 Oysters, whether in shell or not, fresh
salted, dried or simply cooked:
1. Spat Free
2. Other 350 percent
16 04 Prepared or preserved fish and fish products: ’
(c) "Other," in hermetically sealed containers:
Fish of salmon family, sardelles, sprats, and other PR)
Herring, length of live fish not over 16 centimeters
in oil or tomato or both PAO) hd
23 O1 (A) Free
ex 23 07 5 percent
Peru
66 Smoked herrings 0.50 soles per
gross kilogram plus
123% of C.1.F. value
68 Fish, dried and salted (klipfish same as above
80 Shrimps, crabs, and spiny lobsters, prepared in any form 1.20 soles per gr.

kg. plus 123% of
C.I.F. value
367 Cod-liver oil, even refined Free plus 103% of

C.I.F. value

365 Whale oil, refined 0.40 soles per gr.
kg. plus 123% of
C.I.F. value
366 Whale oil, unrefined 0.25 soles per gr.
kg. plus 123% of
C.I.F. value
2608 Fish hooks 2.40 soles per
legal kg. plus
123% of C.I1.F.
value

Philippines (The United States did not negotiate with the Philippines since
the Philippine Trade Act, which governs United States commercial
relations. with the Republic, prohibits the United States from
entering into an agreement pursuant to the Trade Agreements Act
of 1954, as amended. Under provisions of that trade agreement,
canned fishery products of U. S. origin are free of duty. The
rates which follow therefore apply only to other countries.)

212 ex (a) Fish in cans, glass or jars: Herring (including kippered
herring), salmon and mackerel, plainly prepared and simply
preserved, sardines (including brisling and sild sardines)

‘in oil or tomato sauce 10 percent

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 13 s.Nome5

Country and Rate of Duty
Tariff Item Commodity Description After
Number abbreviated Torqua:

Denmark
ex 54 Fish oils used in the manufacture of animal feeds and for human
foods, whale oil, veterina oil, cod, herring and seal oil Free
Dominican Republic
ex 908 Smoked herring and alewifes 0.02 RD$ (peso) per
net _ kilogram
ex 909 game _as above
ex 910 jerring, mackerel, and alewives in brine 0.01 RDS per gross
kilogram
1035 Sardines, in glass, tin or earthenware receptacles, whether or 0.12 RD$ per net
not in oil kilogran

ex 1038 Other preserved fish 0.20 RDS per net
kilozram
Haiti
2207 Cod-liver oil 0.10 Gourdes per
net kilogram

ex 12014 Fish in brine 0.17 Gourdes per
net kilogram*
*Applied on weight of fish plus weight of the outside container, but or 20 percent

excluding the brine provided the exporting country furnishes a cer-

tificate of weight as defined in this note satisfactory to customs

authority of Haiti.
Italy

156 Prepared and preserved fish:
ae In airtight containers
ex 4, Kippered herrings, canned in oil of the same fish

or in tomato sauce

MODIFICATION OR WITHDRAWALS UNDER ARTICLE XXVIII

In accordance with the provisions of Article XXVIII of the General Agreement
and procedures developed by the Contracting Parties at their Fourth Session, 16
countries notified of their intention of withdrawning or modifying concessions
granted at Geneva or at Annecy, All but two of the notifications involved concese-
gions initially negotiated with
the United States,

Compensatory concessions were
granted by the notifying countries
as envisaged in the Article and
= Pe] were accepted by the United States

= after prescribed negotiation, The

3 compensation was designed to off=
set the loss benefit through modi~
fication or withdrawal of concessions whether negotiated initially with the United
States or with third countries,

Modifications of duties affecting fishery products under Article XXVIII nego-
tiations at Torquay were made only by Brazil, ‘That country modified its previous
concession on fish glue by an upward revision of duty, Reductions in import duties
as compensation included raw fish-liver oils,

Brazil: Modification of Fishery Tariff Items Under Article XXVIII Procedure

ma Commodity [Unit of} 4 an 5 a : Imports from U. S.
Item Description Weight Former Rate New Rate 1948

Val.

J/LEGAL KILO,
2/CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF ONE BRAZILIAN CRUZEIRO 1S EQUAL TO 5.4406 U. S.- CENTS.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

U.S. PACK AND IMPORTS

ihabuons OF CANNED SARDINES, 1945-50
350

DOMESTIC

1945

ESTIMATED

FISHERY ITEMS ON WHICH THE UNITED STATES
GRANTED TARIFF CONCESSIONS AT TORQUAY

The following tabulation shows each fishery item, identified by tariff para-
graph and statistical class, on which the United States granted a concession at
Torquay; the rate of duty before the concession was made and the rate afterward; the
country or countries with which each concession was initially negotiated; the quan-

tity and value of United States imports for consumption in 1949 and 1950 of each of
the concession items,

Vol, 13, No, 5

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

18

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T06 ‘TST O10 ‘Or ABMION

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW VoL. 137 Now5:

NOTE: COMPLETE DATA ON ALL TARIFF ITEMS NEGOTIATED BY THE U.S. IN THE TORQUAY AGREEMENT AND ON
RESPECTIVE DUTY CHANGES |S CONTAINED IN THE STATE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NO. 4209, COMMERCIAL
POLICY SERIES 135, ENTITLED ANALYSIS OF THE TORQUAY PROTOCOL OF ACCESSION, SCHEDULES, AND RE-

LATED DOCUMENTS. COPIES CAN BE PURCHASED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S, GOVERN-
MENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D.C., FOR $1.00 EACH.

ON MAY 12, THE SCHEDULES OF TARIFF CONCESSIONS AS A WHOLE, BOTH UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN
AND THE TEXT OF THE TORQUAY PROTOCOL WILL SE PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF GATT BY THE SECRE-~
TARIAT OF THE UNITED NATIONS AT GENEVA AND WILL BE PLACED ON SALE THROUGH UNITED NATIONS SALES

ANALYSTS OF CERTAIN SECTIONS SHORTLY THEREAFTER.
* OK Kk OX

Part || - Background on Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program

INTRODUCTION

Trade agreements are not very exciting documents, Their provisions are usually
written in technical and precise language, They deal with a vast assortment of prod-
ucts all the way from shoes to cabbages and include many fishery items, While they
may make for dull reading, they are of considerable importance to the fishery and al=
lied industries,

The trade agreements program furnishes the means whereby nations can cooperate
in removing, to some extent, the countless irritations which make the job of carry=
ing on international trade so difficult, Im so doing, friendly commercial relations
are promoted, A few of the main concepts of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program
drawn largely fram State Department publications No, 4032 and 4086, Commercial Policy
Series, January 1951, are set forth in this part so that fishery operators and deale
ers may know the objectives of the program and, in the light of these, be better able
to judge the results which so frequently are of consequential concern to them,

THE POLICY

The foreign trade policy of the United States is aimed at expansion of world
trade on a mutually advantageous basis, In the early 1930's it was recognized that
the first step toward stimlating foreign trade and its benefits to our economy was
to break down the barriers which kept goods from moving in international trade and
the discriminatory practices which forced reduced amounts of trade into uneconmic
channels, To break down excessive governmental barriers to international commerce
and to remove discrimination could most effectively be done on a reciprocal basis
as trade must be a "two-way" street, It was also recognized that the American econ-
omy needed imports as well as exports for maximum prosperity and an improved stand-
ard of living,

In furthering this policy, the United States has since been cooperating with
other countries in a reciprocal program to eliminate trade barriers and restrictions,
such as high tariffs, quotas, and foreign-exchange controls, This calls for a dis-
creet policy of consultation with other governments in order to reach settlements of
trade difficulties rather than a policy of unilateral action without regard to ef-
fects on other countries,

For over 16 years the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program has been the backbone
of the United States foreign economic policy, Through its operation, the Government
has led the other free nations in a consistant effort to expand world trade, Made
possible by the Trade Agreements Act of 1934, the United States in January 1951 had

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

reciprocal trade agreements with 45 countries, Together the parties to these agree-
ments accounted for more than four-fifths of the world's international trade,

THE ACT

The Trade Agreements Act gives the President authority to conclude trade agree-
ments with other countries, In return for reductions in their barriers against
American goods, he may modify United States tariff
treatment or other import restrictions on goods
from abroad,

Tariff concessions may consist of (a) a re-
duction in the United States Tariff rate, (b) bind-
ing of that rate, that is, an agreement not to
increase the rate, or (c) a binding of duty-free
status, that is, agreement not to impose a duty on
an article which is admitted free of duty when the
agreement is concluded, Tariff modification is
limited to the extent that no proclamation shall
be made increasing or decreasing by more than 50
percent, as required or appropriate, any rate of
duty existing on January 1, 1945, or transferring
any article between the dutiable and free lists,
Authority also exists to institute import quotas
in connection with the negotiation of trade agree-
ments, subject to concurrence by the nation or
nations contracting with the United States and in conformance with any other inter=
national commitment the United States might have,

The Act requires that the President shall obtain the advice and assistance of
a number of United States government agencies in drawing up the provisions of the
agreements, It also requires that interested persons shall have the opportunity,
both before and after the trade-agreements negotiations, to present information and
views regarding such negotiations and their effects,

By Executive Order, the President has established an interdepartmental organi-
zation to advise him in the making of trade agreements and to receive and analyze
the views and information presented by interested persons, This organization is
made up of representatives designated by the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce,
Defense, Interior®/, Labor, State, and the Treasury, the Administrator of the Econ-
omic Cooperation Administration, and a member of the Tariff Commission, This organ-
ization consists of two bodies, containing the same membership but with different
chairmen, The Committee for Reciprocity Information, chaired by the Tariff Commis-
sion, conducts public hearings and receives views of interested persons, The Trade
Agreements Committee, chaired by a representative of the Department of State, ana-
lyzes the material presented and makes recommendations to the President,

Tne Committee for Reciprocity Information is the agency designated by the
President to receive the views of interested persons on any proposed or existing
trade agreement or on any aspect thereof, This committee has the responsibility

2/WITH THE |SSUANCE OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 10170 OF OCTOBER 12, 1950, THE PRESIDENT CON-
FERRED ON THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR A RESPONSIBILITY FOR FULL PARTICIPATION IN THE
INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE COMMITTEE FOR RECIPROCITY |NFORMATION.
THIS MEMBERSHIP, HOWEVER, CAME LATE IN THE PREPARATORY WORK FOR THE TORQUAY NEGOTIATIONS,-
WHEN A VAST MAJORITY OF THE PRELIMINARY WORK WAS WELL UNDER WAY OR HAD BEEN COMPLETED.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

for seeing that the views and information thus received are made available promptly
and in convenient form to the Trade Agreements Committee, Interested persons are
also requested to give the committee their opinions as to concessions which should
be asked by the United States from foreign countries as well as invited to make
known their views about whether a concession should be granted by the United States,
Written views may be submitted to the Committee by interested persons at any time,
The offices are in the Tariff Commission Building, 8th and E Streets NW, Washington
25, D. C,

The authority under the Act, originally given to the President in 1934 for a
period of three years, has been renewed six times, Under present legislation, it
will expire June 12, 1951, However, bills now under active consideration in the
Eighty-Second Congress would extend the authority another two or three years,

THE DECISIONS

Before a concession is offered to a foreign country in negotiations such as
those recently concluded at Torquay, England, many factors in the production and
trade in a product or its industry are considered by the Trade Agreements Committee,
Decisions are based in each case on such factors as:

At THE RELATION OF IMPORTS TO DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.

B) ARE |IMPORTS A LARGE PART OF THE AMOUNT CONSUMED IN THE UNITEO STATES,
OR A SMALL PART?

{<| WHAT HAS BEEN THE TREND?
HAVE IMPORTS BEEN TAKING AN INCREASING PART OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET?

A SMALLER PART?

(E) OR HAS THE RELATION BETWEEN IMPORTS AND DOMEST1C PRODUCTION REMAINED
SUBSTANTIALLY STABLE?

(F) 1S THE TYPE OF PRODUCT BEING IMPORTED A TYPE WHICH IS DIRECTLY COMPETI -
TIVE WITH THE DOMESTIC PRODUCT?

{s| 1S THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY ON AN EXPORT BASIS?

H) 1S IT LARGE AND DIVERSIFIED, PRODUCING A WIDE VARIETY OF PRODUCTS?

These and many other considerations are explored before a decisicn is made to
offer a concession, Even if a concession is offered, it is not necessarily granted
unless an equivalent concession is received in return from the other negotiating
party, A concession need not, however, be in the sams or similar product, but may
be in any of the many products entering into our international trade,

THE AGREEMENTS

Trade agreements as we in the United States know them accomplish two things,
(1) they provide for definite tariff reductions or other concessions on specific
articles entering into the trade between the
parties to the agreement and (2) through their
F "general provisions" they set forth the fair
treatment, aside from tariff rates, which each
nation will give to its trade with the partici-
pating country or countries,

TREATIES These general provisions are designed to
—____ CC Cprevent nontariff restrictive measures from off-
setting the advantages gained through tariff negotiations, They contain, for in-
stance, limitations on the use of quantitative restrictions (quotas), In the so-
called "most-favored-nation" clause, each party also agrees to give to the products
of the other party as favorable treatment as it gives to the products of any third
party, In another provision each party agrees not to discriminate against imported
goods in matters of internal taxation, exchange restrictions, and other regulations
of trade,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

There is also the so-called "escape clause" which is a part of all agreements
which the United States negotiated since 1943, Under this clause a party to the
agreement may modify or withdraw a specific concession if it finds as a result of
unforseen circumstances imports of a particular article concerned have caused or
threaten to cause serious injury to one of its industries, Although the United
States has made concessions on several thousand items in trade agreements that con-
tain the escape clause, only 20 applications for relief, covering 17 products, have
been made to the U, S, Tariff Commission,

Thirteen applications were dismissed on the grounds that the facts set forth in
the complaint did not show justification for a formal investigation, One has been
postponed, Three applications are pending and three investigations have been ordered,
One of the investigations resulted in a finding that there was no need for modifica-
tion of the concession, Another, regarding women's fur-felt hats, resulted in a find-
ing that the concession should be withdrawn, This was done, A third investigation
is in progress,

A finding of injury may result in the concession being either partly or wholly
withdrawn, a quota imposed on imports, or a rate of duty even higher than that in
effect before the concession may be imposed, If the
escape clause is used, the other party or parties to
the agreement may modify the concessions they have given
to a corresponding extent,

The escape clause action is administered by the
U. S, Tariff Commission, a bipartisan, independent
agency created by and responsible to Congress, It makes
its recommendations to the President, directly and with-
out the participation of any other government agency,

Other provisions in the agreements permit any coun-
try to take steps necessary to protect its national se-
curity, health, and similar matters,

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
is the most important and most comprehensive agreement
entered into by the United States under the Trade Agreements Act, Itis a multilateral
agreement in which the United States and 31 other countries participated prior to
Torquay ,

Under the General Agreement, initial tariff negotiations are conducted bilater-
ally, on a product-by-product basis, Ordinarily, each participating country negoti-
ates on the basis of the principal supplier rule, granting concessions on each import
commodity to the country that has been the principal supplier of that commodity or
gives promise of becoming the principal supplier, The understandings reached in these
bilateral negotiations are combined to form the respective schedules of tariff con-
cession which are set forth in the agreement,

THE GOAL

_ Authority is granted the President to enter into trade agreements so that for-
eign markets will be made available to those branches of American production which
require and are capable of developing such outlets, This is largely accomplished
by affording corresponding market opportunities for foreign products in the United
States market,

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols 43). Noss

After World War II, nearly every country in the world was forced to maintain
and even to intensify the drastic wartime controls which it had imposed upon its
economy--including foreign trade, Embargoes, quotas, licensing, and exchange-con-
trol regulations became more important than tariffs as a means of restricting in-
ports, High prices both here and abroad and the extreme unstable and inconvertible
currencies of many countries added to the difficulties of international trade, Many
nations resorted to bilateral clearing and barter arrangements, Government purchas-
ing arrangements and like devices were established, This maze of trade réstrictions
and limitations blocked normal channels of trade and ignored sound economic factors,

The large deficit which developed between the value of United States exports
and the value of foreign goods and services received in return could be modified
in two practical ways:

1) TO REDUCE THE UNITED STATES EXPORTS TO THE LEVEL OF IMPORTS, AND
2) TO INCREASE THE IMPORTS TO THE LEVEL OF EXPORTS.

The first method would involve reducing United States production and employmsnt
in industries which depend upon foreign markets to maintain maximum operations,
Reducing operations in such industries would reduce the buying power of their work-
ers in the domestic market, Increasing United States imports of goods and services
toward the level of United States exports, at the minimum expense of competing in-
dustries in this country, would enable the foreign countries to pay for the goods
they want to buy in the United States,

The reciprocal trade agreements program is the mechanism which the United States
uses in bargaining with foreign countries as a mteans of remedying the unbalance be--
tween our exports and imports and to move in the direction of the highest possible
level of sound and remunerative foreign trade in both directions,

THE TORQUAY NEGOTIATIONS

During the latter part of 1949 a number of countries not now parties to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade signified their desire to accede to the Agree-

ny

ment, Accordingly, plans were made for
these countries to meet with those now

— parties to the Agreement at Torquay, Eng-
land, for the purpose of negotiating tariff

Ky
Yj Ee = concessions, This conference also allowed
Y] 7; ho negotiations between parties which partici-

q

4

oe, [ = pated in the 1947 Geneva and 1949 Annecy
(opine ee ean Conferences,

Of the countries which have indicated
a desire to accede to the General Agree-
ment at the Torquay Conference, the United
States announced that it would consider
the negotiation of tariff concessions with
Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany,
Guatemala, Korea, Peru, and Turkey, It
also announced that it would consider the
possibility of negotiating new or additional concessions with Australia, Belgiun,
Brazil, Canada, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, France, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Luxemburg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the Union of South Africa,
and the United Kingdom, The list of commodities considered for possible concession

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

by the United States included items (including many fishery products) in approximately

450 paragraphs and subparagraphs of the Tariff Act of 1930,

The results of the Toryguay negotiations a

B1 BL! OGRAPHY

Recent reports and references pertaining to the reciprocal Trade Agreements Pro-

€ram,

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

FISHERY PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN TRADE AGREEMENTS NEGOTIATIONS, COM=
MERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APR. 1950, P. 83.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICE OF TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS, COMMERCIAL
FISHER(ES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, P. 68.

SECOND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICE ON TRADE-AGREEMENTS NEGOT!ATIONS,
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, SEPT. 1950, P. 62.

POSTPONEMENT OF TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS NOT TO BEST INTERESTS OF THE
UNITED STATES, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, SEPT. 1950, P. 63.

U.S. DELEGATION DESIGNATED FOR FORTHCOMING TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS,
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCT. 1950, P. TE\>

INTERIOR TO BE REPRESENTED ON TRADE AGREEMENTS COMMITTEES, COM-
MERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, NOV. 1950, P. 79.

\NTERIOR REPRESENTATIVE TO ATTEND THIRD SET OF TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS,
GOMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEB. 1951, P. 93; ALSO NOV. 1950,
P. 64.

SERVICE EMPLOYEE DESIGNATED TO HANDLE TRADE AGREEMENT AND TARIFF
MATTERS, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JAN. 1951, P. 96.

TERMINATION OF TRADE AGREEMENT WITH MEXICO TO BECOME EFFECTIVE
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, OCT. 1950, P. 74; ALSO JULY 1980,
Pp. 58.

TERMINATION OF TRADE AGREEMENT WITH CHINA BECOMES EFFECTIVE, COM-

MERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, DEC. 1950, P. 62; ALSO OCT. 1950,
P. 74.

STATUS OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TAR-

1FFS AND TRADE REVIEWED, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JAN. 1951,
[o, Siz/o

REPORT ON FIFTH SESSION OF GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADC
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JAN, 1951, P. 98.

U. S. IMPORTS OF GROUNDFISH FILLETS 1N 1950 HIGHEST ON RECORD,
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEB. 1951, P. 41.

CODE ON IMPORT AND EXPORT CONTROLS PROPOSED AT RECENT SESSION OF
GATT, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEB. 1951, P. 73.

1951 TARIFF-RATE QUOTA. FOR GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING ROSEFISH) FILLETS,
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEB. 1951, P. 95.

JERMINATION OF TRADE AGREEMENT WITH COSTA RICA, COMMERCIAL FLSHER-
LES REVIEW, MAY 1951, P. 67,
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
NOTICE OF UNITED STATES INTENTION TO NEGOTIATE, LIST OF PRODUCTS TO

BE CONSIDERED AND NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARINGS FOR NEGOT!ATIONS
BEGINNING SEPT. 1950.

/ CURRENT TRENDS IN FOREIGN TRADE POLICIES, REVIEW OF 1950.

