AY$E 3X Fishes COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Mul AUGUST 1951 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary ALBERT M. DAY, Director COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A. W. Anderson , Editor R.T. Whiteleather, Associate Editor J. Pileggi and £.G.Gruis, Assistant Editors Applications for COMMERGIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed tree to members oft the fishery industries and allied interests,should be addressed to the Director, Fish ond Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C. The contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to the source will be apprecioted. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of material from outside sources. The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, December 15,1949 eT CONTENTS COVER: VIEW OF WATER TUNNEL (USED IN ALBACORE TAGGING EXPERIMENTS) SHOWING APPROACH AND DISCHARGE PIPES. PAGE EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF FISH TAGS ON ALBACORE IN A WATER TUNNEL,: BY DAYTON L. ALVERSON AND HARRY H. CHENOWETH ..... PRGhoeGi | eee ee PAGE PAGE RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES ....s+ecesesereveees eats ttc SOW] RORENGNGA sc cetetsrele cic atelraustereinetslara. «gis alblelacofeiateietsieterisiate eset eee TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ..eseseeeeeteneeeseres ae So INTERNAT 1 ONAL ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U.S. FISHING VESSELS ........-- 10 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION CHANGES SARDINE FISHERY LAWS ..... 10 COUNCIL MEETS IN ROME HEADQUARTERS ........- Oeooc 3 ee CALIFORNIA'S 1951-52 SARDINE CATCH FORECAST AT 285,000 WHALING’ Te, Shin ca bdehe cums ocbeecoEnedoonduaes bc epee THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL WHALING FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS ........+e-e- V2 COMMISSION cece eeseseseeeeeuee Soeao a “ea FREEZING-FISH-AT-SEA TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES: ... LA NT WHALE OIL PRODUCTION ALMOST SOLD OUT .....seeceeees 27 DELAWARE ON BIOLOGICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL JOINT CRUISE ..... 12 BELGIUM: DELAWARE EXPERIENCES DIFFICULTY WITH FREEZING EQUIPMENT NEW AUTOMATIC SARD| NE COOKER DEVELOPED ..... naeaane) ceo CIS= KEG 2) Goadudeaonagupooobonc code 12 CANADA DELAWARE TO BE USED FOR CENSUS OF GEORGES BANK .. 13 BRITISH COLUMBIA 1951 SALMON PACK TRENDS .......s.++- 28 LAKE ERIE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE FORMED . 13 NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES, 1950 .esevevesececececevenens 29 MARYLAND TO STUDY OYSTERS IN CHINCOTEAGUE BAY ... Pe ile! NEWFOUNDLAND CONVERTING TWO LABRADOR SCHOONERS FOR MICHIGAN SELLS THREE MUSSEL LICENSES ........ cehay arene Bete LONG-LINING .e.eeeees onecog ata et wiatatstarebalateoosonta tes Snags weet NEW ENGLAND TUNA EXPLORATIONS: ....esseereseeeves 14 COSTA RICA: WESTERN EXPLORER PURSE SEINES BLUEFIN TUNA OFF CAPE COD 14 EXCHANGE CONTROL LAW COVERING RE-EXPORTS AND TRANS- WESTERN EXPLORER TO SEARCH FOR BLUEFIN TUNA FURTHER SHIPMENTS OF FISH AMENDED ...ccuseeeceeesecseeresees 34 Peal onnnesdsoded cauonoonoboNesccogdaconn Reet) ERITREA: WESTERN EXPLORER LANDS MORE BLUEFIN TUNA (GRUISE NO. 4) 15 FISHERIES REPORT, 1950 ...csecesecececeessceeteeerere 35 ANOTHER TRIP OF BLUEFIN TUNA LANDED BY WESTERN EXPLORER GAMBIA (CRUISE NO. 5) .... Aconcendongdoooubocua, ik FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL TO OPERATE OFF THE GAMBIAN NEW LEGISLATION GOVERNS OPERATION OF REFRIGERATED WARE- Ce) Suiicagoongododdunegocouuanbonoanonadoboooncdoons. SSI HOUSES IN NEW JERSEY ..-eseceeeeaees soorinosc LE FLOATING FACTORY SHIP TO DEVELOP WEST AFRICAN FISH= NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: .. 17 ERIES setae srstetey etciaeinie cists tarete delete eiate etek steamers atc cts telstatlete otita (aya) GEORGES BANK 1951 CENSUS (FIRST PHASE) 17 GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: «...+..+++ese- 18 NEW ELECTROSTATIC SMOKER DEVELOPED ......ceseseaeuees 36 COBB COMPLETES SEASON'S ALBACORE EXPLORAT | ONS GREECE: GRUISENNOFAG)otouae oer aanieareace Meisietoe elaccta Bah athe} GREEK-NORWEGIAN TRADE AGREEMENT EXTENDED .....seee0e5 37 OUT&OOK FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS FOR SECOND HALF OF 1951 . 19 GREENLAND: PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: ...s.eeeeeee 20 FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT IN 1950 ..ccsesscaccesececseess 37 EXPERIMENTAL GILL-NET TUNA FISHING OPERATIONS OFF HAWAL| 20 NEW FISHING, TRAPPING, AND HUNTING REGULATIONS ...... 37 CALIFORNIA FURS s SEINE SKIPPER APPOINTED TEMPORARY ICELAND: eb OF JOHN R. MANNING ....seseeeeee baepepos 20 SUMMER HERRING FISHERY PROSPECTS ....seceseeesesseees 38 JOHN R. MANNING CONTINUES EXPERIMENTAL TUNA PURSE-SEIN- TRADE AGREEMENT SIGNED WITH BRAZIL .....eeeeereseeees 40 ING OPERATIONS (CRUISE VI1-B) .....- i Ace nanecoacey al ISRAEL OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN HAWAIIAN WATERS BY Hus HM. DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES, 1950 ...csesceeeecceseesess 40 SMITH (CRUISE X) .....eseeeeeees Ree RPE ORIN rare rete Cclatey fate 22 JAPAN: PACIFIC PILCHARDS REPORTED MOVING NORTH EARLIER THAN IN AVAILABILITY OF FISHING CRAFT FOR KOREAN FISHING IN- WO} Gooopdocandood c nébuadornacne aoce eon he Goosae ice Wee pabadookoocadsaauane eerie We Me els SaaS WISCONSIN ADOPTS CARP MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR LAKE KOSH- FISHING GROUNDS PLANNING NEARS COMPLETION ........... 42 KONGHGEn eh cantete taisetsieelaiarce erate 23 MEX1 CO: WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES: 23 FORMATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL SHRIMP ASSOCIATION .... 46 WHOLESALE PRICES, JUNE 1951 23 SHRIMP SEASON OPENING ON WEST COAST MAY BE ADVANCED RETAIL PRICES, JUNE 195] .... 25 BY ONE MONTH ......004. Jancisodan oserbbrodmuce a tee 47 WORK ON MAZATLAN FREEZERS GOES FORWARD . ne 47 CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 87 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW August i951 Washington 25, D.C. Vol.13, No.8 EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF FISH TAGS ON ALBACORE IN A WATER TUNNEL By Dayton L. Alverson®™ and Harry H. Chenoweth** INTRODUCTION Albacore tuna tagging (as an adjunct to the North Pacific fisheries exploration program of the Branch of Commercial Fisheries of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice) was carried out during the summer of 1950 aboard the vessel John N. Cobb (Pow- ell, 1950). The tagging was undertaken in an effort to ascertain the practicability of using tags as one means of tracing the movements and migration patterns of alba- core tuna in the fishery off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and adjacent regions. During the exploratory fishing and gear-testing activities of the North Pacific tuna (exploration) survey, a number of albacore were caught which were surplus to program needs. Thus, an opportunity was presented for gaining practical experience with tag— ging problems including the development of suitable techniques for handling albacore during tagging operations. Because previous experiments in tagging of several spe- cies oftuna by various investigators have met with little or no success, difficul- ties were expected. Due to the relatively high velocity at which albacore move through the water, one of the first questions concerned the effect of the swimming speed on the loosening or tearing out of external tags applied to the fish. A total of 397 albacore was tagged with Peterson disc tags 14.5 mm. in diame— ter and 35 were tagged with 16 mm. x 3 m. plastic strip tags, attached either at the base of the second dorsal or on the caudal keel. Although no tagged fish were recovered, a letter from the Oregon Fish Commission stating that an albacore bearing tag marks had been landed at Astoria, Oregon, suggested that the fish were surviv— ing the tagging ordeal but that the tags were somehow being detached from the fish. It seemed plausible that the velocities at which albacore are capable of swimming might well exert a force which would be sufficient to tear loose and free from the fish these types of tags. If this is true, the tag designed for albacore or other swift-swimming fish must not only be chosen according to sound biological principles, but must also be so designed as to withstand the physical forces that will be cre- atedby movement of the fish through the water. A tag that would satisfy these con- ditions might possibly be found by a trial-and-error tagging program; however, the authors believed that certain physical characteristics of fish tags could be tested under laboratory conditions. To conduct these laboratory tests, a water tunnel was constructed in which tags attached to fish could be observed while subjected to va- rious water velocities. The experiments were carried out at» the University of Washington Hydraulics Laboratory at Seattle, Washington, and the authors wish to express their apprecia— tion for suggestions and help contributed by its members, Thanks are also extended * FISHERY ENGINEER, EXPLORATORY FISHiNG AND GEAR DEVELOPMENT SECTION, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. **CONSULTING CIVIL ENGINEER, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SEATTLE} WASHINGTON. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 to the California Department of Fish and Game, Oregon Fish Commission, Washington State Department of Fisheries, and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada for sub— mitting samples of fish tags used by their organizations. EQUIPMENT USED The water tunnel was essentially a 5-foot-—long box (8 inches wide and 10 inches deep) with channel steel sides and clear lu- cite top and bottom (see cover). Along the sides, teak wood was designed in a fusi-form pattern to keep the distribution of water velocity past the fish nearly constant by maintaining the net flow area approximately equal. The entrance of the tunnel section was well rounded to eliminate eddy cur- rents, and the kinetic en- ergy in this section was partially recovered by an expander section down- stream from the tunnel. TAH ah The fish was heldin place by two transverse FIGURE 1 - FISH HOLDERS AND WASHERS. rods through the body. The ends of the rods were carried in sockets on each. side of the tunnel. Originally, brass holders wereused, consisting of 3/8-inch brass rods that were screwed out from an internally-threaded 1/2-inch rod through the fish. These proved inadequate both as to strength andto speed of assembly and were replaced with 3/8-inch standard pipes (see figure 1), that were held in place by 3/8-inch steel rods inserted through the pipes from the exterior of the tunnel. These new holders were considerable timesavers and of ade— quate strength. Cup-shaped aluminum washers, bolted against the fish, held it against any lateral motion. Water was obtained from a one—acre holding pond with an operating head of one hundred feet. This head produced a maximum flow of 12.6 cubic feet per second, which was equivalent to a velocity flow of approximately 28 m.p.h. The water velocities in the tunnel were determined by a differential mercury gauge (see figure 2) measuring pressure difference between the 12-inch approach pipe and a restricted section near the tunnel entrance. This pressure differential was converted to miles—per—hour by a graph constructed from theoretical considerations and verified by a series of draw- down tests fran a known volume of water held in a 6-foot—diameter surge tank connected with the approach line. The cormections between the differential mercury gauge and the piezometers were made with plastic tubing. This tubing was ideal for such con- nection because entrapped air could easily be seen and hence eliminated. A separate high-pressure water line to the gauge was used in freeing the instrument of air and in holding it in readiness for the test runs. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 METHODS Fish tags (see figure 3) were tested on albacore that had been frozen and partially thawed before being placed in the tunnel. In preparing a fish for thewater tunnel, it was removed from cold storage and taken di- rectly to the University of Washington Hydraulics Lab- oratory. There, the fish was placed under a drill press and two 5/8-inch holes, 9 inches apart, were made in the frozen meat for the holders, one slightly above the pectoral base, the other above the mid-line in the re- gion of the second dorsal fin. On completion of drill- ing, the two 3/8-inch pipe holders were inserted through the holes and the cup-shaped washers were bolted against the sides of the fish (see figure 4). Several tags were then selected and arranged on the fish in various posi- tions. In preparing the albacore for the tunnel, suffi- cient thawing occurred so that tags could be easily in- serted in the fish; however, the interior portion re- mained frozen, holding the fish in position against the water flow. The fish was then arranged in the tunnel (see figure 5), the lucite coverplate bolted inposition, the mercury gauge freed of air bubbles, and the valve controlling the water flow was opened slowly until the mercury reading corresponded to the desired velocity. Results of the experiment were then observed through the lucite plates. Several limiting factors made it necessary to con- duct each test for only a short period. The fish would thaw rapidly in the water and become difficult to hold at high velocities; and bruises to the fish received dur- ing landings or storage would open up under these high water velocities and result in the water forcing por- tions of the skin from the fish. The trials lasted from 6 to 14 minutes, the average being approximately 10min utes. The general procedure was to increase the veloci- ties at fixed intervals throughout the test until the tags were either dislodged or the fish showed signs of FRGUERS OUP ETENAL RSE = M Ne U IN tearing loose from the holders. if the tags were not ae ues 2 SEESE EE TUFPEES torn from the fish during the trial, the coverplate was ENCES. removed and the condition of the tag and its effect on the fish was noted. RESULTS PETERSON TAGS: Peterson (Rounsefell and Kask 1943) tags of 8mm. diameter and of 14.5 mm.diameter were subjected to a number of tests in the turmmel. The tags of 14.5 mm.diameter were dislodged from under the dorsal fin at water velocities be- tween 18 and 22 m.p.h. At water velocities approaching 15 m.p.h., the leading edge of the disc was forced outward from the fish, and with increasing velocities, the pin would gradually bend into a bow. It was then only a matter of seconds before the tags pulled from the meat of the fish. Disc tags of 8 mm. diameter secured under the second dorsal were dislodged at velocities from 23 to 25 m.p.h. Tentests were made with the large disc and four with the smaller. Because of the shape of the A COMMERCTAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 2. OREGON FISH CANADIAN HOOK TAG 3. TORPEDO-SHAPED PLASTIC STREAMER TAG. 2a =a S. STRAP TAG WITH 1DENT IFICATION 4. STRAP TAG. 7. STREAMER TAG DEVELOPED BY AUTHOR. FIGURE 3 - TYPES OF TAGS TESTED ON ALBACORE IN WATER TUNNEL. to tag 4,000 yellowfin and skipjack tuna. albacore, it is difficult to ob- tain a close fit of the dise un- der the dorsal fin, and thus the water wedges under the tags and forces them fran the fish. Peter- son tags were also tried on the caudal peduncle and above the anal fin. Both of these regions were superior to the dorsal area and tags of 14.5 mm. diameter located in these positions were not lost until water velocities between 25 and 27 m.peh. were reached. PLASTIC STRIP TAGS: Plastic strip tags used were merely an 8— daptation of an internal body tag with a hole cut in the forwardend. These tags, 4 mm. wide and 16 mm. long, designed to reduce water re~_ sistance, were secured under the second dorsal in the same manner as a Peterson tag. Four trials made in the tunnel were unable to tear these tags loose at maximum velocities (approaching 29 m.p.h.). STRAP OR CATTLE TAGS: Strap, or cattle, tags of various sorts have been adopted for use on a variety of fish and good results have been obtained on several spe- cies. A modified strap tag was de— veloped by Godsil (1938) and used No recoveries were reported. The tagcon— sisted of two parts: (1) a sterling silver strap 16 to 17 mm. long (crimped) by 3 mm. by 0.5 mm. and (2) a celluloid, cup-shaped disc 14.5 mm. in diameter. The tags were applied with modified long-nose pliers to the preopercle. Hight trials were made with tags of this style received fram the California Department of Fish and Game. FIGURE 4 - ALBACORE READY FOR TESTING, WITH HOLDERS INSERTED AND SEVERAL TAGS IN PLACE. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 Four of the tests were made with the convex side of the disc fac- ing the gill cover and four with the concave face of the disc fac- ing the gill cover. Tags applied with the convex face of the disc against the preopercle were torn from the fish at relatively low water velocities; 15, 16.2, 16.8, and 18 m.n.h. The longest a tag remained attached at the above velocities was 2 minutes and 20 seconds at 16.2 m.p.h. The re- mainder of the tags were dis- lodged in less than one minute. On reversing the celluloiddisc so the concave face was against the gill cover, the tags were not torn out so easily; but neverthe- less, were forced from the fish at velocities of 21, 22.3, 22.5, and 23.8 m.p.h. These tags did not slowly work free but seemed to be suddenly jerked from the gill cover. Small strap tags, 17 mm. long (crimped) and 3 mm. wide, as used by the California Depart-— ment of Fish and Game in experi- mental mackerel tagging, were placed on the opercles of alba- core. Hight tests made with this tag did not dislodge the tags at maximum velocities. When the fish were examined at the end of the test, some wearing was ob-— served on the opercle, and in several instances the hole inthe opercle had doubled in size. Fry and Roedel (1949) reported that of 14,053 fish tags of this type released in the Californiamacker- el investigation, only 19 were re- f\qure 5 - ALBACORE IN TUNNEL PRIOR TO ACTUAL covered more than one year from the TESTING OF FISH TAGS. date of release. HOOK TAGS: Fish hooks have enabled investigators to follow to a limited ex- tent the migration of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the eastern Atlantic. Heldt (1928, 1929, 1932) relates a number of authentic cases in which hooks have been removed from bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean. These hooks from 4 to 8-1/2 cm. in length were traceable by théir style and manufacturer, and were reported to have been lost by fishermen along the west coast of Spain and France. Many of the hooks were encysted in the stomachs of the fishes. These hooks were found in tuna of large size, and in most instances, the fish weighed over 200 pounds. 6 ; COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 A hook tag with a special locking device is under experimentation for use in the albacore studies by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada (Anonymous 1950). The hooks, of patented design, are 6 cm. in length and are made of nickle wire. The identification is carried on a thin strip of metal secured around the shank of the hook. The hook is joined to the main trolling line by a short section of 30-pound test nylon leader, When the albacore strikes, the leader breaks andthe fish is freed with the hook in the mouth. Tags of the above type were used in nine trials in the water tunnel, being placed in various positions on the mouth of the albacore, These tags were subject to maximum velocities, and the hooks could not be dislodged. It was observed that the hooks were causing considerable drag on the jaws, which were forced as michas two inches out of their normal position by the force of the water on the shank of the hook. When the fish were removed from the tunnel, the tag had noticeably in- jured the mouth by tearing a large hole where the shank passed through the jaw. STREAMER TAGS: Streamer tags may be considered as a modification of the Atkins-— type tag. These are attached to the fish by a wire or thread piercing the flesh and have a metal or plastic identification streamer that trails behind the placeof attachment. To our knowledge tags of this type have not been used for tagging tuna. The first streamer tag used in the tunnel was one developed by the Oregon Fish Commission. A small, metal identification plate, 9 mm. by 15 mm., was secured to the fish by means of a nylon line 1.5 mm. in diameter and approximately 133 mm. in length. A metal needle was attached to the free end of the nylon line which pierced the flesh of the fish and was returned to the identification plate where a special tool cut off the needle and crimped the nylon to the tag in one operation. Four tests were made with these tags secured under the second dorsal, and all held firm and showed no sign of pulling from the fish. The metal identification plate was ob-— served to vibrate considerably at high velocities and to continually strike against the back of the albacore. This tag is still in the experimental stage, and those responsible for its development are aware of the condition and are considering cer- tain modifications. Also tested was a second type of streamer tag, similar in most respects tothe Oregon Fish Commission tag except that the metal plate was replaced by a torpedo- shaped plastic cylinder, 32 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter. The forward emd of the cylinder had a small eye for attachment of the thread. The tags held securely in two out of three trials. In the test that failed the meat was not torn and it is possible that the knot ‘securing the tag was not properly tied. The plastic cylin- der, which had a blunt anterior end, also vibrated greatly. This tag was attached to the anterior portion of the caudal keel. The third streamer tag tested was developed by the senior author. It consisted of a flexible plastic streamer 8 mm. wide, 34 mm. long, and less than 1 mm. thick. The streamer was rounded on the anterior portion and tapered towards the back. A hole was punched close to the forward end through which braided nylon thread was passed. The two ends of the nylon thread were tied in such a manner that the thread formed a complete loop through the eye of the streamer. The tag was attached to the fish by means of a needle that had the eye at the piercing end. The double end of the nylon thread was passed through the eye, and the needle was then pushed through the anterior portion of the caudal keel of the tuna. The plastic streamer portion was brought through the double end and the tag was secured. This operation can be completed rapidly. This tag was tested seven times at maximum velocities and re- mained fixed throughout the trials. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The authors are aware that a number of factors involved in these experiments allowed variations from conditions which would exist in nature. The texture or consistency of the frozen fish to resist deformation would not be equal to that of a live albacore. The sides of the tunnel undoubtedly caused a certain amount of back turbulence; also the distribution of velocity along the body of the fish would vary slightly because of the changing area of flow. The muscular actions of live fish were also lacking. The experiments were conducted only for short periods, and tags would likely be dislodged at velocities lower than those experimentally de- termined when subject to the same forces over a longer period of time. Despite these limitations, the tests indicated that the use of Peterson-type tags or any other tag which offers considerable resistance to the water flow will probably result in failure when used on a fish which swims at high speeds. This would include such tags as the batchelor button, Heincke stud, and the strap tag with identification disc. The plastic strip tags held in all tests and from the hydraulic stundpoint should be satisfactory. Strap tags such as used in the Cali- fornia mackerel fishery could not be dislodged, but tests made in the water tunnel indicated that these tags would gradually work free. Hook tags developed by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada were not dislodged but resulted in injury to the jaw of the fish. This tag is still in the experimental stage and modifications could partially eliminate these faults. Reduction in the shank size and stamping the identification on the shank would reduce drag. From the experimental results, it appears that the streamer tags (among those tested) offer the greatest chance of developing successful external tagging opera- tions for tuna-like fish. In selecting a position to attach a tag, it should be kept in mind that any tag attached on the head or anterior region of the fish will receive maximum force from the water. Tags located on the caudal keel or in this region will receive the greatest action from lateral vibrations of the tail. The solution to a successful tuna tagging operation first demands a tag which remains attached securely and will not impair the normal activities of the fish. Until a tag of known dependability has been developed, attributing the lack of re- turns only to such factors as insufficient tags released, high tagging mortality, poor tagging techniques, or to other causes does not seem justified. LITERATURE CITED ANONY MOUS 1929. LE THON ROUGE (THUMMUS THYNNUS). STATION 1950. LOCKED HOOK USED TO TAG ALBACORE. TRADE OCEANOGRAPHY SALAMMBO BULLETIN 13. NEWS, VOL. 3, NO. 2 (AUGUST). 1928. LE THON ROUGE (THUMMUS THYNNUS). STATION OCEANOGRAPHY SALAMMBO BULLETIN 9. FRY, DONALD H. JR., AND ROEDEL, PHILLIP M. 1949, TAGGING EXPERIMENTS ON THE PACIFIC MACKEREL POWELL, DONALD E. (PNEUMATOPHORUS DIEGO). CALIFORNIA FISH 1950. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON 1950 NORTH PACIFIC AND GAME, BULLETIN 73. ALBACORE TUNA EXPLORATIONS OF THE JOHN N. COBB. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: REVIEW, GODSIL, H. C. VOL. 12, NO. 12 (DECEMBER), PP. 1-7 1938. TUNA TAGGING. CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME (ALSO SEPARATE NO.°280; MORE DETAILED 4, VOL. 3, JULY 1938, PP. 245-50. FISHERY LEAFLET NOW IN PREPARATION. ) HELDT, H. ROUNSEFELL, GEORGE A., AND KASK, JOHN LORENCE 1932. LE THON ROUGE ET SA PECHE. STATION OCEANO- "1943. HOW TO MARK FISH. TRANS. OF AMERICAN GRAPHY SALAMMBO BULLETIN 29. FISHERIES SOCIETY, VOL. 73 | Sleek’ —*+6— 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 Cy IN SERVICE LABORATORIES BN Viti tm oe ee July 1951 REFRIGERATION: Freezing Fish at Sea, Defrosting, Filleting,. and Refreezing the Fillets: The shakedown cruise of the experimental technological 1 research trawler M. V. Delaware of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service indicated numerous changes and ¢ adjustments on the refrigeration and fish-handling equipment. While these changes were being completed, other maintenance andrepair tasks were carried out, including scraping and painting vessel superstructure and deck gear, over-= hauling one of the Diesel electric auxiliaries, and modifying the wiring and pip- ing systems in the engine room. Negotiations are under way to replace the in- operative foreign echo sounders with U. S. equipment. The installation was ten- tatively scheduled for late in July. (Boston) Studies on Methods of Handling Frozen Salmon for Canning: Current tests are almost completed on the study of the effect of freezing and storing salmon on the quality of the subsequent canned product. Comparisons were made of test packs can- ned during 1949 and 1950 from pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and red salmon (0. nerka) frozen and stored under varying conditions of time and temperature. These tests have shown that exposure of frozen fish to oxidation and desiccation and length of frozen storage are the most important factors affecting the quality of the canned Product. Frozen salmon must be heavily glazed and stored not over 6 to 8 weeks at 0° F. in order to minimize adverse changes of color, texture, and flavor in the canned product. Within practical limits, the rate of freezing and temperature of storage below 0° F. were not important factors. This work has also shown the need for additional study of the chemical and physical changes in salmon meat during the freezing and canning process if we are to better understand the cause of the adverse changes in texture. Penetrometer tests made on canned pink salmon prepared from frozen fish and canned fresh pink salmon have shown that the texture of the salmon, frozen and stored at 0° F. for 6 weeks prior to canning, has changed almost as mich as that stored at 0° F. for 24 weeks, Pink salmon stored for one week prior to canning showed a slight change in texture but not as greatas that stored for 6 weeks. In- crease in the toughening of the flesh is reflected by a decrease in the penetrome- ter readings. The average penetrations of 48 runs on each series were as follows: CONTROL (CANNED FRESH) ......0.ecece eevee: 21.5 MM. 1-WEEK STORAGE PRIOR TO CANNING .......0-0- 19.0 MM. 6-WEEKS STORAGE PRIOR TO CANNING ......0.-- 13.1 MM. 24-WEEKS STORAGE PRIOR TO CANNING ......0-e- 10.7 MM. (Ketchikan) * OK OK OK OK August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 FISH COOKERY: The final assembling of 100 recipes for the Alaska Seafood Reci- pes cookbook has been completed. Three agencies, The Alaska Fisheries Experimental Commission, The University of Alaska Extension Service, and the Alaska Development Board are cooperating in providing funds for the publication of the cookbook. Ten thousand copies will be printed for free distribution. (Ketchikan). ors BROILED OYSTERS ON THE HALF SHELL 36 SHELL OYSTERS 1/2 CUP BREAD CRUMBS 1/2 TEASPOON SALT 2 TABLESPOONS BUTTER 1/8 TEASPOON PEPPER OR OTHER. FAT Shuck and drain oysters; place on deep half of shells, Sprinkle with salt, pepper, and buttered bread crumbs, Place on preheated broiler pan, about 3 inches from heat, and broil for 5 minutes or until brown, Serves 6, A Fish and Wildlife Service tested recipe, This is one in the series of recipes using fishery products tested and developed in the Service's test kitchens, 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 Bee | RENDSS AND Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels Of the vessels of 5 net tons and over 120 received their first documents as fishing craft during May 1951--18 more than in May 1950. Washington led with 50 vessels, followed by Alaska with 15, and California with 11 vessels. Some 364 vessels were documented for the first time as fishing vessels dur— ing the first five months of 1951, compared with 351 vessels for the same period during 1950. Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, May 1951 DP PT Soren arom go eeemomiecere EO __ Section [i951 | 1950 | 1950 ACT EC NCOAS Umrertelelalelelelelalstelels Great) LakGiserclclelelelelcieleleleistls)ele NIGEL GooooabocodccoougGedoo LO Gall arveletet tee telcleletelstatetets OTE: VESSELS HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS SECTIONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR HOME PORT. California Legislation Changes Sardine Fishery Laws Two amendments of the fishery code of California passed by the State Legis— lature and signed by the Governor make certain changes in the State's sardine fish— ing regulations. These amendments extend the Monterey fishing area about 65 miles south of the southern boundary previously in effect between August 1 and October 1 (the latter is the opening date of the southern California area). This means that the fishing area between Piedras Blancas Light and Point Arguello will now be opened with the northern sardine season on August 1. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW all Section 1065 of the fishery code previously read as follows: 1065: Sardines may be taken for use in a reduction plant, or by a packer, only in accord- ance with the provisions of this article, as follows: In District 4, 4 & 3/4, that portion of District 18 lying south of a line running east and west through Piedras Blancas Light 19, 20A, and 21, between October lst and Febru- ary 1st, inclusive; elsewhere in the State, ex- cept in District 20, between Aug. lst and Jan. 15th. Sardines may be taken at any time on or after but not prior to June 1, 1951, for the purpose of salting, curing or smoking or drying, or for the purpose of packing in cans commonly known as querter—pound or square cans less than ten ounces in net weight; provided, that ina 10-oz. can, fish of a size not less than eight fish to the can may be used. Sardines may be packed in their own natural oil. The amendments changed the location under- scored fran Fiedras Blancas Light to read "Point Arguello," and the date underscored in the above excerpt from June 1, 1951, to "June 1, 1953". Since these amendments were deemed emergency measures they became effective inmediately upon the close of the legislative session and the signature by the Governor on June 23, 1951. In addition, the revised regulation per- mitting sardine fishing within 2 miles, of the shore line between the south boundry of Santa Barbara County, and the north boundry of San Luis Obisbo County does not became effective until September 23, 1951, although sardines may be landed at Morro Bay, within that area, prior to September 23, 1951. Piedras Blancas Light is located on the California coast approximately 35°40' N. longi- tude and Point Arguello approximately at 34°35" N. longitude. This means that sardine fishing grounds (and points of landing and packing) have been extended about 65 miles southward on the opening of the northern California sardine season on August 1. Fishing crafts will probably unload fares at Morro Bay for transshipment to Monterey, Moss Landing, and San Francisco canneries instead of making the long haul to these ports direct. This will permit these vessels to fish each right of the dark-of—the-moon period instead of every other night. California’s 1951-52 Sardine Catch Forecast at 285,000 Tons California's harvest of sardines during the 1951-52 season will drop to about 285,000 tons, it was predicted at the last meeting of the State Marine Research Com— mittee in Monterey, according to a news release of August 1 from the California Divi- sion of Fish and Game. To back up their forecast, the scientists of the California Division of Fish and Game can fall back on their advance prediction of the 1950-51 sardine catch, which proved 93.4 percent accurate. The seasonal catch amounted to 350,000 tons, while the technicians foresaw landings of 327,000 tons. The three-year-old Marine Research Committee, sponsored by the California sar- dine industry, is in the midst of one of the largest fisheries investigations inthe world. It is coordinating the research efforts of the California Division of Fish and Game, California Academy of Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Titled "The California Cooperative Sardine Research Program," the project is dedicated to- finding out why the pilchard—-foundation of a conservatively—estimated $25,000,000 California industry——-is disappearing from coastal waters. Besides its annual catch prediction, the Committee is looking into the life history of the sardine, including its migratory and spawning habits, and the effect of enviromental factors, such as water temperature, type and availability of food, competition from other fish species, and ravages of predatory fish. