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Vol. 17, No.4 , | 1955

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

DOUGLAS McKAY, SECRETARY

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
JOHN L. FARLEY, DIRECTOR

A. W. Anderson, Editor
J. Pileggi and J. J. O'Brien, Assistant Editors

Mailed free to members of the fishery and alliedindustries. Address correspondence and requests to
the: Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Service is not an endorsement. The Service is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of this publicationhave not been copyrighted and maybe reprinted freely, refer-
ence to the source will be appreciated.

The printing of this publicationhas been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, Novem-

Contents Continued Page 93

ber 5, 1952.
CONTENTS
COVER: Preparing to bring a good catch of bottom fish aboard the Service’s exploratory
fishing vessel John N. Cobb. In 1954 the vessel explored the Prince William Sound area
off Alaska for bottom fish and shellfish (see p. 6).
Page

Use of Underwater Television in Fishing-Gear Research (Preliminary Report), by Reidar F.Sand ...... B i

Bottom Fish and Shellfish Explorations in the Prince William Sound Area, Alaska, 1954, Py E. A. Schaefers, K, iat’

Smith vandiMakRaGreenwoodenre-ieierietennevenehenekeneieneneislclihorete ROB oUMUD Ope Goad e006 Bo Oa obo 06 6
Page Page

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: ..... a PR) TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):

Oyster-Processing Research for Atlantic and Saltonstall-Kennedy Act Fishery Projects (Contd.):
GulfiCoastssDyiGaphitleCeummrebers/creiereistenerciele 29 Service Allots More Funds for Florida Red

Weight Changes During the Cooking of Fish PLidesWorkepareteieirercic chelenckeronenene Sia) sioner 45
Sticks DY) JejEOIStonlsy.cieiey eieversioieieleracichene 30 South Carolina;

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: .........--- 34 More Precooked Seafoods Being Processed .. 46
Additions to the Fleet of U.S. Fishing Vessels . 34 Sport Fishing License Sales Continue Upward
American Samoa: Trend eee cos wreneevedchousus BislBicnoco25 S106 O10 47

Tuna Cannery Resumes Operations ..... eiehs 34 U.S. Foreign Trade:
California: Edible Fishery Products, December 1954 ... 48
Southern California ‘Fish Week” ...... 34 Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- Products); 1954.) ci pateicaals.clocepsvoteicusrstetok mMREES
December L954) wrayer eeenerelencicnetenerodcneheh tek 35 Shrimp Imports, 1954 .,............. 50
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products ..... 6 35 Misclassification of Imports of Pearl Essence
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: and Fish-Scale Extract .....e.c2cccccccs 51
Depth Range of Red Shrimp Found to Vary with Washington:
Season by Oregon (Cruise 29).......-.. 36 Chinook Salmon Feeding and Migratory Habits
Haddock Fillet Promotion Campaign Progresses Studied ererencreneicietecicnenereiclelensieortenene 51
WEN Gobe@o0opooooaoD do OoGOdCOdC OOS 37 Wholesale Prices, Februaty 1958... 4... 52
Maryland; MONDE Geopodocacoduo0s sjolalsilofletc/ fet elialte 54
Finfish Catch Record System Revised ..... 38 International:
New England Exploratory Fishery Program: International Labor Organization:
Shrimp Explorations Continued in Gulf of Maine Governing Body Approved Study of Fishermen's
by Delaware (Cruise 3) ...... Bro cS Oicun 39 Working Conditions ........2.e2e+ee 54
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com -
Petrale Sole to be Tagged by John N. Cobb off mission:
Vancouver Island ......ceceeeesceee 40 Sockeye Salmon Regulations for 1955..... 54
Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations: Territorial Waters:
Albacore Tuna Found over Broad Area North- United Nations Seeks International Legislation
west of Hawaii by John R, Manning (Cruise on Continental Shelf and FisheryConservation 55
QOMPArt Iter ctaces aie coterie oa oanananeeeteds 40 Trade Agreements:
Skipjack Tuna Found Scarce in Winter off Line U. S.-Ecuador Trade Agreement to be Termi-
Islands by Charles H, Gilbert (Cruise 19) .. 42 NAted W/svareveveiiclctettenenstaskerciole norerenveetete 57
Pacific Salmon Investigations: Australia:
Salmon Upstream Migration Studied with Un- Record Spiny Lobster Catches in Western Aus-
derwater Sonic Devices ......0+eeec00: 43 tralia sacteverwareurieieneretone Neots ciopig 1) et
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act Fishery Projects: British Orders. for Canned Tuna Save Australian
Fisheries Advisory Committee Meeting Called 43 Tuna Fishing Season ......2e2ceececece 58
Service Opens New Fishery Statistical Office 44 Imports of Fishery Products from Russia, July-
Service Lets Contracts for Southern Oysters Studies 45 Sept: 195452 3 eke i ee ence necetceatene 59
Service to InvestigateScallop and WhitingFisheries 45 Shore-Based Whaling Season Successful in 1954 . 59

April 1955 Washington 25, D.C. Vol.17, No.4

USE OF UNDERWATER TELEVISION IN
FISHING-GEAR RESEARCH (PRELIMINARY REPORT)

By Reidar F, Sand*
BACKGROUND

Direct observation ofa midwater trawl net in operation was a joint field project
conducted by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U. S. Navy's Bureau of
Ships in early November 1954. This was the first practical demonstration in this
country of the application of underwater television as a research tool for experimen-
tal work infishery meth- —
ods and equipment.
Dubbed operation" Fish-
eye’ by participating
members of the field
party, the television
broadcast in the clear-
er Gulf Stream waters
off the east coast of
Florida was carried out
cooperatively by per-
sonnel from the Serv-
ice's Coral Gables and
and Pascagoula Stations
and the Navy's Bureau
of Ships, Washington,
D.C. Representatives
from the Navy Diving
School, the Navy Photo
Center, Geological Sur-
vey, andthe University
of Miami Marine Labo-
ratory also participated.

Fig. 1 - The RCA ITV-5 camera unit is inserted into the watertight housing. Camera
lens is a Kodak 16 mm, Cine Ektar lens with wide angle adapter.

Research in the
field of fishery methods and equipment has been hampered by the limited access to
direct observation of fishing gear in operation. Advances in design and construc-
tion of nets, trawls, and other gear have come about largely as the result of trial
and error, or have been based on scanty information obtainable from work with mod-
els, or by information supplied by the efforts of divers working with underwater cam-
eras. With the advent of television into underwater research in other fields, recog-
nition of the possibilities of the adaptation of the instrument as a means of securing
direct observation of fishing gear and methods led to the assignment of such a proj-
ect to the Service's Exploratory and Gear Development Station at Coral Gables, Fla.
Here, in cooperation with other agencies at work in the field of underwater televi-
sion at home and abroad, the gear research unit made preliminary investigations

toward the adaptation of a standard vidicon television chain to underwater operation.

* Chief, Gear Research and Development Program, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Development Section, Branch of Commer-
cial Fisheries, U.S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Coral Gables, Fla.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

Over a period of two years many preliminary experiments were made to pre-
pare the television chain for this initial demonstration, as well as to gather basic
data useful in the development of television as a general gear research tool. Even
‘though the sensitivity of the television camera is much greater than the human eye,

% F ace “Te RAY & eis “megs : many mechanical and technical

a ae a a / modifications were necessary to

pe. ey ES ae : utilize the maximum picture po-
tential, Frequent complete check-
overs and maintenance repairs
resulted from the residual effects
of salt air, dampness, and even
short periods of inactivity. A
separate generating set was in-
stalled aboard the Service's 57-
foot research vessel Pompano to
provide an adequate 110-volt a.c.
power supply for the television
chain, In addition to the sync-
pulse generator built into the chain,
an auxiliary unit was often neces-
sary to stabilize picture quality
under field conditions.

Fig. 2 - Complete TV chain used in these experiments. Left to right: The television camera was
watertight housing, TV camera, multiconductor cable, control moni- housed in a watertight steel cyl-
Re: inder and connected by a flexible

multiconductor cable to a remote control monitor aboard the research vessel. In
this manner the camera becomes a sort of remote eye under the operator's control.
Such a system can conceivably be operated at much greater depths than a diver can
withstand and for much longer peri-
ods of time without the risk attend-
ant to a diver operating an ordinary
underwater camera.

By comparison of available data
on underwater photography proce-
dures and progressive experimental
UW-TV operations, optimum and
favorable conditions for the use of
UW-TV in gear research were in-
vestigated. Considerations of the
critical angle of sunlight and various
surface conditions suggested more
favorable results couldbe expected
with a slight ripple on the water than
ina flat calm. In the clearer waters
such as those of the Gulf Stream off
Florida, as much as 50 percent nat-
ural sunlight could be expected at
depths to25feet. Aperiodfrom 9:00
in the mornig to 3:00 in the after-
noon, with favorable atmospheric
and hydroscopic conditions, was found
to be optimum for work with the vi-
dicon television system. Effective-
ness of the television camera maybe sharply reduced by molecular diffusion of light
or by suspensions of organic and inorganic matter in the water. This may be some-

Fig. 3 - Early experimental mounting of TV housing on submer-
sible sled. Camera set for side viewing.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

what offset through the use of water contact lenses. At depths in excess of 30 to 40
feet, where color tends to go to shades of blue and green, white or yellow indicated
the greatest persistence
for visual observation

of trolled lures, otter
boards, and trawl nets.
Due to the refraction of
light, lens coverage was
reduced by approximate-
ly 25 percent while the
camera submerged, The
use of a wide-angle lens
afforded greater facility
in viewing, witha mini-
mum blurring of image,
in most instances over
limited distances.

Various methods of
approach were investi-
gated tofind suitable sim-
ple mechanical appreca-
tions of the existing equip-
mentfor the study of the
particular problem men-
tioned above and for basic
gear research as well,
Early experiments were
conducted by simply lowering the camera housing overside to depths of 40 feet, The
addition of metal or wooden fins or rudders to the watertight housing allowed ittobe
towed at speeds up to 3 and 4 knots while submerged. By mounting the camera ina
fixed position on a sub-
mersible sled with direc-
tional or stabilizing chains,
a towed object could be
viewed at comparable
speeds. The speed of the
vessel and the setting of
vertical and horizontal
stabilizers on the sled
controlled the distance
and attitude of the vessel
to the camera, and the
camera to the object. In
this manner a towed net
might be viewed from the
front, the top, or lateral-
ly at different angles. An
alternate simple arrange-
ment for observation of
trawl nets was affixing the
camera housing to a trol-
ley and lowering it down
the length of the towing

Fig. 5 - Camera housing mounted on sled for rear viewing. warp. By this means good
front views were obtained
of trolled lures, trawl nets, and otter boards at depths to 40 feet.

pe
p
a . ee
5 See
» SRN?

. '
Wi ail

Fig. 4 - TV camera housing is adjusted on a submersible sled for downward view-
ing, Vertical and horizontal stabilizers can be preset.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

During a joint cruise (November 1-15, 1954), the UW-TV equipment was used
to observe and photographically record further tests of a modified Swedish "'phan-
tom'' midwater trawl. The vidicon
television chain was employed aboard
the Pompano to observe laterally the
action of the midwater trawl and ac-
cessories, while the trawl was towed
by the Service's 100-foot exploratory
fishing vessel Oregon, At the same
time from the Oregon, an image or-
thicon camera in a special watertight
housing affixed to an experimental sub-
mersible was used to view the trawl
from the front. Good viewing was ob-
tained at depths in excess of 60 feet,
and at distances of more than 60 feet.
Both moving picture and still photo-
graphs were made of the television
observations. A limited amount of
work with underwater artificial light-

Fig, 6 - Front view of model 20-foot midwater trawlas seenon ing to improve conditions for televi-
TV monitor screen aboard M/V Pompano, Trawl doors were Sion obServation was also carried out
painted white with alternating dark stripes for better viewing. aboard the Pompano during this peri-
Trawl was 20 feet beneath surface, with TV camera approxi oq ##The use of standard diving lights
mately 30 feet ahead of trawl mouth, 5

with reflectors and photofloods afford-
ed improved illumination to limited distances. Considerable variation has been
found in individual reflector lamp ability to withstand pressures in workable ranges.
Tests suggested that controlled arti-
ficial illumination should afford great-
er efficiency, but particular physical
arrangements of lightsand television
camera are required for optimum re-
sults.

As a result of these experiments,
it is indicated that an underwater tel-
evision chain can successfully be uti-
lized as a means of observing fishing
gear in operation. While image or-
thicon television equipment is certain-
ly desirable from the standpoint of
greater sensttivity and definition, it
remains a comparatively complex in-
strument. The picture quality of vi-
dicon television equipment is some-
what less in comparison but should Fig, 7 - side view of forward part of Swedish ‘‘phantom’’ midwater
prove to be generally adequate for trawl (modified) as viewed with the TV camera about 40 feet from

conditions of limited viewing distances the trawl, towed at a depth of 60 feet. Top and bottom wings and

wherever favorable illumination is amount of vertical net opening are shown, White objects attached
A to head and foot ropes are trawl floats and planes.

provided,

CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND USE

The size of any submersible television camera unit is of importance for easein
handling and maneuverability under field conditions, An extremely desirable fea-
ture for an underwater television vehicle would be some scanning facility for the cam-

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

era in both azimuth and elevation, The ability of the unit to hover, to be placed on
the bottom, or to be propelled at speeds in excess of 3 to 4 knots would also be of

great value. The gear research unit at Coral Gables now has under construction a
prototype of such a submersible television vehicle which will afford some scanning
facility for the camera. An improved remote iris control is also being developed.

Fig. 8 - Experimental prototype tripod arrangement supporting remotely-controlled submersible power unit, with TV cam-
era pressure cylinder mounted in a spherical free-flooding external housing capable of scanning 360° in azimuth and 90°
in elevation, Left: rear view with half of spherical housing removed; right: front view.

The value of UW-TV as an aid to investigations in marine biology and in lim-
nology has been shown. In addition to gear research work in the commercial fish-
eries, it may prove to be of assistance in the delineation and harvesting of clam
beds and of oyster and scallop beds, Closer views might be obtained of bottom types,
bottom formations, and of fishes in their natural habitat, which at present may be
located only with difficulty by depth-sounding equipment. Water temperatures, cur-
rent flow, turbidity, and other oceanographic data related to the fisheries might be
directly monitored. One might reasonably expect that further experience will ex-
pand considerably the scope and variety of possible UW-TV observations, Within
the limitations of the "closed" television system, the suitability of the equipment
for a particular problem should rest principally on mechanical application,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous
1953, An Underwater Television System, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 12 pp.

Barnes, H,
1953, Underwater Television and the Fisheries, Scottish Marine Biol. Ass’n., Collected Reprints No, 120.

Cuerrier, J. P., Schultz, F, H,, and Solman, V.Q.
1953. Underwater Television in Freshwater Fisheries Research, Dept. of Resources and Development, Ottawa, Canada,
15 pp.

Schenk, H,, Jr., and Kendall, H,
1954, Underwater Photography, Cornell Maritime Press, Cambridge, Maryland, pp, 25-55.

Stamp, W, R,
1953, Underwater Television, Scientific American, vol, 188, No. 6., June 1953,

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wools M75 INO 4:

BOTTOM FISH AND SHELLFISH EXPLORATIONS IN
THE PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AREA, ALASKA, 1954

‘By E. A. Schaefers,* K. A. Smith, * and M. R. Greenwood*

CONTENTS
Page Page
CUM SooagoueddgooDoDOoDpoUoODO OO 6 Fishing Results Obtained in Prince William Sound
Backsroundiinformationier ieee y Proper (Contd.):
Gearllsedieeeneacuctee-ieireriel weno icichotcncueeen hele 9 ESthersPassagemary aia heicic rotate einen 15
Easbino¢Resultsteenmateree italien eieeencnet eR renenen eis 11 GollegetFiond! ain ease eran eroete eee 15
Fishing Results Obtained in Prince William Sound Port) WellssAreays 2) ovalsccusreiedoaer anette renter 15
IRI po ooodddCODODDDDDNCOOUNONNDN 11 Montague/StraityAreaiarcn-tepsicielsssieneketenenenenelaie 15
ORENIBED ATE 5 oc occcocoD0DDD0D000N0N 11 Middle Prince William Sound .............-. 16
PortiGravinatAreaerinccc es Usnevenerenerere ievele re 13 Fishing Results Obtained in Offshore Waters Adjacent
Portiidalgownriyemencieisiicrskencieieteheietenencr 13 to Prince William Sound ...........e.0ee0. 16
Port Valdez and Valdez Arm ........-..--- 15 Weather|ConditionSi-seiienenoicncieien enero 17
SUMMARY

Explorations in the Prince William Sound Area of Alaska for bottom fish and
shellfish were conducted by the Service's exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb

Fig. 1 - Northern Gulf of Alaska. Shaded portion indicates area of fishing operations.

during two periods in 1954, Gear used during the first period (February 26 to April
6) included otter trawls and beam trawls. Gear used during the second period (July
13 to September 8) includéd otter trawls, beam trawls, king-crab pots, and shrimp

traps.
%* Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialists, Exploratory Fishing and Gear Development Section, Branch of Commercial

Fisheries, U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Seattle, Wash.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Hi

Commercial quantities of Pacific ocean perch and sablefish were taken in otter-
trawl drags in the offshore waters adjacent to Prince William Sound during the sec-
ond period, The bestcatches of
Pacific ocean perch were madein
the vicinity of Middleton Island
and south of Point Elrington, The
best catches of sablefish were al-
so made south of Point Elrington,
Starry flounder were taken in a-
mounts up to 1, 800 pounds per
drag from near Cape Hinchin-
brook to off Cottonwood Point,
Otter-trawl drags in Prince
William Sound proper during both
periods caught only smallamounts
of commercially-desirable species
of bottom fish. King-crabcatches
were also small,

3

Favorable shrimp catches were Fig, 2 - Collapsible king-crab pot with catch of crabs.
made by beam trawl in Orca Bay, Port Gravina, and Montague Strait during the sec-

ond period, Only a few shrimp were taken by traps,

The best results with king-crab pots were obtained in College Fiord and Esther
Passage.

Inclement weather interfered with operations during the initial two weeks of the
first period. During the second period, weather conditions were generally favor-
able,

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Explorations for bottom fish and shellfish in the Prince William Sound area
(fig. 1), Alaska, were undertaken by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's explor-
atory fishing vessel John N. Cobb during 1954,
Fishing operations were carried out from Feb-
ruary 26 to April 6 and from July 13 to Septem-
ber 8.

The Prince William Sound explorations
were part of the Service's long-range plan to
~ explore the untapped fishery resources of wa-
ters in and near Alaska, The explorations
were scheduled at this time in an attempt to
locate commercial quantities of bottom fish,
shrimp, and king crab, the utilization of which
would help to replace the revenue lost as the
result of the depletion of pink salmon in this
area,

During the first period of the explorations
(February 26 to April 6), 102 otter-trawl drags
were made for bottom fish andking crab, and
18 beam-trawl drags were made for shrimp.
During the second period of the explorations

“~ (July 13 to September 8), 88 otter-trawl drags
Fig, 3 - Removing king crab from pot. Four col- = and 90 beam-trawl drags were made, and, in
gear ae SeASH near Stern. addition, 93 king-crab pots and 69 shrimp
traps were set.

Vol. 17, No. 4

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW o

In 1931, small quantities of shrimp were processed experimentally at Cordova,
but no statistics on the amounts are available (Bower 1932). During most of the
succeeding years from 1931 to 1940, limited quantities of shrimp were processed
in connection with the canning of dungeness crab. Fishing boats outfitted with beam
trawls have landed limited amounts of shrimp at Cordova in recent years, but no
consistent shrimp fishery has been established there (Wigutoff 1953).

During the spring of 1941, otter trawls were experimentally fished in certain
parts of Prince William Sound by the Alaska King Crab Investigation of the Fish and
Wildlife Service (Anonymous 1942). At that time, catches of bottom fish, which were
taken incidental to the king-crab fishing, were usually small. Except for two drags
in Simpson Bay, each of which caught approximately 1,500 pounds, not more than
660 pounds of bottom fish were taken per drag. Because only small numbers of king
crab were caught in the experimental fishing, the area was not thoroughly explored.

GEAR USED

OTTER TRAWL: All drags for bottom fish and king crab were made with a
standard 400-mesh western trawl. (Details of the trawl are described by Alverson
1951.) The wings, body, and intermediate of the trawl were 44-inch mesh. T/ A 5-inch-
mesh cod end was used exclusively during the first period. During the secondperiod, a
5-inch-mesh cod end was used for all drags madein Prince William Sound proper, anda
34-inch-meshcod end was used for most drags
made in offshore areas likely to be inhabited by
Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodesalutus). The
smaller-mesh cod end was used to prevent ex-
cessive gilling and possible loss of marketable-
size individuals of this species.

As it was desired to sample the bottom-
fish and king-crab populations simultaneously,
the use of standard commercial king-crab
trawls, which have a 12-inch-mesh cod end,
was not feasible.

BEAM TRAWL: All drags for shrimp
were made with a 20-foot beam trawl. The
net was constructed with 36-thread 1}-inch-
mesh cotton webbing, 150 meshes deep. (De-
tails of the beam trawlare described by Ellson
and Livingstone 1952.)

ing vessel John N. Cobb.

2 and 3). The bottom frame was 36 inches
wide and 72 inches long, and the top frame was 36 inches wide and 60 inches long,
Each end frame was shaped like an inverted ''U'"' and had 30-inch sides and a 34-inch
top. Eyes were bent in the tips of the end frames to secure them to the bottom frame.
These eyes hinged the end frames to the bottom frame to provide for setting up or col-
lapsing the pot. Hooks welded to the sides of the end frames, near the corners, sup-
ported the top frame when the pot was set up for fishing. All of the frames were made
of 3-inch-diameter galvanized mild-steel rods.

The sides and ends of the pot were covered with 96-thread 44-inch-mesh tarred
cotton webbing lashed to the top and bottom frames, which were covered with 2-inch
by 4-inch (open mesh) 15-gauge galvanized wire netting. A rectangular-shaped tun-
nel-entrance frame at each end was 7 by 14 inches and was made of 4-inch-diame-
ter galvanized mild steel, The tunnel indentations were formed by pulling the tun-
1/All mesh sizes in this report refer to stretched measure,

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

joe

Gilmour PI.

Knowles Heod

Cope Hinchinbrook

Seol- Rocks

LEGEND
OTTER TRAWL DRAG
KING CRAB POT

Fig. 6 - Location of otter-trawl drags and king-crab pots in Prince William Sound proper and otter-trawl drags in offshore
waters from off Montague Island to off the Egg Islands, second period (July 13 to September 8, 1954),

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

nel entrance frames toward each other and then tying them in place with tarred
lines. Triggers were made of 16-gauge wire.

Access to the inside of the pot for baiting and removing the catch was through
a semicircular opening in the top. A lid of galvanized wire netting framed with 8-
gauge galvanized wire covered this opening.

Bait was cut into small pieces and placed
in a net bait bag that was then suspended be-
tween the tunnel entrance frames, Except for
the first few sets in which only frozen herring
was used, frozen herring and fresh scrap fish
were always used simultaneously in the same
pot.

SHRIMP TRAPS: Both two-tunnel galva-
nized-iron shrimp traps were fished, These
traps were of the same types as those used
during the 1952 (Schaefers 1953) and 1953
(Schaefers and Smith 1954) shellfish explora-
tions of the John N. Cobb,

FISHING RESULTS

Detailed results of otter-trawl and beam-
trawl drags for the first period are tabulated
in tables 1 and 3, respectively; and the loca-
tion of each drag is diagrammatically illus-
trated in figure 4, Detailed results of otter-
trawl and beam-trawl drags for the second pe-
riod are tabulated in tables 2 and 4, respec-
tively; and the location of each otter-trawl
drag is diagrammatically illustrated infigures Fig. 7 - Emptying the beam trawl on the deck of the
6 and 8, and of each beam-trawl drag in fig- John N. Cobb, Mostly trash and few shrimp were
ure 10, Results of the king-crab-pot sets and —- ©ught in this drag.
the shrimp-trap sets are tabulated in tables 5 and 6, respectively. The location of
each king-crab pot is diagrammatically illustrated in figure 6.

FISHING RESULTS OBTAINED IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND PROPER

taken in amounts up to 75 pounds, 50 pounds, and 30 pounds per drag, respectively. Eng-
lish "sole" (Parophrys vetulus), rock ''sole" (Lepidopsetta bilineats), and true cod (Gad-
us macrocephalus) were taken in trace2/ amounts. Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)3/
were taken in amounts ranging from 0 to 58 individuals per drag. Six king crab (Parali-
thodes camtschatica), 4! the majority of which were inthe soft-shell state, were also
taken,

Shrimp operations were of apreliminary nature, andonlya Leite number of drags
were made withthe beamtrawl. Thebest drag caught 109 pounds? of pink shrimp (Pan-
dalus borealis) and 27 pounds of side-stripe shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) per hour, 2

i2/ A trace is less than 20 pounds of fish,

3/ Halibut were measured and released at the request of the International Pacific Halibut Commission,

4/ Unless otherwise noted, only legai-size king crab (hard-shell males not less than 6 1 inches in greatest width of shell)
are referred to in the text, Complete tabulations of all male and female king crab caught during these explorations are
given in tables 1 to 5,

5/ Complete details of number of whole (heads on) shrimp per pound for all beam-trawl drags are given in tables 3 and 4,

6/ Shrimp-catch results have been converted to a rate-per-hour basis to permit catch comparison of shrimp drags made for
~ different lengths of time.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

Cope Cleare

iddlieton

Island

LEGEND
OTTER TRAWL DRAG

Fig. 8 - Location of otter-trawl drags off Point Elrington, off the Copper River Delta, and in the vicinity of Middleton Island,

second period (July 13 to September 8, 1954).

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

Second Period: Seven otter-trawl Graeen were made at depths of 52 to 88
fathoms. Catches per drag ranged from 35 to 500 pounds for true cod, from 50 to
250 pounds for flathead ''sole, ' andfrom 0 to 8 individuals for halibut, andfrom 1 to
12 individuals for king crab.

The best catches of pink shrimp were obtained from off Canoe Passage to off
Makaka Point, where 10 drags at depths of 58 to 86 fathoms caught from 96 to 262
pounds and averaged 154 pounds per hour, Catches of side-stripe shrimp in these
drags were insignificant, The largest catch of side-stripe shrimp was taken off
Windy Bay, where a single drag at 116 to 122 fathoms caught 84 pounds of small side-
stripe shrimp and 120 pounds of pink shrimp per hour. In outer Orca Bay, pink
shrimp were taken at the rate of 194 pounds per hour ina drag at 69 to 75 fathoms,
Small numbers of king crab (up to 5 per drag) were taken in the beam trawl. Drag-
ging bottom that was free of obstructions and suitable for drags of several hours'
duration was prevalent. Side-slope drags yielded poor results, and the best shrimp
catches occurred on relatively flat bottom or in slight depressions,

King-crab pot sets in Orca Bay and Sheep Bay averaged from less than 1 to 2.6
king crab per pot. The best catch was taken ina set of 9 pots off Canoe Passage at
depths of 82 to 85 fathoms,

PORT GRAVINA AREA: First Period: Five otter-trawl drags in Port Gravina
resulted in poor catches,

Shrimp catches in 5 beam-trawl drags were less than 70 pounds of shrimp per
hour.

