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JULY |

Vol. 22, No.7

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

Py
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,

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

3 REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests

to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

5/31/63

CONTENTS .

COVER: Calico scallops (Pecten gibbus) harvested by the U..S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries chartered fishing vessel Silver Bay off Cape Canaveral, Fla. A
sq

large stock, occupying an extensive area (1,20

ware miles) along the east coast

of Florida has been discovered by the Silver Bay. As a result of the vessel's latest
exploratory work, the bed is now known to extend from off Daytona Beach to Ft,
Pierce, Fla., in depths of 10 to 32 fathoms. (See pp. 41-43 of this issue.)

.Proximate Composition of Southern Oysters--Factors Affecting Variability, by Charles F. Lee, Caroline H. Kurtzman, and

Leonard Pepper

. .Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice--Part 4 - Interchange of the Components in
the Shrimp-Refrigerated-Sea-Water System, by Jeff Collins

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES:

Technical Note No. 56 - Chemical Composition and Lab-
oratory Fillet Yield of 13 Species of Middle and South
Atlantic Fish, by L. E. Ousterhout

. Seasonal Variations of Physical Characteristics and
Chemical Composition of Fish From Middle Atlantic
States, by John G. Wangler

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:

American Samoa:

. Tuna Landings, January-April 1960

California:

.. Attempt Being Made To Restore Southern California

Kelp Beds
. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (M/V Alaska
Cruise 60A3-Pelagic Fish)
Rockfish Study Off Southern California Coast Continued
(M/V Nautilus Cruise 60N1-Rockfish)
. California Halibut Tagging Studies Off Southern and
Baja California (M/V Nautilus Cruise 60N2-Sportfish

M/V N. B. Scofield and Nautilus Cruises 60S1 and 60N3-

Sportfish)
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products:
. By Area in 1959
: January-March 1960
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:
. Future Research on Pacific Tunas Pointed Towards
Solution of Practical Problems
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
. Department of Defense Purchases, January-April 1960
Frozen Processed Fish and Shellfish Consumption:
. In Institutions and Public Eating Places in Los Angeles
Great Lakes:
Lake Trout Restocking Program
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:
. Surveys of Commercial Fish Stocks in Lake Erte to be
Obtained in 1960
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
. Lake Erie Fish Population Research Indicates Short-
age of Adult Yellow Pike (M/V George L., April 1960)
. Program of the Research Vessel Cisco for 1960
Research Vessel Siscowet Program for 1960
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
. Tuna Distribution in Southeastern Caribbean Sea and
Occurrence of Royal-Red Shrimp off Trinidad Ex-
plored (M/V Oregon Cruise 66)

Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
King Crab:
31... Eastern Bering Sea Operations
31 .. Tags Returned By U.S.S. R.
Maine Sardines:
32... Canned Stocks, April 1, 1960
Michigan:
32 .. Commercial Fishermen Propose Changes in Fishing
Regulations
33... Commercial Fishermen's Problems Discussed at
Meetings
33... Use of Trawls in Great Lakes Proposed
Missouri:
ER} 6.5 Commercial Fisheries Landings, 1959
National Fisheries Institute:
34 .. Resolutions Adopted at 15th Annual Convention
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:
34 .. Area Between Georges Bank and Cape Hatteras Explored
for Tuna Stocks (M/V Delaware Cruise 60-6)
Oceanography:
35 .. Atlantic Ocean Atlas Begun |
37 .. Expeditions by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography
for 1960
37... Link Added to Underwater Mountain Chain in Gulf of
Alaska
Salmon:
38 .. New Salmon Fish Hatchery Under Construction in State
of Washington
39 .. Washington and Oregon Cooperate in Salmon Tagging
Program
Shrimp:
39 .. Industry Confronted with Production Problems
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
41 .. Large Beds of Calico Scallops Found Off Florida East
Coast
43... Use of Commercial Scallop Dredges Demonstrated to
Fishermen
Tuna:
43 .. United States and Japanese Biologists Coordinate Re-
search on Albacore Spawning Areas
43 .. United States Consumption of Fishery Products, 1959

U.S, Foreign Trade:
44 .. Edible Fishery Products, March 1960
44 .. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
44 ,. Wholesale Prices, May 1960

Contents Continued Page 107

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PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOUTHERN OYSTERS--
FACTORS AFFECTING VARIABILITY

Charles F. Lee,* Caroline H. Kurtzman,** and Leonard Pepper***

ABSTRACT

Fifty-one pairs of samples of raw shucked oysters were coilected from pro-
ducing plants in Georgia, South Carolina, and the Gulf Coast States in an ex-
tension of an earlier study of the proximate composition of oysters. From each
plant, unwashed "shell" oysters and washed plant oysters as packed were obtained
to compare the effect on composition of differences in plans practices. The dry
solids, fat, and carbohydrate contents of all samples conformed to the usual sea-
sonai pattern of variability. Low values observed in summer and fall months in-
creased to a maximum in the late spring just prior to the long spawning period of
the Southern oyster.

The ash and salt content of the "shell-oyster" samples are primarily factors
of the salinity of the water in which the oysters are grown. In the test period,
salinities were high during the late summer. Soluble chlorides, mostly salt, are
lost during shucking and washing of the oysters so that the ash and salt content of
plant-washed samples are influenced by the amount of exposure to fresh water.

Protein and fat content on a dry basis are increased in the washed oysters,
since these components are less soluble and thus constitute a larger proportion of
the solids remaining after the soluble salts are lost.

The data on composition emphasize the benefit that would be derived for
both producer and consumer if the seasonal demand for oysters in the fall could
be met with oysters harvested and frozen in the spring.

INTRODUCTION

The investigation of the proximate composition of Southern oysters conducted at
the Fishery Technological Laboratory, College Park, Md., of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, was continued for a second year. The conclusions reached
after the first year (Lee and Pepper 1956) regarding the pattern and extent of sea-
sonal fluctuation have been generally confirmed, so this work is now complete.

The term ''Southern' isusedhere to distinguish the product of the Gulf of Mexico
and of the South Atlantic coastal areas. Louisiana has the largest production of
fresh shucked oysters, with lesser quantities from Mississippi, Alabama, Western:
Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia. Southern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, are
of the same species as oysters of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, but the shucked
product is handled differently in the South.

The investigation of the composition of Southern oysters had several objectives:
(1) Little published information is available on the composition of oysters from that
area. Such information is needed by dietitians, processors, and others. (2) The data
on unwashed and plant-washed samples provide a means of comparing the effect on

composition of different methods of processing. These data are important with re-
% Chemical engineer
2k Biochem ist
« Chemist (formerly)

Fishery Technology Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, College Park, Md.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

icati ini ion's Standards of Identity to
t to application of the Food and Drug Administration's
ney ened oysters. (3) Data on oysters from a number of different states and ‘
growing areas are needed to broaden the applicability of results of studies on freez
ing and utilization of oysters by research groups In Florida and Louisiana.

ORIGIN OF SAMPLES

i : 25 sample pairs were
The oyster samples were collected at producing plants
obtained ree Louisiana, 9 from Alabama, 7 from Florida, 5 from South Carolina,
3 from Georgia, and 2 from Mississippi. Samples of mixed origin were not taken,
so each sample represented oysters grown in the state in which it was collected.

Fig. 1 - Oysters are brought to the shucking house in bur- Fig. 2 - Three sizes are being sorted into the "pots"
lap bags in some Southem oyster plants. at the right.

Two samples were collected from each operating plant visited. One sample,
called the ''shell'' sample, consisted of unwashed shucked oysters representative of
the oyster as harvested. Variability in composition of these samples is influenced
by environmental factors of temperature and salinity, sampling time with relation
to spawning cycle, and other factors such as degree of parasitic infestation that af-
fect the health or ''condition'' of the oyster. The composition of the shell sample is
also affected by the way the shell oyster is handled between the time of harvest and
sampling and by the way the sample is taken.

The second sample, called the plant sample, was a randomly-selected pint can
of the regular plant product. Variability in the composition of these samples is af-
fected not only by differences in the "Shell'' oyster but also by shucking, washing,
and draining practices of the particular plant from which the sample is obtained.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 51 "shell and plant samples were obtained during the period from
October 1955 to October 1956, inclusive. These were analyzed for moisture, crude

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

protein, crude fat, ash, and total chlorides as sodium chloride. The values reported
for carbohydrates have been calculated by difference. Because the maximum ob-
served dry-matter content was 23 times the minimum value (range 7.3 to 18.4 per-
cent), the data are reported in the tables on a dry basis. This method of reporting
facilitates comparisons of the effects of external factors on the composition of the
oyster. The data are given in tables 1 and 2.

Table 1 - Composition of Shell and Plant Samples of Oysters According to State Origin

On Moisture -Free Basis
Moisture
Shell | Plant

PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLE FOR ANALYSIS: The entire contents of the
sample can, from 250 to 450 grams of oysters and body fluids, were ground in a lab-
oratory blender. Any large pieces
of shell were removed, but care-
ful inspection was not needed, since
most of the shell and grit settled
out of the ground oysters.

MOISTURE: The method of
the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists (AOAC) for total
solids in raw oysters was used
(8th edition, section 18.6) except
that a Petri dish was substituted
for the metal one. Metal dishes , :
were found hard to clean. Glass ee f+ Me
dishes gave consistent tare weights. ae A oe :.

>

<

Comparison of the average ,
values for moisture content in 4 : . F
Panioeniandioindicates that. in B19 Shee Se avoid cutting up the oysters as the muscle
most instances, there is little dif-
ference between the values for-plant and ''shell'' samples. The data in table 2 indi-
cate an irregular correlation of moisture content of both plant and / shell oysters
to season of harvesting. Lower moisture values and correspondingly higher solids

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

j i the spawning season,
tents were observed from March through June just prior to !
this being the period of most rapid growth. The dry solids content declined rapidly
to a low point in August and did not show definite recovery until December after

cooler waters had stopped oyster spawning and growth was resumed.

Table 2 - Composition of Shell and Plant Samples of Oysters According to Month Samples Were Collected
On Moisture-Free Basis

4 9.0] 9.1 8 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 6.24 16.
60.2 16.7 | 10.3 | 26.7 | 17.1 | 19.8 | 9.9 1
ABT | Gili |B. aS IL A® || IO || e777 || EB IL oe,
52.5 | 56.5 | 9.0 | 9.2 | 16.6 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 5.8 |) 22: ;
58.4 | 60.5 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 24.3 | 16.9 | 14.1 | 9.9 | 29. :
A972 || BoB GO || 78 |) OI 1934 | S38 | Aa |G. 19.
i 50.3 [55.5 | 7.9 | 9.4] 16.1 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 5.7 | 25. 24.
x. E 54.9 | 61.5 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 19.6 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 6.2 | 31. 29.
in. : 46.1 | 49.2 | 6.9 | 9.2 | 14.1 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 5.2 | 22. 18.
S7a\seusy ezshan|l47 250) eoNzletaNeh |Mishanl za znPiekon|(mStel| W2exenl mesos
: .3| 91.5 | 50.4 | 54.8 |12.7 | 17.9 | 21.3 | 9.2 | 12.6 | 5.5 | 31.8] - 36.
Min. 83.8 | 83.5 | 41.5 | 39.6 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 1.5 | 20. 27.
Mean 7 SEN MS 7a in eae | Pon Sm | az et2ONl| L4R OM MONSON seoin msde
Max. 92.0 | 89.9 | 46.1 | 52.2 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 22.7 | 16.4 | 17.8 | 7.0 i
Min, 85.3 | 82.2 | 35.4 | 40.0 | 5.6 | 8.8| 5.3 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 :
Mean 6 84.8] 85.6 | 44.0 | 46.0 | 13.5 |15.8| 8.1] 6.1 | 2.9] 1.6 ;
Max 87.7 | 88.9 | 51.4 | 54.6 | 18.1 | 19.5 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 3.6
Min. 81.6 | 82.1 | 38.6 7an| 7A et) |S 72 S| TO LOA
Mean 5 86.5 | 85.6 | 46.6 | 48.3 | 12.5 | 14.8] 11.7 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 2.3
Max. 91.1] 87.9 | 52.6 | 56.8 | 13.3 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 2.8
Min. 82.5 | 83.7 | 42.2 | 39.8 | 10.8 | 13.1 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 1.0
Mean 2 84.9 | 86.5 | 49.6 | 51.2 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 2.0
Max. 86.5] 89.9 | 52.0 | 52.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 8.1] 5.9] 3.9 | 2.2
Min. 83.2 | 83.0 | 47.1 | 50.0 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 3.8 | 1.8
Mean 2 83.8 | 86.1 | 47.5 | 50.2 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 3.0
Max. 8520 || 8927 |. 4823) | 5324 | 10.3) | 12.3' | 4258 |! 720) 6s7 I) 356
Min, 82.7 | 82.5 | 46.6 | 47.3 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 10.6 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 2.4
Mean 2 872.9) MOON FSOe5 Nl Tere |shishll mzasu | MOs4ulmeton musi lon
Max. 88.6 | 91.5 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 9.8 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 9.3 |] 4.8 | 3.6
Min. 87.1 || 88.7 | 55.8.) 60.4 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 2.3
Mean 2 90.0] 90.4 [56.6 [58.7 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 10.4) 8.7 | 3-1 | 2.7
Max. 90.6 | 91.2 | 57.3 | 59.4 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 5.0 | 4.2
Min. 89,4 || 89.5 | 55.9 | 5820 |. 9:0 | 1813 || 910 | 715 | tac| nea
Mean 2 88.4 | 88.6 | 53.8 [58.3 | 9.6 | 8.6] 14.5 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 5.
Max. 88.6 | 90.2 | 54.8 | 58.9 | 11.6 | 9.5 | 18.3 | 9.8 | 11.2 | 5.
Min. EEL EGS) BSS | eB IAG 7 || 10.8 | ©.A || 6.0 || Al
Mean q 89.5 | 87.7 | 49.2 [54.6 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 23.1 | 13.6 | 14.2 E
Max. 90.7 | 91.9 | 53.0 | 57.3 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 31.1 | 15.9 | 25.4 i
Min. 88.0 | 84.3 | 45.8 | 52.1 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 17.2 | 8.4 | 1.3

1/Each pair of samples consists of unwashed oysters
2/Total chlorides are reported as salt.

