Ml Mull MARCH 1954 (To) lc |= ay wo "o > S FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior W ashington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE DOUGLAS McKAY, SECRETARY JOHN L. FARLEY, DIRECTOR COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A. W. Anderson, Editor F. F. Johnson, Associate Editor J. Pileggi and J. J. O'Brien, Assistant Editors Mailed free to members of the fishery and alliedindustries. Address correspondence and requests to the: Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Service is not an endorsement. The Service is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and maybe reprinted freely, refer- ence to the source will be appreciated. The printing of this publicationhas been approved bythe Director of the Bureau of the Budget, Novem- ber 5, 1952. CONTENTS COVER: Family-type shrimp operation at Tokeen in Southeastern Alaska, showing beam trawler and floating processing plant. Page SHELLFISH EXPLORATIONS IN THE YAKUTAT BAY AREA, ALASKA, BY THE JOHN N. COBB, SPRING 1953, By Edward A, Schaefers and Keith A, Smith. 2... 1... c cc ec eee e eee ween nsec esseetees adic xeeEn eS Page Page RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES ...... 13 {FOREIGN: .........0.c0eee0% odere eusehe eee TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ........-.-.. 14 International: Additions to the Fleet of U.S. Fishing Vessels . 14 International North Pacific Fisheries Commis- Atlantic Crab Meat Packers Plan Industry sion: Sanitation Codes eweusrehetencleieyeneerenetereienen La: IMEI Gogagododso0gDKOoDODCG «MS California: Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission: Loss of Sardine Fishery May Become Fraser River Sockeye Salmon Increase..... 28 Permanentanrreraeviereisietensieichorenercrsiceme LL Food and Agriculture Organization: Sardine Study Progress Report ..........- 17 International Fishing Boat Congress--Miami Yellowfin Tuna Grow Rapidly ..........- 19 SESSION! jevereyeyeye: creue ila oieus viens sekoneranonets 29 Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, (North European) Overfishing Convention: January-November 1953 ............... 20 Second Meeting of Permanent Commission . . 34 Fishery Products Marketing Prospects for 1954 Whaling: and Review for 1953: Factoryships to Use More Helicopters .... 35 Prospectsforl 9540 icy sieleisie lelciciesielcrerene) | 20 Australia: . Review of O5sie. a ayetay oteswicierehareteerersierseien 20. Ganned Fish Pack, 1952/53............. 36 Florida: Rights to Continental Shelf Resources Pro- Florida Red Tide Study to Continue ....... 21 Claimed yo, he svsuels se sun steele eee 36 Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Pearl Fisheries Act Amended in Accordance Lamprey Control by Larvicide ...... bodd 21 with Continental Resources Proclamation. . 36 Maine: Spiny Lobster Industry, 1952/53........e. 37 Sarcine FAG IE socodaccosucugu00K 21 Wireline, Seon, IGE, Goo oouoeabocoucs 38 Maryland: Barbados Island (British West Indies): _ Shipworm Study........... 5 Ce er Fisheries Production, January-June 1953. ... 38 Pacific Salmon Investigations: Canada: Age Readings of Salmon Otoliths ......... 23 Views on Territorial Waters .......... 38 Shrimp Canners Propose Revised Standards for British Columbia Canned Salmon Pack, 1953 . 89 CannedishrimpiPricesiaeieerreieieieeiein 23 Newfoundland Makes Advance Payments to United States and Alaska Commercial Fisheries Salt=Cod! Producers) eye een eee eee 39 Catch Increased in 1953; Employment Declines in the Newfoundland GAG 3.4 Ga.6' Gaake oOo o Goo oa acne Fishing yindustrygereterelciiineie teenies 40 Leading Fishing Ports. setatene ROD as 24 Great Slave Lake Fish Catch, 1952........ 40 Production of Fishery Products and ye Chile: PYOGUCtS we styerescchera chareanereieis orange 24 News Whaling; Gompanyyeyeiaeinreielaicienenensnehe 41 U.S. Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, Denmark; October 1953 . Fn CnC ICR ne Senate 25 Frozen Fillet Exports to the United States .. 41 Wisconsin Great Lakes Commercial Fishing Faroe Islands Fisheries, 1953,.......... 41 RegilAbONS saweneety terse areva ty etche crehoueiereus ee Ecuador: Wholesale Prices, January 1954 ........... 26 Fishing License Revenue to Buy Water Patrol Equipment 13 cotcvatsu-yeyeyeneneeavoye ee Ree 42 Contents continued page 79 ar) an zion atom ty We wal es won _ MU (i March 1954 Washington 25, DE. Vol. 16 , No.3 SHELLFISH EXPLORATIONS IN THE YAKUTAT BAY AREA, ALASKA, BY THE JOHN N,. COBB, SPRING 1953 By Edward A. Schaefers* and Keith A. Smith* CONTENTS Page Page SMI, oo 5oc6000000db00000000000000000 1 Fishing Results .........cccccccrres crocs 4 pekarminmnl 55 a6c0cocn000g00000000000000 1 Miscellaneous Catches .......20ecsceecrecne 7 Gear renee tekelcrelcuciedarhevetelelstenelclelsl siiclsjielier 2 Witerature|Gited! eye cee «le cle eon cleo) see) «)« 7 Yakutat Bay Area .......2-2+2cccccrceccees 4 SUMMARY The fifth in a series of shellfish explorations in southeastern Alaska waters was made during March and early April 1953 by the Service's exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. Fishing operations were carried out in Yakutat Bay proper, and in the adjacent Pacific Ocean waters off Phipps Peninsula. Gear fished included a 20- foot beam trawl, small otter trawl, scallop dredge, shrimp traps, and crab pots. Good concentrations of shrimp were located with the beam trawl between Kame Stream and Blizhni Point, with the best catch yielding 1,020 pounds per hour. Off Krutoi Island shrimp were taken at the rate of 600 pounds per hour. Fairly consis- tent catches of shrimp were taken in a "'trough'' between Knight Island and Blizhni Point. A total of 9 drags in this locality averaged 202 pounds of shrimp per hour. A limited number of otter-trawl drags off Phipps Peninsula produced negligible amounts of shrimp and fish. Beam-trawl drags in this area also produced negligi- ble results. Shrimp traps set from the vicinity of Gregson Island to north of Knight Island were generally productive, with sets usually averaging between 1 and 14 pounds of spot shrimp and 1 to 2 pounds of coon-stripe shrimp per trap. Dungeness crab catches were negligible. BACKGROUND Shellfish explorations in certain southeastern Alaskan waters have been carried out by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb since the spring of 1950. The fifth exploration in this series was undertaken during March and April 1953. The main objective was to investigate the shrimp and other shellfish resources of Yakutat Bay and adjacent Pacific Ocean waters. Fishing operations were carried on from March 10 to April 8. The area ex- plored included Yakutat Bay and the adjacent Pacific Ocean waters near Phipps Pen- insula (fig. 1). Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Development Section, Branch of Commercial Fish- eries, U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Seattle, Washington, 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 During this trip 67 beam-trawl drags, 7 otter-trawl drags, and 5 scallop-dredge drags were made; and a total of 265 individual shrimp traps and 77 individual crab ge YAKUTAT BAY, Fig. 1 - Southeastern Alaska. Shaded area was explored fs shellfish in March and April 1953. pots were set. The location of each drag and each trap or pot set is diagrammati- cally illustrated in figure 5. Detailed information concerning shrimp and scallop catches for each drag is presented in the fishing log (table 1). Data concerning shrimp-trap sets and crab-pot sets are given in tables 2 and 3, respectively. GEAR The majority of the drags were made with a 20-foot beam trawl, constructedto the same specifications as the beam trawl used on previous shellfish explorations of the John N. Cobb. For detailed specifications of this gear see Ellson and Liv- ingstone (1952). The otter trawl used was a small West Coast box-type trawl (fig. 2). The spec- ifications are: Section of Net Length in Meshes Mesh SizeL/ Thread Wings 200 13 inch 24 Body 200 lz inch 24 Intermediate 100 13 inch 24 Cod end 50 1qz inch 27 1/All mesh sizes refer to stretched measure. The head rope was 3/8-inch-diameter wire rope, and the foot rope was $-inch- diameter wire rope, both wrapped with manila. The doors measured 23 feet by 5 feet. Fastened along the head rope were 14 glass floats, 4 inches in diameter, In addition, 4 round aluminum floats 8 inches in diameter were fastened to the head March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 rope: 2 at the center and 1 at the top forward end of each wing of the net. A 4-foot length of chain was attached along the bottom of each wing, near its forward end. 200 M————+—200 M Fig. 2 - Small West Coast box-type otter trawl used by the John N, Cobb, The scallop dredge was of the New Bedford type commonly used in the Atlantic Coast sea-scallop fishery (Royce 1946). Four types of galvanized iron shrimp traps were fished during this exploration. In addition to the three types of galvanized iron traps used in 1952 acai ae 1953), a 4-tunnel non- collapsible iron trap, 24-inches square, similar in design to traps previously used was also fished. The top frame wasz- inch-diameter galvanized iron, and the bottom frame, was 5/8-inch-diameter ‘galvanized iron. Four $-inch-diameter galvanized iron rods, metded at each end to the corners of the topand bottom frames, formed the sides of theframe. The lid frame was 3/8-inch-diamter galvan- ized iron, and was attached to the top frame on one side by 14-gauge wire wound around both frames to form hinges. The lid, when closed, was secured to the opposite side of the top frame with twine. The tunnel entrances were formed by 3-inch-diameter galvanized iron rings, located in the center of each vertical side. The tunnel indentations were formed by cross-tying the opposing rings with seine twine. The frame and the tunnels were covered with 18-thread 1}-inch stretched-mesh cotton netting, Fig. 3 - Four-tunnel non- collapsible galvanized iron shrimp trap. Frozen herring was used as bait in all trap sets. The herring was cut into pieces, placed in a net bait bag, and suspended from the tunnel crossties. Amotor launch was frequently used simultaneously with the John N. Cobb in setting andhaul- ing shrimp traps. The launch was used exclusively for setting and hauling traps in areas inaccessible to the larger vessel. aa igen 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 The crab pots used were of the two-tunnel, circular Pacific Coast ocean type, 38 inches in diameter (fig. 4). The top frame was 5/8-inch-diameter construction steel, and the bottom frame was 3/4-inch-diameter construction steel. Six 5/8- inch-diameter steel rods, 12 inches in length, were welded to the top and bottom ’ : frames, forming the low cyclindrical shaped frame of the pot. To prevent electrolytic ac- tion, the frame was wrapped with strips of automobile tire inner tube rubber before it was covered with 19-gauge stainless steel wire woven to a mesh size of approximately 3inches between bars (open mesh). The lid frame was made of 3/8-inch-diameter stainless steel, and was covered with the same material asthe pot frame. The tunnels were formed by weav- ing the mesh inward from opposite sides to tunnel entrance frames of 3/16-inch-diameter stainless steel. The tunnels were 19 inches wide and 12 inches high on the outside, taper- ing to 8 inches by 4 inches at the tunnel en- trance. Each tunnel extended inward approx- imately 13 inches towards the center of the trap and was held in place by stainless steel wire lashings between the tunnel entrance frames. Triggers of stainless steel wire were Fig. 4 - Circular ocean-type crab pot. hung from the top of the tunnel entrance frame, and were free to swing inward as the crab en- tered the pot, but could not swing outward, thus preventing a crab's escape. The pots were baited with frozen herring cut into pieces and placed in wooden bait boxes, which were suspended between the tunnel entrance frames. YAKUTAT BAY AREA Yakutat Bay is 16 miles wide at its entrance between Ocean Cape and Point Man- by. It extends inland in a northeasterly direction for 15 miles, where it is 10 miles wide between Blizhni Point and Knight Island. The bay narrows and continues inthe same direction for 8 miles farther to Point Latouche, where it is 3 miles wide. The continuation northward is known as Disenchantment Bay (Anonymous 1943). Ice covered Disenchantment Bay in the vicinity of Haenke Island and prevented the John N. Cobb from exploring the fishing possibilities of Russel Fiord, an arm extending 28 miles southeastward from the head of Disenchantment Bay. FISHING RESULTS As fishing was carried on with a 20-foot beam trawl, catches were presumably smaller than would have been obtained with a commercial-size trawl, which nor- mally has a 40-foot beam. The findings reported in this paper apply to the period March 10 to April 8, 1953. Except for one drag made near Point Latouche, all fishing operations in Yaku- tat Bay proper were carried out in the area between the entrance of the Bay and Blizhni Point (fig. 5). Favorable dragging bottom was found in most portions ofthis area, and one of the drags mudded down. Only two of the drags in this area encoun- tered obstructions, with one resulting in a broken beam and the other in a torn net. Commercial quantities of pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) were taken with the beam trawl from off Kame Stream to off Blizhni Point. Nine drags in this locality at depths of 30 to 54 fathoms averaged 484 pounds of pink shrimp per hour, 2/ with two of the best drags (Nos. 74 and 75) averaging 904 pounds of pink shrimp per hour 2/To permit ready comparison of catch information, catch results have been converted to a rate-per-hour basis, as some ~ yariation occurred in the duration of individual drags during this exploration. ‘eoae Ag JenyeA SY UI Sies 10d-qeso pue desi-dunays pue ‘sde1p eBpaip-dojjeos pue [Medj-19210 ‘[Medj-Weaq JO UOTIZOOT - G “BIA Of] 68 TO ee (Obl.ec! "Oo]e6u! “O0]-or NOIL23rOWd INODATOd AVLOwWAt 1od GvuD d¥UL HIUHS 3003u0 dOTIV25 ovua IMvuL rivae TMV W3110 ere a . QN3937 9 65 , " hey ‘ YRS) ZONNA ‘1d Pransing | Y ae a « ‘ ° : . ° (ae, if oF i aga : h (}) orano COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW March 1954 AQHYA ‘Ld 3A09 a ° wONV37a/,* © © Sea, of SE 6H! aHONOLWT ‘Ad (8 66S We ome ANIOd SVONVE Q ar Ne = 7a wn2170 O5}66! OG.6¢ Of 6c) Ovlsei 00}e0v1 a 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 which ran 82 and 80 whole (heads on) shrimp per pound, 3/ respectively. Side- stripe shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) were present in insignificant quantities in all of the above drags, and coon-stripe shrimp (Pandalus hypsinotus) appeared in insig- nificant quantities in approximately one-half of these drags. A single drag in this same locality at depths of 55 to 61 fathoms yielded 186 pounds of shrimp per hour consisting of 67 percent pink and 33 percent side-stripe. The bottom dragged was predominately gray or gray-blue mud, free of obstructions and suitable for drags of several hours duration. All catches were quite clean and relatively free of mis- cellaneous invertebrates, scrap fish, and debris. Fair catches of shrimp were made east of this local- ity in a ''trough"' at depths of 71 to 97 fathoms. A total of 9 beam-trawl drags in this trough averaged 202 pounds of shrimp per hour. The catch consisted of 57 percent pink and 43 percent side-stripe shrimp. Individual drags yielded from 50 to 290 pounds of shrimp per hour. The bot- tom dragged in this area was also predominately gray or gray-blue mud. No obstruc- tions were encountered, and drags of at least two hours duration are possible in this area. Asarule, catches were fairly clean, but considerable debris was present in a fewof the drags. Fig. 6 - Emptying a shrimp catch from the beam trawl. Commercial quantities of pink shrimp were also taken in a ''depression" off Krutoi Island. A drag at 45 to 60 fathoms (No. 19) yielded pink shrimp at the rate of 600 pounds per hour. These were of good size, running 67 whole (heads on) shrimp per pound. Three other drags at depths of 54 to 73 fathoms averaged 121 pounds of shrimp per hour, consisting of 60 percent side-stripe and 40 percent pink. All catches in this locality were clean. The drags were circular because of the limited dragging area at desirable depths. Fairly consistent catches of shrimp were taken at depths of 43 to 59 fathoms approximately 5 miles west of Knight Island. Four drags (Nos. 56 to 59) averaged 149 pounds of shrimp per hour. Results of drags in the rest of Yakutat Bay proper were poor, with few shrimp taken and most of the catches containing large numbers of brittle stars and basket stars. Small numbers (up to 49 per drag) of scallops (Patinopecten caurinus) appeared in beam-trawl and otter-trawl catches. Drags made with the scallop dredge gave poor results, with the best of 5 drags yielding only 11 scallops. 4/ Otter-trawl drags were confined to Pacific Ocean waters off Phipps Peninsula. Although the echo sounder indicated favorable trawling bottom, 3 of the 7 otter-trawl drags resulted in torn nets, and shrimp catches were negligible. Results of beam- _ trawl drags in this area were also negligible. 3/For complete details of number of whole shrimp per pound by species for all drags see table 1. 4/For details of scallop catches see table 1. March 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 Shrimp traps set from the vicinity of Gregson Island to north of Knight Island were generally productive. One set of 19 traps along the east shore of the -main- land from opposite the middle of Knight Island to Eleanor Cove averaged slightly over 2 pounds of spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) per trap (table 2) and a total E Catch of 33 pounds of coon-stripe shrimp. The spot shrimp from y) this set averaged 13 whole (heads Y on) shrimp per pound, and the coon-stripe shrimp averaged 33 per pound. Catches of spot shrimp per trap in this set varied from several shrimp to 5 pounds. Other trap sets in this area averaged ap- proximately 1 to 13 pounds of spot and 1 to 2 pounds of coon-stripe shrimp per trap. As traps were set over a wide area and catches per trap varied considerably, in- creased local knowledge would probably raise the average catch per trap by eliminating the setting of traps in the least productive lo- cations. Fig. 7 - Hoisting the scallop dredge aboard the John N. Cobb, Catches of spot shrimp from traps set in Johnstone Passage and off Khantaak Island were poor. Most of the crab pots fished during this exploration were set on the west side of the Bay in the vicinity of Kame Stream. Catches of dungeness crab (Cancer magister) were negligible (table 3). Crab pots set north of Khantaak Island and in Redfield Cove produced only tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdii). MISCELLANEOUS CATCHES In addition to the shrimp and scallops taken in beam-trawl drags in Yakutat Bay, flatfish including starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), flathead "sole" (Hip- oglossoides elassodon), butter ''sole'' (Isopsetta isolepis), and arrow-toothed flounder (Atheresthes stomias) were present in most drags in small quantities. Other fish commonly occurring in beam-trawl drags included eel pouts (Zoarcidae), small whiting (Theragra chalecogramma), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), andsea poachers (Agonidae). Tanner crabs also occurred frequently. Brittle stars and basket stars were present in large numbers in drags near the entrance, but were generally absent in localities of best shrimp catches farther up the Bay. Otter-trawl catches off Phipps Peninsula usually contained small numbers of eulachon, arrow-toothed flounder, skates (Rajidae), numerous tomcod (Microgadus proximus), an occasional tanner crab, and many brittle and basket stars. No com- mercial quantities of food fish were taken in any drags during this exploration. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous Royce, W. F. 1943, United States Coast Pilot, Alaska, Part I, 1946, Gear used in the sea scallop fishery, Com- Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, Ninth mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 8, no, 12 (1943) edition, United States Coast and (December), pp. 7-11( also issued as Fish- Geodetic Survey. ery Leaflet No. 225, April 1947,U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C.). Ellson, J. G, and Livingston, Jr., R. 1952. The John N, Cobb’s shellfish explora- Schaefers, E. A. tions in certain southeastern Alaskan | 1953. Shellfish explorations in certain southeast- waters, Spring 1951, Commercial Fish- ern Alaskan waters by the John N. Cobb, eries Review, vol. 14, no. 4 (April), Spring 1952, Commercial Fisheries Re- pp. 1-20 (also issued as Separate No. view, vol. 15, no. 3 (March), pp. 1-18 (al- 311, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, so issued as Separate No. 343, U.S. Fish Washington, D. C. ). and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C.). 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auc] °H OPNgTavT accacoamanniod Sesciei (panutju0D) eget Burads ‘exsety ‘eory Aeg ieInyeA oy) UT SBeIq aBpeiq-doyjeos pue ‘sBeiq [Mei -1eUuO ‘sseiq [Med] -UWleog--BO7T Buys! qJ—T aqeL 11 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW March 1954 Saudis - “1$ pues - °§ JeAbIB - *D pnu Aeis - "Ww °AB pnur enqq - “Wonq _Sdaptnog - “spid MONO JO sadA J, 10J SToquIkS eouly eoury . “punod Jed dumays atoym jo Jaquinu aieoIpul Seseyjueied Ul saanst7/¢ “SUOTIIPUCD WONG Bursueyo JOesnedaq palieA UseyO sIOM SeSINOD “BeAp JO 111s Iw aSIn0D/Z “L ‘O ‘TMed] uleag - *] “g ‘4vaB jo adi soqeoIpul/T “aBpoip dojjeos - *q‘*s‘ [Med] 1810 - punod Jed sieve dojyeos jo Jaqumu aieoIput soansty paieyorig/s ‘dult1ys JO punod ouo uri sseq - 20811, ,/7 erensy sdotTeog Jo sequny opaeg Ltamog wR duErig Te}0L Spunog OF qog¥9 duprug Tel 10°CS Q6Et 18° 465 a] ee - 16 £02 12° o6kT 18°97 65 zv0T9 Poa] nS = Te sta 19°] 64T 16°" 65 (66) 09% 4 “ov n° 1ST GE sE°LN 65 (Te) €6 (S€) LY (ttt) $$ (Stt) $6 4 poota ze0TO Se = £8 ocst (TE) Of (2tt) & (i) w (t€) 19 (tot) L9 (901) $9 *epta 2 °R AD 1St 1 sL°9% KT 1T°SS (66 °9g 9m ng-949 ss- 3s ob LO 19°00 OTT 19°C 66 Fowles moy IU0TO *p 2 nod ("4 °a) lo *n ng= "43 b- 6 St 12°U] (GET 16°StT 65 Of qq s00T) *g 9 °H *nge*9 6 - te ont AL°Ty wL°T] (6£T 19°9T 65 ¢ tive data for 1952 are not available. NOTE: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. Fishery Products Marketing Prospects for 1954 and Review for 1953 PROSPECTS FOR 1954: Current indications for the first half of 1954 are that United States civilian consumption of fishery products probably will not equal the per-capita rate of a year earlier. Supplies of the frozen and the canned commodi- ties will remain smaller than a year earlier at least until after mid-spring, when the 1954 commercial fishing season will be well under way. Except for a few spe- cies, stocks at the end of 1953, which represent the bulk of the total supplies avail- able for distribution until well into the spring season, were much smaller than a year earlier, and imports of the major fishery products are likely to be about the same as in the first half of 1953. The smaller supplies will likely be reflected in retail prices of fishery products during the first half of 1954 which at least will be equal to those of a year earlier. REVIEW OF 1953: United States civilian consumption of fishery products per person in 1953 was not quite equal to that of a year earlier, with small declines oc- curring both in the canned and the fresh and frozen commodities, Supplies of edible fishery products were somewhat smaller than in 1952, largely as a result of the re- duced catch, Judging from wholesale prices in the principal primary markets, re- tail prices of fish and shellfish generally averaged close to those of 1952, The commercial catch of edible fishery products was about 7 percent smaller in 1953 than a year earlier. This decline resulted from a combination of factors, among the most important of which were poor runs of fish in some of the major com- mercial fishing areas and unfavorable weather. A large part of the catch decline was reflected in smaller packs of the important canned fish than in 1952--i.e., salmon, Maine sardines, California sardines (pilchards), and mackerel, The de- cline in total canned fish output in 1953 was to some extent offset by substantially larger imports of canned salmon, sardines, and tuna, The total volume of commercial fishery products which moved into domestic distribution during 1953 was close to that of 1952. The substantial reduction during the year in stocks of frozen fishery products and in packers! stocks of canned fish largely offset the effects of the decline in production, Imports of important fishery products were a little larger than in 1952, with the decline in receipts of the major fresh and frozen products more than offset by a substantial increase in imports of canned fish, Exports of canned fish, which comprise the bulk of the total edible. fishery products which we ship abroad, were substantially smaller than last year as a result of short supplies of canned California sardines (pilchards), This analysis appeared in a report prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and published in the former agency's February 10, 1954, release of The National Food Situation (NFS-67), March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 Florida FLORIDA RED TIDE STUDY TO CONTINUE: A determined effort to find an the Interior Douglas McKay. On a re- cent trip to Florida Secretary McKay met with representatives of the affect- ed areas and discussed the problem, Since returning to Washington he has discussed the matter with Assistant Secretary Orme Lewis, who was with him on his recent visit to Florida, and with Fish and Wildlife Service Director John Farley. ALABAMA i] e--c- 30 |= Lewis reported that the Service is presently conducting research at Gal- veston, Texas, and Ft. Myers, Florida, with an annual appropriation of $35,000, and has reported that due to current a5° Eo conditions in the area affected it appears that further research, through the use of a scientifically equipped boat, will be of much benefit, The approximate cost of the additional work will be $20,000 annually, in addition to the cost of purchasing and equipping the boat. AT a OCEAN ees KEY WEST °~ o Secretary McKay stated that the Department is determining the possibility of allotting funds from current appropriations to finance the cost of the additional re- search work, The Department is also studying the possibility of making a request for a supplemental appropriation in the event the requirements for such an appro- rer Great Lakes Fishery Investigations LAMPREY CONTROL BY LARVICIDE: One phase of the research program un- dertaken by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the near future will be concerned with discovering some means of destroying sea lampreys that have already reached the larval stage in the streams, The imperative need for an effective larvicide was emphasized in the summer of 1953, when more than 1,600 spawning-run lampreys were captured in the 10 control structures which were operated during part of the spawning season, The presence of spawning-run lampreys in as great number as this indicates that streams of Lake Superior may even now be well seeded with larval lampreys. As these ammocoetes spend 4 to 5 years in the stream bottom, it is quite possible that during the next few years the number of parasitic-phase lampreys oc- curring in Lake Superior--the last of the Great Lakes to have a good-sized stock of lake trout--may be sufficient to bring disaster to the lake trout fishery even though any further spawning of the sea lampreys is prevented, priation can be met, SARDINE PACK, 1953: The pack of Maine sardines in oil and mustard sauce during the 1953 season totaled 2,165,000 actual cases; 1,845,000 standard cases (100 $-oil cans with 33 oz. net per can) and 320,000 actual cases of 5-, 8-, 15-, and 16- ounce cans in oil, mustard sauce, and various packing mediums, according tofigures released by the Executive Secretary of the Maine Sardine Industry. This was the 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 second shortest pack since 1938, with the 1951 pack of 1,600,000 cases still the low- est on record for the 16-year period. In 1952 Maine's canning plants packed the equivalent of 3,458,000 standardcases of sardines, while in 1950 they broke an all-time record by turning out 3,844,000 cases. The average pack for the past ten years has been about 3,000,000 cases. The Executive Secretary of the Maine Sardine Industry stated that the industry's nationwide market was well supplied at present despite the shortage. However, in- ventories were dwindling fast and a complete sell-out was indicated before the new packing season opened in April. Maryland SHIPWORM STUDY: The study of marine borers in the Chesapeake Bay con- ducted at the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory is beginning to show fruitful results, reports the December 1953 Maryland Tidewater News, a Department of Research and Education publication, Collection of experimental panels has been in progress since May 1950 and most of the panels have been ex- amined, These have been collected from 18 sampling stations throughout the Bay and on the Atlantic coast of Maryland. Two genera of shipworms have beenen- countered in the Bay, namely Bankia and Teredo. Bankia has been found in waters of lower salt content while Teredo apparently is limited to waters of great- er salinity. Salinity appears to be the limiting factor with the genus Bankia, No specimens of Bankia have beencol- lected from areas in which the year-round average salinity drops below 9.4 parts per thousand. This probably means that an average year-round salinity of at least 9 parts per thousand is necessary for survival of this shipworm population, but does not necessarily indicate that the organisms cannot tolerate lower salin- ities over short periods of time, Stations on the upper Patapsco River showed no infestation, a situation that may be due to pollution of waters. The year-round average salinity, from the data collected by the Laboratory, is between 7.7 and 7.9 parts per thousand (at the sur- face) in the Patapsco River, At Gibson Island, where probably no pollution occurs, no shipworms have been found in the course of this study. The average year-round salinity at this point is 7.5 parts per thousand, Large tubes made by Bankia and small tubes made by Teredo on piling. A small strike of Bankia occurred at Annapolis during July and early August 1953, and a similar strike occurred at Kent Narrows, The average year-round salinity at these points is 9.4 and 9.7 parts per thousand, respectively. The data seems to show that the northernmost limit of Bankia in the Chesapeake Bay is near 39°N., latitude. Data on Cambridge harbor is incomplete, but a small strike was recorded there at the end of the summer of 1951. One of the worst areas encountered in the study thus far was at Solomons Island near the mouth of the Patuxent River. Bankia causes con- siderable damage in that area during the summer months at which time the strikes are heavy. For example, in one 2x4x6 inch panel submerged from May to the begin- ning of August, 22 shipworms were found ranging from 0.6 to 12.0 inches in length, Crisfield harbor showed a light strike during the months of July and August 1951. The further distribution southward of the genus Bankia is not known at this time al- though none has appeared in panels from Gloucester Point in the lower York River. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 At Gloucester, however, panels left submerged for the summer, were completely riddled by Teredo, This seems to be correlated with higher salinities, Panels on the Atlantic Coast at Ocean City harbor and in the Chincoteague Bay have shown on- ly Teredo, The intensity of strike is very heavy in this area. The type of damage of the two genera differs somewhat. Bankia, by the lateral motion of the valves, is able to drill burrows of larger diameter, and their maxi- mum length, on the average, was found to be greater, The burrows of Teredo are usually smaller in diameter and not nearly as long but the '"'strike'' is usually much heavier, In many respects Bankia is more dangerous since much damage can be done without notice by casual observation, and a strike of fewer organisms is able to inflict considerable damage. The strike of shipworms in the Chesapeake Bay takes place usually during July when the surface water temperature reaches between 75 F, and 80° F, The im- mature stages are estimated to require from four to five weeks for development, The or- and it is therefore implied that spawning begins in late May or early June. ganism remains in wooden structures during the remainder of its life. NOTE: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1951, pp. 17-18. definitely confirm the finding by Service siolasiets that 3-year old fish predominated in the large run of Okanogan River blueback (red or sockeye) salmon in 1953, al- though blueback salmon of this river are normally 4-year olds. Otolith age readings from 91 bluebacks sampled in October 1953 showed 93.4 percent were 3-year olds and 6,6 percent 4-year olds, This finding compares well with age readings from scale samples made in August 1953 in which 98,4 percent were 3-year old fish, 1.1 percent 4-year fish, and 0.5 percent 5-year fish. Reasons for predominance of 3-year fish in the run are unknown, reports the Service's Branch of Fishery Biology. Shrimp Canners Propose Revised Standards for Canned Shrimp Sizes In order to discuss, amend, and adopt tentative industry standards for sizes and size designations of canned shrimp, members of the National Shrimp Canners and Packers Association met on January 6 in New Orleans, La, The resolutions unani- mously adopted at the meeting covered the following: An industry standard for grade counts on canned shrimp. Tentative counts on canned shrimp as follows: 1. Colossal - Less than 2-1/2 shrimp per ounce, 2. Jumbo - Less than 3-1/2 shrimp per ounce. 3. Large - 3-1/2 to 5 shrimp per ounce. 4, Medium - More than 5 but not more than 9 shrimp per ounce, 5. Small - More than 9 but not more than 17 shrimp per ounce, 6. Tiny - More than 17 shrimp per ounce. Term ‘‘extra large’’ deleted from the labels and the word “‘jumbo”’ substituted, Recommendation for all grade sizes to be shown on labels. A tolerance for cleaned or deveined shrimp of +8 per- cent of each count of regular pack inorder to offset devein- ing loss. Any shrimp pack consisting of less than 50 percent broken by weight be classified as ‘whole and broken,”’ or with the appropriate size designation plus the word ‘‘broken,”’ or as ‘‘broken;’’ and that more than 50 percent by weight beclas- sified as ‘‘broken.”’ Present industry practice of allowing a tolerance of not more than 5 percent of broken shrimp in any grade size be continued. Grade sizes be based on cut-out weight per ounce after processing. August il, 1954, be set as the date for adoption of these standards. 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No, 3 United States and Alaska Commercial Fisheries Catch Increased in 1953 CATCH: The 1953 catch of commercial fish and shellfish in the United States and Alaska totaled about 4.4 billion pounds as compared with 4.3 billion pounds in 1952, according to a preliminary report issued by the Service's Branch of Commer- cial Fisheries, The catch includes fish and shellfish for human consumption andfor production into byproducts. The increase was due to a spectacular gain in the catch of menhaden, one of the least known but most important species of commercial fish, A substantial supply of menhaden on the Atlantic Coast and a heavy demand for menhaden meal for poultry and swine feeding were responsible for the increased landings, LEADING FISHING PORTS: The outstanding fishing port in 1953 in volume of landings was Lewes, Del., where 360 million pounds of menhaden (almost entirely utilized for producing fish meal, oil, and solubles) were landed. San Pedro, Calif., which held first place for many years, was second with landings of 328,000,000 pounds, principally tuna, Pacific and jack mackerel, and sardines. Other leading ports for which poundage figures are available were: Gloucester, Mass., with 186,000,000 pounds, mainly of ocean perch, whiting, haddock, andpol- lock; Boston, Mass., with 152,000,000 pounds, principally of haddock, cod, pollock, whiting, ocean perch, and flounders; Reedville, Va., with 152,000,000 pounds of menhaden; and San Diego, Calif., with 128,000,000 pounds, chiefly of tuna. The outstanding ports with respect to value of the catch were San Pedro with landings worth $32 million and San Diego with a catch valued at $20.3 million, The value of the catch at these two ports far outweighed other domestic ports. PRODUCTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS: Ups and downs last year. Declines occurred in the production of canned salmon, canned Maine sar- dines, canned Pacific and jack mackerel, and frozen products, while there were gains in the output of canned tuna, canned shrimp, canned anchovies, fish meal, and fish oils. The total pack of canned fishery products for human consumption was about 10 percent less than the 647 million pounds packed in 1952, The output of canned salm- on came to about 3.9 million cases as against 4.5 million cases in 1952, The Maine sardine pack amounted to approximately 2 million cases as compared with more than 3.5 million cases in the previous year. Production of canned Pacific and jack mack- erel dropped to about 593 thousand cases from the 1952 pack of 1.5 million cases. The tuna pack amounted to about 9.5 million cases, or approximately 400 thousand cases more than in the previous year, for an all-time high, Production of canned shrimp showed an increase of about 10 percent over the 1952 pack of 818 thousand cases. The output of canned anchovies increased sharply, but this will have little ef- fect on the over-all supply of canned fish for domestic consumption since most ofthis pack is exported. Production of increasingly important fish meal came to about 241 thousand tons as compared with 221 thousand tons in 1952, The 1953 production is believed torep- resent an all-time record. The yield of fish oils amounted to about 20.5 million gallons, or more than 4mil- lion gallons above the previous year's yield, The output of frozen fishery products totaled about 275 million pounds as com- pared with 313 million pounds in 1952, March 1953 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25 The principal reasons given for production drops were failure of fish to appear in normal numbers and a lack of demand for certain products, As a result of the declines in the production of processed edible fishery prod- ucts, supplies of a number of items will be below normal in 1954, U. S. Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, October 1953 United States imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and shellfish during October 1953 totaled 64 million pounds (valued at $16.7 million), according to the October United States Foreign Trade, a Department of Commerce publication (see table), This is an increase of 7 percent in quantity and 4 percent in value as compared with September imports of 60 million pounds (valued at $16 million), However, October 1953 imports were down 22 percent in quantity and 13 percent in value from a year earlier, United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, October 1953 With Comparisons October 1953 October 1952 Year 1952 Quanti 1,000 Lbs.| Million $ |1,000 Lbs. | Million $|1,000Lbs.| Million S See SiS Se Imports: Fish & shellfish: Fresh, frozen & processedl/ .... 63,719 705,118 Exports: Fish & shellfish; Processedl/ only (excluding fresh and frozen) .... 1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties. United States exports of processed edible fish and shellfish (excluding fresh and frozen) in October 1953 amounted to over 3 million pounds (valued at $0.8 million), lower by 43 percent in quantity and 33 percent in value from September exports of almost 6 million pounds (valued at $1.2 million), Compared with October 1952, ex- ports were down 55 percent in quantity and 53 percent in value. Wisconsin Great Lakes Commercial Fishing Regulations The Wisconsin Conservation Commission recently adopted Order No, F-405(Re- vised 8) relating to open and closed season and other regulations for commercial fishing in Great Lakes! waters of Wisconsin, a November 27 bulletin from the Wis- consin Conservation Department reports, The changes from the previous order were only few and they were as follows: 1. The closed season on suckers, walleyes, and northern pike was extended to May 31 instead of May 19 (season will now be April 10 to May 31). 2, The so-called 'Sebago Salmon" is recognized as the brown trout and taken off the commercial fishing list. 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 3, Permits will be issued for 24-inch stretched mesh herring nets in Green Bay in the spring of 1954, 4, Drop nets will be permitted for fishing through (under) the ice in Southern Green Bay in less than 50 feet of water, and lifted in a heated enclosure. The Superintendent of Fish Management CANADA explained that public hearings on the pro- posed order had been held at several places on the Great Lakes during August 1953, and that the State Commercial Fishery Advisory Committee favored the proposed changes. The item which received the most comment by commissioners was the removal of the "Sebago Salmon" from the commercial fish- ing list. The Superintendent stated that there was not much evidence that many of these lake-run brown trout were taken by anglers, but in recent years the commercial ILLINOIS }— harvest ranged from 4,000 to 9,000 pounds annually, This is not of importance to the commercial fishing industry as a whole, but is significant for the few commercial fishermen who do fish for them, He alsostated that over the years commercial fishermen have been deprived of certain species and areas in favor of anglers and that as a group the commercial fishermen have been good sports about it. Wholesale Prices, January 1954 , v -? January fresh fish and shellfish landings continued seasonally light, the demand for most fishery products was good, and wholesale prices for these products were higher than in Decem- ber, Prices werealso BYE higher than in January 1953, The over-all = edible fish and shell- fish (fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesale : index for January 1954 was 113.9 percent of the 1947-49 average (see table)--4,1 per- cent higher than in De- cember 1953 and 3.1 percent above January 1953, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor reports. Boston Fish Pier The largest increase was in the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup in- dex--8.7 percent higher than December and 11.8 percent above January 1953, Janu- ary prices for all items in this subgroup were up from December, except salmon at New York and lake trout at Chicago which sold at lower prices. Compared to a year earlier, prices for ex-vessel haddock at Boston and whitefish and yellow pike at New York were up considerably; there was a moderate price increase for whitefish at Chi- cago; halibut and salmon prices were down; and lake trout prices at Chicago remain- ed stable. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 In the fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup, January prices were up slightly (1.2 percent) due toincreases in haddock fillets (2.5 percent) and oysters (2.4 percent), Shrimp prices were down slightly (0.2 percent) as production contin- ued good, Compared to January 1953, haddock fillets and oyster prices were up, while shrimp prices were down. There were only minor changes from December to January in frozen processed fish and shellfish prices--flounder fillets were unchanged, fillets of haddock and ocean perch rose slightly, and shrimp prices were down a little. Although haddock fillet prices this January were up 13.2 percent from a year earlier, prices for all other items in this subgroup were below January 1953, Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, January 1954 and Comparisons Point of Avg. Prices1/ Indexes Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($) + (1947-49=100) Jan. Dec, | Jan. 5 ; Dec Nov J | anon) ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) . P : 109.4] 106.1] 110.5 Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: ae Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: . . . BPG age 5 r 112 3 117.5 Haddock, lge., offshore, drawn, fresh . ... 3 17 15 Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz. Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn (drsd.), fresh . Whitefish, L. Erie pound or gill net,rnd.,fresh . Lake trout, domestic, No. 1, drawn(drsd.)fresh . Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh _. Processed, Fresh (Fish and Shellfish): . . Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-1b, tins Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh orfrozen...... Oysters, shucked standards Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless,10-1lb.pkg. Haddock, sml.,skins on,10-1b.cello-pack |Boston Ocean perch,skins on, 10-1b HETIL Gloucester Shrimp, lge.(26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. Chicago Canned Fishery Products Products: ... ~ Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz 5. 48 cans/cs. Tuna, lt. meat, solid pack, No, 1/2 tuna (7 02.), 48 cans/cs. Sardines, Calif,, tom. pack, No. 1 ‘oval (15 0z.), 48 cans/cs. é Sardines, Maine, keyless aa, Na, 1/4 drawn (3 1/4 0z.), 100 cans/cs. s 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday)during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, 2/Revised, Canned tuna prices increased 5.9 percent from December to January and this accounted for the 2,0-percent increase for the canned fishery products subgroup in- dex; other canned items remained unchanged, The market for canned fish was very good. Maine sardines with a less-than-normal pack met little competition because the California sardine pack was practically nil, All canned fishery products prices this January were up from a year earlier, except pink salmon prices which were down 10.1 percent. ee oon =e 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 International INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION FIRST MEETING: The First Meeting of the International North Pacific Fisher- ies Commission was held at Washington, D. C., beginning on February 1, 1954. The Government of the United States was host, according to a January 20 release from the State Department. The establishment of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission is provided for in the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean which was signed at Tokyo on May 9, 1952, on behalf of Canada, Japan, and the United States. It became effective on June 12, 1953, upon the exchange of ratifications by the three governments at Tokyo. The treaty was ratified by the Pres- ident of the United States on July 30, 1952, with the advice and consent of the Senate, given July 4, 1952. The participants are the Governments of Canada, Japan, and the United States. Invitations to send an observer were extended to the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, the International Pacific Halibut Commission, the Interna- tional Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. The purposes of the conference are to decide matters of organization, to prepare coordinated programs of research on stocks of fish that are of common concern to the three countries, and generally to carry out the commitments of the Convention. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION FRASER RIVER SOCKE YE SALMON INCREASE: The 1953 escapement of sock- eye salmon to the Fraser River has been the largest on this cycle since 1913, reports the November 1953 Trade News, a Canadian Department of Fisheries publication. The cycle catch was the largest since 1917. Officials of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission report that the season's run totaled 5,250,000 sockeye with a catch taken from this number of slightly over 4,000,000 fish, equally divided between the fish- ermen of Canada and the UnitedStates. As a result of the increase inthe 1953 run over the previous cycle in 1949, _ an additional C$7,000,000 was return- >>. ed to the fishing industry of the two : countries. Sockeye (red) salmon, Oncorhyncus nerka The run of sockeye salmon to the Fraser River this past season was a revival, in part at least, of the great 1913 run almost exterminated by the Hell's Gate slide of that year. All of the original races to the upper Fraser are now reviving as the result of the Hell's Gate fishways and scientifically designed regulations built and formulated by the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 The outstanding features of the 1953 run were as follows: 1. The Nechako River Watershed, including the Stuart and Fraser Lake dis- tricts, produced over 2,500,000 sockeye salmon or slightly over 50 percent of the entire 1953 run of Fraser sockeye. Closure of the Alcan's dam in late 1952 greatly reduced the stream flow in this system, but fisheries pro- tective measures and a rainy season prevented any known losses to the es- capement. 2. The run to the famous Quesnel district increased from 20,000 spawners in 1949 to 102,000 in 1953. Restoration of the area to its original status as a sockeye producer appears assured. 3. A total of 9,000 spawners appeared in the Driftwood River, northernmost trib- utary of the Fraser, located over 700 miles from Steveston. Only 450 sock- eye were observed in this area in 1949. 4. Newly-revived runs were established to Pitt Lake and Portage Creek in the Seton Anderson Lake system. Commission officials are particularly optimistic about the future of this cycle run and believe that on the basis of the 1953 escapement another increase is due when the run returns in 1957. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL FISHING BOAT CONGRESS--MIAMI SESSION: The Miami (Florida) Session of the International Fishing Boat Congress was held November 16- 20, 1953. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) arranged this meeting in cooperation with the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U. S. Depart- ment of the Interior. This was the second session of asimilar congress arranged in cooperation with the Ministere de la Marine Marchande in Paris October 12-16, 1953. ~ At the Miami session 68 tech- nical papers were submitted and a total of 114 participants from 17 different nations were registered. A representative from the United Nations Korean Rehabilitation Ad- ministration (UNKRA) was also in attendance. The first day of the congress took the form of a joint meeting with the Sixth Annual Session of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. On nomination of the United States delegation, the Congress on October 13 elected H. C. Hanson, consulting naval architect, Seattle, Washington, as Chairman, and the following were elected chair- men of the individual technical sessions: Boat Types Commander A. C. Hardy, London. Hull Shape andSea G. C. Nickum, Consulting Behavior Naval Architect, Seattle, Washington. Enrique R. A. Carranza, Ar- gentine Naval Commission in the U. S. A. Stability, Safety at Sea Engines R.T. Whiteleather, Branch of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Deck Gear A. Labrie, Deputy Minister of Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. Research Vessels A.L. Prichard, Director of Conservation and Develop- ment Services, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. H. C. Hanson, Consulting Naval Architect, Seattle, Wagh. Factoryships The papers, which had been distributed in ad- vance, were summarized by rapporteurs in order to provide as much time as possible for discus- sions. Authors were given an opportunity to add to the rapporteur's summary. Several recordings 30 of contributions made to the discussions during the Paris session were transmitted to the participants in Miami. Jan-Olof Traung, FAO naval architect, acted as rapporteur for the session on Boat Types on Monday and summarized 24 papers. The interest- ing discussion which followed centered on prob- lems of general arrangement, construction meth- ods, use of wood or steel, the advisability of using laminated wooden constructions, and the question of beach landing craft. E. R. Gueroult, consulting naval architect and representative of the French Government, acted as rapporteur for the session on hull shape and sea behavior. In conclusion, the participants urged FAO to continue its work in collecting data on tank tests on fishing boats and to publish them in a uniform style for the benefit of fishing-boat designers in various parts of the world. It was also stressed that FAO should encourage and co- ordinate research, especially on the subject of sea behavior. Commander Leonard E. Penso, Merchant Ma- rine Technical Division, U. S. Coast Guard Head- quarters, Washington, D. C., acted as rapporteur for the papers dealing with stability and safety at sea. The lack of stability and safety regulations for fishing vessels under 150 ft. (45.8 m.) in the United States was the cause of a lively discussion regarding the advisability of introducing certain minimum standards for fishing boats. A special committee was appointed to study this problem further during the time of the Congress. Commander A. C. Hardy acted as rapporteur for the engine and propeller section. The discus- sion was divided into two parts. During the first, users, operators, naval architects, and a num- ber of speakers were invited to contribute. Gen- eral opinion was divided on questions such as 4- stroke versus 2-stroke engines; slow-running ver- sus high-speed types; engine types (such as semi- Diesel versus Diesel); method of drive (such as direct drive, Diesel-electric drive, or control- lable pitch propellers). During the second part of the discussion, in which engine manufacturers mainly participated, information was given about the design and characteristics of modern high- speed engines. The papers on deck gear, summarized by Sidney Shapiro, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, dealt with the use of hydraulics for driving deck winches, the use of a drum for hauling purse seines, andthe COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 use of simplified containers for storing live bait for the tuna fisheries. The discussion centered on these items and also on the experiences that had been gained in using electric drive for trawl winches. R. T. Whiteleather, Assistant Chief, Branch of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, reported on research vessels and supple- mented his report with information about the de- sign and operation experiences of the Service's Pacific Coast exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. Additional information about research ves- sels was given by other participants. A special session was arranged on the subject "Development of Fisheries in Underdeveloped Areas.'' The discussions were introduced by Mogens Jul, Chief Technologist, Fisheries Divis- ion, FAO, Rome, who compared the minute amount of money spent in technical assistance by all dif- ferent agencies in the world with the expenses to build one single battleship. He made some gen- eral remarks about the difficulty of finding the right expert for the right place and discussed gen- eral experiences in the conducting of technical as- sistance programs in the past. Jan-Olof Traung gave some typical examples of FAO's work in the development of boats and gear. The valuable dis- cussion emphasized the necessity of not carrying out technical assistance programs faster than they can be absorbed by the receiving country, and that only such methods or equipment should be pro- posed as had shown favorable results elsewhere. Mogens Jul, FAO, reported on factoryships. He was rather doubtful of the immediate future of this type of fishing enterprise except in such con- ditions where distance from home port make other types of operation impossible. He pointed out that while factoryships could be made economically and technically successful under optimal conditions, there will always remain in use other kinds of fish- ing boats in varying sizes, and that it was impor- tant not to consider factoryships as superseding other kinds of fishing boats. On October 14 the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice arranged an excursion to visit one of their re- search vessels which was equipped with under- water television, and participants were also shown | through the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. They were also invited to an Econom- ics session at the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute dealing with the problem of financing fish- ing vessels. The Congress adopted a resolution similar to the one adopted by the Paris Session, as follows: "Whereas the Miami Session of the First Inter- | national Fishing Boat Congress has taken note of the present state of experimentation and research | in the design and construction of fishing boats, and in their safety and security in operation, and "Whereas it finds that these subjects deserve a common further study in order to avoid the disper- sion of efforts and to facilitate the comparison of the results obtained, "Therefore it recommends that FAO should organize a permanent international cooperation on a wider basis with the effective assistance of the March 1954 Naval Architects, Marine Engineers, Boat Build- ers, Scientific Societies and Research and Other Organizations of the interested countries, and That, for this purpose, a provisional Commit- tee for the Americas should be formed to instigate the necessary contacts and to organize and supply vital impetus to this cooperation. "' The following were nominated for this Commit- tee: H. C. Hanson, Naval Architect - Chairman, 102 Colman Ferry Terminal, Seattle 4, Wash.; Wm. C. Miller, Marine Engineer - Secretary, 577 Spreckels Building, San Diego 1, Calif. ; Geo. C. Nickum, Naval Architect, Polson Building, Seattle, Wash.; Francis Minot, Marine Fisheries Eng. & Res. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass.; Dwight S. Simpson, Naval Architect, 650 Centre St. , Newton, Mass. ; Howard I. Chapelle, Naval Architect, RFD 1, Cambridge, Md.; Jorge M. Sanchez A., Naval Architect, Presa Rodriguez 33, Mexico 10, D.F.; Carlos Santa Maria (Pro Tem for Chile), Corpor- acion de Fomento de la Produccion, 37 WallStreet, New York 5, N. Y.; Wm. S. Hines, Dept. of Trade and Industry, Halifax, N. S., Canada. List of Papers: Paper No. 5 Pree Title and Author SOME AMERICAN FISHING LAUNCHES, by H. I. Chapelle, Naval Architect, Cambridge, Md. TANK TESTING TECHNIQUE, by W.P. A. van Lammeren, Superintendent, Wageningen Model Basin, Wageningen, Netherlands. THE INFLUENCE OF OPERATIONAL FACTORS ON THE DESIGN OF A MOD- ERN TUNA CLIPPER, by J. F. Pet- rich, Naval Architect, Western Boat Building Co., Tacoma, Wash. MODERN IRISH FISHING BOATS, by John Tyrrell, John Tyrrell and Sons, South Quay, Arklow, Ireland. STABILITY OF FISHING VESSELS, by George Nickum, Naval Architect, W. C. Nickum and Sons, Seattle, Wash. THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FISHING VESSELS, by R. F. Allan, Naval Architect, Van- couver, B.C., Canada. COMBINATION FISHING VESSEL OF" THE PACIFIC, by H. C. Hanson, Naval Architect, Seattle, Wash. THE TUNA CLIPPER OF THE PACIFIC, by H. C. Hanson. THE TROLLING BOAT AND ITS OPER- ATIONS IN THE PACIFIC COAST, by H. C. Hanson. THE GILL NET BOAT AND ITS OPER- ATIONS IN THE PACIFIC COAST, by H. C. Hanson. FISHING VESSEL LIVE-BAIT EQUIP- MENT, by C. B. Carlson, Fishery Engineer, Chief, Gear Developments and Research Program, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, c/o University of Miami Marine Laboratory, Coral Gables, Fla. 10 - 11 = Paper No. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Title and Author THE EXPERIMENTAL FREEZING TRAWLER "DELAWARE," by C.G.P. Oldershaw, Refrigeration Engineer, Fishery Technological Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Boston, Mass. SOME ASPECTS OF THE MOTORIZA- TION OF FISHING CRAFT IN CHILE, by Paul Ziener, Ingeniero Naval, Valparaiso, Chile. HYDRAULIC DECK EQUIPMENT, by Hans Vestre Huse, Hydraulik A/S, Brattvaag, Norway. PAKISTAN FISHING CRAFT, by M. R. Qureshi, Director, Central Fisheries Department, Karachi, Pakistan; H. Magnusson, Naval Architect, Goteborg, Sweden; J. O. Traung, Naval Archi- tect, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion, Rome, Italy. LOADING AND CHANGE OF TRIM ON SMALL TRAWLERS, by W. J. McInnis, Naval Architect, Eldredge-MclInnis, Inc., Boston, Mass. SAFETY AT SEA FOR FISHING VES- SELS UNDER NETHERLANDS ACTS AND REGULATIONS, by J. G. de Wit, Deputy Shipping Inspector, Scheepvaart Inspectie, The Hague, Netherlands. HEAVY DUTY FISHING ENGINES, by R. G. Andersen, Manager, A/S Tux- ham, Denmark. BOMBAY FISHERMAN FORGES AHEAD, by S. R. Setna, Director of Fisheries, Bombay, India. SAFETY AT SEA, by Wm. C. Miller, Wm. C. Miller and Associates, Ma- rine Surveyors and Marine Engineers, San Diego, Calif. CALCULATING THE STABILITY OF TUNA CLIPPERS, by D. W. Dickie, Naval Architect and Marine Engineer, Oakland, Calif. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW ENGLAND TRAWLER, by D. S. Simp- son, Naval Architect and Marine Engi- neer, Newton, Mass. SOME UNUSUAL FEATURES IN THE EQUIPMENT OF A DEEP SEA TRAWL- ER, by Mario Costantini, Dottore In- geniere, Direttore del Cantiere San Marco di Trieste. THE OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSEL, by Francis Minot, Director, Marine and Fisheries Engineering Re- search Institute Inc., Woods Hole, Mass. BUQUES DE PESCA ESPANOLES (Spanish Fishing Vessels), by Jose M. Gonzalez-Llanos y Caruncho, Ingen- iero Naval, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Spain. (25A - Spanish Text; 25B - Eng- lish Summary. ) QUELQUES NOTES SUR LES GRANDES CHALUTIERS (Some Notes on Large 28 — 29 - 30 —- 32 — 33 - 36 —- 38 — COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Title and Author Trawlers), by H. E. Jaeger, Profes- seur de construction navale a l'Ecole Superieure Polytechnique de Delft, Pays-Bas. BEACH LANDING CRAFT USED FOR FISHING IN EUROPE, by Hans K. Zimmer, Naval Architect, Bergen, Norway. FIXED-BLADE AND CONTROLLABLE- PITCH PROPELLERS FOR FISHING BOATS, by J. A. van Aken, Head of Propeller-Design Department, Lips Propeller Works, Drunen, Netherlands. SEAWORTHINESS AND SAFETY OF TRAWLERS IN A SEAWAY, by W. Moeckel, Hamburgsche Schiffbauver- suchanstalt, Hamburg, Germany. (29A- Abstract and Figures; 29B - Full paper without figures.) RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FISHING VESSEL DECK GEAR, by C. B. Carl- son, Chief, Gear Development and Re- search Program, U. §S. Fish and Wild- life Service, c/o University of Miami, Marine Laboratory, Coral Gables, Fla. THE USE OF MEDIUM SPEED DIESEL ENGINES ON BOARD FISHING VES- SELS, by D. E. Brownlow, Technical Director, Mirrless, Bickerton and Day Ltd., Stockport, England. MODERN PROPULSION PLANTS FOR FISHING VESSELS, by Kurt Schmidt and Theodor Schumacher, Klockner- Humboldt-Deutz A. G., Cologne, Ger- many. LES CHALUTIERS A MOTEUR FRAN- CAIS (The French Motor Trawlers) (In French and English), by E. R. Guer- oult, Architecte Navale, Paris, France. INSTALLATION A BORD D'UN CHALU- TIER DE GRANDE PECHE D'UN AP- PAREIL MOTEUR A GENERATEURS A PISTONS LIBRES ET A TURBINE A GAZ (Free Piston Generators and Gas Turbine Propulsion on Board of a Deep+ Sea Trawler), by A. Augustin Normand, Fils, Directeur des Ateliers et Chantiers Augustin Normand, Le Havre, France. HELICES A AILES ORIENTABLES A BORD DES CHALUTIERS (Controllable Pitch Propellers for Trawlers), by Marcel Rouchet, President Directeur- General des Ateliers et Chantiers de Bretagne, Nantes, France. LA TRANSMISSION HYDRAULIQUE AP- PLIQUEE AUX TREUILS DE PECHE (Hydraulic Transmission applied to Trawl Winches), by Paul Guinard, Sec- retaire General des Etablissements "“Pompes Guinard," Saint-Cloud, France. LA COMMANDE ELECTRIQUE DES TREUILS DE PECHE (Electrically Driv- en Trawl Winches), by Maurice Graftiaux, Chef des Laboratoires deg Etablisge- ments Sautter-Harle, Paris, France. REMARQUES SUR LES CHALUTIERS TYPE CORPORATION EQUIPES DE MOTEURS DIESEL a 4 TEMPS a 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Paper No. Vol, 16, No. 3 Title and Author VITESSE LENTE (Some Remarks on "Corporation" Type Trawlers Fitted with 4-Stroke Low-Speed Diesel En- gines), by Jean Faure, Chef du Serv- ice Peche, Societe Generale de Con- structions Mecaniques, La Courneuve, France. CONSIDERATIONS SUR LE PROBLEME DE LA PROPULSION DES CHALU- TIERS PAR MOTEURS DIESELS a 2 et 4 TEMPS (Notes on the 2- and 4- stroke Diesel Engines as Trawler Propulsion), by Andre Dussardier, Ingenieur Civil du Genie Maritime, Compagnie de Construction Mecanique Sulzer et Atiliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Paris. DISPOSITIONS NOUVELLES CONTRI- BUANT A L'AMELIORATION DES CONDITIONS D'EXPLOITATION DES CHALUTIERS (New Developments Con- tributing to the Improvement of the Trawler Operations), by P. Bain, In- genieur Civil du Genie Maritime, Di- recteur Technique de la Societe Mac- Gregor-Comarain, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. VIBRATION IN SMALL SHIPS, by James Whitaker, H. Widdop and Co., Ltd., Marine Diesel Engine Builders, Keighley, England. NEW MATERIALS IN FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION, by E. C. Goldsworthy, Marine Con- sultant, Weybridge, England. FISHERIES RESEARCH AND EXPERI- MENTAL VESSELS, by G. L. Kesteven, Chief Marine Biologist, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN OF FISHING CRAFT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO UN- DERDEVELOPED AREAS, by C. Beever, Fisheries Economist, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. OUTLINE TO A CATALOGUE OF FISH- ING BOAT TANK TESTS, by Jan-Olof Traung, Naval Architect, Fisheries Division, Food and Agriculture Organ- ization, Rome, Italy. COSTINGS AS A MEANS OF RATIONA- LIZED FISHING BOAT CONSTRUC- TION, by A. N. Christensen, Presi- dent, Aneas Traeskibsbyggeri, Oslo, Norway. MODERN DIESEL ENGINE TRAWLERS, by Robert Kolbeck, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg AG, Augsburg, Germany. MODERN GERMAN FISHING VESSELS, by H. Kannt, Dipl. Ing., Director, _ Aktien-Gesellschaft 'Weser" Seebeck- werft, Bremerhaven, Germany. PROBLEMAS EXISTENTES EN LA CON- STRUCCION Y PROYECTO DE EM- BARCACIONES PESQUERAS (Problems March 1954 Paper No. Title and Author of Design and Construction of Fishing Boats), by L. Fernandez Munoz, In- geniere Naval, Asociacion de Ingenieros Navales de Espana, Madrid, Spain. 50 — THE RELATION BETWEEN FISHING 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 NOTE: GEAR AND VESSELS, by A. V. Brandt, Dr., Oberreg. Rat, Institut fur Netz- und Materialforschung, Hamburg, Ger- many. = PROTECTION OF FISHING VESSELS AGAINST TEREDOS AND FOULING, by H. Kuhl, Federal Research Insti- tute of Fisheries, Institute of Inshore and Freshwater Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany. —- CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS, by P. Stoffel, Dipl. Ing., Escher Wyss Maschinen GmbH, Ravensburg, Ger- many. — HIGH SPEED DIESELS FOR USE IN FISHING CRAFT, by W. C. Gould, Vice President and General Manager, Diesel Engine Corporation, New York, INGEYie — THE OWNER'S VIEWPOINT, by Basil Parkes, Managing Director, St. An- drew's Stream Fishing Co. Ltd., Hull, England. DEEP SEA FACTORY SHIPS, by D. B. Cunningham, Naval Architect, Gener- al Manager, Brooke Marine Litd., Lowestoft, England. — OIL ENGINES FOR TRAWLERS, by C. J. Hepton, Marine Engineer, Hep- ton Brothers, St. Andrew's Dock, Hull, England. — SEMI DIESELS VERSUS DIESELS, by Ivar Stokke, Dipl. Ing., Norges Tek- niske Hégskole (The Institute of Tech- nology of Norway), Trondheim, Norway —- SOME DATA ON THE MOTORIZATION OF THE SMALL FISHING BOATS IN PORTUGAL, by Joaquim Gormicho Boavida, Fishery Research Investiga- tor, Gabinete de Estudos das Pescas, Lisbon, Portugal. — SOME ASPECTS OF THE MOTORIZA- TION OF THE SCOTTISH INSHORE FISHING FLEET, byE. George Bergius, The Bergius Company, Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland. — FISHING BOATS IN ICELAND, by Bar- dur G. Tomasson, M.I.N.A., Con- sulting Engineer, Fiskifelag, Reykja- vik, Iceland. = THE POST WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DUTCH COASTAL FISHING COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 Title and Author FLEET, by W. Zwolsman, Naval Architect, Zaandam, Netherlands. LA PROPULSION DES CHALUTIERS PAR MOTEURS DIESELS AVEC RE- DUCTEURS A DEMULTIPLICATION VARIABLE (Propulsion of Trawlers by Diesel Motors with Variable Speed Reduction Gears), by Alexandre Char- dome, Directeur du Chantier Naval D'Ostende de la S.A. Beliard, Crigh- ton et Co., Bruges, Belgium. FREEZING AT SEA, by G. C. Eddie, Mechanical Engineer, Torry Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Aberdeen, Scot- land. CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS FOR FISHING CRAFT, by K. G. Rosenthal, Ingenieur, Burmeister and Wain, Copenhagen, Denmark. THE CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF JACKETED, COMPLETELY REFRIG- ERATED FRESH FISH HOLDS, by W. A. MacCallum, Development En- gineer, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. REVERSABLE PITCH PROPELLER, by J. Héjsgaard, Chief Engineer, A/S Hundested Motorfabrik, Hundested, Denmark. STATEMENT, by H. E. Jaeger, Pro- fesseur de Construction Navale, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Delft, Netherlands. Paper No. All the papers and discussions are scheduled to be published by Arthur J. Heighway Publica- tions Ltd., 68 Victoria St., London S.W. 1, Eng- land. At the Paris Session of tne International Fish- ing Boat Congress 200 participants were register- ed from 24 different nations, and 65 technical papers were presented. These same papers with a few additions were presented at the Miami Ses- sion. Representatives from the International Labour Office, World Meteorological Organiza- tion, and the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries were also in attend- ance at the Paris session, and the meetings were conducted in the same manner as at the Miami Session. See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1953, p. 31; August 1953, pp. 24-5. 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 (NORTH EUROPEAN) OVERFISHING CONVENTION SECOND MEETING OF PERMANENT COMMISSION: The second meeting of the Permanent Commission set up under the International Fisheries Convention of 1946, known as the ''Overfishing Convention, '' was held in London, England, November 3 to 6, 1953. Eleven of the twelve signatory governments--Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, the Irish Republic, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom--sent delegations, while Poland was represented by an observer. Observers from the Federal German Republic also attended upon invitation of the Commission and they indicated that their country might accede to the Convention early in 1954, reports a November 19 U. S. Embassy dispatch from London, Several delegations put forward proposals for the alteration of the provisions of the Convention (due to come into force on April 5, 1954) affecting the size of the net meshes, the size limits of fish to be retained for landing and sale, and the extent of the waters covered by the Convention. Two conclusions were reached on proposals to modify the provisions of the Con- vention on the minimum mesh size of nets: (1) For a transitional period of not more than two years from April 5, 1954, the minimum size of mesh should be 75 mm. (3.0 inches) instead of 80 mm. (3.2 inches) in the waters for which 80 mm. is prescribed in the Convention (this includes inshore, near, and middle waters). This is a unanimous decision. This means that the minimum size of trawl nets will be 75 mm, (3.0 inches) in inshore, near, and middle waters and 110 mm, in distant waters. The Fisheries Minister in the United Kingdom will soor issue an order to that effect. (2) The minimum mesh for seine nets from April 5, 1954, should be 70 mm. (2.8 inches) in the waters for which the Convention at present prescribes a mesh of 80 mm, (3.2 inches) and 100 mm, (3.9 inches) in the distant waters for which it prescribes 110 mm, (4.3 inches). This is a conclu- sion accepted by all countries represented except one--Norway, who has still to determine its attitude. The Governments adhering to the Convention are under an obligation to take steps by April 5, 1954, to bring into force the provisions of the Conven- tion as modified by unanimous decisions of the Commission. If this later proposal is unanimously agreed in the Commission, the minimum size of seine mesh will be 70 mm, (2.8 inches) for inshore, near, and middle waters and 100 mm. (3.9 inches) for distant waters; if it is not, | the minimum size of mesh for seines will be the same as for trawls, i.e., 75mm. (3inches) in inshore, near, and middle waters and 110mm. | (4.3 inches) in distant waters. A further announcement will be made on the subject as soon as the position becomes clear. Denmark sought to have two changes made in the Convention on the grounds that there had been two important changes in Denmark's fishing since 1946, reports a November 30 U. S, Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen, First, the importance of the catch for industrial purposes has increased tremendously; and second, the catch of common sole is now of significant economic importance whereas it was not in 1946, About 20 to 25 percent of the fish (mainly herring) caught by Danish fishermen for industrial purposes is made up of whiting. According to the Convention agreed in 1946 the minimum length of whiting permitted is 20 cm. (8 inches), In order to comply with this requirement, the fishermen would need to sort out all those below March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 20 cm. This would mean greatly increased work, and according to the Danes would make industrial fishing unprofitable. The Danish delegates suggested that the Con- vention be amended so as to permit whiting below 20 cm. up to 20 percent of the weight of the catch. The suggested amendment was not passed. For the catch of common sole, nets of 60-65 mm. (2.4-2.6 inches) mesh size have been used. The Convention, however, requires nets of 80 mm, (3.2 inches) mesh size. The Danish delegates maintained that the increased mesh size wouldre- duce the catch by one-third and also make this type of fishing unprofitable. They suggested that the Convention be changed to permitamesh size of 70mm, (2. 8inches). An agreement was reached that for a trial period of two years Danish fishermen be permitted to use mesh-size nets of 75 mm, (3 inches). The remaining proposals are to be the subject of further scientific study and con- sultation among the countries which proposed them for further discussion at the next meeting of the Commission in Copenhagen in May 1954, Before that time the Com- mission wished to be informed of the measures being taken by all member countries to enforce the requirements of the Convention so that consideration could then be given as to whether any further steps should be taken, The United Kingdom Government also informed the Commission that it intended _to lay before all the other signatories its proposals for a revised Convention which would resolve the difficulties consequent upon the different interpretations which had been put upon the scope of their powers at the first meeting, This would meet what was believed to be the general desire that conservation measures need not necessar- ily be restricted to the size of the net meshes and the size limits of fish, Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1953, p. 42. WHALING FACTORYSHIPS TO USE MORE HELICOPTERS: Experts believe that the whaling factoryship fitted with a turntable flight deck for the helicopter will soon be standard equipment on most Antarctic whale hunts, reports the November 1953 South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review. Orders have recently been placed by a Modern Whaling Factoryship number of British and Norwegian whaling operators for the Westland S-55 helicopter, an indication of the increasing use of helicopters for whale-catching operations, A whaling expedition usually consists of the factoryship and a dozen or more catch- er boats which hunt in a wide arc around the factoryship, covering some 50 to 100 miles ahead of it. When a whale is sighted, the catcher boat's crew kill it, inflate it with compressed air, and tow the whale back to the factoryship for processing, With the helicopter stationed on the factoryship and flying off from a small turn- table deck fitted to its stern, the area of search can be extended considerably. The 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 helicopter ranges well beyond the catcher ships, radios them directions to their tar- get, and searches for ''flagged'' whales. The helicopter pilot also keeps a good lookout for ice, and in an emergency can transfer sick men from the small catcher boats to the factoryship. During a recent season, a helicopter sighted 1,334 whales in 185 flying hours. It has been estimated that a helicopter with an endurance of 9 hours, flying 300-500 feet above the sea, could survey an area of 13,500 square miles during one flight, as against a catcher vessel's 20 hours to cover a third of this area. The added speed of the helicopter also means that a higher proportion of the whales sighted are eventually killed, For the future, experts believe there is a possibility that helicopters may go further than their present search role and actually attack the whale. The sugges- tion is to equip a helicopter with a harpoon gun and inflation equipment so that it would be possible for more than half the catcher vessels to be replaced by six or eight large helicopters operating from the factoryship, with only a few tow boats needed to bring the whales back to the factoryship. ) ~ eet Australia CANNED FISH PACK, 1952/53: The total pack of Australian canned fish in 1952/53 amounted to over 7.5 ustralian Canned Fish Pack, 1951/52-1952/53 1951/52 Lbs. Lbs. million pounds--7 percent more than 3,938, 021| 3,089, 803 | the 1951/52 pack, reports the Octo- TES ee ne 2,629,439) 3,269,900 | ber 1953 Fisheries Newsletter, an fiilavabe eteenets hist ans 386, 230 142,057 | Australian Government fishery per- 5 Bee RED 73, 623 50,577 | iodical. Barracouta and Australian A aS ILE ADS 550, 136 520,096 | salmon (Arripis trutta), as usual, 7,577, 449 comprised the bulk (87 percent) of the production. NOTE: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1953, p. 44; January 1953, p, 38. OK He OK RIGHTS TO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESOURCES PROCLAIMED: A proclamation declaring that Australia has sovereign rights to explore and exploit the natural re- sources of the sea bed and subsoil of the Continental Shelf adjoining Australia andits territories was iasued by the Australian Governor-General September 11, 1953, A similar proclamation affecting the natural resources of the Shelf adjoining the Trust Territory of New Guinea was also issued. These proclamations were issued by Aus- tralia under its prerogative as a sovereign state, reports the October 1953 Fisheries Newsletter, an Australian Government fishery periodical, PEARL FISHERIES ACT AMENDED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CONTINENTAL RE- SOURCES PROCLAMATION: The same week the Australian House of Representa- tives passed without opposition the Pearl Fisheries Bill amending the Pearl Fisher- ies Act 1952/53 to provide for the definition of Australian waters extending to the limits of the Continental Shelf, the proclamation of the boundaries of the Continental Shelf, and the application of the Act within proclaimed waters to all operators irre- spective of nationality. The Bill passed the Senate unopposed the next week. The Act was assented to on September 17, 1953, and effective October 12, 1953, In a speech on the Bill, the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture, said: March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 "The Pearl Fisheries Act, introduced in 1952 to permit a system of licensing and control of pearl fishing in waters over Australia's Continental Shelf, as amended, will be brought into operation, The licensing system and control measures intro- duced under the Pearl Fisheries Act will be enforced on all pearlers and ships en- gaged in pearling in Australian waters irrespective of nationality, Any infringement of the licensing provisions will be enforced in the normal manner in our Courts." In a later statement (November 9, 1953), the Minister made it clear that the Australian Government did not accept the Japanese contention that the Pearl Fisher- ——+=====7] ies Act does not affect Japanese vessels in waters outside of the ter- ritorial limits of Australia, a No- vember 17 U. S. Embassy dispatch reports. He pointed out, however, that subject to an undertaking from the Japanese that they would con- duct their pearling operations in conformity with the Australian pol- icy of regulation and conservation pending the Court's decision, the Government would be willing to sub- mit the question to the International Court of Justice, a yj ei yf C [Eee esr AND ADJACENT ISLANDS 100-FATHOM LINE ~ BOUNDARY OF PROCLAIMED WATERS —- 0 DIVISIONAL BOUNDARY —*—7—*- SUB-AREA BOUNDARIES AUSTRALIA ZA} (Loos Tg0° 13/0° _!40° Ldo : Shows Australian pearling waters proclaimed September 25, 1953, The Minister called attention to under the Pearl Fisheries Act 1952-53. The five divisions and sub- the fact that the Japanese Govern- areas are shown: Western Australian Division, 6 subareas; North- ment has not been accepted as a ern Territory, 23; Queensland, 12; Papua, none; New Guinea, none, party to the Statute of the Interna- The shaded Northern Territory subarea 20 is exempt on theproc- tional Court. Rather than invoke i ay fish in this area without a license sinae aa meres Oe cic came into force on October 12. wake asures to delay submission of the question to the Court, however, the Australian Government had agreed to proceed as soon as possible with such sub- mission, being of the opinion that it was in the interests of friendly international re- lations to encourage the settlement of differences by recognized judicial bodies, rather than by resort to measures of enforcement. OK De Ok ok SPINY LOBSTER INDUSTRY, 1952/53: The spiny lobster catch in Australia dur- ing the 1952/53 season (July 1 to June 30) totaled 15,626,560 pounds (round weight), reports the October 1953 Fisheries Newsletter of the Commonwealth Di- |Table 1 - Australian Spiny Lobster (Crayfish) | rector of Fisheries (table 1), Of Catch by States, 1951/52 and 1952/5314 this total, 12,280,000 pounds were State packed for export and 3,346,560 Lbs. 2/7 Lbs. 2 pounds for domestic consumption. estern Australia .| 8,098, 602| 7, 790, 946 Tasmania ......... 2,744,390] 2,052, 129 Spiny lobster exports from -| 3,500,000) 3, 000, 000 Australia in the 1952/53 season ew South Wales... 528, 000 655, 470 totaled 3,941,368 pounds of tails Walctorial ee pastecr. 759, 968 504, 000 and 130,029 pounds of wholelobster | Total ........... 15, 626, 560 |14, 002, 545 (table 2), with a total value of |1/Fiscal Year July 1 to June 30, £A1,444,450 (US$3,236,000). Asin |2/Round weight (landed weight). the past, the United States received the bulk (98 percent) of these exports, nearly all in the form of frozen tails. In the previous season foreign shipments totaled 3,606,095 pounds of tails and 54,472 pounds of whole spiny lobsters, with a total value of £.A1,777,880 (US$3,940,000). Export earnings increased 23 percent from the 1951/52 season due to a rise in both the quantity exported and in prices. During the year export prices increased 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 from 7s. (77 U. S. cents) per pound to 7s. 6d. (84 U. S. cents). This increase in dollar earnings is considered important in Australia's national economy, As in the Union of South Africa, Australia had to adopt conservation measures, Unless new grounds are opened up, it seems likely that exports from both countries Table 2 - Australian Spiny Lobster (Tails and Whole) Exports by Country of Destination and State of Origin, 1951/52 and 1952/53 Item 1952/53 1951/52 Quantit Quantit Ths. Lbs. Cae Lbs. IBy Country of Destination: United States ............ 3,921, 558 49, 907 3,593,595 4,255 PVA Weal oo) Shoe sue ao sp sineeabene 605 - - - Gamaday (icra ny siceses cu eackewens 11,455 61, 266 10,195 7, 000 Sins apores nner cere 7, 150 18, 856 2,305 43,217 MO tally ee ostercuslsvdeucccustexcteus 3, 941, 368 130, 029 3, 606, 095 IBy State of Origin: Masada yt ees: cus arse suaverssaeus 161, 715 77, 347 17, 400 South Australia .......... 956,475 33, 826 556, 040 Western Australia........ 2,823,178 18, 856 3,032, 655 FT OLA. ois mutu ators cucnebeleuesnas 3,941, 368 130, 029 3, 606, 095 will not rise much above the present level; and the U, S., market can continue to ab- sorb the total quantities available, subject of course to price considerations, NOTE: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1953, pp. 38-40. % OK OK Ok WHALING SEASON, 1953: Australian whaling stations received a total of 2,000 whales in 121 days during the 1953 season that ended on September 18. There were four stations operating during the season, The whale oil production from this sea- son's catch was valued at £A1,520,000 (US$3,405,000), reports the October 1953 Fisheries Newsletter of the Commonwealth Director of Fisheries. NOTE: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1953, pp. 46-7. Barbados Island ec aen West Indies) FISHERIES PRODUCTION, JANUARY-JUNE 1953: Barbados Island's total esti- mated fisheries production during the first six months of 1953 amounted to almost 15 million pounds, valued at about BW1$2.3 million (US$1.3 million), reports the Octo- ber 1953 Caribbean Commission Monthly Information Bulletin. In the entire year of 1952 the total catch was just over 9.2 million pounds, and in 1951 it was 6.4 million pounds. The value in 1951 was estimated at BWI$1.0 million (US$0.6 million). This substantial increase in 1953 is attributed to the wider use of gill nets for catching flying fish. It is believed that there is enough fish in Barbadian waters to justify set- ting up a freezing and cold-storage plant. Canada VIEWS ON TERRITORIAL WATERS: Canada has been studying the question of territorial waters and it is the personal opinion of the Canadian Minister of Fisheries that a territorial ocean belt extending seaward 12 miles is better than the present one extending seaward 3 miles, according to a report in the Japanese press. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 The Canadian Minister of Fisheries visited Tokyo early in December 1953. The subject of territorial waters was brought up during his visit there when he was ques- tioned on the controversy between Japan and Korea over Korean restrictions on J apa- nese fishermen. On that matter the Minister is reported to have stated that while he did not wish to become involved in the controversy, it was Canada's view that es- tablishing a fishery line on the high seas beyond a nation's territorial waters could not be effected unilaterally by one nation. % OX KK (48 1-lb. cans), the Canadian De- partment of Fisheries reported on December 9 (see table). This was 41 percent more than the 1952 pack of 1,293,435 cases, and is the sec- ond largest pack in recent years (1951 pack was 1,955,475 cases). In 1953 increased packs were re- ported for sockeye (red), chum Silver Salmon (Oncor! a aERS yee eZ TS a (keta), pink, and coho (silver) salm- on. At the beginning of November, salmon net fishing was restricted to the Fraser River and certain limited areas in District 3. Other areas were closed to net fishing in the interests of conservation on November 3 and by the end of the month all net fishing ceased entirely. In view of the fact that fall salmon spawning requirements had been fulfilled in most of the southern coastal areas, salmon fish- ing by trolling was authorized on December 1 to carry through until the regular open- ing of trolling in 1954, British Columbia Canned Salmon Pack, 1948-53 In Standard Cases of 48 1-Pound Cans 449, 174 5 260, 050 19, 893 16, 251 108, 115 193, 587 793, 382 321, 514 392, 716 460,740| 498,984] 226,241] 496,928 2 3, 648 3, 243 2,381 5, 686 % OR KK & The Newfoundland Government November 27, 1953, began making advance payments of C$1.50 per quintal (112 pounds) to producers of salt cod, reports a December 2 U. S. consular dispatch from St. John's, An office for this purpose was opened in St. John's where these advances were available to producers in an effort to meet the monetary difference between 1952 prices and 1953 opening prices. Some sixty Pro- vincial agents elsewhere on the island are likewise receiving applications for these advances, Payments are being made on the strength of buyers' receipts issued to fishermen, Payments will be made on the following basis: C$1.50 per quintal for dried cod; C$1.50 per 140 pounds for heavy-salted bulk fish; C$1.50 per 224 pounds for light-salted bulk fish. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 A Newfoundland Member of the Canadian House of Commons declared before the House on December 1, 1953, that Canada should use "tough bargaining tactics" with = Portugal when the latter asks to renew its permit to use east coast Canadian ——e ports in the interests of its fishingfleet. © 20 40 65 80 He stressed that sales of salt fish to Portugal had nearly stopped, that Portu- : gal had built a modern fishing fleet from ATLANTIC Marshall Plan money, paid higher prices for bait than Newfoundland fishermen OCEAN could afford, and that Portugal's fleet was now supplying the greater part of that country's need for cod. NOTE: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1954, p. 30. OK OK OK EMPLOYMENT DECLINES IN THE NEWFOUNDLAND FISHING INDUSTRY: It is estimated that in 1953 the total num- ber of males employed in the Newfound- land fishing industry was about 6,000 at the most, reports a September 18 U. S consular dispatch from St. John's. This compares with an estimate of 10,000 men at the height of the 1952 season and a census report of 31,500 men for 1945. % OK KK OK GREAT SLAVE LAKE FISH CATCH, 1952: A successful summer season was experienced in 1953 by fishermen on Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Ca- nada, reports the November 1953 Trade News, a Canadian Depart- ment of Fisheries publication. Although there were fewer boats operating and the volume of land- ings was somewhat lower than in 1952, the average catch per ves- sel was higher. A total of 110 fishermen manned 39 boats in 1953 as compared to 148 fisher- SE SS ge EAS . > ——) men and 53 boats the previous Common Whitefish (Coregonus clupeatormis) SS clupeaformis: S year. The landings of whitefish and trout amounted to 3, 423, 386pounds (round weight) out of the summer limit of 5,700,000 pounds. More ice had been put up in the winter of 1952/53 than the previous winter, but the supply was almost exhausted by September 1, 1953. To insure an adequate sup- ply for the 1954 operations, two new icehouses have been built on the north shore of the lake. Wind storms were not as numerous in 1953 as in the summer of 1952, but they were more severe and accounted for not only lost time but a certain amount of dam- age to nets, gear, and boats. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 Chile NEW WHALING COMPANY: A new whaling company is being formed to be lo- cated at the port of San Carlos, Chile (at the mouth of the River Valdivia), reports the December 26 Foreign Trade, a Canadian Government publication. A capital of 50 million pesos (US$455, 000) will be invested. New whaling vessels will be bought in Norway. ris) Denmark FROZEN FILLET EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES: The only fish fillets exported by Denmark to the United States are frozen cod and plaice fillets. The quantities exported were a little larger in 1952 than in 1951, and in the first eight months of 1953 there was a sharp decline in these exports (see table). Danish Sales and Actual Exports of Frozen Fillets to the United SS species [_ January-August 2 ee ee ee ee Value —[ Ory. | Metric] 1,000 | 1,000]/Metric) 1,000 | 1,000 Tons Kroner US$ aious! Kroner) US$ | Tons Co 341 836 | 121 aT) 109 ee 1,027 Plaice | 160 564 82 | 135 465 Total | “40 Paoo- [wos ~aia[Terte Tio [hae [asta | 600 [orn | 609 | a8 387 Tal pielisesel elise Cod 63) 214 Veh 214 31 970 2,510 364 | 124 311 1,094 | 2,821 409 | Plaice 139 494 71 iat | a ee 1,162 168 | 457 1,414 152 | 2,576 373, Total | 202] 708 | 102 | 193] 068 |1/Includes fillets sold to United States Taree = shipped Sa other ee es (chiefly =— a |2/Fillets shipped only to the United States, including small quantities sold to other countries (chiefly the Netherlands and West Germany) for consignment to the United States. Fillets sold to United States interests butnot actually shipped to the United States were consigned to West Germany. Also importers in West Germany and the Nether- lands purchased a small quantity of fillets from Denmark for. shipment to the United States. OK OK OK FAROE ISLANDS FISHERIES, 1953: The catch of fish for salting and drying in the Faroe Islands during 1953 totaled only 20,000 metric tons as compared with 32,000 tons in 1952, reports a November 27 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen. A strike in the fleet early in the year was partly responsible for the decline, but an impor- tant contributing factor was the shift from cod to herring fishing by a large part of the fleet late in July. During 1953 about 90 cutters, as compared with only 20in 1952, engaged in herring fishing in the area north of the Faroe Islands (between 65° and 68° N. latitude). The catches in the 1952 season (July-October) were equal to 30,000 bar- rels of salted export herring. This year the exports will probably amount to four times as much, 120,000 barrels, of which 80,000 barrels has been sold to Russia. The 1953 Faroe Islands! herring catch was equal to 130,000 barrels, with an ex- port value of between 12 and 15 million kroner (US$1.7-2.2 million) as compared with a reported income of 40-50 million kroner (US$5.8-7.2 million) for other fish. At Copenhagen, one of the two Folketing members from the Faroe Tslends joined in parliamentary discussion on November 20, 1953, of a bill of importance to the Faroe Islands. He stated that the market for export fish had been poor in 1953, and prospects for the future were obscure and probably unfavorable, due primarily to the very large unsold stocks of salted and dried fish in Norway and Iceland. To the tra- 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 ditional principal markets for the Faroe fish exports (Spain, Italy, and Greece), Brazil has recently been added; there a very dry-cod type has been favorably re- ceived. However, transportation problems (transit via Norway), high costs of pack- ing materials, and especially Brazilian payments difficulties are offering many ob- stacles to development of that export market. Total Faroe stocks of unsold fish for export was estimated at about 6,000 met- ric tons, valued at 8 to 9 million kroner (US$1.2-1.3 million). There is alsoa quantity of unsold herring of relatively minor value. The value of the unsold stocks was emphasized by the speaker in order to give weight to the necessity of Danish credits for the Islands. During the discussion both Folketing members from the Faroe Islands emphasized how necessary it is that Denmark be willing to finance the fishing industry to a greater extent than before, with operational credits as well as for construction of new vessels. La Ce Ecuador FISHING LICENSE REVENUE TO BUY WATER PATROL EQUIPMENT: A de- cree has been prepared by the Ecuadoran Minister of Economy that will amend the present fishery legislation by providing that a portion of the revenues from fishing licenses must be devoted to the acquisition of water patrol equipment. Press re- ports indicate that the proposal has been agreed to by the Cabinet, a December 14 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Quito states. 2 Ep Formosa (Nationalist China) FISHERIES PRODUCTION GOAL FOR 1953 LOWERED: The Formosan fisheries production goal was revised downward from 145,180 metric tons to 127,000 metric tons tons as landings during the first nine months of 1953 were at the annual rate of 127,467 metric tons, reports a November 19 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Taipei, Taiwan. The total catch for the first nine months of 1953 amounted to only 95,600 metric tons, due to the decreasing catch by the coastal (inshore) fisheries. It is estimated that 1,950 fishing vessels with a total tonnage of 13,000 gross tons can be made available by the end of 1953 as compared with 1,779 vessels with 26,806 gross tons at the end of 1952. The 1954 production goal has been set at 145,000 metric tons, but it is probably too high in view of the decreasing catch from coastal fishing. Taiwan needs around 200,000 metric tons of fishery products annually for domestic consumption, and it is estimated that, if the production plan can be realized, about US$6 million that would otherwise be paid for imports will be saved in 1954. The first part of a vessel program inaugurated in March 1953 by the Provincial Government was completed on October 28, when 20 of the 87 new boats to be built were transferred to their owners. By this program fishermen will get motor fishing boats and other fishing equipment financed by credits that would subsequently be re- paid. This program is being financed by NT$4 million (US$388,000) in United States aid, together with Formosan Government funds amounting to NT$1.9 million (US$184,000) and US$100,000. NOTE: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review. November 1953, p. 41. wy March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 France FISHING FLEET: Of the 55,000 French fishermen, 92 percent work on wooden craft and 8 percent on steel vessels, reports a December 3, 1953, U. S. Embassy dispatch from Paris. In terms of monetary returns, however, the wooden vessels produce only 51 percent of the value of the total catch. But, in terms of quantity produced, wooden vessels account for only 47 percent of the total catch. The capital invested and the total tonnage are about the same in both fleets. The main reasons given for the decline of activity of the wooden vessels are: (a) the decline of the fish supply in coastal waters which form the limited operating area of the wooden vessels; (b) the fact that the majority of the wooden vessels are equipped for one seasonal type of fishing only. While no general program for the wooden fleet is available, some financial as- sistance is to be allocated for the renovation of the wooden fleet from the moderniza- tion and equipment fund. Steel Boats: In 1953 the French fishing fleet was comprised of 338 steeltrawlers, of which 158 were new vessels, 60 less than 20 years old, 100 between 20 and 30 years old, and 20 more than 30 years old. The design of the 158 new trawlers is standardized, and for that reason they were built at a relatively low cost. The production potentiality of these new units is 25 percent higher than the older vessels. For the past two years trawlers fishing for herring have been equipped with electronic equipment which enable them not only to detect the shoals but to locate them in depth with precision. It is estimated that this equipment increases the vol- ume of the catch by 30 percent. A program prepared by the Commissariat au Plan (Monnet Plan) for the replace- ment of 30 percent of the existing trawlers over 20 years old would allow ship owners to obtain loans at favorable rates from national credit agencies. The program was approved on May 4, 1953, by the Special Commission for the Fishing Fleet which had been appointed specially to study the program. The necessary funds will probably be allocated under the Modernization and Equipment Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture. Pending the replacement of the old steam-driven vessels, the French Govern- ment up to January 1, 1953, had refunded 1,000 francs (US$2.90), and later 1,500 francs (US$4. 30), on every metric ton of coal used for fishing operations. The aver- age price of the coal was 7,000to 8,000francs (US$20.00-22.85) per metric ton. In spite of this subsidy, 60 coal-operated trawlers were taken out of commission. Wooden Vessels: Of the prewar wooden vessels, 20 percent also have been re- placed. Only 23 percent of the wooden vessels were more than 20 years old, com- pared with 36 percent in the case of steel vessels. In 1952 there were some 16,000 wooden vessels, compared with 21,000 in 1938. The older vessels are generally small so that if craft of under 20 tons are not taken into consideration the proportion of 20-year old and over wooden vessels is only 20 percent. In contrast with what has been done for the steel fishing fleet, no reconstruction program for the wooden fleet has been developed in spite of the fact that the State Sec- retary for Fisheries has issued standards and models for the building of wooden ves- sels. The general trend may be summarized as follows: (a) sailing vessels are being replaced by motor craft; (b) small vessels are being replaced by larger ones; (c) ves- 44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 sels that were specially fitted for one type of fishing are being replaced by those that operate all the year around, catching various species of fish. MARKETING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FISHERIES: Boulogne and Lorient are carrying out a market organization program and the necessary buildings and equip- ment are being completed, but other ports like Concarneau, Douarnenez, and Le Guilvinec are also in need of similar programs. Particular emphasis was given to cold-storage installations in the ports. Fish are transported mainly by the French railroads. A private company called the STEF specializes in the transportation of iced refrigerator cars under the super- vision of the French railroads. There are a limited number of iced refrigerator motor trucks, but there are practically no mechanically-refrigerated trucks or trailers. Losses on the wholesale and retail levels are heavy because of the lack of pro- per equipment. These losses result in high retail prices. It is believed that improved wholesale and retail equipment would result in a higher consumption of fish in France. The per-capita consumption of fishery prod- ucts was estimated at 16.5 pounds in 1952 compared with 90 pounds in Norway, 35 pounds in Germany, and 50 pounds in the United Kingdom, FISH CANNING INDUSTRIES: Out of a production of 369,000 metric tons of fish landed in France in 1952, it is estimated that some 80,000 tons were processed by the canning (51,000 tons product weight), salting, drying, and curing industries. The canning industry processed mainly tuna, sardines, and mackerel. In 1952 the num- ber of canning plants was estimated at 230 with a total labor force of 20,000 workers, compared with 200 plants and 13,000 workers in 1938. Imports of canned fish have been increasing in the last few years, while exports have been decreasing. During the first half of 1953 imports of canned fish and crustaceans increased to 13,438 met- ric tons from 10,137 tons a year earlier, while exports decreased from 1,648 tons to 1,548 tons; as a result, net imports increased from 8,489 tons during the first half of 1952 to 11,890 during the first half of 1953. The situation of the French canning industry is considered as serious, and some reorganization is taking place in order to achieve greater concentration and to im- prove equipment, including machinery for complete utilization of all byproducts. % OK KK SARDINE CANNING INDUSTRY: More than 150 canneries along the coast of France can about 900,000 cases of sardines annually. These, situated near fishing ports, employ about 500 men and 13,500 women. About 20,000 fishermen are engaged in fishing sardines for these canneries, the November 1953 issue of Conservas de Peixe states. Greenland 1953, issued by the Greenland Department of the Danish Prime Minister's office. The new decree results from improved supervisory and administrative methods that have come about with the development of Greenland in recent years, reports a Decem- ber 1U. S. Embassy dispatch from Copenhagen. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 The more important amendments affecting Greenland's fisheries are as follows: (1) Prohibits trawling in Greenland's territorial waters, except for shrimp, herring, and "angmagssat"' (dwarf herring used as bait for line fishing). (2) The extension of the licensing requirement to other than resident Danish nationals shall in the future also apply to the land territory with respect to trapping and hunting, and to reloading of fish, and storage thereof in Greenland territorial waters and land territory, respectively. This extension of the licensing require- ments does not curtail the rights already accorded to Danish, Icelandic, and other foreign vessels with respect to navigation in East Greenlandic waters, by virtue of Royal Announcement of July 5, 1924, (3) Imposes a fee on fish catches licensed under (2) for reloading and storage, which fee shall be due the Greenland Price Regulation and Trade Conditions Adjust- ment Fund, in case the fish are not sold through the central Greenland sales organ- ization (at present: The Royal Greenland Commerce). Ss = Iceland TRAWLERS DEVELOP RICH OCEAN PERCH FISHERY OFF GREENLAND: An unusually rich ocean perch fishery has been developed in West Greenland by Ice- landic trawlers and record catches have been made, according to a re- view of Icelandic newspaper items carried in the November 26 Fiskets Gang, a Norwegian fishery period- ical, A number of fishing vessels have gone to West Greenland to fish for ocean perch, which will be fil- leted and shipped to the Russian market in accordance with provis- ions of the Russian-Icelandic trade agreements, % (Atlantic) Ocean perch (Sebastes marinus) / The new rich ocean perch banks were discovered west of Cape Fare- well outside of Eystribgdi. The trawler Uranus of Reykjavik was the first to fish in that area. It landed a catch of about 132,000 pounds of ocean perch which, uponex- amination, were found to be of the same quality as the Icelandic ocean perch, The trawler then made two additional trips and landed 1,320,000 pounds in 24 days. It was reported that a number of other trawlers had visited the new banks and had ob- tained full fares in a short time. It was also reported that the bottom of the banks was bad, and that gear "hung up" and wore out rapidly. eS India NORWAY AIDS FISHERIES: A new type of marine research vessel, built in Nor- way, iS on its way to India as part of the efforts made by the Kr. 20 million (US$2.8 million) Norwegian India Aid Fund to develop fisheries in the State of Travancore- Cochin, the Norwegian Information Service reported on December 17, 1953, Made of aluminum, the flat-bottomed 90-foot cruiser features a specially designed propel- ler-well protected by two sturdy runners, Thus, the vessel can be safely launched or landed on a sandy shore, even in heavy breakers, 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 Equipped with radiotelephone, echo depth sounder, and windlass, the research vessel will be used to take soundings and samples of the sea bottom, and test vari- ous types of fishing gear. Successful trial runs with two Indian fishing canoes rebuilt and equipped with engines in Norway are reported, The Norwezian India Fund is donating engines for 100 fishing canoes to the Travancore Fishermen's Cooperative. The engines will be installed at a local workshop being built by the India Aid Fund. A specially de- signed 60-foot fishing vessel is also being tested off the Travancore coast under the supervision of Norwegian fisheries specialists. Japan ANCHORAGE SOUGHT FOR TUNA VESSELS IN U. S. TRUST TERRITORIES: A request for permission to use aS an anchorage for about 20 fishing boats and 3 re- frigerated transport ships some harbor or shelter to be designated by the United States authorities in the U. S. Trust Territories south of Lat, 10° N. was made re- cently by the Japanese Government for a Japanese fishing firm. The operations would last about six months. The purpose is to transship catches from the fishing boats to the refrigerated transport vessels in the harbor or shelter; and to provide necessary supplies and provisions from the transport vessels to the fishing boats, j The petition states that if the request is granted the following will be strictly ob- served: a. No personnel will be landed. b. No fishing will be conducted in the territorial waters of the U. S. Trust Ter- ritories. c, No contact or exchange of goods will be made with foreigners. A report indicates that if the request should be granted it would permit an ex- tension of the Japanese tuna and bonito fisheries outside the overfished Japanese coastal waters by allowing fleets of small-sized (100 tons of less) fishing craft to transship their catches to refrigerator ships in the fishing area, thus obviating the need for return to Japan, % OK OK OK OK JAPANESE VESSELS TO FISH FOR AMERICAN SAMOA TUNA CANNERY: A Tokyo fishery firm has signed a contract to sell fish to the U. S. firm that has leased the American Samoa cannery, the Japanese press reports (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, December 14). The Tokyo firm sent seven tuna boats of the 120-ton class to Samoan waters to fish for tuna. The vessels were scheduled to sail from Tokyo on Decem- ber 15, 1953. Because of the terms on which the U. S. firm has chartered the moth- ership, the operation is scheduled to continue until the end of March 1954. An editorial in the December 10 Nippon Suisan Shimbun commented on the situa- tion as follows: "Japanese tuna boats are now to fish in the waters around the Samoa Islands. The value of the fishing grounds of that area was established by Japanese fishing boats before the war, but since the war it has been practically impossible for them to op- erate there because of supply problems associated with the lack of bases. Now, how- ever, the sale of fish to the cannery in Samoa has been arranged and the catch is to be turned over to a freezership belonging to the canner, which will at the same time March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 supply necessary materials thus making fishing in the area possible. Of course, large tuna boats would be able to operate independently, but in the present case the fact that medium and small tuna boats have been enabled to operate there is of deep Significance from the point of view of the present condition of Japan's fisheries.... "The fisheries authorities have set up their policies for the conversion of fish- eries with emphasis on the southern fishing grounds and as an emergency measure they have decided to divert about 100 mackerel fishing boats and other vessels which have been closed out of their grounds by the Rhee Line into the southern tuna fish- ery. However, there is a limit to the southern tuna grounds and particularly if it comes to the diversion of medium and small sized fishing vessels it may well be that these tuna grounds will reach the saturation point in the near future. In this sense it is to be hoped that one further step forward will be taken and that bases may be established in the South Sea Islands, and although the present fishing ven- ture in Samoan waters is not a pure land-based operation, it is in general accord- ance with this hope. At the same time, for better or worse, it must be said to be a fine thing for the future of the southern tuna fishery that this way has been opened to it. The present plan, being the first such operation, involves only 7 fishing boats, but # the plan progresses as scheduled it may be anticipated that the number of boats will be increased and therefore it is to be hoped that the persons involved will advance this first venture with a very serious attitude...."' NOTE: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1954, pp. 43-4. OOK OOK FISHERMEN OBJECT TO LARGE EXPERIMENTAL VESSEL ON SOUTH SEA TUNA GROUNDS: The Japanese national organization of tuna fishermen has objected to the Chiba Prefecture's plan to use the 405-ton experimental vessel Boso Maru on the South Sea tuna grounds, reports the Japanese press (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, December 14), The organization claims that the operation of such a large vessel for this purpose is unfair to private enterprise. It is believed that the vessel's request for an operating license may be granted with some restrictions attached. The li- cense is to be issued by the Japanese Fisheries Agency. The Chiba Prefecture's Fisheries Department feels that if the vessel's operations are limited it will hinder the original plans, The vessel was scheduled to sail on December 14, 1953. OR OK OK NORTH PACIFIC SALMON FISHING TO BE EXPANDED IN 1954: The Japanese Fisheries Agency has been carrying on discussions concerning the scale of the 1954 North Pacific mothership-type salmon fishery, reports the Japanese press (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, November 19, 1953). Based on the experience and research of the past two years, it was announced on November 16, 1953, that the fishery will be opened to 160 vessels which meet the qualifications. The Fisheries Agency further announced: "From the experimental operations carried on over the past two years, there are prospects of being able to carry on more or less regular fishing in the North Pacific area from 1954 on. As a result of our examination of the research and fish- ing done up to this year (1953), taking into consideration the capacity of the fishing grounds, and in order to assure the healthy development of this fishery, we have made the following decisions concerning next year's operations: "1, Grounds to be fished: Area bounded by 48° N, 154°30'E., 48° N, 175° W., 55° N. 1759 W., 55° N. 1700 F., 54°N. 170° E., 54° N. 162930'E "2, Number of fishing vessels - 160 (83 vessels operated in 1953), 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 "3. Qualifications of vessels: (a) 50-80 tons (in principle none built before 1944): (b) Diesel engine (with prescribed equipment); (c) Radio installation (reserve power source, break-in relay system); (d) Radio direction finder; and (e) Speed better than 7 knots. "4 Selection of vessels: The vessels will be selected from among the medium- sized trawlers of Hokkaido and the 11 prefectures north of Chiba and Ishikawa, which have a long history of participation in the fishery and which have a high degree of reliability as regards their ability to convert and prepare for the operation. Y It is believed that there will be five fleets; three fleets will be conposed of 40 vessels each, and the remaining two fleets of 20 vessels each. Ten companies were planning to try to enter their motherships in the fishery. According to Nippon Suisan Shimbun, November 23, the Government's policy in selecting vessels to participate in the salmon fishery will be to give priority to ves- sels abandoning trawling, thus using the attractions of the salmon fishery as an in- ducement to reduce the excessively large fleet of medium trawlers, The same source states that it is anticipated that about 10 research vessels will take part in the salmon fishing, although this was not definite. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT a Republic of Korea SEAWEED INDUSTRY, 1952: Production; The total production of all types of sea weed in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during 1952 amounted to 18,283 met- Table 2 - Republic of Korea Exports of AgarAgar, 1948-52 [Year] Destination Q Table 1 - Republic of Korea Productionot Algae ; b Types, 1948-52 ric tons (table 1), reports a No- vember 24 U. S. Embassy dis- patch from Seoul. This is almost three times the 1948 production of 6,446 tons. Seaweed are pro- duced all along the South Korean coast and as far north as the 38th parallel. Except for agar-agar, no statistical data are available on products obtained by extraction from seaweed. A paste used extensively by the Korean textile industry is made from glue seaweed, but no record of the amount produced is available. There are about 33 agar-agar factories in South Korea, Agar-agar Exports: Total exports of agar-agar from the Republic of Korea in 1952 (table 2) amounted to 290 metric tons, all of which went to Hong Kong. All agar- agar exported is shipped to either Hong Kong or Japan. In the spring of 1953, a 60 kilogram (132 pound) bale of agar-agar was worth US$150 on the Hong Kong market. At the end of November 1953 there were no stocks of agar-agar on hand in the Re- public of Korea. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 Laver is also an important export item, approximately 2 million bundles of 200 grams (7 ounces) each are exported annually to Japan. Mexico INDUSTRY SEEKS TO REVOKE EXPORT TAXES: Pressure for the revocation of existing export taxes is mounting in Mexico, a November 19 U. S. Embassy dis- patch from Mexico declares. The Confederation of Industrial Chambers declared in mid-November that Mexico will have to increase its exports by one-third over the level of two years ago to compensate for increases in the price of imported goods. The Monterrey Chamber of Manufacturing Industries concurred in this view and stated that taxes on exports should apply only to products the domestic produc- tion of which is insufficient for internal demand. In a speech by the Sub-Secretary of Finance, the Mexican Government officially took recognition of some of these demands. He stated that the Government was con- sidering a project with respect to the existing export tax on fishery products which would involve a return of 50 percent of the receipts of the tax to the National Bank for Cooperative Development for loans to fishing cooperatives to buy fishing equip- ment. These loans would be designed to increase the flow of fresh fish to city mar- kets. Despite the fact that the Mexican coastline is one of the most productive fishing areas in the world, fish is a very minor item in the Mexican diet which is very de- ficient in animal protein. Refrigeration facilities to transport the fish catch from the coasts to inland markets will have to be improved to bring any large quantity of fish to big city consumers. The pressure for the revocation of reduction of existing export taxes may be ex- pected to continue to mount. The Minister of Finance earlier in the year rejected the appeal of the cotton industry for a revocation of the export tax on that crop. Ex- port taxes provided about 15 percent of total Federal Governmental income in 1952 and without alternative sources of revenue the Government can be expected to re- main dubious of any proposals to revoke these levies. OK Rk CLOSED SPINY LOBSTER SEASON: The closed spiny lobster season in Mexi- can waters is from March 15 to September 30, reports a U. S. Embassy dispatch from Mexico City dated December 30, 1953. These dates for the closed lobster season have been in effect since September 20, 1951; prior to that date the closed season extended from March 16 to October 15. 3K OK OK Ok Equivalent in Pesos U.S. Cents Valorem | Per Kilo Per Lb, 2-1/2 1/Combination rate: specific duty plus ad-valorem surtax. 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 EXPORT SURTAX ON SHARK FINS AND MARINE ALGAE REDUCED: The 15- percent ad-valorem export surtax on shark fins and marine algae has been reduced by 80 percent, the November 13, 1953, Diario Oficial reported. The new surtax is 3 percent. Norway CONSUMPTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1952/53: The large consumption of fishery products in Norway has compensated for the deficit in meat and other animal proteins, reports a November 23 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Oslo, The per- capita consumption of fish has gone down steadily, however, since the end of World War II (see table) as supplies of meat, etc. improved. Domestic disappearance is now about at the prewar level. In contrast to the decline in the utilization of fresh fish, there has been a real development and inter- est in frozen fish fillets, which are presented in attractive packages and are easy for the housewife to prepare. Consumption of these fillets was esti-lL______, mated at 500 metric tons for the calendar year 1952--a big increase over 1951. For the first seven months of 1953 the consumption of frozen fish fillets was over 1, 000 tons. Norwegian Annual Per-Capita Consumption of Edible Fishery Products | Yearl/ | Lbs Year _|Lbs.| 89 0 1934-38 Avera A total of 2.6 percent of the Norwegiancalorie requirements is covered by fish. This figure has |2/Preliminary. remained fairly constant during the past year. There is a great variety of good quality fish available in Norway. Transportation difficulties, however, are present in supplying eastern and southern Norway (where most of the population live) with high-quality fish from the West Coast. According to official data, stocks of frozen round fish and fillets on June 30, 1953, were 4, 230 tons against 3,565 tons for the previous year. Klipfish stocks on that date were around 11,000 tons and were even greater in September and October. Canned fish stocks amounted to 19,736 tons, about the same as for June 30, 1952. OK KK FISHERIES TRADE FAIR 1954: The Norsk Fiskerimesse 1954 (The Norwegian Fisheries Trade Fair 1954) will be held in Aalesund, Norway, June 13 to 27, the Norwegian American Chamber of Commerce reports. Norwegian and foreign com- panies are invited to participate in this first special Norwegian trade show for all types of fishing gear and equipment of importance and-interest to nations with a mod- ern fishing fleet and industry. The show will be arranged as a sales fair where buyers and sellers have the opportunity to meet and establish contacts. The follow- ing main groups of commodities will be represented at the fair: Fishing boats. Motors and machinery for the fishing fleet. Equipment for fishing boats--winches, anchors, wires, blocks, electronic devices, etc. Fishing tackle, Clothing for fishermen, Processing machinery and equipment. Sport-fishing gear. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ol The Norwegian fishing industry has contributed Kr. 250,000 (US$35,000) for a special section which will depict the history of fishing. There will also be a large aquarium containing the various kinds of fish caught off the Norwegian coast. Further information about the Norwegian Fisheries Trade Fair 1954 may be ob- tained from: Norsk Fiskerimesse 1954, Aalesund, Norway. Panama FISHING LAW PROPOSED: A new over-all Panamanian fishing law was trans- mitted to the Panamanian National Assembly on November 25, 1953, by the Acting Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry. Simultaneously, the President of Panama sent to the Assembly a message requesting early and favorable consider- ation of the bill. Aims of the Bill: The bill purports to do a number of things. It seeks to codify into one measure and to modernize all Panamanian legislation dealing with the na- tion's fisheries and marine wealth; to extend the nation's territorial waters outward to the edge of the continental platform and to claim for the nation all the marine wealth and resources contained therein; to promote the use of these resources onan intelligent basis from the standpoint both of present exploitation and future conserva- tion; to monopolize these resources for the most part for the benefit of Panama and the Panamanians; and to increase governmental revenues accruing from current ex- ploitation of these resources. The thought of possible tideland oil doubtless also was in the minds of the authors. single provision of the measure from the international standpoint is that contained in Articles 1 and 2, which seeks in the following words to extend Panamanian Juris- diction and control outward to the edge of the continental shelf: Article 1. The State exercises its sovereignty over the continental and insular territorial waters, over the lakes, lagoons and river systems and the resources thereof, and its jurisdiction and control over the waters that cover the submarine continental and insular shelf and the types and species of marine flora and fauna existent therein. Article 2. For the purposes of maritime and river fishing and hunt- ing, territorial and jurisdictional waters shall be understood to mean those defined by the law developing Article 209 of the existing National Constitu- tion. These articles seem to be aimed at implementing Article 209 of the present Panamanian Constitution. According to the Panamanian Secretary of Commerce, these articles were based on related United States policy as laid down in the policy paper: "Resources of the Subsoil and the Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf." In early October 1953 another bill relating to the extension of Panamanian terri- torial waters was introduced into the National Assembly. This bill was discussed in the Assembly Committee. Restricts Commercial Fishing Privileges: Other portions of the bill (Articles 5-7, inclusive) taken together are important in that they would place rather strict limitations on the individuals, firms, and/or vessels that can fish commercially in Panamanian jurisdictional waters extending outward to the continental shelf. Article 5 states that Government permits (permisos) will be required for those fishing in Panamanian waters. Superimposed on this is another requirement contained in 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 Article 6 apparently to the effect that these permits will be denied to all vessels ex~ cept those registered under the Panamanian flag or sea-going vessels "of foreign nationality'' engaged in tuna bait fishing. Further superimposed on the two above requirements in a way that complicates the picture is a third one contained in Arti- cle 7 which states: "With the object of promoting the building of vessels in national ship- yards, no second-class license for fishing from vessels of foreign con- struction, an indispensable requirement for such activities, shall be issued in the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce, and Industries after the entry into force of this law." d The idea of Article 7 seems to be, according to a fisheries specialist of the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce and Industries, that after the effective date of this proposed law these second-class commercial licenses, which are normally available only to Panama and United States citizens, will not be granted to any for- eign-built vessel. The understanding and belief is, however, that these licenses will not be denied to such vessels heretofore engaged in commercial fishing in Pan- amanian waters. Bait-Fishing Regulations Remain Essentially Same: The proposed bill appar- ently involves little or no change in existing bait-fishing regulations (as contained mainly in Decrees No. 148 of June 12, 1953, and No. 30 of December 22, 1952), except that: (1) The extension of Panamanian jurisdiction to the edge of the con- tinental shelf would at least theoretically result in the regulation and con- trol of bait fishing that far out to sea; (2) All repairs to bait-fishing vessels in the future would have to be done in Panamanian repair shops, where under present regulations only. "small repairs" have to be done there; and except, finally, that (3) Penalties for bait fishing without the required Panamanian license would be increased sharply--even to the point of providing for the confis- cation of an offending vessel under certain circumstances. Would Cancel Previous Fishing Legislation: The bill proposes to cancel all present important fisheries legislation, for example, such as the above-mentioned bait-fishing decrees and Decree No. 172 of August 5, 1953. Q Portugal LARGE TUNA CATCHES OFF AZORES: Two Portuguese tuna vessels (Rio- Vouga and Rio-Agueda) made such large catches of albacore tuna off the Azores in the summer of 1953 that a considerable drop in price resulted, and it was expected that new markets would be sought in Portugal, Albacore tuna are reported to be abundant in these latitudes, states the November 1953 World Fishing, a Britishtrade magazine, % OK Ok ok & FISHERIES REVIEW: Fresh Fish, 1953: The total estimated production of fresh fish for human consumption (excluding fish for salt cod) in Portugal during 1953 was 200, 000 metric tons (table 1) as compared with 193, 681 metric tons pro- duced in 1952, reports a November 24 U. S. Embassy dispatch from Lisbon, It a = gg am Rg Se March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 Table 1 - Portuguese Fresh Fish Industry, January-December 1952 and 1953 Production (for human consumption only and “exclud- aI ISH OLES AL COG)) cc, ucievsiosysieic sterner teers eee eeer se ee ss eos cee see eee ee eo oe oe eo eee oe ee wo Bn Ae Rea ALR OM DS UST oan sit aton nl dete cee 160, 000 155, 541 Canned or otherwise preserved .............--000- 40, 000 38, 140 Exports AY, Be Sata Fe a hed a ee RO RIE ae = ogndgoodcodoopdnob ono dooooadOn 200, 000 193, 681 Win Oe ie en 400 1/1953 data partly estimated. 2/ About 90 percent of the fish canned or othewise preserved is exported, but data not available. NOTE: Data are for continental Portugal only and do not include Azores or Madeira. Table 2 - Portuguese Dry Salt Cod Fishery, 1952/53 and Estimates for 1953/54 Item 1952/5317 | 1953/5447 | Metric Tons|Metric Tons was estimated that 160,000 met- ric tons were consumed asfresh fish, while 40,000 tons were can- ned or otherwise preserved, A- bout 90 percent of the canned or preserved fish was exported. stocks on hand July 1. IPTOGUCTION jane eee TTP OIGESMpweyetiiel islets Total Supply Available Stocks on hand June 30 1/July 1 to June 30. NOTE: Data are for continental Portugal only and do not include Azores or Madeira, Salt Cod, 1952/53: Portu- guese production of salted cod during July 1, 1952, andJune 30, 1953, amounted to 37,096 met- ric tons (table 2), while imports STi ae an PAG Sal ee a a of salted cod totaled 14,743 tons. No salted cod is exported from Portugal. Estimates for the 1953/54 season total about the same as for the 1952/53 period. F Spain FISH CANNING TRENDS, OCTOBER 1953: Fish canning operations in the Vigo district of Spain continued to show a substantial improvement during October 1953, This was due to the abundance of anchovies. Canners showed an increasing interest in anchovies since they represented practically the only product with a good export demand in the dollar areas where there is no competition from the Portuguese can- ners. The Portuguese canners are favored by lower operating costs, available ma- terials, and better exchange rates, and have all but forced Spanish canners out of their former markets. Alcrique (needlefish) and jurel (tracharus tracharus), which have a good domestic market, were also abundant. Purchases of fresh fish by the canners in the Vigo area during the month totaled 2,838 metric tons (the largest vol- ume to date in 1953), This compares with 1,326 metric tons in September and 1,384 in October 1952, Because of restricted exports due to high prices, canners have not yet utilized all the stocks of tin plate acquired under the U. S. loan to Spain in December 1951, The Union de Fabricantes de Conservas de Galicia submitted a petition to the Com- ision Interministerial Coordinadora during October for an allotment of US$2 million from economic aid to be given to Spain under the recent agreement for the purchase of tin plate. They believed that stocks might be exhausted before the industry is in a position to place orders abroad to be paid for with foreign currency acquired through exports. % OK OK OK 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 FISH MEAL AND OIL PRODUCTION IN 1952 BELOW DOMESTIC REQUIRE- MENTS: Spain's fish byproducts industry, still in the first stages of development, produced 1,690 short tons of fish oil and 5,300 tons of fish meal in 1952--less than half the domestic requirements, reports the U. S. consulate at Vigo. Data for 1951 are not available while figures for 1953 apparently have not yet been published by the National Statistical Institute, Madrid. The larger part of the Spanish fish-oil production is used to supplement the na- tional production of linseed oil which is insufficient for the requirements of the paint and varnish industry. A small percentage of the best deodorized oils is also used by the soap industry. The use of fish meal in animal feed and as fertilizer is relatively new in Spain. Although the demand is reported to be increasing, the high price resulting from the small quantity produced makes its use by the small farmer practically prohibitive. According to available information there are at present in Spain about 50 fish- ery byproducts plants employing some 600 persons. These plants are located prin- cipally in the northern and northwestern areas and in the Canary Islands. As their combined production is below domestic needs, exportation of fishery byproducts is not permitted. The demand for them in Spain is reported to be gradually increasing, but it is doubted there will be any important change in the development of the indus- try for some years because of the economic and exchange situation. The larger part of the plants are said to be equipped with Norwegian machinery. CE Surinam U. S. TECHNICAL AID FOR FISHERIES: A program of technical cooperation for Surinam was to be discussed when a group of United States technicians arrived in Surinam in January 1954. The survey group was sent to Surinam in response to a request from the Surinam Government whichwas transmitted to the U. S. Foreign Operations Administration (FOA) by the Netherlands Government, reports a Decem- ber 23, 1953, release from FOA. The suggested cooperation program may involve projects in the fields of fisheries, agriculture, forestry, vocational and agricultural training, housing, internal transportation and distribution, and public health. The group will also visit British Guiana, but has no plans to include a fisheries project for that country. SE a Sweden CONSUMPTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: The total Swedish catch of fishery products during the year ending August 31, 1953, amounted to 205,500 metric tons, aU. S. Embassy dispatch from Stockholm (November 19, 1953) reports. The salt- water catch totaled 166,400 metric tons landed in Sweden and 26,100 metric tons landed in foreign ports; the total fresh-water catch was estimated at 13,000 metric tons. In addition, fish caught for byproducts totaled about 20,000 tons. Production for the following year is estimated at about the same level. Consumption of fishery products in Sweden totaled 112,000 metric tons in the twelve-month period ending August 31, 1953. Of this, 82,000 tons was consumed fresh, 16,000 tons canned, and 14,000 tons salted. Consumption during the next year--ending August 31, 1954--is estimated at 115,000 metric tons. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 United Kingdom ment made in the British House of Commons the latter part of November 1953, A total of 30 trawlers and 5 factoryships are involved, reports the November 28 issue of The Fishing News, a British fishery periodical. Launching of these vessels will be at Lowestoft. The Russians are understood to be eager for deliveries. The proposed factoryships, it can fairly be assumed, will benefit by the designs of D. B. Cunningham who planned the predecessor of the Fairtry and is acknowledged to be a leading designer of factory vessels. It is understood that the contract will involve about £10 million (US$ 28 million). % ck ok Ok MORE ICELANDIC TRAWLERS LAND AT GRIMSBY: Icelandic-caught cod was offered to Grimsby fish merchants at a fixed price of 55s. per kit of 10 stones (53 U. S. cents per pound), reports the November 21, 1953, issue of Fish Trades Ga- zette, a British fishery magazine. This price is scheduled to remain in effect until April 1954. Only one merchant took advantage of the offer. Other dealers refused to bid on the fish; and a recent mail ballot among the dealers revealed they continue to endorse the ban on Icelandic-caught fish. One of a number of trawlers built in Britain for Iceland in 1948-49, Has several outstanding features including aluminum fish hold, 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 The resumption of fish landings at British ports is the result of an agreement between the Union of Icelandic Trawler Owners and a London businessman who has obtained an exclusive concession to handle Icelandic fish landings in British ports. The fifth Icelandic trawler to land at Grimsby since the ban unloaded a catch of 476,000 pounds, mostly cod, on November 19. The entire cargo went directly to the London businessman's plant at Pyewipe. A sixth trawler's catch of 364,000 pounds was unloaded and handled the same way. It was announced that there would be seven Icelandic trawlers landing at Grims- by each week. Cod has comprised practically the entire catch thus far, but it is expected that future landings will contain a greater share of haddock and plaice. MOK OK OK FURTHER DETAILS ON "HERRING-TO-SALMON" PROCESS: Further details on the processing of herring to resemble canned salmon in taste, smell, and ap- pearance were reported recently from London, It appears that the process consists of ''mixing bones, cooked herring, and other fish; adding salts, spices, a coloring matter, and emulsifying salts."' The product is sold under the name of ''Samoc" and production has been on a limited scale thus far. The product has been tested and found quite acceptable for sandwiches. Demand for the product is uncertain. It is not expected that it will become a serious competitor of canned salmon. NOTE: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1953, p. 38. LARGE STURGEON LANDED AT BOSTON A sturgeon (Acipenser sturio Linnaeus), measuring 9 feet 1 inch and weigh- ing 374 pounds, was landed at the Boston Fish Pier recently by the large otter =onE . trawler Phantom 35 miles off Cape Breten, N.S. Although it is notuncommon for stur- geon to grow tothis size, land- ings of this species are rare at Bostontoday. This speci- menhas beenfrozen and will * beused as a display at vari- ®* ous New England supermar- stirrer caught by trawler Phantom. kets. Specimens of sturgeon caughtin North Atlantic waters off New England and Europe have been recorded as long as 18 feet. One fish taken near Helgoland in the North Sea measured between 11 and 12 feet and weighed 623 pounds. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 Department of Commerce BUREAU OF FOREIGN COMMERCE NEW REGULATIONS PROPOSED FOR BRITISH TOKEN IMPORT PLAN: Pro- posed new regulations and procedures for operation of the British Token Import Plan in 1954 were announced on February 9 by the Bureau of Foreign Commerce. The new regulations were expected to go into effect about March 1, The only fishery commodity subject to the plan is canned lobster. The British Token Import Plan, established with the United States in 1946, en- ables eligible United States manufacturers or their agents to export to the United Kingdom token shipments of specified commodities whose importation from dollar sources is generally prohibited by the British Government. E Under the new proposed regulations, the basic prineiple of the Plan would be maintained. However, changes would be made in the procedure for certification of eligibility and the conditions upon which quotas would be allotted. The complete text of the new regulations was published in the Federal Register of March 4, Department of Defense FEES PROPOSED FOR PERMITS ISSUED BY ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS; The Secretary of the Army is considering a schedule of fees for the purpose of re- covering the cost of issuing permits for work in navigable waters of the United States under the provisions of sections 9, 10, and 14 of the River and Harbor Act of March 3, 1899. This action is taken in compliance with the provisions of Title V of the In- dependent Offices Appropriation Act, 1952(5U.S.C. 140), providing for recovering to the extent possible the cost of Federal services rendered, including the issuance of various types of permits. The proposed fee schedule follows: Estimated Cost of Work Noncommercial structures or facilities for Under $5,000 recreational craft; protective structures such ||$5,000-$25,000 as revetments, retaining walls, bulkheads, Over $25,000 groins, jetties, including dredging and filling | Classification Fee $ 25.00 75.00 150.00 relating thereto; and dredging of channels, slips, berthing areas, with dumping in desig- nated dis posal areas. 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 ae ; Estimated Cost Commercial structures used in water-borne Under $25,000 commerce and navigation including piers, $25,000 and over wharves, landing bulkheads, and related structures or work, Structures not used in water-borne commerce Under $25,000 and navigation suchas oil wells, water intakes, | $25,000 and over sewer outfalls, and related structures; and dredging for commercial shell,sand, and gravel. Dumping of materials in designated disposal Per dumper trip areas or at sea, Fish traps and pounds. | Gill nets Traps and pounds Under $50,000 $50,000-$500,000 Over $500,000 50% of original fee (maximum) Bridges, dams, and tunnels. Revised plans and extensions of time. This notice was published in the Federal Register on January 29, 1954, and an amendment thereto was published in the Federal Register on February 6, 1954. 4 bulletin from that Agency states, The contract period covering this purchase is from February 2, 1954, to June 30, 1954, The terminal delivery date is August 31, i 1954, Greece is authorized to make these FOA-financed purchases in the United States and possessions, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION PACIFIC OYSTER STANDARDS AMENDED: The Secretary of Health, Education, | and Welfare on January 6, 1954, promulgated an order that amended the definitions i and standards of identity for Pacific oysters. The amendments were made on the | basis of substantial evidence received at the public hearing held late in 1953. The al new regulations which appeared in the January 13, 1954, Federal Register are the same asthe proposals publishedin Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1954, p. 42. This order shall become effective onthe ninetieth day following January 13, the date of publication of this order in the Federal Register. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHING REGULATIONS FOR 1954 ISSUED: Alaska unprecedented conservation measures for 1954, designed to aid in restoring the pink salmon runs in Territorial waters, Secretary McKay announced February 19. The measures include the closing of more than half the fish traps in southeast Alaska and a virtual halt for a two-year period in pink salmon fishing in Prince William Sound. Bristol Bay oper- ators, fishing for red salmon, have voluntarily curtailed the amount of gear to be used in 1954, A quota of 50,000 barrels, about half the annual take in recent years, is placed on the herring catch in south- eastern Alaska. Use of mechani- cal drum seinesis barred in the y southeastern Territorial waters, Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) x pia Se Sele ae Sees ee ero Wey pone, The run of pink salmon in Alas- ka waters has been seriously de- pleted in recent years, Results of the 1953 season were among the poorest onrecord, McKay lauded the Alaska fishermen and the operators for their voluntary par- ticipation in the 1954 salmon conservation program, despite the individual sacrifices that will be borne by many, "The Department's interest is in a healthy fishing industry for Alaska,'' McKay said, "It is vital to the Territorial economy. It was plain after the 1953 season that drastic action would be necessary to reverse the downward trend of the salmoncatch, The spirit of cooperation which has been shown by the Alaskans in meeting this situ- ation augurs well for that future day when Alaskans assume sole responsibility for this important resource," The Alaska commercial fishing regulations will become effective 30 days after publication in the Federal Register of February 20, 1954, Southeastern Alaska purse seiners dramatically demonstrated their support of the new regulations by recommending closure of many of their best seining grounds, Trap operators in this same section agreed to the closure of 148 of the 266 trap sites held in 1953, The herring fishery of Southeastern Alaska has been at low ebb for the last four years, producing only about 100,000 barrels in each of these years. A regulation against the taking of herring for any purpose other than bait was considered. Bio- logical studies, however, indicated that the lack of herring was not due to overfish- ing but was related to survival of the various year-classes comprising the stocks of this area, The entering year-class in 1954 is expected to be larger than in any re- cent year. To permit continuity in sampling operations, the 1954 regulations place a quota of 50,000 barrels on the take of herring, This is about half the annual take of recent years and only slightly more than last year's take for the bait fishery alone, This small quota will permit a safe operation and continued study until the herring stocks increase, 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 "As in the case of the pink salmon curtailments,"' Fish and Wildlife Service Di- rector Farley said, ''the herring operators and fishermen are cooperating admira- bly in the restoration effort upon which the new herring regulation is based," Major changes in last year's regulations are as follows: 1, In Bristol Bay, the size of the fishing districts has been drastically reduced so that fishing within each district will be confined to local runs and thus can be more properly controlled by weir count, In addition, any migration of fishing boats from one district of Bristol Bay to another will require a 48-hour waiting period. This has been incorporated in the regulations in order to discourage indiscriminate migration from district to district. In addition, all fishing, except in Port Heiden, has been prohibited in the eastern portion of the Peninsula district on the approach routes of the runs to Bristol Bay. 2, In the Alaska Peninsula area, it has been necessary to close the eastern portion of the southside of the Peninsula because of the extremely poor condition of the pink salmon runs there. 3. In the Kodiak area, it has been possible to reduce the two-week midseason closed period to one week in anticipation of much improved runs of pinks. 4, In the Cook Inlet area, no changes of major importance have been made, Fishing will again be on the basis of two days per week. The Fish and Wildlife Service has explored the possibility of reducing the effort in Cook Inlet to one-half in order to provide for a longer-fishing week and better dis- tribution to the spawning grounds, In attempting to implement this objective, how- ever, no means of reducing the fishing effort equally among the various forms of gear could be found, and the matter was accordingly deferred for at least another year until it can be studied at greater length, 5, The pink salmon runs in Prince William Sound are in a very depleted condi- tion and it is proposed by the Service to close fishing in that area for the next two years, except in the Eshamy section. The small red salmon run in that section is in good condition and since the catch is controlled by weir count, this district is left open, 6. In the Copper River area, a continuous season from May 1 to September 18 has been provided. This should help in small measure to compensate to Cordova fishermen for closure of the pink salmon fishery in Prince William Sound during the next two years, 7. In Southeastern Alaska the fishing effort will be reduced about 50 percent for a two-year period to rehabilitate the seriously depleted pink salmon runs in that area, During 1954, 148 of the 266 trap sites in the region will be closed, and the number of bays closed to purse-seine fishing will be greatly increased. Seasons in this area have been adjusted to open and close earlier and extend over a longer period, permitting a greater take of early-run red and chum salmon and thus compensate the fishing industry in some degree for the closure of traps and seining grounds, At the same time, the Service will step up its stream-guard pro- gram so that catches sacrificed by the trap operators and seiners will not be lost to poachers. 8. It has been necessary for the Service to restrict the use of so-called "drum seines" in southeastern Alaska, Experience in British Columbia and Puget Sound indicates that the use of mechanical drums increase the effectiveness of purse-seine gear, particularly at times when salmon are relatively scarce, because of the greatly increased number of sets which may be made per day. It is believed that the use of drums shouldnot be permitted while the pink salmon restoration program is under way. ce March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 Interstate Commerce Commission LOWER FREIGHT RATES FOR CANNED GOODS: Railroads will be permitted per 100 pounds, effective February 4, 1954, the Interstate Commerce Commission announced recently. The reductions will apply to both east-bound and west-bound traffic moving between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts and intermediate points Treasury Department BUREAU OF CUSTOMS CONTROLS ON U. S. IMPORTS OF CHINESE-TYPE FISHERY PRODUCTS: The United States and five other countries during the past year have worked out pro- cedures to facilitate United States imports of more than 80 kinds of Chinese-type merchandise (including fishery products) certified as having been produced in those countries, The new procedures supplant the individual license requirements for imports of these Chinese-type items which had been in effect for most areas as a necessary ad- junct to the restrictive controls on imports of goods originating in Communist China and North Korea under the U. S. Treasury Department's Foreign Assets Control Regulations, These control regulations were inaugurated by the Treasury Department in De- cember 1950 under the Trading With the Enemy Act. The reguletions were brought into effect to prevent Communist China and North Korea from obtaining foreign exchange with which to further their aggression in Ko- rea. They arean essential part of the U. S. program to control all economic rela- tions with Communist China in order to deny Chinese communists access to U. S. supplies or assets in the United States. Under the Foreign Assets Control Regulations licenses generally have been re- quired for import of merchandise of Chinese-type even when the goods are alleged to have been produced in a country other than Communist China or North Korea. There are two broad exceptions to this general rule. First, exceptions are made for Chinese-type goods imported directly from specified countries which in the past have been large suppliers of such goods to the United States. The other involves the certification procedure already mentioned. Agar-agar is included in the list of Chinese-type merchandise subject to license if located in or transported from or through Hong Kong, Macao, or any country not in authorized trade territory. A U. S. import license, under section 500.204 of the regulations, is required. The geography and trade pattern of some countries, principally those adjacent to the China mainland, have posed special problems in enforcement of types of controls stringent enough to accomplish the desired objectives and at the same time flexible enough to permit a flow of trade between friendly areas, such as the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong and the United States. To facilitate import of goods actually the product of friendly countries principally affected by the control regulations, while at the same time preventing Communist 62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 China goods from entering the United States, arrangements were concluded for issu- ance by the governments of these areas of certificates of origin which would permit importation into the United States of specified goods. The certification procedure now is being operated by the Department of Com- merce and Industry of the Government of Hong Kong, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of the Government of Japan, the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Government of China in Taiwan (Formosa), and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Korea. A recent amendment extends the procedure to Western Germany, certification to be made by the Federal Ministry of Economics of that country. The procedure for the latter country relates to merchandise ex- ported after November 20, 1953. The certification procedure does not yet apply to all Chinese-type commodities produced in the specified areas and in demand in the United States. Fishery commodities for which certifications by the governments of the speci- fied countries may now be obtained and the dates, all in 1953, on which such certi- fications first became available are as follows: From Hong Kong: Oysters and oyster sauce, August 15; salt fish in oil, January 9; shrimp noodles, October 27; shrimp sauce and paste, August 15; shrimp slices, dried, October 27. From Japan: Abalone, canned or dried, August 25; cuttlefish, dried, August 25; fish, sea bream, canned and prepared, August 25; oysters, dried, Au- gust 25; sardines, dried, August 25; scallops, dried, August 25; sea- weed, dried, August 25; shark fins, July 30. In a further effort to assist importers, the Treasury Department has amended the import-control regulations by establishing a general license system, which au- thorizes the purchase, importation, and clearance through Customs of merchandise that has been properly certified to be not of Communist China origin by the appro- priate governmental agencies of the countries covered by the certification procedure. Thus for goods properly certified the importer need not apply for specific import li- censes, but he may present to collectors of customs properly issued certificates of origin, Collectors of customs have been notified of this provision. To insure that their operations proceed smoothly under the general license pro- vision, importers should present to collectors of customs original certificates of origin, not copies, which must specifically and fully describe the particular mer- chandise for which clearance through customs is sought. Furthermore, a certificate must bear a statement by the issuing agency refer- ring to the Foreign Assets Control Regulations and stating that it has been issued under procedures agreed upon with the United States Government. No merchandise may be imported under a certificate of origin except that shipped direct or on a through bill of lading to the United States from the country issuing the certificate. OK KK frog legs from Cuba continue to be properly dutiable at 8 percent ad valorem under the provisions of paragraph 1558 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as modified by the exclu- future of the shrimp resources in the Gulf of Mexico and recognizes the need for 3,| Fish and Wildlife Service is desirable and necessary in the development of such a pro- March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 sive trade agreement with Cuba (T. D. 51819). This affirmation was the outcome of an appeal by a New York importer against the decision of the New York Collector of Customs to assess a duty of 8 percent ad valorem. The importer believed that fro- zen frog legs should be dutiable at 13 cents per pound as fish (fresh or frozen, fil- leted, etc.) under paragraph 717 (b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as modified by GATT, (T. D. 51802) or at 3 cents per pound as game (other game, n.s.p.f.) under para- graph 704, as modified by GATT (T. D. 51802), Eighty-Third Congress (2nd Session) FEBRUARY 1954 Listed below are public bills and resolutions introduced and referred to com- mittees or passed by the Eighty-Third Congress (Second Session) and signed by the President that directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and allied industries. Pub- lic bills and resolutions are shown in this section only when introduced and, if pass- ed, when signed by the President; but also shown are the more pertinent reports, hearings, or chamber actions on some of the bills shown in this section from month to month. ALASKA STATEHOOD: Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs on February 24 formally approved final lan- guage of a committee amendment (in the nature of a substi- tute) to the billS, 50, and favorably reported this bill which provides for Alaska statehood. (S. Rept, 1028.) A petition(No. 7) requesting the House to consider H.R, 2982, the Alaska statehood bill, is now at the Speaker’s desk. DISTRIBUTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: H, R, 7641 (Bates) - a bill to further encourage the distribution of fish- ery products, and for other purposes; introduced in the House on February 2 and referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; similar to S. 2802, introduced inSenate January 22. H, R, 7671 (O’Nei) - introduced in the House on February 2 and referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries; similar to H, R. 7641. FAIR LABOR STANDARDS AMENDMENTS OF 1954: S, 2914 (Murray) - a bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, and for other purposes; introduced in the Senate on February 8 and referred to the Committee “Whereas the Gulf States Marine Fisheries | major.shrimp-research program in the Gulf Commission is deeply concerned about_the | of Mexico; and major shrimp-research program; and...e “Whereas the shrimp of the Gulf of Mexico | gram; and is one of the most valuable fishery resources in America; and on Labor and Public Welfare. This bill would increase the statutory minimum wage from 75¢ to $1.25 an hour; decrease the maximum work week from 40 to 37-1/2 hours during the first two years and then to 35 hours. The bill would also modify the blanket exemption of certain agricultural andsea- food processing workers. POINT 4 PROGRAM INVESTIGATION: S, Res. 214 (Mans- field) - a resolution calling for a full and complete study of the technical assistance and related programs authorized by Public Law 535, 81st Congress; introduced in theSenate on February 23 and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. SHRIMP RESOURCES STUDY: Congressman Brooks of Louisiana on January 18 extended his remarks in the House by submitting a resolution passed by the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission in mid-January. This resolution asks that a thorough study be made of shrimp resources in the Gulf of Mexico. The Commission’s resolution adopted at a special meeting held January 21-22 at Edgewater Park, Miss., as printed in the February 2 Congressional Record reads: “3. Development of marking techniques: Cost, $50,000 annually; estimated length of “Whereas assistance of the United States |’ time, 3 years. “4, Differentiation of species and stocks at all ages: Cost, $50,000 annually; estimated lengtk of time, 3 years. “Whereas the Gulf States Marine Pish- “5. An ecological study, including the fol- eries Commission named a committee of | lowing: (a) Mechanisms which transport “Whereas the number of. vessels and men | sctentists representing State and Federal | larvae into inside waters; (b) general ecology engaged in shrimp fisheries has vastly in- creased in recent years and the area of fish- ing has spread to far-distant grounds and although the catch has grown to an all-time high, the catch per unit of fishing effort has become reduced; and “Whereas the distribution of the various Kinds of shrimp in the Guif of Mexico and the species composition of the catch have changed strikingly in recent years; and “Whereas the member States are carrying out individual research programs which are inadequate; and > “Whereas the commission will serve as a coordinating agency for development of a conservation, agencies and universities and requested them to draw up a plan of biologi- cal research on the shrimp resources of the Gulf of Mexico; and “Whereas, according to such committee and in the opinion of the commission, thers is needed over and above the sums available for such research in the member States $554,000, based on an estimate as follows: “1. Establish useful. and adequate sta- | tistics: Cost, $80,000 annually; length of time, permanent. “2, Sampling the catch for size and spe-) cies composition: Cost, $59,000 annually; length of time, permanent. of nursery grounds; cost, $190,000 first year; $90,000 after first year; estimated length of time, 5 years. = “6. Maintain a record of man-made and matural changes in the physical environ- ment: Cost, $35,000 annually; length of time, permanent. “7, Purchase and maintain laboratory equipment: Cost, 640,000 annually. “8. Administration and publication of re= sults: Cost, $50,000 anually, length of time, permanent. “Now, therefore, be it “Resolved by the commission, That the United States Fish and Wildlife Service be 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 requested to join in such a program and |least one marine biologist from each mem- “Resolved, That the commission hereby make funds in the amount of $554,000 avail- |ber State to coordinate this program and re-| pledges its help and support to the United able as above set out; and be it port to the commission the findings resulting } States Fish and Wildlife Service in whatever “Resolved, That the chairman of the com- | therefrom in order that they might be pub-|faction may be necessary in Congress or other= mission appoint a committee composed of at | lished by it; and be it further wise to make these funds available.” WATER POLLUTION: H, R, 7644 (Buchanan) - a bill to poses; introduced in the House on February 8 and referred extend the duration of the Water Pollution Control Act, to to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Pro- authorize additional amounts for construction loans there- vides for the spending of an unexpended balance in the under, and for other purposes; introduced in the House on Treasury of $13,467,468.71 of Pittman-Robertson funds un- February 2 and referred to the Committee on Public Works. der the provisions of the Act of September 2, 1937. These funds would be made available to the States and Territories WILDLIFE RESTORATION PROJECTS: H. R. 7764 for wildlife restoration projects, Commercial fisheries (Angell) - a bill to provide that the United States shall aid Projects not included, the states in wildlife restoration projects and for other pur- FISHERIES ON TELEVISION A series of one-halfhour TV lessons on the fisheries of Chesapeake Bay was scheduledfor presentation by the Baltimore (Maryland) Depart- ment of Education. Thisis part of anexperiment to determine the value of TV inthe classroom, accordingto the Maryland Tidewater News. Twen- ty-three television sets were provided tothe Baltimore schools, but the programs were also for the general public as well as for the school pupils. Four topics were includedinthe series: (1) The Oyster; (2) Fishes of Chesapeake Bay; (3) The Bay Country; and (4) The Blue Crab. Much illustrative material was assembled for the television program, together with a comprehensive working story of the respective topics. Numerous city and state education departments are conducting or planning TV programs asa part of the curricula in geography, history, economics, and citizenship. The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries has available, on request, copies of three educational fishery films for television showing. These are on the Maine sardine industry, menhaden fishery, and the use of fish in school lunchrooms, In addition, Service home economists and market- ing specialists are available for TV demonstrations on the proper han- dling and cookery of fish and shellfish. A number of these demonstra- tions have already been given. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 “FISHERY INDICATORS CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds MASSACHUSETTS. CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1953 - 449.3 1952 - 504.7 1951 _- 547.6 12 MgS. 1953 - 241.6 60}18 , 1952 - 295.8 12 1951 = 220.9 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC FLORIDA LOUIS 1 ANAL/ 40 ‘GUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1953 - 67.0 - 1953 - 175. 1952 - 256. Ne 5 1952 - 62.5 1951 _- 182. 12 1951 - 64.9 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NEW JERSEY CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MgS. 1953 - 433.3 « 1953 - 138.7 120 12 1952 _- 220.6 i 1952 = 117.7 1951 - 93.4 —T UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC CALI FORNIA2/ CUMULATIVE DATA . 1953 = 38.0 i952 - 47.0 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MOS. 1953 - 544.0 120 12 i 1952 - 611.8 12 1951 - 806.2 1951 - 49.8 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ONLY PARTIAL--|NCLUDES PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS. 66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES In Millions of Pounds HADDOCK (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA » 1953 - 122.1 1952 - 141.2 1951 - 134.1 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV _DEC SHRIMP Gulf Statesl/ including Florida West Coast) CUMULATIVE DATA - 1953 - 177.4 1952 - 156.1 1951 - 154.7 OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) » 1953 - 153.9 1952 - 189.0 1951 _- 258.3 WHITING (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA «= 1953 - 63.4 1952 - 72.8 1951 _- 78.7 0 JAN FEB MAR_APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC T/A. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COMPLETE. In Thousands of MENHADEN (East and Gulf Coasts) 280 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MgS. 1953 - 807.7 feo = 1952 - 643.8 12 1951 - 552.0 (California) CUMULATIVE DATA » 1953 - 29.9 PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL NOV. DEC 1952 - 82.9 1951 - 59.3 o>. JAN FEB MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC P| LCHARD (California) CUMULATIVE DATA 1953/54 SEASON, TOTAL - 1952/53 SEASON, TOTAL - 1951/52 SEASON, TOTAL - 12! 1953/54) —— 1952/53 AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC .JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. — JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH (California) CUMULATIVE DATA ~ 1953 - 183.1 1952 - 179.8 1951 - 173.2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS + In Millions of Pounds U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS 0 JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS_/ Iw JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH. MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGSS/ GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS4/ 0 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC B/OHIO, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR., & KANS. 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN. WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC *Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 16, No. 3 . CHART 4- RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS pate In Millions of Pound I OL Le AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET. (FRESH AND FROZEN) CUMULATIVE DATA |! COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2/ 22 12 MQS. 1953 - 170.1 20 12 i 1952 - 174.2 12 1951 - 171.2] I/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND D/RECT VESSEL LANDINGS AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS (FRESH AND FROZEN) CHICAGO JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC BOSTON COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS SEATTLE WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (FRESH & FROZEN) CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CHART 5- FISH MEAL and OIL PRODUCTION - U.S. and ALASKA FISH MEAL | FISH OIL In Thousands of Tons (In Millions of Gallons) CUMULAT | VE DATA 12 ees 1953 - 219.3 12 Nee © 194.7 12 1951 189.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT _OCT NOV. DEC “JAN FEB MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS In Thousands of Standard Cases TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL!/— CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1953 - 8,388.2 1200)73 MRS- G52 = 2057.9 1951 - 7,440.3 oq JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN. FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/1NCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL. ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA 2800 CUMUL. VE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1953 - 1,537.2 TOTAL 1953 SEASON - 2 , 882. 1 1952 - 7867.5 2400}roraL 1952 SEASON - 3,530.5 1957 - 77.4 O TAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC STANDARD CASES 1953 - 2,451.9] 1952 - 3,457. 1951 - 1,603.6 Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net Wat. % drawn 3% Oz. = 5 oz. No. 4 tuna 6&7 oz. No. | oval |-pound tal] + |b. SHRIMP - GULF STATES CUMULATIVE DATA (CUMULATIVE DATA 1953/54 SEASON, TOTAL - 4 | > | /\ 1953/54 SEASON, 1952/53 SEASON, TOTAL ~ ! AUG.~JAN. 1951/52 SEASON, TOTAL - 2,3 1952/53 SEASON, AUG.-JAN. - 1952/53 SEASON, TOTAL AUG.-JULY - 893.7 0 AUG SEPT OCT NOV _DEC | JAN "FEB MAR_APR_ MAY JUNE JULY. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds GROUNDFtSH (INCLUDING OCEAN PERCH) FILLETS, FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH, FRESH & FROZEN P FRESH & FROZEN CUMULAT LVE_DATA. 12 M 1953 - 91.4 24s ie 1952 - 108.0 JAN FEB MAR_APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOVSDEC JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SHRIMP, FRESH & FROZEN, FROM MEXICO LOBSTER & SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH & FROZEN CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA te MQS. 1953 - 41.7 n 1952 - 39.0 ie 1951 - 38.3 SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1953 - 23.2 Ne 1952 - 30.3 1951 - 39.6 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV ‘DEC CANNED SARDINES CANNED TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH (IN OIL) (IN OIL AND NOT IN OIL CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1953 - 14.9 B Mgs. 1953 - 45.0 12 1952 - 18.1 n 1952 - 21.4 1951 _- 14.1 iS 1951 - 27.8 FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC March 1954 Tae Oe a ee * Ae ee he 2s “ws COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW pl c= =; + fa # pew mme-- set aba st OITA Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed below. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS = CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. FL -=- FISHERY LEAFLETS. SL - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-936 - Fish Meal and Oil, October 1953, 2 p. CFS-937 - Florida Landings, September 1953, 6 p. CFS-938 - Texas Landings, October 1953, 3 p. CFS-940 - Frozen Fish Report, December 1953, 8 p. CFS-941 - Mississippi Landings, October 1953, 2 p. CFS-942 - New Jersey Landings, October 1953, 2 p. CFS-943 - Maine Landings, October 1953, 5 p. CFS-944 - Fish Meal and Oil, November 1953, 2 p. CFS-945 - Florida Landings, October 1953, 6 p. FL-359 - Manufacturers of Equipment for the Fish Proc- essing Industries (revised), 6 p. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised): SL-2 - New Hampshire, 1953, 1 p. SL-10 - Maryland, 1953, 10 p. Number Title Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised) (Cont.): SL~-12 - Virginia, 1953, 12 p. SL-14 - South Carolina, 1953, 2 p. SL-15 - Georgia, 1953, 2 p. Sep. No. 365 - Drum Seining--A New Development in the Puget Sound Salmon Fishery, Sep. No. 366 - Vitamin Content of Fishery Byproducts-- Part I - Effect of Processing Methods on Riboflavin, Nicotinic Acid, and Vitamin By9 Content of Solubles and Meal, Sep. No. 367 - Tech. Note No, 29--Effect of Salt on the Stor- age Life of Salmon Eggs Preserved with Sodium Bisulfite, THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATION 1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED: Landings and Prices of Fishery Products, Boston Fish Pier, 1952 (Includes an Analysis of Boston Fishery Landings and Trends), by T. J. Risoli, 23 p., processed, December 1953. (Available free from the Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Fish marketing trends and conditions in Boston for 1952 are discussed in this publication, Detailed data on landings and weighted average prices of fish and shell- fish landed at the Boston Fish Pier during 1952 are pre- sented, Statistics are given by months and species, to- gether with comparative data for previous years. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. How to Cook Clams, by Kathryn L, Osterhaug and Rose G, Kerr, Test Kitchen Series No, 8, 14 p., illus., printed, 1953, 20 cents. Generously illustrated, this booklet is No, 8 in the Service’s Test Kitchen Series of fish cookery publications released by the Service’s Branch of Com- mercial Fisheries, and contains 27 choice recipes for cooking clams. These recipes were developed by home economists of the Service at Seattle, Wash., and College Park, Md. Some of the easy-to-prepare yet out-of-the- ordinary recipes included are stuffed clams, clam au gratin, clam poulette, deviled clam loaf, baked clamhash, sour cream clam pie, clam and spaghetti casserole, and clam and ham scramble, Instructions on how to buy and shuck clams are also found in this booklet. The Pacific Salmon, Circular 25, 2 p., illus., printed, 5cents "1953. Describes very briefly the life history of the five species of salmon native to the Pacific Coast from San Francisco to northeastern Alaska, Although natural re- production is desirable because of its economy, the hatch- ery is becoming increasingly necessary to maintain the resource where natural reproduction has become wholly or partly impossible, Diagrams showing the natural life cycle of salmon and the hatchery contribution and a typical salmon hatchery are presented, Interesting facts about salmon are also presented, 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBL! CATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MENTIONED. IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Twelfth An- ual Meeting, 163 p., illus., processed, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Mt, Vernon, New York, December 1953, Presents the complete minutes of three general sessions and four section meetings of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission which took place October 8-9, 1953, at New York, N. Y. Under the North Atlantic Section of the report are included discussions of projects dealing with sea scallops; clams; shad; yellowtail flounder; lobsters; ocean perch; dragging operations; trash fishing; reconstruction of the U. S, Fish and WildlifeServ- ice’s Woods Hole Laboratory; cooperative striped bass program and racial studies; haddock mesh sizes; proposed compact between Massachusetts and Connecticut for res- toration of Atlantic salmon in Connecticut River; freezing fish at sea; exploratory fishing for tuna; and catch statis- tics. Under the Middle Atlantic Section there is a discus- sion of projects dealing with sea scallops; dragging oper- ations; statement on social legislation in marine fisher- ies; Delaware River Anadromous Fisheries Management Act; Pennsylvania clam sizes; cooperative striped bass program on racial studies; waste disposal off Cape May; waste disposal off New York harbor; clam investigations; New Jersey sport-fishing inventory; fluke size limits; butterfish; catch statistics; dams in the Delaware River; shad investigation; menhaden studies; New York weakfish (sea trout) study; and sport-fishing licenses. The Chesa- peake Bay Section includes discussions of projects con- cerned with croaker; blue crab; cooperative striped bass program; shad; growth of soft clam industry; weakfish (sea trout) situation; Chesapeake Bay Institute; Potomac River oyster situation; joint legislative seafood study; catch statistics; status of Chesapeake sport fishery sur- vey; and statement on social legislation in marine fisher- ies. Under the South Atlantic Section a discussion of the following programs is included: cooperative offshore re- search program; shad investigation; shrimp report; li- cense fees and severance taxes; Florida fishery law revi- sion; Oyster Laboratory at Beaufort, N, C.; catch statis- tics; gear development; cooperative striped bass program; bluefin tuna; conference of Georgia legislators; transpor- tation of fresh shrimp; license fees salt-water fishermen; and social legislation in marine fisheries, The following are among the papers included in the appendices: ‘‘Status of Proposed Federal-State Striped Bass Research Pro- gram,’’ by Edward C, Raney; ‘‘Freezing Fish at Sea,’’ by Joseph F, Puncochar; *‘Exploratory Fishing for Tuna, North Atlantic,’’ by John J, Murray; ‘Summary and Ex- planation of the Saltonstall Bill, S. 1731,’’ by Branch of Commercial Fisheries; ‘‘Trash Fishing Operations,’ by Statistical Section; ‘‘Haddock Mesh Size,’’ by Charles H, Lyles; and ‘‘Gear Development Progress in Underwater Listening Experiments and Television;’’ by Virgil E. Harris. The Behavior and Reproduction of Salmonid Fishes in aSmall 66 p., illus., printed. Bureau of Marine Fisheries, Depart- ment of Fish and Game, San Francisco, Calif., 1953. De- scribes a study undertaken principally in order to obtain information regarding the extent of natural mortality dur- ing the egg and larval stages of certain salmonid fishes in a small California stream, to gather essential knowledge of the spawning behavior of these fishes, and to compare the results of such observations with similar evidence DATA ON PRICES, from other waters. Part I describes the spawning be- havior of silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), king salm- on (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), Part Il describes the reproduction of the salmonid fishes, the Redd sampling program, loss in arti- ficial propagation, aspects of losses in natural propagation, and makes a comparison of artificial and natural propaga- tion, (British Columbia) Provincial Department of Fisheries Re- port (with Appendices for the Year Ended December 31, 1952), 110 p., illus., printed, Provincial Department of Fisheries, Victoria, B.C., 1953. The first section of this report is devoted to an analysis of British Columbia’s 1952 production and value of fishery products, the canned salmon pack, and a review of the salmon canning industry. Also discussed are the other canning industries (pilchard, herring, tuna, and shellfish), the production of processed fish (mild-cured salmon, dry-salt salmon, dry-salt her- ring, and pickled herring), the halibut fishery, fish oiland meal, net fishing in non-tidal waters, value of Canadian fisheries and the standing of the provinces for 1951, spe- cies and value of fish caught in British Columbia, condition of British Columbia’s salmon-spawning grounds, and the herring investigation, The second section includes the fol- lowing articles: ‘‘Contributions to the Life-History of the Sockeye Salmon (Paper No. 38),"’ by D, R, Foskett; “‘Re- sults of Investigation of the Herring Populations on the West Coast and Lower East Coast of Vancouver Island in 1952-53, with an Analysis of Fluctuations in Population Abundance since 1946-47,” by J. C. Stevenson and D. N, Outram; ‘‘Report of the International Fisheries Commis- sion, 1952;"" *‘Report of the Activities of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission for 1952;’’ and the **Salmon-spawning Report, British Columbia, 1952.’ Sta- tistical data on the British Columbia fisheries are also included, tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D, C., January 23, 1954. This report em- bodies the findings of the Commission on Foreign Eco- nomic Policy, which was constituted pursuant to Public Law 215, 83d Congress, Ist. session, approved August 7, 1953. It is a composite of the thinking of the group as a whole, Concurrences or dissents which express signifi- cant differences are included as separate statements. The report discusses and makes recommendations on the post- war dollar problem, foreign aid and technical assistance, United States foreign investment, problems of agriculture and raw materials, United States dependence on imported materials, tariffs and trade policy, adjustment to increased imports, labor standards in international competition, re- lated problems of trade adjustment, and currency convert- ibility. The report attempts to shape a new foreign trade policy for the Eisenhower Administration. (Also see Com- mercial Fisheries Review, February 1954, p. 25.) icacion, 15 p., printed in Spanish. (Reprint from Boletin Mensual de la Direccion de Ganaderia, Ano XXXIV, no. 1, March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM. Ganaderia y Agricultura, Montevidio, Uruguay, 1953, De- scribes the method used in estimating the apparent con- sumption of fishery products in Uruguay; and presents Statistics on and discusses ways and means to increase the consumption of fishery products. “A Comparison of Objective Tests for Quality of Gulf Shrimp,” by E. A. Fieger and J. J. Friloux, article, Food Technology, January 1954, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35-8, illus., printed, single copies of periodical: domestic US$1, for- eigh US$1.15. The Garrard Press, 119 West Park Avenue, Champaign, Ill, (Published by the Institute of Food Tech- nologists.) Freshly-caught Gulf shrimp stored in crushed ice were sampled daily for chemical, bacteriological, and organoleptic tests. The correlation of the results of the chemical and bacteriological data to quality and spoilage is discussed, Chemical, bacteriological, and organoleptic studies were made daily on samples taken from ice-stored fresh headless shrimp. Of the four chemical tests used to determine quality, the tyrosine reaction was shown to be of little or no value, Determinations of trimethylamine nitrogen and volatile acids were of value in indicating whether spoilage had occurred, but did not give informa- tion of prespoilage changes, Significant increases in bac- terial plate counts preceded by 2 or 3 days similar in- creases in volatile acids and trimethylamine nitrogen val- ues, Amino nitrogen values decreased with increasing Storage time and correlated quite well with taste-panel tests of flavor and quality. The results of taste-panel testing is of particular value to the shrimp industry. Dur- ing the first seven days of ice storage, the shrimp gradu- ally lost their characteristic sweet flavor. This was fol- lowed by a period of seven days during which they were tasteless. Beyond 14 days’ storage, spoilage occurred with the development of off-flavors. It is postulated that loss of quality during the early period of storage is mainly caused by autolysis and with longer storage spoilage oc- curs mainly through bacterial action, “The Determination of Volatile Reducing Substances (V.R.S.) as an Aid in Quality Control of Fish Products,’’ by Lionel Farber and Anne Cederquist, article, Food Technology, December 1953, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 478-80, printed, single copies of periodical: domestic US$1, foreign US$1.15, The Garrard Press, 119 West Park Avenue, Champaign, Ill, (Published by the Institute of Food Technologists.) The concept of quality is discussed from two points of view; namely, the distinction between an acceptable or wholesome product and one that is not, and the extent to which a given commodity meets some ideal condition or standard, Illustrative data have been presented showing the possible application of the determination of the content of volatile-reducing substances as an aid in evaluating the aforementioned aspects of quality. Data for the content of volatile nitrogen compounds have also been included, Ex- perimentally-obtained data for volatile-reducing and nitro- gen compounds in commercial samples of raw and canned fish have been presented, The results show that the Vola- tile Reducing Substances method offers a means of accu- rately and practically assessing the quality of a fish prod- uct, both in the sense of its wholesomeness and fitness for use and of attempting to establish grades, classes, or rat- ings as an approach to some condition considered ideal or Most desirable for the particular commodity, To accom- plish the above purposes, ranges of V.R.S. values for each product will have to be determined, as well as the distri- bution of the V.R.S, values within each grade or class, illus,, printed, DM26 (about US$6.50). E. Schweiserbart’ sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Erwin Naegele), Johannes Street 3/1, Stuttgart, West Germany. This work presents a detailed and excellent description of the fisheries onthe west coast of Sweden, An introductory section describes the areas covered (mainly the Skagerak, Kattegat, and Sund) as well as the ocean currents prevailing in these areas, the depths which influence greatly the fishing there, and the salt content of the waters, temperatures, light ab- sorption, and the nutritive values of aquatic production, The second section contains a most valuable history of Sweden’s fisheries, reaching back to the 11th century. The author has found evidence of large herring catches as ear- ly as the year 1000 A, D, During the later centuries her- ring remained economically the most important species caught on the west coast of Sweden, With the abundance of herring, wealth came to Sweden, If there was a failure of the herring catch, there followed a period of impover- ishment., Some of the author’s statements on the period- ical changes of the herring catch and the resulting changes in the welfare of thefishing industry easily may be applied to some United States fisheries. The second section closes with a description of historical fishing methods and gear formerly utilized in the fisheries of Sweden, The third section contains the description of present-day fishing, The most important fisheries--cod, herring, eel, sprat, haddock, sea pike, flounder, and mackerel--are described - in many details, as well as the gear and vessels used, mesh sizes preferred, areas fished, average tonnage of fish caught, and the number of fishermen employed and active in full-time commercial fishing, Photographs of gear and of actual fishing add to the excellent presentation of the facts and figures. Section four contains statistical data on the catches from 1936 through 1950 by areas and by species. The 1950 data also contain values of the catches by areas andby species, A special appendix shows the num- ber of fishermen, gear, vessels, and catches (quantities and values) by species for the governmental districts of Goteborg, Bohus, and Halland. In section five the distribution of the catch is described. .“*Public Auctions’’ and “‘Cooperative Selling’’ are the two main methods of distribution at the fisherman’s level. Since 1934, fish prices are protected in one way or in another by government regulation. Min- imum prices have been in effect since 1946. Imports are subject to license, They are also subject to a fee of 5 per- cent of the invoice value. Also, exports are licensed within the restrictions necessitated by the precarious food situa- tion prevailing generally in Sweden. The per-capita fish consumption in Sweden in 1950 was 17 kg (37.4 pounds), Section six contains data on manufactured and processed fishery products, Salt cod and canned herring are the two main products manufactured. The following section (seven) describes number and location of fishermen, fishermen’s villages, number and value of boats, vessels, and gear used, (On the average, the Swedish fishermen turns over his in- vested capital twice per annum, while the United States fisherman turns it over only once.) The blueprints of boats and vessels in this section are of great help to the reader interested in the construction of fishing boats or vessels. Section eight deals with the organization of the fishing in- dustry, the distribution of the profits (by shares) and the size of the crews on the different vessels. It further de- scribes some fishermen’s cooperatives and other industrial associations of fishermen, wholesalers, and retailers of fish, The two final sections (nine and ten) contain valuable material on Sweden’s fishery administration and fishery legislation. The fishery administration unit maintains re- search vessels and laboratories; a fishery loan fund for gear, motors, and vessels; a fishermen’s accident insur- ance; a fishermen’s school; and a statistical and an econom- ic service, The legislation mostly refers to the determina- Die Schwedische Westktistenfischerei (The West Coast Fish- eries of Sweden), by Ss Rosen (Vol, VII, part 3a, Hand- 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM. —) tion of ‘‘domestic waters;’’ regulates mesh sizes and types of gear to be used; and for certain species establishes a legal minimum size, The United States reader will find in Dr. Rosén’s book a well-prepared presentation of Sweden’s most important fisheries, which will enrich his general knowledge of the fisheries and at the same time stimulate thinking on the many unsolved problems facing the United States fisheries. --R, A. Kahn “Experiments with the Harbour Seal, Phoca vitulina, a Definitive Host of a Marine Nematode, Porrocaecum decipiens,’’ by D. M, Scott, article, Journal of the Fish- eries Research Board of Canada, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 539-47, printed, C$3.25 per volume, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, November 1953. The Atlantic cod, Gadus callarias, and several other marine fishes in inshore Canadian waters are commonly infested with a parasitic nematode, Infestation experiments carried out in 1947 and 1948, as described in this paper, showed that the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, was a definitive host of a larval nematode found in the flesh of the Atlantic cod, Gadus callarias; smelt, Osmerus mordax; Canadian plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides; and eelpout, Macrozoarces americanus, Adult worms recovered from experimentally infested seals were identified as Porrocaecum decipiens. Some larval Porrocaecum in the four species of fishes studied were P, decipiens, The worms lost their larval characteristics by moulting between the third and sixth day following introduction into the seal. Sexual matura- tion proceeded rapidly after the eleventh day and some males and females matured before the twentieth day, Ma- turation was accompanied by a distinct increase in size, “Fisheries Rehabilitation in North Idaho,’’ by Paul Jeppson, article, Idaho Wildlife Review, vol. VI, no. 3, November- December 1953, pp. 10-11, illus., printed. The Idaho Fish and Game Commission, Boise, Idaho. The control of un- desirable species of fish is important as a fisheries man- agement method in north Idaho where these species make up the greater portion of the fish found in many lakes and larger rivers. When an area has been productive of game fish but a natural increase of trash fish is evident, it is usually sound management to attempt to control the un- desirable species, In Idaho, seining, trapping, gill-netting, poisoning, shocking, dynamiting, or draining for the pur- pose of taking undesirable fish are limited to operations conducted or closely supervised by the Fish and Game De- partment. Hoop nets, gill nets, drag seines, dynamite, and rotenone are used in lakes, and hoop nets, dynamite, and rotenone in rivers as the principal methods of removal or eradication. Comparatively few fish are taken from the rivers; however, experiments conducted on the St. Joe River indicate that large numbers of squawfish and suckers can be eliminated in dewatered channels of the river during the late summer low-water period by using rotenone. From 20 to 60 tons of trash fish, principally tench and suckers, have been taken annually from the waters of north Idaho by State-supervised fishermen using hoop nets. Fisheries Year-Book and Directory, 1952-53 (Incorporating the World Fisheries Year-Book, North Atlantic Fisheries Year-Book, and the Herring Exporters Manual), edited by Harry F. Tysser, 404 p., illus., printed, British-Conti- nental Trade Press Ltd., 222Strand, London, England, An international reference book and directory of the fishing and fish-processing industries, The articles which make up the first part of the book cover the following subjects: The British Fishing Industry; Denmark’s Fishing Industry; The Icelandic Fisheries; Federal Germany’s Seafisheries and Fish Imports; Around the World (covers the fisheries of the More important countries); Refrigeration Progress; Smoked Salmon Trade Expansion; Smoke-Curing of Fish; World Distribution of Food Fish; International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; English Fishery Research; Progress Report from the Torry Research Station; Fish- ing Nets--A World Index; Fish Oils; The Use of Measur- ing and Controlling Instruments; Developments in Fishing Vessel Construction; and Developments in Canning Tech- nique. The first part of the book also contains a fish sup- ply calendar (tabulated by kind of fish, area of catch, and months of supply); a list of trade journals of interest to the fishery industry; a list of organizations and trade asso- ciations; and a dictionary of fish names. The second half of the book is a directory which lists names, addresses, and other particulars on firms in various branches of the fishery industries, grouped by countries. The lists in- cluded are: (1) exporters and curers, quick freezers, trawler owners; (2) importers and wholesalers; (3) fish canners and preservers; (4) machinery and equipment for fish processing, refrigeration, etc.; (5) packing machinery, materials, etc.; (6) supplies for fisheries (ship builders and repairers, ship chandlers, nets and cordage, instru- ments, and other equipment); (7) fish byproducts (meal, oil, vitamins, etc.); and (8) cold storage and transport. Also included is a list of trade marks and names and a buyers’ guide and classified list of advertisers. “Fishing in the Whirlpool of Charybdis,’’ by Paul A, Zahl, article, The National Geographic Magazine, November 1953, vol, CIV, no. 5, pp. 579-618, illus., printed, 65 U. S. cents per issue. National Geographic Society, Washington 6, D.C, Myriad strange creatures inhabiting sunless ocean depths generate brilliant patterns of cold light like that of fireflies. To study these deep-sea fishes, the author spent several months at the Strait of Messina, between Sicily and the Italian mainland, where a rich variety of marine life is periodically swept up by whirling currents and strong winds. This article describes in detail the search for deep-sea fishes in the Messina whirlpools, and presents the author’s unique series of color photographs of deep-sea fauna, ‘essed, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, April 1953. (United Nations Econom- ic and Social Council, General Report E/CN 12/325.) The original report was presented at the Fifth Session of the Economic Commission for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 9, 1953.) This paper contains an interpre- tation and compilation of facts and data which have been made available to FAO through the work of experts in the field or by information supplied by the countries involved in the postwar study of the problems of economic develop- ment of the fisheries in Latin America, Latin America as a whole has shown steady progress in the development of its fisheries since the end of World War II, and in certain restricted areas in Chile, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico there are already the nuclei of large fisheries in- dustries, including the processing industries such as freez- ing and canning. The industry in general is, however, still at an elementary stage of economic development where primitive techniques and small-scale production prevail. The main economic causes of the low level of fish produc- tion in the region are low productivity per fisherman, de- fective techniques in marketing and transportation, con- sumer discrimination in favor of other foodstuffs, the avail- ability of other sources of food supplies competitive in March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- IGE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM. price and nutritional value, and, principally, the inadequate purchasing power of the lower income groups. Food short- ages during the war provided incentives for the capital in- vestment which led to large and successful exploitation of fisheries resources in a few areas of Latin America, (4-1/4 years old) and 24 cm. (9-1/2 in.) at the end of the ninth growing season (8-1/4 years). Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission Fourth Annual There is still an incentive to much greater capital invest- Ment either by the governments, private sections of the economy, or by foreign investment in all Latin American countries, That incentive is the large potential domestic market which, with provision of steady supplies of fish at stable prices and, above all, with improvements in proc- essing, transport, and sanitary distribution, will become an active consumer’s market, Statistical data on landings of fish and shellfish, imports, and exports for the various Latin American countries are contained in an appendix. The first part of the report discusses labor productivity in fishing; equipment; labor; production; freezing, curing, canning, and byproducts industries; demand and prices; foreign trade; investments; and industrial organization and government intervention, Projects and prospectives of fisheries development in Latin America are presented, NOTE: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1958, pp. 42-44, “The Growth Rate of the American Lobster (Homarus ameri- canus),"’ by D, G, Wilder, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. X, no. 7, pp. 371-412, illus., printed, C$3.00 per volume in Canada and the United States, and C$3.25 in other countries, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, September 1953. Data are presented on the natural growth of larvae, and on the growth of marked 15- to 25-cm, lobsters, recaptured 4 to 12 months after release. An attempt was made to estimate the ages of the smaller commercial-sized lobsters inthe Northumberland Strait area, Towing with a plankton net especially designed for the capture of lobster larvae was conducted in the western part of Northumberland Strait be- tween Richibucto, N.B., and Miminegash, P.E.I., from mid- June to late September each year from 1948 to 1952, Cara- pace measurements of lobster larvae caught in the western part of Northumberland Strait showed that in this areathe natural growth in length per molt is 34.4 percent from stage 1 to stage 2, 31.8 percent from stage 2 to 3, and 30.3 percent from stage 3 to 4. The seasonal distribution of the first four larval stages was determined from plank- ton tows made continuously from mid-June to late Sep- tember each year from 1948 to 1952. To determine nat- ural annual growth, lobsters of 15 to 25 cm., total length, were sorted into five or six size groups and were dis- tinctively marked by means of holes punched through the tail fan. These were liberated on six widely separated fishing grounds in the Maritime Provinces, Recoveries of these marked lobsters 4 to 12 months after release showed that in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 15- to 20-cm., lobsters grew 8 to 9 mm, (13 to 15 percent) in carapace length, 22 to 25 mm, (13 to 14 percent) intotal length, and 80 to 95 grams (45 to 53 percent) in weight. In southern Nova Scotia and Grand Manan 20- to 25-cm, lobsters grew 10 to 12 mm. (13 to 15 percent) in cara- pace length, 27 to 34 mm, (12 to 15 percent) in total length, and 170 to 220 grams (43 to 54 percent) in weight. From the carapace length of 4th-stage larvae and straight-line equations relating carapace length before molting and carapace length after molting, the average carapace lengths of lobsters in stages 5 to 20 were calculated, From observations and calculations on the growth per molt and molting frequency, it is estimated that in the Northumberland Strait area lobsters reach a length of 14 cm. (5-1/2 in.) at the end of the fifth growing season Report 1952-53 (to the Congress of the United States and to the Governors and Legislators of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas), 27 p., printed, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, 312 Audubon Bldg., New Orleans 16, La, Contains the Commission’s activities for the period October 1952-October 1953. Summarizes the principal activities of the marine fisheries adminis- tration of each of the Gulf States in the interest of bringing about the proper utilization of the fishery resources. Plans for future investigations are presented, Included areshort discussions of the U, S. Fish and Wildlife Service activi- ties in biological research and exploratory fishing in the Gulf area, Describes an oceanographic survey of the Gulf of Mexico and oyster investigations, A financial report of the Commission is included. (international Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fish- eries) Annual Proceedings for the Year 1952-53, vol. 3, 88 p., illus., printed, International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N.S., Canada, 1953, At the third annual meeting, the Commission decided to establish its publications in two annual series, a ‘‘Statis- tical Bulletin’’ and an ‘“‘Annual Proceedings.’’ The Sta- tistical Bulletin will deal with the fisheries statistics of the convention area, mainly those for the year in question, but also with statistics for former years collected and compiled by the Commission, The Annual Proceedings will contain the Commission’s reports for the year in question: the administrative report, the report of the an- nual meeting, summaries of research by participating countries, certain scientific papers especially prepared for the annual meeting, and an annotated list of papers of special interest to the Commission’s work. The present Annual Proceedings includes an administrative report and financial statements for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1953; report of the Third Annual Meeting; and summaries of research during 1952 by countries and subareas. Pre- sents the following scientific papers specially prepared for the annual meeting: ‘Identification of Major Ground- fish Stocks in Subarea 4 of the Northwest Atlantic Con- vention Area,’ by W. R. Martin; and ‘‘Knowledge of Di- visions of Stocks of Cod, Haddock, Redfish, and American Plaice of Subareas 3 and 2 of the Northwest Atlantic Con- vention Area,’’ by W, Templeman, Also includes the fol- lowing contributions to a special meeting on long-term hydrographic changes and their effects on fish stocks in the Northwest Atlantic area; ‘Introductory Remarks,”’ by J. L. Kask; ‘‘Changes in the Distribution of Marine An-- imals in New England and Middle Atlantic Waters in Re- lation to Changes in Temperature,’’ by Clyde C, Taylor and Herbert W, Graham (authors’ abstract); ‘‘Long-Term Changes in Hydrography and Fluctuations in Fish Stocks,”’ by A. Vedel Taning; and ‘‘Long-Term Changes in Hydro- graphic Conditions and Corresponding Changes in the A- bundance of Marine Animals,”’ by Wilfred Templeman and A, M, Fleming. “Ionizing Radiations for the Control of Fish Spoilage,”” by J. T. R. Nickerson, E. E. Lockhart, B. E. Proctor, and J. J. Licciardello, article, Food Technology, January 1954, vol, 8, no. 1, pp. 32-4, illus., printed, single copies of pe- riodical; domestic US$1, foreign US$1.15. The Garrard Press, 119 West Park Avenue, Champaign, Ill, (Pub- lished by the Institute of Food Technologists.) A study was made of the effect of cathode rays on control of fish 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- HEM. ICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING spoilage caused by bacteria, Haddock fillets were irradi- ated with supervoltage cathode rays and then stored at 360- 40° F. The dose levels used were 4 x 105, 5 x 109, and 6 x 105 rep at 2 m.e.v. and 6 x 105 and 7 x 10° rep at 3m. e.v. Standard plate counts, trimethylamine nitrogen anal- yses, and organoleptic examinations were made on the ir- radiated and control samples at the start and after 2 to 6 weeks of storage at refrigerator temperatures above freezing, The results showed that high-voltage cathode rays may be used to destroy bacteria on haddock fillets, thereby extending the storage life of such products when held at refrigerator temperatures above freezing. Much lower doses of ionizing radiations were used for this pur- pose than would be required to destroy all microorganisms that might be present on fish fillets. From the standpoint of destruction of bacteria and the extension of storage life at temperatures of 369-409 F, (2.20-4.4° C.), energies of 3 m.e.v. gave better results than energies of 2 m.e.v. at the same dose level. This indicates that some penetration into the flesh of the fish fillet is necessary to bring about an effective destruction of microorganisms, Statistical analysis of the results of organoleptic tests made on ir- radiated samples held as long as six weeks at 369-40° F. and on controls preserved by freezing indicated that their- radiated samples might be considered acceptable, “Israel's Fish Problem,’* by H, W. Richardson, article, For- eign Trade, vol, 14, no. 365 (December 26, 1953), pp. 23-4, printed, single copy 10 Canadian cents. Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada, (Available from The Queen’s Printer, Government Printing Bureau, Otta- wa, Canada, Describes Israel’s young fishing industry which provides only one-third of the fish consumed inthat country. Consumption has dropped from 45 to 32 pounds per capita a year because of several factors. Import re- strictions are severe and as long as Israel’s payment problems remain acute, there is little likelihood of a more liberal policy. At present Israel buys her fishfrom soft-currency countries, Then there is the matter of price; imported fish sell at higher prices because of changes in exchange rates. Additional problems involving the fish supply are the smaller local fish production be- cause of poor deep-sea catches, food rationing, and apop- ulation swelled by continuing immigration, A short de- scription of Israel’s fishing industry is included. (Japan) “Marking Experiment of the Young Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Pacific Coast of Hokkaido, 1949-52,”” by Heihachi Kondo and Hitoshi Kitahama, article, Bulletin of English. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Labora- tory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan, November 1953. Describes the results of marking experiments conducted on the Pa- cific coast of Hokkaido since 1949, These experiments were made to clarify the relation between the spring her- ring of the Japan Sea coast and the young herring of the Pacific coast of Hokkaido and to determine the migration route of the young herring, A general outline of the sea- sonal movement of the young herring was made fromthe results of the tagging experiment, and it was confirmed that the herring in various districts on the Pacific coast are of the common group. Recovery of one fish on the Japan Sea coast suggests a relationship between the Pa- cific coast’s young herring and the Japan Sea’s spring herring, The Life History of the Cabezon, SCORPAENICHTHYS MARMORATUS ‘Ayres), by Charles P. O’Connell, Fish Bulletin No. 93, 80 p., illus., printed. Bureau of Marine T Ete Fisheries, Department of Fish and Game, San Francisco, Galif., 1953. Describes the cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), a species of minor economic importance which has gained considerable popularity during the past 15 years in the California sport fishery. In view of the sixfold increase in sport landings of the cabezon since the end of the war, the drain on the population may conceivably reach proportions capable of diminishing the stock in the foreseeable future. Should increasing demand for the cab- ezon eventually elevate it to a position of greater economic importance in the California catch, a knowledge of its bi- ology would be desirable, To this end, the information here presented will facilitate further study of the species and ultimately contribute to its management, Statistical data and discussions are included on the commercial and sport catches, range and habitat, food and feeding, repro- duction, larval development, length-weight relationship, age and growth, and color variations of the cabezon, **Pilchard Shoals in South-West Australia,’ by A. M, Rapson, search, vol, 4, no. 2, November 1953, pp. 234-250 and Plates 1, 2, & 3, illus., printed. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Commonwealth Scien- tific and Industrial Research Organization, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne C.2, Victoria, Australia, The dis- tribution of pilchard shoals from echo-sounder records, obtained on the fisheries research vessel Warren be- tween Albany and Esperance, is described, Data from echograms and ring-net catches are used to estimate the density of fish in shoals. A method of estimating the num- ber of shoals of pilchards per acre has been developed, using the sounder as a surveying instrument. The quantity of shoal pilchards on two parts of the coast has been cal- culated. Dispersal of shoals when feeding conditions are good is deduced after examination of pilchard stomachs and N70 tow-net hauls. Movements along the coast arein- ferred from the distance shoals must travel to obtain a full feed, The selection and avoidance of certain classes of food are discussed, The manner in which shoals come to the surface is described, and observations are made on behavior of fish in surface shoals. ‘*A Possible Initial Condition for Red Tides on the Coast of Florida,’’ by L, Basil Slobodkin, article, Journal of Ma- rine Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 148-55, illus., printed, $1.50 per number. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., 1953. Describes a study of the conditions which exist when red tides occur on the coast of Florida, According to the author, ‘‘It is considered likely that red tide outbreaks are initiated by the occurrence of discrete masses of water which differ in salinity and chemical characteristics from the normal water of the Florida coast. The abnormal nutrient concentrations found in 1947 can be explained on the basis of vertical stratification of the or- ganisms, Upwelling or other purely marine phenomena are superfluous assumptions. Once the nutritional require- ments of the dinoflagellates are satisfied, the limiting con- dition for a bloom is the rate of diffusion of the physiolog- ically suitable water mass. Prediction of red tides will depend on intimate knowledge of coastal drainage and hy- drography. Prevention of most red tides may be possible by altering the drainage pattern of the Charlotte Harbor- Calloosahatchee estuary region.”” “Preliminary Experiments Using Lights and Bubbles to De- flect Migrating Young Spring Salmon,”’ by J. R. Brett and March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77 — C$3.00 per volume in Canada and the United States, andC$3.25 in other countries. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, November 1953. The problem of altering the downstream migratory path of young salmon, with a view to their safe passage around destructive barriers, is one of prime importance in fisheries conservation. Ex- periments to deflect young spring salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during their nighttime migration by means of a beam of light and/or a ‘‘wall’’ of bubbles were conduct- ed in a canal near Courtenay, B.C. By use of hoop nets it was discovered that under natural conditions no significant difference existed in the respective catches of the spring salmon underyearlings moving downstream on either side of the canal. A significant difference was obtained, how- ever, when a narrow beam of light was directed into the water at a downstream angle in front of one net. A reduc- tion to about one-third the expected catch resulted with either continuous or flashing light. The ‘‘wall’’ of bubbles, in a similar position, did not reduce the catch, Cutthroat trout fry and hatchery-reared Kamloops trout fingerlings were not deflected under these conditions, “‘The Problem of Sea Water Pollution,’”’ by John W, Mann, article, The Department of StateBulletin, December 7, 1953, vol. XXIX, no .754, Publication 5301, pp. 775-80, printed, 20 cents per issue, (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.) For well over half a century governments have legislated separately against the preventable release into their navigable waters of polluting refuse matter, The discharge of oil and oily water, with consequent fouling of beaches and harbors, fire hazard, and injury to fish and wildlife, has been particularly objection- able. In some countries shipowners and petroleum associ- ations have conducted studies and voluntarily taken pre- ventive measures. The subject has also been considered internationally and is presently being studied under the auspices of the United Nations. This paper discusses oil pollution as an international problem, and describes the presentation of the problem to the League of Nations, and action by the United Nations. “*Responses of Coho and Chum Salmon Fry to Current,’’ by Dixon MacKinnon and William S, Hoar, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol, 10, no. 8, Pp. 523-88, illus., printed, C$3,.00 per volume in Canada and the United States, and C$3.25 in other countries, Fish- eries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Novem- ber 1958. Pacific salmon, dwelling in the turbulant streams on the mountainous west coast of North America, must re- act to currents which change drastically from day to day and from place to place, A difference has been observed in the character of response which coho fry (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum fry (O, keta) make to currents, This erence seems to explain, in part, why the former spe- cies remains in the rivers while the latter moves into the sea, This paper describes the current-preference exper- iments which were conducted at Nile Creek, B.C., during the spring and summer of 1950, and at Port John, B.C., in 1951 and 1952, Chum and coho salmon fry respond posi- tively to changes in water flow by swimming against the current. The magnitude of the response varies with the intensity of the current, Currents eliciting optimum re- sponse differ for the two species, Both species respondto the stronger of two parallel laminar currents but, after a time, coho fail to discriminate between small differences while the chums move continuously into the greater flow. No evidence of adaptation is apparent in a two-hour period with rapid complex turbulences, In turbulent water coho fry make a sharper initial response than chum fry but do E, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES TSSUIN Nar THEME not seem to maintain the peak response over as wide a range of turbulences, ‘‘Sea Life in the Arctic,’’ article, Trade News, November 1953, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 3-5, illus., processed. Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, For seven successive years the Fisheries Research Board of Canada has sent atrained team of scientists northward wresting more and morese- rets about sea mammals, fish, and other related subjects from comparatively little known waters. Even the waters themselves are being measured for temperatures, salin- ity, density, and oxygen. The reason for these yearly trips is primarily to expand Canada’s knowledge of marine resources, which could serve to raise the living standards of the natives. The Calanus, a combination experimental fishing vessel and floating laboratory, has been used to carry out the progressive research program into the phys- ical and biological oceanography of Canada’s Eastern Arc- tic waters, and the results so far are presented in this paper. ‘The State of Maine’s Best Seafood Recipes, 30. p., illus., ~ printed. Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, anion Maine, The Maine Development Commission and Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries have gath- ered together in this booklet many fine recipes, developed by Maine housewives, for cooking the fish and shellfish taken from the waters just off the coast of Maine. These recipes have been passed down from mothers to daughters for generations. Recipes for baked, boiled, fried, and broiled fish and shellfish are presented, Recipes for stews, chowders, casserole dishes, canapes, spreads, and salads are also included, as well as a guide for buying fish. The booklet has some fine color illustrations, “The Use of Catch-Effort and Tagging Data in Estimating a Flatfish Population,’’ by K. S, Ketchen, article, Journalof the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 10, no. 8, _ pp. 459-85, illus., printed, C$3,00 per volume in Canada and the United States, and C$3.25 in other countries, Fish- eries ResearchBoard of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, Novem- ber 1953. The purpose of this paper is (1) to compare the estimates of a population of flatfish as obtained through the use of information on catch-effort and tag recoveries, (2) to demonstrate how the DeLury method may be extended with the aid of tagging data to account effectively for im- Migration and emigration, and (3) to use the results of this extension in company with data on catch and rate of ex- ploitation to compute the total stock of fish. By a modifi- cation of the DeLury method an estimate is made of the stock of lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus) on the fishing grounds in Hecate Strait, British Columbia, The methodis based on (1) the trend in catch of tagged fish per unit of ef- fort in relation to accumulated catch of tagged fish, and (2) the trend in catch of untagged fish per unit of effort in re- lation to accumulated catch of untagged fish, At the start of the experiment 4,72 million pounds are estimated tohave been present, while during the experiment 3,74 million pounds entered the area of fishing, 3.26 million pounds emi- grated from it, and 2,54 million pounds were caught. A Petersen-type estimate based on the ratio of tagged to un- tagged fish was 4,70 million pounds present at the start of the experiment--practically identical with the one derived from catch-effort information, Total population for the year 1950 is estimated at 9,8-12.2 million pounds, including catch and possible emigration prior to the experiment, the stock on the fishing grounds at the start of the experiment, and the immigration subsequently, The average annual sur- vival rate of age VIl-age IX lemon soles in Hecate Strait 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 16, No. 3 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- | ICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENC —_—) has decreased from 0.770 to 0.614 during the period of growth of the fishery, 1944-1951. From this difference the average rate of exploitation is estimated as 16 to 20 percent and the average population as 8.9 to 11.5 million pounds, Since this range is nearly the same as the range described above, it is concluded that almost the whole of the Hecate Strait stock was accessible to fishing in 1950, which was a year of unusually high production, Twentieth Century Fund, New York, N. Y., 1953. This massive volume is the sole work of the authors and was prepared without the aid of research workers or collab- orators. Included in its almost 1,300 pages are 497 tables, 338 figures, 37 pages of source references, an alphabet- ical list of authors, and a subject index, Chapter 20, ““Fisheries,’’ covers 32 pages, including 12 tables and 6 figures. It represents a review of broad fishery fields, largely from the 53 fishery reference works listed inthe source of references. The major topics discussed inthe chapter includeLife in the Water, Major Fishing Areas, Products of the Sea, Fishery in the Past, Fishery Today, Whaling and Sealing, Conservation of Marine Resources, and Outlook. Under Outlook the authors report that fish do not supply an important part of the diet in many coun- tries, only 3 percent of the food and 2 percent of thepro- tein coming from this food source. But the fisheries do have advantages. They replenish themselves, and, while not inexhaustible, the resources are very large. And probably ‘‘fish supply proteins and fats at a much lower cost at the point of production than livestock.’’ The more important obstacles to fuller development of marine resources are listed as ‘‘insufficient knowledge of marine ES ISSUING THEM. life, insufficient recognition of the food value of fish, con- servatism in eating habits, and lack of international co- operation in the management of marine resources.’’ The Chapter on Fisheries comes under Part III, which is devoted to Agriculture. The other four parts of the book deal with Man and His Environment, World Needs and Resources, Energy and Mining, and Manufactures, --A, W, Anderson TRADE LISTS The Commercial Intelligence Branch, Office of Inter- national Trade, U. S, Department of Commerce, has publish- ed the following mimeographed trade lists. Copies of these lists may be obtained by firms in the United States from that Office or from Department of Commerce field offices at $1.00 per list: Canneries - Norway, 15 p. (August 1950). Includes canneries of fishery products, Lists the names and addresses, size of firm, and type of products packed of all canneries in Norway. Canneries,- Denmark, 9 p. (November 1953). Includes Camneries of fishery products. Lists the names and addresses, size of firm, and type of products packed. Only the more important plants have been included in this list. ‘‘The main factor in the Danish canning in- dustry is the meat processing industry, but canned fish products have also assumed importance in recent years,’’ the report states, FOSSILIZED FISH FOUND IN NORWAY A school of some 40 fossilized fish were recently discovered em- bedded in rock in the district of Ringerike, Norway, about 30 miles north of Oslo. be 350 million years old, Of a previously unknown type, the fish are estimated to Completely intact with heads, eyes, tails, and fins clearly outlined, the fossilized specimens were identified as belonging to a group known as cephalaspids, one of the earliest vertebrate types. The find was made by Dr. Robert Denisen of the Chicago Museum of Natural History, and professors Leif Stormer and Anatol Heintz of the Paleontological Museum in Oslo, The Paleontological Museum in Oslohas a rare collection of prim- itive fishes, sea scorpions, and crustaceans, discovered in the same district back in1911 by professor Johan Kiaer of Oslo University. One oF the sea scorpions, now on display at the museum, is over 31 inches ong. March 1954 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CONTENTS CONTINUED : Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): Formosa (Nationalist China): United Kingdom: Fisheries Production Goal for 1953 Lowered ... 42 To Build Trawlers for Russia....... eatete France; More Icelandic Trawlers Land at Grimsby .... Ignites PIES 5 po ocddacn00RDD0DGGG0a00 CB Further Details on ‘‘Herring-to-Salmon”’ Marketing Developments in the Fisheries ..... 44 IPFOCESSEarueneyehenstetetenslicneriovencharte na0000gD Fish Canning Industries...........+...+.. 44 |FEDERAL ACTIONS: ...........--cee-+ee Sardine Canning Industry ..........22e2++. 44 Department of Commerce: Greenland: Bureau of Foreign Commerce: Fisheries Affected by Revised Trade Regulations 44 New Regulations Proposed for British Token Iceland: Import Plan,..... oo ooOODOD HO DUoO AOD Trawlers eae Rich Ocean Perch ee Department of Defense: Off Greenland, Bae crass, Guavcieie isla ous eters) OO Fees Proposed for Permits Issued by Army India: Corps of Engineers podooomoOooooONdG Norway Aids Fisheries .....-.0+eee2eeeess 40 Foreign Operations Administration: Japan: Greece Authorized to Purchase Canned Fish... Anchorage Sought for Tuna Vessels in U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: TiS? MEMO SIS G55 000obuOddoCDDDND 46 Food and Drug Administration: Japanese Vessels to Fish for! American Samoa Pacific Oyster Standards Amended......... THE GANOAY So 06000 DoD0Dd0KDDONNN 46 Department of the Interior: Fishermen Object to Large Experimental Vessel Fish and Wildlife Service: on South Sea Tuna Grounds............ 47 Alaska Commercial Fishing Regulations for North Pacific Salmon Fishing to be Expanded ir in 1954 Issued...... 2 eet ils le AGL rt AB Se Ie soo paoodaD Oe DO0N O peNreReuar sae Rete micas Interstate Commerce Commission: Republic of Korea: Lower Freight Rates for Canned Goods ...... Seaweed Industry, 1952 .........0-2+e0- oo G8 Treasury Department: Mexico: Bureau of Customs: Industry Seeks to Revoke Export Taxes ...... 49 Controls on U. S. Imports of Chinese-Type Closed Spiny Lobster Season ..... sheep enenh KAS. IST Ay PEWS 5ogacac00000000000 Import Duties on Fishing Nets Thereased aieladewen 49, Customs Court Decision on Duty for Frozen Export Surtax on Shark Fins and Marine Algae GubanikrogiWegshueseeeeicenetereieicione fans Reducediteyaeyeeietenen cles FOO. BO.cKO coogom BD) Eighty-Third eS (Second Session), Norway: Bebruanyelo54enereeececreene 6 Oot O0"6 Consumption of Fishery Products, 1952/53 ... 50 | FISHERY INDICATORS: 50.0000 010100 oco0006 Fisheries Trade Fair 1954...... ereieners 500 | 8D) Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States . Panama: Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries ..... Fishing Law Proposed..........- eon eto OL Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Portugal: FisheryiProductsSmep cher neccietotonsotelcietens Large Tuna Catches Off Azores ........--- 52 Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold- “Storage Holdings ofl Fisheries Review.........c.++:e-6 igeoes 52 Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Spain: Genters ge feretencuenene (ecuover ol sieieierenavoisucnerciet eke Fish Canning Trends, October 1953......... 53 Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production, United Fish Meal and Oil Production in 1952 Below StatessandvAlaskay. to wveve este cl nea) caetoensdtven Domestic Requirements ..... Scdneveveiote ietntey OF Chart 6 - Canned Packs ich Selected ERSney Surinam; Products’ Star. ais je wuskecseie seis letones suave ayoncte U.S. Technical Aid for Fisheries ...... Soo abe Chart 7 - U.S, Fishery pradvcis TOOTS Gobo Sweden: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: ........... Consumption of Fishery Products .........- 54 Fish and Wildlife Service Publications : Miscellaneous Publications . yf Sng Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe 79 Page JNustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Betty Coakley, and Kathlyn Brophy OOK OK OK ok Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho- tographer for each ch photograph in this issue. were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown, Cover--N. B. Wigutoff; p. 56--T. J. Risoli. INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., Photographs on pages not mentioned D.C. 57399 WUHAN The experimental work by the Fishery Products Laboratory (Ketchikan, Alaska) and the Experimental Fur Station (Petersburg, Alaska) in feeding mink with waste from the salmon canneries is summarized in Fishery Leaflet 405, Salmon Cannery Waste for Mink Feed. SALMON CANNERY WASTE FOR MINK FEED For years, whole salmon has been the most economical and easily obtain- able mink food from late fall to early spring andis still the preferred ration in- gredient of most mink ranchers in Alaska for winter feed, but since early in the 1940's salmon prices have been | steadily rising. As a result salmonisnolonger aneconom- | ical mink feed. Regulations governing the taking of this fish have become more stringent with the result that now it is impractical to feed whole salm- on to mink. Ina search for an econom- ical feedingredient available in quantity to replace whole salm- on, the Experimental Fur Sta- tionat Petersburg, Alaska, in- stituted several feeding studies in 1945, 1946, and1947. These studies utilized different per- centages of salmon heads (ob- tained from Petersburg, Alaska, canneries) in the mink and fox diet. The re- sults of these trials varied considerably andin general were inconclusive. They showed the necessity of further work. The Fishery Products Laboratory at Ketchikan, Alaska, has made a number of studies designed to find practical uses for the waste from salmon canneries and hence cooperated with the Experimental Fur Station in this study of the use of salmon waste inthe dietof mink. In this study the main concern was in deter- mining the suitability of salmon cannery waste either raw frozen or processed as the main component of mink rations. These are the conclusions arrived at by the authors: (1) Frozen pink salmon cannery waste shows considerable promise as the main protein portion of the ranch mink diet. (2) Both adult and kit mink (3 months or older) made better weight gains when fed raw frozen salmon waste than when fed any of the other fish products tested (processed pink salmon waste, frozenflounders, frozen pink salmon heads, frozen redrockfish, frozen whole pink salmon, frozen ling cod, and frozen hali- \, but heads). | (3) Frozen raw pink salmon waste is a more satisfactory protein ingredient than the processed waste when used for feeding female mink during the breeding and gestation period up to the weaning of the young. i (4) Subject to further tests, the authors are unable to recommend feeding pink salmon waste to young mink approximately 1 to 3 months of age. Fishery Leaflet 405is availablefree fromthe Division of Information, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.