Second Period: Only one otter-trawl drag was made, It resulted in a poor
catch,

The best shrimp catches were made from near the entrance to off Olsen Bay,
where 4 drags at depths of 70 to 83 fathoms averaged 199 pounds of predominately
pink shrimp per hour, with the best catch yielding 310 pounds of pink shrimp and
20 pounds of side-stripe shrimp. The dragging bottom was good in this vicinity,
and catches were quite clean. A single drag near the head of Port Gravina at 54 to
71 fathoms caught 114 pounds of pink shrimp, 16 pounds of side-stripe shrimp, and
16 pounds of coon-stripe shrimp (Pandalus hypsinotus) per hour, Considerable a-
mounts of small fish, kelp, and bottom debris were present in this drag.

A set of 9 king-crab pots in 68 to 78 fathoms near the entrance of Port Gravina
yielded catches ranging from 0 to 6 individual king crab per pot, with an average
catch of 2.6. King-crab pots set east of Red Head and in Olsen Bay at shallower
depths were much less productive. Shrimp traps set in Olsen Bay at 11 to 34 fath-
oms caught only a few pink shrimp.

PORT FIDALGO: First Period: With the exception of small areas near the en-
trance and near the head, favorable dragging bottom was limited to depths of slight-
ly over 100 fathoms, Four otter-trawl drags at 84 to 116 fathoms resulted in negli-
gible catches of bottom fish and king crab.

Beam-trawl drags produced shrimp, but even the best drag yielded only 65 pounds
of pink shrimp per hour.

Second Period: In two drags made during this time, the best catch of bottom
fish and king crab was taken in a drag at 83 to 98 fathoms near the entrance, This
drag caught 225 pounds of true cod, 50 pounds of flathead "sole, '' 1, 200 pounds of
pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and 14 king crab, Drags for shrimp yieldedless

than 90 pounds per hour, Although no snags were encountered, beam-trawl catches
iy Drag No, 87, which was made near the entrance of Orca Bay, hung up and therefore is not included,

Vol. 17, No. 4

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

14

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April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

(except those near the head) contained considerable amounts of trash--mainly shells,
pieces of wood, kelp, and basket stars, With the exception of pieces of wood and
kelp, otter-trawl catches were cleaner because of the larger mesh size.

PORT VALDEZ AND VALDEZ ARM: First Period: Three otter-trawl drags
in Port Valdez at depths of 120 to 138 fathoms resulted in negligible catches, The
bottom was strewn with de- . se - ;,
bris and trash, Two drags
were made near the en-
trance of Valdez Arm at
depths of 200 to 206 fathoms
with negligible results, In
Valdez Arm, thebottom was
more uneven and the depths
were greater than in Port
Valdez.

Second Period: Five
beam-trawl drags in Port
Valdez and one beam-trawl
drag in Valdez Arm produced
negligible shrimp catches.
These drags were made at
depths of 97 to 209 fathoms,

ESTHER PASSAGE: Fig. 9 - A good catch of Pacific ocean perch (right) and sablefish (left) in
First Period: The bottom deck bins aboard the John N. Cobb.
in Esther Passage was too irregular for trawling.

Second Period: Nine king-crab pots set at depths of 52 to 90 fathoms for 20
hours caught a total of 30 king crab, The number of king crab in each pot ranged
from 0 to 8,

COLLEGE FIORD: First Period: Two otter-trawl drags made in this area
encountered snags, and catches were negligible.

Second Period: A single beam-trawl drag resulted in a broken beam, Despite
this difficulty, 212 pounds of shrimp per hour were taken, The catch consisted of
62 percent pink, 36 percent coon-stripe, and 2 percent spot shrimp (Pandalus platy-
ceros). The spot shrimp were large, averaging 7 whole (heads-on) shrimp per
pound,

The best results from king-crab-pot sets were obtained here. A set of 9 pots
at 43 to 68 fathoms for 233 hours caught 41 king crab.8/ The number of individ-
uals per pot ranged from 0 to 14,

228 fathoms yielded poor results,

Second Period: A single beam-trawl drag at depths of 209 to 215 fathoms re-
sulted ina torn net. In Pigot Bay, a set of 9 king-crab pots caught 22 king crab of
which 20 were Paralithodes camtschatica and 2 were Paralithodes platypus.

MONTAGUE STRAIT AREA: First Period: Twenty-one otter-trawl drags were
made from near the entrance of Montague Strait to off Montague Point and Eleanor
Island at depths of 18 to 150 fathoms. The largest catch of king crab taken in any
one drag during either period was made in drag number 85 at 68 to 74 fathoms near The
Needle, Thirty-twolegal-size male kingcrab, allinthe soft-shell state, were caught.
8 ue Gone oad of 23 Paralithodes camtschatica, averaging 9.4 pounds each, and 18 Paralithodes platypus, averaging

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll i, Nos 4

The other drags at this time caught a total of only 8 legal-size male king crab, allin the
soft-shell state. The average catchofhalibut was 11.0individualsperdrag. Usually
only trace catches of other desirable species of bottom fish weremade. Dragging bot-
tom was generally favorable, exceptnear the entrance, where 4 drags hung up.

Second Period: Nine otter-trawl drags were made at depths of 40 to 155 fath-
oms, Catches of true cod and flathead ''sole'' ranged up to 300 pounds per drag,
and halibut averaged 4.4 individuals per drag. Catches of arrow-toothed flounder
(Atheresthes stomias) ranged up to 1,600 pounds per drag. King-crab catches were
insignificant,

The best shrimp catches were obtained in 3 drags from off the northeast end of
Green Island to off Graveyard Point at 67 to 85 fathoms. These drags caught up to
310 pounds of shrimp per hour and averaged 207 pounds of predominately pink shrimp
per hour.

MIDDLE PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND: First Period: Otter-trawl drags from off
Montague Point to off Storey Island at depths of 90 to 274 fathoms produced negligi-
ble results.

Second Period: Results of two widely-separated drags also yielded negligible
results,

FISHING RESULTS OBTAINED IN OFFSHORE WATERS ADJACENT
TO PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND

FIRST PERIOD: In the area off Cape Puget, otter-trawl drags were made at
depths of 43 to 110 fathoms. The best drag caught only 125 pounds of true cod. Be-
tween Cape Cleare and the Egg Islands, 27 drags were made at depths of 10 to 152
fathoms, with poor results, Starry flounder (up to 50 pounds per drag) were pres-
ent in all drags at 10 to 32 fathoms, and halibut (up to 21 individuals per drag) were
present in nearly all drags at these depths, The rest of the drags were made at 34
to 152 fathoms and usually caught only trace amounts of true cod and arrow-toothed
flounder, along with small numbers of halibut.

SECOND PERIOD: Good quantities of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus)
and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were taken in the offshore waters adjacent to
Prince William Sound,

In the area 12 to 24 miles south of Point Elrington, 4 drags produced catches
of 2,300 to 3, 800 pounds of Pacific ocean perch and up to 1,000 pounds of sablefish.
These drags were made at depths of 90 to 122 fathoms. The bottom dragged was
predominately gray mud and sand and was generally good, although the drag that
caught the most Pacific ocean perch snagged after 30 minutes. From 700 to 1, 700
pounds of arrow-toothed flounder were also taken in these drags. Pacific ocean
perch from this area averaged 15.6 inches in length. Sablefish averaged 25. 7inches
in length and 6,7 pounds in weight,

Pacific ocean perch grounds were also located in the area southwest to west of
Middleton Island, The best drag (number 15) at 108 to 112 fathoms yielded 6, 000
pounds of Pacific ocean perch, A slight tear was noted in the net after this drag.
Several other drags in this area encountered snags and resulted in badly torn nets.
However, the bottom dragged was generally favorable, and in no instance did the
gear hang up. Pacific ocean perch averaged 15.5 inches in length. Most of the
sablefish taken in this area were small and only 15 percent of the best catch (625
pounds) were of marketable size.

Approximately 10 miles east of Wessels Reef, 2 drags at 52 to 59 fathoms
yielded 200 pounds and 1,000 pounds of Pacific ocean perch,

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AT

Two of a series of drags at 53 to 95 fathoms that were made approximately 30
miles off the Copper River Delta yielded catches of 600 pounds and 1,500 pounds of
Pacific ocean perch. The dragging bottom in this area was generally clear.

Drags off the east side of Montague Island at depths of 81 to 154 fathoms usual-
ly yielded poor results, although drag number 63, which was made at 81 to 84 fath-
oms, caught 1,000 pounds of Pacific ocean perch,

Other drags in the offshore waters were generally made at depths of less than
50 fathoms. In the region between Cape Hinchinbrook and the Egg Islands, starry
flounder was the dominant commercially-desirable species taken, The two best
catches (1,300 and 1, 800 pounds per drag) of this species were made between Cape
Hinchinbrook and Hook Point at 20 to 28 fathoms. These starry flounder averaged
19.8 inches in length. Other catches were dominated by trash fish, mostly skates
(Rajidae).

Catches from drags at 10 to 55 fathoms between the Egg Islands and Cottonwood
Point consisted mostly of skates and of dogfish (Squalus suckleyi), although the catch
of drag number 47 at 24 to 26 fathoms caught 900 pounds of starry flounder and only
a few trash fish,

WEATHER CONDITIONS

During the initial two weeks of the first period gale-force winds occurred fre-
quently, hampering operations in Prince William Sound proper and preventing op-
erations in adjacent offshore waters, After this time, weather conditions were gen-
erally favorable in all areas,

During the second period, weather conditions were generally favorable.
LITERATURE CITED

Alverson, Dayton L,
1951, Deep-Water Trawling Survey Off the Coast of Washington (August 27-October 19, 1951). Commercial Fisheries
Review, vol, 13, no, 11, November, pp. 1-16 (also Separate No, 292),

Anonymous
1942. The Alaskan King Crab, Fishery Market News, May 1942 Supplement, U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service.

Bower, Ward T,
1932. Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries in 1931. United States Bureau of Fisheries,

Ellson, J. G., and Livingstone, Jr., Robert
1952. The John N. Cobb’s Shellfish Explorations inCertain Southeastern Alaskan Waters, Spring 1951, Commercial
Fisheries Review, vol, 14, no. 4, April, pp, 1-20 (also Separate No. 311).

Schaefers, Edward A.
1953, Shellfish Explorations in Certain Southeastern Alaskan Waters by the John N, Cobb, Spring 1952, Commercial
Fisheries Review, vol, 15, no, 3, March, pp, 1-18 (also Separate No, 343),

Schaefers, Edward A., and Smith, Keith A,
1954, Shellfish Explorations in the Yakutat Bay Area, Alaska, by the John N. Cobb, Spring 1953, Commercial Fisheries
Review, vol. 16, no. 3, March, pp, 1-12 (also Separate No, 368).

Wigutoff, Norman B,
1953, Alaska’s Shrimp Industry, Commercial Fisheries Review, vol, 15, no, 3, March, pp, 19-24 (also Separate No,
344)

Note: The fishing logs of otter-trawl drags, beam-trawl drags, king-crab-pot
catches, and shrimp-trap catches are shown in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
(pp. 18-28).

Vol. 17, No. 4

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

18

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

22

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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25

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

April 1955

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17, No. 4

Vol.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

26

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27

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

April 1955

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Vol. 17, No. 4

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

28

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April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Gar

IN SERVICE LABORATORIES —

mit

OYSTER-PROCESSING RESEARCH
FOR ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS

The technological research program for the study of the oyster industry of the
South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts under the terms of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act be-
came fully active during February 1955 when contracts were signed with three Uni-
versities in the Gulf Coast States. The research programs of the three groups of

investigators will supplement each
other with practically no overlap-

ping.

The largest group, at Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Fla.,
will make periodic chemical and
other analyses of typical local oys-
ters. A second major phase of the
program at Tallahassee will be to
study the possibility of freezing
special products, such as blanched
oysters, breaded (raw and fried)
oysters, smoked oysters, creamed
or scalloped oysters, and oyster
stews. Alsoa project of particular
interest will be the relationship of
changes in the fat content of oysters
to quality deterioration in frozen
storage of oyster products. This group is headed by Dr. Betty M. Watts of the Sec-
tion of Food and Nutrition, assisted by Dr, Harvye Lewis and four graduate students,
Dr. R. W. Menzel of the Zoology Department also will cooperate in obtaining sam-
ples of known history, most of which will be from Apalachicola or from nearby Pana-
cea,

Oysters being gathered by tongs,

The second contract group at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.,
will study the effect of variables during the actual freezing processes on quality and
amount of drip. They will also make a bacteriological study of oysters from the
shell through the shucking, washing, freezing, storage, and thawing operations. A
battery of quality tests now being used on shrimp will be used by the Baton Rouge
group on all lots of oysters to be frozen, to determine which variables are corre-
lated with organoleptic quality. The group at Baton Rouge will also make periodic
collections of oysters in the Gulf States west of Florida so information can be ob-
tained on seasonal and environmental effects on chemical and physical composition,
The Baton Rouge work will be under the direction of Dr. E. A. Fieger, Department
of Agricultural Chemistry and Biochemistry; Dr. Arthur F, Novak and several grad-
uate students will assist in the work,

The third contract group at Tulane University, New Orleans, La., is working
under the direction of Dr. Fred R. Cagle, Department of Zoology. Dr. Milton
Fingerman has begun a study of the physiology of the bleeding reaction of oysters.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

This bleeding reaction which is chiefly characterized by excessive drip formation
on thawing the frozen oysters is much greater for Gulf Coast oysters than for those
of the Chesapeake Bay and farther north. It is of primary concern in solving many
of the problems encountered in handling and freezing Southern oysters, Dr. Finger-
man also plans to investigate the causes of and the physiological basis of the quite
variable dark pigmentation found in many of these oysters. This also detracts from
their more general acceptance in inland areas.

The staff of the Fishery Technological Laboratory at College Park, Md., will
be responsible for the general direction of the contract groups and liaison between
the groups. Samples from the entire area have already been collected during the
months of November, December, and January. The staff at College Park will con-
tinue collections of samples of Atlantic oysters north of Florida during the remain-
er of the season and will analyze most of all samples collected for chemical and
physical composition, These data will be compared with similar data on oysters
from all the other main production areas, thus getting essential information on ef-
fect of seasonal and geographical variability on composition, as well as variables
introduced by different handling practices in commercial processing plants.

--C. F, Lee, Chemical Engineer,
Fishery Technological Laboratory,
Branch of Commercial Fisheries,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

. CO ; College Park, Md.

WEIGHT CHANGES DURING
THE COOKING OF FISH STICKS

The booming fish-stick industry is producing approximately 50 million pounds
of sticks a year and with the increased competition in this new product, processing
costs have become of increasing- ee
ly great importance. The proc-
essing of the fish sticks is a rela-
tively complex procedure. Close
control is required at all stages
in the operation to prevent waste
and consequent losses in time
and money. In addition to weight
losses in cooking, other losses
may be incurred during the opera-
tion of sawing the sticks from
frozen blocks of fish fillets, dur-
ing the batter-dipping and bread-
ing operations, and during the
packaging of the finished sticks.
This report of observations and
of research results ona pilot-
plant scale of fish-stick manu-
facture will point out some
means of minimizing losses
during the processing, and in Frozen fish fillet blocks being cut into uniform fish sticks in a
particular during the cooking modern conveyor -belt- equipped plant.
of the fish sticks.

In general, the following precautions are suggested to prevent large losses and
at the same time to maintain production of an appealing product. Since the weight
and shape of the stick is determined, to a large extent, by the initial operation of

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

sawing the sticks, careful and continuing attention should be paid to the accuracy with
which the sawing blades are set. By this practice, a maximum yield per pound of

: purchased raw material may be ob-
tained. In addition, closer tolerances
can be set for the ''fill'' of packages.
Further, the increase in weight of
fish sticks, due to the adherence of
breading, is determined by the con-
sistency of the batter. Once a satis-
factory batter is obtained, all sub-
sequent mixes should be made in the
same proportions. Breakage of the
soft, cookedfish stick during the
packaging operation can be reduced
by the employment of responsible
personnel and by the constant super -
vision of the foremen. Broken sticks,
while salable, bring a lower price per
pound than do the intact fish sticks.
An understanding of the factors in-
volved in the changes in weight oc-
curring during the actual cooking
process is necessary to eliminate
this source of possibly substantial
losses during operation.

Fish sticks are passed through a batter by conveyor belt prior

being breaded,
eat abate Tests conducted at the Boston

Fishery Technological Laboratory indicated that, under adequately engineered con-
ditions, the following factors, in the main, determined the weight changes occurring
during the cooking process:

1, Cooking time. 3. Composition of the breading material.

2. Temperature of the cooking oil. 4. Condition of the cooking oil.

Frozen sticks, each very close to 25 grams in weight, were dipped into a batter
(6 parts of water to 4 parts of commercially-prepared dry batter mix), and were al-
lowed to drainonascreen. They were
thenrolled in either a dry commercially-
prepared breading material or in mix-
tures of the commercial material con-
taining varying amounts of a type of
commercially-prepared bread crumbs.
These operations caused an increase
of 25¢5 percent in the weight of each
stick owing to the adherence of the
batter and breading.

_ The variously breaded sticks were
then cooked in cottonseed oil maintained
at 360°, 375°, 390°, and 405° F. The
cooking times were at predetermined Cooked fish sticks being packed in institutional packages prior to
intervals between 2 of a minute and freezing and storage,

3 minutes, inclusive. The results of

the study on sticks prepared with straight commercial eee are shown in table 1.
Observations of the sticks were made at frequent intervals during the several cook-
ing periods under study to determine the rate and type of changes occurring. During
the first few seconds in the hot oil, the sticks increased slightly in weight, evidently
due to the absorption of oil by the breading. After the breaded sticks had been im-
mersed in the oil for approximately one minute, the oil commenced to "boil" due to

32

the escape of water vapor from the sticks.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

The sticks examined at this time were

thawed but were still very cold. The sticks left in the hot oil for periods greater

Sticks during Deep

100 parts of fish.

\Table 1 - Effect of Cooking Temperature
and Time on Changes in Weight of Fish
-FatFrying

: Veight Changes 1,

Ga e ee

V/ Expressed as parts gained or lost in weight by 125
parts of breaded, cooked fish sticks prepared from

than about 1 minute showed losses in weight
which increased approximately linearly with
the increase in cooking time.

The data in table 1 show that the effect
on weight caused by varying the cooking
oil temperature in the narrow range of
temperature studied (360° to 405° F.) is rel-
atively slight. The length of the cooking
period was the most important single factor
in determining the loss of weight in fish
sticks during the cooking operation.

In commercial production the processors
cook their sticks as nearly as possible toa
constant predetermined color. Since higher
oil temperatures shorten the time required
to obtain the desired color, higher oil tem-
peratures considerably reduce the weight
losses involved in the cooking of fish sticks.

The effect of adding bread crumbs to the standard commercial breading mate-
rial on weight losses during cooking is shown in table 2. The bread crumbs, owing

to the occurrence of complex
heat-induced chemical reac-
tions, brown far more rapid-
ly than do wheat cereal-
based mixtures. Further,
the rate of browning was
determined by the bread-
crumb/breading ratioand

by the oil temperature

used. With the exception

of the fish sticks pre-

pared with a commercial
breading material and of
those prepared with bread
crumbs alone, all sticks

in this study were judged

to be of good color shade.
The former were con-
sidered to be too light

and the latter to be of too dark a shade.

|2/Expressed as parts gained or lost

Table 2 - The Effect of Addition of Bread Crumbs to
Standard Breading Material on Changes in Weight

of Fish Sticks during Deep-Fat Frying

Bread Crumb- Weight Changes@
Cooking Temperature (0 F.)

Breading

Material Ratio_/| 37360 405
Gee earn ae Percent)... eee
0.0 +3 +1
0.33 +2 0
0.66 0 -1
it @) -1 -2

1/Proportions of bread crumbs added

3/ Cooking time was 90 seconds,
to standard breading material.

4/Cooking time was 75 seconds.
5/Cooking time was 45 seconds.
in weight by 125 parts of breaded, | —

cooked fish sticks prepared from

100 parts of fish.

With this consideration in mind, the data

in table 2 show that, as a result of the shorter immersion times necessary, losses
in weight during cooking were minimized when bread crumbs were used as a part

of the breading mixture.

The data in table 2, however, seem to indicate that fish sticks prepared from
bread crumbs alone undergo a greater loss in weight than do sticks containing only

the commercial breading mix and cooked under identical conditions.

Those sticks

prepared from mixtures of breading and bread crumbs, as might have been expected,
undergo intermediate losses in weight.

The "'condition,"'

or the time in use, of a particular lot of cooking oil had a small

effect on the weight changes in the sticks during cooking. The amount of oil which

could be extracted from fish sticks increased with the ''condition" of the oil.

With

fish sticks prepared from both breader mix and from breader mix containing bread
crumbs, the older and thus the more viscous the cooking oil, the greater was the

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

amount of oil absorbed. Fish sticks cooked in fresh oil contained about 8 percent
oil while those prepared in old oil contained about 9.5 percent of absorbed oil.

A processor, therefore, may, by careful control of the cooking time, the oil
temperature, the breading composition, and the ''condition" of the oil, so regulate
his processing as to bring about very little or no loss in weight in his fish sticks
during the cooking operation.

--J. Holston, Chemist,
Fishery Technological Laboratory,
Branch of Commercial Fisheries,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
East Boston, Mass.

FLOW CHART of the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES -1954

ROUND WEIGHT MARKETED WEIGHT

695,000,000 Lbs. Marketed Fresh 626,000,000 Lbs

547,000,000 Lbs.
281,000,000 Lbs.
85,000,000 Lbs | 206,000,000 Lbs.

; . . ‘ iP | 60,000,000 Lbs
BILLION 1,12 1,000,000 Lbs.

CANNED 79 5,000,000 Lbs
POUNDS :

1, 971,000,000 Lbs.

| 172,000,000 Lbs

BYPRODUCTS | 56,000,000 Lbs.
CONDENSED
FISH SOLUBLES
172,000,000 Lbs.
WASTE from HOMOGENIZED

653,000,000 Lbs. Fresh & Processed CONDENSED FISH

Fish used for
Byproducts 57, 886,000 Lbs

NOTE:==THE ROUND AND MARKETED WEIGHTS SHOWN ABOVE DO NOT INCLUDE IMPORTED ITEMS PROCESSED IN THE UNITED STATES. THE MARKETED WEIGHTS
LISTED DO NOT INCLUDE FRESH BAIT, FRESH ANIMAL FOOD PREPARED FROM WASTE, SHELL PRODUCTS, OR OTHER MISCELLANEOUS BYPRODUCTS.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

SS

= IRENDS so

= J AND

DEVELOPMENTS €

Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels

A total of 18 vessels of 5 net tons and over received first documents as fishing
craft during January 1955--38

: Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Cra anuary 1955
vessels less than in the same anananaBamRmamEqQ”Q@Qqquuauaua 60600
month last year. In the Gulf Section
section only 3 vessels were
documented for the first time New England
as compared to 35 during the {Middle Atlantic

Chesapeake
South Atlantic
ulf

same period a year ago, the
Bureau of the Customs reports.
The Chesapeake States, South
Atlantic States, and Alaska
each had 4 additions to their
fishing fleets, followed by the
Gulf section with 3, the Pacifi-
ic section 2, and the Middle

Atlantic section one,
their home port.

American Samoa

TUNA CANNERY RESUMES OPERATIONS: The Pago Pago, American Samoa,
tuna cannery resumed operations at the beginning of December 1954 following the
arrival of the first two vessels of a new Japanese charter fleet. The second vessel
had 40 tons of fish aboard on arrival, reports the January 1955 Pacific Islands Monthly,

Within five days, 4,500 cases of tuna were ready for export and work was pro-
ceeding at the rate of about 15 tons of fish canned per day.

Two other fishing vessels have been chartered to replace two lost en route
from Japan to Samoa, and the fleet this year consists of six vessels.

ctuna

California

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA "FISH WEEK:" The period March 13-19 was pro-
claimed as "Southern California Fish Week" by the Southern California Fisheries
Association, and was officially recognized as such by the Los Angeles Municipal
Government. Sales of fresh and frozen fishery products to both retail and institu-
tional consumers were pushed in an integrated promotion instituted by the Southern

California Fisheries Association in its first annual "fish week."

The Southern California Fisheries Association is a relatively young fisheries
organization, but it has recognized the necessity of being ''promotion minded" in
order to maintain a place in the highly competitive food merchandising field. The
Association planned this "fish week" as only the first phase of a continuing effort to

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

increase the consumption of fishery products in Southern California. Special mem-
bership assessments financed this publicity.

The Association used specific plans for drawing consumer attentiontofishery prod-
ucts asa delicious high-protein, low-calorie, and economical food, during the March 13-
19 period. These included "paid advertising" in 22 Southern California newspapers and
by 54 radio''spots.'’ Through its public relations counsel the Association arranged for
courtesy plugs on 22 Southern California radioand TV programs, many of which were
possible because of a ''tie-in'' witha new released record entitled ''The Fish.'' Approx-
imately 300 exterior posters were displayed on Los Angeles area buses. Specialmenu
"clip-ons,'' and ''tents,'' emphasizing fishery pr oducts,were made available to Southern
California restaurants. The program also included newspaper and trade journaladver -
tisements, point-of-sales promotioninretail stores, and public utilities announcements.

The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service extended its cooperation to the Southern
California Fisheries Association with the services of an experienced Fishery Mar-
keting Specialist who aided the project. Service assistance was also given in en-
listing the cooperation of the major retail grocery chains and drive-in restaurants
of Southern California along with the food editors of the major newspapers, radio,
and TV stations, In addition, the Service representative made nearly a dozen per-
sonal appearances on various local and coast-network radio and TV programs in
connection with "fish week" as a public service representative.

Oe

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-December 1954

Total shipments of metal cans for fish and sea food during January-
December 1954 amounted to 109, 202 short tons of steel (based on the
amount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans), compared to
103,501 short tons in the same period a year earlier, Larger packs of
canned tuna and pilchards in 1954 accounted for the increased shipments

for that year.

Note; Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products
FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS PURCHASED BY DEPARTMENT

OF DEFENSE, JANUARY 1955: Fresh and frozen fishery products purchases for
the military feeding of the U. S. Army,
Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force by
the Army Quartermaster Corps in Janu-
ary 1955 amounted to 2,1 million pounds,
valued at $0.9 million (see table), This
was an increase of 3, 6 percent in quantity
and 5.6 percent in value as compared
with December 1954 purchases, and great-
er by 56.5 percent in quantity and 44.0
percent in value than purchases in Janu-
ary 1954,

Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery
Products by Department of the Army
(January 1955 and 1954)

QUANTITY VALUE
1955 | 1954 1955 | 1954

(Million Pounds) (Million Dollars)
Jail a) a [Tae

An average price of 41,4 cents per pound was paid by the Army Quartermaster
Corps for fresh and frozen fishery products purchased in January 1955, compared
with 40,6 cents in December 1954 and 45.0 cents per pound in January 1954,

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

In addition to the purchases of fresh and frozen fishery products indicated above,
the Armed Forces generally make some local purchases which are not included in
the above figures. Therefore, actual purchases are somewhat higher than indicated,
but it is not possible to obtain data on the local purchases made by military instal-
lations throughout the country.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program
DEPTH RANGE OF RED SHRIMP FOUND TO VARY WITH SEASON BY "ORE-

MISSISSIPPI
DELTAA

1 >
CROSS HATCHING SHOWS z =
AREAS TRAWLED,
+ SHOWS APPROXIMATE POSITIONS
OF LONG-LINE SETS.