=

‘shell") and washed oysters as pac

e
fav
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3
E

CRUDE PROTEIN: Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, mer-
cury being used as the catalyst. The ammonia was collected in 20 milliliters of 4-
percent boric acid and was titrated directly with 0.2 normal sulfuric acid.

Shucking and washing the oysters do not Significantly affect protein content on
a dry basis. Plant samples are higher in protein, but this finding can be accounted
for by the fact that as the soluble salts present in the body fluids are lost during
shucking and washing, the more insoluble constituents--that is, protein and fat--
makeup a greater proportion of the remaining solids. The protein content of oysters
follows a fairly definite seasonal cycle opposite in pha

CRUDE FAT: The method of the AOAC for crude fat in fi
i ; t in fish and sh
acid hydrolysis (8th edition, section Tani wast canal and shellfish by

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

'Fat'' oysters is a trade expression that refers to the plump, creamy condition
associated with the seasonal build-up of glycogen. Oysters are usually classified
as a nonfat seafood. Actually, on a dry basis, the solvent-soluble lipids constitute
an average of 10.5 percent of ''shell'' oysters and 11.7 percent of the washed oysters.
Some oysters contain 18 to 20 percent fat on a dry basis. Experiments have shown
that in frozen storage, oysters develop a rancid flavor instead of the usual sour
flavor that develops in spoiled raw iced oysters (Schwartz and Watts 1957; Fieger,
Novak, and Bailey 1959). It is interesting to note that the fat content follows the
same type of seasonal cycle as do dry solids and glycogen contents; that is, the fat
content varies from a high of 13 percent in March and April to a low of 8.8 percent
in July. The fluctuations are less extreme--with the fat content remaining fairly
constant, between 9 and 10 percent--from August through December.

ASH: Fifteen to 20 grams of ground oysters was weighed into a tared porcelain
dish and ashed at 550° C. until white. (Ash occasionally may be pale blue, or may
fuse and remain black, but extra heating should be avoided as it may cause loss of
chlorides.)

Chlorides and other soluble salts make up most of the ash of unwashed oysters
which may amount to 25 percent of the dry weight for oysters grown in waters of
high salinity. The ash content of the washed plant samples is decreased to a degree
dependent on the amount of washing with fresh water, and approaches a minimum of
roughly 4 percent of the dry weight.

TOTAL CHLORIDES: The method of the AOAC for salt (chlorine as Sodium
chloride, 8th edition, section 18.9) was used.

The soluble salts in oysters are readily removed during the usual washing op-
erations. Thus a comparison of the total chlorides of the washed and unwashed sam-
ples gives an indication of the amount of exposure to fresh water to which the oys-
ters were subjected. The salt content of ''shell'' oysters varies greatly, depending
on the salinity of the waters where the oysters grew. Since Crassostrea virginica
is an estuarine species, salinity of water over oyster beds is largely a matter of
rainfall on the river system draining into the growing area and may range from ex-
tremes in excess of 40 parts per
thousand in almost closed bays in
Texas or North Carolina to less
than 4 parts per thousand in some
growing areas in Louisiana or in
the upper Chesapeake Bay during
flood periods. In fact, fresh wa-
ter has frequently caused heavy
mortality in some oyster-grow-
ing areas. In the accompanying
data, the extreme range for the
salt content on the dry basis of
individual samples of shell oys-
ters was 1.0 to 25.4 percent.

The salt content of the washed
oysters (the plant sample) is only
secondarily influenced by the origi-
nal salt content. Even unwashed
oysters lose one-half or more of
their salt content in body fluids re-
leased during the time on the shuck-
ingbench. Then, the usually limited
exposure tofresh water during the Fig. 4 - In the South, oysters usually receive a brief washing in a
washing operations used in South- pan before packing. Blowers are never used.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

s the salt content of the plant samples, though never to the

duce ;
Ene ee oi racrneae oe blowing’! as practiced in the Middle Atlantic States.

degree of freshness reached by

i i i dry spells change water
In typical estuarine growing areas, seasonal wet and y
salinities +6 produce a seasonal pattern of fluctuation in the salt and ash content of
the oysters. In the 1955/56 season, as in the preceding year, lack of rainfall during
fall and winter months kept oyster salinities high, whereas heavy precipitation dur-
ing the spring and summer reduced salinities. In September and October 1956, oys-
ter salinities again increased.

CARBOHYDRATES: In these studies glycogen was not determined directly.
The difference between 100 and the sum of moisture, protein, fat, and ash has been
reported as carbohydrates (by difference). This would include glycogen, its break-
down products, and the accumulative error from the other analyses. Although much
less specific, the results obtained by this procedure have shown good correlation to
the variation in glycogen that would be expected to result from the spawning and
growth patterns of Southern oysters.

The average carbohydrate content of the plant samples is only slightly greater
than that of the shell samples. Carbohydrate content evidently does not show the
same proportional increase that was observed for the protein and fat content of the
plant samples, which resulted from the loss in salt. This observation might indi-
cate that significant amounts of soluble glycogens also are lost in the body fluids.
The data for carbohydrates follow the well-known seasonal pattern related to spawn-
ing habits. Glycogen is stored during the late fall and early winter and holds over,
with little loss, until May or June. Spawning continues during the hot summer peri-
od, so there is little recovery of ''fatness''--that is, glycogen content--until the cool
weather of late fall.

DISCUSSION

The weighted average of 12.6 percent dry solids content for the plant-washed
samples of Southern oysters compares favorably with the solids content of oysters
from Chesapeake Bay. Unpublished data from the Food and Drug Administration,
the senior author, and recent studies of a government-industry research team are
in general agreement in the values found for dry solids content of oysters in Chesa-
peake Bay. Although some washed samples from Chesapeake Bay have a high dry
solids content--more than 14.0 percent--this is exceptional. In the early fall, sam-
ples with dry solids ranging from
about 12.0 to less than 9.0 per-
cent are observed for both the
unwashed and plant-washed oys-
ters.

The relatively high solids
content of Southern oysters is a
result of the more limited expo-
sure to fresh water during the
washing methods customarily
used in the South; that is, spray-
ing the oysters on the delivery
skimmer. This treatment is
sometimes followed by stirring
the oysters gently in a pan or
bucket of fresh water. In prepa-
ration of samples for analysis
the liquor that bled out of the
Pane e ome Tare meats after packing was included.

ceiving skimmer, thus fresexyict mek ratte Eales a7 eg fav ee deatie koe eee Hoan

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

been higher. It is a characteristic of Southern oysters, and occasionally of oysters
from certain beds in the Chesapeake Bay area, to form excessive amounts of free
liquor within a short time after packing, even when exposure to water has been quite
limited. This has greatly complicated enforcement of Section 36.10 of the present
U. 5. Food and Drug Administration Standards of Identity for raw oysters which de-
fines this product, in part, by its free liquor content.

In January 1959, studies were started by the Government-Industry-Cooperative
Oyster Research Program team of the physical and chemical characteristics and
changes occurring during processing of oysters in the Chesapeake Bay and other
nearby oyster-growing areas. This research has the primary objective of obtaining
information useful in revision of current Standards of Identity. The data on composi-
tion of Southern oysters obtained in the studies herein reported confirms the neces -
sity for extending the Government-Industry-Cooperative Oyster Research Program
investigations to include oysters from the Gulf Coast at the earliest opportunity.

Although the number of samples from most of the Southern States was not suf-
ficient to give a complete pattern of season variation, the data indicate that this pat-
tern is Similar in all areas. Unfortunately, the product is at its best when the de-
mand for it is lowest--that is, in the late spring months. The industry would there-
fore have an advantage if it could operate in such a manner that no oysters would be
shucked during September, October, and November. At this time, Southern oysters
are still thin, the yield is poor, prices for oysters in the shell are high, and plants
often operate at a loss, but the market demands oysters and the plants operate to
supply this market. The data illustrate the magnitude of these differences and the
need for developing methods, such as freezing, of holding raw shucked oysters from
the spring when they are in optimum condition, until the fall increase in market de-
mand. At present, oyster canneries use these spring oysters, but this processed
product cannot compete for the same market as the fresh or frozen raw shucked
oysters.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The total solids, carbohydrate, and fat contents of the oyster show a season-
al pattern of fluctuation, from high values in the late spring just prior to spawning
to low values during the fall just before cooler waters stimulate new growth.

2. The salt and ash contents are related primarily to water salinity, which is
influenced by rainfall and other environmental factors that vary for each oyster bed.
In the 2 years from October 1954 to October 1956, oysters taken in the fall had high-
er salinity than those taken in the spring or the summer.

3. Asa result of loss of salt during shucking and washing, insoluble constituents
of the plant samples--that is, protein and fat--constitute a higher proportion of the
remaining solids. The carbohydrate content of washed plant samples increases less
than the proportional amount of solubles solids lost, indicating some loss of soluble
glycogens during washing. The proportion of the original salt content that remains
in the washed oysters depends on the amount of exposure to fresh water during the
washing process.

4, Solids content of Southern oysters varies over a wide range, but the aver-
age of 12.6 percent for all washed oysters is comparable with that of oysters from
Chesapeake Bay.

5. Oysters from all Southern States have a similar pattern of seasonal varia-
bility. Benefit to the industry would result through increased production and utili-
zation of oysters during March through May, perhaps by use of freezing if the tech-
nical problems were solved.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

LITERATURE CITED

AGRICULTURAL Part 36. Shellfish. Definitions and Standards
Se easas! SONOS of Identity; Fill of ¢ ontainer, 8 pp. (A vail-
1955. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association able Government Printing Office, Washing-
of Official Agricultural Chemists. Eighth ton 25, D. C., 10 cents.)
Edition, 1955. Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists, Box 540, Franklin Station, LEE, CHARLES F. and PEPPER, LEONARD :
Washington 4, D. C. 1956. Composition of Southern Oysters. Commercial
‘ Fisheries Review, vol. 18, no. 7 (July), pp-
FEIGER, E, A.; NOVAK, A. F.; and ney M. E. 1-6. (Also Separate No. 441.)
1959. Problem: Preventing Weight, Flavor Loss,
Discoloring in Frozen Louisiana Oysters. SCHWARTZ, MARK G, and WATTS, BETTY M.
Quick Frozen Foods, vol. 22, no. 4 (Novem- 1957. Application of the Thiobarbituric Acid Test as
ber), pp- 72-73 a Quantitative Measure of Deterioration in
q Cooked Oysters. Food Research, vol. 22,
UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION no. 1, pp. 76-82.

1946. Definitions and Standards for Food, Title 21,

LONG SALMON MIGRATIONS

As a partof the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission program,
the Fisheries Research Institute has been tagging salmon in the North Pacific
Ocean under a contract from the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The
objective of the tagging study is todetermine the qualitative and quantitative dis-
tribution of salmon at sea with respect to continent of origin.

Some amazingly long migrations of salmon and steelhead trout have been re-
corded from this work. One of the most interesting cases concerns a steelhead
which was tagged on September. 5, 1958, in the Gulf of Alaska, near Kodiak Island,
and recovered February 5, 1960, at a fish cultural station on the Alsea River,
Oregon. Personnelat the station state that the fish had been fin-clipped and re-
leased in the Alsea River in April 1958. At that time it was approximately 5 or
6 inches in length. At tagging it measured 14 inches and at recovery, 22 inches.
Fin clips were not noticed during tagging since time is not taken to watch for
missing fins. However, at final recovery, fin clips were still unmistakeable.
Thus, data on this steelhead (positively identified at three points) revealed its

origin, a minimum migration of 2,400 miles round trip, and true homing at ma-
turity.

The longest migrations have been reported from steelhead trout and king salm-
on. Some of these fish have really traveled. For example, a steelhead tagged
south of Adak on July 19, 1957, was recaptured by rod and reel in the Chehalis
River, Washington State, on March 13, 1958. The distance traveled was approxi-
mately 2,000 miles in8 months. A king salmontagged in approximately the same
area in 1956 was recovered in the Salmon River, Idaho, the following year. The
fish was at liberty 11 months and traveled a minimum of 2,400 miles.

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

PROCESSING AND QUALITY STUDIES OF SHRIMP HELD
IN REFRIGERATED SEA WATER AND ICE

Part 4 - Interchange of the Components in the
Shrimp-Refrigerated-Sea-Water System
By Jeff Collins*

ABSTRACT

Whole raw pink shrimp were held for various periods of time in refriger-
ated sea water. Data were obtained to determine the effect of holding time
on the weights of the whole shrimp and of the sea water and on the weights of
peeled meats, of peeling waste, and of precooked meats subsequently prepared
from the whole shrimp. In addition, water, salt, ash, and solids content of the
above products were determined in order that factors affecting the changes in
weight could be better understood.

BACKGROUND

In a previous paper (Seagran, Collins, and Iverson 1960) in which the keeping
quality of pink shrimp held in ice and refrigerated sea water was studied, it was
found that there was an apparent loss in solids of the peeled meats as a function of
holding conditions. It was not known, however, to what degree this loss was caused
by leaching of the soluble constituents or by water uptake.

The primary purpose
of the present study was to
resolve this uncertainty and
secondly, to more fully
characterize the various
changes which occur in the
shrimp-brine system. Ac-
cordingly, a study was made
of the material balance of
water, solids, ash, and salt
contained in the various
components of the system;
namely, the brine, whole
shrimp, peeling waste, and
meats obtained from the
whole shrimp, and the pre-
cooked meats subsequently
obtained from the peeled
meats.

The holding system, of
course, consists of whole F |
Slarsaaey Exetel “PESOS leet Fig. 1 - Chemist preparing to precook raw peeled shrimp in the laboratory
In the subsequent discussion © seam box.
it is convenient, however, to . ;
think of the system as consisting of brine, whole shrimp, peeling waste, peeled meats,
and precooked meats. Each of these components of the system will change in its wa-
ter, solids, ash and salt content as a function of holding time.