PUBLICATION 3819, COMMERCIAL POLICY SERIES 126, SUPT. OF DOCU-
MENTS ,* 25 CENTS.

PUBLICATION 3854, COMMERCIAL POLICY SERIES 129, SUPT. OF DOCU-
MENTS ,* 10 CENTS.

PUBLICATION 3944, COMMERCIAL POLICY SERIES 131, SUPT. “OF DOCU-
MENTS ,° 15 CENTS.

EXPANDING WORLD TRADE: UNITED STATES POLICY AND PROGRAM, PUBL! CA-
TION 4032, COMMERCIAL POLICY SERIES 133, JAN. 1951.

THE RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM, PUBLICATION 4086, COMMER-
CIAL POLICY SERIES 134, JAN. 1951.

ANALYS!IS OF GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE. PUBLICATION
2983, COMMERCIAL POLICY SERIES 109, 1947,°* 50 CENTS.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

SCHEDULE A, STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES |MPORTED
INTO THE UNITED STATES WITH RATES OF DUTY AND TARIFF PARAGRAPH,
BUREAU OF CENSUS,* $2.50.

HENRY
CHALMERS, FOREIGN COMMERCE WEEKLY, FEB. 19, 1951, P. 3; ALSO
REVIEW OF 1949, FEB. 27, 1950, P. 4.

UNITED STATES FOREIGN TRADE, 1950. GRACE A. WITHEROW, FOREIGN
COMMERCE WEEKLY, APR. 16, 1951, P. 5.

TARIFF COMM!SS!ON

UNITED STATES IMPORT DUTIES (1950). INCLUDES SPECIAL AND ADMIN~
ISTRATIVE PROVISIONS OF THE TARIFF ACT, AS AMENDED. MISC.
SERIES TC 1.10,* $2.00.

OPERATION OF THE TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM, THIRD REPORT, APRIL
1949-JUNE 1950. TARIFF COMMISSION REPORT NO. 172, SECOND
SERIES,*® 45 CENTS; ALSO SECOND REPORT, APRIL 1948-MARCH 1949,
REPORT 163, SECOND SERIES,® 25 CENTS.

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

EXTENSION OF THE RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT, REPORT NO. 14,
TO ACCOMPANY H.R. 1612, 82ND CONGRESS (1ST SESSION), HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS, JAN. 195].

HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON WAYS AND MEANS OF HOUSE OF REP-
RESENTAT I|VES, 82ND CONGRESS (1ST SESSION) ON H.R. 1612, 1991
EXTENSION OF THE RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT.

HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE, 82ND CONGRESS (1st ses-
SION) ON H.R. 1612, TRADE AGREEMENTS EXTENSION ACT OF 1951,
PARTS 1 AND 2.

TRADE AGREEMENTS EXTENSION ACT OF 1951, REPORT NO. 299, TO ACCOM~
PANY H.R. 1612, 82ND CONGRESS (ist SESSION), SENATE FINANCE
COMMITTEE, APR. 1951.

*® FOR SALE BY SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING

OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

yy) ic
Vere ou.
pao

re presented in Part I of this article,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13), Nore

: RESEARCH
YIN SERVICE LABORATORIES “&
April 95!

CANNING: Handling Frozen Salmon for Camming: Final organoleptic examinations
were made of samples of canned Frazer River sockeye salmon prepared from fresh and
frozen fish during August 1949 to January 1950. Quality scores were compared with
those of similar samples examined a year ago. The most significant change during
the additional year's storage of the canned sockeye salmon was the increase in free-
oil content. Apparently the free—-oil content of the canned sockeye salmon prepared
from frozen fish was not at a maximum until after a year of storage. (Ketchikan)
Refer to: "Use of Frozen Salmon for Canning,''by M. E. Stansby and John A. Dassow,
Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1951, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 20-5.

CLOT tt OM PAE Maem 2 mr —

HH

REFRIGERATION: Palatability and Cold-storage Life of Various Species of Rock-
fish: The purpose of the project is to determine the cold-storage life of various
species of Pacific Coast rockfish and the East Coast ocean perch. All samples in
frozen storage since July 1950 now have reached an inedible stage. The Sebastodes
alutus (long—jawed rockfish) was considered inedible due to development of rancid-
ity, 4 condition reached one month ago by Sebastes marinus (ocean perch). The maxi-
mum storage life of these two species, on the basis of these tests, is about 7 to
8 months at 0° F. The samples of S. paucispinis (bocaccio) were also considered
inedible. This species, although not yet very rancid, had developed an extremely
tough texture. 9

HH

TECHNOLOGICAL SECTION CONFERENCE: A meeting of Service fishery technologists
and representatives of fishery and allied industries will be held in Washington,
D. C., on June 27, 1951, for the purpose of developing a research program for the
next fiscal year which begins July 1, 1951. Members of the staff in Washington and
laboratory directors from Boston, Mass.; College Park, Md.; Ketchikan, Alaska; and
Seattle, Wash.; will be present.

Members of the fishery and allied industries are invited to attend the meeting
on Wednesday, June 27, at 10:00 a.m. in Room 3013 of the New Interior Building,
Washington, D. C. At this time laboratory chiefs will discuss their projects for
the preceding year and give a report on the progress made. Various suggested new
projects will also be reviewed. Industry representatives will be invited to dis—
cuss the progress on the previous year's projects, to offer new projects, and to
comment on the proposed new projects.

These annual meetings with members of Industry were initiated several years
ago and have greatly aided the Service in formulating a sound technological research
program.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

ESE DEVELOPMENTS &

Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels

A total of 40 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents as
fishing craft during February 1951--9 less than in February 1950, California led
with 7 vessels, followed by the east coast of Florida and Washington with 6 vessels
each,

Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, February 1951

Two mos. ending with February
Section 1951 1950 1951

New England eeecocceccece
Middle Atlantic ceccccce
Chesapeake Bay eoececvecce
South Atlantic wcccccoce
Gulf @eeeeeveveeres2ee2e002808

gaoo!l pr

re

acific Coast eoeepoeces
Great Lakes ceccocececccce
Alaska eccocccvcccrcccce
awali crccoccccscccccscce

Total cwecccccccccce

fot

Alaska Fishery Investigations
HERRING FISHERY NOTES: Use of Log Books Recommended: A recommendation that

log books be made a made a permanent procedure in in collecting herring catch data is made by
the Alaska Fishery Investigations of the Service's Branch of Fishery Biology, Are=
port submitted to the Branch states that this method provides information on the

amount of fishing time not now available from current delivery tickets,

The log books made it possible to ootain the catch-per-hour of fishing, a marked
improvement over the catch-per-boat-day now used as a measure of abundance, in which
fishing time is taken as the total elapsed time between the dates of first and last
delivery, Information contained in the log of one vessel fishing 112 days in the
Kodiak district follows:

ACTIVITY HOURS PERCENT
FISHING AND SCOUTING ceoeecevcscrcccrcceresersersse soce 885 33
TRAVELING TO AND FROM FISHING GROUNDS..c-scecesece ove 348 13
ANCHORED TO OBTAIN REST... cscca-crcreree coc ore core 419 16

TIED UP BECAUSE OF STORMS OR FOG. ee eicecesevcce « eve 587 22
UNLOADING FISH AT PLANT.....- eeccee oe eee a sese 203 7
REPAIRING VESSEL... cer cree cree ce erecerersercere cece 246 9

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol; 13)5Nor 5

Age Determinations: With the assistance of the age analysis project, the Inves-
tigations staff made age determinations from a sample of frozen herring from this
year's pre-spawning run at Ketchikan, The age composition as represented by the 22l~=
fish sample follows:

YEAR CLASS AGE PERCENT YEAR CLASS AGE PERCENT
1949 3 10 1946 6 8
1948 4 23 1945 7 3)
1947 5 52 1944 8 4

This composition differs considerably from that obtained in the past season from
the reduction fishery in Chatham Straits area, Here the dominant year class was that
of 1944 (33 percent) followed by that of 1947 (23 percent), In the Ketchikan sample
the dominant year class is that of 1947 (52 percent), with the 1944 year class only
4 percent, The occurrence of a heavy run at Ketchikan dominated by the 1947 year
class indicates good success of that year class at Ketchikan in contrast to less than
averege success in Chatham Strait area as judged from its contributions to the reduc=
tion fishery during its third and fourth years,

2
ae
——————_—

California 1951-52 Sardine Season Outlook Unfavorable

A bleak forecast has been made for the 1951=52 California sardine fishing sea-
son in an April 11 news release from the Bureau of Marine Fisheries, Division of
Fish and Game, This conclusion was based on an analysis of catch figures from the
past season in which practically no fish of the 1949 year class were caught off the
California coast,

This means, according to the State Bureau, that a severe scarcity of two= and
three-year-old fish, which contributed a large portion of the sardine catch in re=
cent years, will be evident next season,

During the 1950-51 sardine season, the 1948 year class made up approximately
4 percent of the successful southern California catch, but only 10 and 16 percent
of the northern and central California fisheries, The small tonnages landed at
northern and central ports were largely supplied by 1947 and 1946 year classes,

EE

California Sardine Reduction Quota for 1951-52 Announced

Sardine reduction regulations and quotas similar to those of the 1950-51 sea-
son have been set by the California Fish and Game Commission for the coming sardine
fishing season,

Exercising its only regulatory power over the State's sardine fishing industry,
the Commission limited the quantity of sardines to be used for reduction into oils
and meals to 150,000 tons during the 1951-52 season,

No consolidation of reduction permits, which was authorized in recent years,
will be allowed among the 97 permit holders this season,

an

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

California Studies Valuable Squid Fishery

The common squid has become such a valuable commercial fishery in California
that it is now the subject of a thorough study by that State's Division of Fish and
Game, according to a March 28 news release from that agency,

Since 1863, when Chinese fishermen rowed skiffs about Monterey Bay with a
blazing torch at the bow to attract night-time schools of squid, the opalescent
mollusk has come into its own as a source of food and fish bait, The search for
squid (Loligo opalescens) has become so intense that the Bureau of Marine Fisheries
has set up a fellowship study to learn more about the habits of this strange crea=-
ture ,
In a recent issue of the Divisions's quarterly magazine, California Fish and
Game, Biologist W, Gordon Fields of Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station
presents a preliminary report on the increasingly valuable squid fishery,

New methods of preserving the catch are being developed as new markets be=
come available, For many years this industry remained of minor importance, but
Since 1942 it has become one of the major fisheries of the Monterey Bay area,

Although squid is found from Puget Sound to Lower California, 99 percent is
caught along the California coast and within a few miles of Monterey,

Fields remarks that the 19,000 tons of squid landed at Monterey in 1946 exe
ceeded even the value of the sardine catch in the same region, Recently, demand
for the frozen product has increased so that it alone takes up the entire catch,

There is a large investment in canneries, fishing boats, and equipment in the
Monterey Bay area and a considerable population which depends upon the fishing
industry for its livelihood, With men and equipment idle half the year and no
assurances of adequate returns during the formerly lucrative sardine season, there
is a tremendous pressure at present to develop other fisheries,

Of these, the squid is potentially one of the most valuable because it ap-
pears in huge numbers and because it may be captured and preserved by present
methods and with existing equipment,

If the domestic market were to react more favorably to squid as an item on
the Friday menu, or if economic conditions should permit export to foreign mar-=
kets, a greater portion of the capacity of the sardine fishing industry might be
turned towards squid, Therefore, Fields believes, protective measures might be
needed to maintain the species adequately and yet allow the highest possible an=~
nual catch,

To attain these objectives, any regulations adopted would need to be based
on full understanding of the biology of the squid, he present study was undere
taken to obtain some of this information,

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 5

Chesapeake Bay Area Tests New Fish Container

Te shortage and rising prices of wooden fish boxes has been a vexing problem
for dealers in the Chesapeake Bay area, according to the Service's Fishery Market-
ing Specialist in Virginia, In an attempt to solve this problem, a new=type con=
tainer is being tested in the Hampton, Virginia, area,

In its present form the new container is a waxed carton braced with wooden
strips, Its weight and cost are substantially less than the wooden box now commonly
in use, In addition, its insulating properties are reported to assure a saving in
ice, However, the new container is designed to last for only one shipment,

A sample box filled with fish and ice was kept for one week on the dock, and
after that period it was examined, No deterioration was noted, The box is going
to also be tested under actual shipping and handling conditions, If it stands up
well under these conditions, plans call for the expansion of production facilities

for this type of container,

Danish Trout Identified as Rainbow Trout

Trout and brook trout from Denmark appearing in Michigan retail markets have
been tentatively identified as rainbow trout, the Michigan Conservation Department
disclosed in an April news release,

Under the conditions in which brook, brown, and rainbow trout can be sold in
Michigan, the Department cautions that a camercial trout license is required, It
is illegal to sellany of these trout in Michigan unless they have been produced in
a commercially-licensed hatchery or purchased from outside the State,

“1 > 5)

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH PURCHASES BY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, February and March

1951: For militaryfeeding of the U, S, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force, the
Army Quartermaster Corps made the following purchases of fishery products: during
February 1951, a totalof 2,150,482 pounds; during March 1951,a total of 2,062,200
pounds (see tables 1 and 2), February purchases as compared with the previous

month increased 26,1 percent in quantity and 27.7 percent in value, while March as

able 1 — Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishsry Products by Department of the Army

(a ans Vii eee eee
January-Februs | _____—*February _| January-February |
1951 | 1950 | 1952 1951 1950 1951 1950

1950
150,482 | 573,730 855,610 | 1,745,503 934,934 | 267,139}1,667,307 | 767,111)

compared with February declined 4,1 percent in quantity and 12,2 percent in value,
When considered with the corresponding months of the previous year, February 1951
purchases were greater by 274,8 percent in quantity and 250 percent in value,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

March also increased over its 1950 counterpart by 149.9 percent in quantity and 95.4
percent in value,

A comparison of purchases for the first 3 months in 1950 and 1951 shows that in
the latter year there was an increase of 130,4 percent in quantity and 109,6 percent
in value, Undoubtedly, this new impetus of Quartermaster buying is a result of the
expansion of the Armed Forces, :

Table 2 - Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army

REN Nen chil oN TAdiany—March ame
1951 1950 1951 1950 1951__|_ 1950 1951

lbs. | ibs. lbs. Ibs. : g meet ey :
2,062,200 | 825,541 | 5,917,810| 2,568,844 | 821,164| 420,349 | 2,488, 471)1, 187

In addition to Quartermaster purchases, the Navy during the first three months
this year purchased locally 84,000 pounds of fishery products which have not been
included in the above figures,

460

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS 1952 REQUIREMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR ARMED FORCES: Esti-
mated requirements of canned fishery products to meet the needs of the Armed Forces
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952, were announced on April 17 by the De-~
partment of Defense, The estimated total requirements are 22,400,000 pounds, and
by type they are as follows:

Type of fiat Quantity
Canned Fish In Standard Cases

Dalmon es clelerclelereiers
Shrimp @eeeaesceeoed
Tuna @eoeo0e000080080

17,300,000 | 360,400 (Case of 48 1-lb. cans)
400,000 | 30,000 (Case of 48 5-oz. cans)
4,700,000 | 225,800 (Case of 48 7-oz. cans

The canned tuna and salmon will be procured on an annual basis by the Quarter~
master Purchasing Division, Oakland Quartermaster Procurement Agency, Oakland Army
Base, Oakland 14, California; and the canned shrimp will be locally procured as
required by stations throughout the country,

These estimates, prepared by the Army Quartermaster Corps, are tentative and
subject to modification, They are announced in order to assist industry in planning
production, These requirements are in addition to requirements for operational
rations, and purchases made by stations locally as required,

The canned salmon and tuna are for consumption during the calendar year 1952
with the necessary quantities remaining on hand at the end of the calendar year to
provide a carry-over until the next year's supplies are available,

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

Fishery Biology Notes

Connecticut, This vessel will be used by the Service's Branch of ‘Fishery Biology
Shellfish Laboratory at Milford, Connecticut, to study the shellfish in Long Island
Sound, as well as their enemies, such as oyster drills and starfish,

The topside of the 25=ton vessel comprises a workdeck aft (equipped with two
hoists for dragging); the pilot's cabin, with a bunk; and between them, a compact
laboratory, The laboratory has a sink, a gas stove, and three workbenches, each
with storage cabinets above and below, ‘The laboratory will permit on-the-spot exami-~
nation of specimens, Located below the deck are the engine room (housing a six-
cylinder 165-horsepower Diesel engine); a galley; a bunkroom with two wall beds and
two closets; and, in the triangular forepoint, a lavatory, The craft, which will
eruise at 10 miles an hour, has a circulating hot-water heating system and an elec-
tric plant, The ship is 50 ft, 10 in, long, has a beam of 14 ft, 9 in,, anda
draught of 4 ft, 9 in, Copper reinforces the craft at the water line to withstand
ica, The vessel made its shakedown cruise the latter part of April,

* * KK

HATCHING AND REARING SALMON IN RESERVOIR WATER: The Service's Dorena Dam Ex=
perimental Hatchery, Cott Cottage Grove, Oregon, was 8 designed to test the possibility of
hatching and rearing salmon and Span in water derived from reservoir storage, Three
8-inch pipelines supply water from elevations of 765, 785,and 805 feet of the impound=
ment of Dorena Dam, which has a normal pool elevation of 835 feet and the tail water
is 728 feet, Installations were designed to utilize both aerated and nonaerated
water from the bottom level, the top level, and a selected mixture of all to main-
tain an optimum desired temperature, Twenty-two troughs, 24 6-foot circular tanks,

a feed room, an office room, and refrigeration equipment have been installed in the
building,

Last September the Service's Fishery Research Biologist in charge of the hatch-
ery obtained from the Oregon Fish Commission hatchery on South Santiam River about
2,100 spring chinook salmon fingerlings and 2,455 silver salmon fingerlings from
their hatchery on Alsea River, Also In September,18,975 spring chinook eggs from
the Oregon Fish Commission's South Santiam River hatchery and about 27,000 fall
chinook eggs from the Fish and Wildlife Service's hatchery at Little White Salmon
River were obtained, Since he experienced some difficulty in transporting 57,192
silver salmon eggs in December from the Oregon hatchery at Big Creek, an additional
shipment was obtained at the Oregon Fish Commission's Coos River hatchery in Janu-
ary of this year,

Shortly after arrival of the chinook eggs, a heavy mortality occurred, possibly
because of high tamperatures of the water supply, In late September, the reservoir
had been drawn sufficiently to permit surface water of the impoundment to pass
through all hatchery outlets of the dam, This meant that water temperatures exceeded
60° F, for the first three weeks of the incubation period, As a result, the stock
of spring chinook dropped to 901 on February 28, ‘The mortality largely occurred
early in the experiment and has since diminished to a very small amount, Fall chi-
nook eggs obtained at the same time also experienced high mortality; 7,506 finger=
lings remained on February 28, The growth of both lots of fish was normal in March,

The spring chinook and silver salmon fingerlings of the 1949 brood have been
maintained in a fairly good condition, On February 28 there were 1,687 spring
chinook and 2,436 silver salmon fingerlings,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

The silver salmon eggs received at the hatchery on ‘December 6 were divided into
two lots because two methods of shipment were used, Of the 28,299 shipped in burlap,
22,566 arrived in good condition; 21,217 remained on February 28, Of the 28,893
shipped in sealed jars, 25,327 arrived in good condition; 2,252 were on hand on
February 28, The entire 13,590 eyed-eggs, shipped from the Coos River hatchery on
January 3, arrived in good condition; 12,732 hatched on February 28 and remained as
fry, Of the 16,739 green eggs, shipped on the same day in sealed jars, 15,982 ar~
rived in good condition; 12,806 remained on February 28,

On January 29, an additional shipment of 15,870 spring chinook fry from the
South Santiam hatchery of the Oregon Fish Commission replaced the spring chinook
which suffered extreme mortality at the time of the high temperatures,

The diet of all the fish consists of 50 percent beef liver, 20 percent beef
spleen, and 30 percent salmon viscera, When the water becomes warmer, the dietwill
include meal,

During the winter the only assured water supply was that from the pL ones outlet
whose temperature ranged from 50°F, to 34°F, with a mean of about 45°F, Connect-
ing two of the 8=inch pipelines to the lower outlet assured ample water, Although
the winter water supply has shown no evidence of having been harmful to the fish-=
cultural operations, the study has not continued long enough to permit any conclus-
ions,

A larger refrigeration plant is planned for the near future because the present
plant was inadequate to maintain sufficiently low temperatures during the late sum~
mer months of 1950, ‘The coming summer program will include observations on the res~
ervoir so that any unusual losses experienced in the hatchery possibly can be corre=

lated with reservoir conditions,

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

GROOVED=SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS CONTINUED BY "OREGON" (Cruise No, 7): Explorations
for commercial concentrations of grooved shrimp were continued by the Service's Gulf
exploratory fishing vessel Oregon on its Cruise No, 7, ‘he vessel left Pascagoula
on February 14 and returned on February 28, 1951.