Approximate location of exploratory fishing activities during
Cruise 29, Feb.-Mar., 1955, of the M/V Oregon.

Mexico for the late winter and early spring
was found by the Oregon on a 19-day cruise
ending at Pascagoula, Miss., March 14,
1955. Previous dragging in the summer
and fallin the northeastern Gulf had given
the best results at depths of 200-210fath-

Packing headless red shrimp on the Service's exploratory oms but on this cruise the greatest con-

fishing vessel Oregon. centrations were found at depths of 240-

260 fathoms where water temperatures

at the bottom were between 48° and 50° F. Drags made inareas of warmer or colder
bottom temperatures showed a rapid decrease incatchrate. Catches made in the favor-
able temperature range were uniform throughout the area in contrast to the summer
months when there has been some evidence of concentration.

Catch rates averaged 90 pounds of 12-count heads-on red shrimp per 3-hour
drag using an 80-foot balloon trawl, but were proportionately higher for 4-hour
drags in around-the-clock operations. The largest catch made was 150 pounds of
heads-on shrimp. Drags made between 160-200 fathoms caught another species of
deep-water shrimp (Peneaopsis megalops) at rates of approximately 50 pounds per
drag. These shrimp are considerably smaller than the red shrimp averaging ap-
proximately 35 shrimp heads on per pound. Except for size this species appears
to be as desirable as the larger form (Hymenopenaeus robustus).

Thirty-four trawling stations were made in depths of 160-270fathoms along the
continental slope between the Mississippi Delta and Cape San Blas. Three-hour
drags were made during the early part of the cruise but it was found that 4-hour
drags were more practical and that trawling could be carried on through a 24-hour
period with an apparent increase in hourly catch rate. The average catch rate at

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW : 37

the best depth for dragging produced only 34 100-pound boxes of heads-off shrimp per
24-hour period so the quantities caught were relatively low in comparison with good
shrimp fishing in shallow water. It
should be noted, however, that better
concentrations have beenfound on
earlier cruises of the Oregon.

Good trawling bottom was
found throughout the cruise except
close to the Mississippi River Delta
where soft mud and patches of live
coral were encountered. Atdepths
of 240-260fathoms the net was used
on a single 700-fathom half-inch
wire rope with a 25-fathom bridle.

Mud ropes and special doors did A 300-pound bluefin tuna caught in March 1955 by the Oregon in the
not appear necessary. northern Gulf of Mexico with long-line gear.

The drags made in the 240-260-fathom depth range produced whiting (Merluccius
magnoculus) and hake (Phycis sp. )from one- to four-pound size at a rate of 300-500
pounds per drag.

In addition to the trawling work, three tuna long-line sets were made in the off-
ings between the Mississippi Delta and Cape San Blas using deep-water trawl scrap
fish as bait. One 300-pound bluefin tuna was captured. This tuna was in prespawn-
ing condition with immature eggs.

The Oregon was due to leave Pascagoula on a four-week long-line fishing cruise on
April 5. Sets were planned at intervals of about 60 miles beginning in the central Gulf
of Mexicoand extending through the Yucatan Channel into the northwestern Caribbean.

This is to be the first of a series of cruises scheduled to give information on
the continuity of fishable stocks of yellowfin tuna in the Gulf and northwestern Car-
ibbean, An additional objective was to learn more about the schools of very large
bluefin tuna that have appeared in the northern Gulf of Mexico during February and
early March, The appearance and capture of the bluefin coincided with an abrupt
decline in yellowfin catches during the last week in February and of course a pri-
mary objective will be to look for information that would help explain this decline,

a
Haddock Fillet Promotion Campaign Progresses Well

The cooperative industry-Government haddock promotional campaign, which
was first announced by Secretary of the Interior McKay on January 13 rapidly gain-
ed momentum in the following weeks.

Five days after the program's announcement, six major food trade organiza-
tions and associations promised their support and a special bulletin on the haddock
supply was sent to the 7,000 members of the National Restaurant Association, Also,
arrangements were made for the mailing of a special bulletin on haddock to 13,500
schools in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, Massachusetts, West
Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio,

In the week of January 18-25, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service made addi-
tional arrangements for the immediate distribution of special haddock supply bulle-
tins to 10, 250 schools in the following states:

Maine Connecticut Maryland Illinois
New Hampshire Rhode Island Delaware Missouri
Vermont North Carolina Indiana

38 : COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Special bulletins on the haddock supply situation were sent to approximately
4,000 institutions in these states.

Through the cooperation of the U. S. Department of Agriculture approximately
2,200 newspapers, TV, and radio food editors, institutional buyers, and Extension
Service personnel of
the New England area
were sent a bulletin
featuring haddock fil-
lets. In cooperation
with the Department
of Agriculture ap-
proximately 600 sim-
ilar persons in the
Midwest were senta
special Service-pre-
pared bulletin onhad-
dock,

HADDOCK ( MELANOGRAMMUS AEGLEF 1 NuS )

Major frozen-food
distributors through-
out the Northeastern
and mid-Central states received a special letter from the Director of the Fish and
Wildlife Service advising them of the cooperative industry-Government haddock cam-

paign.

Approximately 1,000 newspaper, radio, and TV food editors in the Northeastern
and mid-Central states were sent special information about the haddock marketing
program which could be readily adapted for use in their columns or on the air.

Many personal calls by Service personnel were made by January 25 on TV and
newspaper food editors to encourage them to feature haddock. These calls were
made in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Akron,
Toledo, and Indianapolis. While in these cities, Service personnel also contacted
frozen fish distributors to acquaint them with the campaign, Within the next few
days, all major cities in the so-called "haddock belt'' were similarly covered.

Meanwhile, the industry prepared news material, some point-of-sale material,
cookbooks, and generally publicized the program through its contacts,

GS

Maryland
FINFISH CATCH RECORD SYSTEM REVISED: A revised finfish catch-record

program was introduced to Maryland's fishing industry on January 1, 1955. De-
signed by the Maryland Departments of Tidewater Fisheries and Research and Ed-
ucation to meet the growing needs of State conservation administrators, biologists,
and economists, the new record system will provide‘a more complete, more de-
tailed, and speedier inventory of the catch of commercial fish taken in Maryland

waters,

Since 1944 the Department of Research and Education at Solomons has been
solely responsible for the collection, tabulation, and analysis of commercial fish
records, Under the new program, the Department of Tidewater Fisheries at An-
napolis will undertake the collection of such reports from licensed net fishermen.
Under the new system the fishermen have a revised record book requiring a report
for each day's fishing, listing the pounds of each species of fish caught, water area

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

fished, and where the fish were sold. Monthly record sheets are to be returned at
the end of each three-month period. All records, inquiries, and correspondence
in regard to the catch program should be addressed to the Maryland Department of
Tidewater Fisheries, State Office Building, Annapolis, Md. Records received
from the fishermen will then be forwarded to the Maryland Department of Research
and Education for tabulation and analysis, according to the latter agency's Febru-
ary 1955 Maryland Tidewater News,

As further refinements are incorporated in the record system, both agencies
will strive to make the catch data available monthly or seasonally rather than, as
in previous years, onan annual basis. As in the past, individual fisherman's rec-
ords will be maintained on a confidential basis and will not be used outside of the
collecting agencies, The Maryland agencies will continue to cooperate withthe U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and the records will be processed by the Service's auto-
matic tabulating unit as usual,

(Cruise 3): Northern shrimp were not taken in commercial quantities in any of 19
tows made by the Service's explora-
tory fishing vessel Delaware in the
Gulf of Maine on a 10-day cruise com-
pleted at Boston, Mass., on Febru-
ary 13.

The greatest number were taken
in 50 fathoms of water off WoodIsland, a”
Me. Virtually all of the northern | Tuaut is {i
shrimp taken were egg-bearing fe- eee | ae PET aie ae
males with a mean length of 105 mm,
(4,2 inches). This approximates the
sizes taken in the previously existing
fishery.

© MONHEGAN Is..MATINICUS-16. >)

eet ese | 4
8 GUIN Kk hoes
} BEANE 3

This was the third cruise of a
series designed to determine the pres-
ent abundance in the winter months of
northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in
waters which formerly supported a
commercial fishery. CAPE ANN

7p°

A total of 19 otter-trawl tows was Cruise 3 of the M/V Delaware
made, using a standard No, 41 otter
trawl, with a 23-inch cotton mesh liner in bellies and cod end. Ten of the tows were
made in, or in close proximity to, areas which supported a winter fishery in the
middle and late 1940's. Nine tows were made between these areas, or in explora-
tion of suitable bottoms.

The cod end and belly of one trawl net was lost when it filled with mud, Three
fishing days were lost due to stormy weather,

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

LAND: A special cruise to tag petrale sole in the "Esteban Deep" off the west coast
of Vancouver Island was commenced when the Service's exploratory fishing vessel
John N. Cobb sailed from Seattle, Wash., on March 21, The operation was to be
carried out in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Fisheries and
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Standard western otter trawls will be used to catch the petrale sole, and spe-
cial techniques and gear will be employed in an attempt to reduce the high mortality
rate experienced in previous tagging operations in the ''Esteban Deep" by the State.
The high mortality was thought to have been the result of extreme pressure changes
on the petrale sole as they were brought up from depths as great as 1, 200 feet.

Catches of petrale sole, a most highly-prized bottomfish, have dwindled onboth
Canadian and United States grounds in recent years. The ''Esteban Deep" petrale
sole grounds, discovered accidentally in 1953 by United States trawlers fishing for
Pacific ocean perch, has produced the largest catches of petrale sole ever taken in
the history of the Washington trawl fishery, Fishermen and scientists alike believe
that the petrale sole taken in ''Esteban Deep" are a part of the same stocks which
are fished in other areas during the summer months, This opinion is based on re-
sults of previous tagging by the State of Washington and Canada. The work carried
out by the John N. Cobb will help to determine the necessity of giving the species
regulatory protection.

nx

Ae

Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations

area north of Midway Island by the

I70°E 180° 170° Igoe Eom Service's research vessel John R.
oie *" Manning on a 30-day cruise to de-
termine the distribution and abun-
Nea nee MEER ieee dance of this species in that area,
= H 2 PERATUR .
(ieee) ELL SURREGE LEMRERATURS The cruise, completed at Honolulu
(1) [60.21 / “Foie on February 6, £955, covered the
(5) [63.9]—« (4)(63.5] area between 29° and 32 N, lati-
Fl (2) [656] d J aiean yo. tude from 160 W. to 180° longi-
y, tude--more than 100,000 square
(0) [69.2]—2 “/Owar 3
miles of ocean.
(0) [73.1]—e 7
SG Gas The cruise was the latest ina
Jo “Se series aimed at mapping the winter
II Tees extent of the central North Pacific
20° oy © Ber 5 2
albacore, a fishery resource hith-
4 erto unexploited by United States
see 1808 voy Po 0° fishermen, The albacore is the

highest priced of the tuna, and the domestic production falls far short of the demand.
The opening up of fishing grounds for this species within operating distance of Hawaii
may mean the eventual development of a new fishing fleet based in the islands, and
it is anticipated that the mainland tuna industry will also show a keen interest inthe
results of these explorations,

The albacore tuna caught weighed up to 70 pounds, and were captured mainly
on long lines (flag lines), although a few small ones were taken at the surface by

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

trolling. Most of the albacore taken were tagged and released alive in the hope that
subsequent recaptures may shed additional light on the migrations of this species,
which apparently traverses the whole North Pacific.

The John R. Manning put in briefly at Pearl and Hermes Reef, an extensive
shoal area 75 miles southeast of Midway, in order to reconnoiter the supply of live
bait there, Large mullet and akule were plentiful, numerous turtles and seals were
seen, and a large population of goony birds was nesting on the reef, but no supply of
small fish suitable for tuna bait appeared to be present.

First a section line was fished on 180° in order to determine the latitudes at
which albacore occurred, Subsequent fishing was confined to those latitudes and
the albacore were traced east to 168 W. Thirteen stations were fished during this
portion of the cruise, (PartI of this cruise was executed in December 1954 and a
report published in Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1955, p. 34.)

There were,6 stations gn the 180° meridian and 7 eastward to 168° W. longi-
tude between 28 N, and 32 N, latitude (see figure). Sixty baskets (30 each of 5-
and 15-fathom float-line gear) were set at each station with the exception of two,
when only 40 baskets were set because of bad weather,

Albacore were caught af, 8 of the 13 stations but not in large numbers, Thebest
catch was at 30 42'N., 175 W., where 8 fish were caught. The total catch for the
13 stations was: 29 albacore, 13 big-eyed tuna, 1 short-nosed spearfish, 99 great
blue sharks, 2 mako sharks, 20 lancetfish, 1 dolphin (C. hippurus), and 1 pelagic
sting ray.

The albacore varied greatly in size, ranging from 33 to 76 pounds with no uni-
formity of size at any of the stations. The big-eyed tuna weighed between 43 and
96 pounds.

According to chemical sounding tubes, the deepest hooks of the 5-fathom gear
fished at an average depth of 319 feet while the 15-fathom gear fished at 387 feet.

Trolling was done for 2 hours along the long-line set at each station. Twohours
of surface trolling was done at 8 stations, and 1 hour each of surface and deep trol-
ling at 5 stations, The only fish taken by trolling were two albacore weighing around
4 pounds which were caught at the surface on the station at 30 59'N,, 171 14' W.
where the surface temperature was 63.5 KF. No fish were taken by deep trolling,
which was conducted at a speed of around 4-5 knots using 4 hooks baited with sar-
dines. The bait was invariably torn and battered when retrieved, but none gave any
indication that fish had struck.

The recording thermograph, operated continuously during the cruise, showed
a very gradual change in surface temperature to 27 N, on 180 , when a sudden
drop from 72° F, to 70 - was recorded, followed by a steady but faster decline
northward, At around 33° N, latitude irregular rises and falls in, temperature were
noted, and the resultant drop was from 64 F, at 31 49'N. to 60 F. at 33°50'N.
latitude.

purface temperature at stations at which albacore were taken rangedfrom 60rc=
67.5 E., but the best fishing occurred at temperatures of 63.1 -67.5 F,

At the southern end of the 180° section where no albacore were taken there was
a sharp thermocline at 280 feet. North of 31°41'N., where winter conditions pre-
vailed, there was no perceptible thermocline,

Stomachs were preserved from 8 albacore and field examinations were made of
the stomachs of 4 big-eyed tuna, 1 dolphin, and 18 lancetfish. There were some-

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

what greater amounts of food in the stomachs of these lancetfish as compared to
those caught in December 1954 (Part I of this cruise) along 160° W. longitude. Ova-
ries were collected from 1 albacore. Scales and vertebrae were taken from 9 alba-
core for age and growth studies.

Morphometric measurements were made on 9 albacore,1big-eyedtuna, 1 short-
nosed spearfish, 1 great blue shark, and 1 mako shark.

A total of 22 albacore and 7 big-eyed tuna were tagged and released.

A pelagic sting ray was preserved whole in formalin and returned to the labora-
tory at Honolulu,

A brief bait survey made on Southeast Island of Pearl and Hermes Reef in the
Leeward Island group disclosed the presence of only a very small amount of round
herring (Spratelloides delicatulus). No other species suitable for bait were noted.

No surface schools or bird flocks were seen outside the immediate vicinity of
islands,

The sea and weather conditions were generally good throughout this cruise.

7K KR OK

of the Line Islands group, about 1,000 miles south of Hawaii. The cruise began at
Honolulu on January 20 and ended at the same port on February 19, 1955.

The primary mission of the voyage was to scout for schools of skipjack tuna
(aku), the small striped tuna which is the mainstay of Hawaii's tuna fishing industry
in the summer but which is scarce at this time of the year in the local waters where
the sampan fleet operates. Rarely were more than one or two schools of skipjack
sighted each day, and with no concentrations of any potential importance to commer-
cial fishermen. Around the Line Islands, where schools of yellowfin tuna are gen-
erally present close to the reefs, only small fast-moving schools were seen, At-
tempts to attract these tuna with artificial bait were unsuccessful. A secondary
mission of the cruise was to test the effectiveness of various artificial substitutes
for the scarce live-bait fish upon which the Hawaiian tuna catch depends.

Intensive scouting was done during every day at sea. Two days were spent south
of Oahu, four days en route to Johnston Island, and five more days en route to Pal-
myra Island, Part of each of 10 days was then spent scouting off the Line Islands
and on the return to Honolulu 6 more days were spent. There was a total of 233, 2
hours of scouting and only 9 skipjack tuna, 5 yellowfin tuna, 23 unidentified, and 2
mixed schools of fish were seen. Most of these were near Palmyra Island, None
of the skipjack and only 2 of the yellowfin schools responded to the live bait. All
schools were wild and frequently the birds dispersed before the school could be ap-
proached.

The most promising artificial bait was tested on surface schools of yellowfin
near the Line Islands. This bait consisted of tuna juices solidified with agar to
which was added a small amount of artist's glitter to simulate fish scales. This
was cut into strips approximately 2x}x1inch thick. This artificial bait was tried
alone and after live bait on all possible schools, including both yellowfin and skip-
jack. In no case was there evidence of response to the artificial bait.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

A bait reconnaissance was made in the Line Islands area, Small quantities of
mullet were found at Palmyra and Fanning Islands, These averaged 5-8 inches in
length and usually were found in groups of only 1 to 5 buckets on sandy bottoms in
water less than 2 feet deep. Thus, they were difficult to catch in quantity and the
best catches ran to only about 15 buckets per hour of baiting time. No baiting was
done at Christmas Island where it is now prohibited by the British Government,

Experiments with tagging procedures on skipjack and yellowfin were planned,
but too few of both species were caught for experimentation, Stomachs of troll-
caught skipjack and troll-caught yellowfin were preserved for tuna food and behav-
ior study.

The Gilbert field party serviced a weather station established earlier by U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service personnel on Christmas Island and picked up the weather
data accumulated since the last time a POFI vessel put in there. The weather sta-
tion at Fanning Island was also inspected by the party.

This operation also was intended to locate and obtain data on the poisonous prop-
erties of food and sport fish suitable for introduction into Hawaiian waters. Good
collections were obtained and numerous specimens of snappers and groupers were
brought back both frozen and alive to Honolulu.

Pacific Salmon Investigations

SALMON UPSTREAM MIGRATION STUDIED WITH UNDERWATER SONIC DE-
VICES: The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is using the latest engineering develop-
ments in underwater sonic devices to study adult salmon behavior in their upstream
migration. Production models of the ''Sea Scanar"’ have been modified to aid bio-
logists in observing fish movements under various hydraulic conditions,

Anautomatic
tracking receiver
andasmall signal
generator have
been developed to
enable the biolo-
gists to track
closely the move-
ments of anindividual salmon. The signal generator is attachedtothe fish and the re-
ceiver automatically "homes" to the signal. In this way the position of the fish in
the stream or fishway is recorded on a calibrated cathode ray tude. This equip-
ment makes possible a determination of the rate, depth, and route of migration of
adult salmon, plus their reaction to obstacles along the migration route.

Observations of salmon behavior will be made in the vicinity of fishway en-
trances and collection systems of dams, fishway exits, and in the fishways,

S

Saltonstall-Kennedy Act Fishery Projects
FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING CALLED: The Fisheries Ad-

visory Committee, authorized under the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act (68 Stat. 376),
will hold its first meeting on April 28 and 29 in Washington, D. C., in the Depart-

ment of the Interior Building, Secretary of the Interior McKay announced April 5.

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Under a provision of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, the Secretary of the Interior
was authorized to appoint a group of experts from the domestic fisheries and fish-
ery products industry to advise him on industry problems embraced by the new leg-
islation. The Advisory Committee consists of 19 representatives of all segments
of the United States fisheries. The members have been appointed to serve until
June 30, 1957.

Designed to strengthen the United States commercial fisheries as a whole, the
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act provides that an amount equal to 30 percent of duties col-
lected under the customs laws on fishery products shall be transferred annually for
three years from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior.
Expenditures for any one year may not exceed $3 million.

In order to get the program under way as rapidly as possible after funds be-
came available on July 1, 1954, Secretary McKay approved a number of projects
which were considered by the industry to require immediate attention. In most
instances these projects paralleled programs already under way or which had been
postponed previously because of lack of funds.

Assistant Secretary of the Interior Orme Lewis will be the presiding officer
during the meetings on April 28 and 29. John L. Farley, Director of the Fish and
Wildlife Service which administers the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, will report to the
Advisory Committee on the progress and accomplishments to date of the projects
already initiated by the Service.

The Department has received some 75 suggestions and requests for assistance
from various industry and research groups, and from fishery associations, A pro-
gram for the remainder of the current fiscal year ending June 30, 1955, will be dis-
cussed, as well as one for next fiscal year.

The Committee's advice will be sought on policy, rules, and regulations per-
taining to requests for assistance. Procedures will be outlined which the Commit-
tee will follow in performing its functions. A system will be established on prior-
ities by types and areas for proposed projects.

Those named to the Committee were listed on page 37 of the February 1955 is-
sue of Commercial Fisheries Review.

OOK OK OK OK

tistical office was opened recently by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Beau-
fort, S. C. In addition, activities are being expanded at existing offices in Beau-
fort, N. C., and Coral Gables, Fla.

Under the terms of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act (68 Stat. 376), which is design-
ed to give special aid to the American commercial fishing industry, funds have been
allocated to expedite the Service's work of collecting and issuing statistics on the
catch of fish and shellfish, the value of the catch, and the employment of men, fish-
ing craft, and gear in the fisheries.

Statistical information is acknowledged to be the basis of most fishery research
and must be available before practical management programs can be attempted. The
increased funds now available will make possible much more of this type of work.
During the hearings held prior to the passage of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Bill, expert
witnesses from the fishing industry from all parts of the country were in full accord
that more work should be done by the Service to extend the statistical coverage of
the interior sections of the country and to speed up the release of all statistical data,
These statistics are also invaluable to state and Federal agencies in their regula-
tory work.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

The office at Beaufort, S. C., in charge of Melvin H. Low, will make a gen-
eral canvass of the fisheries of South Carolina,

Additional statistical offices, financed through Saltonstall-Kennedy Act funds,
will be opened shortly in Providence, R. 1.; Solomons, Md.; Aransas Pass, Galves-
ton, and Brownsville, Tex,; Brunswick, Ga.; Fort Meyers and Key West, Fla.;
Biloxi and Pascagoula, Miss.; and Houmaand Morgan City, La. Statistical activ-
ities will be expanded in the Service's San Pedro, Calif., office.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1955, p. 38.

1 OK OK OK OK

of three contracts for oyster research to be conducted in southern states under the
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act (68 Stat, 376) was announced by Secretary of the Interior
McKay on March 10. The contracts have been let to Florida State University, Lou-
isiana State University, and Tulane University by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice which will supervise the work,

Studies aimed at developing improved techniques for handling, processing,
freezing, packaging, and storing southern oysters and oyster products will be made,
The over-all objective is to broaden the market base for these commodities,

The Florida State University contract calls for $12,400 to be allocated over a
12-month period for studying southern oysters from the standpoint of variations in
composition and nutritive value; investigating the effects of environment, freezing,
and processing on these oysters; developing new oyster products by such treatments
as blanching, smoking, and breading; preparing special oyster dishes for taste pan-
els and frozen-storage tests; and investigating the fat content of these oysters as it
affects quality during refrigerated or frozen storage.

The contract let to Louisiana State University earmarks $10,000 for a 12-month
project entailing a study of variations in southern oysters due to different seasons
and different producing areas, an investigation of freezing and frozen storage in con-
nection with these oysters, development of a quality test for fresh and frozen south-
ern oysters, and a study of oyster changes due to the presence of undesirable orga-
isms.

The Tulane University contract calls for $7,600 to be available over a12-month
period for research on the "bleeding" (loss of liquor) of shucked southern oysters
and for studies of pigmentation" (color spots) found in these oysters, The work
will entail probes into the physiological factors involved in bleeding, and efforts will
be made to determine why the pigmentation develops,

OK OK KK

investigations of New England's scallop and whiting fisheries have been initiated
with funds provided by the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act (68 Stat. 376). The research
will be under the direction of the Woods Hole, Mass., Laboratory of the North At-
lantic Fisheries Investigations.

Scallop research will be conducted to ascertain the reasons for the apparent de-
pletion,

HK OK OK

SERVICE ALLOTS MORE FUNDS FOR FLORIDA RED TIDE WORK: An addi-

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

the red tide on the Florida west coast has been allotted by Secretary of the Interior
McKay. This money will be used during the remainder of the current fiscal year

to charter planes and vessels and to purchase chemicals for large-scale control ex-
periments. Additional personnel will also be needed to analyze scientific data which
is accumulating rapidly.

These additional funds are available under the terms of the Saltonstall-Kennedy
Act (68 Stat. 376), which is designed to give special aid to the American commmer-
cial fishing industry.

With $20,000 previously allocated from Saltonstall-Kennedy funds and $50,000
from regular congressional appropriations, a total of $103,000 in Federal funds is
being used in fiscal year 1955 to ascertain how quickly the red tide work can be suc-
cessfully concluded.

In the past two years the Service has intensified its efforts to determine the
combination of environmental factors which ''trigger-off" blooms of Gymnodinium
brevis, the minute marine organism which causes extensive fish kills in waters a-
long Florida's west coast,

The need for additional funds became apparent in January 1955 when members
of the Service's Washington staff and the scientific staff of the red tide investiga-
tions met at the Fort Myers, Fla., laboratory to make a critical examination of the
progress of the Federal research program, The most striking feature brought out
in the research review was the discovery made in the Service's laboratory at Gal-
veston, Tex., that metallic copper in extremely small quantities is highly toxic to
G. brevis.

After further experimental work in the laboratory, metallic copper in the form
of large screens and possibly copper ore tailings will be tried on a field scale tode-
termine its control effectiveness as a substitute for the more expensive copper sul-
fate.

In the meantime control experiments using copper sulfate as the poison agent
to curb the red tide microbe will be continued as the most expedient method of pos-
sible control so far developed.

Such experiments, however, are becoming increasingly expensive because the
Service must depend largely upon charter and rental boats and planes to achieve
useful results. Since G. brevis continues to be present in Florida waters, control
experiments must be increased beyond those originally anticipated.

Methods of increasing the effectiveness of patrol along the red tide areas to de-
tect outbreaks in their early stages were also discussed during the conference, The
Service is now arranging for one of its float planes to be assigned to Fort Myers to
determine if a rapid and effective means of patrolling and sampling the area can be

done by air.

South Carolina

plants in South Carolina have increased their production of frozen precooked fish-
ery products during the past year, reports the Service's Fishery Marketing Special-
ist stationed in South Carolina, Plants which formerly packed only such items as
frozen shrimp have now turned the major part of their production to precooked fro-

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

zen items, Such as precooked breaded shrimp, oysters, crabs, etc. Some plants
now precook 75 percent and more of their total production of frozen seafoods.