EXPERIMENTAL

The general experimental approach was (1) to hold pink shrimp for a period of
time in refrigerated sea water, (2) to determine any changes in weight of the whole
% Chemist, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Ketchikan,

Alaska.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

shrimp, its components, or the brine, and (3) to determine the moisture, ash, salt,
and solids contents of the components of the shrimp-brine system as a function of

holding time.

MATERIAL: About 30 pounds of whole fresh pink shrimp (Pandalus species)
were obtained from Petersburg, Alaska. The shrimp, which were about 3 hours old
when landed at the plant, were iced overnight and shipped by air to the Ketchikan
Technology Laboratory. The shrimp were briefly rinsed in cold fresh water and
allowed to drain for about 15 minutes in a wire basket.

HOLDING METHOD: Each of 24 glass jars was essentially filled with 450 grams
of raw whole pink shrimp and 450 grams of a 3-percent aqueous solution of sodium
chloride. The jars were sealed with rubber~gasketed glass lids and held up to 11
days in a pilot-scale refrigerated-sea-water unit at 30° F. (Collins 1960). (The
use of a ''closed''system was discussed in a previous paper, Collins, Seagran, and
Iverson 1960.)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Since the taking of a sample would change the weight
of the system, the sampling had to be devised in such a way that this change in
weight could be taken into account. The technique was as follows:

1. Three jars were removed from the tank, the contents combined, and the
shrimp drained on a wire screen for 5 minutes.

2. The weights of the whole shrimp and brine were obtained separately and
samples of.both were taken for subsequent analysis. After reweighing, the whole
shrimp were carefully hand-peeled so that all meats were separated from the waste.

3. The peeled meats and waste were weighed and a sample of the meats saved.
Since the waste was very heterogeneous, the entire waste was blended for 5 minutes
in a Hobart Chopper and a sample of the homogenate saved.

4, The reweighted meats were precookedl/ for exactly 2 minutes under a slight
positive pressure, cooled on a cloth towel for 5 minutes, reweighed, and save for sub-
sequent analysis.

‘ a: All samples were placed in sealed glass jars and held at -20° F. until ana-
yzed.

ANALYTICAL METHODS: The analyses for moisture, total chloride, and ash
were carried out as previously described (Collins, Seagran, and Iverson 1960).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The weights of the components of the system and the water, ash, salt, and solids
contents of each component are given for each period of holding in tables 1 to 5. In
addition, the water, salt, and solids data are illustrated graphically in figures 2 to 4.
These weight data have been adjusted so that each value is independent of prior sam-
ple removal. The values given for ash are termed "corrected ash" and are obtained
by subtracting the salt from the total ash. The solids values do not include ash or
Salt. The solids, therefore, consist essentially of the nitrogeneous components of
the shrimp along with a small amount of oil and other minor constituents.

Changes in the various components--whole shrimp, s

peeling waste, and precooked meat--were as follows:

1 : 7 5
aj Tae wrecock lel ied out = ee ee eet me box containing a stainless steel screen on which the peeled
sites ceamraiay See aaccee tek ela ne eee a copper tube, perforated so as to fill the chamber with-

ea water, raw peeled meat,

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW iil

WHOLE SHRIMP: The whole shrimp gained weight rapidly when placed in the
refrigerated sea water (table 1). This gain in weight was due to the absorption of
water and sodium chloride. Accompanying this increase in weight, however, was a
decrease in the amount of corrected ash and in the amount of solids. The loss in

Table 1 - Whole Shrimp: Change in Weight of Whole Shrimp and Their Component Parts
With Time of Holding in Refrigerated Sea Water

F : Total Weight of the Components of Whole Shri after Holding 1350 g.
Total Weight of Whole Shr kh po ° ole Shrimp after Holding g
After ae Holding Times Whole Shrimp in 1350 g. 3-Percent Brine for Various Times at 30° F.

Corrected Ash (Ash-NaCl

Grams
1350
1412
1469
1438
1483
1484
1462

1437

1/Solids: This solids value is essentially the nitrogeneous
components plus certain minor constituents. The solids value is obtained by subtracting the water, NaCl, and ash
from the total weight of the component for each holding period.

solids was relatively large. By the end of the holding period, about one-fourth of
the original weight of solids had been lost, even though the total weight of the whole
shrimp was 6-percent higher than the original starting weight.

SEA WATER: Reflecting the over-all increase in the weight of the whole shrimp,
the refrigerated sea water lost weight (table 2). This loss in weight was due to the
water and sodium chloride that the shrimp had absorbed. Inasmuch as the whole
shrimp lost corrected ash and solids, the sea water correctly showed an increase in

Table 2 - Brine: Change in Weight of Brine and Its Component Parts With Time of Holding
in Refrigerated Sea Water

i : : Total Weight of the Components of the Brine after Holding 1350 g. Whole
Holding Total Weight of Brine After Shrimp in 1350 g. 3-Percent Brine for Various Times at 30° F.
Time Variou Holding Times
Corrected Ash(Ash-NaCl) | Solids2/ |

Days

1/See footnote table 1.

these two constituents. The relations between the weights of water, sodium chloride,
and solids and the holding time for both the whole shrimp and the refrigerated sea
water are shown graphically in figures 2, 3, and 4.

Table 3 - Peeled Meats: Change in Weight of Peeled Meats and Their Component Parts With
Time of Holding in Refrigerated Sea Water

Total Weight of the Components of the Peeled Meats After Holding 1350 g
Whole Shrimp in 1350 q. 3-Percent Brine for Various Times at 30° F
Corrected Ash(Ash-NaCl) | Solids4/ |

Oc OF OO OST
NNOWOWORU
eo. eee

mmUowOwmoOoNnn
PEL SL A LH PO

. .
rPNEFUD ALON

°
.

ee footnote table 1.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

PEELED MEAT: Similarly to the whole shrimp, the raw peeled meats
oe a alee owing to the Aas puien of water and salt (table 3). Again this
increase in weight was accompanied by a decrease in the weight of corrected ash
and solids. By the end of the holding period, the peeled meats had lost about one-
fifth of their solids content, although the total weight of the peeled meats showed a
net increase of about 9 percent.

WHOLE SHRIMP
1000
2)
: :
=
700 o
Ps ©
©
“ 600 :
ome i
uu (2)
< &
500
= | S
x=
©)
4004 at
=
a
| o
300 7)
PRECOOKED
200
ee =
Ofes 425 67 8 9 © Ul
HOLDING TIME, DAYS 23 O° 6 7 8 © (0. ill
Fig. 2 - The water content of the various components of HOLDING TIME, DAYS
the shrimp-brine system as affected by the holding time Fig. 3 - The salt content of the various components of the
in refrigerated sea water. shrimp-brine system as affected by the holding time in
PEBILING WAGE) Uthempeciime lly sats ao. a

waste (table 4) constituted about 65 percent of the shrimp. The waste gained upto
5 percent in. weight. This increase was due to the absorption of water and sodium
chloride. This increase, however, was verynearly balanced by the loss in corrected

Table 4 - Peeling Waste: Change in Weight of Peeling Waste and Its Component Parts With Time
of Holding in Refrigerated Sea Water

Total Weight of the Components of the Peeling Waste After Holding 13509.
Whole Shrimp in 1350 g. 3-Percent Brine for Various Times at 30 F.

Total Weight of Peeling Waste
Time After Various Holding Times

As gq. NaCl

4.7
12.6
13.1
13.1
13.6
13.8
13.5
13.6
13.8

1/See footnote table 1,

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

ash and solids. As in the whole shrimp, about one-fourth of the weight of the origi-
nal solids was lost. The decrease in corrected ash was probably the result of leach-
ing of carbonate from the shells, for they became rough to the touch.

PRECOOKED MEAT: Reference to figures 2, 3, and 4 show that the precooked
meats maintain a constant water content the first few days then decrease in water
content, but tend to reach a maximum in absorbed salt and to undergo a continuous
decrease in solids content.

Over the 11-day holding period, the
precooked meats lost up to 35 percent
of their solids content (table 5). Al-
though the data for the raw and pre-
cooked meats exhibit almost parallel

trends, there is a greater rate of loss

from the latter. This greater rate indi- 200

cates that changes in the raw meats are WASTE
taking place during holding that result in

significant losses of solids during the | ¢
precook. That this loss may be largely

ascribed to leaching of protein-break-
down products during the precook ap-
pears to be reasonable, for this view is
supported by an earlier finding (Seagran,
Collins, and Iverson 1960) that nonpro-
tein nitrogen is continuously being
formed at the expense of protein.

WHOLE SHRIMP

GRAMS

SOLIDS,

Although the percentage composition.
data are not given for the precooked Ze sa 8
meats, these data may easily be calcu- “ELIS TIME. DE
lated from the data of table 5. For all - :
practical purposes, the percentage com- io: mane re ea sere AREA
position of the precooked meats are con- _ jn refrigerated sea water. e
stant from the 2nd to the 11th day of
holding. This indicates that under the conditions of this experiment, the precooked
meats will not vary in their water, salt, corrected ash, or solids ratio after the 2nd
day of holding.

Table 5 - Precooked Meats: Change in Weight of Precooked Meats and Their Component Parts
With Time of Hoiding in Refrigerated Sea Water
ee ee

Total Weight of Precooked Total Weight of the Components of the Precooked Meats After Holding
Meats After Various 1350 g. Whole Shrimp in 1350 g. 3-Percent Brine for Various Times at 30° F.

Corrected Ash (Ash-NaCl) | _Sollids*/|

10 I

Holding Times

As _q. NaCl Grams
1.4 3.2
3.7 3.0
4.1 3.1
4.2 2.6
4.2 3.1
3.8 3.0
3.6 AL)
3.5 Rf)
3.3 2.8

1/See footnote table 1.

It is likely that the cut-out weight of commercially-canned shrimp is related to
the solids content of the precooked meats as defined here. The loss in yield of the
solids in this experiment, therefore, can be equated to a loss in yield in the final
number of cases of canned shrimp. An inspection of the data for the solids content
of the precooked meats (table 5, fig. 4) shows that an 11 ~day holding period in re-
frigerated sea water would result in a 35-percent loss in yield. Even after 4 days,

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

ich i out the maximum time a processor could hold shrimp and still maintain
weed duality the yield will drop 17-percent; that is, if 100 cases can be obtained
using fresh shrimp, then only 83 cases will be obtained after 4 days’ holding. Two
days in refrigerated sea water is required for proper machine peeling (Collins 1960).
After that time, a processor might expect to experience a yield loss of about 2-per-
cent per day upon additional holding.

SUMMARY

The work reported here was a study of a system of shrimp and refrigerated sea
water in which whole raw pink shrimp were held in 3-percent brine (simulated sea
water) at 30° F. up to 11 days. The purpose of the work was to determine the effect
of holding time on the weight changes of the various components of the holding sys-
tem (i.e., whole shrimp, brine, peeling waste, peeled meats, and precooked meats).
In order that the weight changes could be interpreted, changes in weight of water,
salt, corrected ash (ash minus salt), and solids contents were determined for all
components.

1. The whole shrimp absorbed water and salt, the rate of absorption being most
rapid in the first few days, and lost corrected ash and solids, the rate of this loss
also being rapid at the onset. The result of these two opposing tendencies was a net
gain in weight for the whole shrimp.

2. The brine reflected a reverse change from the whole shrimp; that is, water
and salt were lost, and corrected ash and solids were gained, with the net change in
weight of the brine being a loss.

3. The pattern of changes taking place in both the raw peeled shrimp and the
peeling waste was similar to that for the whole shrimp.

4. Over the 11-day period, the precooked meats showed a gain in salt content
but a loss in corrected ash, solids, and even water; the result was a net loss in
weight. As a function of holding time, the precooked meats had a greater rate of
loss of solids than did the raw meats. This observation indicates that the holding
period resulted in a change in the raw meats so that the solid material became more
soluble during the precook.

5. Assuming that the loss in solids, as defined in this experiment (total weight
of precooked shrimp minus weight of water, salt, and corrected ash), is related to
the yield of commercially-processed shrimp, a processor will suffer a loss of more
than 2 cases per 100 for each day the shrimp are held over the minimum time of 2
days required for proper machine peeling.

LITERATURE CITED

COLLINS, J. i
1960. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held Fanti of Raw Sian Cone
Sale ies Umea Son: Hast ae Fisheries Review, vol. 22, no. 4(April 1960).
Characteristics and Product Greanar, Caner Diino.
mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, no. 3 SEAGRAN, H.; COLLINS, J.; and IVERSON, J.
(Ca ED), pp. 1-5. (Also see Separate 1960. Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held
. -) in Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice. Part 3 -

. Holding Variables and Keeping Quality of
mara Sees H.; and IVERSON, Vo : the Raw Whole Shrimp. Commercial Fish-
- Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held eries Review, vol. 22, no. 5 (May 1960),

in Refrigerated Sea Water andIce. Part 2 - pp- 1-5. (Also see Separate No. 587.)

Maid

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

xy

RESEARCH

ZZ, IN SERVICE LABORATORIES

San oa

= Wee

4

TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 56 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND LABORATORY
FILLET YIELD OF 13 SPECIES OF MIDDLE AND SOUTH ATLANTIC FISH

ABSTRACT

Chemical composition of fillets and of fillet waste and laboratory
fillet yield are presented for 13 species of fish caught off the coasts of
the Middle and South Atlantic States.

INTRODUCTION

Since 1957, a number of miscellaneous determinations have been made at the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory at College Park,
Md., on the chemical composition and = : :
the laboratory yield of edible meat of
certain Middle and South Atlantic fish.
The data were taken incidental to the
main program of the laboratory and, |
accordingly, are not extensive. The
purpose of this note is simply to make
the dataavailable because onlylimited
data have been published on those |
species. -

METHODS AND ANALYSES

In almost all cases, the fish were
obtained by laboratory personnel at
coastal fishing ports, were frozen for
transportation to the laboratory, and
were keptfrozen until thawed in air at
room temperature for analysis. Pro-
tein (N x 6.25), ash, and moisture were determined by methods of the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists (1955). Oil was determined by extraction with 92-
percent acetone in a Goldfisch extraction apparatus. The extract was dried, the res-
idue extracted with petroleum ether and filtered into a tared beaker, the petroleum
ether evaporated, and the residue in the beaker weighed and calculated as oil.