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 Federal Purchases of Fishery Products FRESH AND FROZEN FISH PURCHASES BY THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, JUNE 1951: A total of 3,| 3, 070, 923 pounds ids of fresh and frozen fishery products were purchased by the Army Quartermaster Corps during June 1951 for the military feeding of the U.S. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force (see table). Compared with May 1951, June purchases increased 6.6 percent in quantity and 15.7 percent in value. Compared with June of the previous year, the 1951 purchases for the same month were greater by 100.2 percent in quantity and 106.0 percent in value. Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army June and the First Six = 1951 and 1950 ULAR NER T Pe or Sey: VAR es ee Ue Tn See a 2 ee A ae O in Bs ROG: 923) 1,533, 33,551 14,598, 98, 689 6, 366, hl 92955 "OLb 629, "O46 | 6 1033, 318} 2 691 hl Purchases for the first six months of 1951 and 1950 show that there was an in- crease of 129.3 percent in quantity (over 8 million pounds) and 124.2 percent invalue for 1951. re Freezing-Fish-At-Sea Technological Studies Branch of Commercial Fisheries and the Branch of Fishery Biology. The vessel, which is being used in conjunction with the Branch of Commercial Fisheries! Freezing-Fish- At-Sea Project, is expected to operate on Georges Bank and return on or about August 236 The cruise will be divided into two phases. The first phase, approximately 8 days, will be devoted to a census of the groundfish populetion on Georges Bank covered by statistical areas XII, J, M, and N to supplement data obtained last summer by the Albatross III now on loan to the U. S. Navy. Sample tows will be made at stations in depths up to 125 fathoms. A modified trawl is to be used. The secomd phase of the cruise, approximately 4 days, will be devoted to com— mercial-scale experiments on the freezing of round fish for later processing ashore. A modification of the brine-freezing apparatus made after Cruise No. 1 will be tested out. Commercial—-size lots of round fish of various species and sizes will be frozen for determination of freezing rates. Certain adjustments made to the refrigeration machinery will also be tested. Fish frozen at sea will be used for pilot—plant thaw— ing experiments ashore and for laboratory work. He HK DELAWARE EXPERIENCES DIFFICULTY WITH FREEZING EQUIPMENT (Cruise No. 2): The Branch of Fishery Biology in cooperation with the Branch of Commercial Fisheries used the latter's experimental trawler Delaware in order to conduct the first phase of the August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 1951 census of Georges Bank. The vessel returned to Boston from an li-day voyage on August 25. En route to and during the stay at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to assemble and pick up the modified census trawls for the trip, the refrigeration machinery for use in the Freezing-Fish-At-Sea project of the Branch of Commercial Fisheries was tested. During the testing of the brine cooler, which refrigerates brine for the freezing of fish at sea, leaks developed in the tubes of the brine ccoler, This precluded the freezing of fish as planned on this cruise. However, round and gutted fish, caught during the last day on the fishing bank, were preserved in ice for use on shore for studies to determine the freezing and thawing rates and other labora- tory experiments. HH HK *K "DELAWARE" TO BE USED FOR CENSUS OF GEORGES BANK: In order to carry out the second half of the 1951 census of Georges Bank, a second joint cruise between the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries amd the Branch of Fishery Biology was scheduled for the first week of September, The converted trawler Delaware, the Branch of Commercial Fisheries’ experimental vessel for freezing-fish-at-sea techno- logical studies in the New England area, left for Georges Bank (subareas G and 0) on August 30 and is expected to return to Boston on September 6, While on this cruise (Cruise No. 3), leaks that developed in the brine cooler in the refrigeration machinery room during Cruise No. 2 will be located and repairs made after return to Boston. Fish caught in the census operations conducted by the North Atlantic Fishery Investigations of the Branch of Fishery Biology will be used for shore experiments for the freezing-fish-at-sea project of the Branch of Commercial Fisheries. Lake Erie Fisheries Management Committee Formed Michigan will be represented on a committee being formed to coordinate fisher- ies work in Lake Erie, that State's Department of Conservation announced in July. Formation of the Lake Erie Fisheries Management Committee was the result of a meeting held in Toledo at the invitation of Ohio fisheries men to discuss fisheries problems in Lake Erie. Representatives of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ontario, in addition to those from Ohio and Michigan, attended and will have membership on the committee. It is expected that the committee will meet annually to promote coordination of fisheries work done on the Lake in relation to commercial and sport fishing, biological lake studies, and water pollution. Maryland to Study Oysters in Chincoteague Bay During the past session of the Maryland legislature, funds were appropriated for the purpose of studying the hydrography and biology of the waters of Chincoteague Bay area in order to discover the factors controlling oyster growth and survival in 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 that area. This region is especially noted for its production of high-quality oysters. Once a thriving industry, the oyster industry in Chincoteague Bay has declined con- siderably in recent years, according to the Maryland Department of Research and Edu- cation which is goingto conduct the proposed study. Heavy losses among the oysters and their failure at times to make the desired growth are given as the chief reasons for this decline. The study is designed primarily to discover the factors controlling oyster growth and survival in that area, the possibilities of controlling natural enemies, and the effects of variations in the methods of plarting, and types of seed oysters used, Data will be gathered on circulation, salinity and temperature variations, turbidity, and chemical constituents of the water. Tidal fluctuations will be re- corded and an attempt made to determine and evaluate the effects which were caused by the opening of the inlet at Ocean City in 1933. A biologist in charge of the survey will be permanently stationed on the Bay. Information on the clam population, crabs, fin fish, and other organisms will also be gathered. The chief interest, however, will center upon oyster production since it is felt that the potential values which would result from its restoration to a thriving industry would offer the greatest returns in added food production, employ- ment, and resultant wealth to the people of the area. Se Michigan Sells Three Mussel Licenses Three licenses have been sold for taking mussels on the St. Joseph River in Michigan this summer, according to that State's Department of Conservation. A July news release from that agency points out that these are the first such licenses to be issued since 1949 when mussel license sales totaled three for the Grand River. In the 1930's, when interest in taking mussels reached a peak, sales totaledas high as 2,400 licenses for one year. The shells of these mussels are used for mak- ing buttons. New England Tuna Explorations and Massachusetts. On July 26, the M/V Western Explorer left East Boston for the fishing grounds off Cape Cod to search for bluefin tuna. No fish were sighted that day and that evening the vessel anchored in Provincetown Harbor. On the morning of July 27, tuna were reported schooling off Wood End. A set Was made around a school of tum, but the fish escaped before the seine could be pursed. Later that day a set was made in 14 fathoms of water around a second school. The net was back aboard the vessel four hours later. Approximately seven tons of 15- to August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 39-pound bluefin tuna were landed. Most of them were 27-37 inches in length. The surface water temperature at the time of sighting the school was 74° F. Examination of the stomach contents disclosed that some of the tuna had been feeding on squid and a small unidentified species of fish, while many stomachs were completely empty. Bad weather was encountered on July 28 and the day was spent at anchor inProvince— town Harbor. Although the following day was overcast, the sea was calm, and three schools of tuna were sighted. The surface water temperature was 71° F. A perfect set was made around the largest school in 14 fathoms of water. Unfortunately the winch clutch broke down before the seine could be pursed. After 30 mimtes the clutch was putin order, but only one cable at a time could be pursed. During this process the seine became embedded in the md and a portion of the lead and cork lines were torn from the mesh. After circling inside the seine several times, the fish escaped through rips which developed in the mesh. It was estimated that 40-45 tons of tuna had been trapped in the seine. On July 31, a total of 13,730 pounds of bluefin tuna were sold to a Gloucester firm for seven cents per pound. The vessel returned to East Boston the same day for repairs to the net and winch clutch. Examination of the gonads of the fish caught seemed to indicate that they were in an undeveloped condition. There were no visible accompanying signs among the tuna schools sighted. HHH "WESTERN EXPLORER" TO SEARCH FOR BLUEFIN TUNA FURTHER NORTH: The Service's New England tuna explorations vessel, the Western Explorer, left East Boston on or about August 3 for an 8-day cruise. Expected to return on or about August 10, the vessel during Cruise No. 4 will operate in waters between Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and Mt. Desert, Maine. Search for bluefin tuna schools will be made in the coastal waters off Massa— chusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Fishing operations will be carried out as be- fore, with the modified tuna purse seine which has undergone repair. The winch clutch has been repaired and no further trouble is anticipated during the pursing operation. Surface water temperature, weight-length measurements of the tuna, and other data will be obtained and contact will be maintained with other vessels fish- ing in the area and with the Fish and Wildlife Service office in East Boston. eHKK K "WESTERN EXPLORER" LANDS MORE BLUEFIN TUNA (Cruise No. 4): With seven tons of bluefin tuna in the hold, the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Western Explorer completed Cruise No. 4 on August 12. The fish was landed at Gloucester, Mass. Four fish companies submitted purchase bids and the fish were sold to the highest bidder (a Beaufort, S.C., firm) for $200 per ton, somewhat higher than the price paid for the last trip~—$140. The cruise started on August 4 when the vessel left East Boston and headed east to Ipswich Bay and the Isle of Shoals, For three days the area between Cape Annand Cape Porpoise, Maine, was searched for school tuna. No fish were spotted and on the fourth day the ship steamed southwest to Cape Cod Bay where school tuna had been sighted by otter trawlers operating in that area. 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 On August 7 a set was made in 1, fathoms of water off Wood End Light and five tons of small tuna were captured, The fish averaged 25 pounds each. Fog and heavy winds impeded fishing operations during the next two days, but on August 10 two tons of tuna were seined off Barnstable, Mass. The set was madein 13 fathoms of water and the fish were of the same weight class as the school -previ- ously caught near Wood End Light. Small pods of tuna were sighted off Race Point Light on August 11. No setswere © made as the fish appeared to be chasing smaller fish and did not surface for any length of time. The vessel left Gloucester on August 15 on Cruise No. 5. Operations will be concentrated on Ipswich Bay, Jeffreys Ledge, Cashes Ledge, Boon Island, Sequin Island, Monhegan Island, and Mount Desert Rock. The trip will take about 10 days. KH HK K the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel, which is searching for untapped resources of this fish in New England waters. This was the end of the vessel's Cruise No. 5. The vessel left Gloucester on August 16 and cruised in the vicinity of Fippen— nies Ledge, about 60 miles east of Cape Ann, where tuna schools had been sighted by some of the otter trawlers a few days previously. No fish were sighted in this area and the vessel steamed northwest towards Boon Island, Maine. On August 18 a report was received that large schools of tuna had been sighted in the vicinity of Seal Island, Nova Scotia. After steaming for 15 hours east southeast, the vessel encoun- tered a strong northwest wind with heavy seas making it impossible to carry onfish— ing operations. However, no fish were seen and the ship steamed back toward Mt. Desert Island. The following three days were spent cruising in the Bay of Fundy, south of Grand Manan Island and between Campobello Island and the northeast tip of Grand Manan. No tuna schools were seen, considerable fog was encountered, and the return trip to the westward was begun on August 23. No fish were spotted in the waters around Matinicus Light and Monhegan Island, but two sets were made on August 24 in thevicinity of Boon Island, Maine. The first set was made in 30 fathoms of water, but no fish were captured. The second set, made in 24 fathoms of water, yielded 41 large fish. The fish averaged about 250 to 300 pounds in weight. Late in the afternoon of the same day four large schools were sighted, but due to the fact that the fish were in comparatively shoal water, from 10 to 19 fathoms, and over rocky bottam, no attempt was made to seine the fish. The following day there was a fresh breeze from thenorth- east and no fish were seen in the area. | | A total of 9,000 pounds of tuna were weighed out and the fish were sold to a Gloucester firm for $100 per ton. | | Following refitting and repairs to the generator and clutch, the ship will sail on Cruise No. 6 on or about August 30. Area to be covered: Stellwagan Bank and the area approximately 50 miles east southeast from Cape Am. Duration of trip will not exceed 8 days, and it is expected that the ship will land in Portland, Maine. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 New Legislation Governs Operation of Refrigerated Warehouses in New Jersey New legislation governing the operation of refrigerated warehouses in the State of New Jersey became effective July 19, 1951--the date on which it was approved by the Governor, according to an announcement of thé New Jersey State Department of Health of August 2. The new law regulates the "storage of food or drink used by man or animals in refrigerated warehouses and locker plants," and provides for the issuance of licenses for the conduct of such establishments. The new legislation is Chapter 342, Laws of 1951, which repeals Chapter 9 of Title 24 of the Revised Statutes. This recently—approved legislation reflects the most recent scientific infor- mation and developments in the refrigerated warehouse business, the State Health De— partment points out. Hitherto, the license fee for a refrigerated warehouse was $10 per year, regard= less of size. Chapter 342 sets up a graduated schedule of fees based on size. The minimum fee is $25. Under the new schedule, warehouse license fees will be more near= ly in line with the costs of inspection. Under the previous legislation, licenses expired a year from date of issuance. Under the new legislation, all licenses expire June 30 and are immediately renewable. Under the previous legislation, warehouse operators were required to submit to the State Department of Health a tabulation of articles in storage at the end of each month. The new statute simply requires that such reports shall be submitted uponre— quest of the State Commissioner of Health. Under the old legislation, items could not be stored for more than 12 months without special permission from the State Department of Health. The new maximum is 24 months. Extensions may be granted by the State Commissioner of Health. The old legislation required marking of stored articles as "Cold Storage Goods." That requirement has been omitted fram the legislation. Under the former legislation, date of storage and date of withdrawal were re- quired to be placed on each item. This requirement has been omitted from the legis— lation now in effect. The new legislation strengthens regulation of refrigerated warehouses while at the same time abolishes certain unproductive and inconvenient requirements imposed upon operators by the old act. Restaurant proprietors, farmers, and home owners who store products for use on their own premises are exempt from the provisions of the act. — North Atlantic Fishery Investigations GEORGES BANK 1951 CENSUS (First Phase): Through a cooperative agreement with the Branch of Commercial Fisheries, the North Atlantic Fishery Investigations is 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW | Vol. 13, No. 8 conducting the 1951 census of Georges Bank with that Branch's vessel Delaware. The Delaware returned to Boston on August 25 (Cruise No. 2) after completing the first phase of the survey. Fifty-seven stations were occupied in subareas N, M, J, and H. Fish of all species were found to be extremely scarce in the southern part of the Bank (subarea N). Large catches of scrod haddock (1-2 years) were caught in 40-50 fathoms of water near the edge of the Bank in subareas M and J. These catches were made in areas being fished by the commercial fleet. Considerable numbers of large haddock were caught in deep water (100 fathoms) in subareas J and H where the commercial fleet was not fishing. Seven bushels of scallops were obtained in a 34-hour tow made in 48 fathoms of water at 40°50! N. latitude and 67°04! W. longitude, which considering the fact that the Delaware was using an Iceland trawl with rollers may indicate a scallop bed of commercial possibilities. In addition to data on size and numbers of all species of fish, 57 bathythermo-— graph casts were made and 55 bottom samples were obtained. ge North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program "JOHN N. COBB" COMPLETES SEASON'S ALBACORE EXPLORATIONS (Cruise No. 8): After spending two months in albacore tuna explorations off the coasts of Oregon andWash- ington, the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb returned to Seattle on August 10. The main objectives of this cruise were to intercept albacore in the early stages of their migration towards shore; appraise the possibility of using gill nets and floating stainless steel long lines for cap- turing albacore commercially, and experimentally tag albacore. Results of the albacore fishing in the areas worked by the John N. Cobb onthis cruise generally were poor. Fish were taken in small amounts by means of gill nets and trolling, while the wire long-—line gear took no tuna. Tagging was accomplished whenever sufficient fish were located. Subsurface sea temperatures were recorded several times daily, and surface temperatures were taken at-hourly intervals. After passing Cape Flattery on June 11, the vessel headed on a southwesterly course in an attempt to locate surface water 57° F. and over, since albacore are not usually found in colder waters. On June 14 approximately 370 miles west of Cape Blanco, Oregon, waters of 57° F, were encountered. After reaching the warm water, the vessel fished until July 1 in an area extend— ing from the Oregon-California boundary north to the Siuslaw River, and as far as 500 miles offshore without catching any albacore, although on June 29, while trolling ap— proximately 450 miles west of the Siuslaw River, Oregon, one albacore was brought to the stern of the John N. Cobb before breaking loose. Northwesterly winds of gale force considerably hampered operations. However, several long-line and gill-net sets were made, and trolling with surface lures was carried on continuously during day- light hours. Tuna were not again observed until July 14, when three albacore were taken in gill nets 98 miles west of the Siuslaw River, Oregon; however, trolling in this area produced no tuna. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 Several schools of jumping albacore were sighted on July 17 in an area approxi- mately 135 miles west of Tillamook Head, Oregon, but none were caught in this area until July 18, when a single albacore was boated by the John N. Cobb. From July 25 to August 1, several hundred boats of the commercial tuna fleet assembled on the tuna grounds approximately 60 miles west of Tillamook Head, Oregor, and results for these boats ranged from poor to fair before scarcity of fish caused the fleet to head for shore. On August 3 the John N. Gobb again observed scattered schools of albacore in this same general area. Efforts to catch these tuna by trol— ling were unsuccessful; however, nine albacore were captured in the gill nets onAu-— gust he The vessel then went to the seamount area at a position 46°44' N, latitude, 130° 47! W. longitude, approximately 270 miles west of Willapa Bay, Washington. Long-line and gill-net sets. in the seamount area caught many blue sharks but no albacore. On August 9 three albacore were caught trolling 47 miles west of Cape Johnson, Washington. ale Outlook For Fishery Products For Second Half of 1951 Consumption, Distribution and Retail Prices: Civilian per capita consumption of fishery products in the United States during the first half of 1951 was slightly larger than a year earlier and is likely to remain somewhat above the comparable1950 rate during the next few months. This discussion appeared in the outlook report prepared by the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and published in the former agency's July-September 1951 issue of The National Food Situation. The net movement of fresh and frozen fishery products into distribution channels through June was about 5 percent greater than in the same months last year; trade reports indicate that the movement of the major spe- cies of carmed commodities was also above that in the same months of 1950. Retail prices for fresh and frozen fishery products in urban areas for January- June 1951 averaged 5 percent higher than a year earlier, and the seasonal price de- cline last spring was not as pronounced as in the same season of 1950. Among the major canned fishery products, trade reports indicate that retail prices in thefirst half of the year were above those in the same months last year except possibly for tuna. Retail prices for fishery products in July-December 1951 are expected toaver-— age somewhat higher than in the latter half of 1950. Catch and Production of Fishery Products: Preliminary reports on the commercial catch of food fish and shellfish through midyear indicate that landings were about as large as a year earlier. The commercial production of edible and inedible frozen products in the continental United States and Alaska totaled about 142 million pounds through June, over 21 percent larger than the output in the first 6 months of 1950. With civilian takings of fishery products likely to be maintained at a higher rate this year than last and prices expected to remain relatively strong, commercial fisher- men will be encouraged to maintain their fishing operations at a high level. Canned Fishery Products: Total supplies of the 4 major varieties of canned fishery pro: products in the first half of 1951 were at least as large as a year earlier. Less canned salmon was available but supplies of pilchards, sardines, and tunawere somewhat larger in total. The 1951 pack of canned fishery products, which is cur- rently in progress and will reach a seasonal peak in the next few months, is expected 20. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 to be somewhat smaller than a year earlier. Under the provisions of NPA control order M-25, which limits the use of tin cans, no restrictions are planned on the available amount of these containers for the production of the major species of can— ned fishery products this year. Restrictions on the use of tin cans for the pack— ing of less important species of fish and shellfish will limit output of individual processors on the basis of their production in 1949 or 1950, whichever year the in- dividual processor selects as a base period for the purpose of computing his con— tainer needs. Foreign Trade: Imports of fishery products during Jamary—June 1951 were larger than a year earlier, Receipts of frozen groundfish (cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and ocean perch) fillets from abroad totaled 42 million pounds, more than 30 percent greater than a year earlier. Exports of canned fishery products from the United States were substantially higher than in the same months last year. Prospects are that both imports and exports will continue large during the remainder of the year. The volume of exports in 1951 probably will exceed those of 1950. cos Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations EXPERIMENTAL GILL-NET TUNA FISHING OPERATIONS OFF HAWAII: In order to con- duct experimental gill-net tuna fishing operations off the Kona coast of Hawaii, the Territory of Hawaii Fish and Game vessel Makua left Honolulu Harbor on July 2. Using linen and nylon gill-net gear, the vessel fished off the Kona coast and re— turned to Honolulu on July 26. A total of 11 sets with 7 or 8 shackles of gear per set was made, of which 7 sets were made at night and 4 sets during the day. All sets were "blind," that is, made in the absence of surface signs of fish. The mesh sizes used were graduated from 4" to 11", The tunas caught consisted of five skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and 3 frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard). Also caught were 4 dolphin, 1 shark, 1 mantaray, and 2 trigger fish (Balistes). The skipjack, which ranged from 4 to 14 pounds, and the frigate mackerel were caught on five of the seven night sets in 5", 6", and 7" mesh nets. The skipjack were all caught singly in separate nets. This catch while small does indicate that tuna can be caught in gill nets in the clear waters of this area. KKHHHE Hawaiian Islands, the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations has appointed Capt. Joseph Vilicich as temporary master of the Investigations!’ research vessel John R. Manning. Captain and owner of the California tuna purse seiner Resolute, the new master is one of the topflight purse-seine skippers. Because the tuna around the Hawaiian Islands swim faster and in smaller schools than those on the mainland, and because the trade winds make purse-seine fishing difficult, previous attempts at purse seining in this area have not been successful. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 The Fish and Wildlife Service, however, believes that a further attempt by a proven skipper and a seasoned crew of local fishermen with the use of the Service's light linen seine may still make a success of this type of fishing. The John R. Manning is scheduled to leave Pearl Harbor for the fishing grounds on July 17. HHH KH HK "JOHN R. MANNING" CONTINUES EXPERIMENTAL TUNA PURSE-SEINING OPERATIONS (Cruise VII-B): Continuing - its experiments on the use of a standard West Coast tuna purse seine to catch tuna in Hawaiian Islands waters, the John R. Manning left Honolulu on July 21. After devoting 26 days to the search, this vessel of the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations returned to port on August 15. The net used was of linen, 400 fathoms long and 46 fathoms deep. A skilled purse-seine captain, Joseph Vilicich, directed the operation. During the cruise, 60 schools of tuna were sighted. Most of these were skip— jack. Seven sets were made with the purse seine. All of these were on fish. On several of the sets, fish could be seen in the circle at half net, but apparently they sounded as no tuna were captured. Except for two days during the cruise period, strong trade winds and heavy seas confined the operation to the lees of the islands. Possible reasons for failure of the purse seine are as follovs: 1. EXTREMELY ERRATIC BEHAVIOR OF MOST SCHOOLS MADE IT VERY DIFFICULT OR |MPOSSIBLE TO MANEUVER THE VESSEL INTO A SETTING POSITION. 2. EXTREME CLARITY OF THE WATER CAUSED THE FISH TO BECOME ALARMED AND SOUND ON DROPPING THE NET. 3. THE ERRATIC BEHAVIOR OF THE FISH FREQUENTLY RESULTED IN THEIR SWIMMING OUT OF THE NET BEFORE THE CIRCLE COULD BE COMPLETED. During the course of the cruise, biological material was collected whenever this activity did not interfere with purse seining and scouting for tuna. The next cruise of the John R. Manning will test the use of a purse seine in cooperation with a bait boat in Hawaiian waters. The bait boat will be used to ccn- centrate the fish while the net is set and pursed. The vessel will depart fram Honolulu about August 21, 1951. ISLANDS (Cruise Cruise IX): The main purpose of the Hugh M. Smith's Cruise IX was to con- duct bait fishing : and live-bait tuna fishing. This research vessel of the Service's Pacific Fishery Investigations left Pearl Harbor on May 5 and returned on July 2. Bait fishing was conducted at French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski, Midway, Palmyra, Christmas, and Canton Islands. In addition, the vessel scouted for bait in the vi- cinity of Laysan Island, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Johnston, Fanning, and Gardner Is—- lands. Live-bait fishing for tuna was conducted in the waters adjacent to the Line Is- lands, including Kingman Reef, Palmyra, Washington, Fanning, Christmas, and Jarvis 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 Islands, and in the waters adjacent to the Phoenix Islands, including Canton, Gar- dner, Hull, Sydney, and Birnie Islands. Of the 51 tuna schools on which fishing was attempted, fish were caught from 23, yielding approximately 31 tons of yellowfin tuna. The largest catch from a single school was an estimated 8 tons of yellowfin tuna, captured in the vicinity of King— man Reef, Also, the greatest number of tuna schools were observed in the vicinity of Kingman Reef. Tuna schools were found to be abundant in the Line Islands area, and fishing, generally, was confined to the waters within 15 miles of the nearest land. Tuna schools appeared to be scarce in the Phoenix Islands area; however, the greatest number were sighted in the vicinity of Canton Island. A total of 1,135 buckets of bait were captured, consisting of aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis), several species of goatfishes (Mullidae), iao (Atherina insularum) and several species of mullet (Mugilidae). Of thie total, 570 buckets were caught at Midway Islands. Small amounts of bait were captured at French Frigate Shoals, Pal- myra, Christmas, and Canton Islands. In order of importance, aholehole, goatfish, and iao proved to be excellent bait fishes. Mullet was found to be an inferior bait fish. Surface trolling was conducted during daylight hours when under way. The troll catch consisted of 40 yellowfin tuna, 2 skipjack, 25 wahoo, 12 kawakawa, 10 ulua, 3 rainbow runners, and 3 mahimahi. The vest fishing for this type of gear was at King- man Reef. In addition, the vessel made systematic plankton tows and hydrographic obser— vations by means of the bathythermograph and recording thermograph throughout the area of operations. Biological data and materials from the tuna catches were also obtained. ——_ eee ee SS ee M. Smith, one of the Service's Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations vessels, re- turned to Pearl Harbor on July 31 fram its Cruise X. The purpose of this trip was to determine the current systems and the chemical composition of local waters. This research is a part of the work under way to find out what causes seasonal ups and downs in the fisheries for tuna and aku (skip- jack) in central Pacific waters, generally, and the local waters, particularly. ipa Pacific Pilchards Reported Moving North Earlier Than In 1950 The Pacific sardine (pilchard), mainstay of one of California's richest fisher—- ies, started moving north to spawn earlier this year than it did in 1950, according to a report of the California Marine Research Committee. During February a few eggs and larvae were found off Southern California, an_ area where ‘none were taken by research vessels until April 1950. Each year, Spawning August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 gradually spreads to the north fram Baja California, where the earliest, and fre— quently the heaviest, spawning takes place. Barly appearance of eggs and larvae off Southern California is revealed in the interim progress report submitted to the Committee by the California Academy of Sciences, the Division of Fish and Game, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ———— a Wisconsin Adopts Carp Management Program for Lake Koshkonong The Wisconsin State Conservation Commission approved the purchase of 6.67acres of land near Lake Koshkonong for the purpose of carp control and management work, the Commission announced in April this year. Carp taken from this lake and nearby waters has averaged around 1,000,000 pounds per year since 1935, and it has been suggested that this area be opened to commercial fishing on a year-round basis. Last year, 1,443,000 pounds of carp were taken from this lake by three com— mercial fishing crews and one Department crew. The latter crew alone removed 617,000 pounds of carp from this lake at a cost of 1.1 cents per pound. An official from the Fish Management Division suggested that contract fishing by commercial fisher-— men be continued. Due to the high rate of productivity of these carp, an opinion was expressed that it may be necessary for the State agency to move in whenever it is necessary to keep the carp under control. Commercial fishing activity in this lake has not in the past been adequate in removing sufficient carp. Since 1935, a total of 16,694,780 pounds of carp has been removed fran Lake Koshkonong and more than 5,000,000 pounds from adjacent Rock River waters. A mem- ber of the Fish Management Division states that "Under good management procedure, our creWs can assure reasonably adequate control..." == ———_ > Wholesale and Retail Prices WHOLESALE PRICES, JUNE 1951: In spite of the seasonal increase in production experienced during June in the major fisheries throughout the country, over-all prices for edible fishery products remained steady at May levels. However, there were some price fluctuations within the various categories of fishery products. A substantial decline in canned fishery prodicts prices was offset by increases in prices of all other types of fishery products. The wholesale over-all index for ed— ible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) for June was 108.9 percent of the 1947 average (see table)--the same as in the previous month, but 14.6 percent higher than June 1950, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor re- ports. With the exception of round whitefish and fresh or frozen dressed salmon, all items under the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish category in June were priced higher than in May. Large offshore drawn fresh haddock rose 7.0 percent. From March through May frozen halibut prices had dropped steadily, but in June the trend was reversed and fresh or frozen Western halibut prices were up 3.0 percent. Fresh or frozen king salmon, on the other hand, dropped 0.9 percent. Compared with June 1950, prices this 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 June were higher for fresh drawn haddock by 10.0 percent and for fresh or frozen king salmon by 11.0 percent, but fresh or frozen Western halibut prices were still 14.1 percent lower. The drawn, dressed or whole finfish subgroup index this June was 2.9 percent above the previous month and 4.2 percent above June 1950. eee Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes of Fish and Shellfish, June 1951, with Comparative Data 3 j GROUP, SUBGROUP, AND ITEM SPECIFICATION JPOINT OF PRICING [UNIT | (3) nanos IND2xXeS (1947 = 109 June 1951)May 1951 |June 1950 |June 1951) May 1951 [ALL FISH AND SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, and Canned) .sccsercecs nao ansass 108.9 108.9 Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: eec-+o-sss-2+-srcceres Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: eccoe-+sccssecessoee Haddock, large, offshore, drawn, Fresh evecccccccesececspcscsccccr® Halibut, Western, 20/80 lbs., dressed, fresh or frozen eecocccce Salmon, king, lge. & med., dressed, fresh or frozen ..eececce Whitefish, mostly Lake Superior, drawn (dressed), fresh wecccccerce Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie pound net, round, fresh ecccceccccecevce Lake trout, domestic, m y No. 1, drawn (dressed), fresh wsccsccscce Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (Lakes Michigan & Huron), round, fresh .. Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish): Fillets, haddock, sma 20-1b. tind secsccee Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 co less, fresh or frozen ....eece Oysters, shucked, standards Processed, Frozen (Fish and Shellfish): Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless, 10-lb. bxs. .. Haddock, small, 10-1b. collo-pack wesscecoscces Ocean perch (rosefish), 10-1. cello-pack ....os Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-1b. DIS. cocccrrcsccccccesscosscesoses Canned Fishery Products: .sccsscssssee ec cseccces ecccscece Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans per CaSO seccccarcceesce ecoe Tuna, light meat, solid pack, No. tuna (7 oz.), 48 cans per case .eoo. Sardines (pilchards), California, tomato pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz.), 48 Cans per CASE .ccececccccvorc0ccs Sariines, Maine, keyless oil, No. drawn (3+ oz.), 100 cans per case .. Prices for fresh processed fishery products in June rose 2.4 percent as com— pared to May and were 8.9 percent higher than in June 1950. Prices for fresh had— dock fillets during the month dropped 6.3 percent below May, but were 3.2 percent higher than in June a year earlier. Fresh headless shrimp prices have been rising steadily since December .1950 and in June this year continued their rise to 5.9 per- cent above May. Shrimp prices this June were 1.8 percent higher than in June 1950. In spite of ample stocks, processed frozen fish and shellfish prices is June rose 2.5 percent above May and were 3./, percent higher than in June 1950. Fran May to June substantial increases in frozen flounder fillet prices (2.5 percent) and frozen headless shrimp (7.9 percent) were offset by substantially lower prices for frozen ocean perch fillets (3.4 percent) and frozen haddock fillets (0.3 percent). Frozen headless shrimp prices have been steadily increasing since January this year put in June they were still 6.6 percent below the corresponding month a year earlier; and frozen haddock fillet prices this June were 4.4 percent lower than in June 1950. On the other hand, this June's quotations for frozen flounder fillets and ocean perch fillets were higher than in June 1950 by 23.6 percent and 21.1 percent, respectively. Canned fishery products prices in June dropped due to a decline in tuna and salmon. The month's index for this subgroup was 3.4 percent lower than in May, but 30.3 percent above June 1950. Fram May to June, prices for California sardines held steady; Maine sardines rose slightly; but prices dropped for California tuna August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 by 5.8 percent and for pink salmon by 3.0 percent. Compared with June 1950, this June's prices were higher for pink salmon by 58.4 percent, for California sardines by 22.8 percent, for Maine sardines by 9.4 percent, but lower for California tuna by 0.9 percent. RETAIL PRICES, JUNE 1951: Retail prices for all foods decreased 0.2 percent between May 15, and June 15, making the adjusted retail food index on the latter date 226.9 percent of the 1935-39 base-period average. This is 11.7 percent higher than the retail price food index of 203.1 for the same period of the previous year (table 2).. Table 2 — Adjusted Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Fishery Products, June 15, 1951, with Comparative Data _ All fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, & canned) . Fresh and frozen fish .weccoce Canned salmon: pink .cccece The decline in the retail prices for all foods sold to moderate-income urban families is not consistent however, with the advancement in the average prices paid for all fish and shellfish prices at the retail level. Fram mid-May to mid-June, the retail price index for all fish and shellfish increased from 353.1 to 356.3 per— cent of the 1935-39 average, or a 0.9 percent rise. Compared with the same period of 1950, this index was 20.4 percent higher. Chiefly responsible for the increase in average retail prices for all fishand shellfish were fresh and frozen fish. The retail index for this latter category rose 1.5 percent from mid-May to mid-June. Fresh and frozen fish average prices were 8.6 percent higher than on June 15 the previous year. In anticipation of the new pack of salmon and conforming to the substantial drop at wholesale, the average retail prices of canned pink salmon dropped 0.1 per-— cent fram mid-May to mid-—June—the first price decrease recorded for canned salmon since June 1950. However, pink salmon retail prices this June 15 were still 48.5 percent higher than on June 15, 1950. 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 iz SS =SS= = FOREIGN = International FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION COUNCIL MEETS IN ROME HEADQUARTERS: The Twelfth Session of the FAO Council, the first to assemble in FAO's new headquarters in Rome, met June 11-25 to review FAO's progress and problems since the last Council session. The representatives of 17 member governments who attended the session found the FAO staff well estab- lished in Rome. All members of the Council were represented, with the exception of Venezuela. Twelve governments which are not members of the Council also had observers at the meeting, and international nongovernmental organizations were well represented. The recommendations of the Working Party on the Program of Work and Long-Term Problems were presented to the Council. Included among the recommendations was 4 conclusion that the Conference should consider ways to provide the Organization with adequate funds to take care of the activities for which FAO is constitutionally re- sponsible. In addition, the Working Party's recommendations set out general prin- ciples for guiding the direction of FAO's work and covered a number of other points, including the need for public information on FAO's work. A paper giving the United States' views on the FAO's Expanded Technical Assist- ance Program points out that in the brief period the program has been in operation, 46 countries and territories had already signed or were negotiating agreements; some 226 experts from 28 countries are already in the field or are being recruited; and provision has already been made for 136 scholarships. The U. S. statement suggests several lines of improvement and mentions the importance of coordination of techni- cal assistance programs by countries which are receiving the assistance. The Council reviewed the world food and agriculture situation (including fish- eries), finding that production was higher in 1950-51 than in 1949-50, but that food supplies were not satisfactorily distributed. It agreed on arrangements for the next session of the FAO Conference, suggest— ing how the Conference might be organized and some of the subjects that should be discussed. It decided that the date for the Conference should be November 19 in= stead of November 5, because the building that is being constructed in Rome for the Conference most likely will not be ready by the former date. The Council learned that the FAO finished 1950 with a surplus of about $300,000, and contributions from member governments for 1951 were coming in better than they had in 1950. The question of how large the budget should be for 1952-53 was dis— cussed, but the decision is up to the Conference. The Council agreed in principle with the recommendation of the Committee on Financial Control that the Working Capi- tal Fund should ultimately be $2,500,000, but thought that the goal should be reached in stages. August 1951 COVMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW 27 WHALING THIRD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION: With prelim- inary meetings commencing on July 19, the Third Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission convened at Capetown, South Africa, on July 23, 1951. This Meeting was to consider such matters as possible amendments of the Schedule of the Convention; action taken by the member governments to promulgate certain laws and regulations concerning whaling in conformity with the provisions of the Convention; the method of reporting infractions of the regulations and the penalties for in- fractions; the status of ratification and adherence of several countries to the Convention; possible amendments to the rules or procedure; and administrative and budgetary matters, a July 19 U. S. Department of State press release announces, The United States Delegation is as follows: UNITED STATES COMMISS|IONER3 DR. A. REMINGTON KELLOGG DIRECTOR UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM DEPUTY UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER: DR. HILARY J. DEASON CHIEF, OFFICE OF FOREIGN ACTIVITIES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ADVISORS: JOHN F. STONE AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL CAPETOWN FRED B. TAYLOR OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE UNDER SECRETARY FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT OF STATE The International Whaling Commission was established pursuant to the Interna- tional Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which was signed at Washington on December 2, 1946, and entered into force on November 10, 1948. The United States is one of seventeen Contracting Governments comprising the membership of this Commis— sion. The Commission is charged with responsibility within the framework of the Convention for safeguarding the whale stocks of the world. Within strictly defined limits, the Commission may amend the Schedule, an integral part of the Convention, by adopting regulations designating protected species, fixing closed seasons and waters, limiting total catches and the sizes of whales taken, defining standards for measurement of whales, and establishing requirements for statistical and other records. The Second Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission was held at Oslo, Norway, July 17-21, 1950. KR OR Ok OK WHALE OTL PRODUCTION ALMOST SOLD OUT: Very little whale oil is being offered as the entire Antarctic production has now been disposed of and the only quantities for sale are for delivery in the last three months of the year, which is too far forward for most buyers to consider making commitments, according to the June 1951 issue of Norsk Avalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette). This is based on a British market report dated June 20, 1951. 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13), No; 8 Belgium NEW AUTOMATIC SARDINE COOKER DEVELOPED: An automatic cooker for sardines, brisling, and other fish has ‘S recently been tly been developed by the International Machinery Corporation S. A. in Bel- gium, a March 1951 article in the Danish periodical Konserves reports. By this new method, cans are automatically filled with raw fish and cooked in steam or hot air. All fats and fish oil are extracted from the fish during the process. Next, oilor tomato sauce is added to the cans and the machine completes the process by sealing the cans at a temperature of @5° to 90° c, (185° to 194° F.). The new method reduces SKETCH OF NEW AUTOMATIC SARDINE COOKER DEVELOPED IN BELGIUM. the handling of the fish COMES IN TWO SIZES, AND THE ABOVE SKETCH SHOWS THE SMALLER from 20-60 percent. Oil OF THE TWO. THESE MACHINES ARE REPORTED IN OPERATION IN ; : BELGIUM, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL, TUNIS, MOROCCO, AND NOR- savings are claimed to be WAY. 15 percent higher than by former methods. SS Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA 1951 SAIMON PACK TRENDS: The British Columbia 1951 pack of pink salmon is expected to be good. Even though this is an off-cycle year for sock- eye salmon, the over-all salmon pack is expected to be good. Packers anticipate that higher production costs will probably increase the canned salmon prices, and in that event the manufactured value of the fish for the current season will prob- ably exceed C#50,000,000, in spite of the fact that the pack will undoubtedly be less than that of last year, according to a July 19 bulletin from the American Con- sulate at Vancouver. On July 18, 1951, the receipt of an order for salmon from the British Ministry of Food amountingto C$6,000,000 was announced. It is believed that the bulk of the shipments to the United Kingdom will consist of pink, chum, and coho salmon. The 1950 market value of the salmon catch was approximately C$48,700,000. Of this amount C$15,500,000 represented sales of fresh and frozen fish mostly to the State of Washington. The balance of C$335,200,000 represented the value of 1,482,560 eases of the 1950 salmon pack. Last year British Columbia packers exported 980,000 cases of canned salmon to 40 countries, and of this amount 427,000 cases were shipped to Great Britain. * KOK OK OX August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES, 1950: Introduction: Newfoundland's fisheries during 1950, in spite of increased catches in several instances, passed through an uncertain and unusually difficult period of changing world conditions, resulting in the future of this major industry becoming increasingly a concern of both the Provincial and the Dominion Governments, an American consular dispatch from St. John's dated April 2 re- ports. At the year's close, considerable widespread discontent among fishermen be- came manifest with the result that early in 1951 the Provincial Government suddenly took the initiative in proposing the formation of a Newfoundland Fisheries Develop- ment Committee and other steps looking to the betterment of fishermen as a class. 2,900,000 34, 367 , 520 9,000 , 000 95,200,000 4,400 400,000 1,455 1/NO DATA AVAILABLE ON ACTUAL LANDINGS. 2/PRODUCT WEIGHT. Production of fishery products by Newfoundland fishermen in 1950 was some- what below 1949 due to de=- ereased herring landings (table 1). Actual data on 1950 landings are not avail- able, but production of New- foundland's fisheries (ex- cluding Labrador) in 1949 was estimated at 585,520, 300 pounds (landed weight). Government Administration of Fisheries: The assimilation and integration of Newfoundland's fisheries with those of Canada by virtue of the 1949 Confederation were not readily realized, but reasonably good progress was reported in spite of substantial differences in outlook and procedure. The effort made to meet diffi- culties which attended the marketing of salted cod was a primary issue during all of 1950. In addition, local fishermen say that the devaluation of the pound ster-= ling in September 1949 was the worst single adverse blow ever suffered by the New- foundland industry, with the result that in the spring of 1950 exporters of cod were faced with an apparent "carry over" of about a quarter of their salt cod pro= duction (30,240,000 to 31,360,000 pounds). Salted Cod: The greater part of the salted cod on hand early in 1950 was moved to markets, but financial sacrifices were not avoided. To move the fish, "dumping" of some fish (where large quantities were involved) and "holding" of a part of the 1950 catch for several months were necessary. Production of salt cod was expected to be below average at the beginning of 1950 because of the poor marketing outlook and the low morale among fishermen and merchants. However, the morale of the Pishermen was raised somewhat by the Canadian Government's an=- nouncement that dollars would be provided (up to 4,480,000 pounds) to countries able to provide ster- ling currency only. This included Portugal, Greece, Italy, and Spain, important export markets which nor- mally take about 50 percent of New= foundland's annual production. These countries have been unable to make dollar pur- chases during recent years. Contracts were also made for substantial shipments of Salted cod to Jamaica and Puerto Rico. The result was an estimated 1950 catch of 95.2 million pounds, 22.4 million pounds below the preceding year (table 1). 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 8 With respect to 1950 fish, a "floor" price placed on Labrador catches (C#7.00 per 112 pounds) hastened the desired exchange of fish locally. However, as Canada is a dollar country, the exchange problem has not been solved with "soft" currency countries where controls prevent currency exports. Among the cod=consuming nations dealing in devaluated currencies, an increasingly strong incentive has been given to build up domestic fishing fleets in order to cope with local demand for cod. The Newfoundland Associated Fish Exporters, Ltd., a cooperative export market—- ing group, continued to handle the export marketing of salt cod during 1950. Inshore cod fishing for 1950 in Newfoundland was described as "very successful" in some sections of the Northeast Coast, but below average in Others, particularly in White and Green Bays. Deep=-sea fishing was even worse than during 1949, again due to the hesitancy of fishermen to follow the sea, by reason of the clouded domestic and international situation. Only 40 deep-sea vessels operated in 1950 as compared to 88 in 1949, and the total catch of these for 1950 was estimated at 5,600,000 pounds as compared to 134,400,000 pounds, the year before. Table 2 — Newfoundland's Production of Dressed and Filleted Groundfish and and Flatfish and Stocks on Hand at mind of Year by Species, 1949-50 | 77 a | production 0 | || Stocks onl Hand atumdlotmmaan Product 1950 1949 | 1950 1949 lbs. lbs. lbs. Lbs. Filleted and dressed: Cod eee eee cee cence ONL? 41ONeTON MIO B64 Pb 6ullel (7e2.509 461,313 Catfish (wolffish) ..eee. 112,920 55 , 305 370 200 PILOMAI To pe OO RAN bobo obo a WAC o Soll lbp 0) blo 95 , 560 56,725 Grey COMA S5ccadsaacsccoon 571,855 377,306 73,490 108, 250 Haddocles san Cae, eek. 2S a7 eee engi) IByOEIk7S5 3,240 138,670 4,240 243,755 6,569 ,878 6 , 550 - 4,625 770, 984 RAK ogeocosd00D00d0000000 EWING Goooan0cG00000000 ROSELUS Gaocgooada00000n NO all Mieteletsleletclelelelelsetelole The Government discouraged fishermen from prosecuting fisheries in Labrador, due to the difficulty in marketing "Labrador cure." The Labrador catch for 1950 was estimated at 6,720,000 pounds as compared to 12,320,000 pounds in 1949 when 144 "floaters" (fishing vessels which move from one fishing area to another and store fish aboard) operated as compared to but 65 during 1950. There was an abundance of bait during 1950, mostly due to the appearance of large schools of squid. Frozen Fish: Production of frozen fish continued to expand during 1950 with a production of 34.4 million pounds, compared with 24.7 million pounds for the pre- ceding year (table 2). Production of frozen cod fillets for 1950 was reported at almost 16,650,000 pounds, an increase of some 6,385,000 pounds as compared with 1949's production. Production of other processed frozen fish,such as ocean perch (rosefish), flounder, sole, and halibut, was also above that for the preceding year. The United States was the principal market for this type of product and little difficulty was reported in marketing. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 A total of 17 draggers operated during 1950 in this type of fishery as com= pared with 13 for 1949. Frozen fish continues to play an increasingly important role in the Newfound- land industry with all indications pointing to its further expansion. FILLETING OPERATION AT A LARGE FISH PLANT IN ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND. Herring: Fishing for herring during 1950 showed a considerable decrease in catches as compared with recent years. Whereas 65,000 barrels of pickled herring (14.6 million pounds) were prepared during 1949, not over an estimated 40,000 bar- rels (9 million pounds) were packed during 1950 (table 1). The Fisheries Board has been in the habit of negotiating contracts each season on behalf of packers. During the 1949-50 season a contract for 16,000 barrels (3.6 million pounds) was concluded at "very satisfactory prices," but of the total quantity covered by con= tract only 5,667 barrels (1.3 million pounds) were actually packed. In the belief that Scotch-Cured herring controls are no longer necessary and frequently not to the advantage of the fishermen, they will now be discontinued, particularly since it has been shown that packers often fail to produce even half of the quantities contracted for. Scotch-Cured herring were, by law, to be packed only during the period October 1 to January 31, with extension permissible in cer- tain cases. It is of interest to recall that during 1950 the Newfoundland Government at-— tempted to bring Icelandic herring boats to Newfoundland, believing that methods of curing herring as practiced by Icelanders would better meet marketing needs. The experiment was a decided failure, however, with more than C$250,000 reported to have been lost to the Provincial treasury. 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 8 Lobster Fishery: The 1950 lobster catch was reported to have established a record in both volume and value. The season is only about two months. As fisher- men now receive higher proceeds for live lobster, the canning of lobster in New- foundland has been sharply reduced in all areas. The lobster season is only about two months in duration and calls for long hours and hard work. A well-enforced law protects "short" lobsters from being sold as well as female lobsters in spawn- ing condition. In eastern Newfoundland, the principal production area, reports indicate that lobstersare not decreasing in numbers. Returns to fishermen were higher than in previous years, the average price paid being 18 cents per pound as compared with 15 cents during 1949. During 1950, about 4,400,000 pounds of live lobster were exported as against 4,150,000 pounds for 1949. Lobster fishing on the West Coast of the island, however, was not as successful as elsewhere. Salmon: Scarcity of salmon limited the production of this species to 2.9 mil- lion pounds, almost a half million pounds less than in 1949; however, salmon fish- ing was described as "generally good" and highly remmerative to the fishermen. About 4,000 cases of canned salmon were packed, of which 1,000 cases were exported and the balance sold locally. Mackerel and Squid: Mackerel and squid fishing was good, although the squid pack was small, due to a lessening demand for this product. : Meal: A new record was established for the production of fish meal, and several new processing plants were set up in various parts of the Island. Production of herring meal was 1,455 metric tons (table 1), substantially above the 1949 total of 1,104 tons. There was also a considerable increase in production of white fish and NEWFOUNDLAND. HANDLING FISH OFFAL FOR REDUCTION AT A LARGE FISH PLANT IN ST. JOHN'S 3 August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 bream meal (2,440 tons in 1950, compared with 1,778 tons in 1949). Reduction of caplin was undertaken on a fairly large scale during the year, with preparations made to handle up to 112,000 barrels. Delays in the delivery of pressing machinery hampered output, but a total of 91,692 barrels were processed during the year. The reduction plants are situated at Bay of Islands, Williamsport, and Corner Brook. Caplin was processed into meal and oil at the latter plant. A slight reduction in the amount of whale meal produced during 1950 (1,510 tons) as compared with 1949 (1,676 tons) was noted. Vessels and Fishermen: A general decrease was noted during 1950 in the number of vessels and fishermen (table 3). The explanation given for this is that the Government discouraged fishing oper- ations in the Labrador area because of difficulty in marketing species taken in that area, and the uncer- tainty of the international situa- tion. The Provincial Government es- timates that between 27 and 28 thou- sand Newfoundlanders earn their livelihood as fishermen. Of this total, 22,500 were engaged in cod fishing during 1950--a decrease of 5,450, compared with 1949, Table 3 — Number of Vessels and Fishermen Engaged in Newfoundland's Fisheries —50 gag 1 No. | No. essels: Deep—sea @eeeoeateeeoeeeeeeoeeoe Eloatersl/ is. cwiais mers adie ceases Trawlers (cod fishery) .-... Total vessels mee Fishermen in cod fisheries ...|22,550 1/"FLOATERS' - FISHING VESSELS WHICH MOVE FROM ONE FISHING AREA TO ANOTHER AND STORE FISH ABOARD. tS) OO : (e) Sealing: Due mainly to the poor market demand for marine oils, only four vessels took part in seal fishing with a catch of 81,908 seals as compared with rey igen a Renna aa igtaundlandlalScaliaapadinialeadetcn TCloese Considerable serious and eS EE SSS EE EEE EEE eee 1949 intensive study of seal fisheries in Newfoundland No. No. has been made by the Govern- peals ecescecsceccecceecec ce oeeooe 81,908 135,446 ales PeeeeeG@GCaoeeeee OR OG2eeeeoeee0 185 516 ment with the result that 1951 should be more active. In 1949, one steamer and 14 motor vessels hunted seals The number of men engaged in sealing in 1950 totaled 250, while 670 men took part in 1949, Whaling: Two whale processing plants (as during 1949) were in operation during 1950--one at Hawkes Harbor and the other at Williamsport. A total of 485 whales were caught as compared to 542 in 1949 (table 4). The season runs from June to October, or early November. Close supervision was maintained by the Government over both plants during the entire season and similar inspection work will be con= tinued in 1951, orts: Newfoundland's exports of dry-salted cod were 99,060,304 pounds in 1950, an increase over the 1949 exports of 75,557,552 pounds (table 5). Important markets for these products were Portugal, Italy, Brazil, and countries in the Car- ribean area. While the exports of dried cod destined for the United States decreased in 1950 by 142,684 pounds, the export of wet-salted cod more than doubled. Outlook for 1951: The outlook for Newfoundland fisheries is encouraging, par— ticularly now that Newfoundland, as the youngest Province in the Dominion of Canada ; will regularly receive financial and technical assistance from the Federal Govern- mente 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 ‘Table _3 = Jeetounekene A of Salted Cod ( se _and Value), 19 a VErACnEn 2 aearisa D: SS “Shore fiatentor | seta | Sa Sele ae ae Salt Shore Labrador Total ae Shore Labrador Total Salted ibs. ibs. lbs. C$ C$ cS (3 73,557,232 (25, a ee 99,060 as & Sl» 1s 10,993,244 B: cae 948 | 14,148,192] 509,780 ee 928 “ee 9,821 846 | 12,466,191} 740,051 | as3.a04 re 000 O "816 iL 8 "200 220 20, 526 62,746] 163,516 OK K OK OK NEWFOUNDLAND CONVERTING TWO LABRADOR SCHOONERS FOR LONG=LINING: The Govern- ment of Newfoundland is planning to convert two Labrador schooners for long-lining, according to St. John's Daily News of July 10. The news item continues: "The ves- sels are to be organized as training ships under a joint agreement with the Govern- ment of Newfoundland and the Government of Canada for a period of five months. They are expected to operate in long-lining for cod, turbot, and halibut on the North East Coast (Newfoundland) and to concentrate off the Labrador Coast in late Septem— ber until weather conditions preclude operation." we Costa Rica EXCHANGE CONTROL LAW COVERING RE-EXPORTS AND TRANSSHIPMENTS OF FISH AMENDED: Costa Rica has passed a new law which will amend Law No. 1304 which was promilgated primarily to exempt from certain provisions of the current exchange laws tuna caught beyond the territorial waters of Coast Rica, and then epgnseb pues in her harbors or frozen in Puntarenas for shipment to the United States. The amendment, Law No. 1310 dated June 28, 1951, and promigated on July 1, 1951, changes the former law (Law No.1304) only to the extent that the phrase "in extraterritorial waters" now reads "in waters outside of the gulfs of the Republic," the American Embassy at San Jose states in its July 5 report. In proposing the adoption of Law No. 1310 to the Assembly, the Costa Rican Minister of Agriculture pointed out that it was not feasible to determine whether or not fish were caught in extraterritorial waters. Therefore, it would be prefer- able to have the pertinent legislation specify those waters whose geographical limits indicate the possibility of State control. It was his Ministry's intention, he went on to say, that it proposed Law No. 1304 to reserve insofar as possible fishing in the waters of the Costa Rican gulfs for domestic purposes inasmuch as local fishermen are not economically enabled to fish outside of the gulfs. A third reason was advanced in support of the language now adopted..."Also it is known that many other fishing zones exist outside of the gulfs which are unexplored and whose weaith, available for the greatest benefit of the country, will remain unexplored if national or foreign initiative and sufficient capital do not develop them." 1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1951, P. 35. mm, August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 Eritrea FISHERIES REPORT, 1950: Of the 4,200 metric tons of fish produced in Eritrea during 1950, about 4,000 metric tons were manufactured into fish meal and exported, reports a June 26 American consular dispatch from Asmara. The remainder of the production was consumed as food locally. In addition, some 400 metric tons of sea shells (mother-of-pearl, trocas) were produced and used by the local button factories. A Fisheries Inspector at Massawa has been appointed by the Administration to control and organize the fishing industry. Gambia (British West Africa) FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL TO OPERATE OFF THE GAMBIAN COAST; A fishery research vessel, Cape ape St. Mary Mary, is being fitted out for the West African Fisheries Research Institute, according to an article which appeared in the June 1951 African World and reported by the American consulate at Dakar. The vessel has been built with funds supplied by the British Government under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act. In addition to normal trawler equipment, it has a laboratory, an electrohydraulic trawl winch, hydrographic winch, and liver- oil extractors. Next to the refrigerated fish room, which has a capacity of 5,000 cubic feet, there will be an ice-making plant capable of producing 28-lb. blocks at the rate of one ton every 24 hours. The liver-oil plant is on