Sport Fishing License Sales Continue Upward Trend

Sport fishermenand hunters in the United States reached the record-breaking total
of 32,654,199 individuals in the past fiscal year and they paid almost $85 million for fish-
ing and hunting licenses and Federal duck stamps, the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service re-
ported Marchl.

Licenses Issued in the United States, July 1, 1953, to June 30, 1954

tate Fishing
e A Total Total Cost—' To
State - Paid License Holders Licenses |Fishermen For All
Resident | Nonresident Total Issuedl/ | LicensesIssued
$

Alabama 206, 625 18, 949 225,574 231,474 268, 641
Arizona 90,006 42,818 132,824 132,824 359,527
Arkansas 264,873 131, 909 396, 782 396, 782 744,524
California 1,240, 604 15,400 1,256, 004 1,256, 004 3, 789, 836
Colorado 300, 800 104, 657 405,457 405, 457 831,978
Connecticut 103,313 4,237 107,550 107,550 374, 698
Delaware 8,515 1,714 10,229 10,229 23,499
Florida 239,529 99,094 338, 623 338, 623 905, 825
Georgia 400,928 6,513 407,441 416,034 270, 336
Idaho 178, 724 65,024 243,748 248, 690 664, 008
Llinois 768,544 20,199 788,743 788, 743 871, 760
Indiana 554,232 36,584 590,816 618, 384 665, 989
Iowa 388, 941 15,127 404, 068 404, 068 579, 049
Kansas 229, 337 6, 102 235,439 235,439 477,195
Kentucky 334,247 80, 657 414, 904 414,904 876, 452 - , A
Louisiana 178, 994 26, 055 205, 049 205, 049 261, 365 Fishing, as in past years,
Maine 126, 461 72,979 199,440 199,440 616,949 .
Maryland 96, 005 20, 983 116, 988 116, 988 211,949 remained the most popular out-
Massachusetts 215, 707 7,276 222, 983 245, 365 642, 025 .
Michigan 852, 788 307, 137 1, 159, 925 1,581, 719 2,266, 848 door sport, with 18,580,813 men
Minnesota 871,964 305,953 1,277,917 1,337, 311 3,093,691 + 7 7
Mississippi 134,970 73,170 208,140 208,140 306, 668 and women paying $ 3 8 million
Missouri 513,319 51, 882 565,201 565,201 1,280,947 7 7 -
Montana 185, 391 36, 696 222, 087 222, 087 416,896 for all categories of state licens
Nebraska 222,865 9,539 232,404 232,404 358,893 m 1 m j
Nevada 28,397 26,831 55,228 60, 469 199, 859 ae nee its, ae sta sare er
New Hampshire 75, 728 48, 648 124, 376 129, 616 409, 107 i ndin: un
New Jersey 138,125 9,995 148,120 224, 380 577,431 isca year e g J = a
New Mexico 72, 705 37, 584 110, 289 118, 404 376, 726 (see table).
New York 774, 314 42,712 817,026 866, 680 1,811,044
North Carolina 317, 010 25, 730 342, 740 389, 436 647, 646 6 c
North Dakota 73,903 1,306 75,209 75,384 44,242 In the preceding fiscal year,
Ohio 837, 746 47, 508 885,254 885,254 1, 762, 488 : ° .
Oklahoma 354,597 54,177 408, 774 408, 774 868, 002 in the category of paid license
Oregon 291, 982 28,153 320, 135 322,571 1,190, 084 .
pemnyiyente 704,337 | 27,147 731, 484 731, 484 1 764, 772 holders, fishermen outnumbered
Rhode Island 19,892 483 20,375 26, 392 47,321
South Carolina 291, 982 10,723 302, 705 319,530 385,249 hunters 17,867,922 to 13,997,155 =.
South Dakota 100, 232 27,333 127,565 127, 565 275, 689 7 7 7 ]
Tennessee 648,261 120,219 768, 480 815,456 781,040 Fees fr om fishing licenses in 195 3
Texas 417,379 6,393 423,772 424,337 714,272 $ milli m
Utah 133,733 7,295 141, 028 148, 939 425,728 totaled 35 illion as co pared
Vermont 72,200 33,707 105, 907 106, 027 246, 064 with $45 million (including $4
Virginia 351,194 8,542 359, 736 425,542 583,524 aoe
Washington 464, 166 20, 352 484,518 485,537 1,429,265 million for duck stamps) collect-
West Virginia 187, 421 7,537 194, 958 221,359 380, 073
Wisconsin 739,495 341,197 1, 080, 692 1, 082, 076 2,215,221 edfr om hunters.
Wyoming 121,291 62,815 184, 106 189,909 633, 340

TOTALS 15,923, 772 19, 504, 030 7927, 735

The Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice has developeda new system
of reporting hunting and fishing
license statistics which is being used for the first time this year. In previous years the
Service has reported the total number of all licenses purchased, including permits, spe-
ciallicenses, stamps, etc. This totalrepresented duplications, since ahunter might buy,
in addition tohis general license, a quailstampanda deer stamp. Orafishermaninsome
states might buy a specialtrout permit.

1/Includes general resident and nonresident fishing licenses, permits, tags, stamps, and such free licenses as distributed
by some states, There were 347,070 free hunting and fishing licenses issued by 16 states,

12/Gross cost to the fishermen for various types and categories of licenses issued by the respective states for the privilege
of fishing for and/or possessing fish,

Apportionment of Federal aid funds tothe states for fish and wildlife restoration pro-
grams is based upon the number of paid license holders and not upon the total of all licens-
es issued.

The data in the table have been arranged infive columns. The first three columns
cover, as nearly as can be determined, the number of paid license holders, consisting of
residents, nonresidents, andthe totalfor each state. The fourth column presents anenu-
meration of alltypes of licenses issued by the states tosportsmen, suchas general hunt-
ing and fishing licenses, big game, and special types of issuances, suchas trout stamps,
woodcock permits, specialarea licenses, free licenses tothe aged, veterans, etc., special

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

gear permits (archers, fish houses, etc.), and others. The number of these special licens-
es is indicative of the growing trend toward more highly specialized and regulated hunting
and fishing.

The fifth column gives the gross cost which sportsmen pay for the right to indulge in
their favorite sport. The totals in the fifth column include fees for the general licenses,
and for all special permits, tags, and stamps, except the Migratory Waterfowl Hunting
Stamps which are issued by the Federal Government and not bythe states.

Bs
U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER 1954: United States imports of
fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and shellfish in December 1954 amounted
to 49.4 million pounds (valued at $14.1 million), ac-
cording to a Department of Commerce summary tab-
WARENOUS ulation (see table). This wag a decrease of 21 percent

in quantity and 14 percent in value as compared with
.| November imports of 62.6 million pounds (valued at
$16.4 million). Compared with a year earlier, De-
cember 1954 imports were lower by 9 percent in quan-
tity and 8 percent in value.

Ly Sonace

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish (ex-
cluding fresh and frozen) in December 1954 totaled
6.2 million pounds (valued at $1.3 million)--an in-
crease of 7 percent in quantity but 7 percent lower in
value as compared with November exports of 5,8 mil-
lion pounds (valued at $1.4 million), December 1954
exports were higher by 63 percent in quantity and 30 percent in value than a year
earlier.

United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products,
December 1954 With Comparisons
Dec, 1954 Dec. 1953 Year 1953
Items

| Quantity | Value] Quantity [ Value [Quantity | Value |
2 © e e e e (In Millions of Lbs. & $)

Fish & shellfish:

Fresh, frozen
& processed= . 2. « e
Exports:
Fish & shellfish:
Processedl/ only (excluding
fresh and frozen)....
1/ Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties.

3K OK XK

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1954: United
States imports of groundfish fillets, frozen tuna, and fish meal during the year 1954
were substantially greater than in 1953, according to preliminary data compiled
from Bureau of the Census records, Most of the other principal fishery products
imports showed relatively little change. The 1954 exports of canned salmon and
sardines (not in oil), and fish oils were also considerably above those of 1953.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

Imports: Frozen tuna imported during December 1954 totaled 8.7 million pounds,
compared with 2,1 million in that month a year ago. This brought the total for the
year 1954 to a record of 123.4 million pounds, an increase of 30 percent over 1953,
Of the 1954 imports, 98 million pounds were received from Japan of which 56 mil-
lion pounds were albacore tuna, Peru, the next leading supplier, contributed 20.3
million pounds,

Imports of canned tuna amounted to 31.6 million pounds during 1954, about 9
percent less than in 1953, Of this 28.6 million pounds were from Japan--10 million
pounds of which were albacore tuna, Bonito canned in oil and in brine totaled 15,4
million pounds, almost entirely from Peru,

Groundfish and ocean perch fillets imported during 1954 reached a record of
135.3 million pounds. This was an increase of 48 percent over 1953 and 26 percent
above the previous record year 1952. Imports of cod fillets in 1954 totaled 82.1
million pounds; ocean perch fillets, 23.5 million pounds; and haddock and other spe-
cies, 29.7 million pounds. The principal supplying countries were Canada, 86 mil-
lion pounds; Iceland, 37 million; Norway, 4.7 million; West Germany, 3.6 million;
and Denmark, 2.7 million pounds, Imports of other fillets and steaks during 1954
totaled 48 million pounds as compared with 51.3 million pounds in 1953, These con-
sisted of 8.9 million pounds of swordfish fillets; 4.6 million pounds of halibut and
salmon fillets and steaks; 10.3 million pounds of flounder fillets; 6 million pounds
of wolffish (sea catfish), and 11.5 million pounds of fillets of fresh-water fish.

United States imports of fresh and frozen salmon amounted to 32.9 million
pounds during 1954, This compared with 27.4 million pounds imported during 1953,
Canned salmon imports in 1954 totaled 11,4 million pounds, slightly below those of
the previous year.

The 1954 imports of canned sardines not in oil were far below those of the pre-
vious year, Only 12.7 million pounds were imported in 1954, compared with 22.5
million pounds in 1953, Canned sardines in oil imports of 21.7 million pounds were
only slightly below 1953.

Shrimp imports during 1954 totaled 41.5 million pounds. Fresh and frozen
lobster imports amounted to 41,4 million pounds, Imports for both these products
were only slightly below 1953, Canned lobster imports of 3.1 million pounds in
1954 were about 1 million pounds less than the previous year. Imports of canned
crab meat totaled 2.9 million pounds during 1954, also about 1 million pounds under
the year earlier.

The 1954 imports of fish meal also reached a new record with 145, 777 tons,
compared with 131,473 tons in 1953, Principal sources of fish-meal imports were
Canada with 39, 740 tons; Norway, 34,154 tons; Angola, 30,130 tons; and Peru,
17,596 tons.

Exports: United States exports of canned salmon showed considerable gains
during 1954, principally to the United Kingdom, Exports of canned salmon totaled
7.2 million pounds as compared with 2,3 million pounds in 1953, Of the 1954 total,
3.8 million pounds went to the United Kingdom, United States canned salmon has
been practically out of that market since 1949,

Exports of canned sardines also showed substantial gains during 1954 to reach
a total of 16.4 million pounds, In 1953, 9.2 million pounds were exported. Princi-
pal destination in 1954 were the Philippines which took 5.1 million pounds and Latin
American countries,

Canned mackerel exports totaled only 1.5 million pounds in 1954, compared
with 5.3 million in 1953,

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Fish oils exported during 1954 reached a record of 140.8 million pounds, about
32 percent greater than the previous record year 1953,

OK OK OK OK

SHRIMP IMPORTS, 1954: United States shrimp imports (fresh, frozen, canned,
and dried) from all countries in 1954 totaled 41.5 million pounds, a decrease of 4

Table 1 - U. S. Shrimp Imports (Fresh, Frozen, Canned, and Dried), 1950-54=—
1954 IES 1 TE 1951 1950
rae ian OO Os Zounds
36, 767
3, 943

227

352

389

225

: 60 O 489

Other Courtries 6 708

percent from 1953 imports of 43,1 million pounds, according to statistics obtained
from the Bureau of the Census (table 1). Mexico again was the principal supplier

of shrimp (mostly frozen) to the United States, and shipped 84 percent of the total

as compared with 85 percent in 1953 and 99 percent in 1950. Although the total Unit-

1951 1950

(insi000kPounds) see
464| 1,099
= 326 308
Ibs Sly 2}, (sal {S) Ag BO)
5 833 1,335
12,047 6,703 5), IS}
119 - 2
19, 834 IZ, tals} 24, 436
814 1,668] 1,708
544 591 286
120 380 353
2,193| 2,060
- 30
42 78
2 109
16 39
ri

Washington .

Other Crstionne
Ago tally eae es

|1/ Mostly fresh and frozen.

ee
o 8
e 8
ee
Ce
ee
ee
cts

it

°
°
°
°
Ve

i

°
°
°
e
e
iS)

t

he ee

ed States imports of shrimp in the past five years has fluctuated little, poor fishing
on the Mexican west coast has reduced shipments from Mexico. Mexico ships almost
its entire production to the United States. Other countries have taken up the slack
and increased their imports of shrimp to the United States.

The largest decrease of shrimp imports from Mexicowas in shipments through
the Arizona and Galveston Customs Districts. (table 2); while shipments through the
Laredo and New Orleans Customs District increased substantially.

7 OK OK OK OK

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

MISCLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTS OF PEARL ESSENCE AND FISH-SCALE
EXTRACT: Investigation has revealed that the data for imports classified under
the Bureau of the Census Schedule A commodity number 8420 290, ''Chemical pig-

ments, n.s.p.f.,'' during the period January-September 1954 incorrectly included
data on imports of pearl essence and fish-scale extract which are classifiable under

Schedule A commodity number 8420 270, ''Pearl essence,'

The following table summarizes the revisions which were found to be necessary
in the January-September 1954 import statistics as a result of these misclassifica-
tions:

Schedule A Gomaicdity Deserindion As Published
Commodity Number y g Qeesbiy valve lonantiy| Walaa

bs US$ Lbs. US$
16, 6, 788 196, 6, 216 24,673 276, 3( 362
53,866 | 89,148} 45, 981 9, 002

The above changes will be presented in further detail in the ''Revisions to Pre-
vious Months! Reports" section of a future issue of Report No. FT 110, UnitedStates

Imports of Merchandise for Consumption, Commodity by Origin,

8420 270
8420 290

Pearl essence. «..«.«
Chemical pigments, n.s.

Beginning with the October 1954 statistics, steps were taken which are intended
to prevent a recurrence of these errors, In view of the amount of work necessary
to investigate the data for years prior to 1954, no attempt will be made to determine
the extent of misclassifications, if any, in these data, states the February 1955 For-
eign Trade Statistics Notes of the Bureau of the Census.

32

Washington
CHINOOK SALMON FEEDING AND MIGRATORY HABITS STUDIED: An envi-

ronmental research study into the feeding and migration habits of fall chinook salm-
on has been started by the State of Washington Department of Fisheries on the

Deschutes River,

Under the supervision of the Chief Biologist, the research staff will attempt to
pinpoint the movement of both juvenile and adult chinooks between the Main River and
Budd Inlet, with special attention to hold-up periods in Deschutes Lake and rate of
progress through the fishway system at Tumwater Falls. The project is roughly
parallel to the type of migrant and stream production studies conducted at Minter
Creek. Assessment also will be made of the type and quantities of food organisms
present in the river and lake during the juvenile feeding stage,

Traps already have been installed at the head of the Falls and in Percival Creek,
and others will be placed later at Points in the lake,

In October 1954, 2,700 chinooks were placed above the Falls and the progeny of
these spawners are now in their emergent stage or approaching it. Only a few fry
have been captured, and the main outward migration is not expected until late spring.

In addition, the Department plans to release 1,000,000 marked chinook finger-
lings in the Deschutes from stock being reared at the Green River Salmon Hatchery.
The latter has been the donor for the Deschutes since the run was artificially estab-
lished several years ago,

One long-range objective of the project will be to measure feeding competition
between species of salmon and the effect it has, if any, on the ability of the Deschutes

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 3

and similar rivers to produce chinooks at a maximum level. To date only chinook
salmon have been planted in the river or allowed to ascend the fishways, and this
may have contributed to the high productiveness which has characterized the run,
When other species are introduced study data will enable the Department to better
assess the effects of feeding competition and, if necessary, manipulate escapement
to keep the populations in balance,

The study has area-wide importance since the Deschutes chinooks have proved
to be a mainstay of the fall and winter ''Blackmouth"' fishing season in lower and
middle Puget Sound. It will be conducted by stream biologists with the assistance of
the resident biologist for the Olympia area, and will continue for at least three years.

Wholesale Prices, February 1955

Wholesale prices for edible fishery products dropped from January to Febru-
ary due to a light demand for fresh and frozen fish and shellfish. Supplies were
generally moderate in February 1955,
February prices were also down from a
year earlier, The over-all index for
edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen,
and canned) in February 1955 was 101.8
percent of the 1947-49 average (see ta -
ble)--3.7 percent less than in January
and 5.0 percent below a year earlier.

Light demand for large offshore had-
dock at Boston and Western halibut and
salmon at New York caused a 19,0 -per-
cent decline from January to February
in the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish
subgroup index. Offshore drawn haddock
ex-vessel prices were down 49. 3 percent,
Whitefish prices at New York were also
down, but prices for all other fresh-wa-
ter fish were higher than in January.

A lot of sea bass being weighed. At Hampton, Va., dragger Compared to February 1954, prices for
fish is landed, sorted by species, weighed, boxed, iced,and this subgroup were down substantially
shipped by truck to northern markets. (13.2 percent) due mainly to the large

decline in prices for haddock and Western halibut.

A sharp decrease in the fresh haddock fillet price was almost offset by a sub-
stantial increase in shrimp prices, but the over-all February 1955 average index
for the fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup was down 1.9 percent from Jan-
uary. Shrimp production was light in February 1955 and the demand good, Oyster
prices were lower than in January, February 1955 prices for this subgroup were
7,4 percent below a year earlier due to lower haddock fillet and shrimp prices,

In the frozen processed fish and shellfish subgroup, the February 1955 index
was up 9.2 percent from January because of higher prices for flounder fillets and
shrimp. Frozen haddock fillet prices were lower than in January, while ocean
perch fillet prices remained the same. February 1955 prices, however, were well
below a year earlier (10.1 percent), with all items priced lower except flounder fil-
lets which were priced slightly higher.

Lighter inventories of salmon and Maine sardines were responsible for a 2,9-
percent increase from January to February in the index for canned fishery products.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

Tuna prices remained unchanged, California sardine prices were reintroduced in
the index since there was a light pack in 1954, February 1955 canned fish prices
when compared with a year earlier were up 3.2 percent because of a substantial
increase in canned salmon prices; tuna and Maine sardine prices were well below
a year earlier,

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, February 1955 and Comparisons

Point of
Pricing

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). .....

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: ........ : H zl
se DrawiyDressedoriWiiolewWintish:).. 5. s 2» Rislleinememsn Minis Te 4| 2/123,
~ Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, Tresh sitet Meanees : Boilie
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz,

New York

Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz. | New York
Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . . . .| Chicago
Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net,rnd,, fresh | New York

Lake trout, domestic, No. 1, drawn, fresh. . .
Yellow pike, L, Michigan& Huron, rnd,, fresh

FarOCESSedy Rests (HASH GzSMEUMISh) ioe rei ay fll arate fat fa ellintl ainiet sialon lei le
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb. tins . .J Boston

New York
Norfolk

Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh. ..
Oysters, shucked, standards ....... nae

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): .....
Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless, 1-1b,

1) eat Beoloee ‘ A - | Boston
Haddock, sml..skins ot on, 1- “Ib, pkg. . . | Boston
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-1b, pkg. . . | Boston
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. . .. . | Chicago

aaneEdnShenysENOGUCES: y yrs) ley ieileiie) (ebtolen sii) (©) -sece SR Toile et A Santen Ie
~ Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 éan/cs: . Seattle
Tuna, lt, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oz.),
48 cans/cs. .. Los Angeles} case
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No! tigvall (15 ona
BSicAns/CS.mwenistouiaiken atta ellioh- -’. » » - « | Los Angeles) case
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn
(= ArOz;),LO0Cans/CSS 6) esa eee ee) | NEW York

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fisher
Products Reports”’ should be referred to for actual prices,

2/Revised because there were slight adjustments of weighting for fish and shellfish and the subgroups.

3/Not available,

SCHOOL FOR FISHERMEN

A three-week twine net-weaving course for fishermen and prospec-
tive fishermen was held at Lockeport, N. S., by the Nova Scotia Depart-
mentof TradeandIndustry. Similar coursesare being held in other fish-

ing areas of the Province. The Department also operates a permanent
school on navigation at Lunenburg, and also has a mobile unit for pro-
viding instruction on marine engines,

--Trade News, March 1954

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

= FOREIGN

———————S—

International
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION

GOVERNING BODY APPROVES STUDY OF FISHERMEN'S WORKING CONDITIONS:
session in Geneva, Switzerland, approved on March 2 proposals for a study of fish-
ermen's working conditions submitted earlier by a committee of 12 experts, reports
a March 2 release from the United Nations at New York. It was agreed that the
Governing Body would ask member governments whether they favor establishing
international standards on the following points of interest to the fishing industry:

age of admission to employment, medical examinations, working contracts, and
accident insurance.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION
SOCKEYE SALMON REGULATIONS FOR 1955: A summary of recommendations
for regulations governing the 1955 sockeye fishing season as approved by the Inter -
national Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission on the basis of the considerations

undertaken at Vancouver, British Columbia, January 8, 1955, is as follows:

Respecting United States Convention Waters: (1) There shall be a weekly

closure of 72 hours duration including Friday, Saturday, and Sunday of each week
Sockeye (red) salmon A in all United States Convention waters

from June 30 to August 1 in the year
1955. The weekly 72-hour closure
shall commence at 12:01 a.m. Fri-
day for purse seines and reef nets
and at 6:00 p. m. Thursday for gill
nets.

(Oncorhyncus nerka)

(2) There shall be a closure

-- of 48 hours duration including Sat-
urday and Sunday in all United States
Convention waters from August 1 to
August 8 in the year 1955. The 48-

hour closure shall commence at 12:01 a.m. Saturday, August 6, for purse seines

and reef nets and at 6:00 p.m. Friday, August 5, for gill nets.

(3) There shall be a weekly closure of 36 hours duration including Saturday of
each week in all United States Convention waters from August 8 to August 29 in the
year 1955. The weekly 36-hour closure shall commence at 4:00 p. m. Friday for
purse seines and reef nets and at 6:00 a. m. Saturday for gill nets.

Respecting Canadian Convention Waters: (1) There shall be a weekly closure
of 72 hours duration from June 30 to August 1 and a weekly closure of 48 hours
duration from August 1 to August 22 in Canadian Convention waters known as Areas
Ig), ZO, Bil, aiacl 23,

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

(2) There shall be a weekly closure in all other Canadian Convention waters
(Areas 17, 18, and District No. 1) of 78 hours duration from June 30 to August 9,
96-hour weekly closures from August 9 to August 30, 72-hour weekly closures from
August 30 and extending to September 15, and a continuous closure from 8:00 a. m.
September 15 to 8:00 a.m. September 20.

(a) In that part of District No. 1 above Pattullo Bridge the weekly
closure shall cease 4 hours later than in that part below Pattullo
Bridge irrespective of the length of any of the above specified closures.

(3) The opening and closing hours in all areas of Canadian Convention waters
shall be substantially the same as those in effect last year.

Respecting the International Waters of the High Seas: The Commission ap-
proved a regulation ordering a weekly closure of 72 hours beginning June 30 and
extending to August 1 and a weekly closure of 48 hours beginning August 1 and ex-
tending to August 15 for the year 1955 in all Convention waters in the High Seas,
the same being the waters between the 48th and 49th parallels lying westerly of a
line drawn between Bonilla Point and Tatoosh Island and outside the territorial
limits of both Canada and the United States.

General: The Commission declared that no one shall buy, sell, or have in his
possession any sockeye salmon taken in any of the Convention waters during the
time when fishing for such salmon is prohibited in such waters.

TERRITORIAL WATERS

UNITED NATIONS SEEKS INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION ON CONTINENTAL
SHELF AND FISHERY CONSERVATION: Under the titles of "Draft Articles on the
Continental Shelf” and "Economic Development of Fisheries and the Question of Fish-
ery Conservation and Regulation,'' the United Nations' General Assembly considered
at its 1954 session two related topics of a nature far more urgent than a cursory
glance at their names might imply, a recent United Nations press release pointed
out.

As discussion in the U. N. International Law Commission, the Assembly's Legal
Committee, and numerous other forums has amply demonstrated over a number of
years, both subjects are of vital interest not only to countries with maritime interests,
but also to the world in general.

Concerning the fisheries question, for instance, the Law Commission said in its
most recent report on the matter that existing international law ''provides no ade-
quate protection of marine fauna against extermination.'' This, it pointed out, ''con-
stitutes a danger to the food supply of the world."

Color was given to this warning by the representative of one of the leading
fishing nations of the world, Hans Andersen of Iceland, who told the Assembly's
Legal Committee that during the last 30 years the catch had been growing smaller,
despite improved fishing methods. For example, he said, a British trawler which
in 1919 had an average daily catch of 3,400 pounds in the North Sea, caught a bare
1,500 pounds in 1937.

The kindred subject of the exploration and exploitation of the resources of the
continental shelf (described in the Encyclopedia Britannica as ''the term in physi-
cal geography for the submerged platform upon which the continental areas stand
in relief'') moved the International Law Commission to emphasize the importance
of establishing international legislation which would "protect the paramount prin-
ciple of the freedom of the seas and of the air space above them," while at the
same time safeguarding the sovereign rights of the coastal states concerned... .

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Both the continental shelf and the fisheries development question form part
of the U.N. International Law Commission's comprehensive and complicated
work of codifying the law of the high seas and of territorial waters, a labor
upon which it has been engaged since its first session in 1949, and which is
not yet finished.

In 1951 the Commission drew up provisional draft Articles upon both issues.
It revised the Articles in 1953 in the light of comments received from govern-
ments, and passed them to the Assembly with the recommendation that action be
taken upon them without waiting for the completion of the whole codification task.
At its session that year, however, the Assembly decided not to deal with any as-
pect of the regimes of the high seas and territorial waters until the Commission
had reported upon all the inter-related problems involved.

A year later, in 1954, a number of countries--including such maritime
powers as Brazil, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States--
asked the Assembly to reconsider this decision. In the case of the continental
shelf, they expressed the belief that the Assembly should delay substantive con-
sideration of the draft Articles only until 1955, instead of indefinitely. The ad-
ditional year (from 1954 to 1955), they said, should allow ample time for study
by all governments.

In the case of the fisheries question, the countries asked immediate adop-
tion of a resolution under which problems of the economics and conservation
of high-seas fisheries would be referred either to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the U. N. or to a special governmental conference of experts.
Pointing out that the matter embraced a number of specialized problems which
could probably be solved only by economic and technical experts, they main-
tain that even if the Assembly were to delay its discussion of the draft Articles
for a number of years, its eventual debate would be unlikely to be productive
in character unless it had the views of such specialists before it.

Much of the subsequent debate in the Assembly's Legal Committee revolved
around the central point of whether granting these requests on the two issues
would prejudge the Law Commission's course of action on the remainder of its
work.