Fig. 1 - Kjeldahl analysis is utilized to determine protein con-
tent of fishery products.

Season and location of catch have been included, since these variables are-as-
sociated with differences in chemical composition of fish (Stansby 1954). When the
fish differed considerably in size, the data were arranged according to arbitrary
size classifications. The weight of edible meat obtained in the laboratory relative
to the weight of fish is presented as fillet yield. Chemical analyses were usually
performed on fillets from individual fish, which permitted calculation of the means
and standard deviations of the means of the various values. With the fillet waste,
analyses were performed on composites. The data are presented in tables 1 and 2.

16

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Table 1 - Physical Characteristics of Middle and South Atlantic Fish

Species of Fish

ommon cientific
Name Name

Samples

Catch Data

Season

mullet)

Physical Measurements

Z Sebel
sp

=
o
i

Spanish Scomberomorus
mackerel maculatus
oe ~ xanthurus

1/Standard deviation of the mean.

ea
n

E Roccus 5 Spring | Maryland
triped bass am | 4 Spring | Maryland

Spring | Florida
Summer Maryland

(Centimeters)/ . . (Grams). .| . (Percent) .
Pome eS on us 12 Spring | Maryland}26.5 1.2 270 50 42.7 2.8: |.
pseudoharengus
arenes pwns’ [Wingate [soe | = | asa | © [aon | 72
aE Mee Winter | Virginia | 30.8 494 = 26.7 =
tus americanus
rey sea trout noscion regali Winter | Virginia |22.8 Eee a ae)
King whiting Menticirrhus 317 70 37.0
(ground saxatilis = 35.3
2 64 39.0
ephalus 1.0 104 15 31.4 3.3
Scup Stenotomus - 514
(porgy) b Ops 0.8 565 50 30.9 5.4
Spring | Maryland} - = 443 64 32.8 1.3
[Winter |Virgini 1.8 452 88 30.0
Winter | Virginia |20,8 0,7 258 26 5,8 2,8
Spring c 1,456 |244 46.0 3.7
sapidissima Spring = 1,383 - 41.6
Spring = 1,343 e 45.9

Maryland] -
Georgia |41.5
Delaware | 47.4

fae :
0.7 314 7 36.2 1.4
1.9 966 79 35.1 1.5

3.0 607 100

Table 2 - Chemical Composition of Middle and South Atlantic Fish Fillets and Fillet Waste

emica omposition
Suscics Abuses Oi ; A
5 | Fillet | Waste [Fillet | Waste | illet [Waste| Fillet [Waste]
A eee leslMean] S.D.17| Mean [Mean [S.D.7 | Mean | Mean | S.D.4/ | Mean [Mean | S.D.¥/ | Mean|
CouabUndoOOnoOoD GOOD Ob bob OOO Rercent)iencieno aio ne ene
Alewife 12 sf O.8 15.6 4.8 1 16540) | 6 70.2
Butterfish 4 ya | SLT 14.4 0.9 ils
cae 4 17.5 | 0.3 15.7 2.9 ily
—— 2 14 |= 14.3 0.4 0 84.3 | - 17.5
Qotackbaewle 2 19.9 | 1.5 168 |) 0.8 1 79.5 75.4
GxeyEse 6 15-7 | 1.3 13,8 || Ap
King 4 16.6 | 0.2 5 Ol | Gai 1 | EON ROR 3.6 i ; E
3 ; : ng |) 2 5.5 | 1.1 | - 3.4 ;
3 - : 6.1 | - AG |) aig |e 3.6 - y
9 0.7 : 2G. || 5.8} 6.5 | 1.1 |0.1 4.5 1.4 3
6 0.8 F 0.2 | 0.1 152MM LOO 8.6 0.6 72.0
5 0.9 - ; 2.0 | 0.8 GA IE 1 |L@an 5.0
6 0.8 : 5.9 | 1.7 MP weed || Wan 7.2 Doi 61.0
4 0.1 : 4.8 | 0.4 SHOW |e OKO 6.4
5 : 0.6 : 0.8 | 0.3 5.30] 0.90 Old 6.3 0.4 69.8
5 : 0.5 : 3.0 | 1.0 9.5 | 1.0 |0.1 2.9 0.6 73.2
5 i 0.4 ; 1.3 | 0.4 Gal Ltn |Lo 3.2 0.5 74,3
6 15.7 | 1.6 TEE Pec ee Males) || Oar 3.2 2.7 61.4
Shad 2 tings |) = 20.7 9.0 | - li) | iQ || S 3.4 S 63.8
Pe Win |e AVES ng) a 8 sa see nea pe 3.6 = 63.0
5 16.0 | 6.8 | 1.8 12.4 | 0.9 |0.1 3.6 Ear) 67.4
po! 4 14.8 3.1 | 0.8 NOLS | aa 0,
Stripedbass 5 Te |p es ales Zaamlnein Opa LOC a ae
16. i : : :
1/ Standard deviation of the mean. 4 28 28 a Hol i See ae ae

--By L. E. Ousterhout, Chemist,

Technological Laboratory,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
College Park, Md.

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW iL ef

LITERATURE CITED

ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS
1955. Official Methods of Analysis, 8th edition, Washington, D. C.
\
STANSBY, M. E.
1954. Composition of Certain Species of Fresh-Water Fish. Part I - Introduction: The Determination of the Variation
of Composition of Fish. Food Research, vol. 19, pp. 231-234.

ate, Tg tua

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FISH FROM MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES
By John G. Wangler*

ABSTRACT

Sea bass (Centropristes striatus), flounder or blackback (Pseudo-
pleuronectes americanus), fluke (Paralichthys dentatus), and scup or por-
gy (Stenotomus chrysops) were obtained in the fresh state from both spring
and summer catches at New Jersey coastal ports and the New York City
Fulton Fish Market. Data were obtained on the size of the fish; on the
percentage yields of fillet, head, frame, viscera, skin, and scales; and
on the moisture, protein, oil, and ash contents of those component parts. o

INTRODUCTION

An investigation to determine the physical characteristics and chemical com-
position of various species of fish obtained from the waters of the Middle Atlantic
States is being made by the staff of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Tech-
nological Laboratory, College Park, Md. Such information is of value to fish proc-
essors, nutritionists, and members of the medical profession. The chemical com-
position of the nonedible portion of fish is of value in the pet-food and other animal-
feed industries. J : 2

Variations in physical characteris-—
tics and chemical composition are con-
sidered important, since it has been
generally realized for some time that
these factors differ considerably, not
only from species to species but often
to an even greater extent from one fish
to another of the same species. These
variations--according to Atwater (1892),
Tressler and Lemon (1951), and Stansby
(1954)--may be due to the season of the
year when the fish are caught, the geo-
graphical area in which the fish are lo-
cated, the age of the fish, or other fac-
tors that have not been identified. For Fig. 1 - To prepare samples, a Hobart grinder is used.
composition data to be of real value,
then, it is necessary to determine the extent of differences that may exist.

In this report information is presented on the seasonal variations in the physi-
cal measurements and the chemical composition of four species of commercially-
important fish of the Middle Atlantic States.

*Chemist, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College
Park, Md.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

SAMPLING: Fresh fish were obtained from both spring and summer catches
from New Jersey coastal ports andthe New York City Fulton Fish Market. The spe-
cies were sea bass (Centropristes striatus), flounder or blackback (Pseudopleuro-
nectes americanus), fluke (Paralichthys dentatus), and scup or porgy (Stenotomus
chrysop ). The fish were packed inice and transported to the laboratory, where they
were stored in polyethylene bags at approximately -12° C. (10.4 F.) until analyzed.

PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS: After being thawed at room temperature (no drip
occurred), eachfish weighed and measured for length, depth, and thickness. Length
was determined by measuring the fish from the snout to the tip of the tail. Individual
weights were determined for the whole fish and for various component parts of the
fish, including fillet, viscera, frame, head, skin, and scales. The termframe is used
to indicate the total weight of the beheaded skeleton after filleting, and includes tail,

Description of the Whole Fish
Species

Item

Mean of 9 fish
Standard deviation
Mean of 9 fish

Spring

1/

lsmoe. |e
into no.

ea bass— (Centropristes striatus) Summer] standard deviation
Significance of F test 7/ 6]
Seasonal difference of means
Spring Mean of 6 fis!
Flounder or blackback2/ Stender een
Pseudopleuronectes Summer
(Pseudupleurgnectes Standard deviation
americanus)

Significance of F test
Seasonal difference of means
Sprin Mean o} s)

3/ Pring | Standard deviation
Mean of 6 fish

Ease Summer} Standard deviation
dentatus Significance of F test

Hee no Hone

SSIS

Seasonal difference of means

agloeo salou ounaloe oni

6 at
5 7 TL
Spr ing lean o!} S) .
4/ Standard deviation 5 8
(ees Summer | MeaneCi@fish y a
“Sea Standard deviation 2 3
<OEysops) Significance of F test 6
Seasonal difference of means 7 191
pa TOSS, near Ca Toy nummer e1 5 NT
[2/ Spring catch obtained in April 1958, near Monmouth Beach, N. J.) er catch in September 1958, from the Fulton Fish Market, New York City, and fish were caught off southern Massachusetts.
3, obtained in April 1958, nex pe N. summer cat September 1958, the Pulton Fish Market, New York City, and fish were caught off southem tts.
[4/ Spring catch obtained in April 1958, near Atlantic City, N, J.; summer catch in July 1958, near Atlantic City, N. J.
S a ignificant difference between § and er values at a 5-percent level of prot

vertical and dorsal fins, and adhering meat. The term loss is used to indicate the
total weight of each fish less the determined sum of the weights of all component
parts of that fish. A percentage yield of component parts was determined by dividing
the weight of each component part by the total weight of each fish and multiplying by
100. Data obtained on the physical measurements are tabulated in table 1.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES: The fillets of each fish were individually ground ina
Hobart grinder, ground further in a Lourdes multimixer, and stored in glass jars

at -10 C. (14° F.) until analyzed. Composites of the inedible component parts were
similarly prepared for analysis.

Moisture, protein (N x 6.25), and ash determinations were conducted according
to methods of analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1955).
The oil content was determined by a slight modification of the method of Dambergs
(1956). The method used consisted of extraction of the sample with a mixture of 92
percent acetone and 8 percent water for 4 hours ina Goldfisch fat extraction appa-
ratus. The solvent mixture then was evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in
petroleum ether. The solution was filtered through No. 42 Whatman filter paper
the petroleum ether was evaporated, and the residue was weighed and calculated as
oil. Data on chemical composition are tabulated in tables 2 and 3.

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

iS

Table 2 - Chemical Composition of Fillets From Middle Atlantic Fish

Description of the Fish

(Centropristes
striatus

Flounder or blackback
(Pseudopleuronectes
americanus

Fluke
(Paralichthys
dentatus

Season 0:

Catch Item

Proximate Composition

Moisture

Mean of fillets from 9 fish
Standard deviation
Mean of fillets from 9 fish
Standard deviation

Spring

Summer

Significance of F test
Seasonal difference of means

Mean of fillets from 6
Standard deviation
Mean of fillets from 6 fish
Standard deviation
Significance of F test
Seasonal difference of means

ish

i None
1.30 | 0.05

Mean of fillets from 6 fish
Standard deviation
Mean of fillets from 6 fish
Standard deviation
Significance of F test
Seasonal difference of means

Scup or porgy
(Stenotomus

chrysops)

illets from 8 fish
Standard deviation
Mean of fillets from 7 fish
Standard deviation
Significance of F test
Seasonal difference of means

Description of the Fish Season of ] 1/ Proximate Composition
Species Catch Component— Moisture | Protein
averake ane aai(bercent) ssa
Viscera 74.8 14.7
Frame 69.8 15.7
Spring Head 69.7 16.2
Skin 73.4 19°59
F F Scales 62.4 22.6
Sea bass (Centropristes striatus) Wiscend 76.5 —T5.0
Frame 66.3 17.4
Head 70.4 16.6
Skin 68.7 21.7
Scales 44.1 30.3
Roe 76.5 16.9
Viscera 81.4
Frame 77.0
Head 15.2
Skin ited
62.9
Flounder or blackback Seales __} oat
(Pseudopleuronectes americanus) Frame 67.5
Head 69.9
Summ Dama eGicin 68.2
Scales 61.1
Roe =
iscera 82.4 0
Frame 76.6 bu
Spring Head 73.0 2
Skin 75.7 9
Scales 53.5 -8
Fluke (Paralichthys dentatus) Viscera 78. a5
Frame 67.1 0
Head 69.2 6
Summer Skin 69.0 3
Scales 49.1 oY)
Roe = =
Viscera mOsl moa
Frame 60.9 ae
Sprin Head 61.2 15.
a Skin 61.1 18.3
Scales IL 86) 30.3
Scup or porgy (Stenotomus chrysops) Viscera W351 13.0
Frame 68.2 17.1
Head 67.9 15.9
Summer Skin 64.2 23.5
Scales 35.2 33.4

Roe

1/ Composites of each component part.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

DISCUSSION

VARIATIONS IN PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS: Within each species, individual
fish varied in size and percentage yield of the component parts. Of the 4 species
studied, 3 from the summer catch--sea bass, flounder, and fluke--were larger than
the same species from the spring catch. On the other hand, scup or porgy were

larger in the spring.

Any difference in size of fish was accompanied by differences in the weight of
the component parts. However, the changes in weight were not proportional to
changes in the size of the fish. Therefore, the percentage yields of the different
component parts varied seasonally. Generally, spring-caught fish contained higher
percentage of frame and head coupled with lower percentage of viscera and fillet
compared to the summer-caught fish. An exception was noted for scup, where sea-
sonal differences were small in the proportions of the component parts.