A search for trawlable areas between Cape San Blas and Cedar Keys failed to
show any smooth and regular bottom sufficiently free of coral to permit safe trawl-~
ing, <A total of six trawls were either lost or severaly damaged during short sample
drags, Two drags were unsuccessful due to fouling of the gear,

Scattered small pink-grooved shrimp and a few white shrimp were taken in 6 to
12 fathoms off Cape San Blas, Drags in 15 fathoms off Cedar Keys failed to produce
a single shrimp and resulted in badly damaged gear,

A series of 12 drags were made in depths of 104 to 305 fathoms south of Pensa~
cola, One try with a 60-foot fish trawl showed a possible concentration of flounders
in 110 fathoms, but the net was badly damaged and most of the catch was lost, Another
try with a shrimp trawl in the same area produced 24 flounders that weighed 32 pounds,
Several species, such as whiting (silver hake), anglerfish, and tilefish found in the
North Atlantic trawl fishery were taken in trawls in depths of over 100 fathoms,

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5,

A drag in 305 fathoms with a 40-foot flat trawl produced 65 pounds of whiting
(silver hake), Although this species has been taken often by the Oregon the catch
has consisted of fewer and smaller fish, The average weight per fish was 14 pounds,

A series of trawls off the Mississippi delta in the area of the new shrimp fish-
ery produced brown-grooved shrimp at the rate of about 50 pounds of heads-on shrimp
per hour, This is approximately one-half the rate found last summer and fall,

xe KOK *

be continued by the Service's Gulf exploratory fishery vessel Oregon on CruiseNo,8,
Tne vessel left on March 19 and is expected to return about April 14,

Most of the time the vessel will operate off the coasts of Louisiana and Texas
between the 92nd and9/,th meridians but some work will be carried on south of Aransas
Pass, Texas, and near the mouth of the Mississippi River,

The Oregon will make a few exploratory drags over a wide range to get informa=
tion on the seasonal change in concentrations of shrimp, but thorough exploration
will be centered between the 92nd and 94th meridians off the coasts of Louisiana and

Texas,
<p

New Jersey Fishermen to Experiment
wath Danish-Type Otter Trawl

A plan is underway at Cape May, New Jersey, to begin experiments with a Danish-
type otter trawl in an attempt to increase production, The two vessels to use the
net now under construction are standing by,and it is expected that trials will be-
gin in the near future, according to the Service's Fishery Marketing Specialist sta-
tioned in that State, This is the first time in several years that this type of gear
will be employed in this area,

The men building this gear are working with the idea that by being able to
regulate the depth of the gear in the water, fish populations moving between the
bottom and the surface will be taken, This is an indication that bottom fish in
this area are becoming scarce,

The new trawl will be used by personnel who have had considerable experience
with it in Europe and who are quite confident of success,

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

TRENDS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES: New England scrod haddock 1andings in
1950 from Georges Bank consisted of 34,300,000 individual scrod (only 18,200,000in
an average year), and only 9,200,000 large haddock (18,700,000 in an average year),
This new high resulted because the large 194,8-year class contributed 29,000,000 two-
year olds, of which 20,300,000 were below the 1-1/2—pound minimum market size; in
an average year there are 5,000,000,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Yellowtail flounder were about as abundant in 1950 as in 1949, There is no
indication of further decline in resource; the catch per day has remained stable
the past few years, The switch to trash fishing for greater financial return
caused the new low in the 1950 production,

Sea=-scallop production and landed value remained at record-high levels, Pre-
liminary catch-per-day figures indicate no appreciable decline in resource, Find-
ing new beds as old ones become unproductive maintains the level,

Ocean perch (rosefish) landings at Gloucester, Massachusetts, to March 15 equal
the 1949-1950 landings for the same period, Increased numbers of small fish are be-
ing brought in at Gloucester as a result of the "no=culling" policy,

The trash fishery remains at a high level, Sampling of the catch continues;
commercial species in the catch are negligible, according to a report Sse the Serv-
ice's North Atlantic Fishery Investigations,

opis

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

SHRIMP IN COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES LOCATED BY "JOHN N, COBB" IN ALASKAN WATERS
(Cruise No, No, TD: On a third survey of a long-range pr program m to study the shellfish
potentialities of Alaskan waters, the John N, Cobb, one of the Service's explora-
tory fishing vessels, located comercial quantities of shrimp in the Icy Straits
region, The vessel returned to Seattle on April 23 after a six-week cruise, Ex-
plorations on the previous two trips were conducted in the waters adjacent to the
Ketchikan region and Baranof and Chichagof Islands,

Waters covered on the present investigations included Icy Straits, those sur-
rounding the Juneau area, Lynn Canal, portions of Stephens Passage, and Seymour
Canal, A 20=foot beam trawl was the principal gear used, although shrimp and crab
pots were also fished, During the cruise, 134 fishing efforts were made,

Idaho Inlet in the Icy Straits region yielded excellent catches of pink
(Pandalus borealis), side-stripe (Pandalopsis dispar), and coon~stripe (Pandalus
hysinotus), shrimp, Three 30<minute tows in this inlet averaged better than 550
pounds per tow and were of good comercial size, Several drags in Port Frederick
yielded 150 pounds of mixed pink and side-stripe shrimp, and a drag made outside of
Hoonah in Icy Straits produced 170 pounds of large pink shrimp, Other areas inves-
tigated in Icy Straits included Pleasant Island and Excursion Inlet but these were
less productive,

In the Juneau region, good catches of pink shrimp were made southwest of Point
Tantallon and 30-minute tows averaged 350 pounds per tow, A number of other regions
close to Juneau, including Young Bay, Fritz Cove, Auke Bay, and Taku Inlet,were also
explored but showed only small numbers of shrimp,

In the Lynn Canal Area only light catches of shrimp were made in Taiya Inlet,
while Lutak Inlet and Chilkat Inlet both showed fair concentrations of pink shrimp,
Drags in Lutak Inlet averaged close to 180 pounds per 30-minute drag while one tow
in Chilkat Inlet produced 145 pounds in a 30-minute tow,

South of Juneau fair catches were made in Seymour Canal and the best 30-minute
tow from this area yielded 225 pounds of large pink shrimp, Drags made in Port
Snettisham produced up to 225 pounds of mixed pink and side~stripe shrimp,

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13), Nov:

Shrimp pots set throughout the trip were generally not productive and only in
Seymour Canal were any number of shrimp taken in the pots, The best pot set in
this region yielded 83 large spot shrimp or prawn (Pandalus platycerus), after fish-
ing for 19 hours,

The survey establishes the fact that commercial concentrations of shrimp exist
at this season of the year in areas not now being exploited, such as Idaho Inlet and
same of the other locations mentioned,

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1951, P. 17.

Pacific Halibut Fishery

FISHING REGULATIONS FOR 1951 ANNOUNCED: ‘The 1951 halibut season in Pacific
Coast waters opened May 1, and the International Fisheries Commission on April 17
____ announced the approval of the
\ee {( 1951 Pacific halibut fishing

regulations by President Truman
and the Governor General of
Canada,

CUMSHEWA HEAD

The 1951 regulations are
similar to those of 1950 except
in the following respects, Two
amall portions of Area 2 have ©
been designated as separate areas,
QDemely: Area 2B off the east
coast of Moresby Island inlower
Hecate Straits and Area 2C off
the west coast of Dall Island
in the Forrester Island region
of southeastern Alaska, The re-
maining portion of old Area 2
is designated as Area 2A, Areas
28 and 2C are closed to halibut

@00SE ISLAND GROUND fishing during the regular fish-
: ing season and open for 10 days
Ne at midnight July 25,at the sea-

; son when these sections formerly

FIGURE 1 - MAP INDICATES BOUNDARIES OF AREA 2B. SroruSealGthigins best ka suHeel

The purpose of this change isto
increase the yield from these grounds, ‘he present treaty allows only one fishing
period in an area each year, ‘The period allowed for the validation of licenses
prior to the opening date in the different areas was reduced this year, Afew minor
changes have also been made to provide for conditions arising from the division of
old Area 2,

CAPE ST. JAMES

AREA 2A

The catch of salable dressed halibut to be taken during the halibut fishing
season of the year 1951 from Area 2A will be approximately 25,500,000 pounds; fram
Area 3, 28,000,000 pounds; and from Area 4,500,000 pounds, Catch is also limited
to fish which with head on are 26 inches or more in length as measured from the tip
of the lower jaw to the extremes end of the middle of the tail or to dressed fish
which are 5 pounds or more in weight,

May 1951

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Commission will determine as early as practicable the date on which it

tg a

EONS
oo t
AREA 2A _77" NURSERY @& °g
if ROUNDS

'
'
:
CAPE ADDINGTON __.

(no = Séaxer
es — ‘ Ss,

CAPE BART OLOWE

AREA 2C

CAPE AUGUSTINE \\’

, FORRESTER 1S.
\
\

\ ac
AREA 2A

DIXON ENTRANCE
Neo?

FIGURE 2 - MAP INDICATES BOUNDARIES OF AREA 2C.

earlier than the closing date of Area 3,

deems each catch limit will be attained, and the limit shall then be that which

shall be taken prior to the es=
tablished date, If it shall at
any time became evident that the
limit will not be reached by the
closing date announced for any
area, the Commission may substi-
tute another date,

The halibut season opened
in Areas 1A, IB, 2A, 3, and 4on
May 1 and will end on November 30
unless an earlier date is deter-
mined upon for any area, but in
Areas 2B and 2C the season will
begin on July 26 and end at mid-
night August 4,

Similar to previous years,
the season ends in Areas 1B and
2A when the Area 2A catch Jimit
is texen; and in Areas 1A and 3
when the Area 3 catch quota is
filled, Area 4 will close at
the same time as Area 3, vnless
it is closed earlier because the
catch quota has been reached

Under permit and in accordance with certain limitations, halibut caught inci-
dentally to fishing for other fish can be retained after the halibut season is

closed in any area,

These permits will expire at midnight November 15, 1951, or
at an earlier date if the Commission so determines,

The areas as defined in the 1951 regulations are:

Area 1A = Waters southeast of a line running northeast and southwest through
Cape Blanco Light,

Area 1B ~ Waters between Area 1A and a line running northeast and southwest

through Willapa Bay Light on Cape Shoalwater,

Area 2A = Waters off the coasts of the United States, Alaska, and Canada be-
tween Area 1B and a line running through the most westerly point of Glacier Bay,
Alaska, to Cape Speucer Light, thence south cne-quarter east and is exclusive of
Area 2B and Area 2C and of the nursery areas closed to all halibut fishing as de-

lineated in Section 9 of the regulations,

Area 23 ~- Waters in the southern part of Hecate Straits off the coast of Brit-

igh Columbia within the following boundary:

from the eastern extremity of Cumshewa

Head on Moresby Island, approximately latitude 53°02'00" N,, longitude 131°36'20" W,,
to the northern extremity of the second largest island of the Moore Islands group,
approximately latitude 529,0!05" N_, longitude 129°25'32" W,; thence to the northern
extremity of Conroy Island, approximately latitude 52932'05" N,, longitude 1299241
15" W,; thence to McInnes Islend Light on McInnes Island, approximately latitude

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

51°15t45" N,, longitude 128°,3'22" W,; thence southwest by south approximately 99
miles to a point approximately latitude 51928'55" N,, longitude 131°00! 56" W.;
thence true north through Cape St, Jams Light to a point on the southern end of
Kunghit Island, approximately latitude 51°56'42" N,, longitude 131°00'5,," W,; thence
along the eastern shore of Kunghit Island to Moore Head, approximately latitude
52009102!" N,, longitude 131°03'00" W,; thence to Point Langford, approximately lati-~
tude 52909'18" N,, longitude 131°02'36" W,, on Moresby Island; thence along the
eastern shore of Moresby Island to the point of origin on Cumshewa Head,

Area 2C = Waters off the coast of southeastern Alaska within the following
boundary: from southern extremity of Cape Addington, Noyes Island, lutitude 55026t
11" N,, longitude 133949'12" W,, to the southern extremity of Granite Point, approx-
imately latitude 55°18'57" N,, longitude 133°41'25" W,, on Baker Island; thence
along the southern shore of Baker Island to Cape Bartolome, approximately latitude
55914113" N,, longitude 133°36'4,2" W,; thence to Cape Augustine, approximately lati-
tude 54,°56'56" N,, longitude 133°09'58" W,, on Dall Island; thence along the shore
of Dall Island to Point Cornwallis, approximately latitude 54,°%2'03" N,, longitude
132952130" W,; thence southwest fifty miles to a point approximately latitude 54°
27'20" N,, longitude 132°14'10" W,; thence northwest fifty-three miles to a point
approximately latitude 55°17'43" N,, longitude 134°40'00" W,; thence northeast to
the point of origin on Cape Addington,

Area 3 = Waters off the coast of Alaska that are between Area 2A anda straight
line running from the light onCape Kabuch at the head of Ikatam Bay; thence to Cape
Sarichef Light at the western end of Unimak Island,

Area 4 = Waters in Bering Sea which are not included in Area 3,

eR ROK
AREAS 2A AND 1B OPEN SEASON SHORTEST ON RECORD: The open season for halibut

fishing in Areas 2A and 1B this year was the shortest on record. The International
— ee Fisheries Commission announced on
May 16, 1951, that these two areas
would be closed at midnight May 28,
1951, to all halibut fishing, except
that provided for in Section 5 of
the 1951 Pacific Halibut Regula-
tions and Article I of the Conven-
tion. By that date the Commission
estimated that the quota of
25,500,000 pounds for Area 2A (wa-
ters between Willapa Harbor and
Cape Spencer, Alaska, not contained
in the new Areas 2B and 2C) would
be filled. No quota was estab-
lished for Area 1B (between Cape
Blanco toWillapa Harbor), but this
area would be closed with Area 2A,

ss —
Wise eg

FISHERMAN STORING DRESSED HALIBUT IN ICE IN THE HOLD OF In 1950 these two areas were
A PACIFIC COAST HALIBUT SCHOONER. closed at midnight June 1, 1950.

The length of the 1951 season for
Areas 2A and 1B would be only 28 days long, campared with 32 days in 1950, 34 days
in 1949, 32 days in 1948, 39 days in 1947, and 42 days in 1946.

No closing dates have been announced as yet for other areas.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

The Pacific Coast halibut season for all areas in 1950 was 66 days long, com-
pared with 73 days in 1949, 72 days in 1948, and 109 days in 197. Last year the
halibut season in Areas 1A, 3, and 4 closed at midnight July 5, 1950. Indications
to date point to even a shorter over~all halibut fishing season for this year,

Market conditions for halibut this year are actually not as strong as last
year, At the beginning of the 1950 halibut fishing season cold-storage stocks of
halibut were practicallycleaned out and only enough stocks remainedin the freezers
to take care of local immediate needs before the new halibut entered the markets,
This year halibut stocks on May 1 were at an all=time high—-about 6,548,000 pounds,
compared with 1,344,587 pounds on the sams date in 1950, and 1,553,994 pounds on
the same date in 1949, Landed halibut prices at the beginning of this season were
appreciably lower than during the first part of May in 1950, However, prices fis-
ermen will receive for the livers this year probably will be somewhat higher since
the outlook in liver oils is not as discouraging as it was a year earlier,

SS

Service’s School-Lunch Program Sells More Fish in Kentucky

Introduction: "Sold more fish in Kentucky"=-this sums up the results of the
Educational and Market Development school=-lunch program conducted in Kentucky during
the fall of 1950 and early 1951 by the Branch of Commercial Fisheries, U, S, Fish
and Wildlife Service, The major purpose of the program was to increase the use of
fish in Kentucky schools and institutions by actual demonstrations of proper fish
cookery to groups of school and institutional cafeteria managers, In addition, radio
stations and newspapers were enlisted to directly educate the housewives on the sub-
ject of fish and its uses,

The demonstrations were arranged with the cooperation of the Kentucky Depart-
ment of Education, and the Production and Marketing Administration of the U, S, De-
partment of Agriculture, Locations for these demonstrations were chosen so that
as many representatives as possible of Kentucky schools and institutions would have
an opportunity to attend, A total of 20 fish-cookery demonstrations were presented
in the State at which 354 schools and institutions feeding nearly 100,000 persons
were represented,

The demonstrations were caducted by a trained home economist of the Fish and
Wildlife Service, using tested recipes designed especially for meals in schools and
institutions, Frozen and canned fish were used since both were found to be gener-
ally available and at a price that the schools and institutions could afford,

Method of Determining Success of Demonstrations: To determine the success of
these demonstrations, a survey was made in 98 schools in various sections of Ken-
tucky, These schools were selected at random as being representative of all the
schools whose personne] attended the demonstrations, By checkkng their menus, pur-
chase invoices, and by direct interviewing of their school-lunch personnel, it was
possible to obtain information as to the frequency of use and quantity of fishery
products used in a period before and after the demonstations,L As a control, there
were selected at random 22 schools that had not been represented at the fish-cookery
demonstrations, The use of fish in these schools during the same period before and
after the demonstrations was obtained in the same manner as in those schools repre-
sented at the demonstrations,

I/JANUARY AND FEBRUARY 1950 WERE PICKED FOR THE PREDEMONSTRATION PERIOD, AND JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY 1951 FOR THE POSTDEMONSTRATION PERIOD.

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13,0 NowsS

Results of Demonstrations: In schools represented at the fish-cookery demon-
strations, it was found that fishery products appeared on their menus 43 precent

Results of Kentuc

Average times Average pounds
fish used per |Percentage fish used per
month per school} increase

Schools represented
Schools not represented

more frequently after the demonstrations than before, Tne number of times permontn
that fishery products were used before the demonstrations was found to be 2,1 times,
whereas after the demonstrations this Spee to 3,0 times per month, The increase
on a poundage basis was also calculated, It was found that the average school re-
presented used 81 pounds of fishery products monthly before the demonstrations, com-
pared to 111 pounds afterwards, or an increase of 38 percent, This slightly smaller
percentage increase in pounds as
compared to frequency indicated
that the smaller schools gained
slightly more from the demonstra-
tions,

In those schools not repre-
sented at any demonstration, it
was found that an increase in
fish consumption» had also taken
place, but at a smaller rate,
These schools used fish 2,0times
per month in January and Febru-
ary 1950, and 2,2times permonth
in the same period of 1951,
Practically without exception
these schools cited as the rea-
son for their increased use of
fishery products the fact that
these were listed on the U, S,
Department of Agriculture's
abundant food list, (A list of
abundant fishery products is
supplied by the Service'sBranch
of Commercial Fisheries to the
Department of Agriculture per-
iodically,) Im their efforts
to economize during this period
of rising prices, schools have
apparently been paying close at-
tention to the buying sugges-
tions made by the U, S, Depart-

DEMONSTRATION AT LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. HOME ECONOMIST ment of Agriculture, The sur-
NANEY, SHIPLEYS OF THEAUAS FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE IS yey in Kentucky indicated that
the listing of abundant selected
fishery products on Agriculture's abundant food list had a definite beneficialeffect,

2/ THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF LUNCHES SERVED DAILY DURING THE PERIOD WAS MULTIPLIED BY THE STANDARD
2-OUNCE LUNCH PORTION AND THEN MULTIPLIED BY THE NUMBER OF TIMES THAT FISH WAS SERVED. THE
RESULTING FIGURE IN OUNCES WAS THEN CONVERTED |NTO POUNDS.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AL

The net result of the demonstrations can only be considered as the percentage
gain in the frequency with which fish was usedinrepresented schools, less the per—
centage gain of the same factor in schools not represented. Thus, in represented
schools a 33 percent net increase in the frequency with which fish was used re-
sulted from the demonstrations. Such a gain can be of considerable benefit tofish
dealers. In Louisville, Kentucky, for example, one large fish dealer stated that
one demonstration there had resulted in his selling 800 pounds more fish per week.
He was able to do this, despite competition, by actively following up the demon-
stration with sales work of his own, and thereby gaining a large part of the new
business developed. Ordinarily the new demand is spread widely among the many
different dealers. But this example shows not only what a demonstration accan-
plishes, but also that local dealers need to follow up a demonstration with their
own salesmanship to derive the greatest individual benefit from the demonstrations.
The value of the demonstrations to the fishing industry as a whole is shown con-
clusively by the results of the survey.