the main deck and will be able to produce three tons of oil in ten days. The ship's complement will include two scientific officers whose initial aim will be to investigate any species of fish in the area, and to study seasonal mi- gration. Experiments will be made to determine the methods best suited to surface, mid-water, and deep-sea fishing. The Cape St. Mary will carry two motorboats, one of which will be equipped with an echo sounder. * *K KK * Pish ee ship has has been fitted out by the British Sieaiel Development Corpor= ation and sent to the Colony of Gambia to develop its fisheries, according to The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review of June 1951. Vessel Specifications: The factory ship, African Queen, is a twin-screw re- fitted British Navy supply ship of 2,000 tons B.R.T. powered by two internal com= bustion four-stroke vertical single-acting direct-drive engines, each developing 720 hep. The vessel is equipped with a quick-freezing and a canning plant, and also cold-storage facilities. Cans delivered in bulk and flat will be essembled aboard the vessel, filled with fish, sterilized and sealed, labeled, and stored on board until they can be unloaded. This ship will perform all of the functions of a parent ship, having ten small motor boats which will do the actual fishing and bring the catch to the factory ship for processing. The crew will number about 20 European technicians and 40 Africans to handle the fishing, canning, and processing of the fish. 36 COMMRCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 Fishery Products to be Produced: The African Queen will catch, skin, carve, cook, can, and freeze tunny (tuna) and other edible fish; catch sharks, cure and dry the skin, extract and process the oil from the liver, fillet and dry the flesh for African and European markets, as well as process the other parts into fish meal for poultry and other animal feeding. Tunny will be fished by methods found suc- cessful in the Canary Islands, and other methods used on the Pacific Coast of North America will be employed. The fish vary in weight fram 30 to 60 pounds and are of the albacore, yellowfin, skipjack, and bluefin varieties. Soms of the tuna will be processed into steaks in the hope of finding markets for this product in Britain as well as Africa. Sharks will be taken by means of bottom-set gill nets and long lines similar to those employed to catch halibut in Northern fisheries. These hempen lines carry chain snoods with large shark hooks at 4-ft. intervals. The sharks most likely to be caught will be the tiger, hammerhead, nurse, and pequin. There is also the screwfish (a shark species) which weighs from 700-1,000 pounds. Nearly 8 percent of the shark's weight is made up of liver which is particularly rich in vitamin A. Fishing Operations: Spiny lobster (crawfish) occur locally in considerable quantities in West African waters. South Africa does a large trade in canned rock lobster meat, most of which is exported to America and bring in dollars. Spiny lobsters, like the sharks, are bottom feeders and will be caught by means of tangle nets and seines set in deep water. Because of the practice of fishing only certain areas where the fish congre- gate during specific seasons, fishing is normally a seasonal occupation in West Africa. The rest of the year fishermen suffer a loss of income and the country a loss of food. The African Queer, however, will follow the fish wherever they are to be found along the west coast of Africa, landing its finished products at the nearest con- venient port along the coast where they can be sold locally or transshipped to other markets without any delay or wastage. The headquarters of the undertaking will be at Bathurst, Gambia. a German Federal Republic NEW ELECTROSTATIC SMOKER DEVELOPED: A factory in the German Federal Republic has recently developed a new electrostatic smoker which will process fish in twenty seconds instead of the usual 1 to 2 hours, a June 18 American consular dispatch from Hamburg announces. The fish are carried on a conveyor belt through a smoke chamber located ina high tension field. Small nozzels conduct the smoke to the copper wire negative which has the effect of instantly charging the smoke particles. The particles thus charged penetrate the fish at high speed. The fish are located on metal plates which function as the opposite pole. After this process, the fish are exposed to infra-red radiation which complétes the curing process. a August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 Greece GREEK=NORWEGIAN TRADE AGREEMENT EXTENDED: Two protocols were signed on May 12) 1951, at Athens to renew the Greek and Norwegian trade and payments agreament con cluded in February 1950. While the 1950 agreement expired by limitation on Decem- ber 31, 1951, it was prolonged pending negotiations for its renewal. The renewed agreement was made retroactive to January 1, 1951, and will remain in force until December 351, 1951, a July 11 dispatch from the American Embassy at Athens reports. The only modifications in the renewed agreement were the application of the EPU agreement which obivates the necessity of a credit margin and simplified the accounting procedure of the clearing arrangement. The 1950 Greek exports to Norway totaled 4,166,735 kroner (about US#583,000) with sponges accounting for only 39,033 kroner of the total. Norway's 1950 exports to Greece totaled 24,540,046 kroner (about uS$2,850,000) and included such fishery items as cod-liver oil medicinal preparations (10,506,051 kroner), preserved fish and fishery products (2,500,000 kroner), and fish oils and fats (1,668,661 kroner), The net deficit in this year's trade relations, as in 1950, will again be met by EPU credits. Greenland FISHERTSS DEVELOPMENT IN 1950: Denmark's Greenland Administration and Det Grgnlandske Fiskeri-Kompagni report that during 1950 experiments were conducted with fillet freezing in Sukkertoppen, and a shrimp processing plant was operated at Christianshaab for the production of frozen, non-boiled headless shrimp, and boiled and peeled shrimp. Almost all of these frozen products were exported with the greatest share going to the United States, the April 12 Danish publication Konserves reports. A proposal in the 1950 report of the Greenland Commission would permit Danish citizens and companies, under Government control, to enter Greenland's fishing in- dustrye The Government as a shareholder in the Det Grgnlandske Fiskeri-Kompagni has plans to expand the company's facilities by building fillet and freezing plants (including quick-freezing installations) in the colonies of Godthaab, Sukkertoppen, and Egedesminde. Christianshaab's shrimp-processing plant is to be expanded to include shrimp canning. A fish-meal factory is to be constructed at Tovkussak as an addition to the present salt-fish processing facilities at that station. The Greenland Administration is building a large shrimp cannery in Narssak, South Greenland, which will produce canned shrimp and quick-frozen cod fillets. As a result of the successful 1950 operations, the Greenland Administration and Det Grgénlandske Fiskeri-Kompagni are now planning to increase their production for export, concentrating on the American market. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, AUGUST 1950, PP. 44-6. OK OK KOK NEW FISHING, TRAPPING, AND HUNTING REGULATIONS: The Danisa Government passed Decree No. 246 on June 7, 1951, concerning "Trapping, Fishing, and Hunting in Green- land Waters, and Exportation from Greenland," the American Embassy reports in its 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No, 8 July 16 dispatch from Copenhagen.. The new regulations are issued in pursuance of the authority of the Prime Minister under Act No. 277 of May 27, 1950, relating to the "Conduct of Trade in Greenland," which came into force on April 15, 1951. Act No. 277 applies to the entire territory of Greenland, including its mari- time territory. The Decree applies to Greenland's inner waters which include har- bors, harbor entrances, roadstead, bays (including Disko Bay), and the waters be- tween and within the islands, islets, rocks, and reefs (Stenrgser) which are not permanently inundated by the sea. The maritime territory covered by the Decree pertains to those waters within a line drawn outside of the islands, islets, rocks, and reefs (Stenrgser) at a distance of three nautical miles from the outermost boundary of the dry land at lowest ebb. In the bays and fjords the three nautical miles shall be measured from a straight line drawn across the bay or fjord at the places nearest to the entrance where the width does not exceed 10 nautical miles, The Decree grants that the exclusive rights of Danish nationals, residents of Greenland and those licensed by the Prime Minister, are extended to apply also to the use of Danish vessels. Restrictions on foreign flag vessels are eased somewhat by permitting them to make arrangements ashore for the provisional storage of catches taken outside the waters of Greenland. A provision of the Decree regarding the hiring of natives of Greenland as a condition for licensing is new and undoubtedly has been adopted by a desire to en= courage the native population to become more sea conscious and better experienced in ocean fishing. The Decree gives to the Prime Minister all-inclusive authority for establish- ing without specification additional conditions for licensing trade. While such a wide authority might have the effect of arbitrarily limiting a greater freedom for trade in Greenland, there has been no indication up to the present time of any such use thereof. Regulations for exportation from Greenland adhere primarily to the provisions of Act No. 277. However, with regard to export licensing they are not explicit and continue to follow characteristic modern Greenland legislation of leaving it up to the administrative province of the Prime Minister for establishing detailed condi- tions. Under Section 11 of the Decree, certain goods shall be sold directly, or through a licensed export enterprise, to the Central Greenland Sales Organization (provi- sionally the Royal Greenland Commerce). These goods are listed in Annex I to the Decree and include most fish, shellfish, seal, and whale products. Iceland SUMMER HERRING FISHERY PROSPECTS: After a very unsatisfactory 1950 summer her- ring season in which only 32,000 metric tons were landed, southwestern Icelandic fishermen this year are reluctant to commit themselves to participation in the North Coast herring fishery. The last six seasons have been very poor. While initial preparations have been made to get purse nets and boats in shape, many of the fishermen have apparently decided not to leave their home ports until they re- Ceive definite word that the herring are running in that area. It is already cer- tain that the number of vessels, both domestic and foreign, which will participate August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 in the North Coast herring fishery will be lower than in any recent previous year, according to a June 27 dispatch from the American Embassy at Reykjavik. The Swedish fleet operating in this area during the 1950 summer season was composed of 52 vessels, but early reports indicate that only about one-half of this number will be present this summer. Norwegian fishing vessels, which totaled 211 in 1950, are expected to be less than 200. A few Russian boats have been sighted fishing 50-70 miles off the North Coast, but it is impossible to ascertain the number of boats or the production of these vessels. Official Government eh have already been set for herring to be delivered to Government-owned factorie on the North Coast for processing into oil and meale If the average annual catch per boat is below 6,000 "mal" (810 metric tons), the Government factories will pay the fishermen I.kr.110.16 per "mal" (US$6.76 per 300-1b. barrel). If the average catch per boat is over 6,000 "mal," the fixed price to the fishermen will be I.kr.102.00 per "mal,"(US$6.26 per 300-lb. barrel). The figure of 6,000 "mal" includes herring delivered for salting, freezing, and can- ning as well as for reduction. It has been decided that the lower price will be suf- ficient to provide a reasonable profit to fishermen if the catch is favorable. In that event, the difference of I.kr.8.16 per "mal" (US$0.50 per 300-lb. barrel) would be paid by the factories to the Herring Catch Division of the Catch Guar- antee Fund established by the Government to assist the domestic small-boat fishing fleet. This sum would correspond to a tax of 8 percent on the value of the raw her- ring delivered by the boats if the average catch of the boats participating in the summer herring fisheries is over 6,000 "mal." Fishermen will be given the option of delivering their catch to the Government factories at the official prices quoted above, in which case they are relieved of risks involved in market fluctuations, or of delivering their herring to the fac- tories for a price to be determined by the actual market price of the herring oil and meal ultimately produced. In the latter case, they would receive as an initial payment 85 percent of the official price of I.kr.102.00 per "mal" (US$676 per 300- lb. barrel), or I.kr.86.70 (US$5.32 per 300-1b. barrel), upon delivering the fish to the factories, and the balance when the factories' accounts are closed. Those fishermen would share the risks involved in market fluctuations, and stand to re- ceive either more or less than fishermen delivering at fixed prices, depending on market conditions. It is expected that most fishermen will prefer to accept the fixed prices, which are considered rather favorable. The official prices set by the Government factories are based on anticipated deliveries of 400,000 "mal" (54,000 metric tons) for processing during the summer, which is close to the average received by them during the past 10 years. In 1950, the preseason estimate of the quantity to be delivered to the Government factories was 500,000 "mal," which was more than 4 times as high as the amount actually re-= ceived. The average catch per fishing boat participating in the summer herring fishery in the past 6 years, all of which were failures, was 2,446 "mal" (300 metric tons) annually. 1/THE GOVERNMENT-OWNED FACTORIES ARE COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS THE STATE HERRING FACTORIES. IN 1950, THE STATE HERRING FACTORIES PROCESSED ABOUT TWO-THIRDS OF THE HERRING REDUCED ON THE NORTH COAST, AND THE REMAINDER WAS PROCESSED BY PRI VATELY-OWNED FACTORIES. THE PRI VATELY- OWNED FACTORIES FOLLOW THE PRICES PAID BY THE GOVERNMENT FACTORIES. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23), Nose, The average annual catch per boat in 1944, the last good year, was 12,0650 "mal" (1,624 tons). The price of I.kr.110.16 per "mal" for herring delivered by fishermen for re- duction is about 27 percent higher than the price paid in 1950, and 55 percent higher higher than the price paid in 1949, The great increase over last year results from the increase in world prices for herring oil. The price for mich of the herring oil produced in 1950 was 380 (US$224) per metric ton, about 70 percent of the cur-— rent year's production has already been sold in advance at £139:5:0 (US$390) per metric ton, f.o.b. As in recent years, most of the present year's production will go to the United Kingdom. None of the current year's expected production of herring meal has been sold in advance, in view of unfavorable world prices. Prices being offered for Icelandic herring meal at the present time are approximately 25 percent lower than those offered at the same tims last year. The price to be paid to fishermen for fresh herring delivered for salting has not been established. The 1950 price was I.kr.122.00 (US$7.49) per barrel of 300 pounds of fresh whole herring. The State herring Board, which handles all exports of salted herring, reports that it has already sold 200,000 barrels of herring from the coming summer fishery. Of this total, 110,000 barrels have been sold to Sweden. Smaller quantities are included in bilateral trade agreements with Denmark, Finland, and Poland. The State Herring Board reports that it expects to sell some herring to to the United States, but that no agreement has yet been reached. Actual deliveries under "future" sales will depend, of course, on the outcome of the fishery. Only 55,600 barrels of salted herring were produced in the disappointing summer of 1950. OK OK OK OK TRADE AGREEMENT SIGNED WITH BRAZIL: A trade agreement under which Iceland will export codfish to Brazil in exchange for coffee was signed in Rio de Janeiro on May 5, 1951, states a dispatch of June 11 from the U. S. Ministry in Reykjavik. The agreement, which is in the form of letters exchanged by representatives of the two countries, will have a duration of 1 year. Under its terms codfish up to 4 maximum limit of £300,000 (US$840,000) will be exported by Iceland to Brazil, and coffee up to a like value will be exported by Brazil in return. It is understood, although not so stated in the agreement, that the codfish will be salted and cured. Trade between Iceland and Brazil is to be conducted by traditional exporters and importers in each country, at prices not higher than those in world markets. \e = Israel DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES, 1950: Requirements: Israel's Ministry of Agricul- ture estimates the annual requirements of fish at 50.6 pounds per capita. Fish occupies an important place in Israel's “austerity” diet as a substitute for meat. Since the local catch in 1950 was only 7,000 metric tons and 17,000 metric tons were imported, the remaining 10 percent of the requirements mist have been filled by stocks on hand at the close of 1949 (assuming that an estimated 27,600 metric tons of fish are needed to meet the requirements of 1.2 million people). The sup- ply of fish, other than the unpopular frozen fillets, was irregular varying between surplus and shortages throughout 1950, according to a July 16 report from the Ameri- can Embassy at Tel Aviv. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 Production and Fisheries: Recent ventures at shallow water fishing and long- distance (North Sea) fi =a have not been thus far too successful, although mich capital and effort have been invested in this undertaking. The results of a joint Belgian-Israeli enterprise, created in 1950 to promote North Sea fishing, have not been satisfactory, and this company now devotes more attention to importing than to actual fishing. Israel's shallow-water fishing fleet of 15 vessels caught only 44 metric tons in 1950 (see table). In spite of intensive training of fishermen in modern methods of coastal fishing, results of this fishery were equally disappointing. The 1950 coastal or inshore fisheries catches were only 90 metric tons more than in 1949. With relatively primitive methods, coastal fishing by the Arabs during the British Mandate resulted in catches of 2,000 metric tons annually. Lake fishing catches of 600 metric tons in 1946 increased to 700 metric tons in 1950. Pond fishing results have been more gratifying to Israeli producers. Some 3,190 acres of fish ponds yielded 2,400 metric tons in 1948; and during 1950, 4,000 metric tons were taken Israeli Fisheries Production, 1949 fram 5,500 acres of [ =| ponds--a& 72 percent increase in the acre- age of fish ponds has produced 65 percent more during this two- akemeishing > Oe fase.) eek ee. year period. Long-distance fishing (North Sea) Bigsla ORI Gsosocodoadsdagsano0oe The Israel Govern=- Total @eeeocecetoeeove ses eoveee0e2 ment in 1950 constructed a fishing harbor near Caesarea to encourage trawling, but this harbor is used now principally by the com- munal fishing settlement of Sdot Yam. For its fresh-water fish, Israel relies primarily on Lake Tiberias and on ponds developed by communal settlements (kibbutzim). Further expansion of pond fishing, however, is not encouraged by the Government because of high production costs and the lack of foreign exchange to buy feedstuffs. Kosher Restrictions on Fish: Much of the marine life in Mediterranean and Gulf- of-Aqaba waters are unsuitable for consumption in Israel due to Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). A fish, in order to be kosher, mst have both fins and scales. One of these characteristics alone is not sufficient. Catfish, eel, and shark are conse- quently forbidden. Lobsters, shrimp, and other crustaceans, as well as clams and oysters, are proscribed under other dietary laws. Fisheries Outlook: The current crisis in the production of other protein food products puts increasing demands on the supply of fish. On the basis of the existing annual requirements of 50.6 pounds per capita, Israel will need over 36,000 metric tons of fish in 1952 for an estimated population of 1.6 million. Thus, it appears that Israeli's 1951 import requirements will be over 25,000 metric tons of fish and close to 28,000 metric tons in 1952. Fishing ventures undertaken within the past three years indicate that Israel is unable to produce more than 25 percent of her requirements. The further expansion of pond fishing is apparently limited by the lack of foreign exchange to be used to buy feed. To appreciate a greater exploitation of the coastal waters, the Government 7 SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1951, P. 40; NOVEMBER 1950, P. 61. 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 Fishing Fund has ordered ten 50-ton, Diesel-powered fishing vessels from the United Kingdom for which £80,000 (US$224,000) have been allocated by the Comptroller of Foreign Exchange. Government assistance has been promised to men now undergoing training to establish themselves in trade. Fishery training is one of the princi- pal subjects of an academic institution located near Kfar Vitkin. NOTE: FOR OTHER INFORMATION ON ISRAELI FISHERIES SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APRIL 1951, PP. 66-69; JULY 1951, P. 40. Japan AVATLABILITY OF FISHING CRAFT FOR KOREAN FISHING INDUSTRY: Approximately 64 Japanese fishing craft are available for the fishing industry - in Korea, according to information furnished the Korean Economic Aid agency of the Far East Command by SCAP's Natural Resources Section, the latter agency's June 2 Weekly Summary states. Consisting mostly of trawlers, these boats are being offered for sale, although ad- mittedly many of these boats are old and not in first-class condition. These craft are surplus to Japanese needs mainly asaresult of reduction of the East China Sea fleet which took place by action of the Japanese Government in its effort to reduce overfishing in the important trawl areas of the East China Sea within the SCAP- authorized fishing area. OR OK OK CK FISHING GROUNDS PLANNING NEARS COMPLETION: The "Fishing Grounds Planning” phase of the Fisheries Rights Reform in Japan is nearing completion, asserts the June 23 Weekly Summary of SCAP's Natural Resources Section. This planning for the maximum utilization of the coastal waters is an important part of the over-all reform pro= gram. It is designed to promote the maximum sustained production of aquatic products and to encourage the widest possible distribution of ownership of Japan's limited resources. Such large-scale planning of water area use is a new development in the field of fisheries. Future food production in the coastal waters can be increased through the employment of planned utilization of the waters. This concept of fish- eries management will become increasingly important as the world's population in- creases and places additional pressure upon the sea as a source of food. For centuries limited land resources have forced the Japanese to rely on the sea for a substantial portion of their food requirements. As the population has in- creased, more and more people have turned to the sea for additional sources of food and employment. At present, approximately 85 percent of the animal protein consumed in Japan is of aquatic origin. Currently, more than 13 million persons are engaged directly in fisheries, and about one=tenth of the total population depend on fisher- ies for their livelihood. Japan's total aquatic production of 3,654,812 metric tons in 1950 far surpassed that of any other nation. The coastal waters account for the bulk of this production, and 90 percent of it is produced within sight of the shore. An even greater proportion of the people employed in fisheries work within sight of the coast. Japan's coastal waters are undoubtedly the most intensively fished waters in the world. Practically all of the close inshore areas are utilized for some type of aquatic production. The Fisheries Law enacted November 29, 1949, embodied a fisheries rights reform designed to eliminate abuses which had developed in the rightssystem and yet retained the desirable features of property rights in fisheries management. August 1951 COMVERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 The cancellation of the old rights and the establishment of new rights and licenses has provided an opportunity for the Japanese Government and fishermen to plan systematically the future use of the coastal fishing grounds. This planning of water area use and development of management plans has been established as a definite phase of the Fisheries Rights Reform program and has been designated "Fish- ing Grounds Planning." The planning is being done by the Sea Area Commissions. After the plans are fully developed for the Sea Area they are presented to the re- spective prefectural governor for approval. If approved by the governor the plan becomes official, and the rights and licenses issued in the future mist conform to the plan. This is the first attempt at large-scale organized planning for the utiliza- tion of a nation's coastal waters. "Fishing Ground Planning" is to fisheries what Land Use Planning is to agriculture. The ultimate aim of the planning is to obtain the maximum sustained benefits from the available water areas. Two major factors are involved in the accomplishment of this objective; the employment of the most ef- ficient fisheries from a practical standpoint in the particular water area, and the operation of these fisheries at the optimmm fishing intensity the water will sustain on a permanent basis. In determining the most efficient fisheries for a specific water area, consider=- ation mist be given social and economic factors as well as the physical and biologi- cal characteristics of the area. This is especially true in Japan where the coastal waters supply a substantial amount of badly needed food, employment, and foreign ex- change. Japan must have foreign exchange as well as food to exist; therefore, al- though sea cucumbers may be the most prolific marine life in an area, pearl oyster culture may be the more efficient use of the water. But, in such an area, if the local residents are not familiar with pearl oyster culture or sea cucumber produc-= tion,but are experienced in seaweed culture, the latter may well be the most effici- ent use of the water. Some fisheries such as fixed nets can be operated only in certain locations. The physical characteristics of the shore line and bottom and the normal routes of migrating fish limit the areas where these fisheries can be operated. Under the old system of fisheries rights many such locations were monopolized by other types of fisheries that did not require these exact locations. Consequently, many fixed nets were placed in undesirable locations, and considerable loss of gear through storm and tide damage was experienced. Other factors influencing the selection of fisheries for efficient utilization of water areas include transportation, shore handling facilities, experience of resident fishermen, number of fishermen in the Sea Area, type and amount of fishing gear available, and the financing available to local fishermen. To achieve maximum sustained yield from water areas on a longtime basis each of the fisheries conducted must be operated at the optimum fishing intensity. Ex- cessive fishing intensity will give maximum yield for a short time but will deplete the parent stock, thus reducing future yields or even destroying the fisheries. This has happened to several of the coastal fisheries in Japan under the old rights system, On the other hand, if a fishery is operated at less than optimm inten- sity, maximum production cannot be achieved and the production potential of other fisheries may be reduced. In this respect fisheries conservation differs somewhat from the conservation of most natural resources, Accurate determination of optimum fishing intensity requires a great deal of scientific research and accurate statis- tical data. Neither of these have been maintained in Japan. In establishing the fishing intensity for any given fishery, the commissions mist for the most part rely on the past experience and observations of the Commission members and other fisher= Lh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 8 men, Supplemented by the advice of central and prefectural government technicians. This technical advice is proving to be of limited value owing to the lack of back= ground and accurate data. The fishing intensity can be regulated by limiting the total catch, limiting the length of season, restricting the area of operations, restricting the type and Size of gear, limiting the number of operating units, or a combination of these methods. Owing to the characteristics of Japan's coastal fisheries, the only method so far used in Japan with any degree of success is the limiting of the num ber of units. The practice of using everything taken regardless of species, the use of more than 3,000 coastal fishing ports as landing places, the lack of an ef- fective system for the immediate reporting and compiling of catch data, and the almost total absence of an enforcement agency make any other system extremely dif= ficult to operate. The future regulation of the intensity will continue to be built around unit limitations; however, some season, area, and gear restrictions will be employed as supplemental means of regulation for many fisheries. A few specialized fisheries, such as the pike mackerel, which are landed at relatively few places will be regulated by total catch regulations in the future. The second objective of the Fishing Grounds Planning is to promote the widest possible distribution of fishing rights ownership. Establishment of rights which are compatible with individual ownership is the major means of achieving this ob= jective. The larger rights such as large fixed nets, and community-operated fish— eries such as beach seines are being arranged to encourage cooperative ownership where individual ownership is not feasible. When completed the Fishing Grounds Plan will define the types and kinds of fisheries to be conducted in each Sea Area, the seasons when the various fisheries are to be operated, the number and location of rights, the conditions of the rights, such as the size of net and species included in the right, the number of licenses to be issued for each licensed fishery, the free fisheries permitted in the area, and any other stipulation considered necessary for the proper over-all management of the fisheries within the Sea Area. The Plan will include only coastal waters and will not affect deep-sea fisheries. The success of the planning will depend to a large degree upon how well the planners can integrate the miltitude of fisheries in each Sea Area into an over-all program. The same water area is used for numerous fisheries innearly all of Japan's coastal waters. Sea cucumbers frequently are collected from the same area used to grow oysters, while the water over the oyster beds may also be utilized for hook- and-line fisheries, and dip-net fisheries conducted for several species of fish. Seaweed beds are frequently spawning grounds, and the operation of the beds mst mesh properly with the spawning seasons or future production will be seriously af- fected. This problem is extremely complex but must be solved if production is to be maximized. Under the old system disputes were continually occurring and handi- capped production. The sea area boundaries were designated in May 1950 by the Minister of Agri- culture and Forestry. This designation was made according to the recommendations of central and prefectural government technicians and divides the coast line of Japan, into 79 Sea Areas. In August of 1950 the commission elections were held, and the commissions started preliminary work on the fishing grounds planning in-Septem- ber of 1950. The fishermen in each fishing community were asked to submit proposed plans for the waters adjacent to their respective communities. This request was made through the fisheries cooperatives in the villages. The plans were drawn up August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW L5 by the cooperatives and submitted to the Adjustment Commissions. While these plans were being compiled the commissioners visited the commmities in the sea area and obtained all available information on the productive capacity of the waters. Govern- ment technicians were consulted concerning any data that they could supply on the fisheries in the area. Such information included charts, chemical properties of the water, past production records, and similar material. After reviewing the plans proposed for each locality the commissicns began the task of dovetailing the various plans into one over-all plan for seach sea area. Next the commissions held a series of public hearings in centrally located places through- out the sea areas to give fishermen a chance to voice their opinion concerning the over-all plan for that area. In many instances two or more commissions had to meet as a unit to plan for fisheries extending over the boundaries of two or more areas. Many of the commissions have maintained a roster of all resident fishermen, checking the names off as each fisherman voiced his opinion on the proposed plan. When the final plan was completed the commissions presented it to the respective prefectural governments for approval. After the prefectural government technicians reviewed the plans, they were approved by the governor if acceptable. Those not considered sound were returned to the commissions with recommended changes and after consideration by the commissions were resubmitted to the prefectural government for approval. Upon approval by the governor plans are published in order that all fishermen may know what rights are to be available in the future. The Fisheries Law of 1949 stipulated that the reform measures of the Law mist be put into effect by March 15, 1951. The original schedule drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for implementing the reform established January 1, 1951, as the completion date of the Fishing Grounds Planning. The work involved in this planning was of such magnitude that compliance with this schedule proved impossible. The license fisheries proved to be the most difficult part of the planning program. The schedule of implementation was revised in January 1951 and established March 15, 1952, as the completion date for the license fisheries planning, and instructions were given the commissions to complete the rights fisheries plan as soon as possible. The planning of the rights fisheries is now expected to be completed in July 1951. Three prefectures announced the completion of plans for their rights fisheries be- fore April 30, 1951, and additional prefectures are publishing their completed plans each week. The results of the work done to date indicate that the plaming program will bring about significant changes in Japan's coastal fisheries. In general, the com= missions show a marked tendency to reduce the fishing intensity. In a considerable number of sea areas the number of fixed nets established under the old system has been reduced by at least one-third in the new plan; this has permitted the estab- lishment of additional smaller nets near the shore and at the same time is opening the way for establishment of additional trawling grounds in the bay. The new plans also show a tendency to consider larger areas as common fishing grounds, thus per- mitting fishermen of several villages to operate common fisheries anywhere in the water areas adjacent to any of the villages. The old system restricted the area of operations to the waters adjacent to the fisherman's own village. Numerous problems have arisen in the development of the fishing grounds plans. The commissions report that a great many fishermen are deeply concerned over how they can justify to their ancestors the changes being made. This resistance to change has been strong enough in some: areas to cause modifications of the plans. Sectionalism has complicated the planning to some extent. Some commissioners have refused to consider the welfare of the entire sea area and have insisted on further- ing the interest of their own commnity at the expense of other comminities. How- 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No. 8 ever, these instances have been fewer than might have been expected and have not had an appreciable effect on the program. Of course, the major problem in the planning is the one basic to all of Japan's economy—-more fishermen than the re- sources can support. The planning in itself cannot remedy this situation. While large-scale planned utilization of water areas is new and still in the experimental stage, it shows promise of increasing food production in coastal waters. The commissions have already shown that fishermen are more aware of their problems and more capable of meeting them than was formerly believed. Much of the future success of the planning will depend on how well the government can enforce the program and regulations now being established by the commissions. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APRIL 1950, PP. 71-2; MAY 1951, PP. 52-3. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Mexico FORMATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL SHRIMP ASSOCIATION: An announcement that an agreement has been reached between the Mexican National Chamber of the Fishery Industry and the Texas Shrimp Dealers Association for formation of a Shrimp Asso-=- ciation of the Americas appeared in the July 27 issue of Excelsior, a Mexican news- paper. According to the article, the Texas delegation agreed at a three-day meet—- ing in Mexico City to stop pressing for quotas or import duties on Mexican shrimp, a July 27 American consular dispatch from Mexico City reports. The major purpose of the International Shrimp Association is to advertise in order to increase the shrimp market in the United States and to improve the quality of the product. The article states: “A recent meeting held in Mexico City in which industry members of both the American and Mexican shrimp industry participated may in all probability lay the foundation for the creation of a Joint Shrimp Industry Commis- sion of the Americas. "Due to what the American industry had considered as an alarming increase in imports of shrimp from Mexico and other countries, there has been recent agitation by the American Industry in the Congress of the United States for either a tariff or a quota as a protective measure for the industry. Conferences held between the. Mexican-American producers developed the thought that if the American market could be sufficiently expanded through a joint advertising campaign, financed by both segments of the industry, the need for a restrictive tariff or quota would not be necessary. A series of meetings started in Boston, Massachusetts, in May and re- cently concluded in Mexico City give hope that the industry, as represented on both sides of the border, can and will work out their own problems without need of Government aid..." At the conclusion of the three-day meeting all parties concerned were in ac= cord that an International Joint Association should be formed to handle advertising, quality-control programs, and such other programs as might be beneficial to the shrimp industry and to the consumer. It was agreed by the North American Delega- tion and stated by the President of the Texas Shrimp Dealers Association "that no pro=-tariff legislation would be attempted pending the necessary time to form and put into action the joint policies agreed on at the Mexico City meeting.” "These men, as representatives of the industry, firmly believe that they them- selves can handle their own program of market expansion and exploitation to a point August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 where neither tariff nor quota need becoms necessary. The actions of these men will set a precedent for closer good relationships and harmony in the fisheries in which they are engaged since it is the first time that any joint action has ever been ate tempted," the article concluded. * OK Kk OK SHRIMP SEASON OPENING ON WEST COAST MAY BE ADVANCED BY ONE MONTIF: An order which will advance approximately by one month the opening date of the shrimp season on Mexico's west coast was carried in the Diario Oficial of July 28. Previously, the outside waters (mostly in the Gulf of California) along the coasts of Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the two Territories of Lower California were closed for the months of- August and September, a July 31 American consular dispatch from Mexico City points out. The present law now establishes a closed season for the month of August only, but provides that the Directorate General of Fisheries and Allied Industries should conduct studies and sampling procedures throughout August to determine whether the opening date should be the first of September or some time later during the month. * OK OK OK OK —— ee ee are SSS to be ready for the apeiiee of ane shrimp fishing season on October 1, 1951, at Mazatlan, Mexico, a July 7 American consular report from that city states. One firm is now installing contact-type freezing units. Shrimp can be frozen with this system in three hours instead of 9 hours by the old system. Instead of freez—- ing 12 tons of shrimp a day, 15 tons can be frozen under the new method. The plant will be ready for operation when the season begins. The construction of a new freezing plant by another firm is under way. An in- vestment of 1,500,000 pesos (US$1735,400) is being made on the project. The company is formed by 15 members, who own 24 boats which will be placed in operation upon completion of the plant. The plant will be able to freeze 15,000 pounds of shrimp and make 22 metric tons of ice daily. Storage capacity will be available for 60 tons of fresh shrimp. It is planned to be ready for operation by October 1, 1951. This plant is being constructed by boat owners as a protection to their interests, and to avoid being forced to sell their shrimp at the convenience of the freezing plants. Another firm, also constructing a freezer which is about to be completed, is experimenting with methods used in the Mediterranean Sea for deep-sea shrimp fish- ing. Total shrimp exports from Mazatlan for this season were estimated at 6,952,770 pounds as against 2,200,112 pounds exported last yeare 48g COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 French Morocco rench Morocco!s Annual Production ef Fishery Products by Species, 1950 —S—S=_ —- — —— Production of fishery products in the French Zone of Morocco during 1950 totaled 123,184 metric tons, ieee at 400,512,081 francs (US$1,144,320)— Of this total, pilchard land- ings accounted for more than 110,000 metric tons (see table), while shellfish landings were less than .7 percent of the total. Anchovi.eS scccccccce Bonito @eenveereccce Spanish mackerel ... SVGWES Gogdaccsdoads TlichandS cietsteielelelsle AUIYIEUefotetoleteleolclotelete/arale OWS Goo00006000000 Shellfish: WHODSILCTS meleteleleleleeleleys Spiny lobsters .ecce Slabewnisy goococog00000 Other @0eoeceeeceeoees PR Cisa Setalalalelelelotele The leading ports were Safi, Agadir, and Mogador, according to an article in the May 1951 issue of the French publication, La Péche Maritime, La Péche Fluviale, & La Piscisulture. 1/CONVERS | ON: 350 METROPOLITAN FRENCH FRANCS EQUAL US$1.00. x Morocco SARDINE CANNING SEASON TRENDS PESSIMISTIC: Predictions regarding the French Morocco sardine canning season from Casablanca continue to be pessimistic, a June 29 report from the American Legation at Tangier states. The present cost of 41-43 francs (about 12 U.S. cents) for canned sardines has increased 24 percent within the past year. Most canners are selling at a loss in foreign markets in the hope of recouping their losses on sales made to France under a contingent system. In anticipation of marketing difficulties, local banks are said to be tightening the canners' credit. The canners hope, however, to obtain some relief through a govern= ment action to reduce prices on oil used in canning fish. The Spanish Zone's important fish canning industry is also experiencing a dif- ficult year. Spain's poor olive oil harvest in 1950 has not permitted the canners to obtain sufficient quantities of this oil to meet their needs. In addition to this uncertainty, a particularly poor tuna catch and the future supply and price of tinplate contribute toward the canners' gloomy outlook. Germany during the first week in June, according to the June 20 Fiskaren, a Nor- wegian fishery periodical. The ocean perch were said to be so thick that the trawlers operated almost as dredges.. Many of the trawlers were headed for the Barents Sea, but went no further than the coast off Finnmark. Trawlers were reported to have filled their holds (of 200- and 250-metric-ton capacity) with fine, fat ocean perch in only ten hours. All the trawlers used a bottom trawl. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 German biologists ascribe the abundance of ocean perch to the meeting of a warm current with the much colder Arctic water. The fish, turned back by the latter, piled up by the millions, according to reports, * ok Ok OK OK SUPPLEMENTARY COMMODITY EXCHANGE AGREEMENT WITH YUGOSLAVIA: In an exchange of notes, Norway and Yugoslavia on June 8, 1951, at Oslo concluded a supplementary com- modity exchange agreement and also extended the existing payments agreement between the two countries. Signature by each country on that date made the agreement effec-~ tive, but its provisions were made retroactive to May 1, 1951, and will remain in effect until April 50, 1952, according to a July 12 report from the American Embassy at Oslo. Norwegian Fishery Exports to Yugoslavia Under the 1951 Supplementary Commodity Exchange Agreement Metric Tons Solseosorr Gimloo ne rim loan Gd ete SO erisislslelciclea elercisiers claleeiciere s 150 Nocera ls cOU—tivereOnlr sisiclelesiel claleleleeisisiealelaielslsleletelerattelale’ele 200 HMnGUSGErVale Pash eanG SCA "Ol are sisise'e slelclelelelctete cin s1s's elelsielti ete 600 Fatty acids, alcohols, and other sperm oil products ..... HashaneeVvesSSelOnp iOS) aleislsislelsclelalslslercisislslelaiclelsielsialelslcieielelale(a FISHIne TACKS Veccccwracec ec ccecacececsenccecescesoeacens Yugoslavian exports to Norway will comprise mainly minerals, woods, and cer= tain unfinished agricultural products, while several fishery items are included in Yugoslavia's imports of Norwegian products (see table). Following the conditions of the August 30, 1946, trade and payments agreement, the provisions of the supplementary commdity exchange agreement will terminate on the same day as the payments agreement, which may be cancelled upon a three months’? notice. Peru NEW FISH MEAL BASE=-COST PRICE ESTABLISHED FOR EXPORT=DUTY ASSESSMENT: Ina supreme resolution of May 7, 1951, Peru established a new base-cost price for fish meal, a May 10 American consular report from Lima states. Formally, base-cost prices on fish meal were fixed by Supreme Resolution No. 635, August 19, 1948, as 155.00 soles (US$10.34) per short ton for fish meal from fish residues, and 230.00 soles (US$15.34) per short ton for fish meal from whole fish. The new base-cost price for fish meal is 813.00 soles (US#53.66) per short ton (907 kilos and 184 grams), net weight. The assessment of the export tax on fishery products prescribed by Peruvian Law No. 10545, April 16, 1946, asserts that a 10 percent export duty on fish and fishery products is to be assessed on the difference between the fixed base-cost prices at Peruvian ports and the declared f.0.b. export value. Exports of fish and fishery products are subject also to the payment of the additional 10 percent ad- valorem export tax, which is payable when the export quotation exceeds by 25 percent the base-cost price fixed for the assessment of export duties. NOTE: VALUES CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF 1 PERUVIAN SOL EQUALS 6.67 U.S. CENTS IN 1948, AND 6.60 U.S. CENTS IN 1951. 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volky 3) Nowe: Portugal COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND PORTUGAL: While no formal commercial agreement has been en signed, Portuguese and Austrian negotiators have submitted lists of commodities to be exchanged by the two countries, a July 27 report from the Ameri- can Embassy at Lisbon points out. Approval of the agreement by the Austrian Cabinet is still pending. The lists are separated into two categories: those commodities whose exchange the two countries wish to develop; and products for which each coun- try wishes to be assured of an adequate source of supply. Austria's exports to Portugal will consist mostly of finished products and minerals, while the Austrian imports of Portuguese products will include several fishery products--fish meal (US$60,000), fish oil (150 metric tons), canned sardines (US$150,000), and other canned fish products (US$30,000). OR OK Ok OK PORTUGUESE=ITALIAN TRADE AGREEMENT EXTENDED: The Portuguese-Italian commercial trade agreement, initialed in Rome on February 18, 1950, has been extended with cer= tain modifications until February 18, 1952, according to a June 19 report from the American Embassy at Lisbon. The changing of Article 4 of the original agreement was the main modification. Under the new terms of Article 4, the two Governments undertake to authorize the importation and exportation of those products regulated by the granting of im= port licenses to the limit of the quantities and values agreed upon. Portuguese imports of Italian commodities agreed upon under these terms are primarily finished and manufactured goods, while several of the Italian imports will include Portuguese fishery products (see table). i Italian Imports of Portuguese Fishery Products Under Revised Trade Agar agar SOCHCHCHHOHSEHSLHHFOHHSSHAHSHLHLSHSHHABHHSHOLCHOSOHHOSHLEHOLHSOHOLTOLOS a: ure SH ed wats OZ SL selel SN glare lalalolelaleleials/alals\e/elelalaleiela(s/alclclale/eleisiciale/slel= 500 = una in oil GOOD OUGO UID OC COO OOS COO ODO UIC OOOO OOOO OOOO UOOOOOCG 2,000 = na-like fishes in oil, 1@CCCCEHOSCCEOSTECOOSHLCOCLE LEECH LOSEO COLO OCE 500 = ALGINGS 11 O11] scccecesecccececccecescrecccecccsceccccccces 1,500 = Fillets of mackerel in oil @LVSCTTGOLHFeCEHOLELOZOLSDLOSOLESOOEO®D 500 ira I alisy eC CHOC Siteletelalstelstalslalatelelclele/alelelsie/elalele slelelelelelelsisioislelerelelerele 500 = Salted, pressed, & pickled pilchardS ..c.ccccccccecccccececc 1,500 Fish meal @ © © © OO @ OO 0 © 2 @ O © D © O © 080 H79FO FHSS S0O FHS OFOSG2H2OLO8OO = A secondary category of commodities for which the importing country wishes to be assured of an adequate source of supply and the exporting country will grant licenses up to the specific amounts, entails the importation and exportation by the respective governments up to the limit of quantities and values agreed upon. The only fishery item included in this category is an Italian import of US$200 , 000 worth of fish and other marine-animal oil from Portugal. Both Portugal and Italy will apply to the goods originating and proceeding from each country all the measures taken or to be taken in accordance with deci- sions of the OEKC, August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 El Salvador U. S. TO SUPPLY FISHERY SPECIALIST: Under a Point IV fisheries agreement, the United States will assign a technician to survey the fisheries and advise the EL Salvadoran Government on developing its fishing industry. This agreement was ac- complished in an exchange of notes on July 19 between the Foreign Office of that country and the American Embassy, according to a July 20 dispatch from San Salvador. The U. S. fishery specialist is L. S. Christey, of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, who is planning to leave for El Salvador on August 17 for a period of a year, Mr. Christey has been deputy Program Director of the U. S. Defense Fisheries Admin- istration since the establishment of that agency. <> Sweden IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1949-50: Sweden during 1950 imported 28,200 metric tons of edible fishery =Tonneps as compared with 24,300 tons in 1949 (table 1), according to a May 28 American consular dispatch from Gothenburg. ‘The value of these imports rose from US$5,400,000 in 1949 to US$6,900,000 in 1950. Table 1 - Swedish Imports of Fishery Products, 1949-50 Fresh and frozen fish cecccocescece Salted, spiced and sugar-salted herring @eeeoeeoeeneoceoneoeeeoaeanoeeeon Other salted or dried smoked fish (except fresh dried) secccescccce PrOSHMarile deel Sitelelelelsislslalelsiciates cele [Fish TOC seccccceccccvecccceccccce Oysters, shellfish, mussels .....e Canned fish, shellfish .ccccccccce TOtGI “we wciesccles ccecesesivivisc 1/SEPARATE INDIVIDUAL VALUES FOR THESE ITEMS NOT AVAILABLE. Sweaish exports ot edible fishery products dropped from 68,200 metric tons in 1949 to 63,200 metric tons in 1950, and the value from US$7,900,000 toUS$7,300,000, respectively, (table 2). Exports to the United States were valued at US$600,000 in 1950, twice as much as the previous year (US$300,000). Table 2 = Swedish Exports of Fishery Products cs Quant it Type BEE aid ae S REC Re 1949 Timeusenas@ of Metric see Millions of U.S.$) Fresh and frozen fish eecccecccccne Salted, spiced and sugar-salted HErring secseccecececesescvecioes Other salted or dried smoked fish (except fresh dried) ceccocccee FISH POC coccoceveccccescccesesece Canned fish, shellfish wecccccecce Total eevee seeereosese2eso70000 Bye. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol 8h MORmS) Thailand FISHING INDUSTRY SECOND ONLY TO AGRICULTURE: Fishing is one of the main oc- ecupations of the more than 17 million Siamese people, particularly those dwelling in the 23 provinces bordering on the Gulf of Siam and the Indian Ocean. Second in importance only to agriculture, fisheries production is reported to be far in ex= cess of the local needs, according to a July 10 dispatch from the American imbassy at Bangkok. This city's 750,000 inhabitants are unable to consume the large quan- tities of fish landed locally during the peak of the production season. Consequently, part of this production is salted and exported to such foreign markets as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Indonesia. Production: Thailand's 1949 fisheries catch totaled 195,840 metric tons with the ocean supplying about 77 percent of the total production (see table). The trend is toward an expansion of fishery production--the 1949 production being nearly 50,000 tons greater than the previous year. This was due to increased landings of all species (salt- and fresh-water fish and shellfish) except shrimp and prawn. The Platoo (Rastrelliger) is the most important fish in Siamese trade and it is found in abundance in the Gulf of Siam. This species is taken off the West Coast from May to August, and during the fall off the east coast of the Malayan peninsula. The fish are taken in tangle nets and bamboo stake traps, Thailand's Fisheries Production, 1948-49 _1949 Salt-—water: Platoo (Rastrelliger) Sharks cccccecvcsvcce Prawn & Shrimp ececees Molluscs scecccoccevcce Crabs eeececvne0ecence Others ceccececccens Fresh=water: Air breathers cocoos CraDS cecccccccecces Prawn @eoeoevcoeoneoee00080 Others eoeeeaeneene ceo Total eoee200e Ce C08 the most popular methods of fishing in Siam, Herring species are reported to be plen- tiful off both coasts, but as yet there are no fish canning or reduction plants. Produc= tion of fresh-water fish and shellfish is less than 25 percent of the total production. Shellfish account for approximately one half of the total salt-water production-— the leading species being molluscs, prawns, shrimps, and crabs. Marketing: The catch is generally de- livered to fish pier owners who act as fish commission agents or dealers in Thailand. Charges for watchmen, duty stamps, coolie services, and other expenses, plus a 10 per- cent commission for fresh fish and 8 percent DS oP commission for salted fish are deducted from } _ NG the dealers' returns to the fishermen. Many er of these dealers have adopted the practice of selling the fishermen fishing supplies on ac— count and the cost of supplies is also deduc-— ted from the returns. oO Re Ee I Pe ee ee a ee 2S eS ae i a ree August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 Fishery products are generally marketed fresh in Bangkok, al- though some of the pro- duction during peak periods can be stored in cold-storage plants for later marketing. Cold-storage lockers are also available for rental by the fisher- men, At a new fish market now under con- struction, there will be sufficient space for a new cold storage plant with a capacity of 1,000 metric tons and an ice plant. Fresh salt-water fish are practically DRYING RACKS FOR FISHING NETS AT SINGORA, THAILAND. unknown in the upper inland regions of Thailand. Inadequate transportation facilities permit only the marketing of smoked and salted fish in these areas. Vessels: Some of the vessels are equipped with 40-60 h.p. motors. These are 52-56 feet long, and from 25-30 gross metric tons. From 15,000-16,500 pounds of ice are carried by these boats for preserving 300-350 baskets of fresh fish in their fish holds. ri ! 2 Turkey NEW GOVERNMENT FISH AGENCY ESTABLISHED: The Turkish Government has set up a Directorate of Water Products and Fishing within the past year, according to a July 21 report from the American Consulate at Istanbul. The new central organization is con- fining its activities for the moment to a study of problems relating to the conser- vation of maritime resources. It is also studying the development of the fishing industry, including canning and exportation of sea products and the securing of foreign loans. Various fishery functions coming within the province of this agency are the operation of hydrobiological stations, sponsorship and establishment of co- Operative organizations, and proposals regarding tax amendments and regulations re- lating to the fisheries. United Kingdom CANADIAN CANNED SALMON PURCHASES: Negotiations for the purchase of about 6,000 tons of Canadian canned salmon from this year's catch have been concluded by the British Ministry of Food, the July 21 issue of The Fishing News, a British fishery periodical, announces. 5h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 13, No, 8 This is a somewhat larger quantity than the Ministry bought from Canada last year, Although canning has already begun, the salmon will not be available for distribution in Great Britain until next year. OK OR KOK FISH AND MARINE ANIMAL OILS, 1950-51: Production: Whale and sperm oils made up more than half of the United inedon"s 1950-51 fats and oil production, accord=— ing to an April report from the American Embassy at London. The principal domestic source of this oil continued to be the catch of the United Kingdom whaling ships in foreign waters. While there is only a slight change in the total production of all oils and fats (vegetable, animal, and marine), there have been significant changes in the out- put of the different oils (table 8} 1). Table lL - United Kingdom's Fats and Oils Productiont 1950-51 with Comparative Data Averaee pe 1950-51 | 1949-50 erring ee eccccccccce Dperm oi eevee eeeoeen Whale Ree Que ae eeee Other fats & oils#/.... Total ..esssss-s-. [168,000 | 165,000|267, 000 1/\NCLUDES CATCHES BY BRIT!ISH-OWNED VESSELS AND LAND STA- TIONS FLYING BRITISH FLAG. 2/100-200 TONS. 3/1936-38 AVERAGE. 4/\NCLUDES BUTTER, LINSEED OIL, AND SLAUGHTER FATS AND LARD. The total 1950-51 domestic production of all fats and oils was estimated at 168,000 tons. Of this total, fish and whale oils accounted for 89,000 tons, a 1 percent decrease from the 1949-50 whale and fish oil pro=- duction. Whale oil production on March 3, 1951, was reported to be around 3,000 metric tons less than the previous year. On the other hand, sperm oil as of the same date was almost 1,000 tons greater than the previous year. There was also an increase of over 1,000 tons in the production of herring oil. A reduced demand for the 1950 herring catch diverted more of this species of fish to oil and meal factories. Imports: Actual imports (excluding production of United Kingdom whaling ships and land stations) of whale oil increased from almost 17,000 metric tons in 1949, to 46,000 tons in 1950 (table 2). able 2 - Imports of Fish and Marine Animal Oils by Source, 1950 with Comparative Data Type and Origin 1950 __1949 Whale oil, unrefined: in metric tons) British whale fisheriest/ SOHOKLHOC COE OOOOECHSOLOOSLOLEOES000 106,181 Falkland ence! Foreign whale PishericS cocccccccccccvccccecsceccsvccecscee Other foreign COUNTYLES cccccccrercccecvcccveccceccecccncee Total unrefined ©0200 rc coc ccoe eve cesercces ce eerer cc oeeee Other fish and animal oils, (including fish-liver oils): Union of South Africa oy qececccvcecccccceccsccecccecsccvces British whale fisherie COCCHLCOLOCHSCAOSOLOSCOSESOOOO OBES SOOO Other British countries @eCeedgeoercGSrecevseeeeeeGsooes0e22802000 Iceland ccoccccccccccrccccccccccccccc cece veces ccc serescscee Other) foreign CountES) ccc cclele'c's clelcle\eelele\e)o\c\sle\/elalule)sialelsioje ele Total 200000020202 00200 0000009000000 0000080000052 00 20080 Total fish and marine animal O118 ...cc.ccrccecccecccccrcce Total animal, fish, and marine O115 coccccoecceccecccccce 1/NOT CONSIDERED AS AN |MPORT IN TABLE 1. SCHOHKCECHHSCHOLCHLHELOTCOCELMCHLCHHOHOLEFOSTHSCOSHLLEOED 14,653 21,664 176,371 | 161,526 | EERO RS Se © August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Exports: Animal and marine oil exports were 15,000 metric tons in 1950 as com- pared with the previous season's exports of 10,000 metric tons. Prices: The British Ministry of Food contracted for the 1951 whale oil catch by British ships at b100 (US$280) perlongton as compared with £80 (US$224) for 1949, Imports of Norwegian oil have also been contracted for at these quotations, an in- crease of 25 percent over the previousyear. The bulk of the whale oil supplies will be marketed at these prices since the contracts were established before sore of the re- cent sharp price increases. Smallsupplies are nowbeing soldat mech higher prices. Contracts have recently been made as highas 4170 (US$476) per long ton for shipment to Belgium, Denmark, and Germany. Prices during 1949 on the open market did not exceed B100 (US$280). Sperm oil prices are now about 110 (US$308) per long ton ex-ship, almost double the sperm oil prices of £50-68 (US$140.00-190.40) in 1949-50, OR Ok OK SEA FISH INDUSTRY BILL ENACTED INTO LAW: The Sea Fish Industry Bill was enacted into law on on May 10 this yea: year, , States a June 8 American Embassy report from London. Known as the "Sea Fish Industry Act, 1951," this new law sets up and gives statutory powers to a White Fish Authority to reorganize, develop, and regulate the white fish industry in Great Britain. The powers which the law proposes to give the Authority include among others the right to carry on research and experiments, to encourage cooperation in the industry, to promote exports, to provide processing plants, and to give assistance for the pro- vision of fishing vessels or processing plants. This assistance may take the form of purchase of shares. The Authority may make regulations dealing with the handling of white fish, subject to ministerial confirmation and annulment by Parliament. Provi- sion is also made for conferring additional powers on the Authority by means of sta=- tutory schemes. In addition, the Authority is enabled to license fishing vessels engaged in catching white fish. Licenses granted may be revoked only by the Court, and the Authority will not be able to refuse a license unless the applicant has already proved himself unsuitable. Although time must be given to the Authority to investigate and acquaint itself not only with the technical aspects of the industry but with those people actually engaged in the industry, it is the belief of many that in due course there will be a gradual and real improvement both in the status of fishermen and the industry as a whole. The introduction of the Act states: "...to make provision for the reorganiza= tion, development, and regulation of the white fish industry; to amend the law re- lating to fishery harbors, the catching and landing of sea fish and other matters affecting or connected with the sea fishing and whaling industry; to abolish the Scottish Fisheries Advisory Council; and for purposes connected therewith." According to this act, "whitefish" means fish (whether fresh or preserved) of any kind found in the sea, except (a) herring; (b) any of the salmon species; or (c) any species of trout which migrate to and from the sea. SS 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Volke 13he NOeaS Union of South Africa NEW WHALING COMPANY ESTABLISHED: A new whaling company has been established in Johannesburg with an authorized capital of 1,000,000 (US$2,231,570), to build and operate a whaling station at Salamander Bay, on one south shore of Saldanha Baye The factory plant, unobtainable in South Africa, will be purchased in the United States, according to the June 195] Fisheries Newsletter of the Australian Director of Fisheries. The new company is partly financed by British and United States interests. American plant and equipment suppliers will take shares in the new company in payment. Gunners and other key personnel for the company will be provided by the Ant- arctic pelagic whaling fleet, whose off-season coincides with the sixmonths shore whaling season in South Africa. This new company will make the third South African whaling company now oper- ating in that country. One of the two others operates a pelagic Antarctic exped- ition and two shore stations at Durban, and the second company operates a shore station at Saidanha Bay. a Zanzibar FISHERIES RESEARCH ON THE EAST AFRICAN COAST: The Inter-Territorial Marine Fisheries Research Organization of the East African High Commission has started operations with headquarters in Zanzibar, a June 15 American consular report from Mombasa, Kenya, points out. A deep-water survey is to be conducted to discover the potentialities of the oceanic waters outside the range of local fishermen and to investigate oceanic prob- lems of the East Coast of Africa. The project hopes to discover the quantity of any particular species that might be of commercial value not only for food but also for byproducts, such as air bladders used for making isinglass, glandular extracts, etc. The Research, a 70-foot vessel, used on previous expeditions will be used in these operations. The vessel has just been refitted and now carries two 60-foot tangons for towing six fishing lines. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 FEDERAL ACTIONS Department of Commerce NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY AUIMINUM FOIL USE BROADENED: ‘he NPA aluminum foil order has been broadened to include all typ types 3 except ‘cept insulation foil, Order M-67, which regulates the use of aluminum foil and which originally covered only aluminum foil used in contain-e ers and packaging materials, was amended by the National Production Authority on July 27. This amendment brings in other uses, such as aluminum foil for household purposes, for florists, gift wrapping, and seal and label usages, These had been controlled by Order M-7, which was revoked July 1, NPA said the amendment would help | aluminum foil converters obtain controlled material through one NPA ‘industry division because July 27's change puts all con- verted foil, except insulation foil, under jurisdiction of the NPA Containers and Packaging Division, Otherwise, a Ganonten might have found it necessary to re= quest a CMP allotment for part of his production from the Light Metals Division, part from the Consumer Durable Goods Division and part from the Containers and Packaging Division, Converted aluminum foil is plain coil foil which is altered by the converter, for a specific use, ‘This includes cutting it into sheets or packaging it for re= tail sales, Other changes made by the amendment include: 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF QUARTERLY RATHER THAN MONTHLY QUOTAS. THIS PROVISION 1S RETROACTIVE TO JULY 1 TO CONFORM WITH THE ESTABL! SHED QUARTERLY PATTERN. THE PURPOSE IS TO GIVE THE CONVERTER MORE FLEXIBILITY IN HIS PRODUCTION OPERATION. 