VARIATIONS IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: The mean oil content of sea bass,
flounder, and fluke was significantly lower for the spring catch as compared to the
summer catch and was accompanied by a correspondingly higher moisture content.
A similar relationship existed between the oil content and the moisture content of
scup except that in this case, a significantly greater oil content and a correspond-
ingly lower moisture content were obtained in the spring catch as compared to the
summer catch. Similar ratios of oil and water content were reported by Clark and
Almy (1920).

The mean protein content of flounder, fluke, and scup for the summer catch was
significantly greater than that for the spring catch. The seasonal differences in the
mean protein content for-sea bass and ash content of the four species were not sig-
nificant within species.

SUMMARY

Results obtained from the study of the seasonal differences in physical meas-
urements and chemical composition of four species of Middle Atlantic fish indicated
that sea bass, flounder, and fluke caught in the summer were larger than these spe-
cies from the spring catch. The mean size of scup from the spring catch, however,
was larger than that of fish from the summer catch. Seasonal changes in yield of
component parts were not proportional to changes in the size of the fish. Important
differences noted in chemical composition were significantly higher oil content
coupled with lower moisture content for summer-caught sea bass, flounder, and

fluke and spring-caught scup as compared with spring-caught sea bass, flounder,
and fluke, and summer-caught scup.

LITERATURE CITED

ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS Parti i i
AES articularly Fish Products, Journal of the Fish-
1955. Official Methods of Analysis, Washington, D. C. eries Rese eati Board of Canada, EAE no.

ATWATER, W. 0. Brat
1892. The Chemical Composition and Nutritive Values STANSBY, M, E.

of Food Fishes and Aquatic Invertebrates. U. S 1954, Compositi i i
! 1 o Wo By S position of Certain Species of Fresh Wa-
Fish Commission Report, 1888, pp. 679-868. ter Fish. Part I - Teemenedent The Dee
Ps tet see termination of the Variations of Composition
1920. A Chemical Study of Frozen Fish in Storage for i SoS SSS WE ey =
Long and Short Periods. Industrial and Engi- ;
neering Chemistry, vol. 12, pp. 656-663. TRESSLER, D. K., and LEMON, J. M.
As ERGS, N, 1951. Marine Products of Commerce, 2nd Edition.

Reinhold Publishing Company, New York,

1956. Acetone-Water Mixtures for the Extractions and
Rapid Estimation of Fats of Biological Materials,
ote: The author thanks Mrs, S. W. Neali istan:
Note: - S. W. Nealis for the statistical analysis of the d: i i
the preparation of the samples and for-conducting part of the ehewieal aitinsest Rae i.

XK Sng os

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

American Samoa

TUNA LANDINGS,
JANUARY-APRIL 1960:

Tuna landings by Japanese and South
Korean fishing vessels for the United
States-owned tuna cannery in American
Samoa amounted to 1,475,000 pounds in
March and 2,094,000 pounds in April
1960. The January-April 1960 total of
9,150,000 pounds was up about 10.7 per-
cent from the 8,267,000 pounds landed
in the same period of 1959.

American Samoa Tuna Landings,
March-April 1960 with = parisons

[| March |
|_ 1960 | 1959 |

1,176, 1, 357

Species

Note: Majority of the tuna was landed by Japanese long-
line vessels; some was landed by South Korean and Sa-
moan long-line vessels.

California

ATTEMPT BEING MADE TO RESTORE
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA KELP BEDS:
In order to restore the Southern Cal-
ifornia coast's once valuable kelp beds,
warm-water kelp is being planted. The
kelp beds are near extinction because of
damage caused by three years of sub-
normal water temperatures. The kelp
that is being planted is brought from off
the coast of Lower California, Mexico.

A University of California biologist
states that a few plants are being planted
in the hope that if the water continues
warm, the spores will hold and grow.

The spores normally float up from the

south during warm water periods. Div-
ers transplant the southern kelp by tying
it to rocks with nylon cords, to hold it
until it attaches itself.

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V ''Alaska'' Cruise 60A3-Pelagic Fish: The
coastal waters off northern Baja California, Mex-
ico, and southern California from Playa Maria Bay,
Mexico, northward to San Diego were surveyed
(March 18-April 5, 1960) by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska, to
obtain live sardines for genetic studies in coopera-
tion with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The
genetic studies include (a) serological tests to de-
limit the ranges of sardines possessing northern
and southern blood ''types" (prior to the 1959 sar-
dine fishing season the "northern type'' was found
off central California and the ''southern type"! off
southern California. Since the 1959 season opened
in September, all sardine samples collected off
California have been of the northern type. Sardines
collected in the area extending from Sebastian Viz-
caino Bay southward to Magdalena Bay on the Feb-
ruary 1960 Pelagic Fish Cruise 60A2 were of the
southern type); and (b) detailed morphometric stud-
ies, on the above fish, to find morphological char-
acters which may be related to genetic types. Oth-
er objectives were (1) to experiment with Japanese
mercury vapor lights as a means of improving fish
attraction to lights; (2) to make preliminary gear
experiments to improve pelagic fish sampling; and
(3) to sample sardines, Pacific mackerel, jack
mackerel, and archovies to determine their dis-
tribution, relative number, and their ages.

Live sardines were collected in Sebastian Viz-
caino Bay, San Quintin Bay, and Todos Santos Bay.
An additional live sardine sample was obtained
from a Mexican bait hauler at Ensenada. Although
all blood tests have not beencompleted, the Ense-
nada sample was found to consist of northern-type
fish.

From a total of 66 light stations, 6 sardine, 4
anchovy, 2 jack mackerel, and one Pacific mackerel
samples were -taken.

The vessel scouted 303 miles during which 358
anchovy, one sardine, and one Pacific mackerel
schools were observed. Anchovies were seen in
large quantities between Sacramento Reef and Cape
San Quintin. In addition to the anchovy schools

22

San Diego CALIFORNIA
—————— MEXICO

Legend:

Each symbol represents one
sample.

@ - Sardines.

Q~ Pacific mackerel.
- Jack mackerel.

X - Anchovies.

——- Vessel track.

M/V Alaska Cruise 60A3-Pelagic Fish (March 10-April 5,
1960.)

counted, there were nearly continuous bands of an-
chovies which were not separate enough to count.
These fish were about 3 to 4 inches in length and
were negatively phototropic. (Fish did not respond
to light stations made in the area of school groups.)

On 14 light stations a 500-watt Japanese mer-
cury vapor lamp was compared with a 1,500-watt
incandescent light for relative fish attraction effec-
tiveness. The lights were suspended over the wa-
ter with a mercury vapor lamp placed amidships on
one side of the vessel and an incandescent lamp
placed in a corresponding location on the opposite
side. The lights were turned on simultaneously and
burned about one hour at each station. Although
both types attracted sardines, anchovies, sauries,
and pelagic red crabs, the animals did not show a

preference for either. More extensive tests are
planned,

A different method of catching fish under the light
was tried by using a modified lampara net. Results
provided ideas for further experimentation. An
experimental set with a variable mesh gill net
successfully captured 100 sardines and 4 barra-
cuda of a deep school in a 15-minute set.

Sea-surface temperatures ranged from 54.1° F.
at Cape Colnett to 62.5° Fat Point Descanso. A

yee, number of readings ranged between 57° and

ee
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960, p- 22.

OK OK ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Wool, 4245 INO. 7

ROCKFISH STUDY OFF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA COAST CONTINUED:
M/V "Nautilus'' Cruise 60N1-Rockfish: The

inshore waters around Santa Barbara Island were
surveyed by the California Department of Fishand
Game research vessel Nautilus on January 18-22,
1960, to obtain sub-adult and young adult sizes of
the vermilion rockfish (Sebastodes miniatus) for

determining size and age at maturity.

Vermilion

(GERES BGS oe 5)

Fifty vermilion rockfish, in the desired size
range, were obtained by hook-and-line fishing.
These were caught on the bottom at adepthof 30-35
fathoms off Santa Barbara Island. Scales and oto-
liths were taken from all specimens.

Information was obtained on other species of
rockfish. Whitebelly rockfish (S. vexillaris) were
the most abundant species found in association
with vermilion rockfish.

Ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps) were
frequently caught just above the bottom; and num-
bers of Pacific mackerel (Pneumatophorus diego)
were taken at midwater depth.

CALIFORNIA HALIBUT TAGGING
STUDIES OFF SOUTHERN
AND BAJA CALIFORNIA:

M/V "Nautilus" Cruise 60N2-Sportfish: The
area off southern California from Ventura to O-
ceanside was surveyed by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game's research vessel Nautilus
on February 11-18, 1960, to secure California hal-
ibut (Paralichthys californicus) for (a) tagging; (b)
morphometric studies; and (c) length-weight and
age studies. Other objectives were (1) to collect
samples of other species found in association with
California halibut; and (2) to determine the rela-
tive abundance of California halibut inside and out-
side of the three-mile limit in certain areas.

A total of 81 hauls with a trawl net produced
888 California halibut for tagging. An additional
1,494 halibut were captured but were considered
too small (smaller than 153") or were in too poor
a condition for tagging. All of the large damaged
fish and samples of the smaller fish were saved
for morphometric and food and age studies.

The California halibut tagged averaged 194 inch-
es in length and 20 percent were of commercial
legal size (22 inches). This percentage was more
than twice that encountered during 1959 trawling.
Nine halibut were tagged off Oceanside, 561 in the

July 1960

Newport-Long Beach area, 124 off Zuma Beach
and 194 off Hueneme.

Fishing operations were hampered in the Zuma
Beach area by vast quantities of broken kelpfronds
and holdfasts that were picked up from the bottom
by the trawl net. Dragging in the same area and
depth later produced large quantities of kelp but the
pieces were noticeably smaller.

In most cases, all bony fish other than Califor-
nia halibut were saved and processed at the Cali-
fornia State Fisheries Laboratory. Lengths,
weights, sex, and state of maturity were obtained
for most of the 1,926 specimens saved.

M/V "'N. B. Scofield" and ''Nautilus" Cruises
60S1 and 60N3-Sportfish: The inshore waters from
Huntington Beach, Calif., to San Quintin Bay, Baja
Calif., were surveyed (March 2-20, 1960) by the
Department's research vessels N. B. Scofield and
Nautilus (1) to obtain California halibut (Para-
lichthys californicus,) for tagging, length-weight-
age-maturity data, morphometric studies, and study
of food habits; and (2) to collect samples of ocean
life found in association with halibut.

The N. B. Scofield and the Nautilus were able
to complete 168 drags with trawl nets. Of 3,189
California halibut taken, 2,079 were tagged. Fish
shorter than 152 inches total length were not tagged
unless in unusually good condition. The greater
portion of the California halibut tagged up to this
year have been of the smaller sizes and additional

San Pedro

Sta-
Catalina Is.

58.8° *@)
San
eae Is.

Newport Beach

148,
ee Sec 483) Todos Santos Bay

Legend:

F° - Water temperature.

Location and number
of halibut tagged.

M/VN. B. Scofield and Nautilus Cruises 60S1 and 60N3
March 2-20, 1960.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

23

small fish were not needed. A total of 400 of those

tagged were 22 inches or longer (commercial size
limit 22 inches).

Approximately 1,400 pounds of fish and shell-
fish caught along with the California halibut were
retained for laboratory examination. One shovel-
nose guitarfish (Rhinobatus productus) was larger
than any previously examined.

Diamond turbot (Hypsopsetta guttulata), horny-
head turbot (Bletnonienth 5 SEALE ae fantail
sole (Kgs tuelieyeyliclecinjaeorethepmicct common
bony fish found associated with California halibut.
In some areas, usually where the warmest water
preveved large catches of the various flatfish,
shovelnose guitarfish, bat ray (Myliobatis califor-
nicus), and thornback (Platyrhinoidis trisenata)
were taken. Frequently, one or two electric rays
(Torpedo californica) and angel sharks (Squatina
californica) were included. Angel sharks appear
to be a serious predator on halibut, as a number of
halibut had scars of angel shark bites in various
stages of healing.

Sharks, skates, and rays were counted and jet-
tisoned. Shovelnose guitarfish were most numer-
ous followed by bat rays. Totals were: shovel-
nose 1,668, bat ray 860, thornback 584, butterfly
ray (Gymnura marmorata) 130, angel shark 98,
diamond stingray (Dasyatis dipteruga) 35, and e-

lectric ray 12.

Two large female angel sharks gave birth to a
number of live young when boated. One yielded 11
young, the highest count. All were active and able
to swim immediately.

Round stingrays (Urolophus haller), very com-
mon in California waters, were seldom caught in
Mexico. Round stingrays cause considerable sting
damage to all species of fish when confined togeth-
er in the trawl net. Bat rays on the other hand do
little sting damage, but their bulk and weight may
harm fish that need to be in good shape for tagging.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products

BY AREA IN 1959:

In 1959, out of total shipments of
115,479 tons of steel for use in the man-
ufacture of cans
for fishery prod-
ucts, the Pacific
Area (including
Hawaii)--where
the tuna, Califor-
nia, and salmon
canneries are
concentrated--u-
tilized 81,809 tons
or 70.8 percent. The Pacific Area was
followed by the Eastern Area (New Eng-

24

land, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and
Puerto Rico) with 29,299 tons or 25.4
percent. The Maine sardine canneries
are concentrated in New England and a
tuna cannery operates in Puerto Rico.
The Central Area (includes Gulf States) --
where the bulk of the shrimp-canning in-
dustry is concentrated--used only 4,371
tons or 3.8 percent. The over-all total
of 115,479 tons was down 6.6 percent
from the preceding year due primarily
to a sharp drop of 8.4 percent in the a-
mount of steel used for fish cans in the
Pacific Area where the packs of Califor-
nia sardines and salmon were down.