Oven-Fried Fillets A Leading Favorite: In checking the fish recipes used by
the individual schools in Kentucky, it was found that the one for oven—fried fillets
was the overwhelming favorite. Despite the fact that it has been in many cook books
for years, most schools apparently had not been using it until they had seen it in
one of the Service's school-lunch demonstrations. Because pan frying, grilling, or
deep frying fish is often objectionable in schools on account of the resulting odor,
amount of grease used, or difficulty of preparation, the use of fish thus had often
been neglected. The oven-frying method overcomes these problems. In fact, it was
found in Kentucky that mothers were asking their children to bring hame the recipe
for frying fish that the children liked so well at school.

Promotional Fishery Program for the Comsumer: During the fishery educational
and market development program conducted by the Service's Branch of Commercial Fish-
eries in Kentucky, an attempt was made to reach the housewives with educational
material on the use of fish whenever possible.

Newspapers were furnished with material and news items on the school-lunch
demonstrations and on the use of fish in general. Most notable of these was a one-
third page story on the use of fish which appeared in the Louisville Courier—Jour-
nal. This papercirculates throughout Kentucky, and in addition has considerable
coverage in southern Illinois and Indiana.

Radio time on various stations was also obtained in a number of cities. On
these programs a representative of the Fish and Wildlife Service discussed, for
fifteen minutes, the purchasing and use of fishery products, It is quite difficult
to evaluate statistically the worth of such newspaper and radio work. Nevertheless
in Madisonville, Kentucky, one dealer stated that white perch sales increased from
virtually nothing to a substantial amount following mention of white perch on a
radio program there by the Service's representative.

NOTE: THE GENERAL FISHERY PROGRAM OF EDUCATION AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISH AND WILD=
LIFE SERVICE IN THE STATE OF KENTUCKY 1S SIMILAR TO THAT WHICH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN SEVERAL
OTHER STATES. IN SOME OF THESE STATES MUCH GREATER GAINS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED IN THE USE OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS IN SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAMS. (SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APRIL 1951,

PP, 32-6; SEPTEMBER 1950, PP. 23-6; JULY 1950, P. 17; APRIL 1950, PP. 49-51.) THESE RESULTS
SHOW THE BENEFIT OF SUCH A PROGRAM TO THE FISHING INDUSTRY AND TO THE PEOPLE WHO PROFIT FROM
THEIR INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO USE A COMPARATIVELY REASONABLY-PRICED PROTEIN FOOD. THESE
RESULTS ALSO SHOW THE POTENTIAL POSSIBILITIES OF CONSUMER EDUCATION IN OTHER SECTIONS OF THE
UNITED STATES. (ROBERT P. SEIFERT, FISHERY MARKETING SPECIALIST OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND MARKET
DEVELOPMENT SECTION, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DID THE
FIELD WORK ON WHICH THIS REPORT 1S BASED.) F

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

U. S. Pack of Canned Alewives, 1950

The 1950 pack of canned alewives amounted to 69,568 standard cases, valued at
$316,993 to the canner (table 1)—a decline of nearly 38 percent in quantity and,
Table 1 - Pack of Ca d Alewives by States, 1950

more than 32 percent in value,
ny compared with the previous
(Quantity in Std, Cases/and Valus to the Canners

year. The pack was the small-
Avg.Price
State Quantit Total Value | Per Std.Case

est since 1941 (table 2).

Std. Cases ; Camners received an aver-
39,505 f $4.56 per case for the
aryland .. | 29,325 155,156 5.29 age 0
Virginia .. |_40,243 161,837 4.02 1950 pack, compared with $4.19
Total ... | 69,568 316, 995 in 1949, $5.19 in 1948, $5.57

7"STANDARD CASES” REPRESENT CASES OF VARIOUS Sizes con- | 1N 1947, and $6.08 in 1946.

VERTED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 48 CANS (15 OUNCES EACH)
PER CASE. Practically the entire
pack was canned in 15—ounce

cans. Alewives were canned in 3 plants in Maryland and 9 plants in Virginia.

Table 2 - Pack of Canned Alewives, 1940-50
(Quantity in Standard Casesl/and Value to the Canners

aa Hee Se eae baa :
Year Quantit Pounds Value
Net _Weight EY

et Weight

Avg. Price
Per Std. Case

3,150,560 316,993

111,994 5,039,730 ‘A69 , 398
123,134 5,541,030 639 , 356
139,816 6,291,720 779,150
193,980 8,729,100 1,180,197
131,062 5,897,790 753,769
135,995 6,119,775 793,254
112,472 5,061,240 619,213
77,232 3,475,440 399 555
1,897,020 153,269

1,101,870 72,070

1/REPRESENT CASES OF VARIOUS SIZES CONVERTED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 48 CANS (15 OUNCES EACH)
PER CASE.

U. S. Pack of Canned Shrimp, 1950

The pack of canned shrimp
for the United States in 1950
amounted to 786,251 standard
cases (48 5-ounce cans), valued
at $12,773,346 to the packers—
an increase of 121,530 cases,
compared with the previous year.
This was the largest pack since
1942, The 1950 pack, however,
was only 55 percent as great as
the record 1937 production of
1,434,894 cases.

| Table 1 - Pack of Canned Shrimp by States, 1950

State Quantit
$

202,006
520,601

MISSTASU DDL es ciclelelelcletsielersieis
Louisiana eveeeseeseseosoccoe
South Carolina, Georgia,

and Alabama ..ccecccccee 63,644

MOPalletctstetstalelalalslelavetersts 12,775,346

"STANDARD CASES REPRESENT THE VARIOUS-SiZED CASES
CONVERTED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 48 CANS OF 5 OUNCES
OF SHRIMP MEAT.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

_ Slightly more than 66 percent of the 1950 pack was canned in Louisiam, while
Mississippi canners accounted for nearly 26 percent of the production. Shrimpwere

Table 2 - Pack of Canned Shrimp by Size of Can, 1950

“hy

ctual Cases g Per Case
4% ounces net (24 cans) ceccesccceces 45 1,080,583 8.42
4% ounces net (48 cans) eoccrcecsecce 141,966 20.58
5 vouncesinetm (48 ican's))) lessee slelersiciclets 11,037,819 Waysfeb)
Ya ounces neti((4Srcans))\ole siciisicls elelele 249,549 26.53

Other sizes (standard caseS) ooc.ceco

Ota wotetelelelnielelclelelelcleielalclsisicicielcle sie

20.40

[~ 855, 769 12,775,346

canned in 19 plants in Mississippi, 26 in Lovisiama, 2 each in South Carolina and
Alabama, and 1 in Georgia. The 1950 average annual packers! price per case was
$16.25, a 3.6 percent decline from the previous year's price of $16.85 per case
and 6.3 percent lower than the record price of $17.34 in 1947. However, the 1950
price was still 16.6 percent higher than the $13.94 realized in 1948.

Table 3 - Pack of Canned Shr 1940-50 (Quantity and Value to the Canners.

oan i Quant Lt yacttoni |i 12 Min Ponnds at rai aan Valuena ni |i trackers! Price

Std. Cases Net Weight $ & Per Std. Case
786,251 11,793,765 12,775,546
664,721 9,970,815 11,203,325
558,870 8,383,050 7,791,313
472,366 7,085,490 8,192,004
522,130 7,831,950 8,428,735
214,971 3,224,571 1,918,633
561,649 8,424,738 4,854,799
660 , 456 9,906,534 5,360 , 647
963,352 14,450,274 7,347 ,330
884,874 13,273,112 4,882,544
1,116,249 16,743,757 4,318,325

1/STANDARD CASES REPRESENT THE VARIOUS-SIZED CASES CONVERTED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 48 5-0Z.
CANS FOR BOTH WET AND DRY PACK.

ae

ad

Wholesale and Retail Prices

WHOLESALE PRICES, MARCH 1951: In spite of the seasonal increase in the pro-
duction of fishery products during March, wholesale prices for most varieties rose.
The wholesale index for edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) for
March was 112.1 percent of the 1947 average (see table yon percent higher than
the previous month and 14.7 percent above March 1950, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of the Department of Labor reports. March demand was reported generally good for
all types of fishery products, except for frozen halibut.

The substantial increases in fresh haddock and fresh-water fish prices reported
from February to March are attributed to lighter landings of haddock at New England
ports and a curtailment of production in the Great Lakes due to bad weather condi-
tions. The ex-vessel price of large haddock rose 7.9 percent in March, but this
increase was partially offset by a decline of 8.8 percent in the prices quoted for

4h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

frozen Western halibut and a slight drop in salmon prices. However, the drawn,
dressed, or whole finfish subgroup index (of which these items are camponents) in-
creased 1.2 percent from February to March this year and it was 5.2 percent higher
than in March 1950.

The fresh processed fishery products subgroup index this March declined 0.5
percent as compared to February, but it was still 3.9 percent higher than in March

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices end Indexes of Fish and Shellfish, March 1951, with rative Data ef
GROU SUBGROUP, AND ITEM SPECIFICATION [POINT OF PRICING [UNIT] : INDEXES (1947 = 100

ALL FIS! aND SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, and
Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products:
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish:
Haddock, large, offshore, drawn
Tresh wccccccccecescscsesces
Halibut, Westorn, 20/80 lbs.,
dressed, fresh or frozen ....see04 [New York City
Salmon, king, lge. & med.,
dressed, fresh or frozen ....eeeee
Whitefish, mostly Lake Superior,
drawn (dressed), fresh .....eeeeee
Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie pound
net, round, fresh wccscscccecces ee lew York City
Lake trout, domestic, mostly No. l,
drawn (dressed), fresh ..ceseeseee Chicago
Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (Lakes
Michi & Huron), round, fresh ..
Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish):
Fillets, haddock, small, skins on,

20-1b. tins ....... SSAerobepocEcS a 126.2 115.9

Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), head-

less, fresh or frozen .......-.00- . 82.4 84.4

Oysters, shucked, standards ....... gal. . 110.0 110.8
Processed, Frozen (Fishand Shellfish): 5 :

Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail),
skinless, 10-lb. bxs. ..
Haddock, small, 10-1b.
Collo=pack weccccccccsee
Ocean perch (rosefish),
10-1>. cello-pack ...... -
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-1d.
DIS. oococescrececececes eeccecee os Z a
Canned Fishery Products: .escsecscerecccscccecs eee ccec ccc cece cc cc ecssscccscscess ees sceces
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.),
48 CanS Per CASO cevccesccccccccce oe
Tuna, light meat, solid pack, No. $
tuna (7 oz.), 48 cans per case .....
Sardines (pilchards), California,
tomato pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz.),
48 CANS per CASE .ccccccccccccncccce
Sariines, Maine, keyless oil, No. }
dram (3) oz.), 100 cans per case ..

1950. Prices for fresh haddock fillets during the month were 8.9 percent above
those in February and 5.6 percent higher than in March a year earlier. Fresh head-
less shrimp prices also dropped in March and they were 9.6 percent below March
1950, due probably to heavier shipments of fresh shrimp to leading markets.

Although cold storage stocks continue ample, the March index for processed
frozen fish and shellfish increased 2.2 percent over February this year and was
2.0 percent above March 1950. In this subgroup, the increases occurred mainly
in frozen flounder fillets (cold storage holdings of which are comparatively low)
and haddock fillets (in spite of large cold storage holdings). Frozen shrimp
prices also rose in March this year. Compared with the corresponding month a year
earlier, March prices for frozen haddock fillets and frozen shrimp continued sub-
stantially lower, while frozen ocean perch (rosefish) fillets prices were 40.6
percent higher.

Canned fishery products prices in March reversed their upward spiral and
dropped slightly. The month's index for this subgroup was 0.1 percent higher than
February, but 33.2 percent above March 1950. Prices of all canned products under

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVEEW 45

this subgroup during March remained steady at February levels except for Maine
canned sardines which dropped slightly. However, compared with March 1950, prices
this March were higher for pink salmon by 69.5 percent, for California sardines by
22.8 percent, and for vee by 5.3 percent; but Maine sardine prices were 17.0 per-
cent lower.

RETAIL PRICES, MARCH 1951: The retail prices of all foods increased less than
O.1 percent on the average between February 15 and March 15, 1951, a leveling off
from the 1,85 percent increase of the previous monthly period. The retail food
price index on March 15 was 226.2 percent of the adjusted 1935-39 base-period aver-
age, and 15.1 percent higher than the same period a year earlier (table 2).

Table 2 = Adjustedl/Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Fishery Products,
March 15, 1951, with Comparative Data

All fish and shellfish

(fresh, frozen, & canned) ..

Fresh and frozen fish ...ccoe ESS 287. 6 28S. 7 273. 6
Canned salmon: pink .eccccoce do 502.4 501.1 351.5
IJ/\NCLUDES ADJUSTMENTS TO IMPROVE THE CONSUMERS! PRICE INDEX AND TO MAKE IT A MORE ACCURATE

MEASURE OF Nee CHANGES IN THE MOBILIZATION PERIOD (SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MAR.
1951, P. 21

Fish and shellfish retail prices have followed the general price increase trend.
The March 15 retail price index for all fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned)
was 35162 percent of the 1935-39 average, a rise of 1.0 percent over the mid-Febru-
ary average, and 16.4 percemt above the same period of the previous year.

Prices of fresh and frozen fishery products at the retail level rose 1.4 per-
cent from mid-February to mid-March this year, and on March 15 were 5.1 percent
higher than on the same date of 1950.

The canned fish retail—price rate of increase slowed down considerably from
mid-February to mid-March--there was only a slight gain (0.3 percent) during this
period. However, the total increase since March 15, 1950, equals 42.9 percent.
There are indications that canned fish prices will become relatively more stablein
the future, and become more closely related to retail price changes for all foods.

ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products

Among the procurement and reimbursement authorizations announced by the Eco-
nomic Cooperation Administration during April this year was $280,000 to be used by
Greece for the purchase of canned fish from the United States.

Procurement authorizations released by ECA for fishery products and byproducts
for the period April 1, 1948, through April 30, 1951, totaled $30,063,000 ($17, 374,000
for edible fishery products ; *s1, 149,000 for fish and whale oils; and $1,540,000 for
fish meal). The edible fishery products total consisted of $14,522,000 for canned
fish and $2,852,000 for salted fish.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

Economic sing Administration Pees es Notes

licenses for pearl essence and pearl paste. The dollar value is “a 000. Although
import licenses have been granted for this amount by the German Goverrment, it should
not be assumed that any or all of the pearl essence or pearl—-essence paste will be
actually imported by that Government, since not all licenses issued are utilized and
deliveries may vary from original anticipated needs.

FURTHER AID TO BELGIUM SUSPENDED: The Economic Cooperation Administration on
the action of the Belgian Government in supporting a private Belgian company in
attaching $7 million in Marshall Plan credits to Greece. Allotments to Belgiumwere
suspended until there is a satisfactory adjustment. Belgium has been purchasing
some canned fish under the ECA program.

ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPECTAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC MISSION TO THE PHILIPPINES :
was announced on April 6 by the Econamic Cooperation Administration. This mission
will work out with the Philippine Government the means for utilizing American grants
and loans in the most effective mamer for the stimulation and advancement of the
economy of the Philippines. The sum of $15 million has been earmarked for this
purpose for the remainder of the present fiscal year. The Philippine aid program
was recommended by a special economic survey mission which President Truman sent to
the Philippines last summer at the request of Philippine President Elpidio Quirino
to consider the economic and financial problems of the Philippine Republic and re-
commend measures that would enable the Philippines to become and remain self-sup-
porting.

ECONOMIC AID TO THE COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: The governments of
Thailand, Ind Indonesia, Burma, and the Assqciated States of Indo-China, trying tocope
with momentous problems of self-support, self-goverrment, and self-protection, ac-
cepted the United States offer of technical and econamic aid a year ago, according
to an April 6 ECA press release, and a number of aid programs to these countries

have been launched during the past year. Included among the programs upon which

emphasis is placed is one for the development of fisheries both for local consump—

tion and export.
SSS

INNS

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

- FOREIGN 4

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING FISHERY 1950-51: At the end of the 1950-51 season
(March yD the total herring “eatch was 187,200 metric tons, compared with the
1949-50 fall and winter season of 183,000 meeeie tons, according to the Monthly
Review of Canadian Fisheries Statistics for February 1951, The principal reason
quota had been filled by the northern districts in mid-January, For utilization
of this herring in principal vreducts see table.

British Columbia's Production of
Herring - Products aks

1950-51 [1949-50

Meal (metric tons) ceccecees
Oni (YOOO eels) aoaq00d00
Dry-salted (metric tons)..
Ganned ("000 cs.) .ccccoce

The results of the British Co-
lumbia herring production was 2,000
metric tons below the 1948-49 record,
0| Presently, there is a steady demand
for Canadian fish meal and oil, The
increasing dry-salted herring produc-
tion after the World War II is largely
in response to the demand for these
products from the Orient,

ek RR

at the Board's annual meeting held at Ottawa during the first week of January, the
January 1951 Trade News of the Department of Fisheries reported, Reports from the
seven Board stations covered a broad range of subjects, These included newly-found
stocks of capelin, rosefish, herring and cod in the Atlantic; the efficiency of new
types of fishing gear tested in the Maritimes; an improved dory direction finder
and a buoy radio transmitter; the control of temperatures in ships and in storage
warehouses to maintain the quality of dried fish; the possibility of using seal oil
for such things as margarine and soap; studies of the biology of the beluga, or
white whale, in Hudson Bay; latest information on the goldeye; salmon conservation
efforts and herring investigations in British Columbia, and the development of new
types of fish-processing machines,

New Capelin Stocks: One of the most interesting discoveries was that of capelin,
which were found to be : spewning in seemingly limitless numbers on the Newfoundland
offshore banks, The Director of the Newfoundland Biological Station at St, John's
pointed out that it had always been assumed that capelin spawned only inshore on the
beaches of Newfoundland and Labrador, The capelin population in the Newfoundland
area is now estimated to be at least as great in weight as that of cod, Scientists
found great numbers of capelin eggs attached to grains of sand in the stomachs of
haddock, The eggs, which were in undigested condition, proved that they had been
taken on the fishing banks some 250 miles offshore, In the same spawning area cod
were also found to be feeding heavily on adult capelin,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

Bonavista Long-Lining Experiments: During the summer and fall of last year
long-lining experiments were carried out at Bonavista, Newfoundland, The successful
experiments, originated by the federal Department of Fisheries to discover whether
somewhat larger fishing vessels and equipment could be brought within financial
reach of local fishermen, have shown that such a project could improve the supply
by catching fish over a larger area and range of depth, Extensive fishing areas
were found about 20 miles seaward from Cape Bonavista, Catches were made which
were consistently greater than the average of the long-lining boats in their normal
fishing off Lockeport, N, S, The cod were also reported to be larger than the in-
shore cod and thus more suitable for salting,

Drift Nets for Atlantic Herring: Exploratory drift.netting for herring, carried
out in the Gulf of St, Lawrence aay the Atlantic Biological Station, St, Andrews, N, B,,
gave excellent results, Good catches, sometimes exceeding 500 pounds of fish per 40=
yard length of net, were made in the Gulf of St, Lawrence, comparing favorably with
average drift-net catches in the North Sea, The exploratory fishing was carried out
by the Board's research vessel, the Harengus, and the M, V, Eastern Explorer, which
was on loan from the Newfoundland Division of the Department of Fisheries,

Light-Salted Fish Experiments: Progress of experiments on the artificial drying
of light-salted fish, which may have important results for the fishermen of the Gaspe
Coast and of some parts of Newfoundland, was reported by the Director of the Gaspe
station, It is expected that the work now under way eventually will enable the sta-=
tion to give the trade definite specifications concerning this particular drying
process,

In the meantime, a senior member of the Gaspe station engaged in these experi-
ments, which have now reached the pilot plant stage, will visit Newfoundland to
assess the possibilities of applying results to the Newfoundland product,

Plans for a modern tunnel-type dryer, to replace the old model used in the salt-
fish industry, were prepared at the Gaspe station, which also supervised the instal-
lation of a commercial smokehouse, Another unit is to be built which will be in
operation next season,

New Brining System: A new brining system for fresh and frozen fish, with which
the cet Gnawa was experimenting, has been put into operation and has been found to be
successful,

New Fish Processing Machines Designed: Widespread industrial use has been made
both in Canada and other countries of fish processing machines designed by the Pa-
cific Fisheries Experimental Station, Vancouver, The Director told the annual meet-
ing that numerous requests hadbeen received from Canada's fishing industry for de=
monstrations of the station's shrimp sorting and cleansing apparatus, fish washing
machine, and the apparatus for preserving and glazing fish fillets and steaks, To
date, 13 commercial installations have been made in Canada and elsewhere, No less
than 112 inquiries from 15 foreign countries were made for information about a
multi-purpose washing, gcaling, and sorting machine designed at the station,

Other Projects: The Vancouver station is also experimenting in the use of
fish in baby foods, and the preparation of canned cornedwhale meat, A new type of
canned prefried fish cake has been developed and is now being marketed successfully,

xe OK OK OK

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW 49

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE CREATED: The creation of
a fisheries development committee for Prince Edward Island was | Was announced on March 29
by the Provincial Government after consultation and in cooperation with the Federal

Minister of Fisheries, accordingto the Canadian Fisheries Council Bulletin of April 6.