On the continental shelf, the Committee, and subsequently the Assembly
itself, finally approved a compromise proposal calling upon the Commission to
tinish its study of the world broad subject of the high seas, territorial waters,
"and all related problems" in time for Assembly consideration in 1956.

Regarding the fisheries question, the requesting nations got their wish. The
Assembly decided to recommend the holding of a world conference, opening on
April 18, 1955, at the Rome Headquarters of FAO. Under the terms of the
resolution, the conference will study "the problem of the international conserva-
tion of the living resources of the sea...,'' a term substituted for the original
word "fisheries'' in order to cover the whole area of marine life (whales, for

instance) instead of limiting it to fish alone.

Throughout the debate in the Legal Committee, emphasis was laid on the
fact that the conference was to be of a strictly technical nature which would not
encroach in any way upon the Commission's work in the legal field, and the
resolution itself stipulated that the conference should ''make appropriate scientific

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Ohl

and technical recommendations" which would "not prejudge the related problems

awaiting consideration by the General Assembly."

Definition of Continental Shelf: The eight draft Articles on the Continental
Shelf ‘drawn up by the Law Commission in 1953 include such provisions as pro-
claiming the right of the coastal states in question to explore and exploit the
natural resources of the shelf, while at the same time forbidding them to en-
gage in "any unjustifiable interference with navigation, fishing, or fish produc-
tion," or to "prevent the establishment or maintenance of submarine cables."

One cardinal point is the definition of the term "continental shelf'' itself.
The draft Articles describe it as ''the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine
areas contiguous to the coast, but outside the area of the territorial sea, to
a depth of two hundred metres."

In its report, the Law Commission explained that the 200-meter limit had
been fixed "because it is at that depth that the continental shelf, in the geolo-
gical sense, generally comes to an end. It is there that the continental slope
begins and falls steeply to a great depth."

During the Legal Committee's debate, however, some speakers pointed out
that ''the area of the territorial sea'’ to which the definition referred could not
in fact be established until the Commission had completed its work on the sub-
ject of territorial waters. They cited this argument in support of their con-
tention that it would be advisable to delay a decision until the whole study was
finished.

International Fisheries Authority Proposed: The three draft Articles on
Fisheries provide, among other things, for the establishment of an international
authority within the framework of the United Nations. Its task would be to set
up, at the request of any "interested state,'' systems regulating fisheries in any
given area of the high seas ''for the purpose of protecting the fishing resources
of that area against waste or extermination."

The Articles also stipulate that any country which finds itself the only
nation engaged in fishing activities in any particular area may itself set up re-
gulation and conservation measures. Any two or more countries fishing in the
same area may take similar action by mutual agreement. If difficulties arise,
any one of the interested parties may submit them to the proposed international
authority.

Emphasizing in its report the urgent necessity for international legislation
on the fisheries conservation issue, the Law Commission pointed out that no
government had expressed opposition to the suggested establishment of the
authority. This, it declared, "is significant of the present state of opinion, and

of the widely felt need for the removal of what is considered by many to be
"

a_condition approaching anarchy... .
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1955, pp, 42-45; December 1954, pp, 45-47; June 1954, pp., 25-35,

TRADE AGREEMENTS

U.S. -ECUADOR TRADE AGREEMENT TOBE TERMINATED: Following conversa-
tions over a considerable period of time in Quito betweenrepresentatives of the Govern-
ment of Ecuador and the United States, the United States, inaccordance with the provisions

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

of Article 19 of the reciprocal trade agreement signed by both countries in 1938, has
notified the Government of Ecuador of its intent to terminate the agreement, accord-
ing toa U.S. Department of State release dated February 8, 1955.

Termination will become effective on July 18, 1955, as provided in the 1938
agreement.

This action will not change the present rate of import duty on canned sardines
applied by Ecuador, which was established January 1, 1954, at 6 sucres per net
kilogram (18 U.S. cents per pound). The trade agreement rate on canned sardines
which was 0.49 sucres per legal kilogram including containers and packaging (1.5
U.S. cents per pound) under the 1938 agreement, has not been effective in recent
years due to the imposition by Ecuador of exchange surcharges and increased rates
of duty. United States exports of canned sardines to Ecuador in 1953 totaled 1,298,998
pounds, valued at US$284,366.

Representatives of the two countries are initiating conversations regarding the
conclusion of a mutually satisfactory commercial arrangement in lieu of the recip-
rocal trade agreement scheduled to expire on July 18, 1955.

Australia

RECORD SPINY LOBSTER CATCHES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Record daily
catches of white spiny lobster were reported as the Western Australian season got
off to an early start on November 20, 1954, 10 days earlier than usual. Although
rough weather in early December apparently chased the white spiny lobsters from
the shallow coastal feeding grounds, red spiny lobsters were found in abundance in
the deeper waters. Observers predicted a highly profitable season for the fishermen
operating along about 140 miles of coastline from Freemantle north to Jurian Bay,
states a January 5, 1955, U.S. consular dispatch from Perth.

Lack of shipping space to the United States delayed the beginning of the export
season, but there were high hopes for equaling or bettering the previous year's re-
sults. In the 1953/54 season Western Australia accounted for about three-fourths
of Australia's exports which brought dollar earnings of about US$3.5 million. Re-
cent Government statistics show that Western Australia produced 9.1 million pounds
(live weight) of spiny lobster in 1953/54, and exported 3.2 million pounds of frozen
spiny lobster tails and 61,518 pounds of boiled whole spiny lobsters.

kk ok Ok

BRITISH ORDERS FOR CANNED TUNA SAVE AUSTRALIAN TUNA FISHING
SEASON: ritish orders for 18,000 cases (48 7-0z. cans) of Australian canned tuna
were obtained with the assistance of the Dept. of Commerce and Agriculture by the
leading tuna cannery just in time to save the Australian tuna fishing season, reports
the January 1955 Fisheries Newsletter, an Australian fishery periodical. The Aus-
tralian canner had previously announced that it could not buy any more tuna, but
when fishermen agreed to take 5 d. (4.6 U.S. cents) instead of 7 d. (6.5 U.S. cents)
and previously 8 d. (7.4 U.S. cents) per pound, it agreed to buy up to 80 tons of fish
a week to a ceiling of 500 tons. The canner will now require at least 400 tons of
tuna to fill the United Kingdom order, and has also exported 256 tons of frozen tuna
to the United States.

The tuna crisis was caused by lack of export orders for the canned product,
falling prices in California for the frozen raw fish, and a carryover in the Australian
market of the earlier 3$-oz. pack. The more popular 7-0z. size is now being packed.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Of the 256 tons of frozen tuna exported to the United States, 94 tons were shipped
in November and 100 tons in December 1954, both shipments for California canneries,
and 62 tons were shipped in December to the United States east coast. The total ex-
port of 256 tons of frozen tuna was more than four times as much as the first export
in 1949-50 when 60 tons were shipped, mostly to California but some to Vancouver and
Honolulu.

The 1949-50 export and samples of the canned product established a market for
Australian southern bluefin tuna, and if quality is maintained and prices steady, there
seems to be no reason why valuable export trades should not be developed, both in the
frozen raw material for the dollar market and in the canned product for others, ac-
cording to reports. It is not practicable to export tuna canned in oil to the United
States because of the United States tariff of 45 percent ad valorem; but there is no
duty on the frozen fish.

KOK OK 3K

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS FROM RUSSIA, JULY-SEPT. 1954: Aus-
tralian imports of fishery products from Russia during July-September 1954 con-
sisted of canned salmon--260,579 pounds, valued at LA59,266 (US$132,000); and
canned crustaceans 92,101 pounds, valued at HA25,526 (US$57,000). In addition,
other fishery products valued at LA1,067 (US$2,400) were imported from Russia
during the period, reports a February 16 U.S. consular dispatch from Sydney.

Kk ok ok Ok

SHORE-BASED WHALING SEASON SUCCESSFUL IN 1954: Another success-
ful Australian whaling season was concluded on October 22, 1954, when the newest
of Australia's five shore-based whaling stations completed its quota. This new
station, located at Byron Bay on the north Coast of New South Wales, commenced
operating on July 29.

The full quota of whales was taken at each station as follows:

Number of Whales
PomiuG loatesine ease

CARNARVON meee cies 600
AND ATA, scyasmcs ts cobtoes tie 120
Tangalooma..... 600
IBYGOnUBAYiens 6 <0. 120

IMCLEMIS 5 5 Ba ee 2,040

Humpback
Whale

At Tangalooma the quota was made up of 598 humpback whales and one blue
whale, which in accordance with the international Whaling Convention counts as 24
humpbacks. At all other stations humpback whales only were taken.

The five stations produced over
JEL EEE! 100,000 barrels of oil and 5,000 tons
of meat meal in addition to which
some 1,400 tons of dried whale sol-
ubles were produced inthe new spray
i drying plant at Carnarvon. The total
Males .... : : : : value of these products is approxi-

mereee tength:{ Femates ; 3] mately £1.6 million (US$3.6 million),

Oil production , p p It is interesting to note the decrease

Oil yield per whale

in the average lengths and the de-
crease in oil yield shown during the 1954 season (see table). These decreases are
due almost entirely to the changes which have taken place on the west coast of Aus-
tralia,

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

It should be borne in mind that Australian whaling operations are based on two
separate stocks of whales, one of which migrates from the Antarctic to the west
coast and the other from the Antarctic to New Zealand and the east coast of Aus-
tralia. There does not appear to be any east-west movement of the whales at any
stage and the stocks remain separate even in the Antarctic. Thus, in considering
the effects of whaling on the stocks, conditions on the west coast and the east coast
must be examined separately.

Whaling on the east coast was hampered by adverse weather during most of the
season and at one stage a cyclone made it impossible for the chasers to operate for
five days.

Benelux Countries

CANNED SALMON TARIFF SUSPENSIONS RENEWED: Customs duties on can-
ned salmon entering Belguim, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, which have been
suspended on a yearly basis since the common Benelux tariff came into force in
1948, will again be fully suspended until the end of 1955, reports the January 22,1955,
Foreign Trade, a Canadian Government publication.

g
Canada

NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES SEEKING MORE UNITED STATESCAPITAL: The
Chairman of the Newfoundland Fisheries Development Authority recently stated he
was interested in obtaining more United States capitalfor investment in fish processing
plants in Newfoundland, reports a January 28, 1955, U.S. consular dispatch from
St. John's. He states that the good demand in the United States for Newfoundland fish
sticks is growing and that with the expansion of frozen food outlets in the United States
it can be expected to continue to grow. He said that the fish-processing capacity of
Newfoundland plants is at present unable to supply this demand. Therefore, he is
planning a trip to the United States to discuss the possibility of investment in such
plants with men interested in the fish industry there.

The Chairman said that the Government had surveyed 31 suitable sites for such
plants at various points around the Newfoundlandcoast. He explained that anaverage-
size plant could be built for C$1 million and that a small one would cost C$350,000.
He added that the Newfoundland Provincial Government was prepared to advance 50
percent of the capital for such an installation with repayment in 20 years at 5 per-
cent. Some plants have already been installed with United States backing and the
locally-owned plants have also increased their facilities.

%* OK OK OK

NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERIES TRENDS, 1954: The 1954 fishing year in New-
foundland was one of development, change, and experimentation in the fishing in-
dustry, a January 28, 1955, U.S. consular dispatch from St. John's points out. The
trend toward industrialization seems to be established.

Frozen Groundfish Production: Frozen groundfish production in Newfoundland
during 1954 was the greatest on record with a yield of about 53 million pounds, an
increase of 54 percent over the previous year. A 15-million-pound increase in cod
yield accounted for most of the gain. The production of haddock, hake, and pollock

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

was almost three times as high as in 1953, but ocean perch, flounder, and gray
sole declined.

This increase in the frozen fish industry is chiefly attributed to the increase
in United States demand for fish sticks and for fish in frozen-block form.

Freezing Facilities Expanded: As a result of increased demand for Newfound-
land groundfish, new freezing plants were put into operation during 1954 at Twillin-
gate, Greenspond, Witless Bay, Trepassey, and Long Harbour. In addition, the ca-
pacity of the Harbour Grace and Bonavista plants was increased. At the end of the
year two other plants at Catalina and Grand Bank were under construction.

Fishing Capacity Increased: Newfoundland's fishing capacity was increased in
1954 by the addition of 7 vessels to the offshore fishing fleet. There were 28 drag-
gers in operation during the year, compared with 26 in 1953. The fleet of long liners
and Danish seiners was increased by 5 vessels.

These new developments enabled inshore fishermen to sell larger quantities of
fresh fish, which made a significant contribution to the frozen fish production.

Lobster Fishery: The Newfoundland lobster season opened late in 1954 due to
ice conditions on the northeast coast. Nevertheless, the lobster fishery was profit-
able with a catch of about 4.9 million pounds, or nearly half a million pounds over
1953. About 90 percent or 4.4 million pounds, was marketed alive. Lobster canning
operations continued negligible.

Fish Meal: The output of fish meal was estimated at 18 million pounds, or
nearly 19 percent above 1953. This increase was considered significant and was
accomplished in spite of there having been no homogenized fish production in 1954,
compared with 5 million pounds in 1953. Herring-meal production increased slightly
but the increase was primarily in ocean perch and white-fish meals.

kK ok

NOMENCLATURE FOR NYLON FISH-NET TWINE PROPOSED: Nomenclature
for identifying nylon fish-net twine was recommended for universal use by the Cana-
dian fishing trade at the first meeting of the Committee on Specifications for Fishing
Gear (Canadian Government Specifications Board) held at Ottawa on November 29,
1954, Representatives of gear suppliers, fishermen, fish processors, and the Cana-
dian Government attended the meeting, reports the December 1954 Progress Reports
of the Pacific Coast Stations of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

This nomenclature consists of two numbers separated by a hyphen. Thefirst
number is the denier (weight per unit length) of the yarn used to make the twine. It
has become necessary to state the yarn denier because yarns of 140, 210, and 250
denier are in common use. The second number indicates the twine construction and
follows the system already widely used in Canada. If the second number consists of
a single digit, it is the number of threads in the twine. For example, 140-3 nylon
twine for lake fishery gill nets is constructed by twisting together 3 threads of 140
denier each. If the second number consists of more than one digit the twine is of
cable or hawser construction. The last digit is the number of plies in the twine and
the preceding digit or digits is the number of threads per ply. For example, 210-
53 nylon twine for sockeye salmon gill nets is a 3-ply twine which has 5 threads of
210 denier each in each of the 3 plies. Similarly, 250-123 nylon twine for spring
salmon gill nets is a 3-ply twine which has 12 threads of 250 denier each in each of

the 3 plies.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol.17, No. 4

Denmark

FISHERIES PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS, 1954: The Danish fisheries in
1954 yielded 353,000 metric tons of fish (including pond trout), valued at about
225 million kroner (US$32.6 million) ex-vessel, according to preliminary reports
in Danish trade papers (Dansk Fiskeritidende of January 14, 1955, and Fiskeri-
bladet of January 14, This represents about a 7-percent increase over 1953.

In 1954, 39 new vessels were added to the fleet, which is valued at 167 million
kroner (US$24 million). Installation of echo sounders in the fleet increased from
525 to about 900.

Despite the fact that prices dropped for the more important supplies and gear
which fishermen buy, except ice, the return on their investment was only nominal.

The Danish processing industry in 1954 used about 57,000 tons of fish, an 18-
percent increase over 1953. This was due largely to the 25-percent increase in fil-
leting, mainly of flatfish and cod. The catch of bluefin tuna totaled 900 tons and
brought an average ex-vessel price of 2.15 kroner per kilo (14 U.S. cents per pound).
The fish-meal and oil industry utilized about 107,000 metric tons of herring. Fish-
meal and fish-oil production, including that from offal, increased 32 percent to 37,000
metric tons of fish meal, and 10 percent to over 24 million pounds of oil.

Danish exports of fishery products, including fish meal and fish oil, in 1954 in-
creased about 11 percent to 235 million kroner (US$34 million) and amounted to
about 135,000 metric tons. Exports to the United States increased about 50 percent
as compared with 1953, being made up of substantial quantities of fish meal and pond
trout. Danish exports of fish meal doubled in 1954 with the United States taking one-
third of the total.

% OK OK OK OK

FREEZING LIVE FISH: Experiments in suspending animation by freezing fish
for long periods and then reviving them, have been carried on in Denmark recently
by a young scientist and possibly have potentialities for commerce, although at the
present time it is more a scientific curiosity than anything else, reports the Febru-
ary 4 issue of The Fishing News, a British fishery magazine.

The young scientist is an Assistant of Fisheries in Copenhagen. In his initial
experiments he injected a fluid anesthetic mixture of evipan and urethan. After
this the fish were shock-frozen at 50°C. (258° Rr) into blocks of ice where they were
kept for periods of from 6 to 29 days. On being thawed, 38 percent of the fish were
alive.

Another experiment was carried out later. On this occasion six live plaice
were frozen but onlyto-25 C.(-13 F.). After 48 days the plaice were thawed in sea
water and 5 out of the 6 were alive.

Altogether the scientist has made 50 experiments with good results and is still
proceeding with further experiments.

In Germany a scientist has experimented on somewhat similar lines except that
instead of using injections he has used an electro-narcotic method to deaden the fish.
The outcome of these experiments has not yet been revealed. In 1951 a Canadian
scientist kept anesthetized fish alive for 24 hours in broken ice in wood boxes.

La

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Ecuador

FISHERY CONCESSIONS GRANTED TWO U. S, OWNED FIRMS: Concessions
have recently been awarded by the Ecuadoran Government to two fishing companies
owned by United States interests but organized under Ecuadoran law, states a Janu-
ary 15, 1955, U. S. Embassy dispatch from Quito. The January 6 Registro Oficial
contains the decree authorizing Pesca Ecuatoriana Santaelenense C.A.to fish in
Ecuadoran waters without restriction as to species, and to process and export such
fish. On January 14 there was published in a Quito newspaper a decree authorizing
Products del Pacifico Ecuatoriano S. A. to fish for shrimp in Ecuadoran waters and
to process and export the shrimp. This decree is expected to be published in the
Registro Oficial at an early date.

The concessions granted the two companies are identical in many respects.
Each is to run for 10 years. Each company is exempted from export taxes. Do-
mestic sales are to be made at controlled prices so fixed by the Government as not
to allow the companies more than a 15-percent profit margin. Vessels owned by the
companies must be registered under the Ecuadoran flag within a year after the sign-
ing of the concession agreements. At least 25 percent of the personnel employed in
each part of their operations (fishing, refrigeration, and processing) must be of
Ecuadoran nationality. Exemption is granted from all duties on the machinery,
equipment, and capital permitted to be imported for establishing and carrying on
the business.

There are several differences, however, between the two concessions. For ex-
ample, Pacifico is permitted 20 fishing vessels and four launches, whereas PESCA is
allowed a mothership refrigeration boat and 15 fishing vessels. PESCAis required
to set up a cold-storage warehouse, a freezing plant, and a cannery, each within a
specified period of time. Pacifico is presently renting a cold-storage warehouse,
and there are no requirements for a freezing plant or cannery in its case. However,
the extent of Pacifico's operations is perhaps expected to be larger, in spite of the
fact that its concession is confined to shrimp. It is obligated to invest at least
500, 000 sucres (US$33, 000) a year excluding wages and supplies, whereas the figure
for PESCA is 150,000 sucres (US$9, 900). Pacifico must deposit 300, 000 sucres
(US$19, 800) with the Government as a guaranty for the fulfillment of its contract, as
against 150, 000 sucres (US$9, 900) for PESCA.

Se

German Federal Republic

FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL LAUNCHED: The first oceanic research ves-
sel built for the German Federal Republic since World War II, the motor trawler

The Anton Dohrn, a new German fishery research vessel, Port side of the Anton Dohrn where accomodations for
The leading new feature is a shelter deck above the main the crew, scientists, and students are located.

deck, With the trawl worked on the starboard side, the cod
end is lifted above the shelter deck and emptied through the
the circular hatches which lead to the main deck, Thefish
is then processed on the main deck,

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Anton Dohrn, was launched in Cuxhaven and is carrying out trial trips, according

to Dansk Fiskeritidende (February 11), a Danish fishery periodical. The vessel was
scheduled to be delivered to the Ministry of Agriculture's Department of Fisheries
in Bonn in early March 1955.

The vessel's first trip will include research involving young fish in the southerly
North Sea and will be made in cooperation with the German hydrographic research
vessel Gauss and the research cutter Uthorn from the Helgoland biological station.

After the first trip, which will require three weeks, the Anton Dohrn will go to
the fishing banks around Iceland and East Greenland in May and June 1955. There
the Institute for Net and Equipment Research in Hamburg expects to conduct ex-
periments with a midwater trawl in the catching of school fish, such as the deep-
water ocean perch and cod and pollock. Plankton and hydrographic research also
will be carried out.

Iceland

FROZEN FILLET INDUSTRY TRENDS, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1954: A total
of 173,435 metric tons of fish or 47 percent of the total Icelandic catch was delivered
to freezers in the first 11 months of 1954 as compared with 92,413 tons or 27 per-
cent of the total catch during the similar period in 1953. The proportions of ground-
fish processed by various plants in 1954 probably was about equal to 1953 when 71
percent was processed by plants members of the Freezing Plants Corporation, 24
percent by plants of the Federation of Cooperative Societies, and 5 percent by the
State Fish Packing Center.

Icelandic fish producers were planning to process fish sticks in Iceland for ex-
port to the United States until they heard of the proposal to increase the import duty
on breaded and cooked fish sticks. Prospects for exports of frozen fish fillets to
the United States look less favorable in 1955 than in 1954 because of increasing pro-
duction costs in Iceland and because freezing plants in Denmark, Germany, Canada
(Nova Scotia), and other countries have begun production of frozen fillet blocks and
are underselling Icelandic producers.

The two principal species processed into quick-frozen fish fillets are cod and
ocean perch. Line fishing for cod off south and southwest Iceland was particularly
successful in 1954, apparently indicating that fish conservation resulting from the
extension of the fishery limits has been successful. During World War II and the
immediate postwar years the fish catch increased due to the small number of trawl-
ers engaged in fishing. From 1948 to 1952 the catch declined by 30 percent. In the
Faxa Bay area (southwest Iceland) the 1953 catch by long line increased by 14 per-
cent per fishing trip over 1952. The increase continued in 1954 with an increase of
33 percent over 1953. Research in the Faxa Bay confirmed these findings. Outside
of Faxa Bay the fishing results have been irregular; although there has been im-
provement in some areas no distinct tendency has been noted. Because of the rela-
tively profitable operation of the motorboat fleet in 1954, the Government made an
investigation concerning the possibility of reducing the subsidy on motorboat opera-
tions.

Trawler cod catches have been relatively poorer than catches by motorboats.
Trawlers have not been able to retain skilled crews because wages on trawlers rela-
tive to other occupations have been low, and because trawlers no longer land fresh
fish on ice in Great Britian.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

The principal reasons for the large (75 percent) increase in the catch of ocean
perch are the ready sale for quick-frozen ocean perch fillets to the U.S.S.R. and the
new ocean perch fishing grounds discovered off Greenland which are considerably
closer to Iceland than those frequented previously by Icelandic trawlers.

Most of the fish-freezing plants are in southwest Iceland, and north Iceland has
depended on the herring and salted and dried groundfish industries. The failure of
the recent herring seasons has caused pressure for the construction of additional
freezing plants in north Iceland. The Fisheries Company of Akureyri in particular
has been attempting to obtain the necessary guarantees to obtain a foreign loan for
the construction of a freezing plant. Other areas are also attempting to improve
their fishing fleet and fish-processing facilities to counteract the attraction of the
employment opportunities in southwest Iceland.

* kK kk

LOBSTER FISHERY BEING DEVELOPED: A new lobster fishery industry is
developing in the vicinity of Eyrarbakki in southwestern Iceland, states an October 15,
1954, U. S. Legation dispatch from Reykjavik. The production is still largely experi-
mental because only little is known about the location or how heavily lobster grounds
can be fished without depletion.

Previously most lobsters were caught with a trawl inside Iceland's fisheries
limits which required a special permit from the Icelandic Government. More re-
cently lobsters have been discovered outside the territorial waters where there are
no fishing limits. Most lobsters are caught in 70-90 fathoms of water about two
hours! trip from the harbor. The fishing boats employ 13 men, and 40-50 people
are employed in the freezing plants.

Most of the lobsters are shelled and frozen, although Iceland is experimenting
with exporting frozen lobster in the shell to the United States.

The lobster waste is processed in a fish-meal factory. The meal is approxi-
mately 15 percent protein and 30 percent calcium which it is believed will make a

good feed concentrate.

Japan

FIRM TO CONVERT THREE VESSELS TO SALMON AND CRAB FACTORYSHIPS:
One of the three largest Japanese fishing organizations is considering the purchase of
three Japanese cargo vessels for conversion to cannery ships. Two of the ships would
become motherships for salmon expeditions and one for a crab fleet. The ships named
as under consideration are the Eiko Maru of 5,289 gross tons, the Kizan Maru of 7,933
gross tons, and the Kaiyo Maru of 4,963 gross tons, the latter being the proposedcrab
cannery. Inquiries have also been made of local shipyards for temporary conversion
of two other general cargo vessels into salmon cannery vessels ona limited scale,
the purpose being to charter the shipsfor the season only, returning them to their
owners upon its conclusion.

None of these proposals are beyond the tentative stage as yet but they are re-
ported as evidence of belief that the salmon and crab catchers will show improved
results, possibly because of easing of the U.S.S.R. attitude regarding Japanese
fishermen in Okhotsk and Kamchatkan waters, a January 21, 1955, U.S. Embassy
dispatch from Tokyo points out.

HOOK OK OK XK

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

CANNED CRAB MEAT EXPORTS, 1954: Japanese canned crab meat exports
in 1954 totaled 332,800 cases against 204,000 cases in 1953. Exports to the United
States amounted to 126,200 cases, considerably lower than the 195,000 cases ex-
ported in 1953. Countries other than the United States in 1954 imported 206,000
cases of Japanese canned crab meat (or 62 percent of total exports) against 9,000
cases the previous year {or 5 percent of total exports). The United Kingdom took
454 percent of all Japanese canned crab meat exports in 1954 as compared with a
negligible amount in 1953.

The increase in the Japanese crab catch and canned crab meat exports came
almost entirely from the waters off Japan and the U.S.S.R., since the 1954 catch
of king crab in Alaskan waters was only 2,000 cases in excess of that in 1953. With
the two crab expeditions proposed for the Sea of Okhotsk in 1955, local fishing circles
are estimating an export of 400,000 cases for the year, reports a February 24 U.S.
Embassy dispatch trom Tokyo.

7 OK OK OK AK

TUNA VESSEL MAKES GOOD CATCH

IN CORAL SEA: The captain of the Jap-
anese tuna vessel Kasima Maru reports
he found the Coral Sea teeming with tuna
and caught 5 metric tons in a few days
600 miles ENE. of Brisbane, Australia.
He expressed surprise that an Austral-

rata Pil: “ ian official tuna survey in the CoralSea
>» GomN Gon ssh fs Re had recently shown poor results, accord-
< — ye =e ing to the December 1954 Pacific Islands
Monthly, a South Seas magazine. The
Kasima Maru had put in to Brisbane for
engine repairs.

s,
oon

BRISBANE
Kk ok ok

MARINE PRODUCTS EXPORTS FOR

1954 AND OUTLOOK FOR 1955: The Jap-
anese fisheries generally experienced a prosperous year in 1954, according toa
January 10, 1955, U.S. Embassy dispatch from Tokyo. In foreign trade a ready
market was met for most products--squid and cuttlefish for Asiatic countries, salm-
on for sterling areas, and crab meat for the United States all recorded increased
volume of shipments. Over-all exports of marine products for the year, based on
11-months' data, were expected to amount to 140,000 metric tons, valuedat US$74.8
million, compared with 1953 shipments of 121,000 tons, declared as worth US$60.7
million collars.