Shipments of steel for the manufac-
ture of cans for fishery products on a
quarterly basis were heaviest during the
third quarter for the Eastern and Pacif~-
ic Areas, but for the Central Area the
heaviest shipments were made in the
second quarter. In the east, 37.5 percent
or 10,990 tons out of atotalof 29,299 tons
were consumed in the third quarter. The
Pacific Area used 26,775 tons (32.7 per-
cent of the 81,809-ton total) during the
third quarter. The Central Area used
1,740 tons (39.8 percent) in the second
quarter and 1,485 tons (34.0 percent) in
the third quarter.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review June 1959
pees

JANUARY-MARCH 1960:

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-March 1960 amounted to 22,023
short tons of steel (based on the amount
of steel consumed in the manufacture of
cans) as compared with 19,457 tons in
the same period a year ago. Canning of
fishery products in January-March this
year was confined largely to tuna, Gulf
oysters, and Pacific jack mackerel. In-
creased shipments of metal cans during
January-March this year as compared
with the same months in 1959 were prob-
ably due to the sharp increase in the Cal-
ifornia pack of canned jack mackerel.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants
known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base
boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the
data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by
using the factor 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short
ton of steel.

(Ns. ——,
=> <3 ee
“CRT ah

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

FUTURE RESEARCH ON PACIFIC

TUNAS POINTED TOWARDS

SOLUTION OF PRACTICAL PROBLEMS:
During the first ten years (1950-1959),

the oceanographic, marine biological, and

fishery research conducted by the U. S.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Hono-

ST

Fiy. 1 - Tank at Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Honolulu
Biological Laboratory where behavior of skipjack tuna is
being studied. Note small skipjack swimming on left side
of tank.

lulu Biological Laboratory was primarily
exploratory in nature. Studies were made
of the distribution and abundance of deep-
swimming yellowfin, big-eyed, and alba-
core tuna in the Central Pacific equato-
rial region (1950-1956), of both surface
and deep-swimming albacore in the North
Central and Northeastern Pacific (1954-
1960), and of surface school skipjack in
the Northeastern French Oceania or the
Marquesas (1956-1960), and in Hawaiian
waters (1952 to present). In each of the
areas, studies covered oceanographic
observations, plankton and forage sam-
ples, and tuna biology studies, including
spawning, life history, growth, and mi-
gration. Various descriptive and analyt-
ical reports describing these studies
have been published. The final series of
reports for the North Pacific albacore
and the Marquesan studies are scheduled
for publication during 1960.

Completion of the exploratory phases
has resulted in a regrouping and redirec-
tion of the Laboratory's research. In
recognition of the need to produce more
fundamental knowledge for the solution of

July 1960

immediate practical problems, as well
as those of the future, effort will be di-
rected towards increasing efficiency of
capture and increasing knowledge of the
biology of the tunas, identity of the
stocks, and distribution and abundance
of the Pacific-wide tuna resources.

Research leading to increased effi-
ciency of capture will involve behavior
studies at sea and of captive tuna held

Fig. 2 - A captive six-pound skipjack tuna swimming in
tank at Honolulu Biological Laboratory. This is first
time skipjack have been held in captivity for more than
a few hours or have been induced to feed.

in ponds and tanks; evaluation of poten-
tial live-bait supplements, and evalua-
tion and refinement of existing and the
development of additional prediction
techniques. Each of these studies is de-
pendent, in part, on knowledge relating
to the biology of the tuna; knowledge of
their spawning, life history, growth, and
size distribution--all of which will re-
ceive increased attention.

Although tagging experiments have
yielded valuable information to the iden-
tity of tuna stocks as well as on migra-
tions, they are expensive and limited to
areas where there are fisheries. Stud-
ies of genetic characteristics and blood
groups were initiated in May 1960. The
presence or absence of specific genetic
characteristics in fish from different
areas indicates whether or not inter-
breeding occurs, and thus whether one
or more distinct populations are involved

In order to pursue studies of the Pa-
cific-wide distribution and abundance of
the tunas and of the variations in the dis-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

tribution and abundance as related to the
environment, all available tuna catch and
oceanographic station data are being as-
sembled. These data, as received and as
necessary, will be transferred to punch
cards. In some cases, duplicate decks of
punch cards are available from other in-
stitutions. As the files become complete
for particular areas, average yield fig-
ures per unit area, per unit time, and
per unit of effort will be prepared. Inad-
dition, the average values for units of
area and time for selected oceanographic
features will be similarly prepared. Ex-
amination of both sets of data may be ex-
pected to reveal problems and to suggest
relationships which will require more in-
tensive study.

In addition various exploratory-theo-
retical studies are under way or planned.
Through attempts to generalize and syn-
thesize existing knowledge, it is hoped to
push understanding beyond present levels,
perhaps identifying critical observations
or experiments to be made in'the labora-

tory or at sea.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

PURCHASES, JANUARY-APRIL 1960:
Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products:

For the use of the Armed Forces under

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, April 1960
with Comparisons

‘Quantity Value
April Jan. -Apr. April an. -Apr.
1960 1960| 1959 | 1960] 1959| 1960] 1959

the Department of Defense, 1.6 million
pounds (value $958,000) of fresh and fro-
zen fishery products were purchased in
April 1960 by the Military Subsistence
Supply Agency. This was lower than the
quantity purchased in March by 14.9 per-
cent, and 24.8 percent under the amount
purchased in April 1959. The value of
the purchases in April 1960 was lower by
11.4 percent as compared with Marchand
2.4 percent less than for April 1959.

During the first four months of 1960
purchases totaled 6.9 million pounds (val-

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

ed at $3.7 million)--a decrease of 3.4
percent in quantity and 2.5 percent in
value as compared with the similar
period in 1959.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish-
ery products by the Department ofDe=
fense in April 1960 averaged 58.2 cents
a pound, about 2.3 cents higher than the
55.9 cents paid in March and 13.3 cents
more than the 44.9 cents paid during
April 1959.

Canned Fishery Products: Pur-
chases of canned fishery products were

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
April 1960 with Comparisons

Quanti Value
April an. -Apr. April an, -Ap
[1960 ] 1959 | 1960 1960]1959 | 1960} 1959)
o 000 I $15,000). 2. -

very light during April this year. In the
first four months of 1960, purchases of
canned tuna were lower by 9.1 percent
and canned sardines were down about
78.2 percent as compared with the same
period in 1959. No canned salmon was
purchased during January-April 1959
and 1960.
Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some
local purchases not included in the data given; actual

total purchases are higher than indicated because local
purchases are not obtainable.

Frozen Processed Fish and

Shellfish Consumption

IN INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC EATING
PLACES IN LOS ANGELES:

Information from restaurants and in-
stitutions concerning the consumption of
frozen processed fish and shellfish was
the objective of a survey in 10 major cit-
ies recently completed by Crossley S-D
Surveys, Inc. for the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. Los Angeles stands
sixth among the ten cities surveyed in
terms of percentage of all establishments
buying frozen processed fishery products,
and first in the variety of Species pur-
chased, Twenty-one species were in-
cluded in Los Angeles purchases. Almost

three-fourths of all Los Angeles restau-
rants and institutions buy fish and shell-
fish, many of which buy them frozen, A
breakdown of the types of frozen fishery
products purchased during the survey
month of November 1958 by the establish-
ments that do serve those products showed
that 36 percent was frozen processed fil-
lets and steaks, 35 percent was frozen
processed shellfish, and 20 percent was
frozen portions, with the remainder un-
specified varieties.

The incidence of use of frozen proc-
essed products was greater among insti-
tutions than among public eating places.

Among purchasers of frozen proc-
essed fish, more than a third bought hali-
but steak. This compares with 21 percent
that purchased cod fillets; 20 percent hal-
ibut fillets; and 11 percent salmon steaks.
Even though halibut fillets ranked third in
choice, this item led the other four in
poundage. In the shellfish category, one-
third of the establishments using them
bought frozen raw shrimp while almost
the same number bought breaded shrimp.
Raw scallops were another popular pur-
chase.

Portions were a popular purchase with
one-fifth of all the establishments in the
city. This group preferred the fish un-
cooked whether breaded or plain, and Los
Angeles ranked fourth among the ten cit-
ies in the percentage of establishments
buying portions. Almost two-thirds of the
purchasers of portions said they were
currently buying about the same amount
as a year before. Nineteen percent said

July 1960

they purchased more than the previous
year, while fewer than 8 percent said
they bought less.

According to the survey, almost all
establishments serving frozen proc-
essed fish, shellfish, and portions were
satisfied with the preparation, quality,
and condition of the products. With ref-
erence to portions only, one-fifth of the
users felt that the quality of portions
was better than that of other frozen
processed fish; three-fourths rated the
quality as about the same; 1 percent
considered the quality poorer.

Major advantages cited for portions
were:

Percentage of

Users Citing
"Time-saving" 49
"Convenience, ease of preparation" 36
"Economy, no waste" 30
"Uniform size" 22

Portions came under greater scrutiny
than any other product. About one-third
of users noted some disadvantage to using
portions, yet 40 percent said their cus-
tomers liked portions better than the
processed fish. This is compared to 41
percent who claimed their customers
liked portions about the same as proc-
essed fish and the 3 percent who said
they liked portions less than other types.

Frying was the preferred method of
preparing and serving fish among Los
Angeles establishments. The average
establishment served 53 percent of its
fish fried, 24 percent broiled, and 18 per-
cent baked.

In the shellfish category, the typical
establishment served two-thirds of its
shellfish fried, about 63 percent of its
portions fried, while only 21 percent of
portions was served baked. Four-fifths
of the establishments using portions
cooked them while frozen.

Portions received extra attention in
this survey because of their growing ac-
ceptance in the restaurant and institu-
tional trade. Of the establishments using
portions, 15 percent said they were more
expensive than other forms of frozen
processed fish. A large majority of users
considered them less expensive, or rated
them about the same.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

27

Five-sixths of the Los Angeles pur-
chasers said they specified the kind of
fish when ordering portions. Only 3 per-
cent suggested new varieties of portions
that were not then available. Establish-
ments that did not use portions gave a
number of reasons:

"They sold comparatively little fish"
"They served other types of fish"
"Portions were too expensive"

Establishments in Los Angeles tended
to buy frozen processed fishery products
from both frozen-food distributors and
fishery wholesalers. Fifty-two percent
of the suppliers were within 10 miles of
the establishment, while another 45 per-
cent were between 10 and 50 miles away.
In almost half the cases, deliveries were
made once a week, while one-fourth got
delivery between 2 and 4 times a week,
and most all were satisfied with the serv-
ices of the suppliers.

Five-eights of the profit-miaking es-
tablishments which expressed anopinion
considered frozen processed fish and
shellfish more profitable than other pro-

tein food
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960
195 E¥Aq

Great Lakes

LAKE TROUT RESTOCKING PROGRAM:
Approximately 92,000 yearling lake
trout were released in Lake Michigan

Lake Trout
(Christivomer namaycush)

early in April by the Michigan Conserva-
tion Department and the U. S. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife to kick off
Michigan's first plantings for 1960 under
the projected 10-year program to revita-
lize trout populations in the upper Great
Lakes.

28

About 580,000 of the 1,260,000 year-
ling and fingerling lake trout slated for
planting in Lakes Michigan and Superior
during 1960 will come from Federal
hatcheries in Michigan. Ontario willre-
lease another 470,600 lake trout while
Wisconsin will stock the remaining
210,000.

In 1959, the State and Federal agen-
cies pooled their resources, planting
some 880,000 lake trout, to launch the
rehabilitation program. The Great
Lakes Fishery Commission has set an
annual planting goal of 7 million year-
ling trout in Lakes Michigan, Huron,
and Superior to restore populations
which have been virtually wiped out by
the sea lamprey.

This year's planting stock, consisting
mainly of one-year-olds ranging from
5-6 inches, will be immune to the lam-
prey for several years after their re-
lease. By this time, it is expected that
the predator will be under control.

The April plantings were made inthe
area of Fox, Trout, and South Fox islands
in Lake Michigan with stock purchased by
Illinois and reared at the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service's Charlevoix Hatchery.
An additional 37,000 fingerling lake trout
from the hatchery will be liberated in
Lake Michigan this fall as an experimen-
tal planting. Exact site of this release
has not yet been determined.

Early in June, another 451,000 year-
ling lake trout will be set free in Lake
Superior. This stock includes 292,000
trout reared at the Service's Pendills
Creek hatchery from eggs collected in
Crystal, Glen, Elk, Torch, and Higgins
Lakes during the fall of 1958.

Of this total, 146,000 will be scatter-
planted from docksides or the shore at
several sites within Keweenaw Bay; the
other half will be released in the Bay
between Baraga and Pequaming Point.
The other 159,000 yearlings, rearedfrom
brood stock at the Michigan Conservation
Department's Marquette Hatchery, will
be planted off Laughing Fish Point in
Shelter Bay.

All stock will be marked with fin clips
by personnel from the U. S. Bureau of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Commercial Fisheries for identifica-
tion purposes.

—

Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

SURVEYS OF COMMERCIAL FISH
STOCKS IN LAKE ERIE TO BE
OBTAINED IN 1960:

Explorations to determine the commer-
cial potential of fish stocks in the United
States waters of Lake Erie are to be con-
tinued in 1960. The U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries chartered fishing
vessel Active was scheduled to start ex-
ploratory fishing about May 16. Cruise
9, the first of the 1960 season, was to
cover Lake Erie waters between Sandusky
and Avon Point, Ohio. The vessel was
scheduled to visit the ports of Huron,
Vermilion, and Lorain to demonstrate
gear techniques to commercial fishermen.

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
RESEARCH INDICATES SHORTAGE
OF ADULT YELLOW PIKE: mee
M/V "George L.,™ April 1960: Field
work in 1960 did not start until the ice
went out in early April, according to a
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
report on the Lake Erie Fishery Investi-
gations. Unusually warm weather fol-
lowed shortly thereafter and surface wa-
ter temperatures rose Grom about 37° F.
on April 13 to about 55~ F. on April 28.
Trawl catches indicated that most fish
were in deeper waters.

Low commercial catches of large yel-
low pike in April strongly suggest a
shortage of brood stock for spawning.
This was expected, since only 37,000
pounds of yellow pike were taken in the
Ohio commercial catches in the fall of
1959. The catch of yellow pike in the

spring of 1960 is nearly certain to be a
record low.