Made up of representatives of the federal and provincial governments and of the
trade and fishermen, the five-man committee is chargedwith the formulation of a de-
velopment program for the inshore andoffshore fisheries of Prince Edward Island. A
similar committee was created two months ago in Newfoundland.

The committee is to begin its work without delay. The committee is to examine
and report on:

1. THE FISHERY RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO THE PROVINCE.
2. CATCHING METHODS NOW IN USE.

3. PRESENT METHODS OF PROCESSING AND MARKETING.

4

« EXISTING HARBOR AND SHORE FACILITIES.

The committee will also make recommendations based on sound scientific, economic,
and social considerations for the improvement of boat harbors, catching methods, proc-
essing facilities, and marketing practices. It will recommend a program capable of
implementation by the Federal Government and Provincial Government and by those en-
gaged in the fishing industry, outlining the respective contributions of each to
such a program.

* OK Kk OK

RECORD HALIBUT CATCHES REPORTED IN 1950: Canada’s Pacific and Atlantic coast
fishermen in 1950 exceeded previously known record catches of halibut, the February
1951 Trade News of the Canadian Department of Fisheries reports. On the Atlantic
Coast a 40-year record was more than doubled with a catch of 10,045,000 pounds
(dressed weight). Pacific Coast fishermen with landings totaling 18,773,000 pounds

(dressed weight) broke a 35-year record of 18,406,000 pounds.

The previous record catch of Atlantic Coast halibut was in 1911, when fisher-
men landed 4,736,000 pounds.

Considerable interest has been created in world halibut production as a result
of these increased catches andthe recent halibut importations from Europe. Although
U. S. halibut catches on the Atlantic Coast (about 465,000 pounds dressed weight) were
about 9.5 million pounds below those of Canada's east coast, the U. S. catches in
the Pacific exceeded Canada's by over 20,000,000 pounds.

@

Chile

FAO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AGREEMENTS INCLUDE FISHERIES: The field of fisheries
is included in one of several Supplemental agreements recently signed by Chilean
and FAO representatives under the basic agreement of January 26,1951, under which
FAO undertook to provide Chile with technical assistance in the development of food
and agricultural resources. The second supplemental agreement, signed onMarch 15,

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

1951, provides for help in the field of fisheries, including specifically the serv-
ices of two experts, states a February 19 American Embassy dispatch from Santiago.
One is to be a qualified fisheries biologist who will organize andinitiatea survey
of marine fisheries resources of Chile; and the second expert will study distribu-
tion and consumption of fisheries products in Chile in order to improve the diet of
the population. The mission is to complete its work within six months' time and
the Chilean Department of Fish and Wildlife under the Ministry of Economy and Com-
merce has been designated the central coordinating agency of the Chilean Government
under the supplemental agreement.

The survey andassessment of the marine fisheries resources of Chile will concen-
trate particularly in the coastal region between Valparaiso and Talcahuano. Special
attention will be directedto the hake fishery (merluza or pescada--Meluccius gayi)
which forms the basis of the most important fishery of that region. The biologist
will formulate a program of investigation into the life history, habits, and popu-
lation problems of the species with the ultimate purpose of managing and regulating
the fishery on a sound sustained-yield basis. The Government of Chile will provide
qualified men and a suitable vessel and gear to assist in carrying out this enter-
prise.

German Federal Republic

1951, the Allied High Commission for Germany agreed upon iunon ene! relaxation of a cons
siderable part of the production restrictions imposed upon the German industries

of the Federal Republic. When the agreemsnt was signed the next day, it waswarmly
welcomed by the German people, states anApril 5 American consular dispatch from Bremer-
haven.

For the shipyards the lifting of the restrictions will mean conversion of ves-
sels under construction to larger sizes, and for plants manufacturing ship engines,
a complete change-over.

In fishing circles, the repeal of the prohibition of a German whaling fleet is
looked upon most favorably. Although Germany is not as yet a member of the "Inter-
national Convention on Whaling," it is hoped that before long the Germans will also
have floating factories and killer boats.

Pe
Indonesia

FISHERIES PRODUCTION, 1950: The 1950 yield of Indonesia's sea fisheries has
not increased significantly abo above 1949 production estimated at 245,000 metric tons,
a March 7 American consular dispatch from Djakarta reports. Production is much
lower than before World War II because boats and fishing equipment have not been
restored to prewar levels; civil unrest made some fishing areas inaccessible; and
catches were smaller at Bagansiapiapi, Sumatra, one of the most productive fishing
areas in Indonesia. On the other hand, sea fishing has expanded in Celebes and
New Guinea since the war.

Production of the inland fisheries, however, has increased over the prewar
production of 147,000 metric tons to more than 175,000 tons as a result of more

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

intensive fishing of rivers, lakes, and swamps in Borneo, Celebes, East Sumatra,
and Java. Inland fisheries can be further expanded in all these areas, according
to reports.

Motorized majang fishing vessels, engines, and miscellaneous supplies for the
fishing industry will be provided under ECA aid to Indonesia.

Lack of protein is characteristic of the Indonesian diet, and efforts to in-
crease fish production have the objective of enabling a higher domestic consumption
to make up for this deficiency.

* OK OK OK Ok

FISHERIES ADVISOR NAMED FOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: The Indonesian Government
is undertaking a five-year development of its offshore and inland fisheries. It
aims at building up the industry to a commercial basis, with refrigerated trucks,
freezing facilities, modern methods of handling, transportation and distribution

in order to increase the protein food available for the Indonesian people.

In April, the Economic Cooperation Administration announced that Frank E.
Firth of Milton, Mass., accepted a two-year assignment with the agency as fisheries
officer and advisor to the Indonesian Ministry of Fisheries and Forestry. Firth
will assist in developing the program and putting it into action; and he will help
train Indonesian fisheries specialists. From 1928 to 1944 Firth was fisheries bi-
ologist and technologist for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the U. S. De-
partment of the Interior.

Israel

POINT FOUR AGREEMENT INCLUDES DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES: The conclusion of a
Point Four General Agreement between the Governments of the United States and Israel
was announced by the Technical Cooperation Administration on February 26, according
to a Department of State news release, The pact signed at Hakirya includes a re=

quest for technical assistance in developing a deep~sea fishing industry,

The agreement sets forth conditions of cooperation prescribed by the Act for
International Development of 1950, which authorized the Point Four Program, Within
the framework of this "umbrella agreement" specific projects will assist Israel by
sending experts from the United States and by bringing trainees to the United States
to enlarge their knowledge and experience in their specialized fields,

Areas in which Israel] would like to have its own personnel trained in the United
States include deep-sea fishing, railways, the ceramic industry, and ship repairing,
All of these projects are related to the broad program of economic development pro-
jected in Israel's four-year plan and are designed to aid Israel's efforts to develop
its resources and improve working and living conditions,

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

Japan

ANTARCTIC WHALING CATCH, 1950-51: Two Japanese whaling fleets took a total of
1,300,6 blue-whale unit and processed 57,232,4 metric tons of raw material for
food during the 1950-51 Antarctic whaling season, according to the Weekly Summary
of SCAP's Natural Resources Section dated March 4, The baleen whaling season of-
ficially closed on March 9, the date on which the International Whaling Commission
quota of 16,000 blue-whale units for all nations had been filled, One Japanese
factory ship and seven catchers remained for two additional weeks in the Antarctic
area to conduct sperm-whaling activities,
1/ONE BLUE-WHALE UNiT EQUALS 1 BLUE WHALE, 2 FIN WHALES, OR 2-1/2 HUMPBACK WHALES.

——— eS

tuna expedition left Japan on March 9 and 10 for the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands, These first units (eight catcher boats and an inspection vessel) will
rendezvous with the remainder of the fleet (seven catchers, one inspection vessel,
and one carrier) on the fishing grounds, The remainder of the fleet left March 15=
April 15,

The expedition intends to begin operations in the vicinity of latitude 3° N,
and longitude 140° E, and work eastward to about the 160th meridian during the
period March 23-June 9,

A representative of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers accompanies
the expedition to observe campliance by the Japanese with SCAP directives and in=
structions, An observer for the High Commissioner, Trust Territory, joined the ex=
pedition to ensure compliance with fishing and navigational regulations of the High
Commissioner; he will obtain biological and fishing data for use by the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, Honolulu,
Hawaii,

It is anticipated that the expedition will catch about 1,770 metric tons of
tuna, spearfish, and shark, About 800 tons of tuna will be frozen in the round
and may be suitable to be offered for export, Around 700 tons of swordfish may be
filleted and frozen for export,

x eR OK &

form program to modernize and democratize the age-old system of fisheries rights ,2/
states the March 17 Weekly Summary issued by SCAP's Natural Resources Section, ‘he
progress made in the first year of the program indicates that the reform can have a
lasting affect upon the fishing industry and can be an important factor in sustain-
ing democracy in Japan,

The program is progressing on schedule, ‘There is every reason to believe that
the present rights will be cancelled and the new rights and licenses will be issued
by March 14, 1952, as provided in the law, The nature of the reform and the magni=
tude of the problems involved have made it necessary to devote the first year of
the program to preparatory and planning actions, Principle accomplishments have
been (1) division of the sea coasts into 179 sea areas of similar economic and
social characteristics, (2) election by resident fishermen of a Commission in each
sea area to administer the program, and (3) planning by the fishermen and the Come
mission for the future utilization of fishing grounds,

T/THE FISHERIES LAW BECAME EFFECTIVE MARCH 14, 1950. IT WAS ENACTED @Y THE DIET NOVEMBER 29,

1949,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

The results of the Sea Area Adjustment Commission elections in August 1950
were an outstandingexample of the fishermen's reaction to their newly granted voice
in the management of their sources of livelihood. In these elections 88.6 per-
cent of the eligible voters cast ballots.

The planning for the future utilization of the fishing grounds has been a gi-
gantic task in itself. Kinds and density of fisheries best suited to further the
welfare of the individual fisherman and at the same time promote the national in-
terest through maximum sustained production are being determined for each segment
of Japan's coastal waters. Such planning includes establishing the number, loca-
tion, and contents of rights and licenses to be issued in each Sea Area. This
planned use of the fishing grounds will have far-reaching effects upon the fishing
industry. It is the first large-scale attempt to plan for optimum use of water
areas in the same manner that land-use planning is applied to land areas. The re-
sults attained by Japan will be of interest to all nations utilizing the sea as a
source of food.

The Sea Area Adjustment Commissions are responsible for developing the plans.
However, the plans actually are being originated and formulated by the fishermen
in the villages. The final fishing grounds plans will probably be completed in
April of this year.

A review of the current status of the reform program makes it apparent that
the fishermen have extended every effort to make the reform a success. This is
particularly notable because the material benefits to be derived from these efforts
are not scheduled to reachthe fishermen until the second year of the program, The
schedule for the coming year calls for the actual cancellingof the existingrights
and the issuance of the new rightstothe workingfishermen. The period immediately
following the issuance of the new rights will be a crucial one for the fishermen and
for the nation, both from the standpoint of democratization and for the production
of aquatic products. Despite progress madeto date, many obstacles must be overcome
before the ultimate success of the reform is achievedand the goal of democratizing
the fishing industry is wholly attained.

The most serious of these obstacles, and the one which poses the greatest threat
to success of the reform, is lack of finances. No sound means have been provided
for the fishermen to procure the necessary funds or credit with which to purchase
the gear and boats necessary to operate the new fishing rights and licenses that
will be granted him. Even though the rights are reallocated to working fishermen,
the former rights owners will continue to own the gear and boats unless the new
owner can obtain the necessary financing. The ultimate objectives of the reform
cannot be attained unless the fisherman can get legitimate and reasonable credit
with which to carry on his operations. Other obstacles include necessity for bet-
ter management in cooperatives, excessive numbers of fishermen, and lack of enforce-
ment of sound conservation and administrative measures.

These obstacles can be overcome, but doing so will require the assistance of
the Japanese Government and legislators. Given such assistance, Japan's fisheries
can become a model of an economy and industry based on democratic concepts and
operated according to procedures for properly utilizing an important natural re-
source.

* * KOK *

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 5

STUDY OF EXPANDING WATER USES AND EFFECT ON FISHERIES: A study of the expand-
ing water uses in Japan in relation to proper consideration of fisheries in various
watersheds in which water resources development for industrial uses is in progress
or planned will be conducted by Dr. Van Cleve, Director, School of Fisheries, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle, Washington. He arrived in Tokyo on March 20 for a
90-day special assignment as a visiting expert consultant to SCAP's Natural Resources

Section, according to the March 24 Weekly Summary issued by that agency.

At the conclusion of his field investigations he will submit to SCAP a report
which will include specific recommendations on policies to insure protection and
proper development of fisheries in these areas.

Water utilization projects often conflict with maintenance of fisheries re-
sources. Creation of dams and power plants without the erection of fish ladders
to permit passage of fish up and down stream would eliminate fisheries as a source
of foodand income for many interior commnities. Conversely, impoundment of water
resources from such dams combined with a properly managed stocking program could
be the source of higher fish production. This in turn would contribute materially
to providing much-needed animal protein food for these inland communities.

Ae

Mexico

GUAYMAS SHRIMP INDUSTRY OVEREXPANDED: Though some well-established firms in
the shrimp fishing and freezing business in Guaymas, Mexico, are managing not to
lose money under present conditions of catch and market, most Guaymas plant and
boat owners find themselves overexpanded, short of capital, and unable to cover all
of the fixed costs which are a result of their enthusiastic preparation for a rec-
ord 1950-51 shrimp season. The leaders of the Mexican industry continue to be-
seech their government for relief from export taxes, and are at present on a spe-
cial mission to Mexico City where they will request the Federal Government to as-
sist them in establishing a credit organization which will assist in the financing
of the industry's future operations, according to an April 6 Amsrican consular dis-
patch from that city.

Norway

ANTARCTIC WHALING, 1950-51: The 1950-51 season for pelagic whale hunting in
Antarctic waters, which ended March 9, netted the 10 Norwegian expeditions a total
of 1,053,674 barrels (177,534 metric tons) of oil (see table). Thus, the total

season's production was practically the
Norwegian Production of Whale Oil,
1950-51

same as that of the previous season, but
Side! awe] FOLISOSST 1949-50

with the important difference that whale
Metric Tons | Metric Ton
157,805 167,317
20,621 10,217

oil production was about 10,000 tons less
178,426 177,534

and sperm oil production about 10,000
tons more than last year, according to
a report fromthe Norwegian Information
Service in a March 29 news release.

Whale oil cee
Sperm Oil eee.
Otel atelels

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Meanwhile, the Norwegian Whaling Journal has figured out that the present whal-
ing fleet operating in Antarctic waters already includes three expeditions more than
necessary to catch the maximm 16,000 blue-whale units available each season under
the International Whaling Convention,

Observing that three additional expeditions apparently will participate in the
1951-52 whale hunt, the newspaper adds: "The only result will be that the capacity
of existing expeditions will be used to an even smaller degree than now, The total
production of whale oil will not be increased,"

NORWAY'S BIGGEST TRAWLER COOPERATIVE VENTURE: Norway's largest and most modern
trawler, Moretraal I, is owned jointly by the crew, fish exporters, and the munici-
pality of Kristiansund--one-third share each,

Built in Kiel, Germany, at a cost of 2 million kroner (about $280,000), th
630-metric ton trawler is a self-contained floating factory, designed to utilize
every particle of the catch, It is equipped with machinery to produce 20 tons of
fish meal a day, and has also an oil-extracting plant aboard, as well as ample re=
frigeration facilities,

Moretraal I also boasts the latest in electronic devices and other modern in-
struments, including two echo sounders, One of these is coupled to a radar screen,
which besides giving accurate depth readings, also enables the shipmaster to deter=-
mine not only the position and concentration of fish shoals, but also the size and
shape of the individual fish, ‘Thus, it is possible to see whether the prospective
booty consists of cod or herring, or other fish,

In contrast to the primitive quarters usually provided aboard trawlers,
Moretraal I has comfortable one~ and two-man cabins, as well as bright, sanitary
dining rooms for crew and officers,

Local interests in Kristiansund have ordered two more trawlers of the same
type as the Moretraal I, These, too, will be cooperatively financed and operated,

xe KOK OK

COD PURSE SEINING REPORTED SUCCESS"UL: The results of purse seining in the
Lofoten cod fisheries have surpassed all expectations states Norway's Fisheries
Minister Reidar Carlsen in an April 12 news release from the Norwegian Information
Service, Of the total 88,000 metric tons of cod that had been caught at the latest
count, more than 50,000 tons were credited to the less than 600 purse seiners par-
ticipating in the Northern Norway fisheries,

Still in the experimental stage, purse seining will in the next several years
be the subject of careful studies, before attempts are made to draw up laws to
regulate the use of this successful gear, Carlsen told the press that special at-
tention would be given the quality of cod caught by purse seiners, to make sure
that it measures up to the strict requirements of Norwegian fishing,

v
-f
aS

56 COMVERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 5

Peru
NEW REGULATIONS FOR IMPORTATION AND SALE OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCTS: In Peru

new regulations affecting the importation and sale of aquatic food products were
established, according to a recent American Embassy dispatch from Lima, The
regulations, embodied in a Supreme Resolution dated January 29, 1951, and published
February 7, 1951, apply to both foreign and domestic products, The resolution pro-
vides that all imported food products of aquatic origin, however preserved, mst be
inspected by the laboratory of the Peruvian Bureau of Fish and Wildlife, Ministry
of Agriculture, The Bureau will issue certificates of quality and goods may not be
cleared by customhouses without these certificates,

Quality examinations are to be in conformity with the established regulations
of the Bureau regarding such products, Goods found to be adulterated or fraudu-
lently labeled will be subject to reexportation or confiscation,

Domestic products destined for domestic consumption will also be examined by
the Bureau and those found unfit forhuman consumptionwill be confiscated, A period
of 90 days from the date of the resolution was allowed for local fish preservers
for the codification (serial number, date, and time of processing) of their products
in order to identify their origin, Companies which fail to fulfill this requirement
will not be permitted to undertake or continue processing activities,

The measure was put into effect, according to the preamble of the Resolution,
because certain preserved fish and shellfish products, both foreign and domestic,
had been found to be unsuitable for human consumption and, in some cases, fraudu-

lently labeled,

[eS
Republic of the Philippines

EXCHANGE TAX REFUND FOR CANNED FISH: A bill passed by the Philippine Congress
instituting a tax on foreign-exchange transactions was signed by President Quirino
on March 28, 1951, and became Republic Act 601, The special excise tax on sales of
foreign exchange, which became effective on March 29, 1951, is set at 17 percent
and will remain in force for two years, However, a refund of the exchange tax may
be applied for when foreign exchange is used to pay for imports of certain commodi-~
ties if proof of importation can be provided, Canned fish is included among those
commodities that are eligible for a refund of the exchange tax,

x

United Kingdom

NEW QUICK“FREEZE FACTORY SHIP: The Salvesen, a new quick-freeze factory ship,
is now being built in Great Britain, It will be an improvement over the Fairfree
the largest and most modern of the present British quick-freeze fishing vassetaney,
The new vessel will incorporate improvements based on the experience obtained from
Operating the Fairfree, It is anticipated that the new ship will be in operation
Sometime in 1952, according to the British periodical, The Fishing News of March 17,

2h
1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, NOVEMBER 1949, P. 65.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a7

VITAL STATISTICS OF THE "SALVESEN”

LENGTH OVER=ALL 240 FT., WIDTH 40 FT.

FACTORY SPACE SOME 100 FT. (A CONS!|DERABLE IMPROVEMENT ON THE FILLETING
AND HANDLING SECTION OF THE FALRFREE).

REFRIGERATED HOLD CAPACITY SOME SOO METRIC TONS.

FISH MEAL STORAGE CAPACITY SOME 100 TONS.

CREW OF ABOUT 80 OF WHOM 20 WILL BE ENGAGED IN FILLETING.