A substantial portion of this export business was with the United States and
consisted largely of canned and frozen tuna. However, fish-liver oil, whale oil,
and pearls also figured importantly in Japan's exports of marine products. De-
mand was firm in the early months of the year but later softened and the export
price of frozen white-meat tuna declined from about US$425 per ton to about US$325
per ton or lower at the end of the year. Despite a flurry of business in December,
moderate stocks of both frozen and canned tuna were being held in Japan as the year
closed, pending improvement in market demand.

For 1955 there seems to be no reason why the business in marine products
should not be at least as favorable as for 1954. Continued additions of new and
larger fishing boats are being made to present fleets, permitting longer voyages
and better fishing techniques. Results of this in 1954 were evidenced by improved
catches throughout the industry except where a particular species (herring) failed

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

to appear in its normal quantities and habitats. Three whaling fleets are in the Ant-
arctic for the 1955 season against two fleets previously. The export of whale oil
should therefore be increased by about 50 percent. The salmon fleets should do at
least as well as the 1954 expeditions, which caught 2} times as many fish as the 1953
fleets. The demand for tuna in the United States will presumably be stabilized by
early 1955. Should there be any appreciable lowering of the import tariffs of the
United States and of the sterling countries for aquatic products, the effect would be
promptly felt in Japan's fisheries.

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT

ia

Mexico

up with joint United States-Mexican capital may be established in Tampico or Mata-
moros, Mexico, to exploit new tuna resources recently located in the Gulf of Mexico,
states a February 10 U.S. Embassy dispatch-from Mexico City.

OOK OK OK OK

MERIDA FROZEN FISH AND SHRIMP EXPORTS, 1954: Frozen Shrimp: Ex-
ports of frozen shrimp from the Merida District of Mexico during 1954 totaled 11.1
million pounds (not including Campeche exports during Oct.-Dec.), reports a Feb-
ruary 9 U.S. consular dispatch from Merida. This is a sizable increase as com-
pared with 1953 exports of 9.7 million pounds.

Frozen Fish: Merida exports of frozen fish during 1954 totaled 284 metric tons,
all of which went to the United States.

Prevailing prices for Merida exported frozen fish during the last quarter of
1954 were 18 U.S. cents a pound f.o.b. Progreso for mero (heads off); while fillets
of mero and corbina sold for 29 and 31 U.S. cents a pound, c.i.f., New Orleans,
La., respectively.

KK OK Ok

MERIDA SHARK FIN EXPORTS, 1954: Exports of shark fins from the Merida
District of Mexico during 1954 totaled 11,224 pounds, compared with 9,434 pounds
in 1953. Stormy weather during the latter part of the year curtailed fishing opera-
tions and drastically reduced exports during that period. Most of these exports
are shipped to the United States.

a

Norway

SARDINE CANNERS INCREASE ADVERTISING IN UNITED STATES: The Nor-
wegian Canners Association has expanded its advertising and sales promotion cam-
paign for Norwegian sardines to cover 14 major United States marketing areas, the
Norwegian Information Service reported on February 17.

The Association, encouraged by increased sales of sardines as a result of a
three-year advertising and promotional campaign in 6 major United States market-
ing areas, has announced 8 new major targets for its 1955 campaign, according to
the New York Journal of Commerce of February 4.

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

Backed by newspaper advertisements, 42 weeks of radio-television spots, and
an over-all publicity campaign in all media, Norwegian sardines will be promoted
in these new markets: Baltimore, Washington (D.C.), Philadelphia, Cleveland,
Detroit, Milwaukee, Portland (Ore.), and Seattle, in addition to New York, Boston,
Chicago, Minneapolis, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.

The article points out that ''This year's intensive campaign is keyed to the
slogan 'The Best Sardines Come Your Way from Norway.'"

ke ok ok

1955 WINTER HERRING CATCH LESS THAN LAST YEAR: The Norwegian
1955 winter herring season officially ended on February 13 and produced a total
catch provisionally set at 713,227 metric tons, with an ex-vessel value of Kr. 137
million (US$19 million), second only to the 1954 catch. The final figure for the 1954
catch was 872,426 metric tons, valued at over Kr. 177 million (US$25 million), re-
ports the Norwegian Information Service ina February 24 bulletin.

The mature herring, wending their way across the North Atlantic from waters
east of Iceland, begin to arrive around the middle of January. At this stage, the
large fish contain up to 12 percent fat. These fisheries last until February 12-15,
depending on the fat content. After the herring has finished its spawning mission,
the fat content drops to about 8 percent. Then follow the spring herring fisheries,
which are officially called off about March 20. In 1954 the fishermen landed nearly
1.1 million metric tons of fat herring, with an ex-vessel value of more than Kr. 200
million (US$28 million) the largest herring catch made in Norway.

The path followed by the herring on their never-ceasing migration has been
traced by scientists of the Norwegian Ocean Research Institute. Their observations
indicate that as the herring head toward the Norwegian coast they go into a cold-
water pocket formed by currents from the Arctic Sea. This pocket is usually found
west of the Sunnmore coast. But, if the North Atlantic is warm, the cold-water
pocket may be pushed farther north, which explains why the herring some years make
their first appearance at points north of the Sunnmore district. At high tide the cold-
water pocket is pressed farther down than the herring can stand. Breaking through
the cold-water barrier, they swim toward the coastal spawning banks at a speed of
some 30 nautical miles.

A basic drawback of the Norwegian herring fisheries has always been their sea-
sonal nature. However, judging from experiments made by scientists aboard the
ocean research vessel G. O. Sars, pelagic herring fisheries in the Norwegian Sea,
with superefficient purse Seines, appear to be a distinct possibility. But it would
require larger fishing vessels, all equipped with sonar, and the assistance of ocean
researchers to pinpoint the whereabouts of the largest shoals. According toa
fisheries consultant, summer weather conditions are on the whole more favorable
in the Norwegian Sea than along the coast.

More than 80 percent of the total catch now goes to the 74 herring-meal and
herring-oil factories strung along the coast as against only 51.8 percent up to 1949.
Varying with the size of the landings, the annual output of the reduction plants has
increased notably in recent years. Prior to 1954, for which figures are not avail-
able as yet, the highest production was reached in 1951, with 180,055 metric tons
of herring meal and 81,728 tons of herring oil. Most of the reduction plants, 47
to be exact, are located along the west coast, while 6 are in the central Trondelag
provinces, and 18 in the 3 northern provinces.

In addition to these shore plants, Norway has three floating herring factories
equipped with modern reduction machinery and loading facilities, which follow the

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

fishing fleet wherever it goes. These are the 11,000-ton Ronald and the 7,000-ton
Clupea, and new in the 1955 season is the S.S. Haeringur which has a daily proc-
essing capacity of 800-1,000 tons of raw herring.

A growing number of Norway's reduction plants has in the past few years in-
stalled special machinery for the production of vitamin-rich whole fish meal. The
process involves reclaiming the so-called stickwater and reincorporating it with
the herring meal in the form of condensed fish solubles. By utilizing the stickwater,
which formerly was wasted, the reduction plants can increase their output about 20
percent.

Improved methods of utilizing the stickwater are being developed at the Kr. 5
million (US$700,000) Research Institute of the Norwegian Herring Oil and Meal In-
dustry. Located at Tjaereviken, near Bergen, this privately-financed institute is a
combination laboratory-pilot plant, affording the opportunity to test, on a semi-
industrial scale, the findings and processes developed by researchers.

As part of its studies of the nutritional value of fish meal, the Institute operates
an experimental animal farm, stocked with some 2,000 chickens and 25 hogs. Several
years ago the Tjaereviken scientists ascertained that herring meal contains optimal
proportions of the yet to be isolated animal protein factor (APF), which makes for
healthy animal growth, and also an ideal distribution of amino acids. A major ac-
complishment of the Institute is the development of a preservative fluid which, when
sprayed on the herring as it is being loaded, has proved extremely effective in pre-

venting costly spoilage.

Peru

1954/55 TUNA SEASON DELAYED BY LOW PRICES: The Peruvian 1954/55
tuna season started late and as canned tuna prices in the United States were low,
Peruvian canners offered the fishermen only 15.50 soles (about 82 U.S. cents) per
dozen tuna at the outset of the season. Although fishermen refused to make deliveries
for about 19 days, they were finally obliged to accept this price.

Peruvian exports of fishery products in 1954 may reach nearly US$10 million,
reports a January 29 U.S. Embassy dispatch from Lima,

ok Ok OK Ok

HIGHER OCEAN FREIGHT RATES FOR CANNED FISH AND FISH MEAL SHIPPED
FROM PERU TO U.S. PORTS: The West Coast South America Northbound Conference
has decided to increase the ocean freight rates on canned fish from $27 to $35 per ton
effective March 1 on shipments from Peru to the United States, reports a February 23
U.S. Embassy dispatch from Lima. The Conference also proposed to increase fish
meal ocean freight rates from $22 to $25 per ton, but deferred the effective date un-
til June 20 because of the current low price for this product on United States mar-

kets.
aan
Portugal
FISHING TRENDS, OCTOBER 1954: Sardine Fishing: Sardine landings during
January-October 1954 totaled 69,838 tons, valued at 188.5 million escudos (US$6.5

million)as compared to 59,083 tons, valued at 153.4 million escudos (US$5 .3 million), for
the same period in 1953.

70

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

Just like the previous months, the fishing of sardines in Portugal during Octo-
ber 1954 took place among really favorable conditions, going far beyond the month-
j igh a ee j :

Lok

Trawl catch on deck of Portuguese trawler off
northern coast of Africa,

DY A

Hauling net aboardona Portuguese trawler off
the west coast of Africa.

ly rate reached to date. In October 1954 sardine landings in the eight main fishing
centers of Portugal amounted to 21,965 metric tons, valued at 54.6 million escudos
(US$1.9 million ex-vessel). During Oct ober 1953 the sardine landings amounted to
only 15,994 tons, valued at 35.2 million escudos (US$1.2 million).

The leading sardine fishing centers are Matosinhos, Setubal, and Portimao.

Other Fishing: Landings of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel, anchovy, and
chinchard amounted to 4,343 tons in October 1954, valued at 4.4 million escudos
(US$0.2 million). For the first 10 months of 1954, landings for these species a-
mounted to 40,052 tons, valued at 67.5 million escudos (US$2.3 million).

Ok ok ok

CANNED FISH TRENDS, JAN-
UARY-OCTOBER 1954: Exports:
Portuguese canned fish exports
totaled 38,060 tons, valued at 593.6
million escudos (US$20.5 million),
during January-October 1954 (table 1).

Portuguese
January-October 1954

Sardinelike fish in
OWll C§ SAWCO socoacnoc
Sardines & sardinelike
ISIN Tin IPMN 5 65080 oS
Tuna & tunalike fish in oil
Tuna & tunalike fishin brine

The increase in Portugal's ex-
ports of canned fish was accompanied
by considerable changes in the struc-
ture of its markets during 1954, ac-
cording to Conservas de Peixe (Jan-
uary 1955). During January-October
1954 Germany was the leading receiv-
er with 108.4 million escudos or
US$3.7 million of canned fish (prin-
cipally sardines), followed by Great

O 00.0 0 60.0 0 60

= 5 0@ © © © © © © © ©

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

Britain with 97.8 million escudos or US$3.4 million (principally sardines), Italy with
88.8 million escudos or US$3.1 million, and the United States with 77.3 million es-
cudos or US$2.7 million
(principally 1,774 tons of
sardines in oil or sauce,
13 tons of tuna and tuna-
like fish in oil, and 1,703
tons of anchovies).

Pack: = Lhe) Portu=
guese pack of canned
Tuna in oil or sauce fish January-September

Hy i 1954 amounted to 21,282
metric tons, 6,986 tons
(Crustaceans in oil or sauce greater than in the same
Mollusks in oil or sauce period of 1953 when only
14,296 tons were packed
(table 2).

" W

2k ok ok Ok

AZORES TUNA EX-
PORTS TO THE U.S., 1954: Total Azores canned tuna exports fo the United States
in 1954 amounted to 1,272,257 pounds, valued at US$302,388, reports a January 11
U.S.consular dispatch from Ponta Delgada. This was an increase of 31 percent
in volume and 35 percent in value as compared with 1953 canned tuna exports to
the United States of 972,017 pounds, valued at US$223,398. Also in 1953 the Azores
exported to the United States 660,000 pounds of frozen tuna, valued at US$92,000, but

none was exported in 1954.

Federation of Rhodesia

CANNED FISH IMPORTS NOT UNDER CURRENCY RESTRICTION: Canned fish
and plain fish hooks (excluding artificial lures, flies, spoons, etc.) are again in-
cluded in a list of products which may be imported from dollar and nonsterling sources
for the first half of 1955 into the Federation of Rhodesia without currency restrictions.
They will still require import licenses, but these will be issued subject to scrutiny
only, according to the January 22, 1955, Foreign Trade, a Canadian Government
publication.

oo

Spain

VIGO FISH CANNING TRENDS: January 1955: The United States market which
for many years has been the principal consumer of the best quality of the Spanish
canned fish has lately shown increased interest in the possibility of importing al-
bacore tuna from Spain. Spanish fish canners, aware of the capacity of the United
States market, foresee increased activities if, in the absence of sardines from local
waters, they are able to pack albacore in sufficient quantities. For this reason the
Fish Canners Association is actively engaged in negotiations with the Association
of Owners of Fishing Vessels to extend the albacore tuna fishing season, operating
from about the early part of March until the end of September. The normal season
has been from about the middle of May to the end of September. For this purpose
some of the larger vessels, now devoted to hake and other deep-sea fishing, would

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

have to transfer to albacore fishing, an operation which is not as easy as it would
appear, since it involves the changing of practically all fishing equipment as well
as the installation of tanks to carry live bait for albacore tuna fishing.

While many vessel operators agree that a prolonged albacore tuna fishing sea-
son might be beneficial, they hesitate to make the shift because of financial outlays
involved and their hope that sardines will sooner or later reappear along the littoral.

Fish canneries in the Vigo area purchased during January 1955, 292,116 pounds
of fish or about 3.5 percent of the total catch entered through the Vigo Fish Exchange.
This compared to 279,754 pounds or about 3.7 percent in January 1954. Activities
in packing plants were limited to the canning of anchovies and small quantities of
"castaneta'' for the domestic market, reports a February 11, U.S. consular dispatch
from Vigo.

December 1954: Activities of the long-range deep-sea fishing fleet were re-
stricted by rough weather and the few vessels which traveled to the fishing grounds
operated under unfavorable conditions aggravated by the scarcity of fish which forced
them to remain out longer, The smaller vessels operating in nearby waters engaged
in the seasonal fishing of jurel (Tracharus tracharus). This species has been abun-
dant and catches account for more than 50 percent of the total fish catch entered in
the port but its market value was so low that operators claim that vessels worked at
a loss,

Arrests of fishing vessels along the Portuguese coast by the Portuguese Coast
Guard continued during the month. The industry, through fishing syndicates, is re-
newing its appeal to the central government to attempt to correct this situation.

Fish canneries in the Vigo area purchased 3,179,222 pounds of fish during De-
cember 1954 or about 18 percent of the total catch entered through the Vigo Fish Ex-
change. This compares to 1,276,594 pounds or about 15 percent in December 1953.

The scant amount of sardines available during the month were absorbed by the
industry at the almost prohibitive price of from pesetas 4.25-5.00 per kilo (8.8-10.4
U.S. cents per pound). The seasonal price is pesetas 1.50 per kilo (3.1 U.S. cents
per pound), Other specimens prepared during the month were castaneta (brama-
raii), alcrique (needlefish), and jurel (Tracharus tracharus), mostly for consumption
in the domestic markets.

In spite of present difficulties, the industry is optimistic and hopes that as a
result of bilateral trade agreements reportedly being negotiated it will be able to
reenter some of its former markets, especially West Germany.

Stocks of oil, tin plate, and other raw materials, while seasonally below normal
were reported to be adequate for present output, a January 14, U.S. consular dis-
patch from Vigo points out.

% OK OK OK OK

FISH CANNERS OF SANTANDER EXPORT LESS IN 1954: Fish canners in the
Province of Santander, Spain, did not export as much canned fish in 1954 as in 1953.
Of 30.0 million pounds of fish canned in 1954, the canners exported only 10.8 million
pounds (36 percent), but in 1953 out of a pack of 21.9 million pounds, 15.7 million
pounds (72 percent) were exported.

The total catch of fish in Santander during 1954 amounted to 46.3 million pounds,
valued at 88.3 million pesetas (US$4.0 million), reports a February 18 U.S. consular
dispatch from Bilbao. The 1953 catch totaled 45.4 million pounds, valued at 63.2
million pesetas (US$2.9 million).

Ok OK Ok Ok

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

SARDINE VESSELS DETAINED BY PORTUGAL IN TERRITORIAL WATERS
DISPUTE: The absence of a clear understanding between Spain and Portugal in re-
gard to territorial waters continued to result in difficulties, according to Spanish
fishing interests. Portuguese authorities have detained vessels and confiscated
catches of Spanish vessels operating out of Galician ports.

The Vigo sardine fishing fleet travels as far south as Cape St. Vincent in the
search for sardines. Vessel owners claim that their boats operate in that area but
outside the six-mile limit fixed by the Portuguese and that their operations are under
constant surveillance by Portuguese fiscal services. On the way back to the home
port, these vessels, none of which is larger than 150 tons, travel as close as pos-
sible to the coast because of the rough seas prevailing in the winter. If on their
return trip they are stopped by a Portuguese Coast Guard ship, the vessel is inev-
itably taken to a Portuguese port where the catch is confiscated and sold at public
auction, the ship detained for 3 to 7 days, and the owner subsequently fined on the
assumption that the catch was taken within territorial waters. While this is a long-
standing problem and has resulted in serious incidents in previous years, like the
sinking by gunfire of one or two vessels which refused to comply with the orders of
the Portuguese Coast Guard, the situation is again becoming difficult.

During November 1954, 12 fishing vessels operating out of Vigo and Marin were
detained, some of which were still waiting in Portuguese ports for the decision of
Portuguese courts, according to a December 13, 1954, U.S. consular dispatch from
Vigo.

TN
IN

———_o

United Kingdom

NAVY TO PROTECT BRITISH WHALING FLEETS: As a precaution against
interference with British whaling fleets operating in the Antarctic in the current
season, the British Ad-
miralty has assigned
the cruiser Superb
(9,000 tons) and the
1,300-ton frigate Burg-
head Bay to that area.
A courtesy visit will
be paid to the Chilean
capital, reports the
January 21, 1955, issue
of The Fishing News,

a British fishery peri-
odical.

‘
The Superb and the
Burghead Bay, which are

stationed at Bermuda,

X
ue TIERRA
4 DEL FUEGO will go from Callao to
STATEN IS. the Falkland Islands,
oe where the frigate Ver-
yan Bay arrived recently.

South Africa also has
a whaling fleet operating
in those waters and the
chairman of a Union whaling company has announced that they would seek British
naval protection in the event of any attempted interference.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

The position arises out of the Onassis incident and the claim of Chile, Ecuador,
and Peru that they possess exclusive rights over the ocean 200 miles from their shores.
There are a few islands in the Antarctic belonging to Chile who claims that the same
position applies to them, namely that the waters for 200 miles around them are "all
hers.

Argentine, too, claims territorial rights over the Falklands, which has been Brit-
ish territory for several hundred years.

Lloyd's has warned that the war risk clause in the whaling fleets' policies are
involved, hence the protection which is being extended.

kk OK Ok

COOKBOOK TO AID SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAM: The White Fish Authority's
campaign to popularize fish meals among school children should gain much through
the new booklet ''How to Make the Most of Fish,'’ addressed to the school meals
service by the WFA, reports The Fishing News (January 14, 1955), a British fishery
magazine.

Copiously illustrated in color, it catches the eye with appetizing fish dishes,
with recipes for school cooks--and, of course, any others who wish to try them. The
recipes include several unfamiliar to the average cook, suchas''Fish T imbale,''''Cod
with Grapes," and ''Russian Fish Pie."

The recipes include many varieties of vegetables beside the potato. As one of
the authorities said, ''Fishalwayscalls on its friends of the vegetable and animal
kingdom to attend on it, and minister to its final glory. There is no necessity to
claim that the humble potato is its only servant."

Giving a series of recipes in a section on ''Frying to Perfection," a well-known
catering instructor says: ''On the whole children prefer their fish fried. Only if
that fish is fried to a crisp and golden brown do children enjoy it. . .friedfish is an
ideal food for children, for the 'over fives' at least."

In the introduction the booklet maintains that the view that children do not like
fish is not supported by the facts. ''The WFA recently made a survey among families
with young children and found that 83 percent of the mothers served fish regularly
to all members of their families, including the children. And in the schools it has
been disproved whenever and wherever an enterprizing and imaginative attempt has
been made to combat it. Many education authorities have tackled the problem suc-
cessfully."

The booklet describes how one school-lunch officer ''deliberately set out to get
the children in his schools to eat and enjoy fish. He examined the quality of the fish
bought and insisted that it was served attractively and with variety. His success was
far beyond anything he had hoped for; fish is now among the most popular meals serv-
ed.'

Other sections of the booklet deal with ''sauces and garnishing," ''Fish Dinners
on the Move--how to transport fish meals with the least possible loss of flavor and
attractiveness,'' ''Do's and Don'ts," also five "favorite'’ questions on fish cookery
in schools--with their answers; and a word of advice to school cooks--''Keep inclose
touch with your fishmonger or supplier, and know when to buy. For example, soles
are sometimes cheaper than haddock."

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

Union of South Africa

FISHERIES TRENDS, DECEMBER-JANUARY: There was no fishing for pilchards
and jack mackerel in South Africa during December 1954, and inventories of canned
fish were reduced, The new season began in January 1955, and sales of fish oil and
fish meal were made on a forward basis at high prices. The trend of prices for can-
ned fish, however, was downward. Spiny lobster canners and processors were quite
busy, and in many cases were working on back orders, states a February 14U. S.
consular dispatch from Cape Town.

ap

U.S. Sos

LARGE HERRING FLEETS IN NORTH ATLANTIC: Russia's 1954 herring ex-
peditions in the North Atlantic operated a fleet of 23 motherships and 270 fishing
boats (in all over 300 craft), according to Fiskets Gang (January 27, 1955), a Norweg-
ian fishery periodical. This information was included in a brief description of a Mos-
cow meeting of representatives of the various Soviet herring expeditions carried in
the December 25, 1954, issue of Izvestilja, a Russian publication. The vessels had
the latest type of equipment and with the aid of new techniques and previous experi-
ence had expected to increase the 1954 catch substantially. Up to December 25, 1954,
the catch totaled 155,100 metric tons as compared with 110,000 tons on the same date
a year earlier, The goal for 1954 had been set at 170,000 tons.

Me

De ag Wee
Venezuela

JAPANESE TO AID STUDY OF VENEZUELAN TUNA FISHERY: A representative
of the Venezuelan Association of Fish Canners and representatives of a consortium
of Japanese tuna canners were to begin studies of the tuna fisheries off Venezuela
with the possibility that Venezuelan fish canners may establish a tuna industry. A
report on Venezuelan fishes in Caribbean fisheries issued June 8, 1944, pointed out
that there are tuna present in Venezuelan waters but these fish are not now exploited,
states a February 9 U.S. Embassy dispatch from Caracas.

kK ok OK

FISH CANNERS SEEK FOREIGN MARKETS: Venezuelan fish canners were
sending samples of their products to Africa, Germany, and Trinidad, with the ex-
pectation of developing sales in those places, the President of the Venezuelan Fish
Canners' Association informed the press on January 31, 1955. He said the stocks
of unsold canned fish in Venezuela continue to increase but he is optimistic the prob-
lem will be solved with the help of the Foreign Office, reports a January 31 U.S.
Embassy dispatch from Caracas.

HK OK OK OK

FISH CANNERS SEEK GOVERNMENT HELP: Venezuelan fish canners are still
trying to get the Venezuelan Government to help them with their overproduction
problems, states a January 24 U.S. Embassy dispatch from Caracas. They have
presented the following plans for Government action:

(1) That the Government finance fish canning in 1955 and buy all the canned
fish the canners cannot sell to the public. This Government stock to be used in
official institutions.

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

(2) Should the Government decline then the canners and the Government should
arrange a combination whereby fish is canned under only one brand, quality is stand-
ardized, distribution is by one organization, and production quotas are established
for each.canner.

The canners believe by this means they can reduce advertising and administrative
costs to such a degree that the cost of Venezuelan canned fish will be low enough to
enable them to compete on the world market without subsidy. Of course, if the Govern-
ment complies and discovers that the actual savings are not sufficient to permit the
canners to sell their product abroad, it will have some responsibility to see that the
canned fish find a market. At the present time and despite all previous efforts the
responsibility for marketing canned fish is entirely that of the canners.

“So,
= a

SPARE COPIES OF 1939 ''FISHERY MARKET NEWS"
AVAILABLE

The Service has available for distribution a limited number of spare copies
of the 1939 issues (volume 1) of Fishery Market News (the forerunner of Com-
mercial Fisheries Review).

Listed below is one of the articles appearing in each issue, in addition toa
review of conditions and trends of the commercial fisheries.

JAN. " FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE AIDS INDUSTRY IN MANY WAYS”

FEB, "SUGGESTIONS FOR STORING FROZEN FISH

MAR. "CONSIDER THE FISHES

APR. 1 nWHA LING

MAY NCHICAGO'S FISH"

JUNE NTHE CHESAPEAKE BAY SOFT CRAB INDUSTRY"

JULY BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES

DURING 1938

AUG. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BYPRODUCTS TO THE FISHERY INDUSTRY”

SEPT. - "JAPANESE OYSTERS--A MILLION DOLLAR INDUSTRY IN THE PACIFIC COAST
STATES

oct. UNUSUAL CANNED SEAFOODS ARE OF MANY VARIETIGS.

NOV. NNOVA SCOTIA FISHERMEN AIDED BY COOPERATIVES

DEC. RESULTS OF SURVEYS TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANT SPAWNING GROUNDS
FOR STRIPED BASS

For these spare copies write the Branch of Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C. Requests willbe filled as re-
ceived until supplies are exhausted. Single copies or a complete set of Nos. 1
through 12 may be requested.

April 1955

Department of the Interior

REPRESENTATIVES TO TRADE
AGREEMENTS NEGOTIATIONS
WITH JAPAN AT GENEVA:

arry M. Shooshan, International
Activities Assistant, Technical Review
Staff, was scheduled to proceed to Gene-
va early in April to represent the Depart-
ment of the Interior at the tariff negoti-
ations with Japan and other countries
convened there. Shooshan, who is the
Department's representative on the Inter -
departmental Trade Agreements Com-
mittee, was a member of the panel at the
public hearings held in preparation for
this negotiation.