2. A REGROUPING OF ITEMS IN SCHEDULE 1 OF M-67. THIS SCHEDULE GIVES THE PERCENTAGE OF BASE PER!OD CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM FOIL WHICH MAY BE USED IN VARIOUS PRODUCTS. ITEMS 2, 3, 4 AND 5S OF THE ORIGINAL ORDER HAVE BEEN COMBINED IN A SINGLE GROUP TO ENABLE A USER TO SHIFT HIS USES WITHIN A GIVEN GROUP TO MEET INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS. FISHERY PRODUCTS PACKAGING |S !|NCLUDED UNDER |TEM 2 AND THE PERMITTED RATE OF USE 1S 90 PERCENT OF THE BASE PERIOD (6-MONTH PERIOD ENDING DECEM- BER 31, 1950). SCHEDULE | AS IT APPEARS IN THE ORDER SHOWN ON PAGE 58. 3. ADDITION OF A NEW GROUP 5 WHICH COVERS THE USE PROGRAMS PREVIOUSLY UNDER CONTROL OF M-7. THEIR PERMITTED RATE OF USE, 50 PERCENT OF THE BASE PERIOD, REMAINS THE SAME. 4. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INVENTORY LIMITATION OF A MINIMUM WORKING INVENTORY OF NOT MORE THAN 60 DAYS. 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 8 ScivEDULE I—ALUMINUM FoIL CONVERTED Permitted percent. Use or class of product Antibiotics Unlimited. Hygroscopic drugs, medical supplies, photographic films, and photographic supplies, | 90 percent. requiring protection from light or humidity; and food products for human consump- tion, as defined in memorandum of agreement between NPA Administrator and Ad- ministrator of Production and Marketing Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, 16 F. R. 3410, including uncooked bakery goods and including food products for human consumption to be stored in locker plants or home freezers, but excluding food products for human consumption listed in item No. 3 of this schedule. Bakery goods (excluding uncooked goods), chewing gum, confections, ice cream, cigarettes, | 65 percent. and tobacco. S Other uses of aluminum foil in containers or packaging material for protective purposes_-] 65 percent. Household (except for home freezers), carton (except for purposes of protective packaging), | 50 percent. florist, gift wrapping, seal, label, and other uscs not included in items 1, 2, 3, or 4. M=67 was issued June 1 to conserve aluminum for the defense mobilization pro= gram by limiting the use of aluminum foil in packaging. At that time, NPA estimated that the action would conserve an estimated nine million pounds of aluminum foil in addition to savings already effected by Order M=7. For details see: M-67 (Aluminum Foil, Converted), as amended July 27, 1951. * OK OK kK CONSTRUCTION CONTROLS UNDER CMP: ‘The National Production Authority on August 20 amended its basic construction order to bring it into conformity with the Controlled Materials Plan (CMP) regulations, under which construction will be controlled begin~ ning with the fourth quarter of this year, The amendment to Order M-4A makes "housekeeping" adjustments to bring M=-4A into conformity with the provisions of GMP Regulation 6 and Direction 1 to CWP Reg. 6, The Defense Fisheries Administration, Department of the Interior, is the claim- ant agency for the construction of facilities for the production and processing of fishery products, For details see: M-A (Construction) as amended Aug, 20, 1951. *% ROK OK X CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS ORDER MODIFIED: Consumer durable goods order M=47A (applies, among others, to commercial fishing tackle and gear) was modified by the National Production Authority on August 2 to permit greater flexibility in the use of iron and steel quotas and to simplify compliance with the order, ‘The action makes no change in the total amount of iron or steel permitted users in the manufacture of commercial fishing tackle and gear as well as other commodities listed in the order as "consumer durable goods," However, manufacturers will have more latitude in using iron and steel to pro= duce consumer goods, Under the original order, manufacturers had to use their quar= terly quotas for the production of the same items they produced during the base period, The effect was to "freeze" production on the pattern of the base period without regard for changing consumer needs or seasonal demands, August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 This action permits the manufacturer of two or more items to vary his produc- tion of the different items as he would under normal competitive conditions, so long as he does not exceed his permitted usage of iron and steel, computed sepa= rately for List A and List B products, (Commercial fishing tackle and gear are under List B,) Another change in M=-47A makes it possible for a manufacturer to benefit from any savings of materials in his manufacturing process, The saving, in weight of material, in internal manufacturing may be reflected in additional usage of pur= chased parts, Conversely, savings in purchased parts may be applied to increase the amount of metal available for use in his own plant, The order also permits manufacturers to disregard, in computing both base period and actual usage, the weight of materials contained in purchased components or subassemblies for which a GVP allotment for the third quarter was issued, This will: permit some manufacturers to increase production without additional grants of material where the use of such parts or subassemblies containing copper or aluminum has limited output, Products in this class are durable goods equipped with electric or gasoline motors bought from another manufacturer, For details see; M-=-47A (Use of Iron and Steel, Copper, and Aluminum in Cer-= tain Consumer Durable Goods and Related Products) as amended Aug, 2, 1951, Economic Stabilization Agency OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION CONTINUATION OF EXISTING REGULATIONS ANNOUNCED: A notice of continuation of existing regulations was issued by the Office of Price Stabilization on August 1, pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended by the Defense Produc= tion Act Amendments of 1951 (Pub, Law 96, 82nd Cong,), Executive Order 10161, and Economic Stabilization Agency General Order Nos, 2 and 5, The Notice of Continuation of Existing Regulations issued read as follows: TALL REGULATIONS, RULES, ORDERS, REQUIREMENTS, AND AMENDMENTS THERETO, ISSUED BY THE OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION, ON OR BEFORE JULY 31, 1951, ARE HEREBY CONFIRMED AND CONTINUED IN EFFECT ACCORDING TO THEIR TERMS. OK OK OK *K CANNED ALASKA RED SALMON CEILING PRICES RAISED; Higher canners' ceiling prices on Alaska Red Salmon to mitigate anticipated losses resulting from a very small pack during the current season were announced by OPS on August 30 (CPR 65, Amdt, 1). The new ceilings, effective August 30, 1951, represent an increase of slightly more than 10 percent over prices for canned Alaska red salmon fixed in Ceiling Price Regulation 65, issued July 30, 1951, and effective on August 8, These ceil- ings were fixed before the extent of the western Alaska shortage was known, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 The new ceilings on Alaska reds, set forth in Amendment 1 to CPR 65, as com= pared with the previous ceilings, are as follows: 1 pound tall can ......ccccce 1 pound flat can .....ccccece % pound flat CAN .ccccccccece F.o.b, Car, Seattle, Bellingham, Everett or Astoria CPR 65, Amdt. 1 CPR .--(48 cans per case)... $32.00 $29.00 33.00 30.00 19,25 18 ,00 The increase in canners! ceilings on Alaska red salmon probably will be passed on by distributors to the public, but they apply to only about 15 percent of the total estimated salmon pack for the season in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, OPS said that it will soon issue oan action that will contain pricing procedures to be used by primary distributors of the canned salmon covered in this amendment, Also, a companion regulation in process will fix ceiling prices for Alaska red salmon sold by "primary distributors," Tese distributors customarily buy from canners and sell to wholesalers and others, Their profit comes from the fact that they are able, as a rule, to purchase from canners at a discount because of unusually large orders, The ceiling price for primary distributors will be the ceiling price of the supplier from whom they buy, plus transportation cost, SALMON CANNED ALASKA RED SALMON Pursuant to the Defense Production | Act of 1950, as amended, Executive Order | and Economic | Stabilization Agency General Order No. | 10161 (15 F. R. 6105), 2 (16 F. R. 738), this Amendment 1 to Ceiling Price Regulation 65 is hereby | issued. STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS This amendment makes an adjustment } in the ceiling prices specified by CPR 65 | for canned Alaska Red salmon, so as to} reflect increased unit costs. As was recognized in the Statement of Considerations to CPR 65, Canned Salmon, the highly seasonal nature of the salmon industry requires that ceiling prices be established for each year’s pack as it comes to market. over of the 1950 pack. It was stated ex- Pressly at that time, that should the 1951' pack actually be abnormally large or} small, the ceiling prices contained in’ CPR 65 would be promptly revised to reflect more accurately the changes.in unit costs. Since issuance of CPR 65, the pack of Salmon in western-Alaska has been fin- ished and while packing in certain other Alaska areas is still continuing, those areas procuce, for the most part, varie- ties of salmon other than Reds. The Pack of Alaska Reds up to August 11, Consequently, | that regulation established prices only| for the 1951 pack and the small carry-| ] | 1951, is 766,336 cases as against last year’s|this species and others, and without ex- pack of 1,086,917 cases for a correspond- ing date in 1950. In the Bristol Bay area, which comprises a large part of the western Alaska salmon territory, the current pack of Alaska Red salmon is the smaliest in fifty-four years. Due to the nature of the operations of this industry in which a substantial part of the total operating and administra- tive expense represents fixed commit! ments, a short pack is bound to result, in extreme cost increases. The Office of } Price Stabilization, in close cooperation with the industry and with the Defense} | Fisheries Administration of the Depart-! ment of the Interior, has sought to re- fiect as closely as possible the increase} fin unit costs occasioned by the shortage of the current pack of Alaska Reds, in| formulating the price increases effected, by this amendment. Moreover an aver- age of all.cost increases since June 1950) has been calculated as a yardstick in} measuring the increase the industry will} need to meet the problems created by| | this abnormally short pack. An evalua-j tion of cost data available to the Office) ‘of Price Stabilization indicates that an increase of 20 percent over the highest prices in effect during June 1950 or, as an alternative, an increase of 8 percent, ‘over the average level established by the General Ceiling Price Regulation would} appear to reflect most equitably up-to- date increases in unit costs of canning Alaska Red salmon, without unduly dis- torting the price relationships between ‘by this amenumeut. ceeding unreasonably the general level of canned salmon prices otherwise estab- lished by CPR 65. The result of this amendment will be to raise the specific ceiling prices estab- lished by CPR 65 for Alaska Red salmon only by slightly over 10 percent. Such an upward adjustment is necessary to relieve the industry, since various kinds. of red salmon constitute a major item in, the total production and because Alaska Reds represent the great bulk of red salmon canned. While, of necessity, this price action makes it likely that the in- crease allowed, manufacturers will be passed on to the consumer, it will at the same time encourage future availability and distribution of red salmon, a mod- erately priced high-protein food item, which might disappear from the market if rigid price ceilings were to force pro- ducers to sell this item at a loss. A companion amendment to the Gen- eral Ceiling Price Regulation protects primary distributors of canned salmon ‘against losses resulting from a price squeeze which might otherwise be caused At-tne saime vime, great care fas been taken to prevent speculation or improper pyramiding of markups. In keeping with the standards set forth in the Statement of Considerations to CPR 65, the Office of Price Stabilization will reexamine, from time to time, the specific ceiling prices established therein, August 1951 in the light of unit costs and final salmon pack figures as they become available, to protect that industry against loss as a result of abnormal shortages, but also in order that savings which may result from comparatively larger packs for other species may be passed on to the consumer. In formulating this amendment the Director of Price Stabilization has con- sulted with industry representatives to the extent practicable and-has given full], consideration to their recommendations. In his judgment the provisions of this amendment are generally fair and equi- table and are necessary to effectuate the | purposes of Title 1V of the Defense Pro- ‘the period from May 24, 1950, to June ‘amended by substituting for the three COMMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW 61 items listed under’ the heading of “Alaska Reds” the following: cuction Act of 1950, as amended. So far as practicable, the Director of Price Stabilization gave due considera- tion to the national effort to achieve} maximum production in furtherance of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as|- aa amended: To prices prevailing during} (Sec. 704, 64 Stat. 816, as amended; U.S. C. App. Sup. 2154) Effective date: This amendment shall [become effective August 30, 1951. | MIcHAEL V. DISALLE, l Director of Price Stabilization. | ‘AucusT 30, 1951. AliskasRodae_ 2 2 pee: al 1 pound tall______- | RY OS SE eee eee eee ON DTH nececes Do ho $32.00 33.00 19. 25 pound flat-___. 50 24, 1950, inclusive: And to relevant fac- tors of general applicability. AMENDATORY PROVISIONS The table of prices set forth in section 4 (a) of Ceiling Price Regulation 65 is eR KX FISH SUBJECTED TO SMOKING FOR FLAVORING EXEMPT FROM PRICE CONTROL: Fish which has been subjected to a smoking process for the purpose of imparting a particular flavor rather than as a means of preservation, and which may require the same degree of refrigeration to prevent spoilage as does frozen green fish, is exempt from price control, according to a reliable source, The Office of Price Administration has is= sued this interpretation in reply to an individual request, Probably the only fish= ery product that would fall under this category is finnan haddie, However, processors of other salted, smoked, pickled, and cured fish and shelle fish will still operate under the General Ceiling Price Regulation as in the past. * OK OK K O&K CPR 14 permits institutional wholesalers who sell to aerate users, such as hotels, restaurants, and other feeding establishments in less than case lots or’ per= form other special services to apply for adjustments in markups under the Wholesale Grocery Ceiling Price Regulation (CPR 1), For details see: CPR l,, Amdt. 7 (Adjustment of Ceiling Prices for Certain In= stitutional Sellers) issued Aug, 30, 1951. * OK KOK OF ADJUSTMENTS FOR RETAILERS OF IMPORTED GOODS; Retailers are provided with a month's extension on filing, making the new deadline October 1, 1951, and a simpli- fied pricing method by Amendment 7 to Ceiling Price Regulation 31, issued August 30, 1951, New imported commodities may be sold after a waiting period of 10 days even though OPS approval of pricing has not yet been received, A new hardship adjust= ment clause for importers with abnormally low markups is provided, For details see: CPR 31, Amdt, 7 (Pricing for Retailers of Imported Goods: Pricing for New Goods and New Sellers; Adjustment Clause) issued Ang, 30, 1951. * eK * * SALES: By Am vided with an alternative domestic ceiling price to be used in camputing ceiling prices for export sales, ‘he action permits the producer exporter to use either his 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vor 13, No. 8 domestic ceiling price to a foreign buyer of the same class, or his domestic ceil= ing price to his largest class of damestic purchaser, For details see: CPR 61, Amdt, 1 (Export Ceiling Price for Producer Exporters) issued Aug. 28, 1951. FUR SEAL MEAL EXEMPT FROM PRICE CONTROL: 7 exempts fur seal. meal fram price control, * KK K Amendment of Price Stabilization on Avgust 31 follows: GOR 7—EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN F'0OD AND RESTAURANT COMMODITIES FUR SEAL MEAL Pursuant to the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, Executive Order 10161 (15 F. R. 6105), and Economic Stabilization Agency General Order No. 2 (16 F. R. 738), this Amendment 4 to General Overriding Regulation 7 is here- by issued. STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS This amendment to General Overrid- ing Regulation 7 exempts fur seal meal from price control. Fur seal meal is a high protein feed ingredient used in animal or poultry feed} and for experimental purposes. It is a by-product of the fur seal slaughtering and fur seal hide production operations conducted in Alaska by the United States Government. The Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Department of the Interior is the only processor of fur seal meal for domestic use, and there PUERTO RICAN CEILING PRICES FOR SALTED COD SUSPENDED: ‘are no imports of the product. The quantity of the meal produced for con- sumption in the United States is negli- gible. No more than approximately 400 tons of fur seal meal have been produced annually during the period 1939-1949, and the annual gross proceeds from its sale, during the same period, have never exceeded approximately $55,000. More- over, prices for fur seal meal are effec- tively controlled by the ceiling prices in l effect for fish meal and meat scraps, the |two principal, competitive high protein lfeed ingredients used in this country. It is clear, therefore, that fur seal meal has little or no effect upon the cost of living, in general, or upon the cost of feeds or feed ingredients. Furthermore, any ceiling price restrictions imposed upon the product would involve an ad- minis:rative burden out of all propor- under price control. Exemption of this commodity from price regulation will in no way defeat OK OK OK *K 4 to Overriding Regulation This amendment as issued by the Office or impair the price stabilization program or the objectives of the Defense Produc- tion Act, as amended. In view of the limited applicability of this.action, the Director has not found it practicable to consult with industry represen iatives. AMENDATORY PROVISIONS General Overriding Regulation 7 is amended by adding a new section 7 to read as follows: Sec. 7. Fur seal meal. No ceiling price regulation issued or which may here- after be issued by the Office of Price Sta- bilization shall apply to sales of fur seal meal. (Sec. 704, 64 Stat. 816, as amended; 60 U. S. C. App. Sup. 2154) Effective date. This amendment shall tion to the importance of keeping it|become effective September 5, 1951. MICHAEL V. DISALLE. Director of Price Stabilization. Avucust 21. 1951. Ceiling Price Regula= tion 51 51 (Food Pro Products Sold in Puerto Rico), wh: which also contained ceiling prices for salted cod fish sold in Puerto Rico, was suspended indefinitely on July 19 a the Office of Price Stabilization effective July 5, 1951. For details see: CPR 51 (Food Products Sold in Puerto Rico) Notice of Suspen= sion, dated July 19, 1951. SALARY STABILIZATION BOARD EXTENSION OF TIME LIMITATION FOR COST-OF=LIVING INCREASES: Section 10 of Gen- eral Salary Stabilization Regulation . provides th: that increases based on costy the use of agents approved by the Administration. (g) Signs requiring employees han- dling sHrimp to wash and sanitize their hands after each @bsence from post of duty shall be conspicuously posted in the Picking and packing rooms and else- where about the establishment as con- ditions require. (h) One or more suitable washing de- vices and one or more suitable inspection belts shall be installed for the washing and subsequent inspection of the shrimp before processing. (i) Suitable containers, flumes, chutes, or conveyors shall be provided for re- moval of offal from picking room. (j) Picking or heading tables shall be equipped with flumes supplied with clean, unpolluted water or with mechan- ical conveyors for removing the picked or headed shrimp. ,. (kK) Equipment shall be provided for code-marking immediate containers and the master cartons used in the packaging of the shrimp. (1) Hach freezing and cold-storage compartment shall be fitted with at least the following equipment: (1) An automatic control for regulat- ing temperatures. (2) An indicating thermometer so in- stalled as to indicate accurately the tem- perature within the freezing or storage compartment. (3) A recording thermometer shall be installed on each freezing and/or stor- age compartment in such a manner aS to record accurately the temperature within the compartment at all times. The case which houses the charts and recording mechanism shall be provided with an approved lock, all keys to which shall be in the sole custody of the in- Spector. (m) Provision shall be made for water-glazing where such glazing is nec- essary to maintain the quality of -the frozen shrimp. - Glazing shall be done with clean, unpolluted water. (n) Provision shall be made for the immediate icing or cold storage of all packaged shrimp which is destined for Sale as unfrozen shrimp. (o) Suitable space and facilities shall be provided for the inspector to prepare records and examine samples and for the safekeeping of records and equipment, § 155.22 General operating condi- tions. (a) The decks and holds of boats catching shrimp for, or transporting shrimp to, an inspected establishment, gnd the bodies of other conveyances so transporting. shrimp shall be kept in a Sanitary condition. The shrimp shall be refrigerated immediately after they are caught, anfl shall be kept adequately refrigerated until delivery to the estab- lishment. 68 (b) Inspected establishments, freight boats, and other conveyances serving such establishments shall accept only fresh, clean, sound shrimp. (c) After delivery of each load of: shrimp to the establishment, decks and holds of each boat and the body of each: ‘other conveyance or container making such delivery shall be washed down with clean, unpolluted water, and all debris shall be cleaned therefrom before such boat or other conveyance or container leaves the establishment premises. (d) Before picking, heading, or de- veining, the shrimp shall be adequately washed with clean, unpolluted water and then passed over the inspection belt and culled to remove all shrimp that are filthy, decomposed, putrid, or otherwise unfit for food, and all extraneous mate- Trial. (e) Cffal from picking tables shall not be piled on the floor, but shall be placed in suitable containers for frequent re- moval, or shall be removed by flumes, conveyors, or chutes. (f) Shrimp shall be picked into flumes which immediately remove the picked meats from the picking tables; except that shrimp may be picked into seamless containers of not more than 3 pints capacity if the picked meats are not held in such containers for more than 20 minutes before being flumed or conveyed from the picking tables. For the pur- pose of this paragraph, the term “picked” shall include the operation whereby a portion of the shell is removed, leaving the tail in place, arfd the back of the shrimp is sliced open to remove the alimentary canal or vein. (g) If shrimp are picked into contain- ers, such containers shall be cleaned and sanitized as often as may be necessary to maintain them in a sanitary condition, but in no case less frequently than every 2 hours. Whenever pickers are absent from post of duty, containers shall be éleaned and sanitized before picking is resumed. (h) Picked shrimp being transported from one building to another before enclosure in the can or other immediate container shall be properly covered and protected against contamination. (i) From the time of delivery to the establishment up to the time of final processing, shrimp shall be handled ex- Ppeditiously and under such conditions as to prevent contamination or spoilage. . Shrimp shall be precooled immediately after the final cleaning operation to a temperature not exceeding 40° F. if it is not packaged immediately, or to a tem- perature not exceeding 50° F. if it is packaged immediately. If such shrimp are to be frozen they shall be placed in the freezing compartment yithin 1 hour of final preparation. (j) The packer shall immediately de- stroy for food purposes all shrimp in his possession condemned by the inspec- tor as filthy, decomposed, putrid, or otherwise unfit for food. Shrimp con- demned-on boat or unloading platform shall not be taken into the ice box or Picking room. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (k) Raw materials other than shrimp which enter into the finished product shall not be used if condemned by the inspector as unfit for food. Such con- demned raw materials shall be segre- gated from usable materials and held for disposal as directed by the inspector, or they may he destroyed forthwith by the packer if he so desires. (1) All portions of the establishment shall be adequately lighted to enable the inspector to perform his duties properly. (m) All ficors and other parts of the establishment, including unloading plat- forms, and all fixtures, equipment, and utensils shall be cleaned as often as may be necessary to maintain them in Sani- tary condition. : (n) The packer shall require all em- ployees handling shrimp to wash and sanitize their hands after each absence from post of duty. (o) The packer shall require all em- ployees to observe proper habits of clean- liness, and shall not knowingly employ in or about the establishment any person afficted with infectious or contagious disease, or with any open sore cn the hands or face. (p) Offal, debris, or refuse from any source whatever shall not be allowed to accumulate in or about the establish- ment. (q) If batter is employed it shall be used within 1 hour after it is prepared. The temperature of the batter shall not exceed 50° F. (r) Containers for mixing or holding batter shall be adequately cleaned and sanitized before they are used for a new batch of batter. (s) Equipment for applying batter shall be adequately cleaned and sanitized at least once an hour while in operation, § 155.23 Code marking. (a) Perma- nently legible code marks shall be placed, on all immediate containers at the time of packaging. Such marks shalt show: (1) The date of packing. (2) The establishment where packed. (3) The size of the shrimp, where the label bears a size designation and the Shrimp are not in containers through which they are clearly visible. Corresponding code marks also shall be} - placed on the master cartons containing individual packages of shrimp. (b) Keys to all code marks shall be given to the inspector. (c) Each lot shall be stored sep- arately, pending final inspection. For the purposes of the regulations in this part, all immediate containers bearing the same code mark shall be regarded as comprising a lot. § 155.24. Freezing, icing, and refrig- eration. (a) The method of freezing is not specified by these regulations. Whatever method is used must be such as will produce @ hard-frozen product in a sufficiently short time to prevent decomposition. Bulk packages contain- ing 5 pounds or nfre of shrimp per package should be hard-frozen within 24 hours; smaller packages should be Vol. 13, No. 8 hard-frozen within 12 hours. After freezing, the shrimp shall be stored in such manner that its temperature does not exceed 0° F. and shall be handled in such manner as will maintain the hard- frozen condition. r (b) The storage temperatures for Shrimp which are not frozen are as follows: (1) Cooked and peeled shrimp shall be stored at a room temperature not exceeding 35° F. (2) Raw headless shrimp shall be stored at a room temperature not ex- ceeding 35° F. or at a room temperature re exceeding 45° F., provided it is well iced. (c) The inspector shall identify each record on the thermometer chart with the code mark of the tot to which such record relates and the date of such rec= ord. The Administration shall keep such charts fer at least 5 years, and upon request shall make them available to the packer, {d) The packer shail keep for at least 1 year ali shipping records covering shipments from each lot, and upon re- quest shall furnish such records to any inspector of the Administration. $155.25 Examination after process- ing. (a) Adequate samples shall be drawn by the inspector from each lot of processed shrimp and shall be examined to determine whether or not Such proc- essed shrimp conforms to all reouire- ments of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, amendments thereto, and regulations thereunder. (b) The packer shall destroy for food purposes, under the immediate super- vision ef! the inspector, all processed shrimp condemned by the inspector as not complying with § 155.24 (a) or (b), as the case may be, or as filthy, decom=- posed, putrid, or otherwise unfit for food. 8155.26 Labveling. (a) Labels on shrimp packed and certified under §8§ 155.16 to 155.29, inclusive, may bear a distinctive mark attesting to such packing and certification. Depending ypon the type of processing, such marks, if used, shall read as follows: (1) Frozen shrimp. “Packing and freezing supervised by U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Perishable prod- uct—Not warranted against mishandling after freezing.” F (2) Fresh, iced, or refrigerated shrimp “Packing supervis:d by U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Perishable prod- uct—-Not warranted against mishan=- dling after packing.” Such marks, if used, shall be plainly and conspicuously displayed in type of uni- form size and styie on a strongly con- trasting uniform background, and shall appear on the principal panel or panels of the label so as to be easily observable In connection with the name of the article. Labels on inspected shrimp shall bear the statement “Perishable— Keep frozen” or “Perishable—Keep re- August 1951 ‘frigerated,” whichever ts applicable for the product. The marks referred to in paragraph (a) (1) and (2) of this sec-| tion shali not be used on the -master cartons- unless such marks will be de- faced by the opening of the carton, (b) Two proofs, or one proof and one photestat thereof, or eight speciméns of ‘all labeling intended for use on inspected | ‘shrimp or.on or within the cases there- | for, shall be submitted to the Adminis- tration for approval. If proofs or photo- stat and proof are submitted, eight specimens of the labeling shall be sent) to the Administration after printing. | The Administration is hereby authorized i to approve labeling for use on or with shrimp inspected under §§ 155.16 to 155.29, ifclusive. Approval shall be sub- ject to the condition that such labeling shall be so used as to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, amendments thereto, and regulations thereunder. The Adminis- tration is also hereby authorized to re- voke any such approval for cause. The Administration shall not approve label- ing for shrimp intended for éxport under the provisions of § 155.27 (e). i (c) No commercial brand or brand name appearing on labeling approved as authorized under paragraph (b) of this section and bearing apy of the marks described in paragraph (a) of this set- tion, and no labeling simulating any such | approved labeling, shall be used aiter such approval on shrimp other than that which has been handled, prepared, packed, and stored in compliance with all provisions of §§ 155.16 to 155.29; but this section shell not apply to any pack- er’s labeling after termination of inspec- tion as authorized by § 155.29, or to any distributor’s labeling after 3 months’ written notice by the owner thereof to the Administration tliat the use of such labeling on inspected shrimp has been discontinued and will not be resumed. (d) Shrimp labeling authorized by or approved under paragraph (a) or (b) of this section shall be used only as au- thorized by §§ 155.16 to 155.29. Unau- thorized use of such labeling renders the user liable to the penalties prescribed by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended. § 155.27 Certificates of inspection; warehousing and export permits. (a) After finding that the shrimp comprising any parcel: Has been handled, prepared, and packed in compliance with all pro- Visions of §§ 155.16 to 155.29, inclusive; bears labeling approved as authorized under § 155.26; and complies with all the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, amendments thereto, and regulations thereunder—the inspec= tor shall issue a certificate showing that such shrimp so complies. The certificate shall specify the code marks to which it applies, the quantity of the parcel 50 marked, the place where such parcel is stored, the size of the shrimp where there is a label declaration of size, the size and kind of containers, the type of pack, the commercial brand name on the labels, destination of the lot, and the condition COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW of the shrimp if it is broken, Such cer-: tificate shall become void: If such label-' ing is removed, altered, obliterated, or' replaced (but such shrimp may be re-: labeled under the supervision of -an inspector and recertified if the inspector finds that, after being relabcled, it com- plies with the requirements laid down by ‘this paragraph for the issuance of a) vertificate) ; or if mishandling, improper : storage, or other circumstances so change