Many 93- to 12-inch yellow pike were
taken in trap nets in the Western Basin

July 1960

in April. Approximately 4,000 of the fish
were tagged in Ohio waters to determine
the extent of movement to Canadian and
other waters.

KOK OK OK OK

PROGRAM OF THE RESEARCH
VESSEL ''CISCO'' FOR 1960:

The possibility of an extensive trawl
fishery for chubs in Lake Michigan in
the very near future makes it impera-
tive that an accurate estimate of the
present chub population in the Lake be
obtained, since it will be highly desirable
to know what changes, if any, the pro-
spective trawl fishery will bring about.

«

cisco

eS = 2 ee = a

Cisco, research vessel of the Service's Great Lakes Fish-
eries Investigations.

The chief aim of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessel
Cisco during 1960 and 1961, according-
ly, will be to establish a basis for future
comparisons of Lake Michigan chub pop-
ulations. The study will be conducted in
the southern part of the lake in ‘1960 and
the northern part in 1961.

An attempt will be made to determine
the present populations by use of both
gill nets and trawls. The intent is to
standardize gear and techniques so that
current and future data will yield reli-
able estimates of population changes.
Gangs of nylon gill nets, which contain
9 mesh sizes from 1 to 4 inches, stretched
measure, were hung by the Cisco's crew
in the interest of standardization. The
standard trawl will be a commercial type
now used by Lake Michigan chub fisher-
men,

In 1960 the nylon gill nets will be set
periodically at 25 and 50 fathoms off
Grand Haven and St. Joseph, Mich., and
Racine, Wis., and at 80 fathoms in mid-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

lake between Grand Haven and Racine.
The trawls will be towed at various depths
off these same ports and off Milwaukee,
Wis., at regular time intervals. Empha-
sis will, of course, be on chubs, but data
for other species will also be collected.

A second objective will be to compare
present chub populations with those of
1954-55. The identical linen gill nets
(several mesh sizes, 23 -3 inches) which
were set by the Cisco in 1954 off Grand
Haven, Mich., will be set in the same
manner in 1960 off Grand Haven.

Another objective during 1960 will be
to study the relationship of gill-net
catches with the length of time set, as ap-
plied to chubs. This problem is, of course,
complicated, probably related to abun-
dance, species, and other variables, but
any information at all would aid in ana-
lyzing gill-net catches.

Lack of time will limit limnological
investigations to routine colle@tions and
observations, and perhaps a few brief
special studies. The 11 cruises planned
for the Cisco in 1960 will start on April 26,
and end about December 6.

Khoo Kh WR oe
ok Ok ok OK OK

RESEARCH VESSEL
"SISCOWET'' PROGRAM FOR 1960:
During 1960 the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Sis-
cowet will conduct its operations in west-
ern Lake Superior, with the exception of
the Isle Royale survey. Attention will be
devoted primarily to the study of the
bathymetric distribution of fish stocks by
fishing standard gangs of experimental
gill nets (mesh sizes 1" to 5" by 3" in-
tervals) at depths ranging from 10 to 70
fathoms.

Long-term observations of environmen-
tal conditions andfish populations will be
continued. Measurements willbe made at
index stations established in 1958.

Surveys will also be devoted to (1) the
study of chubs (Leucichthys sp.) and lake
trout in the Isle Royale region and along
the Canadian north shore; (2) the spawn-
ing grounds of the lake trout and white-
fish in the Apostle Island area; and (3)
the collection of chub eggs and new

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

methods of trawling to sample stocks of
spawning lake herring.

Poe

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

TUNA DISTRIBUTION IN SOUTH-
EASTERN CARIBBEAN SEA AND
OCCURRENCE OF ROYAL-RED
Se OFF TRINIDAD EXPLORED:
—M/V “Oregon” Cruise 66 (March 30-
7 y 4, 1960): The objectives of the

Table 1 { Table 1 - Tuna Catch by Station (M/V Oregon Cruise 66) | Tuna Catch [Table 1 = Juna/ Catch by. Station! (M/W Regen Cruse) Station { Table 1 - Tuna Catch by Station (M/V Oregon Cruise 66) | /V ase Cruise 66)
Sta. No.| Yellowfin | Bluefin [Albacore | Blackfin |Skipjack |

LL

Legend:
e - 40-ft. shrimp trawl.

oO - Long-line gear.
« - Pelagic trawl.
% - Night light.

~ — Plankton net.

M/V Oregon Cmise 66 (March 30-May 4, 1960).

cruise were to determine species, dis-
tribution, and availability to long-line
gear of pelagic tunas and other large
pelagic fish in the southeastern Carib-
bean Sea and eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Besides the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory personnel, biolo-

gists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institute and the American Museum of

Natural History also participated in
the 36-day cruise to tag tuna and mar-
lin and to obtain biological data on the
tunas and other large pelagic fishes.
Another objective was to further the
Bureau's studies on the distribution of
the deep-water royal-red shrimp be-
vween 61° and 66° west longitude.

July 1960

During the cruise 13 long-line sets, avy-
eraging 50 baskets per set, were made (see
cruise chart and tables 1 and 2). Twelve

Table 2 - Long-line Catch by Species
(M/V Oregon Cruise 66

re marlin
ite marlin "

Sailfish

yellowfin tuna, one albacore, and one
blue marlin were dart-tagged and re-
leased. Stomach content analysis, sex
determination, and spawning condition
and morphometric data were obtained
from the remainder of the catch. Plank-
ton tows and pelagic fish trawl tows were
made in widely scattered areas.

Thirteen exploratory drags were
made northwest of Trinidad in 160-290
fathoms, using a 40-foot two-seam
shrimp trawl. Generally poor trawling
bottom was encountered in the area,
which prohibited long drags. Penaeopsu
megalops and royal-red shrimp, Hymen-
openaeus robustus, were encountered in
small numbers throughout the depths
covered. The largest catch contained 40
pounds of megalops and 10 pounds of
robustus from a 50-minute drag.

re
King Crab

EASTERN BERING SEA OPERATIONS:
In April 1960, the eastern Bering
Sea king crab stocks were being ex-
ploited by fishermen from three coun-
tries. United States fishermen with 7
fishing vessels were taking crabs by
otter trawling. Also, the Japanese fleet
was fishing with the mothership Tokei

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

Maru, 3 exploratory tangle-net vessels,
and 8 ''Kawasaki''-type fishing vessels.
The Russian fleet was fishing tangle nets
and was made up of the mothership
Vsevolod Sibirzev No. 24, at least 2 ex-
ploratory tangle-net vessels, and 10 to
12 ''Kawasaki''-type boats.

In view of the magnitude of fishing ef-
fort and the difference in fishing methods,
gear conflicts occasionally occur. This
is particularly true in the early spring
due to the constricting influence on the
fishing area by ice. Secondly, king crabs

are not uniformly distributed, but occur
in relatively few areas of concentration.

Since 1954, Japanese and United States
fishermen have marked their fishing
areas by buoys and daily they inform each
other by radio contact of their area of op-
erations. This procedure has worked
out very well and no conflicts have oc-
curred over fishing grounds. By agree-
ment, no buoys are placed within five
miles of the fishing grounds being occu-
pied. The Japanese and United States
fishermen hope to make such an agree-
ment with Soviet fishermen operating in
that area.

TAGS RETURNED BY U.S. 5. R.:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries king crab investigations received 34
tags with recovery information from the
Soviet Union. The recoveries were made
by the Russian king crab fishing vessels
between July 17 and September 12,1959,
and included tags released by the Bureau
biologists in 1957, 1958, and 1959.

The positions from which these re-
coveries were made are of particular in-
terest. They indicate that the Russian
king crab fishery was centered approxi-
mately 120 miles due north of Unimak
Pass. It is an area in which the Bureau's
surveys have annually shown an abun-

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

dance of new-shell crabs. It has not
been fished by the Japanese commercial
fishery and in past years was a major
fishing area for United States fishermen
during the autumn months.

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, APRIL 1, 1960:
Distributors' stocks of Maine sardines

totaled 252,000 actual cases on April 1,

1960--2,000 cases less than the 254,000

cases on hand April 1, 1959, according

to estimates made by the U. S. Bureau

of the Census.

Canners' stocks on April 1, 1960,
totaled 397,000 standards cases (100
32-oz. cans), a decrease of 77,000 cases
(16.0 percent) as compared with April 1,
1959.

$$$ ee eee OOOOeeeeSS=$=$~$~omm0m9m9B9B90 EE
Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors’ and Canners' Stocks, April 1, 1960 With Comparisons!/
1959/60 Season 1958/59 Season
4/1/60] 1/1/60] 11/1/59 [7/1/59] 6/1/59 |4/1/59| 1/1/59 | 11/1/58
252 | 235 296

1/ Table represents marketing season from November 1-October 31.

Distributors. . . 2 «sees eo
(Canners

1,000 actual case
1,000 std. cases#

2/ 100 32-02. cans equal one standard case.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960 p. 22.
should read "1958/59 Season."

The 1959 pack (from the season which
opened on April 15,1959, and ended on
December 1, 1959) was 1,753,000 stand-
ard cases, compared with 2,100,000 cases
packed in the 1958 season. The 1960
fishery was legally open on April 15, but
the canneries remained closed due to
lack of fish.

The total supply (pack plus carryover
on April 15, 1959) available during the
1959/60 season at the canners'! level
totaled 2,171,000 standard cases as com-
pared to 2,434,000 cases the previous
season. This was due to the decline in
the amount packed in 1959/60. Canners'!
shipments from April 15, 1959, to April1,
1960, amounted to 1,774,000 cases as
compared to 1,960,000 cases for the same
period a year earlier.

Correction in Table 1 the season heading "1957/58 Season"

Vol. 22, No. 7

Michigan

COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN PROPOSE
CHANGES IN FISHING REGULATIONS:

The commercial fishermen of Michigan appeared before
the State’s Conservation Commission in April 1960 and
made an urgent appeal for quick adoption of their proposed
liberal changes in regulations.

They told the Commission, which was given power to
regulate Michigan’s commercial fishing industry March 19,
1960, that the changes were necessary to save their busi-~
nesses and put them on better competing terms with opera~
tors from other Great Lakes states.

Keynoting their appeal was a request for permission to
use the otter trawl, a type of fishing gear new to Michigan's
commercial fisheries.

The Great Lakes area Regional Director of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries said it is very difficult for
gill-net operators to make a living in Lake Michigan. He
qualified this by saying present equipment is outmoded be~
cause it was primarily designed for catching fish that have
virtually disappeared.

The Bureau's Regional Director pointed out that there
still is good potential in the lakes for commercial fishermen
and although trawling is an expensive operation, it is the on-
ly answer to saving the industry. He assured that trawling
would not deplete game species because it allows for selec-
tive fishing.

The head of the Bureau’s sea lamprey control program
warned that the lamprey is now wasting the portion of chub
populations which should be harvested by commercial opera~

176
422

254
474

272 891 1,037

tors. He remarked there is no biological reason for pro-
tecting these populations in deep waters, adding that the otter
trawl provides a more efficient means of harvesting these
stocks,

Trawl operators in other Great Lakes states are report~
edly finding a ready market for small chubs and other non-
commercial fish from companies producing pet food and fer~
tilizer.

The President of the Michigan Fish Producers Associa~
tion and spokesman for one group of fishermen, requested 10
changes in regulations. He proposed that the mesh size of
chub nets be reduced by one=sixteenth of an inch and recom=
mended lowering the size limit for yellow perch in a triangu-
lar area of Green Bay to match Wisconsin’s 8-inch minimum,

Some of his other recommendations called for revising
the season on yellow pickerel in Saginaw Bay to conform with
the one in Lake Huron; switching the closed season on whitefish
to November 1-December 10; extending the area where trap nets
may be used for taking whitefish in Lake Huron; removing the
closed season on calico bass; and matching sport and commer-
cial perch fishing seasons in Lake Michigan,

Michigan's Department of Conservation officials told the
fishermen that legal steps required by the Administrative
Procedures Act in enacting legislative changes generally take
about 90 days. Before action was taken on the above propos-
als, Department officials scheduled 10 meetings between

May 3 and May 23 with commercial fishermen throughout the
state to discuss problems,

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN'S PROB-
LEMS DISCUSSED AT MEETINGS:
Michigan's commercial fishermen had
an opportunity to present their problems
and offer possible solutions to Conser-
vation Department officials during a se-
ries of 10 meetings held throughout the
Statefrom May 3 through May 26, 1960.

From the meetings Department offi-
cials hoped to get the consensus of op-
erators, which will lay the groundwork
to managing the State's commercial fish-
ing industry on a closer and more prof-
itable basis than in recent years.

Regulation of this industry, involving
about 1,000 licensed operators and some
39,000 square miles of Great Lakes wa-
ters, became the Conservation Commis-
sion's responsibility on March 19, 1960.
Administrative duties have been assumed
by the Department.

Under its new authority, the Commis-
sionis empowered to adjust regulations,
pending legislative approval, withthe ex-
ception of license fees and penalties.
Regulations in effect before the transfer
of authority have remained unchanged.

ok ok ok ok

USE OF TRAWLS IN
GREAT LAKES PROPOSED:

A proposed change in commercial
fishing regulations to permit the use of

Atlantic otter trawler.

trawls in Michigan waters of the Great
Lakes was discussed before the Conser-
vation Commission during a special pub-
lic hearing held on May 12, 1960, at the
Higgins Lake Conservation School.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

33

As proposed, the regulatory change
would authorize the Conservation Depart-
ment to issue permits for the use of trawls
by commercialfishermen in taking chubs,
herring, alewife, smelt, and other fish
species it might designate. The Depart-
ment would also regulate the kind and size
of trawls, their mesh sizes, andthe areas,
time, and manner in whichthis new type,
for the Great Lakes, of fishing gear could
be used.

Permittees would be required to keep
and submit records and reports of their
trawling operations as required by the
Department. Department authorities
would be allowed to inspect these opera-
tions and check equipment, records, and
fish catch.

Missouri

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
LANDINGS, 1959:

In 1959, Missouri's commercial fish-
ermenlanded fish valued at $85,000,
lower by about $10,000 than in 1958, a
Missouri Conservation Commission fish-
eries biologist stated.