Assistant Secretary Orme Lewis also
planned to attend the conference but ata
later date.

Negotiations are under way at Geneva
at which the respective country delega-
tions bargain for concessions in each
other's tariffs. It was anticipated that
by early April the concessions would be-
gin to firm up and consummation of re-
ciprocal agreements could be started.

The Department has participated fully
in the preparation for these important
trade agreement negotiations and has
found most helpful the various letters and
briefs filed by the fishery industry. Shoo-
shan has been thoroughly briefed on the
Departmental position on fishery matters
which may be subject to negotiation at
Geneva.

The Interdepartmental Committee is-
sued formal notice of its intention to
negotiate on November 13, 1954, and sup-
plemented its notice on February 21,
1955, at which time the other members
of the United States delegation were an-
nounced. The Committee is aninter-
agency group designated by the President
to advise him in the making of trade a-
greements. The items to be considered

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FEDERAL
ACTIONS

77

in the negotiations will be acted upon by
the United States delegation in accordance
with recommendations approved by the
President. Among the items listed for
possible consideration in these negotia-
tions were the following fishery products:

Fresh and frozen tuna; fresh and
frozen swordfish fillets and chunks;
canned tuna; fresh, frozen, and canned
crab meat; canned clams and clam
products (except razor clams and clam
chowder); canned oysters and oyster
juice or combinations with other sub-
stances; seed oysters; frozen scallops;
fresh or frozen frogs and frog legs;
agar-agar; kelp; and miscellaneous
shellfish and dried fish. Others pro-
posed to be included are certain pre-
pared or preserved fish (including
fish sticks containing oil which has
been added); herring, pickled or
salted; herring, hard dry-smoked;
herring, smoked or kippered; and such
fishing gear as cotton fish nets and
fish hooks; and flax, hemp, or ramie
nets or netting.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REGULATIONS AMENDED:

"Several significant amendments tothe
1955 regulations for the proper utilization
and conservation of the commercial fisher -
ies of Alaska were announced April 14 by
Secretary of the Interior McKay.

Most important is the one which sep-
arates trap sites from areas open to set
nets in the Cook Inlet area. In this amend-
ment, the location of every trap in Cook
Inlet is pinpointed and the use of any other
gear at such sites is prohibited. Excep-
tion is made in the northern and north-
central districts for the use of king salm-
on set nets prior to June 25 when traps
cannot be used. Traps also are prohib-
ited in areas open to set nets.

78

The changes in the regulations to de-
scribe sites open to traps and areas open
to set nets in Cook Inlet were recom-
mended jointly by fishermen, trap opera-
tors, and cannery operators, and were
unanimously approved by local residents
at a series of hearings conducted by the
Fish and Wildlife Service at Homer,
Kenai, and Anchorage, in January. These
changes will prevent the encroachment
of either form of gear on the other, and
will go far to promote harmony in the
salmon fishery of that area. Fishing
effort in the area will not be altered by
these changes.

With the passage of Public Law 12
(84th Congress) which was approved by
the President on March 16, all three
types of fishing gear used in Cook In-
let will be left as they were in 1954. The
minimum distance between sets in Cook
Inlet will remain at 600 feet, the minimum
distance between traps at 2,500 feet, and
the maximum length of drift nets at 150
fathoms.

A Federal Court decision in Alaska
last summer held that set nets are fixed
gear. The Fish and Wildlife Service
historically has considered them as mov-
able gear. One effect of the court deci-
sion was to subject set nets toa statuto-
ry requirement which specifies that units
of fixed gear must not be less than 1,800
feet apart, laterally. Set nets in the past
have been operated from 300 to 600 feet
apart.

When the Fish and Wildlife Service re-
ported that an 1,800-foot minimum inter -
val between set nets is not consideredes-
sential to conservation requirements, and
that imposition of the drastic limitation
would impose hardships on small fisher -
men, the Department ordered action on new
set regulations suspended pending action by
Congress. Since the new legislation, which
the Department supported, was enacted
prior to the 1955 fishing season, no immedi-
ate change inthe set-net regulationis nec-
essary withrespect tothe distance interval
between set nets. Public Law 12, ineffect,
exempts set, anchored, and staked gillnets
from the 1,800-foot minimum distance in-
tervalrequired for all other fixed gear.

One of the amendments willallow beach
seines to fish in Chinitna Bay in Cook

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

Inlet. This was proposed by the Fish
and Wildlife Service at the hearings last
fall but was not included in the revised
regulations announced in January. This
is a chum salmon area and this species
can be harvested there successfully only
by beach seines.

These changes became effective im-
mediately upon publication in the Federal
wee of April 19, 1955. Free copies
of these Amendments (which amend and
supplement the printed regulations issued
a few months ago) and further amendments
which may be adopted from time to time
are available from the Service's Branch
of Alaska Fisheries offices at Seattle,
Juneau, and Anchorage.

The printed regulations (Laws and
Regulations for Protection of the Com-
mercial Fisheries of Alaska, 1955) to
which these amendments app apply a nd which
were issued a few months ago are avail-
able from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D.C., at 25 cents
a copy.

ee
Soe

2

sXiny,

Department of State

FISH ITEMS ADDED TO SUPPLEMENTAL
LIST FOR CONSIDERATION IN TRADE
NEGOTIATIONS WITH JAPAN AND
OTHER COUNTRIES:

The Interdepartmental Committee on
Trade Agreements issued formal notice
on February 21, 1955, which supplemented
its notice of November 13, 1954, concern-
ing tariff negotiations involving Japan, to
announce a supplemental list of items for
consideration in these negotiations. In-
cluded in this listing were three portions
of tariff paragraphs pertaining to fishery
products. (The original list was publish-
ed in Commercial Fisheries Review,
December 1954,p.78.) The notice also
announced the intention of the United
States Government to undertake tariff
negotiations with Switzerland to compen-
sate that country for the increase in 1954
in the United States duty rates on certain
watches and watch movements. It also
notified that certain modifications may be
made in the Cuban preference in the case

April 1955

of articles in the list for negotiation
with Switzerland.

The need for considering additional
items in the negotiations arises primari-
ly out of developments that have taken
place since November 1954. In some
cases study has indicated serious weak-
nesses in the bargaining position of the
United States in negotiating with some
third countries that have planned all
along to negotiate with Japan and with
which the United States may consequent-
ly wish to carry on negotiations to ex-
pand benefits to Japan. In others, coun-
tries that had previously no firm plans
to negotiate have decided to undertake
negotiations.

Hearings were scheduled and opportu-
nity provided for submission of briefs
to obtain views and information from
interested persons on these negotiations,
including views for or against concessions

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ag)

which the United States might offer on
particular products. The listing ofanitem
is for the purpose of gathering informa-
tion on the possibility of a concession; it
does not necessarily mean that a conces-
sion will be offered on the product. No
concession can be made on a product not
included in a published list issued by the
Committee,

Public hearings before the Committee
for Reciprocity Information (The CRI re-
ceives the views of interested persons for
the Interdepartmental Committee) began
on March 28, 1955, at Washington.

The U.S. Tariff Commission alsoheld
public hearings starting on March 28, to
receive views and information useful in
preparing its ''peril-point'’ report to the
President. Views and information receiv-
ed by the Tariff Commission were to be
made available to the Committee for Re-
ciprocity Information.

These are the fishery items added on the supplemental list:

Tari I04
Paragraph | Schedule A
Class No.

718(a) 0066 600

0066 700

0070 400

Prepared

Herring, pickled

719(4)

720(a)(3) 0075 300

0075 400

Herring,

boned,

divided.

Brief Description

or preserved
other than anchovies, anti-
pasto, bonito, yellowtail,
sardines, smoked pollock,
and tuna, if packed in oil or
in oiland other substances,
valued not over 9 cents per
pound including weight of
immediate container.
same as above, except valued
over 9 cents per pound includ-
ing weight of immediate container .

bulk or incontainers weigh-
ing with their contents more
than 15 pounds each and con-
taining each more than 10
pounds of herring,
ard dry-smoked,
whole or beheaded but not
further advanced,
erring, smoked or

Herring, smoked or kippered,
filleted, skinned, split or

Present Duty Can
Rate of Be Reduced
Duty To

ish,
44% ad val. | 22% ad val.
30% ad val. | 15% ad val.

or Salted, in
$¢ per lb.

net weight.

3¢ per lb. 7¢ per lb.
APPErees 13¢ per lb. 2¢ per lb.
13¢ per lb. 1¢ per lb.

Note: Includes breaded fish sticks, cooked or uncooked, containing added oil resulting from the presence of oil inthe material
in which they were breaded or from the oil in which they were cooked, The Bureau of Customs ruled on June 11, 1954, such
products were dutiable under Tariff Paragraph 718 (a) at 30 percent ad valorem when valued over 9 cents per pound includ-

ing the weight of the immediate container.

80

Eighty-Fourth Congress
(First Session)
MARCH 1955:

Listed below are public bills and res-
olutions introduced and referred to com-
mittees or passed by the Eighty-Fourth
Congress (First Session) and signed by
the President that directly or indirect-
ly affect the fisheries and allied indus-
tries. Public bills and resolutions are
shown in this section when introduced
and, if passed, when signed by the Pres-
ident; but also shown from month to
month are the more pertinent reports,
hearings, or chamber actions on some
bills.

ALASKA NET REGULATIONS: The House on March 7
passed without amendment and cleared for the President
S, 456, relating to the regulations of fishing nets in Alaska
‘waters. H, R, 249, a similar bill, was tabled.

The President on March 16 signed S, 456, relating to the
regulation of fishing nets in Alaskan waters, (PublicLaw 12.)

AN ACT
Relating to the regulation of nets in Alaska waters.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That
the last sentence of section 3 of the Act entitled ‘‘An Act for
the protection and regulation of the fisheries of Alaska,’’ ap-
proved June 26, 1906, as amended (48 U. S. C., sec. 233), is
hereby amended to read as follows; ‘‘It shall be unlawful to
lay or set any seine or net of any kind within one hundred
yards of any other seine, net, or other fishing appliance which
is being or which has been laid or set in any of the waters of
Alaska, or to drive or to construct any trap or any other fixed
fishing appliance, except a set gill net, stake gill net, or anchored
gill net, within six hundred yards laterally or within one hundred
yards endwise of any other trap or fixed fishing appliance.’

APPROVED MARCH 16, 1955.

CONSERVATION IN MILITARY RESERVATIONS: H.R, 5442

life, fish, and game conservation and rehabilitation in military
reservations; to the Committee on Armed Services,

partment of the Interior and related agencies (including the Fish
and WildlifeService) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1956, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Appropriations, Bill

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol.17, No. 4

reported out to House March 21 by Committee on Appropriations
(H, Rept. 239).

The House on March 24 passed, by a voice vote, H, R, 5085,
making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and
related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1956, As
reported from the Committee on Appropriations the bill rec-
ommends appropriations of $298,271,246, which amount is
$15,081,810 under the budget estimates and $3,203,380 less
than the 1955 appropriation.

Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appro-
priations Bill, 1956, House Report No. 239 (March 21, 1955,
84th Congress, Ist Session), 17 pp., printed. In reporting
an appropriation for the Fish and Wildlife Service Inves-
tigations of Resources, which includes the Branches of

Commercial Fisheries and Biology, the report states:

“The budget estimate of $3,977,000 is recommended,
This is a reduction of $150,000 below the amounts available
for the current fiscal year, which reduction is more than
amply compensated by the permanent appropriation for re-
search activities made in the recent Saltonstall-Kennedy
Act. A total of $10,000 is to be used from the funds avail-
able under this heading for blackbird control work in the
state of New Jersey.”’

MINIMUM WAGE INCREASE: H, R, 4908 (Ashley), in-
troduced March 15, A bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938 so as to increase the minimum hourly wage from
75 cents to $1.25; to the Committee on Education and Labor,

Also H, R, 5302 (Granahan), introduced March 29, similar

to H, R, 4908.

TROUT HATCHERY IN ARKANSAS: H, R, 4897(Trimble),
introduced March 14, A bill to provide for the establishment
of a trout hatchery immediately below Norfolk Dam on North-
fork River, Ark., to the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries,

Also S, 1520 (Fulbright), introduced March 22, similar to
H.R. 4897.

WEATHER STATION IN GULF OF MEXICO; S, 1354
(Eastland), introduced March 8, A bill to provide that one
floating ocean station shall be maintained at all times in
the Gulf of Mexico to provide storm warnings for States
bordering on the Gulf of Mexico; to the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce,

Also H, R, 4809 (Kilgore), introduced March 10, similar
to S, 1354.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: H, R, 5296 (Blatnik),
introduced March 29, A bill to extend and strengthen the
Water Pollution Control Act; to the Committee on Public
Works,

Also H; R, 5369 (Fulton), introduced March 30, similar

to H, R. 5296.

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

FISHERY
INDICATORS.

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

MASSACHUSETTS
<N

| CUMULATIVE DATA

mgs. 1955 - 6OH2 MQS. 1954 - 492.2
1954 - 12 1953 - 449.3
1954 - 283.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LOUISIANAL/

AT. CUMULATIVE

12 mgs. 1954 - 131.0
12 1953, 206.9

3 iS. 1955
3 " 1954
2 1954 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDES LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

NEW JERSEY

CUMULATIVE

2 mgs. 1955
‘3 1954
12 1954

CUMULATIVE DATA
1mg. 1955 - 3.1
1 1954 - 2.7
12 MOS, 1954 - 402.8

i — a
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA2/

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1955 - 4,0
2 1954 - 4.7
1954 - 42,4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHER|ES AND MARKET FISH

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

82 COMMERCIAL FISHE RIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK 4 OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)

(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
954 - 135.2

12 mgs. 1954 - 181.4
1953 - 122.1 12 ib 1953 _- 153.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP
(Gulf States!/ including Florida West Coast)
CUMULATIVE DATA

11 Ms. 1954 - 169,2
110, «1953 - 166.4
12 1953 4 177.4

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

12 MRS. 1954 - 65.3
12 1953 - 63.4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT

COMPLETE: In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts (California)

CUMULATIVE DATA
2 MQS 1955 - 1.2
2

Ps 1954 - 2
12 1954 - 19.4

v “JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

PILCHARD
(California)

TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1954/55 SEASON,
AUG. - JAN. - 67.1
1953/54 SEASON,
AUG.-JAN. - 2.6
1953/54 SEASON,
TOTAL AUG,-JULY -

Legend:
1954/55
1953/54

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

Ot
OCT NOV. DEC JAN FEB

AUG SEPT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS +*

In Millions of Pounds

U. S, & ALASKA HOLDINGS U.S, & ALASKA FREEZINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1955 -
3 me 1954 -
12 1954 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS!/ MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2/

Eo

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N.Y. SOUTH.

MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGS3/ GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS#/

ez,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

*Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 17, No. 4

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pound

RECEIPTS!/ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET = 2
S (GRESHIANDIGHOZEN) NEW YORK vs COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2/

CUMULATIVE DATA

20]] 3 mgs. 1955 - 40.1 CITY
3

n ©1954 - 37.9
12 1954 - 164.3

18

16

Sa]

o JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

/\NCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET =
(FRESH AND FROZEN) CHICAGO COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 gs. 1955 - 17.8]-
Pen = Se
12 1954 - 116.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE BOSTON

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIP{\S, LANDINGS =
& IMPORTS (FRESH & ¥R BZN) 2 COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 mgs. 1955 - 16.4
3 in 1954 - 16.1

12 1954 - 109.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH MEAL FISH OIL
(In Thousands of Tons) (In Millions of Gallons)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1955 - J
2 te 1954 - 12
12 1954 - 20.3)

Nes

it) =
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

April 1955 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL1/ - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA
i 2 » 1955 - 914.0
2 ae 1954 - 1,248.8
1954 - 9/268.1

480] 2 » 1955 -
gobs 2 Zr 1954 - 2.3
1954 - 365.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

480] 2 mgs. 1955 - 188.2 TOTAL 1954 SEASON - 3,101.9} —
2 1954 - 162.1 TOTAL 1953 SEASON - 2,682.1
1954 - 659.0

=
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Variety No. Cans Can Designation Net Wet.

SARDINES ....... 100 + drawn 3h oz.

SHRIMP.......... 48 = oz.

FUNA crave cle isieiei<icia 48 No. } tuna oz.

PILCHARDS ..... 48 No. 1 oval oz,

SALMON ........ 48 1-pound tall oz.

ANCHOVIES ..... 48 oz.

— =
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA
Legend:

Sa a | —— 1954/55 ae
CUMULATIVE DATA — aoe ae

1954/55 SEASON,
AUG, - JAN, - 1,391.9
1953/54 SEASON,
AUG. -JAN, - 64.1
1953/54 SEASON,
TOTAL AUG,-JULY - 64.1

1954/55 SEASON,
AUG. -MAR. - 584.4
1953/54 SEASON,
AUG, -MAR. ~ 654,0
1953/54 SEASON,
TOTAL AUG.-JULY - 955.8

{oS bess
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY w AUG SEPT OCT NOV_DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING OCEAN PERCH) FILLETS,
FRESH & FROZEN

CUMULATIVE DATA
3 MS. 1955 -

3, 1954 -

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP, FRESH & FROZEN, FROM MEXICO

CUMULATIVE DATA
2 mgs. 1955 - 5.0

2, 1954 - 6.0
1954 - 34,9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA, FRESH & FROZEN

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1955 -
2 iP 1954 -
12 1954 - 123.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

U.S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH
(IN OIL AND IN BRINE)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1955 - 8.1
2, 1954 - 9.5

12 1954 - 47.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH,
FRESH & FROZEN

mgs. 1955 -
1954 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

————

— A
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
(IN OIL AND NOT, IN OIL)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1955 - 3.4
2, 1954 - 6.5
12 1954 - 37.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

April 1955

_—

er ee

4 5 hE * Alle eee he + i

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM
THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-
ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG-
NATED AS FOLLOWS:

CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES

AND ALASKA.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

SSR.- FISH - SPECIAL SCIENTIFJC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

CFS -

REVIEW,
Number Title
CFS-1068 - Mississippi Landings, October 1954, 2 pp.
CFS-1083 - New York Landings, November 1954,
4 pp.
CFS-1087 - Frozen Fish Report, December 1954,
8 pp.
CFS-1088 - Rhode Island Landings, August 1954,
3 pp.
CFS-1094 - Massachusetts Landings, October 1954,
8 pp.
CFS-1095 - Texas Landings, November 1954, 3 pp.
CFS-1096 - Rhode Island Landings, September 1954,
4 pp.
CFS-1097 - Rhode Island Landings, October 1954,
4 pp.
CFS-1099 - Maine Landings, December 1954, 4 pp.,
FL -9 - Available Leaflets on Fisheries--1955,
18 pp.
FL -421 - United States Foreign Trade in Edible

Fishery Products, 1949-53, by Arthur M. Sand-
berg and Ruth L. Dunavant, 44 pp., October 1954.
This leaflet analyzes the foreign trade in edible
fishery products of the United States from 1949
through 1953. Included are tables and charts
showing the quantity, types of products, value,
and origin or destination of the principal fish-
ery products in the foreign trade of the United
States.

SSR -Fish. 140 - Burrowing Ability of Juvenile
Clams, by John P. Baptist, 14 pp., illus., pro-
cessed, January 1955.

Annual Report of the Director Fish and Wildlife
Service to the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal
Year Ended June 30, 1354 (Reprinted from the
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior),
34 pp., printed. Summarizes the various activ-
ities of the Service. Specifically discussed are:
utilization of fishery resources (describes the
activities of the Branch of Commercial Fisher -

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

yee RECENT ©
FISHERY PUBLICATIO

87

2 - se,

NS

ies); research in fishery biology (coastal, in-
land, marine, and shellfish fisheries); Federal
aid to state projects for the restoration of fish
and wildlife; maintenance of inland fisheries;
administration of Alaska fisheries; Pribilof
Islands fur-seal industry; river basin develop-
ment and wildlife needs; international coopera-
tion in conservation (international conservation
agreements and technical cooperation); and
other activities. Major research projects cov-
ered in the report included those directed to-
ward the discovery of latent sources of fish which
constitute food resources for the future. Great
underfished resources of herring exist in the
north Atlantic and west Pacific, of pilchard in
the south Atlantic and south Pacific, of tunas in
the central Pacific and south Atlantic, of cod
in the north Pacific and the Atlantic.

In the central Pacific the results obtained by
Service vessels scouting for tuna indicate that
expansion of the Hawaiian tuna industry will de-
pend largely on measures to increase the geog-
graphical area that the fleet can cover through
construction of larger, better-equipped vessels,
and improvement of the fishermen's navigational
abilities.

New beds of deep-water red shrimp in the
Gulf of Mexico were discovered by the Service's
exploratory-fishing vessel Oregon. These now
appear almost certain to become of commercial
importance. The Oregon also made an important
discovery of yellowfin tuna in the western Gulf.
Exploratory cruises are planned to determine
whether the yellowfin resources would support
a new commercial fishery.

Research which continued throughout the year
on the red tide problem on the west coast of
Florida further confirmed earlier theories that
river effluents carrying organic nutrients, and
the correct combination of temperature and
wind conditions produce a suitable environment
for rapid reproduction of Gynmodinium brevis,
the fish-killing plague.

Major emphasis in the Great Lakes fishery
program was put on controlling the sea lamprey
through further testing and refining of electrical
barriers, completing research studies on lam-
prey biology, testing larvicides, and continuing
a survey of streams tributary to Lake Superior.

At the Service's fishery laboratory at Woods
Hole, Mass., one of the most important research

88

projects is the study of biological effects on the
haddock of the regulation of the International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
which makes it illegal to fish for haddock on
Georges Bank or in the Gulf of Maine with a net
having meshes of less than 43 inches inside di-
mension. Use of this larger mesh saves small
unmarketable fish and should increase the yield
from each year class that enters the fishery.

Part of the Pribilof Islands fur-seal receipts
were again available in fiscal year 1954 for e-
quipment and added personnel to enforce the A-
laska Game Law. This, together with the excel-
lent cooperation of military authorities, greatly
improved the protection of fish and wildlife in
the Territory. Enforcement problems are in-
creasing in Alaska because of new roads, the
use of surplus military equipment, home-built
tundra crawlers, and a new junior-size combi-
nation tractor-caterpillar capable of traversing
most of the terrain.

Sep. No. 385 - Japanese High-Seas Mothership-Type
Drift Gill-Net Salmon Fishery--
1954.

Sep. No. 395 - Freezing and Cold Storage of Pacific
Northwest Fish and Shellfish: Part
IV - Storage Characteristics of
Four Species of Salmonidae.

Determination of Cook Drip in
Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastodes
alutus) and Pacific Oysters (Os-
trea gigas) by Use of a New Meth-
Cuan

Sep. No. 396 -

Tech. Note No. 31 - Weight Range,
Proximate Composition, and
Thiaminase Content of Fish Taken
in Shallow-Water Trawling in
Northern Gulf of Mexico.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATION IS AVAILABLE ONLY

Landings and Prices of Fishery Products, Boston
Tish Pier, 1953 (Includes Trends in the Fishing
Industry at Boston), by Thomas J. Risoli, 26 pp.,
processed, January 1955. (Available free from
the Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Fish marketing trends and conditions in

Boston for 1953 are discussed in this publication.

Detailed data on landings and ex-vessel prices of
fish and shellfish landed at the Boston Fish Pier
during 1953 are presented. Statistics are given
by months and species and by type of gear, to-
gether with comparative data for previous years.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND
ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Alaska en oes and Fur-Seal Industries, os by
Seton ompson, Statistical Digest 5,
83 pp., illus., printed, 40 cents, 1955. Detailed

reports and statistical tables concerning the
operation and yield of the various fishery indus-
tries are presented, with added data on certain
related matters, particularly the condition of
the fishery resources. Under the section on
fishery industries, the following subjects are

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

covered: court decisions; Alaska Department

of Fisheries; research; exploratory fishing in-
vestigations; administration; management; and
general statistics on salmon, herring, halibut
shellfish, and miscellaneous fishery products.
The second section on the Pribilof Islands fur-
seal industry covers administration, fur-seal
population studies, and general statistics on the
fur seals taken in 1953. A statement is also in-
cluded on sealing privileges accorded aborigines.

"North American Fish Policy," article, The Pro-
ressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 17, no. I (Janu-

ary 1955), pp. 45-47, processed (annual sub-
scription $1.25 domestic, US$1.65 foreign). Pre-
sents the revision of the ‘North American Fish
Policy, which was adopted by the American Fish-
eries Society on September 14, 1954, at its 84th
annual meeting in Seattle, Wash. The Policy is
divided intoseven sections: (I) State, National, and
International Relations; (II) Administration of
Fisheries; (III) Research; (IV) Management;
(V) Multiple Use of Waters; (VI) Adoption of Uni-
form Common and Scientific Names of Fishes;
and (VII) Education and Publicity.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH
AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE
ORGANIZATION |SSUING ’THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUB-
LICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPEC-
TIVE ORGANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES,
\F READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

"Age Composition of the Southern California Catch
of Pacific Mackerel for the 1953-54 Season,"
by John E. Fitch, article, California Fish and
Game, vol. 41, no. 1, January > pp. 107-112,
printed. California Department of Fish and
Game, 926 J Street, Sacramento 14, Calif.

(Alaska) 1953 Annual Report, Report No. 5, 93 pp.,
illus., printed. Alaska Fisheries Board and
Alaska Department of Fisheries, Juneau, Alaska,
1954. Summarizes the activities of the Alaska
Fisheries Board and the Alaska Department of
Fisheries for 1953. Describes the biological
research (Taku River investigation, troll fish-
ery investigations, and black cod research), in-
spection, predator control, sport fish, and water -
shed management programs. The role of the
salmon hatchery in Alaska is also discussed.
The statistical part of the report contains data
on the value of canned salmon by species; total
salmon pack and number of operating salmon can-
neries by districts (1944-53); number of salmon
taken in 1953 and 1952 by gear, species, and
district; quantity and value of fish and shellfish
landings by species (1944-53); and quantity and
value of fishery products as prepared for mar-
ket (1944-53). In addition to a financial statement,
the report concludes with a discussion of the plans
of the Department and its future outlook.

(Bears Bluff Laboratories) Annual Report 1953-
1954, Contribution No. 17, 12 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Report of South Carolina Wild-
life Resources Department Fiscal Year July 1, iF

3-June 1954.) Bears Bluff Laboratories,
Wadmalaw Islan d, 5.C., January 1955. The

April 1955

activities of the Laboratories are described.
Research was conducted on oysters, clams,
crabs, shrimp, and salt-water ponds.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

pressing, or cutting, for example--and the degree
of sa tiness found in fluids taken from fish of
varying types and weights.

(Canada) Trade of Canada, Exports, December 1954 |Groundfish Fillets (1954), Report to the President

and Twelve Months Ended December 1954, 186 pp.,

processed, 50 Canadian cents. Dominion Bureau
of Statistics, Ottawa, Canada, 1955. Contains
exports of Canadian produce from Canada, in-
cluding fishery products and byproducts.