the product that it no longer complies with the requirements for the issuance of a certificate. (b) Unless covered by certificate, Shrimp shall be moved from an inspected’ ‘establishment only for storage author-: ized under paragraph (c) of this section; or export authorized under paragraph (e) of this section, or for destruction as provided by § 155.25 (b). (c) Applications to move uncertified shrimp from storage in a warehouse or cold storage elsewhere than in the estab- lishment where such shrimp was packed Shall give the name and location of the warehouse, freezer or cold storage in which such shrimp is to be stored. The application shall be accompanied by an agreement signed by the operator of Such warehouse, freezer or cold storage that inspectors shall have free access at all times to all shrimp so stored, and that conditions which will preserve the iden- tity of each parcel of such shrimp shall be continuously ‘maintained pending issuance of a certificate thereon or re- Moval as authorized ‘by paragraph (d) of this section. If such application is ap- proved and it appears to the inspector that the shrimp comprising any parcel has been packed in compliance with §§ 155.16 to: 155.29, inclusive; is not Slack-filled; and conforms, except for the absence of labeling, to all requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, amendments thereto, and regula- tions thereunder, the inspector shall issue to the applicant, on his request, a warehousing permit covering such shrimp. Such permit shall specify the code marks to which it applies, the quantity of the parcel so marked, the places from and to which such parcel is to be moved, the size of the shrimp, the size and kind of containers, the type of pack and the condition of the shrimp, if it is broken. When any provision of the agreement is violated, the Administra- tion may revoke any permit issued pur- suant to such agreement, and may also revoke its approval of the application for warehousing or cold storage which ac- companied such agreement, (d) Unless covered hy certificate, shrimp ‘stored under the authority of paragraph (c) of this section shall be moved from the warehouse or cold stor= age where stored only for restorage un= der such authority, or for return upon written permission of the inspector to the establishment where packed, or for ex- port authorized under paragraph (e) of this section, or for destruction as pro- vided by § 155.25 (b). ; (e) Section 801 (d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act provides 69 ‘that a food intended for expozt shail nov be deemed to be adulterated or mis- branded under the act if it accords to the specifications of the foreign pur- chaser; is not in conflict with the laws of the country to which it is intended for export and is labeled on the outside of the shipping package to show that it is intended for export. An application to export shrimp under the’ provisions of jsection 801 (d) of the act shall be accom- panied by the original or a verified copy ‘of the specifications of the foreign pur- chaser; if so required by the Adminis- ‘tration, evidence showing that such ‘shrimp is not in conflict with the laws of the country to which it is intended for ‘export; and, if shipment of labeled shrimp is specified or directed, eight Specimens of the labeling therefor. If shrimp prepared or packed accordimg to such specifications is not in conflict with the laws of such country, the Adminis- tration shall direct the inspector to issue to the applicant an export permit cover- ing such shrimp comprising any parcel. ordered by such specifications, when the inspector finds that such shrimp was packed in compliance with the require- ments of §§ 155.16. to 155.29 regarding Sanitary conditions and processing; is not filthy, decomposed, putrid, or other- wise unfit for food; accords to such Specifications; and is labeled on the out- side of the shipping package to show that it is intended for export. Such permit shall specify the code marks to which it applies and the quantity of the parcel-so marked, and shall show that such shrimp was packed under sanitary conditions, is wholesome, and accords to the specifica- tions. The applicant shall furnish ‘to the inspector documentary evidence Showing the exportation of all such shrimp. .Shrimp intended for export under this section shall not be stored in any warehouse or cold storage in the United States elsewhere than in the establishment where such shrimp was prepared or packed, except on written permission of the inspector or of the chief of the Food and Drug Administra- tion district within whose territory such warehouse or cold storage is located. § 155.28 Inspection fees. (a) Except as otherwise provided by the regulations in this part, the fee prescribed for in- spection service shall be 25 cents per 100 pounds of whole shrimp or 35 cents per 100 pounds of frozen or fresh raw head= less shrimp received by the plant. Ad- vance. deposits of not less than $500.00 shall be made whenever necessary *to prevent arrears in the payment of fees, unless the Administration on an estimate of output authorizes payment in otner amounts. Any excess advance deposits so made for the fiscal year shall be re- turned to the packer by the Administra- tion after the completion of the fiscal year. (b) (1) In addition to the fee pre- scribed by paragraph (a) of this section, an initial deposit of $525.00 shall accom- pany each application for inspection; thereafter, 11 monthly deposits of $525.00 each shall be made on or before 70 the first day of each montn beginning June 1 and continuing through April 1: Provided, That a packer who is concur= rently receiving inspection service under } the regulations for the inspection of canned shrimp or canned oysters or both shall not pay any additional advance deposits under this paragraph. The Commissioner of Food and Drugs may require the full amount of advance de- posits prescribed by this paragraph to accompany the application of an appli- cant who has defaulted in payment of any advance deposit due for any prior packing season. (2) Whenever it is determined, witn- out hearing, by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs that an establishment having the inspection service has been damaged by wind, fire, flood, or other calamity to such extent that packing op- erations cannot be resumed before the end of the fiscal year then current, no advance monthly deposits falling due after such calamity will be required from the operator of such establishment for that fiscal year; but whenever it is de- termined, without hearing, by the Com- missioner of Food and Drugs that an establishment having the inspection Service has been so damaged by any such calamity that packing operations must be suspended temporarily and can be re- Sumed before the end of the fiscal year then current, payment of the advance monthly deposits falling due after such calamity and before the month of resumption of operations shall be post- poned until operations are resumed and thereupon shall be paid in equal monthly installments during the period between the time of resumption of operations and June 1 of the fiscal year then current: Provided, That in the event of a deter- mination described in this subparagraph’ the total deposits made by the operator involved shall be chargéd with the cost of the service made available for the establishment, without regard to the method provided hereinafter for com- puting charges against deposits, and the balance of the total deposits remaining after such charges shall be returned by the Administration to the operator of the establishment after the completion of the fiscal year. (3) Advance deposits made under this paragraph shall be charged with the cost of the inspection service that has not been provided for by fees under COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 paragraph (a) of this section. The de-; posits by each packer shall be so charged. in the same ratio to the total deposits’ made under this paragraph and under § 155.12 (b) for the inspection of canned shrimp and under § 155.42 (b) for the inspection of canned oysters and under. this paragraph for the inspection of fresh and frozen shrimp, as the number’: of months of inspection service (in- cluding the number of months, if any, for inspecting canned shrimp or canned oysters or fresh and frozen shrimp or) any combination of these inspection services) rendered in such packer’s establishment bears to the total number of months of inspection service for shrimp and oysters rendered in all estah- lishménts. . The balance remaining after such charges have been made shall be returned by the Administration to the packers after the completion of the fiscal year. When inspection service is with- drawn from an establishment as author- ized by § 155.29 (a), the Administration shall not return to the packer any of the advance deposits made for such establishments; such deposits shall be charged with the cost of the service made available for the establishment, without regard to the method as pre- scribed in this paragraph, and the bal- ance that would have accrued to such packer shall remain to the credit of the Food:and Prug Administration in the special account “Salaries and Expenses, Certification and Inspection Services.” (c) A separate fee shall be paid to cover all expenses, incurred in accord- ance with the regulations of the United States Government, for salary, travel, subsistence, and other purposes incident to inspection for the purpose of issuing 2 certificate of warehousing or export permit on shrimp stored or held at any place other than. an establishment to whieh a seafood inspector is then as- signed. (d) When the establishment and the warehouse or cold storage of an estab- lishment are located at different points of such distance apart that transporta- tion between them is required for the| giving written notice of such termina- inspector to perform his duties in the] tion to the Food and Drug Administra- establishment, the packer shall furnish] ¢jon, such transportation or shall pay an extra fee to cover all expenses thereto Dated: August 16, 1951. (e) All payments required by the reg- 5) TON, ulations in this part shall be by bai set ice ae draft or certified check, collectible a par, drawn to the order of the Treasurer, United States, and payable at Washing-= ton, D. C. All such drafts and checks, except for the payment required by § 155.16, shall be delivered to the inspec- tor and promptly scheduled to the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Se- curity Agency, Washington, D. C., where- upon after making appropriate records thereof they will be endorsed and trans- mitted to the Chief Disbursing Officer, Division of Dishursemtent, Treasury De-' partment, for deposit to the special account “Certification and Inspection Somaces, Food and Drug Administra- ion.” (f) Refunds to the packers making advance deposits will be by check drawn on the Treasury of the United States pur= Suant to refund vouchers duly certified and approved by the designated admin- istrative officers § 155.29 Suspension, withdrawal, and termination of inspection service. (a). The Administration may suspend and the Administrator may withdraw in- Spection service in any establishment— (1) Upon failure of the packer to comply with any provision of §§ 155.16 to 155.29, inclusive, or (2) Upon the dissemination by the packer or any person in privity with him of any representation which is false or misleading in any particular regarding the application to any seafood of the inspection service provided by the regu< lations in this part. (b) When inspection service is sus- pended in an establishment, as author- ized by paragraph (a) of this section, the Administration shall not lengthen the inspection period in such establish- ment to compensate for any of the time of suspénsion. (c) After inspection service for a fis- cal year is closed in an establishment, but before the resumption of packing therein during the next fiscal year, the packer may terminate inspection service under the regulations in this part by Department of the Interior DEFENSE FISHERIES ADMINISTRATION NPA TIGHTENS CONSTRUCTION CONTROLS: Applications for authorization to construct fish processing and production facilities should be postmarked by midnight, October 15, 1951, in order to be eligible for consideration for a first quarter 1952 allotment of controlled materials, the Defense Fisheries Administration announced on September i. : August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 As claimant agency for the fishing industry, the Defense Fisheries Administra= tion will process applications for the construction of fish hendling plants, such as fish canneries, fish recuction plants, dock facilities for loading and unloading, and filleting plants, DFA points out that the National Production Authority has revoked its basic construction order M-/,, replacing it with new regulations contained in M~iA, dated August 20, This new order tightens controls over larger building projects but re= moves the necessity of applications to NPA for permission to begin construction or to get allotments of materials for buildings or projects using relatively small amounts of steel, copper, and aluminum, The new regulations, while allowing a system of self=suthorization for small amounts of critical materials, place all construction under NPA!'s Controlled Mate- rials Plan beginning with the fourth quarter of 1951, Hereafter, application must be made to the appropriate Government agency (Defense Fisheries Administration in the case of construction for fish handling or processing plants) for permission to build and for an allotment of controlled materials, as provided for in CWP regula- tions, for all construction projects using more than the minimum amounts of con= trolled materials for which self=authorization is allowed in the new regulations, The self-authorization ceiling for industrial plants, factories, or facilities, per project, per calendar quarter, is: 25 TONS OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEEL, INCLUDING STRUCTURAL STEEL (NOT TO INCLUDE MORE THAN Ds S TONS OF ALLOY STEEL AND NO STAINLESS STEEL), 2,000 POUNDS OF COPPER AND COP- PER-BASE ALLOYS, AND 1,000° POUNDS OF ALUMINUM. Persons engaged in construction projects requiring less than the above quanti- ties of controlled materials are authorized to use the self=certification "U=6 cer= tified under CMP=Reg, 6" for the procurement of these materials scheduled for deliv- ery after September 30, 1951, and the preference rating "DO-U-6 certified under CMP= Reg, 6" for the procurement of materials other than controlled materials required for such construction, the latter likewise to be scheduled for delivery after September 30, 1951, ‘The self-authorization procedure may be used only when a person requires de= livery of controlled materials, If he requires only products or materials other than controlled materials, he may not use the self=authorization procedure but must be authorized to use the DO rating to acquire such products or materials pursuant to an application submitted to DFA on Form GVWP-=4C, Prior to October 1, 1951, a prime contractor may commence new construction or continue construction already started provided his requirements of each kind of con= trolled material for completing such a project, including material for Class A prod= ucts, do not exceed the above-listed amounts, However, no priority assistance for materials will be made available for any such construction for delivery before Octo= ber 1, 1951, Nor will priority assistance be made available before that date to ac- quire products or materials, or to make inventory replacements, or to acquire pro- duction machinery or equipment, Prime contractors requiring controlled materials for constructing fish handling or processing plants in amounts greater than the minimum quantities listed above must apply to DFA on Form GiP=,C in accordance with NPA order M=i,A and CMP=6, This form requests (1) approval to commence or continue the project, (2) an allotment of controlled materials, and (3) a preference rating for materials other than controlled materials, 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 For all subsequent quarters, applications mst be postmarked by midnight of the 15th day of the first month of the quarter preceding the one for which the delivery of the controlled materials is scheduled, Only cases involving hardship, disaster, or extreme essentiality can be considered after these dates, and then only if any unallotted amounts of material remain, This action is necessary, DFA explained, since the quantities of controlled materials for this type of construction are severely limited, and only by consider= ing all applications for any particular quarter at a single time can the most equit- able distribution be made, Early filing of requests for permission to construct, and for allocations of controlled material, is likewise necessary so that builders of approved projects can place their orders in time to obtain delivery in the quarter in which the material is required, Application forms, G¥P-4,C, and instruction sheets may be obtained from field offices of the Department of Commerce, However, such applications should be mailed directly to the Defense Fisheries Administration, Department of the Interior, Wash- ington 25, D. €, All questions should be answered in as complete detail as possible, with particular emphasis on the instructions contained in Section 1 of Form GP-1C, Firms contemplating ccnstruction of fish handling or processing plants during 1952 should inform the Defense Fisheries Administration of their plans es far in advance as possible so that controlled materials for the projects can be obtained for the quarter in which they will be required, For details see: NPA order M=)A as amended Ang. 20, 1951. NOTE: ALSO SEE P. 58 OF THIS ISSUE. Department of State NORWAY SIGNS TORQUAY PROTOCOL TO GATT: ‘the United States Government has been informed by the headquarters of the United Nations that the Government of Norway, on July 3, 1951, signed the Torquay Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs end Trade, ‘The terms of the protocol require that the concessims negotiated be= tween the United States and Norway at the recent tariff conference at Torquay, Eng- land, but which have heretofore been withheld, be put into effect on the thirtieth day=-August 2, 195l--after Norway's signature of the instrument, At Torquay, Norway granted substantial concessions on its imports of both agricultural and non-agricultural products of the United States, More than half of these concessions were reductions in duty; the remainder consisted of binding of existing duties or duty-free treatment, In addition to the concessions directly negotiated with the United States at Torquay, Norway made numsious concessions to other countries on products of interest to United States exporters, Among the products to which United States concessions initially negotiated with Norway apply are special types of canned sardines and herrings and certain other fish products, and fish hooks, The specific United States concessions which will be put into effect as a re= sult of Norway's signature of the Torquay Protocol will be announced later, NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1951, P. 26. ee KK SH August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 TARIFY CONCESSIONS DENIED TO COMMUNIST BLOC: On August 1, 1951, the President signed a proclamation giving effect to sections 5and 11 of the Trade Agreements Ex- tension Act of 1951, which provide that, as soon as pracwicable, he shall withdraw the benefits of trade-agreement concessions "to imports from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and to imports from any nation or area dominated or controlled by the foreign government or foreign organization controlling the world Communist movement," and shall prevent the importation of certain furs which are the product of the Soviet Union and Communist China, He also signed a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury under this proclamation (1) providing that reductions in rates of duty made in trade agreements should be suspended after the closes of business Av- gust 31, 1951, in the case of Albania, Communist China, Soviet Zone of Germany, Estonia, the Communist parts of the Associated States of Indochina and Korea, the Kurile Islands, Latvia, Lithuania, Outer Mongolia, Rumania, Southern Sakhalin, Tanna Tuva, as to which such withdrawal would not om that date conflict with any inter- national obligations and (2) preventing the importation from Commmnist China of er-= mine, fox, kolinsky, marten, mink, mskrat, and weasel furs and skins, cressed and undressed after the close of business August 31, 1951. The Department of State has taken steps to terminate most=favored nation com= mitments to Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and Soviet Russia, and withdrawal of trade-agreement concessions from Czechoslovakia, When it is found practicable, as a result of the above steps, to suspend the trade~agreement benefits from these coun= tries, and to prevent the importation of furs from Soviet Russia, the effective dates of such action will be proclaimed by the President, The Department of State delivered to the Soviet Embassy on June 23, 1951, a note giving notice, according to provisions of the agreement, of the termination of the commercial agreement of August 4, 1937, with the USSR as renewed by the exchange of notes signed on July 31, 1942. ‘The agreement will terminate six months from the date of notice of intention to terminate, On June 27 similar action was taken to termi- nate the provisional commercial agreement of August 20, 1930, with Rumania, which provides for a thirty=-day notification of intention to terminate, A request to notify the Bulgarian Government of termination of the provisional commercial agreenent of August 18, 1932, with Bulgaria has been conveyed to the Government of Switzerland, This procedure is being followed in view of the suspen= sion of relations between the United States and Bulgaria in February 1950, The agreement with Bulgaria provides for advance notice of three months for denunciation, With Hungary and Poland, the most-favored=nation provisions in customs matters are parts of broader treaties of friendship, commerce, and consular rights, In the treaty between the United States and Hungary signed June 24, 1925, the most-favored- nation provisions appear in Article VII, In the treaty between the United States and Poland, signed on June 15, 1931, the most-favored=nation provisions are contained in Article VI, ‘The Hungarian treaty requires that notice of termination be given one year in advance; the Polish treaty prescribes a six monthsperiod of notice, Notices to modify these treaties by terminating Articles VII and VI respectively, or to terminate the treaties as a whole, were delivered to the Hungarian and Polish representatives in Washington on July 5, 1951. It is also anticipated that the Presi- dent will promptly take action to set in motion the operation of Section 5 (denial of tariff concessions) of the newly-enacted Trade Agreements Extension Act in the case of satellite countries and areas with which the United States has no commercial agree= ment, 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 15, No. 8 The United States has requested that the item "TIsrmination of Obligations be= tween the United States and Czechoslovakia" be placed on the agenda of the Sixth Session of the Contrecting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, scheduled to convene at Geneva on September 17, 1951, Since both the United States and Czschoslovakia are contracting parties, the United States proposes that all of the obligations existing between it and Czechoslovakia by virtue of the provisions of the Agreement should be formally terminated, because of nullification of these obligations by political events, KKK OK * TRADE AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS WITH VENEZUELA: Formal notice of the intention of the United States Government to negotiate with the Government of Venezuela to supplement and amend the trade agreement with that country of November 6, 1939, was announced by the Department of State on August 29, 1951, United States participa-— tion will be under the provisions of the Trade Agreements Act of 1934 as amended and extended, The Interdepartmental Trade Agreements Committee published a list of products on which modification of United States tariffs or other import restrictions may be considered during the negotiations, No fishery products were contained in this list, The notice points out that United States concessions on articles which are provided for in Schedule II of the 1939 agreement, but which are not included in the list of articles published today, will remain unchanged unless such articles are included in any supplemental list which might be published in the future, However, in the forthcoming negotiations consideration will be given to possi~ ble modifications in, or elimination of, concessions on United States products entering Venezuela as provided in Schedule I of the 1939 agreement, and also to the addition of new items to that schedule, or additional concessions on items al= ready covered by it, Therefore, persons interested in any export product were re= quested to make known their views with regard to whether existing Venezuelan con= cessions should be maintained or broadened, and whether new concessions on addi-~ tional items should be sought from Venezuela, Under the present agreement, preferential rates are given to Venezuelan imports of frozen and canned salmon, canned sardines, and canned shellfish from the United States, Venezuelan import duties on fishery products were substantially increased effective March 1, 1951, except for those items contained in the trade agreement and imported fror the United States and from other countries with which Venezuela has commercial treaties or modus vivendi containing most-favored-nation clauses, Expressions from the fishery trade concerning concessions in the Venezuelan tariff thet should be sought or any trade restrictions imposed by Venezuela which have proved burdensome will be considered at the hearings, Public hearings on the proposed negotiations were scheduled by the Committee for Reciprocity Information on October 9, 1951, at Washington, D. C, Applications for oral presentation of views and information, as well as written briefs or state- ments, were to be presented to the Committee not later than September 28, Only persons who presented written briefs or statements and filed applications were to be heard, KK OK OK WESTERN GERMANY SIGNS TORQUAY PROTOCOL TO GATT: ‘he Mission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the United States has informed the Department of State that August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 the Charge d!'Affairs of the Mission was expected to sign the Torquay Protocol to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade at the headquarters of the United Na- tions in New York on September 1, Under the provisions of the protocol the Fed- eral Republic will became a contracting party to the General Agreement on October 1, thirty days following its signature of the protocol, On the same date the tariff and other trade concessions negotiated by the Federal Republic at Torquay with the other contracting parties to the agreement, including the United States, will go into effect, The President. of the United States is expected to notify the Secretary of the Treasury shortly that the United States concessions initially negotiated with the Federal Republic at Torquay will go into effect on October 1, No changes in United States import duties for fishery products are involved, The Federal Republic of Germany will thus become the first among the seven "new" countries which negotiated at Torquay for accession to the agreement, to become a contracting party, At Torquay the Federal Republic negotiated with 20 contracting parties to the agreement and with three of the other acceding govern= ments, Its accession brings the number of contracting parties to 31, All concessions in German import tariffs negotiated at Torquay will apply to goods imported from any country which is a contracting party to the Agreement, Thus many United States products exported to Germany will benefit from German tariff reductions initially negotiated with other contracting parties, The following fish- ery items may be of interest to United States fishery industries (the new rates on imports into the Federal Republic of Germany are given): (abbreviated Fish, live or dead, fresh, chilled or frozen: A. Fresh=-water fish (1). Salmon ©0002 0e020e0e e028 coon Oysters, whether in shell or not, fresh, chilled or frozen, salted, dried or simply cooked: 1G Spat Pee Hoe eSoesSeoHrGeevseseoseoSoGsGovovgooseeGoeo Tariff Item Number 03 01 Rate of Duty After Tora 12 percent 03 03 Pom HO iaislslsislalelsiolsinilelolelelaiclalslelctate/stelalsialeiaiclalslaisielulelaialela Prepared or preserved fish and fish products: (c) "Other," in hermetically sealed containers: Fish of salmon family, sardelles, sprats, ENG OGHEr ccccecccccccacecccccecesiacccceccels Herring, length of live fish not over 16 centimeters, in oil or tomato or both .ecoc. Flour or meal Of LTiSH eoecccccecccecevcccccccccsccecce Condensed ‘Sstickwater seccace-cccseccvecesececnccesenne 16 04 25 percent 205 a" 23 01 (a) ex 23 07 German negotiations at Torquay were based upon a draft of an entirely new German tariff law which is to go into effect at the same time that the Federal Republic acceeds to the General Agreement, ‘The new tariff is almost entirely on an ad-valorem rather than a specific basis and is based to a large extent on the model nomenclature recommended in 19,9 by the European Customs Union Study Group, Ok OK Ok OK of July 7, of certain United States tariff concessions negotiated at the 1950-51 tariff conference at Torquay, England, under the General Agreement on Tariffs and 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 Trade, This action was taken as a result of the signature, by Sweden, on June 7, 1951, of the Torquay Protocol. to the General Agreement, Under the Torquay Protocol a country negotiating there may withhold the con= cessions initially negotiated with another country until the thirtieth day after that country has signed the protocol and made provision for putting into effect its own concessions, In addition to Sweden, six other countries with which the United States nego= tiated at Torquay--the Benelux Customs Union (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Iuxem= bourg), Canada, France, andthe Dominican Republic-~had previously signed the pro-= tocol and United States concessions to those countries were put into effect on June 7, No changes in United States import duties on fishery products will result from this action, In negotiations with Canada, Sweden bound free its rate of duty on cod roe in barrels, merely salted, salted sweetened or smoked, and reduced its rate on boiled salnon in tins from 75 kroner per 100 kgs, to 50 kroner, Under provisions of the most-favored=nations clause of the Agreement, these rates are also applicable to imports from the United States, NOTE; ONE SWEDISH KRONA 1S EQUAL TO ABOUT 19 U.S. CENTS. . Oey Eighty-Second Congress (First Session) JULY 1951 Listed below are public bills and resolutions introduced and referred to com~ mittees, or passed by the Eighty-Second Congress (First Session) and signed by the President, that affect in any way the fisheries and allied industries, Publicbills and resolutions are shown in this section only when introduced and if passed when they are sizned by the President, The more pertinent reports, hearings, or chamber actions on some of the bills shown in this section from month to month are also listed, BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED: vote of 9, yeas to 8C nays, Measure sent to White House, Collisions at Sea: H. R, 5013 (Hart) - A bill to authorize the President to proclaim Defense Production Act Extension Passed by | regulations for preventing collisions at ssa; House: The House passed, by a roll-call vote of | to the Coumittee on Merchent Marine and Fisheries.