A new development for this type of vessel is the incorporation of a fish-meal
plant aboard, permitting the processing of offal, A liver-oil plant is also being
installed, This new trawler will be able to operate at sea for as long as 90 days,

This ship is being constructed in an effort to duplicate the Fairfree, reported
to be operating with considerable success in the White Sea, Faroes, and off of New-
foundland, and landing substantial catches of quick-frozen fish at Glasgow,

Union of South Africa
NEW INDUSTRY FOR ALGINATE MAY BE ESTABLISHED: Investigations of the suita-

bility of South African seaweed for the extraction of chemicals and salts, under-
taken by one of the Union of South Africa's principal fishing companies, were
favorable, according to a recent American consular dispatch from Pretoria, A
new industry for the production of alginates and other seaweed derivatives is ex-

pected to be established, Operations are expected to begin by mid-1951,

An outlet for these products will be sought in the United States,

Sw

FISHERIES OF FRANCE

An important factor in France's high level of fisheries production
during 1948 and 1949 was the reconstruction and modernization of the
French fishing fleet that was undertaken immediately after World War II
and is now nearing completion,

At present, problems of production are considered by the fishery
trade to be secondary to the problems of marketing, Considerable atten-
tion has been given to improving transportation facilities, especially
by expanding the use of refrigeration and to stimulating the demand for

fish by propaganda and educational methods,

The productionof canned fish has been increasing steadily in recent
years, The supply of raw materials, that continued to limit operation
for several years after the war, is no longer a critical problem,

Considerable progress is being made in France in the utilization of
fish rejected for consumption purposesor otherwise wasted, by processing
it into meal and oil, There is still much to be done in tne field, how-
ever, and it is estimated that at present only 20 to 30 percent of the
fish available for processing is so used,

--Fishery Leaflet 381

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

FEDERAL
ACTIONS

Department of Commerce

IMPORTED FISHERY PRODUCTS ESSENTIAL TO THE UNITED STATES: Imported articles
(necessities and semi-necessities) which are not , produced in - in the United States or
for which the United States is dependent on foreign sources include certain fishery
products, according to the March 26 issue of the Foreign Commerce Weekly issued by
the U. S. Department of Commerce. Below are listed the value of the 1950 imports
of fishery products essential to the United States and the percentage supplied by
the principal countries:

impones 1950 Counties of Origin and

Sperm O11 cecccece

Agar e@easeeeeeece

Cod-liver oil ...
Iceland (eae
Norway (15.1%)
Canada (14.7%)

The United States was able to produce the necessary requirements of agar during
World War II.

NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY
INTENSIFIED MEASURES TO ASSURE COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS: Intensified meas—

ures to assure compliance with regulations of the National Production Authority,
U. S. Department of Commerce, were announced April 11 by the Administrator of NPA.

They will include an expansion of industry surveys and spot checks on campli-
ance, vigorous prosecution of willful violators, and broadening of NPA's coopera—
tive efforts to assist industry in conforming with the agercy's regulations.

NPA will soon begin a compliance survey of a cross-section of each industry
affected by NPA controls, covering 25 business concerns in each field and including
large, medium, and small enterprises on a broad basis of geographic distribution.

When deliberate violations are found, the NPA will refer the cases to the De-
partment of Justice for prompt ami vigorous prosecution.

HH UH Ht

SULFURIC ACID PLACED UNDER LIMITED ALLOCATION : Sulfuric acid was placed under

NOTE: COPIES OF REGULATIONS, NOTICES, PRESS RELEASES, ETC. ISSUED BY THE NPA ARE AVAILABLE
FROM THE NATIONAL PRODUCT ION AUTHORITY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C., OR
FROM DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FIELD OFFICES.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Specific authorization by NPA to deliver or use sulfuric acid is required by
the new order (Schedule 3 to Order M-45, dated April 17, 1951) only in the States
of Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana.

The order directs purchasers of sulfuric acid in all States to certify to
suppliers the end-uses to which the chemical would be put. Suppliers are required
to report to NPA (on Form NPAF-47) their customers, quantities ordered, and end-
uses certified. Filing date is the 10th day of the month before the proposed de-
livery month.

ks Purchasers of 60 tons of sulfuric acid a month or less are exempted from the
order.

There is a national shortage of sulfuric acid, NPA said. It is particularly
serious in the 11 Far Western States, making it necessary for NPA to set upalloca—
tion controls for equitable distribution of sulfuric acid in the region.

Two factors are responsible for the region's shortage: lack of adequate pro-
ductive capacity to meet local needs and difficulty in transporting sulfuric acid
fram plants in other parts of the country.

‘The sulfuric acid order sets up a reporting mechanism for suppliers in all
States so that the agency can obtain a national end-use pattern and devise an ulti-
mate method of national control.

Sulfuric acid is used directly or indirectly im nearly all industrial proc-—
esses, including food testing and processing, and in the production of certain
fishery byproducts.

It is understood that NPA hopes to be able to approve all requests for quan—
tities of sulfuric acid for sale to small users—firms purchasing less than 60 tons
per month—since the amount required for these users will be only a small percent—-
age of the total supply.

KHHHE

MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND OPERATING SUPPLIES ORDER AMENDED: Certain scarce
materials have been removed from the list of products which business firms, insti-
tutions, and government agencies obtain by using a defense order rating (DO-97)
for maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies, and minor capital additions,
the National Production Authority announced April 16.

NPA said the action was necessary to insure an orderly flow of certain mate-
rials to the defense effort and to essential civilian production needs.

In accordance with the provisions of Regulation 4 (MRO) as amended April 16,
the DO-97 rating may not be applied or extended in obtaining the following mate—
rials: :

1. ALL BASIC, ORGANIC OR INORGANIC CHEMICALS, THEIR INTERMEDIATES

AND DERIVATIVES OTHER THAN COMPOUND END~PRODUCTS NOT CUSTOMARILY
SOLD AS CHEMICALS.

2. 1TEMS APPEARING IN LIST A OF NPA ORDER M-47, AS THE SAME MAY BE
AMENDED FROM TIME TO TIME (NONE DIRECTLY USED IN THE FISHING AND
ALLIED |NDUSTRIES).

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

. NYLON FIBERS AND YARNS.

. PACKAGING MATERIALS AND CONTAINERS.
PAINT, LACQUER, AND VARNISH.

. PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS.

. PAPERBOARD AND PAPERBOARD PRODUCTS.

- PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM.

OP Oe s Ol 1Ol » tee O):

RAILS, TIE PLATES, TRACK SPIKES, SPLICE BARS, RAIL JOINTS,
FROGS, AND SWITCHES.

10. RUBBER TIRES AND TUBES.

Further changes in Regulation 4 are being considered, in addition to this
amendment, but it is not expected that the additional changes will affect the list
of items given above and now excluded.

The DO-97 rating continues in use for all other MRO supplies (except those
specifically mentioned in the above list) and minor capital additions as provided
for in Regulation 4 as amended. Such DO rating shall be applied by placing on the
order for MRO or minor capital additions the symbol "DO-97" together with the words
"Certified under NPA Reg. 4 " and signed as prescribed in section 8 of NPA Reg. 2.
This certification shall constitute a representation to the supplier and to the
NPA that the person making it is authorized under the provisions of this regulation
to use the rating to obtain the materials covered by the order.

NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1951, PP. 46-7; DECEMBER 1950, PP. 60-1;
NOVEMBER 1950, P. 83.

KEK HH

CAN MANUFACTURERS REPORT PARTIAL SUCCESS IN CONVERTING FACILITIES TO SOLDER

thority and reported partial success in converting facilities for soldering tin
plate and terneplate so that the facilities can be used to solder blackplate.

Technical problems encountered by some members of the Can Manufacturers Indus—
try Advisory Committee delayed campletion of conversion beyond March 31, but by
June all members expected to have finished converting.

Blackplate cans (often used for dry food pack) are made of uncoated black
iron; terneplate cans have a combination of lead and tin on blackplate and are
used for nonfood containers, such as oil cans; tin plate, normally used both in
food and nonfood containers, has a coating of tin on blackplate.

Producers were reported reluctant to go ahead with the erection of plants for
the chemical treatment of blackplate (substitute for tin plate) because of the un-
certainties of its commercial future when tin again canes into sufficient supply.

Experiments with the electrolytic coating of .20 tin (pounds of tin per base
box of plate) were described by one manufacturer as showing no particular produc—
tion difficulty. It is not known, however, how satisfactorily such cans will stand
up under actual pack conditions.

KHKHH

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

FISHING TACKLE INDUSTRY REQUESTS RELIEF FROM BASIC METALS REGULATIONS: Mem-
bers of the Fishing Tackle Industry Advisory Committee on March 26 asked the Na-
tional Production Authority for relief from NPA regulations on basic metals, to
keep their industry operating through thetransition from civilian to defense pro-

duction.

NPA told the committee that the industry may be afforded some relief through
a controlled materials plan under consideration.

Industry members advised NPA that continued unavailability of steel, aluminun,
copper, and nickel, plus the fact that the industry generally has not yet received
defense contracts has caused the industry serious concern. Committee members urged
that the essentiality of their industry to health, noncommercial food supply, and
recreation be considered.

The cammittee said the injustry is unable to substitute to any substantial de-
gree because of difficulty in obtaining materials such as fibre glass and split
canes for rods and plastics for handles.

Economic Stabilization Administration
OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION

COLD STORAGE INDUSTRY REQUESTS NEW CEILING PRICE REGULATION: The Cold Stor-
age Industry Advisory Committee has asked the Office of Price Stabilization to
write a new Ceiling Price Regulation which would provide the industry with amethod
of seeking price adjustments where cost increases cannot be absorbed, according to
an April 3 OPS news release.

The industry now is under the General Ceiling Price Regulation (GCPR), which
froze prices at the highest level they reached between December 19, 1950, and Jan-
uary 25, 1951. The GCPR now makes no provision for individual price adjustments.

The industry men told OFS that some cold storage companies were caught in a
price squeeze by the GCPR. They said any new price regulation should allow adjust-
ments for these so-called "hardship cases." Other firms currently are negotiating
new labor contracts and it is possible that wage increases will be too big to be
absorbed in full from existing profits, they said.

In addition, the industry representatives pointed out that the GCPR fails to
provide for price adjustments for long-term contracts entered into before the gen-
eral price freeze last January. They said this should be corrected in the new reg—
ulation.

Indications were, however, that few price increases would result from the
issuance by OPS of a specially designed price regulation for the cold storage in-
dustry.

OPS officials agreed to study the industry's problem and appointed an indus-—
try subcommittee, which will supply OPS with pertinent cost—profit data on the in-
dustry.

KEG H

62

ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES TO BE ADMINISTERED FROM WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS :

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 13, No. 5

The

Office of Price Stabilization on March 26 abolished enforcement activities in the
13 regional offices to improve efficiency by establishing direct contact between
Washington headquarters and the enforcement operations in the district offices.

Under the new arrangement, which is based on the successful operation of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, district enforcement officers will report directly
to Washington, and will take their instructions and orders from national headquar-
ters, rather than having them relayed through the regional set-ups.

The offices of regional directors for enforcement will be abolished, and in.—
stead a chief inspector and several assistant inspectors will be named for each

regional office.

They will be concerned with inspection and general reports of operations in
the districts under their region, and will be jointly responsible to Washington
and to the regional director.

The district offices will each have a district enforcement director and as

many assistants as are needed.

rectly to Washington.

HIGHER FREIGHT COSTS TO

KHER

BE ABSORBED BY SELLERS:

The district enforcement director will report di-

An interpretation covering

permissible additions to ceiling prices based on recent higher freight costs was

issued by the Office of Price Stabilization on April 9.

TITLE 32A—NATIONAL DEFENSE,
APPENDIX

Chapter III—Office of Price Stabiliza-
tion, Economic Stabilization Agency

[General Ceiling Price Regulation,
Interpretation 1]

GCPR, Int. 1—INCREASES IN TRANSPORTA-
TION Costs

In order to clarify the situation with
regard to the general increase in freight
rates recently authorized by the ICC, the
Office of Price Stabilization has issued
the following rules for determinng
whether a seller under the General Ceil-
ing Price Regulation may pass on to his
buyers increases in transportation costs:

(1) Increases in inbound transporta-
tion costs, incurred by the seller in ob-
taining delivery from his supplier, cannot
be added to the seller’s ceiling prices.
The seller must absorb all such increases.

(2) Increases in outbound transporta-
tion costs on shipment by the seller to
his customers:

(a) If the seller during the base period
quoted a delivered price he must, sub-
ject to the exceptions in paragraph (d)

General

Interpretation 1 follows:

Interpretation 1
Ceiling Price Regulation

APR. 9, 1951

below, absorb any increases in transpor-|f. o. b. price, adjusted for the actual cost
tation costs. Thus a seller who sold to|of making delivery to each individual
all buyers at the same delivered price,/purchaser, the seller may pass on in-
or who had different delivered prices in|creases in. transportation costs actually

different zones which do not correspond
with the precise difference in transporta-
tion costs incurred by the seller for de-
livery to each such zone, must absorb in-
creases in transportation.

(b) If the seller sold f. o. b. in the base
period, adding on only actual transpor-
tation costs, increases in outbound trans-
portation costs actually incurred by the
seller may properly be passed on to the
purchaser.

(c) Where the seller in the base period
quoted an f. o. b. price, plus a “trans-
portation charge”, but such “transporta-
tion charge” did not represent the ac-
tual transportation cost incurred by the
seller, such sale, for the purpose of this
interpretation, is considered as falling
within paragraph (a) above and the
seller must therefore absorb any in-
crease in transportation costs, as pro-
vided in paragraph (a).

(d) If the seller sold at a delivered
price during the base period, but such
price was computed on the basis of an

eee EK

incurred. However, this method of com-
puting the base period delivery price
must have been objectively established
to purchasers, as where the seller offered
both a delivered and an f. o. b. price, the
difference being the actual transporta-
tion costs, or where the seller quoted or
billed actual transportation charges sep-
arately, or where the delivered price
varied in each locality precisely by the
difference in actual cost of transporta-
tion incurred by the seller for delivery
to the several localities.

(e) If the seller sold only at delivered
prices in the base period and now desires
to shift to f. o. b. prices, the seller must
reduce his ceiling prices, as established
for sales on a delivered basis in the base
period, by the amount of each pur-
chaser’s actual freight cost.

HAROLD LEVENTHAL,
Chief Counsel,
Office of Price Stabilization.

Aprit 9, 1951.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

REPORTS OF CEILING PRICE VIOLATIONS TO BE INVESTIGATED: Teams of enforcement
to investigate reports of ceiling price violations in three industry fields, the
OPS Office of Enforcement said on April 16.

Investigators from Washington headquarters are aiding local enforcement offi-
cials in Chicago, Kansas City, Houston, Dallas, Omaha, and Columbus and some areas
of New Jersey. They are checking into violation reports in scrap steel, automobiles,
and food.

The men will spend several days in a concentrated check of reports of ceiling
violations, and will report their findings to Washington.

* OK OK Ok Ok

Goods) was issued on April 5 by the Office of Price Stabilization. This Amendment
adds various categories of articles to the coverage of the Regulation. Among the
numerous items listed are the following of interest to the fishing and allied in-
dustries:

Category 921—Sporting Goods: fishing tackle; fishing rods;
and other fishing accessories.

Under various OPS regulations increases in ceiling prices may be provided for
manufacturers and wholesalers, all or part of which retailers may be permitted to
pass on to their purchasers, This amendment adds to the regulation a provision
which requires the retailer to determine his ceiling price on the basis of the basic
price and permits him to add to his price so determined the portion of the increase
granted his supplier which the regulation granting the increase designates as a
"permitted increase."

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1951, P. 50.

HHH

FATTY ACIDS CEILING-PRICE REGULATION PROVISIONS DISCUSSED: Members of the
Fatty Acids Industry Advisory Conmittee met on April 27 to ciscuss with the Office
of Price Stabilization provisions to be included in a proposed specific ceiling

price regulation covering fatty acids.

Among the things discussed were the commodities to be covered by the proposed
regulation, whether to stipulate delivered or f.o.b. produceis plant prices, quan-
tity and container differentials, and the means of describing the conmodities to be
included.

OPS also stated that the proposed ceiling prices would be derived from the
ceiling prices of the principal raw materials used. Ceiling price regulations for
fish oil and glycerine are now under consideration.

64, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

Department of the Interior
DEFENSE FISHERIES ADMINISTRATION

ALASKA SALMON CONCENTRATION ORDER NOT TO BE INSTITUTED IN 1951: Secretary of
the Interior Oscar L. Chapman announced on April 16 that the proposed salmon con-
centration program in Alaska would not be instituted during the 1951 packing season.

The decision waa reached on the basis of recommendations by Maurice Rattray,
Deputy Administrator of the Defense Fisheries Administration, who conducted a ser-
ies of hearings in Seattle in March to investigate the situation.

Rattray explained that because supplies and materials have, for the most part,
already been procured for the 1951 season, DFA officials feel that the savings in
materials and manpower which would result from the concentration plan might not be
sufficient to justify the cost and additional personnel necessary for DFA to admin-
ister and supervise the proposed order.

The proposed plan involved the packing of salmon in less than the total number
of existing Alaska plants and would have limited the total units of fishing gearin
operation. The program was proposed to save critical materials, manpower, andship—
ping space.

An expanded concentration plan, however, will be considered for the 1952 sea-
son, and area criteria similar to those proposed for 1951 are expected to be used
in fixing the amount of plants and gear to be utilized, according to Rattray. This
plan, he said, would depend entirely upon the state of the emergency existing early
in 1952.

If critical materials and manpower are deemed to be in short supply early in
1952, the Defense Fisheries Administration will expect the canned salmon industry
and the fishermen to do their part to effect economy in their operations. It would
be inconsistent with the intent and purpose of the Defense Production Act to con-
template, in any of the fishing areas of Alaska, the use of either materials or
manpower greatly in excess of the amount needed to produce a maximum production of
canned salmon.

HHKRHE

FISHERY ADVISORY GROUP MEETS WITH DFA OFFICIALS: Declaring that "food is as
food," Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman opened a two-day meeting in Wash-
ington, D. C., on April 16, of representatives of the commercial fishing industry
who were called to Washington to confer with officials of the Defense Fisheries Ad-
ministration and other Government agencies.

The meeting was held under the joint auspices of the Defense Fisheries Admin-
istration of the Department of the Interior, the Office of Price Stabilization, and
the Department of Agriculture for the purpose of exchanging information and discuss-—
ing problems of maintaining a high production of seafood despite shortages of mate-
rials and manpower.

Established recently as the Industry Advisory Committee for Fresh and Frozen
Fish by the three Government agencies, the industry members are representative ves-—
sel owners and wholesale fish dealers from all the important fish-producing areas
of the country who deal principally with fish in the fresh and frozen stages.

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

The meeting was devoted to production problems; a discussion of the general
agriculture situation and the program being followed as a means to increase pro-
duction of most agricultural commodities; an examination of the possible military
requirements for fish during the coming year; the present aspects of the manpower
situation; the function of the Selective Service System and the possibilities of
obtaining deferments for fishermen in critical occupations; methods of adjusting
wage rates controlled under the January 25 freeze order; a discussion of shortages
of materials and priorities assistance as well as the possible impact of a con—
trolled materials plan on the fishing industry; a discussion of the probability of
increased imports of many varieties of fish; and a discussion of price controls on
fresh and frozen fish.

ber 23, 1949,in its docket MC89207, better known as the "Monark Egg Case."

This decision confirms broad exemptions from the Interstate Commerce Act to
trucks transporting fresh and frozen fish. Shipments of these products may con-
tinue to be made in trucks which will be subject to only a minimum of regulation
in the form of safety requirements with respect to equipment, brakes, lights, and
with respect to hours of service. Trucks carrying fresh and frozen fish, provided
these trucks do not carry for compensation any passengers and property other than
exempt property as defined in Section 203 (b) (6) of the Interstate Commerce Act,
will continue to be exempt from regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission
which require that they obtain permits or licenses from the Commission, file sched-
ules of tariffs, etc.

KHEEH HE

INCREASED EXPRESS CHARGES AUTHORIZED: On April 13, 1951, the Interstate Com-
merce Commission authorized the Railway Express Agency to increase their charges
on the majority of less—than-carload shipments, including fish and shellfish ship-
ments. The increase authorized amounts to 20 cents per shipment. Present infor-
mation indicates that this increase will become effective May 3.

The authorization is made on an interim basis pending the Cammission's final
decision in Ex Parte 177 wherein the Railway Express Agency is asking for changes
in their rates and charges which will drastically affect various segments of the
fishery industry. Further hearings were scheduled for this docket during April and
May in various regions of the United States.

HHHHE

FISH MEAL NOT SUBJECT TO RAILROAD LOADING REQUIREMENTS: In the interest of
more efficient utilization of freight cars in the transportation of grain products
and byproducts (including fish meal, fish roe meal, and/or fish scrap meal), the
Interstate Commerce Commission on April 3 issued Revised Service Order No. 874
which specifies certain requirements for loading byproducts and grains. Carriers
were authorized not to accept or ship any carload shipment of byproducts or grain
in a freight car unless one of the following requirements had been satisfied: the
quantity equals or exceeds the marked weight capacity of a car; loading has been

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

carried out to an elevation not lower than 24 inches from the ceiling of the car
at its side walls; for packaged products, in straight or mixed carloads, a weight
of not less than 60,000 pounds is loaded; or loading has been performed to full
visible capacity. These particular regulations became effective April 9, 1951,
and were to expire on September 15.