(Department of the Interior) 1954 Annual Report of
the Secretary of the Interior (For the Fiscal
Year Ended June 30), 449 p., illus., printed, in-
dexed, $1.25. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C. (For sale by the Superinten-
dent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.) This
publication contains the annual reports of the
various agencies of the Department of the In-
terior, including the Fish and Wildlife Service.
Included under Fish and Wildlife Service are
summaries of its various activities. Specifically
discussed are utilization of fishery resources
(describes the activities of the Branch of Com-
mercial Fisheries); research in fishery biology
(coastal, inland, marine, and shellfish fisheries);
Federal aid to state projects for the restoration
of fish and wildlife; maintenance of inland fish-
eries; administration of Alaska fisheries; Pribi-
lof Islands fur-seal industry; river basin devel-
opment and wildlife needs; international coopera-
tion in conservation (international conservation
agreements and technical cooperation); and other
activities.

The Effects of a Late-Summer Drawdown on the

~ Fish Population of Ridge Lake, Coles County,
Illinois, by ee [2 pp., printed.
(Reprinted from Transactions of the Nineteenth
North American Wildlife Conference, March 8,

9, and 10, 1954, pp. 259-270.) Wildlife Manage-

ment Institute, Wire Building, Washington 5, D.C.

"Exploratory Oceanographic Observations in the
Eastern Tropical Pacific, January to March
1953,'' by WarrenS. Wooster and Feenan Jennings,
article, California Fish and Game, vol. 41, no.1,
January 1955, pp. 79-90, illus., printed. Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game, 926 J
Street, Sacramento 14, Calif.

"Fish Juices Could Save Ditched Aircrews," article,
The South African Shipping News and Fishin
Industry Review, vol. IX, no. 12, December 1954,
p. 77, printed, Single copy 2s. (28 U.S. cents).
Describes research being conducted by the Royal
Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine at Farns-
borough in Southern England on the possibility
of air crews who have to bail out over sea pro-
longing their lives with the consumption of fish
juices. Tests were being made off the British,
Middle Eastern, and Far Eastern coasts. It will
probably be some time, however, before the In-
stitute will be able to decide if fish juices can be
seriously considered of value to "ditched" crews.
In time they hope to discover, among other things,
whether sufficient juice can be extracted from a
fish to provide a man with enough liquid nourish-
ment to keep him alive, whether fish juices are
injurious or beneficial, the best and most eco-
nomical method of extracting juice--by crushing

on Escape-Clause Investigation No. 25 Under

the Provisions of Section 7 of the Trade Agree-

ments Extension Act of 1951, 77 pp., processed.
United States Tariff Commission, Washington 25,
D.C., May 1954.

Hong Kong Annual Departmental Report by the Di-

rector of A riculture, Fisheries & Forestry (for
the Financial Year 1953-54), 89 pp., illus.,
printed. The Government Printer, Hong Kong,
1954. This publication contains the annual re-
ports of the various divisions of the Department
of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Included
in the report of the Fisheries Division is a re-
view of its activities during the year, which were
directed mainly to the marine fisheries and the
mechanization of the fishing fleet, the fresh-water
and oyster fisheries, technical investigations,
training of fishermen, advisory and inspection
service, and surveys of fishing grounds and the
fisheries. The report also describes the Depart-
ment's fisheries policy and the 1954 Fisheries
Exhibition. Tables in the appendix give the num-
ber and type of Hong Kong fishing craft and fish-
ermen, landings of the principal varieties of fish
marketed by species, and oyster production.

Hong Kong Annual Departmental Report by the Reg-
istrar of Cooperative Societies an ete i

irector o
Marketing (for the Financial Year 1953-54), 43
pp., printed. The Government Printer, Hong Kong,
1954. This report covers the activities -of the
Department from April 1, 1953, to March 31,
1954. The section on Cooperative Societies
discusses education in cooperative activities.
Among the subjects discussed in the Fish Mar-
keting Organization section are: legislation,
functions of the Organization, quantity and value
of fish marketed, fish processing, and education.

Jahresbericht uber die Duetsche Fischerei 1953
(Annual Report of the

erman Fisheries 1953),
327 pp., illus., printed in German. Bundesminis-
terium fur Ernahrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten,
in cooperation with Mitwirkung des Statistischen
Bundesamtes, 72 Neuer Wall, Hamburg 36, West
Germany. (Publisher: Mann Bros., Berlin,
Germany), October 1954. Presents 1953 stat-
istics for fishery landings and imports in con-
siderable detail as well as the number of vessels,
new building, personnel employed, etc. In the
section devoted to the main fishing ports of
Bremerhaven, Cuxhaven, Hamburg-Altoona, and
Kiel, details are given of the firms operating
trawlers, together with the number operated and
the type. The statistics in this book give a clear
picture of the advances made by the German fish-
ing industry after World War II.

Largemouth Bass in Ridge Lake, Coles County, Illi-

nois, by George W. Bennett, 64 pp., illus., printed.
Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey,
vol. 26, article 2, November 1954, pp. STT346.
Department of Registration and Education, Urbana,
Ill.

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Supplement Number 3, 2 pp., illus., printed.
(Extract from Maryland Tidewater News, vol.11,
no. 9, February 1955.) Maryland Department

of Research and Education, Chesapeake Biologi-
cal Laboratory, Solomons, Md.

"The Lipids of Fish: 5. The Lipids Remaining in
the Flesh of the Haddock After Extraction by
Aceton and Ethanol-Ether,'' by June Olley and
J.A.lLovern, article, The Biochemical Journal,
vol. 57, no. 4 (August 1954), pp. -619, printed,
20s. (US$2.80) net per issue. Cambridge Univer -
sity Press, London, N.W.,1, England.

"Maritime Salmon Catches Since 1949," by C. J.
Kerswill, article, Trade News, vol. 7, no. 6,
December 1954, pp. 3-10, illus., printed. De-
partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. A re-
port on both the commercial landings and the
angling catches of Atlantic salmon in the Mari-
time region for 1949-54. The statistics are also
summarized graphically. The author states that
"Comparing the 1954 total catches of Atlantic
salmon in the Maritime Region with those of the
past two years, the commercial landings by
weight were higher and almost the same number
of fish were caught by anglers. Angling on many
rivers was handicapped by unusually high water
in 1954 and commercial fishing in some areas
was made more difficult than usual by bad weath-
er and fouling of nets. The poorer catches in
some areas are not believed to have been caused
by fewer salmon in 1954. There is good reason
to expect that recovery is taking place from the
downward trend in salmon abundance that has
been noticeable in the Maritime Region over the
past few years."

"New Advances in the Study of Bivalve Larvae," by
V.L. Loosanoff, article American Scientist,
vol. 42, no. 4, October 1954, pp. 607-624, illus.,
printed, single copy 50 cents. American Scien-
tist, 54 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn.
This article is concerned with recent devel-
opments and improvements in the methods for
obtaining eggs and sperm of bivalve mollusks
and for growing the larvae in laboratory cultures
It also discusses briefly certain results that have
been achieved because of the successful use of
these methods, many of which were developed
during the past few years. Methods of maintaining
ripe mollusks during the winter months and of
growing organisms under varying conditions of
food and medium concentrations are fully de-
scribed.

Norwegian Fishing News, vol. 2, no. 1, 1955, 28 pp.,

illus., printed, annual subscription 15 Norwegian
kroner (US$2.10). Norwegian Fishing News Ltd.,
Bergen, Norway. A new bimonthly magazine
containing articles on all phases of the Norweg-
ian fishery industries.

Norwegian Joint Stock Banks, Financial Review,
vol. 29, no. 3, July 1954, 12 pp., illus., printed.
Norwegian Bankers Bureau of Statistics and In-
formation, Oslo, Norway. Includes, among
others, discussions of the Norwegian herring
meal and herring oil industry, the production and
prices of whale oil, economic developments, and
foreign trade in fish and fishery byproducts.

Wolk, 175 INO. 4!

"Notes on the Feeding Habits of Subsurface Yellow-

fin and Bigeye Tunas of the Eastern Tropical
Pacific Ocean," by Rolf Juhl, article, California
Fish and Game, vol. 41, no. 1, January 1955, pp.
99-101, printed. California Department of Fish
and Game, 926 J Street, Sacramento 14, Calif.

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, Sixth

Report, July 1952-June , 200 pp., processed.
United States TariffC ommission, Washington 25,
D.C., 1954. This is the sixth report of the Tariff
Commission on the operation of the trade agree-
ments program, covering the periodfrom July
1952 through June 1953. During the period cover -
edby the report, the United States concluded no new
trade agreements. It did, however, conclude a sup-
plementalagreement with Venezuela, revising the
bilateral trade agreement entered into by the two
countries in 1939. The report discusses the con-
cessions that the United States granted and obtained
inthe supplemental negotiations with Venezuela,

as wellas the changes that were made inthe general
provisions of the agreement with that country. It
also covers important developments respecting
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Like
the earlier reports, the sixthreport also discusses
such matters as changes intariffs, exchange con-
trols, and quantitative restrictions onimports by
contracting parties to the General Agreement;
changes intariffs, exchange controls, and quantita-
tive restriction on imports by countries with which
the United States has bilateraltrade agreements
and actions of the United States relating to its trade
agreements program.

The sixthreport was prepared inconformity
with Executive Order 10082 of October 5, 1949,
which directs the Tariff Commission to submit to
the President and to the Congress at least once each
year afactualreport onthis subject. The first re-
port inthe series (issued in 1948) covered the peri-
od from June 1934 through April 1948; the second
report (issued in 1949) covered the period from May
1948 to April 1949; the third report (issued in 1951)
covered the period from April 1949 through June
1950; the fourth report (issued in 1952) covered the
period from July 1950 through June 1951; andthe
fifth report (issued in 1953) covered the period from
July 1951 through June 1952.

Outcome or Current Status of Applications for Es-

cape-Clause Investigations, by the United States

Tariff Commission, as of August 23, 1954, 30 pp.,
processed. United States Tariff Commission,
Washington 25, D.C., September 1954.

(Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission) Seventh

Annual Report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission for the Year 1954 (To the Congress
of the United States and to the Governors and
Legislatures of Washington, Oregon, and Cali-
fornia), 20 pp., printed. Pacific Marine Fish-
eries Commission, Portland, Ore. Describes
briefly the activities of the Commission and con-
tains a short resume of the one meeting of the
Commission during 1954. Also included are
summaries of reports submitted by the partici-
pating agencies on the research conducted in
1954 on the following marine species and fish-
eries: ocean salmon troll fishery, otter trawl
fishery, sablefish (black cod), and albacore tuna.
In addition, contains a financial report of the
Commission.

April 1955

BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATIONS ISSUING THEM,

Peruvian Fishery Supplement tothe Peruvian Times,
20 pp. illus., printed, December 24, 1954

Peruvian Times, Lima, Peru. Contains a re-
view of the Peruvian fishing industry anda
translation of the proceedings of and agreements
reached at the Second Tripartite Conference on
the Maritime Resources of the South Pacific
held in Lima on December 1-4, 1954. Also in-
cludes statistics on production of fish in Peru,
and Peruvian fish exports by countries and by
products.

"A Preliminary Report on the Spawning of the West-

North Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
in the Straits of Florida,'' by Luis Rene Rivas
(Contribution No. 130 from the Marine Labora-
tory, University of Miami), article, Bulletin of
Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol.4,
no. 4 (December 1954), pp. 302-322, illus.,
printed, $2 per issue. University of Miami Press,
Coral Gables, Fla. Evidence indicating that the
western north Atlantic bluefin tuna spawns in
the Straits of Florida during May and early June
is presented. Such evidence includes the occur-
rence of ripe and recently spawned adult fish
simultaneously with what may be fertilized eggs
and larvae. Further evidence includes the oc-
currence of juveniles and young in the vicinity
of the spawning grounds. It is inferred that the
large adult fish spawning in the Straits of Flori-
da are the same which are found in northern
waters during summer. The discovery of spawn-
ing grounds in the western Atlantic also suggests
that the American and European bluefin tuna re-
present separate independent units.

Prepared Crab Products Growing in Popularity, by

W.A. Van Engel, Contribution No. 710) PDi,
illus., processed. Virginia Fisheries Labora-
tory, Gloucester Point, Va., 1954. (Also in
Frosted Food Field, April 1954, pp. 19-20.) De-
scribes how the fluctuations in the blue crab
supply in Chesapeake Bay and the need for a
completely satisfactory method of freezing crab
meat affect the full development of frozen crab
products.

Review of Kenya Fisheries,1953, by Hugh Copley, 44 pp.,

illus., printed. The Government Printer, Nairobi,
Kenya, 1954. Reviews the Kenya fisheries for 1953,
with special reference tothe river fisheries, hatch-
ery work, afish-culture farm, oyster research, and
marine fisheries. The report onthe marine fisher -
ies discusses production, prices, distributionand
marketing, and exploratory and experimental work.
It describes a study of markets; collectionand dis-
posal of shellin various forms; catching, prepara-
tion, and sale of turtles, crustacea, and beche -de-
mer; andcrawfish breeding.

Rockfish for the Fisherman, by Robert S. Bailey,
Contribution No. 50, 6

, 0 pp., illus., processed.
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester
Point, Va., 1954. (Also in Virginia Wildlife,
vol. XV, No. 3, March 1954.) Describes the
Striped bass or rockfish sport fishery in Vir-
ginia waters, and gives a brief description of
the life history of the species.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

"South African Pilchard Oil:'' ''2. Concentrates of

Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Alcohols
Derived From South African Pilchard Oil," by
H. M. Silk, H. H. Sephton, and H. H. Hahn, pp.
574-577; "3. The Fatty Acid Composition of
South African Pilchard Oil," by H. M. Silk and
H.H. Hahn, illus., pp. 577-582; ''4. The Isola-
tion and Structure of a Hexadecatetraenoic Acid
from South African Pilchard Oil," by H. M. Silk,
and H. H. Hahn, illus., pp. 582-587; articles,
The Biochemical Journal, vol.57, no. 4 (Au-
gust , printed, 20s. (US$2.80) net per issue
Cambridge University Press, London, N. W. 1,
England.

The Story of FAO, by Gove Hambidge, 315 pp.,
illus., printed, $6.50. D. Van Nostrand Company,

250 Fourth Ave., Inc., New York 3, N. Y. The
author, who is North American Regional Rep-
resentative of the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation of the United Nations, in this book de-
scribes the birth, background, activities, and
purpose of FAO, the first of the new United
Nations specialized agencies to be established -
This book also is the first commercially-pub-
lished book about any of the specialized agencies
of the United Nations. The story of FAO is the
story of humanity. The author, in my opinion,
has succeeded in making it just that.

Part I discusses the background to FAO. The
first chapter through atypical fictional character,
Abu Libda, and his family, takes you to Egypt--
the villages, the homes of the people, and the
fields where they work. The peasants have far
too little land to make a decent livelihood, and
the chapter tells about the revolutionary and
very hopeful movement now under way to carry
out national land reform. Asacontrast, the next
chapter takes you to a farm owned by another
fictional character, Jim Barton, in the northeast
part of Iowa, and in effect portrays the story of
agricultural development throughout the western
world. The third chapter, ''Narrow the Gap,"
describes this contrasting situation in broader
terms around the world--the contrasts in food
supplies, quality of diets, health, length of life,
and all the rest.

Part II, consisting of four chapters tells
about the genesis and development of FAO. In-
cluded are the activities of certain scientific
and economic groups in the League of Nations
who helped to develop a realization of the extent
of undernourishment and incredibly poor living
conditions; of the development of knowledge a-
bout the contribution food makes to health and
length of life; of the postwar depression and un-
salable ''surpluses’' of food in some countries
while many people even in those countries were
hungry. It tells about the background of the in-
ternational organization established by the war-
time partners to deal with these problems--
FAO--and gives a round-up of the earlier activ-
ities of missionaries, foundations, and other
groups in the kind of work known as technical
assistance or technical cooperation. There is a
lot of detail to be found in this book about all the
early history of FAO which is not foundelsewhere.

92

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE

BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATIONS ISSUING THEM,

Part III deals with technical cooperation in
the Near East and Africa, Far East, Latin A-
merica, and Europe from the viewpoint of re-
gional projects and work with individual coun-
tries. Under this section detailed descriptions
of the projects being carried out by FAO in
countries around the world and the efforts of
these countries to improve their services in
agriculture, nutrition, fisheries, forestry, and
Statistics are included. In order not to clutter
up the text with footnotes, the author has elim-
inated them and included the additional informa-
tion in an appendix under the proper page num-
ber together with some other reference data.

In summary, the early chapters include an
account of the basic studies and the fact-gather-
ing work of FAO in agriculture, nutrition, for-
estry, and fisheries. The last half tells the
story of technical cooperation or technical
assistance. Fisheries have not been forgotten
in this book since they play an important part
in supplying food to many countries, and the
part they play is adequately covered throughout
the book.

The author very aptly points up the value of
FAO when he wrote: ''Future historians may
come to regard this swift growth of an idea--
the idea that is the foundation of FAO--as one
of the most important characteristic develop-
ments of this time. Hundreds, perhaps thou-
sands, of scientists and other experts from
many different countries are now Scattered all
over the world, pushing the frontiers of knowl-
edge and its practical application further out-
ward and helping to effect the innumerable ad-
justments in age-old institutions and ways that
are needed to make new advances possible. |
Other thousands of young people from lands |
that have been thought of as backward are at- |
tending universities, colleges, and technical
schools abroad and returning to work as experts
in their own countries... .'' this is FAO.

The book's value as a reference work is as-
sured by its adequate index. The book is not
an FAO publication, and all royalties go to FAO.

--J. Pileggi

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Atlantic States
Marine Fisheries Sariniseion (to the Congress
of the United States and to the Governors and
Legislators of the Fifteen Compacting States),
55 pp., printed. Atlantic States Marine Fisher-
ies Commission, 22 West First Street, Mount
Vernon, N. Y., December 1954. In this
annual report the Commission reports progress
on fishery research projects initiated and car-
ried on by the Commission and on its behalf by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Under the
North Atlantic Section of the report are included
discussions of projects dealing with lobsters,
haddock, clams, ocean perch, shad, yellowtail
flounder, Atlantic salmon, sea scallops, whiting,
Maine herring, fluke, freezing fish in the round at
sea, reconstruction of the Service's Woods Hole
laboratory, cooperative striped bass program,
exploratory tuna fishing, catch statistics, fishery

x
AN 0

\\y
\\

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 17, No. 4

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY

college in Massachusetts, dams in Connecticut
River, dragging operations, industrial fishing, and
the technological program. Under the Middle At-
lantic Section there is a discussion of projects
dealing with shad, gray sea trout (weakfish), sea
scallops, yellowtailflounder, hardclams, whiting,
Delaware River anadromous fisheries management
program, cooperative striped bass program, catch
statistics, offshore waste disposal, dragging opera-
tions, sport-fishing surveys, menhaden studies,
anda statement requesting Saltonstall Act funds

for state research. The Chesapeake Bay Section
includes discussions of projects concerned with
croaker, blue crab, shad, menhaden, clams, Chesa-
peake Bay Institute, cooperative striped bass pro-
gram, sport-fishing surveys, Potomac River oys-
ter laws, joint legislature committee on migratory
finfish, anda resolution opposing the proposalto
discharge mine waste waters. Under the South
Atlantic Sectiona discussion of the following pro-
grams is included: shrimp, shad, bluefintuna, co-
operative offshore research program, license fees
and severance taxes, catch Statistics, cooperative
striped bass program, gear development, out-of -
state boats ininland waters, sale of fish by anglers,
and pollution. Another section of the report deals
with the certification of shellfish; catch statistics;
Northwest Atlantic fisheries; Amendments No.1
and No. 2 tothe Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
Compact--Common Fisheries and Inland Waters;
Federal Legislation, Fisherman's Protective

Act of 1954; fisheries research; legislation
needed; activity of the fishing industry; state-
ment on "social" legislation in the fisheries;
sale of fish by anglers; and licenses for salt-
water anglers.

"Tuna Longlining: Results ofa Cruise to the Eastern
Tropical Pacific Ocean;' by Robert C. Wilsonand
Bell M. Shimada, article, California Fish and
Game, vol. 41, no. 1, January 1955, pp. 91-98,
illus., printed. California Department of Fish
and Game, 926 J Street, Sacramento 14, Calif.

The ee Blue Crab Fishery, by J. L. Mc

~ Hug! . Ladd, Contribution No. 44, 3 pp.,
ane a eee ieeae Virginia Fisheries Laboratory,

Gloucester Point, Va. (Also in National
Fisheries Yearbook, 1953.) Gives the early
history of the blue crab fishery, and describes
fluctuations in abundance and management of

the resource. The approach that has been out-
lined in this paper represents, in the opinion of
the authors, the minimum program necessary

to solve the most pressing problem in blue crab
management--the effect of fishing on the resource.

"The Unsaturated Fatty Acids of the Alga Chlorella,"
by R. F. Paschke and D. H. Wheeler, article
The Journal of the American Oil Chemist, vol.
31, no. 3, March 1954, pp. 81-85, illus., printed,
The American Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E.
Wacker Drive, Chicago 1, Ill. (Also Paper
No. 145, Journal Series, Research Laboratories,
General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.) The
purpose of this paper is to explain the composition
of the unsaturated fatty acids of the fresh-water
algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa grown in pure culture
in pilot-plant quantities.

April 1955

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

CONTENTS, CONTINUED

FOREIGN (Contd,):

Benelux Countries:
Canned Salmon Tariff Suspensions Renewed ..

Canada:
Newfoundland Fisheries Seeking More United

States Capital CRP OIORD

Newfoundland Fisheries Trends, HOA Save vcieucite
Nomenclature for Nylon Fish-Net Twine Pro-

wees see eww ewe

POSEUU hs crehe talaveiets (eieie eye shaveretevaitors mieticyc
Denmark:
Fisheries Production and Exports, 194 .....
Freezing Live Fish ......... SOIR oe
Ecuador:
Fishery Concessions Granted Two U, S, Owned
BOAETAS yd) aie as doles) 3 sie 0 eisiislatadetelicrstiart

German Federal Republic:
Fisheries Research Vessel Launched
Iceland;
Frozen Fillet Industry Trends, January-Novem-
DET AISA (odin, wilsite (ete s\s0
Lobster Fishery Being ‘Developed SOD ODIO
Japan:
Firm to Convert Three Vessels to Salmon and
READE ACHIEYSIIPS te) oiisile ce io: exe.ueleis eo ste. ws.
Canned Crab Meat Exports, 1954 .........
Tuna Vessel Makes GoodCatch inCoralSea .
Marine Products Exports for 1954 and Outlook
for 1955 ..
Mexico:
U. S,-Mexican Firm May Exploit Gulf Tuna...
Merida Frozen Fish and Shrimp Exports, 1954
Merida Shark Fin Exports, 1954 ......
Norway:
Sardine Canners Increase Advertising in United
States .. wilet ate felingelelalie¥ela\(eiiele is
1955 Winter Herring Catch Less Than Last Year
Peru:
1954/55 Tuna Season Delayed by Low Prices. .
Higher Ocean Freight Rates for Canned Fish and
Fish Meal Shipped from Peru toU, S, Ports. .
Portugal:
Fishing Trends, October 1954............
Canned Fish Trends, January-October 1954 ,.
Azores Tuna Exports to the U.S., 1954 .....
Rhodesia, Federation of:
Canned Fish Imports Not Under Currency Re-
striction ... .

© es 5.6/6 es 0s 660 COM TICK CT Pi TRCN)

ec .

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Page

60

63

63

Page
FOREIGN (Contd,):
Spain:
Vigoibish:Gamningtirends sc, ais preie\veraverel'el ec 71

Fish Canners of Santander Export Less in 1954 72
Sardine Vessels Detained by Portugal in Ter-

ritorial Waters Dispute ........ tea cone 73

United Kingdom:

Navy to Protect British Whaling Fleets ..... 73

Cookbook to Aid School-Lunch Program ..... 74
Union of South Africa;

Fisheries Trends, December-January....... 75
Le S25. Re

Large Herring Fleets in North Atiantic ..... 75
Venezuela:

Japanese to Aid Study of Venezuelan Tuna Fishery 75

Fish Canners Seek Foreign Markets ....... 75

Fish Canners Seek Government Help ....... 15

DID SEN GION BA aooomoncccomccoor . Ll
Department of the Interior;
Representatives to Trade Agreements Negotiations
with Japan at Geneva ...........-20.06. 71
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Alaska Commercial Fisheries Regulations Amend-
Gil souaondnconne aooauceanS aeieeeie tl
Department of State:
Fish Items Added to Supplemental List for Con-
sideration in Trade Negotiations with Japan and

Ofer Gounenies weve elelelepedeleueley ss oe 78
Eighty-Fourth Congress (First Session), March
IRB), Gad aos CoO ooo atietietts (evetvo’ errs! soo 80
FISHERY INDICATORS: niciatev el elelenets tele olin ialeratels 81
Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States , 81
Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries..... 82
Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of
Pishery Products ct ayiaicis occusete srinus cinieiete ois 83
Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of
Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
SEMLEES I cect valor etetetes ciel alelisisiotersicie Src elee
Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and
IAVASK AW sistalolewersieds yelcke cleler stays level ohaloteters 84
Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
PPFOCUCES) syateiate eve site. sis,nislie) os teneuels tnte oyey'sie 85
Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports ..... 86
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: .........6. 87
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications | Shoe 87
Miscellaneous Publications ...........2..26- 88

Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Helen Joswick
OK Ok kok ok Ok

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho-

tographer for each photograph in this issue.

Photographs on pages not mentioned

were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Pages 36 and 37--Harvey Bullis; p. 52--Joseph Pileggi;
p. 63--U. S. Consulate, Bremen, Germany; and
p. 70--Portuguese Cabinet of Fishery Studies.

INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.C.79365

wT

CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR BREADED SHRIMP AND FISH STICKS

Fishery Leaflet 422, Consumer Preferences for Breaded Shrimp and Fish
Sticks, is the summary of a November 1954 survey of household consumers in
all areas of the country sponsored by the Fish and Wildlife Service to determine
the consumption of breaded shrimp and fish sticks. The services of a private
research firm were used to mail out 2,000 questionnaires on the subject. The
information obtained from the survey is presented graphically.

Of 1,797 housewives responding to questions concerning meals and snacks
served in their homes between November 1953 and the same month last year,
nearly 37 percent stated they had used precooked fish sticks, while about 10 per-
cent said they had purchased uncooked sticks and friedthem intheir own kitchens.

(By Percent and Areas) (By Percent and Areas)

ae |
[ie Families Consuming Cooked and Uncooked Breaded Shrimp Families Consuming Cooked and Uncooked Fish Sticks
Cooked

Cooked breaded

ked
ncookea breaded ncooke
54.3%
25.6%

30.4% 30.5%

United
States

South

Central States east Central

Most of these homemakers said their families preferred the largest size fish
sticks, and the 12-ounce package. Most also indicated that their families liked
the fish sticks moderately seasoned. The favorite time for fish sticks was meal
time as compared with between-meal snack periods.

Breaded shrimp showed a somewhat different pattern in the survey. More
than 21 percent of the housewives responding, nationwide, stated they had pur-
chased this item uncooked, while about 18 percent said they had bought the bread-
ed shrimp in precooked form, Consumers showed a preference, in most cases,
for medium-sized shrimp cooked to a light golden brown.

Free copies of Fishery Leaflet 422 are available from the Division of Infor-
mation, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.