| 323 yeas to 92 nays, after rejecting a recormit- tal motion by a roll-call vote of 117 yeas to 299 Shrin.p Import Duty: H. R. 4999 (Boykin) - nays, the bill H, R, 3871, amending and extending A bill to provide for an ad valorem duty on the for 1 year the Defense Production Act of 1950, importation of shrimp; to the Committee on ways and keans, Subsequently this passage was vacated whea S, 1717, a similar bill, was taken frou the CHALBER aCTIONS--KOUSE: Speaker's table, amended to contain the text of : the House bill, and passed in lieu of H, R, 3871. Defense Production Act Extension: Reported The House voted to insist on its amendment to to House, conference report on S, 1717, amending S. 1717; requested a conference with the Senate; and extending the Defense Production Act of 1950 and appointed conferees, (HR, Rept. 770). Conference report adopted by a August 1951 Prior to passage a separate vote was demanded on several amendments, among which were included the following: Adopted the Andresen amendment to bar until Jane 20, 1953, imports of fats and oils, dairy products, peanuts, anc rice, 265 yeas to 148 nays, Adopted the Hope amendment to prevent the placing of quotas on livestock slaughtering, 249 yeas to 167 nays, Adopted the Wolcott amendment to delete language enlarging the President's authority to acquire property, including facilities, and to erect plants, factories, etc,, and to engage in the marketing, transportaticn, and storage of such critical materials necessary to the national de=- fense; but. authorizes installation of additional equipment, facilities, etc,, in Government-owned plants and the installation of Government-owned equipment in privately owned plants, 232 yeas to 184 nays, Adopted a cormittee amendment authorizing a rollbecx of 10 percent below the May 10, 1951, prices of agricultural commodities (beef-price rollback), 234 yeas to 183 nays, Adopted a committee amendment deleting from the bill language relative to licensing and sus- pension of licenses of certuin businesses covered by the scope of the bill, 333 yeas to 82 nays, Interior Appropriations: House disagreed to Senate amendments to H, R, 3790, making appropria- tions for the Department of the Interior for fis- cal year 1952; agreed to a conference requested by Senate; and appointed conferees, Conference report submitted to the House on H. R. 3790, making appropriations for the Depart- ment of the Interior (including the Fish and Wild- life Service) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952. (H. Rept. 775). The House by a roll-call vote of 189 yeas to 170 nays, recommitted to the committee of confer- ence H, R, 3790, the Department of the Interior appropriation bill for 1952, with instructions for the House conferees to further insist on dis- agreement to Senate amendment No, 131, which de- letes the Jensen amendment, Tidelands: House by s roll-call vote of 265 yeas to 109 nays passea and sent to the Senate H, R. 4484, a bill to confirm and establish the titles-of the States to lands beneath navigable COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REV IEW 77 waters within State boundaries and to the natural resources within such lands and waters, A recom- mittal motion was rejected by a division vote of 63 yeas to 171 nays, Adopted an amendment pro- viding that all moneys derived from the royalties on leases of land beyond the 3-mile limit be ap- plied to the principal of the national debt; also adopted several perfecting amendments, GHIMBER ACTION--SENATE: Defense Production Act Extension: Senate agreed to a conference on S, 1717, amending and extending for 1 year the Defense Production Act of 1950, and appointed conferees, Interior Appropriations: H.R. 3790, In- terior appropriations for 1952 (including Fish and Wildlife Service appropriations), with amend- ments (S, Rept. 499) was reported by the Senate during recess July 3, Senate began considere- tion of this bill, adopting some committee amend- ments and deferring action on others, Interior Appropriations Bill Passed: By 64 yeas to 4 nays, Senate passed, as amended, H. R, 3790, Interior appropriations for 1952, after taking the following further actions on amendments: Adopted: The remainder of the com- mittee amendments which had been passed over temporarily, including,,, investigations of re- sources, Fish and Wildlife Service;... Sea Lampreys Studies--Additional Funds: H, R, 2995, authorizing additional funds for further research and control of sea lampreys of the Great Lakes area, was reported by the Senate (S. Rept. 545). Sea Lampreys Studies Funds Increase: Passed without amendment and cleared for the President-- H, R. 2995, to increase the appropriation for in- vestigations and studies on eradication of sea lempreys in the Great Lakes, BILLS SIGNED BY THE PRESIDENT: Defense Production Act of 1950 Extension: S. 1717, auending and extending for 1 year the Defense Production Act of 1950, Signed July 31, 1951 (P. L. 96). Sea Lampreys Studies Appropriation Increased: H, R. 2995, to inereace the appropriation for investigatiors and studies on eradication of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes, Signed July 30,1951 (P. L. 94). 78 LANDINGS AND In Millions MAINE - LANDINGS _NOT INCLUDING IMPORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 6 MQS. 6 12 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH se SALT-WATER MARKET 24 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS HEADS OFF - FOR ALL USES CUMULATIVE DATA 8 MQS. 1951 - 42.1 8 |, 1950 - 32.6 12 1950 - 59.1 JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE In Thousands of CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS CUMULATIVE DATA 3 MQS. 1951/52 SEASON - 3 1950/51 2 12." 1950/51 JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE COMMERCIAL. FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 RECEIPTS of Pounds MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD CUMULATIVE DATA 7 MQS. 1951 - 336.8 7 , 1950 - 296.4 12 1950 - 522.6 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH WHOLESALE MARKET | CUMULATIVE DATA H 8 Mps. 1951 - 63. 14 8 | 1950 = 12 1950 - JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 16 8 MQS. 195] - 58.6 14 8 i 1950 - 54.3 12 1959 - 88.9. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Tons CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH 36 MQs. 35 8 8 12 1950 - 191.0 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79 COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS In Millions of Pounds U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS CUMULATIVE DATA B MgS. 1951 - 226.4 8 |, 1950 - 190.1 h2 1950 - 287.2 Oo JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH CS) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH 48 42 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK CUMULATIVE DATA JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. CALIFORNIA - TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH 1200 pee 8 MpS. 1951 - 5,550.6 y O-- 1950 - 5,705.5 71. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 510 CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND SALMON 480 CUMULATIVE DATA 420]] 8 ugs. 195) - 281.3 #8 | 1950 - 12 1950 = JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. of Standard Cases UNITED STATES - SHRIMP CUMULATIVE DATA 1951/52 SEASON, JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE CALIFORNIA - PILCHARDS CUMULATIVE DATA 1951/52 SEASON, AUG. 1-30,1951 1950/51 SEASON, AUG.1-30,1951 - 1950/51 SEASON, TOTAL, AUG.-JAN. - 4,284.4 JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE ALASKA ~--“SALMON TO AUG. 26,1950 - 2/608.0 TOTAL 1950 __- 3,235.8 “PRELIMINARY 3200 CUMULATIVE DATA Ann SRG JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. STANDARD CASES Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wgt. SARDINES 100 1/4 drawn 3 1/4 oz. SHRIMP 48 — 5 oz. TUNA 48 No. 1/2 tuna 7 oz. No. 1 oval 15 oz. PILCHARDS 48 MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 oz. SALMON 48. ],pound tall 16 oz, at i August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 PRICES , IMPORTS and BY-PRODUCTS: BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN ¢ PER POUND CUMULATIVE DATA | 8 9S. 1951 - 7.93F a | 1950 - 8.00} 12 1950 = 7.86 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. U.S. - IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FILLETS OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING. ROSEFISH °8 CUMULATIVE DATA | 8 MQS. 1951 - 59.6 8 | 1950 - 48.0} 5 12 1950 - 66.6] U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA ho.d AND TUNA-LIKE FISH CUMULATIVE DAT. 7H 7 Mgs. 1951 - 8.7 7 |, 1950 - 16.0 12 1950 - 44.5° 6 [+ PRELIMINARY 0 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL IN THOUSANDS OF TONS #1951) =5 6a56 1950 - 53.0 1950 _- 218.5" “PRELIMINARY. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT, OCT, NOV. DEC. MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS CUMULATIVE DATA 7 MQS. 1951 - 3. Th IERON 11555) 12 1950 - 39.2 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Pounds U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN SHRIMP_FROM_ MEXICO CUMULATIVE DATA 7 MgS. 1951 - 21.9 7 1950 - 19.3 12 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Pounds U.S.-IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES (Include in oil and not in oil ) CUMULATIVE DATA 7 MQS. 1951 - 16.1 1950 - 13.6 1950 - 30.4° U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS , 2.) | “PRELIMINARY 3.0 PN las JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERTES REVIEW “a ¢ ta 2 owen Vol. 13, No. 8 cose tees Bae ATH Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed below. Number CFS=651 - CFS-654 - FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, INGTON 25, D. C. U. S. CESR= ALASKA. FL = FISHERY LEAFLETS. Sa CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH- TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS: OF THE UNITED STATES AND STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SEP.- SSR.-FISH. DISTRIBUTION). Title Imports and Exports of Fishery Products, 1946-1950, 10 p. Frozen FishReport, Final,June1951, 10 p. CFS=655 - Massachusetts Landings, April 1951, 14 p. CFS-656 - Texas Landings, May 1951, 4 p. CFS-657 - Maine Landings, April 1951, 4 p. CFS-658 - Fish Meal and Oil, lay 1951, 2 p. CFS=659 - Alabama Landings, May 1951, 4 p. CFS-661 - Mississippi Landings, May 1951, 2 p. CFS=662 - Lake Fisheries, 1949 Annual Surmary, 6p. CFS-6563 - Frozen Fish Report, Preliminary, July 1951, 2 p. SL -1ll = Firms Canning Clam Products, 1950, 2 p. (Revised) — FL -336i- Quarterly Outlook for Biarketing Fishery Products, July-Sept. 1951, 32 p. Sep. 286 - The Trash Fishery of Southern New Eng= land in 1950, Number SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES LIMITED Title Sep, 2 287 - Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Keeping SSR-Fish, No, SSR-Fish, No, ‘Quality of Frozen Oysters, 56 =- Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Fishery Resources: Effects of Tracy Pumping Plant and Delta Cross Channel, by Leo F, Erkkila, James W, Moffett, Oliver B. Cope, Bernard R, Smith, and Reed S, Nielson, 109 p., illus,, De- cemoer 1950. 59 - Tests of Hatchery Foods for Blueback Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), 1944-1948, dy Roger E. Burrows, leslie A. Robinson, and David D, Palmer, 39D. illus., Tiseee 1951. SSR-Fish, No, 60 - Tests of Hatchery Foods for Blueback Salmon, 1949, by Leslie A, Robinson, David dD. Palmer, and Roger E, Burrows, 21 p., April 1951. ARTICLE BY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE AUTHORS IN OTHER PUBLICATIONS "Growth and Setting of Larvae of Venus mercenaria in Relation to Temperature," by V. L, Loosanoff, W. S, Miller, and P, B, Smith, article, Journal of Marine Research, vol. X (1951), no.1, pp. 59- 81, illus,, printed, $1.00 per number, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Bingham Oceano=- graphic Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn, Larvae of the hard shell clam, Venus mer- cenaria, were grown to metamorphosis at constant temperatures of 30.0, 27.0, 24.0, 21.0, and18.0° C. +1,0° C, The rate of growth of the larvae was generally, but not always,more rapid at high than at low temperatures, Within this range small differences in temperature, such as 1.0 or DO were not extremely important in af- fecting the rate of growth, The average time needed by larvae to reach a certain size or to grow to metamorphosis at different temper- atures is given in this article, Larvae ob- tained from the same sources and grown under identical conditions often showed considerable individual variations in the rate of growth and in the time needed to reach the stage of metamorphosis, Fertilized exgs placed in water of 15,0 or 33.0° C, + 1.0° C, showed ab- normal development and neavy mortality, few ever reaching veliger state, Some food re- quirements of the larvae are discussed in this report, August 1951 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES |SSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MENTIONED. IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. Canada for the Year 1950, 138 p., srinted, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Minister of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, 1951. Full re- ports of the work for 1950 of the biological and experimental stations of the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada are presented in this booklet, Reports of the bioloxical work dis- cuss the investigations of fish and other aquatic organisms found in Canadian waters carried out by the Newfoundland Fisheries Re- search Station, St. John's; Atlantic Biologi- ea! Station, St. Andrews, N, B.; Central Fish- eries Research Station, hkinnipeg, Manitoba; and the Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C, The technological work is carried out at the Atlantic Fisheries Hxperimental Station, Halifax; Gaspe Fisheries Experimental Statian, Grend River, que,; and the Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station, Vancouver, Tecnnological reports discuss the work on the improvement of the quality of fishery food products; metnods of processing and preservins fish; studies on the nutritive value of fish; investigations on how to increase tne range and value of fishery byproducts for food, medical, and industrial purposes, (California) Statistical Report of Fresh and Can- ned Fishery Products (Year 1950, including Sar- dine Season 1950-1951), Circular No. 25, 21 p. (mostly tables), printed, Bureau of larine Fisheries, California Division of Fish and Game, San Francisco, Calif., 1951. ‘he tables in this publication show the California land=- ings of all fish and shellfish by species and by main fishing areas, including the amount of pilcnards and tuna landed; fishery products shipments into the State; a list of canning and reduction plants (plants primarily processing sardines, tuna, mackerel, and squid); produc- tion of canned, cured, and manufactured fishery products and byproducts (including fish neal and oil); and historical data. "Carp Breeding in Palestine," by A, Sklower, article, Archiv ir Fischerei \issenschaft, 2d issue, 3 and 4 quarters 1950, pp, 90-119, printed, 4.50 DM (US$1.07). Verlag, Gustav Wenzel & Sohn, 11 Augustplatz, Braunschweig, Germany, After 8 years of carp breeding in Palestine, commencing in 1938, the popularity of this activity spread rapidly and has becans one of the nost profitable food-producing facilities of tne country, This is due mainly to the large demand for protein foodstuffs, Carp breeding is significant in the general economy of the country, Land with soil of high salinity after having been used for the breeding of carp with seasonal changes of water desalts tr: soil and can later be util- ized for other agricultural purposes, Water useless for agricultural soil irrigation be- cause of the high salt content (chlorine con- DATA ON PRICES, tent over 700 mg. per liter) is excellently Suitable for fish breeding, Climatic charac- teristics permit the carp to grow on a year= round basis, differing from the European carp where the maximum period of growth is only eight months out of every year, Carp breeding in Palestine is located in five different regions: Upper Galilee, the Jordan Valley, the Plain of Beisan, the coastal plain around Haifa Bay, and on the north shore of the Dead Sea, ‘The article goes on to discuss the Jewish Agency's fish breeding experimental station at Sdeh Nahum, with particular reference to the building, man- agement, stocking, and results of the carp- breeding ponds at this station, Tables are in- cluded for the conditions and results obtained from 9 ponds, showing the seasonal activity, stockins, weight averages, netting time, fish per unit (dunam) of land and per season, feed- ing material, chemical treatment of the ponds, and fish losses, Ceylon Fisheries (Recommendations of Experts on Fisheries Development, Research, Socio-Economic and Industria Problems) Sessional Paper VI-- 1951, 170 p., printed, about US*1,10 post- paid, Government Publications Bureau, Colombo, Ceylon, April 1951, This publication contains a collection of papers on Ceylon's fisheries under such titles as: "Report on the Fisheries of Ceylon," by C. F, Hickling; "Report to the Minister of Industries, Industrial Research and Fisheries," by H, Blegvad; "Report on the Han- dling, Treatment, Packinz, Transport Refrigera- tion, Storage and Sale of Fish, with Notes on Fishery By-products," by E, Petersen; "Some Suggestions for Developing the Fisheries of Ceylon," by C, ©, John; "Report on the Ceylon Fishing Industry," by G. L, Kesteven, Almost all phases of Ceylon's fishing industry are covered by these articles, including the re- sources (deep-sea, inshore, and fresh-water fisheries), gear, marketing, technology, research and development, Tables are given, and maps are included in two of the articles, The appendix includes a regional study prepared for F,A,0. of the organization of the fishing industries of the Indo-Pacific region, 1951, 4 p., printed, Fishing Industry Research Institute, Fortswood Rd., Green Foint, Cape Town, South Africa, This report deals with various oven methods for determining moisture in products, The total matter wiich volatilizes from fish meal when heated at 102° C, for five hours by the "standard air oven method" is generally reported as moisture, However, other volatile constitu- ents (such as amines, and oxidation products of the oil) are also driven off under these condi- tions, ‘The optimm time and temperature for drying is 5 hours at 1009 C,, since figures 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW obtained under these conditions closely re- late to the actual moisture content for fish meal, Two types of ovens (air and vacuum ovens) have been tested together with the Brabender Moisture Tester and the results of these tests indicate that constant weight is obtained after 8-1/4, hours! heating at 70° C, in the vacuum oven with a vacuum of 29.5 40.5 ins, mercury and a leak of dry air of 10 liters per hour, The results obtained for fish meais and for spiny lobster meals by heating in the air oven at 102° C, for 5-55 hours were found to be the same as for thse vacuum oven, Optimumheating conditions in the Brabender Moisture Tester for routine work were found to be 1 hour at 112° C, with the figures differing by less than 0,1 percent from values obtained by the vacuum oven for the different types of meal, As a result of surveying different types of oven-drying equipmsnt, the South African Fishery Industry Research Institute has adopted the Brabender Moisture Tester for routine moisture deter- minations, Frozen Food Locker Plants (location, Capacity, Rates, and Use, January 1, 1950), by L. B, lkann and Paul C, Wilkins, 53 p., processed, Director of Information and Extension, Farm Credit Administration, U, S, Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C., March 1951, The frozen food locker industry, especially during the past decade, has been most impor- tant in improving the processing and storage of locally-grown perishable foods, This pub= lication reports on a survey made at the re- quest of the National Frozen Food Locker As- sociation and conducted by the Farm Credit Administration in cooperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, with funds provided under the Research and Marketing Act, ‘This study, conducted in the early part of 1950, deals with location, capacity, patronage, services, volume, and rates and charges in locker plants, and furnishes information as to the importance of low temperature hame cabinets in relation to locker plant opera- tions, According to this report, on Januaryl, 1950, there were 11,42 locker plants, Esti- mates based on this survey show that these plants were servicing approximately 3.9 millim locker patrons and about 440 thousand home unit owners not renting lockers, ‘These plants had an estimated combined capacity of over 5.6 million lockers and processed about 1.3 billion pounds of foods during 1949, of which 94 percent was meat, game, and poultry, Fifty- One percent sold commercial frozen foods, (International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commis- sion) Annual Report 1950, 42 p., illus., printed, International Pacific Salmon Fish- eries Commission, New Westminster, B. C., Vol. 15, No. 8 Canada, 1951, A report of the Commission's re- gulation of the sockeye salmon fisheries within the waters outlined by the Convention between Canada and the United States for the protection, preservation, and extension of the sockeye sain- on fisheries in the Fraser River system, Dis- cussed in this report are the various activities of the Commission during 1950, the regulations, the United States fishery, the Canadian fishery, fishing intensity, the Indian catch, escapement, the 1951 cycle, rehabilitation of barren areas, and general investigations, Japanese Antarctic Whaling Expedition, 1950-51 (Sta- tistical Summary), by Benjamin Goldberg and le- land li, Lucas, Preliminary Study No, 62, 48 P., processed, Natural Resources Section, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, Japan, July 1951. (Reports may be purchased only in photostat or microfilm from the Office of Tech- nical Services, U, S, Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.) A summarization of sta- tistical and other biological, and related data concerning Japanese whaling operations in Ant- arctic waters during the 1949-50 season is con tained in this report. Included are data on production (catch, processing, products produced), biological cafposition of the catch, special biological observations, and numerous figures and tables, ‘L'Industrie de Nuoc-Mem su Cambodge (The Fermented Fish Industry of Cambodia), by R. Lafont, 7 p., printed in French, Institut Océanographique de 1'Indochine, Extrait du Bulletin Economique, 36 Rue Incien-Wossard, Saigon, Indochina, Fermented fish plays an important role in the diets of the Cembodian people, Over 792 thousand gallons of this food, with a value of US$9.7 million, are produced annually, The principal centers of production are along the coast of Annam province, Phu-kok Island, and Cathai in Tonkin province, Traditionally, fermented fish (nuoc-mam) was prepared from small salt-water fish, However, the number of plants utilizing fresh-water fish in the production of nuoc-mam have greatly ex=- panded since the war, and offer the greatest possibilities for the future, Nuoc-mam is pre- pared by mixing round fish with 25 percent salt by weight and permitted to ferment for several months, The finished nitrogenized material is transformed into a soluble product composed chiefly of smino acids which are particularly useful for the human body, ‘The fresh-water fish product is generally credited with being of a poorer quality than the salt-water product and the Cambodian Administration has recently under- taken quality-control measures, The article also gives details on local production, prices paid to fishermen for their catches, and the quality-control methods instituted by the Ad- ministration, A good future is forecast for the nuoc-mam industry in Cambodia because of i a aaa a August 1951 the abundance of fish and good markets for ths product, provided the quality remains ata high level, “Yen, Rivers, Nets--and Fish," by H, J, Fisher, article, Missouri Conservationist, June 1951, vol, 12, no, 6, pp. 1-3, 8-9, 14, illus., printed, Missouri Conservation Commission, Jefferson City, Mo, Missouri's 1,400-1,600 commercial fishermen seek their catches in the State's three main rivers--Mississippi, Mis- souri, and St, Francis, ‘he equipment and gear used to take such important rough fish species as catfish, carp, and buffalofish con- sist mainly of seines, trammel nets, hoop nets, and hooks, Statistics in this article give the number of units of gear in operation in 1949, the production by species and by rivers, and the value of the harvest taken from the three rivers. Carp are the leading species taken in the Missouri waters, and buffalofish and catfish are the next most important com- mercial fish, Fishermen have recently becane alarmed by the pollution of important fishing grounds and the lamprey depredations (the chestnut lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus, pre- dominant in Missouri waters is not the sea lemprey causing so much concern in the Great Lakes), The fish requirements of the two leading cities, Kansas City and St. Louis, ex- ceeds the local supply of fresh-water fish, and these cities augment their sales of local river fish with over 9,600,000 pounds of fish obtained from outside of the State, Missouri's annual commercial fish production in 1949 to- taled 846,102 pounds as compared with 962,718 pounds in 1948. Observations on the Bionomics and Fish HeEL of of the Brown Mussel (MYTIIUS s sp.) of | the Cape Region of of Peninsular India, by S, Tones, alloy feo 5 eaeye printed, (Reprinted from the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, , vol, | Ly no, 3, December 1950,) Central Inland Fisheries Re- search Station, Government of India, P, 0, Bar- rackpore, Via: Calcutta, India, Describes the brown mussel industry along the rocky coastal tracts of Southern Travancore and the Tinne- velly in India, Distribution, methods of fish- ing, utilization, and some indication of how they are consumed in India are discussed, ‘the author in his general remarks points out that the mussel fishery is underexploited, Results of the West Coast of Vancouver Island Her- ring Investigation, 1949-50, by J. C. Stevenson and J, A, Lanigan, 40 p., illus., printed, 1951, (Reprinted from the Report of the British Co- lumbia Department of Fisheries, 1949.) Brit- ish Columbia Department of Fisheries, Victoria, B, C., Canada, This report, the fourth in an annual series, deals primarily with the studies conducted during 1949-50 on the adult stocks COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 of the herring populations of the west coast and lower east coast of Vancouver Island, Chief reference is made to the changes in the West Coast population, but comparative data from both populations are discussed in a final sec- tion of the report, Discussed in the report are the 1949-50 fishery; tagging and tag re=- covery; sampling of the catches and the spawning runs; and extent and intensity of the spawning, ‘The Sea Around Us, by Rachel L, Carson, 237 p., illus., printed, $3.50. Oxford University Press, New York, N, Y., 1951. This book blends the technical divisions of oceanography in order to discuss the history, nature, and cyc- lic functions of the ocean, Divided into three main sections, the first part deals with vari- ous modern phases of oceanic biology and marine geography; the second part discusses the dy- nanics of waves, currents, and tides; and the last part discusses man and the sea about him, Incorporated in this book are findings of Oceanographic investigations reported as late as 1950, "The Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes," by V. C, Applegate, article, The Scientific Monthly, May 1951, vol, IXMII, no, 2, pp. 275-81, illus., printed, single copies 75 cents, American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave,, N, W., Washington 5, D. C, Prior to the construction of the Welland Canal, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) was re- stricted to Lake Ontario since Niagara Falls stood as a barrier to the other Great Lakes, After 1892, the lamprey spread into Lakes Srie, Huron, and Michigan, and its conquest of Lake Superior is now in progress, The destruction of this parasitic lamprey is evidenced by Lakes Huron and Michigan where experience indicates that a complete collapse of a fishery can take place in only a few years, Although injury to stocks of a variety of fish has not been as great as for lake trout, damage to whitefish, suckers, and wall-eyed pike is increasing to an alarming extent, The author goes on to ex- plain the life history of the sea lamprey, sug- gesting the life-cycle periods most vulnerable to control measures, Two of the most promising are the prevention of spawning, and the destruc- tion of larval lampreys returning to the lakes from their stream spawning grounds, Several methods of capture or destroying sea lampreys (including a variety of weirs, traps, barrier dems, and sonic and electrical devices) are now being tested, ‘The biggest obstacle in the utilization of these devices is how to eliminate or capture lampreys without blocking or injuring game and commercial fish, Also being considered is the chemical treating of larval beds and the introduction of the American eel which attack and destroy larvae, ‘The unknown effects of the these two latter methods on other types of fish 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 13, No. 8 has prevented a wider usage of them, Finally, the author feels that the most effective con- trols will be accouplisned by a variety of procedures, each adapted to serve best under special local conditions, munication facilities, the booklet contains chapters on Making Contact with the Swedish Businessman; \shat the American Businessman Should Know About Trading with Sweden; Trade Practice Requirements Under ECA; Shipping to Sweden; Facts to Knov; About Duporting from Sweden, There are several appendices, in- cluding a Swedish Directory of Importers, in- ports to Sweden in 1949, and exports from Sweden in 1949, Technical Assistance Under the International Agencies, Department of State Publication 4256, International Organization and Confer- ence Series I, 16; 13 p., printed, 10 cents, Office of Public Affairs, Depertment of State, Washington, D. C., August 1951, (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.) This booklet explains the background, ramifications, and purpose of the Technical Assistance Program (Point 4). Discusses the genesis of the program in the United Nations and how it is financed; what agencies partici- pate; administrative arrangements; coordina- (ECA) Twelfth Report to Congress of the Economic Cooperation Administration (For the Quarter Ended March 31, 1951), 156 p., illus., printed, 40 cents, Economic Cooperation Administration, Washington, D. C., August 1951. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25,D. C.) Reports on the activities under the Economic Co- operation Act of 1948 as well as the programs of tion; volume of requests for assistance; and other mitilateral technical-assistance pro- grams, In explaining the participation of the FAO, the booklet states that "The two objectives of the Food end Agriculture Organ- ization are to increase and improve agricul- tural production including forestry and fish- eries and to bring about increased food con= sumption and higher levels of nutrition," Toxicologie des Poissons (Toxicology of Fish), by Marcel Huet, Groenendaal Research Station Work Series D, No, 11, 13 p., tables, print- ed in French, Reprinted from the bulletin du Centre Belge d'Etude et de Documentation des Eaux, Administration des Eaux et Foréts, Ministere de 1! Agriculture, Brussels, Belgiun, 1950. This is a study of fish toxicology-- the mortality of fish resulting from certain toxic substances dissolved in water, ‘These Substances have a variable specific action upon the skin, respiratory organs, circu- latory or nervous system of fisa, the study considers the action of these toxic sub- economic aid to Korea and the general area of China, Edible fishery products, and whale and fish oils are listed as a group in some of the tables, Imcluded is an appendix sumiarizing the status of the United States Foreign Relief Program and the U. S, Foreign Aid Program, United States Participation in the United Nations, (Report by the President to the Congress for the Year 1950), Department of State Publication 4178, International Organization and Conference Series III, 67; 447 p., printed, 91.00, De- partment of State, Washington, D, C,, July 1951, (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C,). A report by the Presi- dent of the United States on the activities of the United Nations during 1950 and on the par= ticipation of the United States, Among the mIlany phases covered by this report are techni- cal assistance and food and agriculture, TRADE LISTS The Commercial Intelligence Branch, Office of stances on fish under scientific conditions, International Trade, U, S, Department of Commerce, both from a minimum toxic exposure analysis, has puvlished the following mimeographed trade and the dilution limitations, The results lists, Copies of these lists may be obtained by of such exposure depends on the species of firms in the United States from that Office or from fieh, duration of exposure, temperature, Department of Commerce field offices at $1.00 per oxygen content, chemical composition of the list. water, etc, The report also gives the toxi- ; city of principal known poisons, including acids, alkalis, and certain organic and in- organic substances, Directory, 103 p., printed, illus, Prepared by Economic Cooperation Administration Special Mission to Sweden, Available from Economic Cooperation Administration, Washington, D,C,, May 1951. Answers to some of the problems in trading with Sweden or leads as to where you can get the answers are given in this booklet, In addition to a discussion of the country, economy, and transportation and com- Frozen Foods = Processors and Exporters - Canada (Including Newfoundland), 14 p. (July 1951); Lists the names and addresses, products handled, and size of frozen food processors and exporters, including those that handle fishery products, Canneries - Italy, 24 p. (July 1951); lists the names and addresses, products handled, and size of canneries in Italy, including those that pack fishery products, Canneries - Colombia, 4 p. (July 1951); lists the names and addresses, products August 1951 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE SERVICE, handled, and size of canneries in Colom- bia, including those that pack fishery products, Feedstuffs - Importers, Dealers, Manufac- turers and Exporters - Canada (exclud- ing Newfoundland), 23 p. (July 1951); lists the names and addresses, products handled, and size of firms in Canada dealing in feedstuffs, Includes those ; firms dealing in fish meal, fish oils, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW FROM THE oyster shell, canned fish, and vitamin oils, Oils (Animal, Fish and Vegetable) Import- ers, Dealers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters - Canada, 21 p, (July 1951); lists the names and addresses, products handled, and approximate size of firms producing or handling oils, Included are firms handling fish oils, CONTENTS, CONTINUED PAGE FOREIGN (CONTD.): FRENCH MOROCCO PRODUCTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1950 ..sseeeseserecesqes 48 MOROCCO: SARDINE CANNING SEASON TRENDS PESSIMISTIC ....-.-e-0+2-- 48 NORWAY: HUGE SCHOOLS OF OCEAN PERCH REPORTED OFF NORTHERN NORWAY 48 SUPPLEMENTARY COMMODITY EXCHANGE AGREEMENT WITH YUGO- STAYIG. condenadnacoodndaes agdadecscoo0aronccHso0uonocdn CE) PERU: NEW FISH MEAL BASE-COST PRICE ESTABLISHED FOR EXPORT- DUT YMASSESSMENT ere cietelatatcyetarets niaisleicioietereicieleteteisioeisete ic stenvenn.4 9 PORTUGAL: COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND PORTUGAL ...... 50 PORTUGUESE-ITALIAN TRADE AGREEMENT EXTENDED ...... 50 EL SALVADOR: UES= \TONSUPPLY, FISHERYASPEGIALISI: «je