However, the Commission on April 18 amended these regulations and granted any
railroad common carrier, subject to the Interstate Commerce Act, permission to dis—
regard the provisions of Revised Service Order No. 874 "insofar as it applies to
any shipment of fish meal, fish roe meal, and/or fish scrap meal because said com—
modities are listed as inflammable solids in Explosives and Dangerous Articles Tar-
iffs and tend to heat and burn when confined." This general permit became effec—
tive on April 19, 1951, and shall expire on September 15, 1951. Therefore, the
loading requirements for freight cars listed in Revised Service Order No. 874 do
not apply to fish meal, fish roe meal, and/or fish scrap meal.

erence to the proposed Japanese Peace Treaty and peace in the Pacific, the Depart-
ment of State reports that John Foster Dulles at the Fiftieth Amiversary Dinner
of Whittier College at Los Angeles, California, on March 31, made the following
comments with reference to fisheries:

"Tt has been suggested, particularly along the Pacific
coast, that the treaty of peace might itself attempt perma—-
nently to regulate the problem of Japanese participation in
high-seas fisheries. To attempt that would almost surely
postpone indefinitely both the conclusion of peace and the
obtaining of the results which are desired.

"There is, I believe, a considerable possibility of
agreement between the United States and Japanese fishing
interests. However, the treaty of peace is not a treaty
merely between the United States and Japan; it is atreaty
which we hope will be signed by all of the fifty-three
allies. Most of these nations have their own fishing
problems and their own theories of solution, which differ
widely. No quick results can be won by attempting to
make the peace treaty into a universal convention on high-
seas fishing.

"When I was in Japan, the Prime Minister advised me
that the Japanese Government stood ready to negotiate fish-
eries agreements as soon as peace restores to Japan the
possibility of independent sovereign action. He saidthat
in the meantime the Japanese Goverrment would prohibit
Japanese nationals and Japanese vessels from going into
conserved fisheries in all waters, and he mentioned spe—
cifically those off the coasts of the United States,
Canada and Alaska.

"The Japanese now see the importance of avoiding
practices which in the past brought Japan much ill will,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

and if we can hold to our tentative time-table, there
can, I believe, be an early and equitable settlement

of this thorny problem."

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1951, PP. 30-2.

KHEEK

TERMINATION OF TRADE AGREEMENT WITH COSTA RICA: Representatives of the Gov-
notes on April 3 providing for termination of the trade agreement between the two
Governments signed November 28, 1936, and effective August 1937, a State Depart—
ment release announced on April 4. The trade agreement will cease to be in force
on and after June 1, 1951, and the Costa Rican importations of certain fishery pro-
ducts are affected.

In October 1948, Costa Rica applied an exchange surcharge on imports of prod-
ucts appearing in two lists of items considered to be less essential ‘than items
not so listed. The stated purpose of this action was to improve the country's for-
eign-exchange position by curtailing imports, particularly from the United States.

Since the two lists included most of the items on which concessions were
granted to the United States in the trade agreement, the United States protested
the application of the exchange surcharge as being in violation of Article I of
the agreement. This article provides that scheduled items shall be exempt from
all charges other or higher than those specified in the agreement. The United
States made its protest in December 1948, but during 1949 Costa Rica took no
action to correct this violation of the agreement.

In an exchange of notes on April 4, 1950, the U. S. agreed to a waiver of
Article I, effective April 1, 1950, for a period of one year. During that year,
Costa Rica was expected to solve its financial difficulties so as not to con-
flict with Article I, The Costa Rican Government has indicated that it willbe
unable to remove the exchange surcharges which necessitated the waiver in the
foreseeable future, The two Governments, therefore, agreed to a joint termina-
tion of the trade agreement effective June 1, 1951.

In the trade agreement, Costa Rica in 1937 granted reductions and bindings
on a wide range of agricultural and industrial products. The Costa Rican cus—
toms duties which will be applied to these items after termination of the trade
agreement have not been announced.

The commodities covered by the trade agreement of concern to fishery interests
with the rate of duty applicable under it are as follows:

COSTA RICAN TARIFF MAXIMUM RATES OF DUTY IN
ITEM NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF ARTICLES COSTA_RICAN_ COLONES
EX 118 CANNED SALMON, CANNED MACKEREL, CANNED SHELL-
FISH, PREPARED OR PRESERVED IN ANY FORM, AND
CANNED SARDINES, PREPARED OR PRESERVED IN 0.50 COLON PER GROSS
TOMATO, MUSTARD OR OTHER SAUCES. KILO.

The United States bound on its free list, turtles, but the status of this item
will be unchanged since it is bouml free in another agreement with the United King-
dom, under the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

The Governments of Costa Rica and the United States are considering the possi-
bility of negotiating a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation.
T/APPROXIMATELY 4 U.S. CENTS PER POUND BASED ON THE CONTROLLED RATE OF EXCHANGE OF ONE

COSTA RICAN COLON EQUALS 17.64 U.S. CENTS.

68

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 13, Now 5

Eighty-Second Congress (First Session)
APRIL 195]

Listed below are public bills and resolutions introduced and referred to cam-
mittees, or passed by the Eighty-Second Congress (First Session) and signed by the

President, that affect in any way the fisheries and allied industries,

Public bills

and resolutions are shown in this section only when introduced and if passed when

they are signed by the President.

The more pertinent reports, hearings, or chamber

actions on some of the bills shown in this section from month to month are also

listed.
BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED:

Aid to Underdeveloped Foreign Areas: H.R.
(Meader) — A bill for the establishment of a commis—

sion on aid to underdeveloped foreign areas; to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs.

Collisions at Sea Regulations: H. R. 3670
(Hart) — A bill to authorize the President to pro—
claim regulations for preventing collisions at sea;
to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

Camercial Fisheries Activities Transfer: H.R.
3682 (Dawson) - A bill to expand the activities of the
Department of Commerce in accordance with the recam—
merdations of the Commission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government; to the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. (Includes the
transfer to the Secretary of Commerce of "all func-
tions of the Secretary of the Interior and the De-—
partment of the Interior in relation to commercial
fisheries.")

Defense Production Act Amendment: S. 1397
(Maybank) - A bill to amend the Defense Production
Act of 1950, and for other purposes; to the Commit-
tee on Banking and Currency.

Also: H.R. 3871 (Spence)...

Interior Appropriations: H. Re 3790 (Kirwan) -
A bill making appropriations for the Department of

the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952,
and for other purposes; to the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union. (Includes appropri-
ations for the Fish and Wildlife Service.)

Inspection of Steam and Internal—Combustion
Engine Driven Vessels: $. 1286 (Capehart) —A bill
to amend the act of June 20, 1936, so as to broaden
the application of laws governing the inspection of
steam vessels to vessels propelled by internal—com-
bustion engines; to the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce.

Inspection of Vessels Propelled by Gas, Fluid
Naphtha, ‘or Electric Motors: H. Re . (Shelly) z
bill to provide that certain vessels propelled by
gas, fluid, naphtha, or electric motors shall be sub-—
ject to certain laws relating to the inspection and
personnel of steam vessels; to the Committee on Mer—
chant Marine and Fisheries.

Shrimp Import Duty: H. R. 3546 (Bentsen) — A
bill to provide for an ad valorem duty on the impor-
tation of shrimp; to the Committee on Ways and Means,

Also: H.R. 3551 (Lyle)...
H. R. 3555 (Thompson of Texas)...

The following are additional bills introducted
during March and not previously reported in this sec-
tion:

Tidelands Jurisdiction: H. R. (Rankin) —A
bill to confirm and establish the titles of the States
to lands beneath navigable waters within State bound-
aries and natural resources within such lands and wa-
ters and.to provide for the use and control of said
lands and resources; to the Conmittee on the Judiciary.

Water Polution Control Encouragement: H. Re
(Fulton) — A bill to encourage the prevention of stream
pollution by allowing amounts paid for plants for the
treatment of industrial waste as a deduction in cam
puting net income; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

CHAMBER ACTION--HOUSE:

President's Message--Defense: House heard a message
from the President on April 26 in which he recommended a
2-year extension of the Defense Production Act of 1950
and submitted certain recommendations for strengthening
the act. The message was referred to the Committee on

and Currency and ordered printed as a House doc-
ument (H. Doc. 118)..

. CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS:

Trade sements: Committee on Finance: The Sen-
ate Finance Committee on April 26 unanimously approved
and ordered reported H. R. 1612, with amendments. The
bill would extend for 2 years the authority of The Pres-
ident to enter into trade agreements under Section 350
of the Tariff Act of 1930. The House-approved bill con-
tained a 3-year extension.

The committee approved a peril point amendment sim-
ilar to the one adopted by the 80th Congress and identi-
cal with the House-approved bill except for the deletion
of the section which prohibited the Tariff Commission
from participating in the negotiation of trade agree-
ments. The principle of the deleted section will be
adequately covered in the Committee Report.

An amendment was adopted similar to that in the
House~approved bill which would "suspend, withdraw, or
prevent" the application of concessions made in trade
agreements to imports from any areas dominated by the
foreign government controlling the world Communist
movement.

The Committee approved an amendment which would
require an escape clause in all future agreements. The
President is required, as soon as practicable, to bring
all existing agreements into conformity with the escape-
clause policy. The President is to report at regular
intervals on the action taken by him in this respect.
The Committee amendment, while following the general
principles of the House-approved bill, made a number
of administrative improvements.

May 1951

Th3 operation of the escape clause when injury
occurs in or threatens a domestic industry is set out
very clearly in the Committee-approved bill. The
Tariff Commission makes its recommendations to the
President who "may" take the action recommended by
the Commission. If he does not take such action
within 60 days, he shall submit a report to theHouse |
Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Com-
mittee stating why he has not followed those recom
mendations. The Tariff Commission, if it finds no
reason for making recommendations, must make and
publish a report stating its findings and conclusions.
The criteria for inquiry in the House-approved bill
was included in the Committee-approved bill with some
modifications.

The Committee added an amendment which would re-
store to domestic producera the right to protest in
customs courts the classification of imported articles
whether or not these articles were included in any
trade agreement.

The House-approved amendment which would prevent
tariff concessions from applying to imported agricul-
tural products if they were selling below the domestic
price support level was not agreed to.

The Committee approved that part of the agricul-
tural amendment proposed by Senator Magnuson which
would prevent foreign agreements from operating ina
manner inconsistent with the requirements of Section
22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Although the amendment regarding perishable agri-
cultural products proposed by Senator Holland was not
adopted in its original form, the Committee approved
an amendment providing for emergency action with re-
gard to perishable agricultural commodities. In such
cases, after a recommendation to The President and to
the Tariff Commission by the Secretary of Agriculture,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

‘The President may take immsdiate action, or if it is

practicable, he may wait for a Tariff Commission re-

‘port which must be submitted not later than 20 calen-
.dar days after the Secretary of Agriculture has made

his original recommendations.

The Committee took a firm stand as far as the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is concerned
by providing as a part of the bill a statement that
the enactment of this Act shall not be construed to

‘indicate that the Committee is approving or disap-—

proving the General Agreement originally made at
Geneva in 1947.

CONGRESSIONAL REPORTS :

Committee reports on bills reported in this sec-
tion of interest to the fishery and allied industries
(available only from the committee submitting the
report) :

Interior Department Appropriation Bill, 1952,
House Report No. 339 (April 20, 1951, 82d Congress,
lst Session), 38 p., printed, pursuant to H. R. 3790,
making appropriations for the Department of the In-
terior (including the Fish and Wildlife Service) for
the fiscal year 1952.

Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, Senate
Report No. 299 (April 27, 1951, 82d Congress, 1st
Session), 8p., printed, from Committee on Finance,
pursuant to H. R. 1612, to extend the authority of
the President under section 350 of the Tariff Act
of 1930, as amended, and for other purposes. Pass—
age of *his bill was recommended by Committee with
certain amendments. Amended version of bill is in-
cluded as well as general statements on the two-
year extension, peril point, withdrawal of con-
cession benefits from Communist areas, and the
escape clause.

70

LANDINGS AND

In Millions of
MAINE - LANDINGS
_NOT INCLUDING IMPORTS

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
SALT-WATER MARKET

CUMULATIVE DATA

4.Mgs. 1951 - 52.5
1950 - 53.3
1950 - 174.0

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS
HEADS OFF - FOR ALL USES

CUMULATIVE DATA

3.MQS. 1951 = 9.8
1950 - 7.2
1950 -

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE

In Thousands of
i60 CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS

COMPARATIVE DATA
1950/51 SEASON TOTAL - 355.¢
1949/50 : - 225.6

20 , 3 - 159.8

4 F
JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIGW

RECEIPTS

Pounds

MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS
BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
WHOLESALE MARKET

- 1951 - 27.6
1950 - 31.2
1950 - 107.0

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS
CUMULATIVE DATA

2 MQS. 1951 -
2 1950 -

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

Tons
CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH a6

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

Vol. 13, No. 5

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Millions of Pounds
U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS

UMULATIYE DATA

4 MQS. 1951 - 53.9

ps 1950 - 44.0

4
N2 1950 - 287.2

{o)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

ny WwW nb a Oo N @D

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA
HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

48

42

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV.

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 5

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In. Thousands of Standard Cases

MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK UNITED STATES - SHRIMP
1200;
GOMPARATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
1050) 1950/51 SEASON,
JULY 1-APR.28,1951 - «31.0
900 RiiSnmarnee ites - 624.7
750)
600
450
300
(50
| ey. 2 =
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT, OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
CALIFORNIA - TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH panne - PILCHARDS

COMPARATIVE DATA

1950/51 SEASON, 1400
AUG.-DEC. - 4,652.8
1949/50 SEASON
AuG.-pEc. ” - 3,674.6) 41200
1949/50 SEASON
TOTAL, AUG.-JAN. - 4,284.4
{000

800
600
400
200
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
510
CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL ALASKA - SALMON

COMPARATIVE DATA

1950 TQTAL - 3,235.8°
1949 |, 9 - 5,516.0
= 4/014.5

- 1951 -
1950 -

1950 - E
z Ppaaese “PRELIMINARY

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND ‘SALMON

COMPARATIVE DATA

1950 TOTAL - 768.5
ae - 931.9

STANDARD CASES

1948 432.0

INCLUDES IMPORTED FISH PACK)

*PRELIMINARY

Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wgt.
SARDINES 100 V4 drawn 3 V4 ox.

SHRIMP 48 — 5 oz.
TUNA 48 No. 1/2 tuna 7 ox.
PILCHARDS 48 No. 1 oval 15 ox.
MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 ox.

SALMON 48 l.pound tall 16 ox,

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

May 1951

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

PRICES . IMPORTS and BY-PRODUCTS.

BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE
ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN g PER POUND

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 « 1951 = 8.65
H ae 1950 - 9,38

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

U

In Millions

-S. - IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FILLETS

OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING ROSEFISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1951 - 31.6
4, 1950 - 22.8
12 1950 - 66.6

U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA hLo.4
AND _TUNA-LIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1951 - 5.9

3 1950 - 5.4
1950 _- 44,5°

*PRELIMINARY.

{e)
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL

40

IN THOUSANDS OF TONS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MQS. 1951 - 14.2
3 1950 - 17.8

12_" 1950 - 218.5*
*PRELIMINARY

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

of

of

MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING
IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS

TIVE DATA

1950 - 39.2
1949 - 36.5
1948 - 58.2

JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

Pounds
U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN
SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
CUMULATIVE DATA
3 MQS. 1951 - 10.6

3 5, 1950 - 10.2
12 1950 - 39.7

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

Pounds
U.S-IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES

( Include in oil and not in oil )

UMULATIVE DATA

3 MS. 1951 - 9.1
3, 1950- 6.9

12 1950 - 30.4°
PRELIMINARY

JAN. FEB. MAR, APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL
IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 Qs. 1951 - .9
Si O50) ter)
12 1950 - 22.1°
*PRELIMINARY

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ae =

—

Fe

Aye RECENT
SHERY PUBLICATIONS

|
5. CET te St =
Oe ee le ee Oh as +

Vol. 13, No. 5

(ate @ cw mmes- 56 tas OSI

Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

IN AND PRODUCERS OF

LIMITED

below,
THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION
OF INFORMATION,
TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:
CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS
SL - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS
FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
SSR.-FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FI SHERIES
~ DISTRIBUTION).
Number Title Number

CFS-628 - Texas Landings, February 1951, 4 p.
- Maine Landings, January 1951, 4 p.
- Fish Neal and Oil, February 1951, 2 p,
- Alabame Lardings, February 1951, 4 p.
CFS-632 - Florida Landings, February 1951, 2 p,
- Maine Landings, February 1951, & D.
- Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, Washing-
ton, 1951, 7 P.
FL -334 - Quarterly Outlook for Marketing Fishery Products,
April-June 1951, 20 p.
FL -336h- Pacific Salmon Drift Gill Netting, 6 p.

Sep, 277 - The Oregon's Fishery Explorations in the Gulf
of Mexico, 1950 (A Preliminary Report) .

Sep, 278 - The John N, Cobb's Shellfish Explorations in
Certain Southeastern Alaskan Waters, Spring
and Fall of 1950 (A Preliminary Report),

Sep, 279 - Use of Frozen Salmon for Canning,

SSR-Fish, No, 42 - Tuna Fishing in Peleu Waters (Translated
from Japanese), 26 p., illus,, January 1951,
SSR-Fish, No, 43 - Fishing Conditions South of the Marshall

Islands (Translated from Japanese), 23 p., illus,,

January 1951,

Title

SSR¥ish, No, 44 - Tune Bait Resources at Saipan (Translated
from Japanese), 15 p., January 1951,

SSR-Fish, No, 45 - Exploratory Tuna Fishing in Indonesian
Waters (Translated from Japanese), 17 p., illus.,
January 1951.

SSR-¥Fish, No, 46 - Exploratory Tuna Fishing in the Caroline
Islands (Translated from Japanese), 42 p,,illus,,
January 1951,

SSR-Fish, No, 47 - Exploratory Tuna Fishing in the Marshall
Islands (Translated from Jupanese), 21 p,,
January 1951.

SSR-Fish, No, 48 - Japanese Tuna Surveys in Tropical Waters
(Translated from Japanese), 40 p,, illus.,
January 1951.

SSR-Fish, No, 49 - The Japanese Skipjack Fishery (Translated
from Japanese), 67 p., illus,, January 1951,

SSR-Fish, No, 50 - Kishinouye's Order Plecostei (Transleted
from Japanese), 16 p,, January 1951.

SSR-Fish, No, 51 - Japanese Skipjack Studies (Translated
from Japanese), 30 p., illus,, January 1951,

SSR-Fish, No, 52 - On the Japanese Black Tuna (Thunnus

orientalis), (Translated from Japanese), 22 p.,

illus,, January 1951.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.
CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBL! CATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED

TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MENTIONED.

1F READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN,

12-1029, 10 p, (mostly statistical tables), processed,

25 cents, Fisheries Section, Industry and Merchandising
Division, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, Canada,
1950, Reporte on the fisheries of British Columbia for

DATA ON PRICES,

the year 1949, Included are date on the quantity and
value of fish landed and marketed; amount, type and
value of capital equipment; and number of persons em-
ployed in the Province's fisheries,

May 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.

Advance Report on the Fisheries of Prince Edward Island, | Handbook of Emergency Defense Activities, 92 p., printed,
1949, 12-1021, 7 P. (mostly statistical tables), proc- 25 cents, National Archives and Records Service, Gen-
essed, 10 cents, Fisheries Section, Industry and Mer- eral Services Administration, March 1951, (For sale by
chandising Division, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D, C,) This
Ottawa, Canada, 1950, Reports on the fisheries of is a guide to Federal agencies all or part of whose func-
Prince Edward Island and gives the 1949 production of tions are devoted to mobilization or to other related
fish and shellfish, amount marketed, market forms, phases of the defense program, Included are brief organ-
landed and marketed values, capital equipment of the izational outlines and the names and addresses of offi-
fisheries, number of employees engaged in the fisheries, ciala of emergency defense agencies, the Department of
and the lobster pack for 1930-49, ; Defense, and the United States Coast 3uard, as well as a

separate list of officials from whom information may be

Bibliography of Canadian Biological Publications for 1948, obtained concerning other Federal agencies,

by J, Murray Speirs, J, ki, Johnston, and Ruth Kingsmill,
127 p., printed, Research Council of Ontario, Toronto, |How to Do Business in Denmark, 76 p,, with maps, printed,

Canada, December 1950, This is a bibliography of bio- E, C, A, Mission to Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, Septem-
logical literature written during 1948 by Canadians or ber 1950, (Available from the Office of Information,
dealing with Canadian fish and wildlife, Of particular Economic Cooperative Administration, Washington 25, D, C.)
interest to the fishing industry are the subject head- This manual serves as a guide for those intending to trade
ings: Fish; Fish Products and By-Products; Fisheries; with Denmark, It attempts to familiarize American business-
Fisheries Management; Fishing; Apparatus; Conservation; men with the prevailing import and export procedures, A
Shellfish; and several other categories pertaining to picture is also presented of what the government requires
fishery study and investigation, The bibliography is potential Danish importers to do before they can order
arranged alphabetically by subject with a cross index goods or pay for them, Of particular interest is trade
for authors, References are given for related material information on: trade-marks, customs rulea, duties and
under other subject headings, An appendix lists a few taxes, entry transit and warehousing, and penalties and
1946 and 1947 publications, disputes, A four-section appendix includes a directory

of organizations in the U, S, and Denmark which can be
Biennial Report Florida State Be _rd of Conservation, 1949-50 of assistance to the exporter, traditional Danish imports

62 p., illus,, printed, Florida State Board of Conser- and exports, and a partial directory of Danish importers,
vation, Tallahasee, Florida, This publication on Florida's
fishing activities relates that its fisheries have ex- How to Obtain Best Service from Food Cans, 16 p., printed,
panded rapidly with the economic growth and development Can Manufacturers Institute, Shoreham Bldg., Washington,
of the State, Supplies are almost entirely salt-water D, C, March 1951, This booklet emphasizes certain pre-
species, and to protect these resources, the State Board cautions whica can be taken by canners and distributors
of Conservation working with the U, S, Fish and Wildlife of canned foods with a view to increasing the service life
Service, has intervened to protect and regulate the of cans and thus helping conserve the nation's food sup-
taking of these products, The report considers, in the ply, Regardless of materials used in the manufacture of
commercial fisheries section, the production and conser- cans, but in view of the reduction in the weight of tin
vation of fish, shellfish, and sponges, Oysters are coating recently put into effect by the National Produc-
treated separately and there is a brief discussion of tion Authority, certain precautions are necessary to secure
the production, exploration, development, and control of the maximim service from containers, Presented in this
the oyster industry, Finally, there is a review of booklet is a summary of recommended practices for pre-
Florida's marine fisheries research, and fishery problems vention of external rusting and control of internal cor-
and needs, Most of the statistics given in this publi- rosion, Included is a discussion of corrosion attribu-
cation are for 1949. table to canning practices and to storage conditions,
(British Columbia) Provincial Department of Fisheries Re- Index of Military Purchasing Offices (A Guide to Industry in
_ port with Appendices (For the Year Ended December 31, Selling to the Military Departments), 16 p,, printed,
1949), 112 p,, printed, Provincial Department of Fisher- Central Military Procurement Information Office, Munitions
ies, Victoria, B, C,, 1950, The first section of this Board, Department of Defense, The Pentagon, Washington 25,
report is devoted to an analysis of British Columbia's D, ©, This is a revision of a previous guide, This new
1949 production and value of fishery products, Canned edition lists all commodities (including fishery products)
salmon is considered in terms of total B. C, pack, pack which had been assigned by January 1 to one or more of
by districts, and this is followed by a brief review of the three departments for centralized procurement, In-
the salmon canning industry, The trend toward concen- cluded in this pamphlet are the commodities along with the
trating the canning of salmon in fewer plants has been departmental purchasing offices to which they are assigned,
enhanced by the transporting of salmon over greater This list doas not contain all products purchased for mili-
distances, and by reducing the higher operating costs tary use, It is planned to revise this list periodically
for canneries as a result of decentralization, according to reflect the latest purchase assignments,
to this review, Also discussed are the other canning
industries (pilchard, herring, tuna, and shellfish) and "Lampreys Must Be Watched," by James Gowanloch, article,
the production of processed fish (dry-salt sainon, mild- Louisiana Conservationist, March 1951, vol, 3, no, 7,
cured salmon, dry-salt herring, and pickled herring). pp. 17-8, illus,, printed, Louisiana Department of Wild
Statistical information on the British Columbia halibut Life ana Fisheries, New Orleans, La, This is a short
fishery is included. The review of the fish-oil and article illustrating the different characteristics of
meal production considers fish-liver oil; pilchard, her- three types of lampreys; namely, the chestnut, the brook,
ring, and whale reduction; and the dogfish and offal re- and the sea lamprey, The lampreys are divided into two
ducing plants, Finally, the report discusses progress groups, parasitic (chestnut and sea lamprey), and non-
made in the various fishery investigations, In the parasitic (brook), Although the dangerous sea lamprey
Appendices, there are several short reports on various presently playing havoc in the Great Lakes fisheries has
phases of the British Columbia fisheries, and the activ- not been found in the Mississippi Valley, lampreys of the
ities of the International Fisheries Commission and the chestnut species are appearing in unusual numbers in
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission for Louisiana waters, according to the author, While these
1949. Among the reports are included the following: lampreys have never been known to cause extreme damage,
"Contributions to the Life-History of the Sockeye Sal- they are parasitic and destroy some fish, The paramount
mon (No, 35)," by A, Andrekson and D, R, Foskett; and purpose of this article, however, is to alert fishermen
"Results of the West Coast of Vancouver Island Herring | to the danger involved should the sea lamprey penetrate
Investigation, 1949-50," by J, C, Stevenson and J, A, into the Louisiana waters,
Lanigan, The final 12 pages of the report are devoted
to statistical and historical tables of the British Light List Pacific Coast (United States, Canada, and Hawai-

Columbia fisheries, dan and Outlying Pacific Islands), CG-162, 469 p.,

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 13, No. 5

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE

SERViCE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.

printed, $1.25. U, S, Coast Guard, Treasury Department,
Washington, D, C, (For sale by Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D, C,), 1951. This new edition
lists lights, buoys, fog signals, radiobeacons, and day-
beacons on the Pacific Coast of the United States,
Alaska, Hawaiian Islands, and the outlying Pacific
Islands of the United States, Lighted aids to navige-
tion on the coast of British Columbia maintained by

the Canadien Government are also included for the con-
venience of mariners, This light list is corrected to
January 1, 1951,

"Nets in New York," article, New York State Conservationist,
February-March 1951, vol, 5, no, 4, pp. 8-10, illus,.,
printed, annual subscription $1, Conservation Dept.,
State of New York, Albany 1, New York, A brief article
illustrating the nets used by commercial fishermen in
the State of New York to narvest their catch, There
are eleven different types of nets sketched with a
description of the net, principal species teken, and
methods of employment, Nets considered are: funnel
net, brook hoop net, otter trawl, gill net, drag net,
trap net (short tunnel pound), fyke net, purse seine,
and drift gill net, Physicul dimensions ere given for
two of the nets,

"Newfoundland Fisheries 1950," article, Trade News, Feb-
ruery 1951, vol, 3, no, 8, pp, 11-2, 18, processed,
Devartment of Fisheries, Ottuwa, Canada, This article
sums up the Newfoundland fishing activity for 1950
with particular emphasis on cod, herring, lobster,
salmon, squid, seal fishing, and whaling, Cod produc-
tion decreesed in 1950 since the fishermen were gener-
ally reluctant to exploit the plentiful supply beeause
of the uncertainty of markets for salted cod, There
was, however, a substuntial increase in the production
of frozen fish in answer to the expanding demand for
these fishery products, Scarcity of herring and dis-
couraging markets lowered Newfoundland's pack of
pickled herring, Considerable quantities of syuid pre-
sent in 1950 were processed into bait stocks, witn the
remainder of the catch going into dried squid, The
decrease in oil production, the article goes on to state,
is attributed to the decrease in cod, seal, and whale
production; and also as a result of low marine oil prices
sat the beginning of 1950, Fish-meal production has
steadily increased from year to year, The salmon and
lobster fisheries proved to be highly remunerative in
both value and volume for the fishermen, The article
also embodies a Short discussion of the Canadian fishery
inspection, patrol boats, und bait services,

"Notes on Marking Live Fish with Biological Stains," by
Arnold Dunn and Coit M, Coker; article, Copeia, March 21,
1951, no, 1, pp. 28-31, illus., printed, American
Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Museum of
Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
single copies #1,50, This is a report on the experiments
conducted at the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory in an
effort to develop effective dye-marking procedures, The
authors conclude that the dye showing greatest promise
for permanent or semi-permanent marking of fish was Try-
pan Blue, and that its usefulness will be extended when
a suitable method of applying symbols is worked out, How-
ever, the authors point out that some differences in
response to the dyes by different species of fish were
observed, There is the possibility that some dyes could
be used to mark fry and young fingerlings so that they
would be distinguishable at later growth stages,

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program (Third Report
April 1949-June 1950), Report No, 172, Second Series

(GPO Cl, No, TC 1.9: 172), 174 p., printed, 45 cents,
U, S, Tariff Coumission, Washington, D, C, (For sale
by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D, C.),
1951.

Under each of the successive Executive Orders, 9832 of
February 25, 1947, 10004 of October 5, 1948, and 10082
of October 5, 1949, the Tariff Commission has been re-

quired to submit to the President and to the Congress,

at least once each year, a report on the operation of the
trade agreements program, In compliance with those orders,
the Commission submitted its first report in April 1948,
That report covered the period from June 1934 through
April 1948, The second report, covering the period May
1948 to April 1949, was submitted in June 1949,

Tne Commission's third report covers the period from
April 1949 through June 1950, It deals mainly with trade-
agreement legislation enacted during the period covered;
developments respecting the General Agreement; plens for
the accession of new parties to the General Agreement and
for negotiations with such parties; the character and
scope of the Annecy tariff negotiations; the concessions
granted and obtained by the United States at Annecy; the
effect of trade-agreement concessions on the United States
tariff; preparations for the multilaterial trade agree-
ment negotiations at Torquay, England, which began in late
September 1950 and are still (March, 1951) in progress;
changes in tariffs and application of quantitative re-
strictions and exchange controls by countries with which
the United States has trade agreements; and United States
measures wnich affect imports of trade-agreement items,
Fishery products are mentioned as a group in several places
in this report,

The principal change in United States legislation af-
fecting trade agreements during the period covered by the
third report was the enactment of the Trade Agreements
Extension Act of 1949, which was approved September 26,
1949, This act repealed the Trade Agreements Extension
Act of 1948 and extended the President's authority to
negotiate trade agreements for a period of 3 years from
June 12, 1948. The report traces the legislative history
of the act, describes its provisions, and discusses Execu-
tive Order 10062, which established procedures for the
administration of the new law,

Although no amendments to the general provisions of the
Generel Agreement were adopted during the Third Session of
the Contracting Parties at Annecy, a number of consulta-
tions and discussions relating to those provisions were
held, These consultations and discussions are summarized
in the Tariff Commission's report,

The report covers in detail the events leading to the
Annecy conference and the preparatory work for it done
by the Tariff Commission and other agencies, It dis-
cusses at length the concessions granted and obtained
by the United States at Annecy, and the effect of all
trade agreement concessions (including the Annecy cor-
cessions) on the level of the United States tariff, A
chapter is devoted to the preparations by Contracting
Parties to the General Agreement for the third round of
multilateral trade agreement negotiations at Torquay,

The report then deals with certuin trade controls ap-
plied by various countries with wnich the United States
has trade agreements, in the light of their effect on
the trade-agreement obligations of those countries,
Such controls include both tariffs and such non-tariff
trade controls as quantitative restrictions and exchange
controls,

The concluding chapter discusses United States measures
affecting imports of trade-agreement items, including
increases in United States import duties on trade-agree-
ment commodities, requests for action under the "escape
clause" of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,
and the application of nontariff trade controls by the
United States,

eview of Kenya Fisheries, 1948 and 1949, by Hugh Copley,

57 p., printed, 2 shillings (about 28 U, S, cents),

The Government Printer, Nairobi, Colony and Protectorate
of Kenya, 1950, While the commercial fishing of this
British Colony is rather limited, this publication re-
veals the inland commercial fisheries of Lake Baringo,
some rivers, and the coastal producing areas, The

May 1951

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE

SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.

techniques for fishing and marketing the products are
rudimentry because of the existing social and econamic
conditions, Tables give the 1949 estimated catch and
number of fishing craft operating on the Kenya coast,
and total catches from Lake Baringo, The principal can
mercial fresh-water species is tilapia, although the
publication suggests that a more intensified exploita-
tion could be undertaken for barbus, catfish, and eel,
The coastal fisheries are also very limited in scope,
the primary species being shark, mullet, crayfish, king-
fish, rock cod, and snappers, Some data on catch by
species and gear, number of fishermen, and number of
boats are given, ‘The industry remains, however, very
underdeveloped and steps are being tuken by the Govern-
ment to improve the productivity of these valuable
resources, Several sections of the publication are de-
voted to the sport fishing of trout, and the biological
and restocking efforts being conducted by the Colonial
Gams Department and other organizations on these fish,
In the appendix, historical tables are devoted mainly
to the annual yield of trout by river and area, and the

from 1920 througn 1948 is presented in this booklet,
Based on the statistical returns of the landings of
haddock at the Gothenburg fishing port, the object is
to show the changes that have been observed in the had-
dock fishery, Included is the yield of the haddock
fishery 1920-1948; the haddock fishery in the Skagerrack
and Cattegatt; distributions as to size of the haddock
in the catches; the distribution of the haddock fishery
for the different months of the year; and distribution
of the catches of haddock in the different fisheries,

TRADE LISTS

The Commercial Intelligence Branch, Office of Inter-
national Trade, U, S, Department of Commerce, has pub-
lished the following mimeographed trade list, Copies of
this list may be obtained by firms in the United States
from that Office or from Department of Commerce field
offices at $1.00 per list,

Oils (Animal, Fish, and Vegetable) Importers,

Dealers, Producers, Refiners, and Ex-
porters - Columbia, 17 p,, (February 1951);
lists the names and addresses, products
handled, and the size of Columbian pro-
ducers of and dealers in animal, fish, and
vegetable oils,

results of a trout and char hatchery,

Swedish Haddock Fishery During Three Decades, by Arvid R,
Molander, Series Biology, Report No, 1, 40 p., illus,,
in English and Swedish, Fishery Board of Sweden, Stock-
holm, Sweden, 1950, A compilation of available sta-
tistical data concerning the Swedish haddocx fishery

CONTENTS, CONTINUED

PAGE PAGE
FEDERAL ACTIONS (CONTD.):
NORWAY: ECONOMIC STABILIZATION ADMINISTRATION
ANTARGTICUWHALING iil950-5i0l)nleicle aisicieisisiclalelelelelaielslalcielefelsieleieresy O4 OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION (CONTD.):
NORWAY'S BIGGEST TRAWLER COOPERATIVE VENTURE 55 HIGHER FREIGHT COSTS TO BE ABSORBED BY SELLERS ........ 62
COD PURSE SEINING REPORTED SUCCESSFUL ..esececesereceses 55 REPORTS OF CEILING PRICE VIOLATIONS TO BE INVESTIGATED. 63
PERU: CPR 7 (RETAIL CEILING PRICES FOR CERTAIN CONSUMER
NEW REGULATIONS FOR IMPORTATION AND SALE OF AQUATIC FOOD GOODS) MAMENDEDMtasiiaiaeselelateelseisiieiealaieminelonejeictsierlaiisiielann OS
FREREVS ocasodcouesadesosncapoonuboUDaDoaAMsordaaodsuo. Sel FATTY ACIDS CEILING-PRICE REGULATION PROVISIONS DIS-
REPUBLIC OF THE PHIL| PPINES: CUSSEDEep reece
EXCHANGE TAX REFUND FOR CANNED FISH wesceserecererecsees 56 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED KINGDOM: DEFENSE F|SHERIES ADMINISTRATION
NEWNQUIICK=EREEZE FACTORY SHIP) sc ciciecscisicescieieiciiecnciviees (50 ALASKA SALMON CONCENTRATION ORDER NOT TO BE INSTITUTED
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: NMOS ree ieveeieieiteldeinenietsietiactcaieleiereisisteisiocieltelciesietctereel me O4
NEW INDUSTRY FOR ALGINATE MAY BE ESTABLISHED ........-2- 57 FISHERY ADVISORY GROUP MEETS WITH DFA OFFICIALS ....-.. 64
FEDERAL ACTIONS: .....- 58 INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE: DECISION CONTINUES EXEMPTION OF MANY TRUCKS CARRYING
IMPORTED FISHERY PRODUCTS ESSENTIAL TO THE UNITED STATES 58 RRESHMANDEGROZENDEISH mertmeeteistetatcisleleleisieteisinteietereisierelsteie-fel- mm OD
NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY: INCREASED EXPRESS CHARGES AUTHORIZED ...csecesereeeseres 65
INTENSIFIED MEASURES TO ASSURE COMPLIANCE WITH REGU- FISH MEAL NOT SUBJECT TO RAILROAD LOADING REQUIREMENTS . 65
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
FISHERIES NOT TO BE SPECIFICALLY INCLUDED IN JAPANESE
PENSE WHEN? pacodcacacodsanoosndOOCUasOsbEAcDHDeHOgsCO ES
TERMINATION OF TRADE AGREEMENT WITH COSTA RIC.
EIGHTY-SECOND CONGRESS (FIRST SESSION), APRIL 1951 ...... 68
GRUFIE abo anososo0g0 douogocagn dau aon IoOsOsO4D00NC00R0008
EANDIINGSWANDEREGE||PTSieetentetstetisteleisiaisteteleteletsivistelstelerels alee leieietse meen
COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS AND FREEZINGS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS . 71

FOREIGN (CONTD.):

ccc c cere ccnscccresesessses O63

LATIONS ce cccrecececeserecasssssesecsresssenecene = 29.
SULFURIC ACID PLACED UNDER LIMITED ALLOCATION .......2. 58
MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND OPERATING SUPPLIES ORDER

AMENDED 2... csecececescsesseccescseserereseccrssereses OF
CAN MANUFACTURERS REPORT PARTIAL SUCCESS IN CONVERTING

FACILITIES TO SOLDER BLACKPLATE wccverecssescnesereres 60
FISHING TACKLE INDUSTRY REQUESTS RELIEF FROM BASIC

METALS REGULATIONS ...csecececcseccsereserecesesssesee Ol

ECONOMIC STABILIZATION ADMINISTRATION: CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS ...see+erercce 72
OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION: PRICES, |!MPORTS, ANO BYPRODUCTS 73
COLD STORAGE INDUSTRY REQUESTS NEW CEILING PRICE RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: .... 74
REGULATION ...0-cccrccenccerercsccesececssesecessseecs OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBL| 74

ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES TO BE ADMINISTERED FROM WASH=

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS .cacececececeserscecereceseces 74
INGTONBHEAD QUARTERS Muntstetuettlelieieisicleisioleielsisistctelieieieteisisteieu OC, Y :

[llustrator-- Gustaf T. Sundstrom
Compositors-- Jean Zalevsky, Carolyn Wood, Betty Coakley

Photograph and sketch credits: Cover--Shige; pp. 1, 2, 4, and 5—-Wm. C.
Herrington; p. 3--Sydney Shapiro; pp. 36 and 357--Wm. T. Hutchins; p. 40--
courtesy of Courier-Journal and Louisville Times,

INTERIOR--DUPLICATING SECTION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
JOB #97217

COMMERCIAL SALMON TROLLING

Troll fishing on the Pacific Coast essentially involves the use of a moving
lure or baited hook at a desired depth in the water, Commercial Salmon Trolling,

TROLLING CRAFT, SHOWING POSITION OF POLES

WHILE FISHING AND WHEN UPRIGHT

Fishery Leaflet 387, recently
issued by the Service's Branch
of Commercial Fisheries, explains
the gear and methods usedin the
Pacific Coast commercial salmon
troll fishery, This 8-page il-
lustrated publication describes
themain trolling line, the lead-
ers, bait and baiting, use of
stabilizers, and actual fishing
operations, Illustrations ac-
companymany of the descriptions,

In the fifty years follow-
ing the discovery that king or
chinook and silver orcoho salmon
would strike a moving lure or
bait, the troll fishery has de-
veloped into one of the most
extensive fisheries on the Pa-
cific Coast, It nowextends from

central California to southeastern Alaska, and during
ach recent years has involved as many as 3,400 United
AQ States trolling craft,

Commercial trolling craft vary considerably in size and
design, but the usual length is from 30 to 60 feet, Whereas
the earlier craft were generallyof a double-end design, i,e.,
both the bow and stern pointed, the recent trend has been
toward the horseshoe-type stern, Irrespective of size and
design, however, a trolling craft can always be identified
by the long upright poles which are used to keep the lines
clear of the boat,

Free copies of Fishery Leaflet 337 are available upon
reyuest fromthe Division of Information,U, S, Fish and Wild-
life Service, Washington eee

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