Fishermen on the Mississippi River
landed 178,974 pounds of fish, those on
the Missouri River landed 154,359 pounds
and those on the St. Francis River landed
25,413 pounds.

Out of 1,076 persons who bought com-
mercial fishing permits in 1959, only a
few made it a full-time occupation, The
high cost of equipment has caused the
number of commercial fishermen to de-
cline the past 15 years, while others were
squeezed out of business when people re-
fused to buy fish that tasted "oily" from
pollution near the big cities.

"Actually there's a bigdemandfor fresh
river fish,"' the biologist said, ''and the
358,746 pounds taken last year by commer-
cialfishermen was only a small part of what
was sold. Fishdealers import millions of
pounds of marine and fresh-water fish year-
ly from outside Missouri to fill the demand."

Carp accounted for 41 percent of the
catch, followed by buffalofish, flathead

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

catfish, drums, blue catfish, paddlefish,
channel catfish, gar, sturgeon, suckers,
bowfin, eels, and bullheads, in that order.

National Fisheries Institute

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT
15TH ANNUAL CONVENTION:

At the National Fisheries Institute 15th Annual Convention
in Miami Beach, April 29-May 4, nine resolutions were sub-
mitted and adopted by the Board of Directors on May 4, 1960.

1. Voluntary Frozen Food Handling Practices, That the
Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States
be commended for its interest in. the improvement in the
handling of frozen foods; but that the Institute vigorously in-
sists that improvement in frozen food handling methods can
be accomplished better by cooperative industry action than
by State, Federal, or Municipal Gcvernment statutéry or
regulatory actions; and that the Institute join with other seg~
ments of the frozen food industry in developing and adopting
a uniform industry program of frozen food handling prac~
tices; and that the Institute through its membership urge
state legislators and agency officials to refrain from es-
tablishing arbitrary and unrealistic laws or regulations in
the realm of quality improvement of frozen seafoods.

2. N. F. 1, to Participate in Joint Frozen Food Commit-
tee. Whereas, ‘it is desirable for the Institute to join with
other segments of the frozen food industry in properly de-
veloping such a program; and whereas, members of the In-
stitute and the staff have already constructively partici-
pated in preliminary joint industry meetings; it was re-
solved that the President be directed to appoint a commit-
tee of three members to direct and guide this program; and
that said committee and the staff be given authority to repre-
sent the Institute in any joint industry committee and to par-
ticipate in the development of the program; and that the
Executive Committee be empowered to solicit voluntary
contributions of such funds as may be required to carry
out this resolution,

3. Fresh-Fish Handling Research. The Institute re-
quests the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to continue
its technological investigations of fresh-fish handling methods
and to initiate a comprehensive research on the relations of
time and temperature to the losses of quality in each step
in the handling of fish from the water to the consumer; and
that the Institute’s Technology Division staff be asked to
carry out an active program of informing the fresh fish in-
dustry of quality-improving equipment and methods, through
personal contacts and demonstrations, and through a monthly
technical newsletter devoted specifically to fresh-fish han-
dling matters, within budget limitations.

4. Revise Frozen Fried Fish Sticks Standards. The In-
stitute requests the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
to study the advisability of revising the Standards for
Grades of Frozen Fried Fish Sticks, and if the studies so
indicate, to endeavor through research and frequent consul-
tation with industry to develop an acceptable practical set
of proposed revised Standards.

5. Authorizes Institute’s Technology Division to accept
specially contributed funds and regularly budgeted money,
and to expend these in accordance with the contributing
groups’ instructions and within the Institute’s regular op-
erating limitations.

6. Authorizes Institute’s Technology Staff members to
participate in Atlantic and Pacific Fisheries Technological
Conferences,

7. Recommend Standards of Identity for Breaded Shrimp.
Whereas, the breaded shrimp industry has for two years
considered the desirability of establishing Standards of Iden-
tity for Breaded Shrimp in order to prevent the possibilities
of unfair competition from excessively breaded products;
and whereas, the breaded shrimp industry has developed
a set of possible standards which it plans to submit to the
Food and Drug Administration for the latter’s approval and
official establishment; the Institute commends the breaded

Vol. 22, No. 7

shrimp industry for this action and urges the Food and
Drug Administration to adopt the industry’s proposed stand-
ard of identity for breaded shrimp,

8. Retention of Fisheries Exemption for Truck Trans-
portation. The Institute reaffirms its support of the ex-
emption from I.C.C. regulation of motor vehicles trans-
porting fresh and frozen fishery products in interstate
and foreign commerce.

9. Regulated Motor Carriers to Publish Reasonable
Rates and be Liable for Damages. Whereas, Senate bill
S. 3389 has been introduced in the 86th Congress of the
U. S. requiring motor carriers to publish just and rea-
sonable rates and making them liable for the payment of
damages and reparation for failure to do so; and whereas,
the fishery industry is in favor of the provisions of this
legislation; the Institute supports the passage of S. 3389 -
or similar legislation which may be introduced in the fu-
ture.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration

and Gear Research

AREA BETWEEN GEORGES
BANK AND CAPE HATTERAS
EXPLORED FOR TUNA STOCKS:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 60-6: Tuna
were landed at each of eight long-line sta-
tions completed by the U. 5. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries exploratory fish-
ing vessel Delaware during an April 18-
May 7 cruise. Three species--bluefin
(Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus
albacares), and albacore (Thunnus ala-
lunga)-- were present in the catch taken
from the waters between Cape Hatteras
and Georges Bank.

During the cruise, a variety of hydro-
graphic conditions were encountered,
with surface temperatures at long- oon
fishing locations ranging from 43. 6g
77.1° F. Some of the fishing ene
were either in, or directly adjacent to,
the axis of the Gulf Stream. Catches at
the stations with high water temperatures
were predominantly yellowfin, while
catches at locations with colder water
were bluefin; intermediate locations pro-
duced mixed catches of both species.

The most productive station was lo~
cated in the Gulf Stream Track at 73°25!
W. longitude and 36°07! N. latitude, and
yielded 85 yellowfin on a 60-basket set
(600 hooks). The estimated weight of the
fish caught at that station ranged from
70 to 90 pounds each. Water temperature
at the surface was 77.1° F.

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

7

1

\ CAPE SABLE
.

GEORGES
BANK

NORFOLK

Tuna Catch
YF [BE
1

YF - Yellowfin
BF - Bluefin
A ~ Albacore

M/V Delaware Cruise 60-6 (April 18-May 6, 1960).

In addition to the information gathered
onthe distribution of certain of the tunas
in the Western North Atlantic, biological
and other data were collected by repre-
sentatives of the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution and Boston University.
Forty-two tunas were marked and re-
leased, using plastic 'spaghetti'' tags.

During the cruise, two trawl stations
were completed, in depths of 215 to 325
fathoms off Ocean City, Md. The objec-
tive of these tows was to collect a sam-
ple of the deep-sea red crab (Geryon sp.)
for testing by the Bureau's Technological
Laboratory in Gloucester. A total of
three hours of trawling with a No. 36
trawl produced about 500 pounds of red
crabs; these were cooked and frozen a-
board the Delaware. In addition to the
red crab catch, one of the tows yielded
21 American lobsters (Homarus ameri-
canus) which averaged six pounds each.
Fish in these tows included several spe-

cies of hakes, some of which were pre-
served for study.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1959
p- 40

Oceanography
ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLAS BEGUN:

To chart the possibility of farming and mining
the oceans for new sources of food, fuel, and min-
erals, the American Geographical Society has be-
gun work on a comprehensive atlas of the North
Atlantic Ocean. It is expected ta provide scien-
tists with a new research tool for making compar-
ative studies of the interrelationships of marine
organisms and their environments.

The project is aimed at integrating vast amounts
of data, published and unpublished, now accumula-
ting at a rapid rate. Physical oceanographers,
marine biologists, geologists, physicists, and oth-
er specialists will be invited to contribute to the
new atlas. They will be asked to plot their own
original data on base maps specially prepared by
the Society as worksheets. Where necessary, ex-
planatory texts will supplement the maps, which

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

«WESTERN, 3
ARCTIC. SEA ><

Sea

Vol. 22, No. 7

will be published individually in a continuing series
as soon as they are completed.

The maps will be printed in two versions: one
on paper, for general distribution: the other, alim-
ited edition on transparent material, to facilitate
comparative studies in research laboratories.

The biogeographical atlas will show as many of
the variables of the ocean as possible. Embracing
the North Atlantic from top to bottom and from the
equator to the pole, it will show the distributionand
productivity of plants and animals, bathymetry, bot-
tom sediments, properties of water masses, courses
of currents, seasonal changes in temperature, move-
ment of water, direction and force of winds, air tem-
perature, and solar radiation, The project is long-

term in character and scientists expect substantial
results by 1970.

Cooperating research organizations include the
Atlantic Fishery Oceanographic Research Labora-
tory(U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries), Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Royal Soci-

ety of Canada. Other scientific bodies and individ-

ual scientists on both sides of the Atlantic are being
invited to cooperate in the atlas program. The A-

merican Geographical Society is serving as general
coordinator and publisher.

The first maps to be published will be those of
the continental shelf of eastern North America
showing fishing activities and the distribution and
biological productivity of plants and animals. Two
sheets covering the eastern seaboard from the Lab-
rador Sea to the Straits of Florida already have
been completed.

The project is under the general auspices of the
Committee on Oceanography of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences - National Research Council.

The Committee last year set up a Panel on North
Atlantic Biogeography to investigate the feasibility
of the present project. In a statement to the sci-
entific press, one panel member said: "It happens
often in marine research, as elsewhere, that cor-
relations are found which seem significant, only to

July 1960

have the pattern fall apart in a few years owing to
the unsuspected existence of variables which had
not been included in the original investigation. Plot-
ting the distribution of as many variables as pos-
sible will offer a broader approach to these prob-
lems, and will uncover sensitive areas into which
new research effort may be put.'' He said the new
atlas would also offer means of publishing mate-
rial which might not appear in print because of
prior demands on research facilities.

It is hoped that most of the financing for the
program will come from industry and foundations.
Contributions totaling $17,000 already have been
made. A total of $42,000 is being sought for the
preliminary phase of operations. Cost of the proj-
ect as a whole is estimated af $500,000.

In Canada, the program is being sponsored by
the Canadian National Research Council. Euro-
pean countries are being approached through the
International Commission for the Northwest At-
lantic Fisheries.

Indescribing the plan of operation, Dr. Hitchcock
said that the completed work sheets returned tothe
panel by scientists would be evaluated. Once ac-
cepted, the materials would be sent to the Society,
whose cartographers and technicians would study
the best means of graphic presentation. Printing
and distribution will be in charge of the Society.

The maps will necessarily vary in scale and in
area covered, from a small section of the coast to
an entire ocean, but they will all be based on a sin-
gle oblique stereographic projection so computed
that half-degree intersections of parallels of lati-
tudes and meridians of longitude can be accurately
plotted on whatever scale is chosen for an individ-
ual map.

Thus complete cartographic continuity for the
whole area will be provided, and this continuity,
valuable in itself, will solve the problem of join-
ing adjacent sheets. It will also facilitate the re-
duction of large-scale compilations to smaller
scales for such purposes as integrating and sum-
marizing important results and conclusions.

The stereographic projection has the property of
conformality (directions around points are shown
correctly), which is important in plotting move-
ment, as for example, flow lines of currents and
migrations of fishes. Though precise measures
of distances and areas cannot be recovered di-
rectly from a conformal map, simple procedures
are available for obtaining these measures with
sufficient approximation. In case such measure-
ments are required, we plan to issue short in-
structions with the base charts.

While excellent marine atlases exist--princi-
pally in Russia, the Netherlands, Great Britain,
France, and Japan--these do not serve the research
needs envisioned. They are generally based on
outdated published information, are too limited
in scope, too generalized, and of too small a scale
to be useful "for the purposes of integrating ad-
vanced research relating to marine environments
and the problems of biogeography."

aK OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

37

EXPEDITIONS BY THE SCRIPPS
INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
FOR 1960:

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
expeditions planned in 1960 include:

Tethys Expedition: To cross the E-
quator and travel to five degrees south
before making port in Honolulu. The ex-
pedition has two principal objectives.
The first is to take samples of the small
creatures of the oceans that live ata
depth of about two miles. The distribu-
tion of these will be compared with that
of near-surface animals, which are bet-
ter known. Inaddition, geological studies
will be conducted south of Hawaii. The
expedition left its California home port
in May.

Limbo Expedition. Takes the research
vessel Horizon to a point about halfway
between California and Hawaii to remain
for several weeks measuring currents in
waters three miles deep. This vessel
also sailed in May. .

Monsoon Expedition: Willusea1,900-
ton Navy ARS which is being recondi-
tioned for oceanographic exploration.
The ship will sail in August to cross the
Pacific and Indian Oceans to Mauritius.
After Mauritius she will visit Indonesia
and Australia before returning to San
Diego. The chief purposes of the trip
are sediment studies in tropical waters
and geological-geophysical investigations
in the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean
work is part of an International oceano-
graphic investigation of the area.

For three months, starting September
15, the R/V Horizon will engage in stud-
ies of the Peru Current, traveling as
far south as northern Chile.

LINK ADDED TO UNDERWATER MOUN-
TAIN CHAIN IN GULF OF ALASKA:

A Coastand Geodetic Survey ship de-
tected an unusual hump onthe ocean floor
in the Gulf of Alaska this year. The un-
usual hump turned out to be an 8,700-foot
seamount or underwater mountain.

The discovery, announced on May 20,
1960, by the Director of the Coast and
Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

Commerce, was first reported by the
Captain of the Survey Ship Pathfinder
after deliberately sailing her throughan
uncharted spot in a chain of charted un-
derwater mountains marking an ancient
fissure on the ocean floor.

When the sweep of the echo-sounder
revealed the telltale rise in the ocean
floor, the Pathfinder reversed her course
and criss-crossed the area in question.
After further processing of the soundings,
hydrographers had an almost complete
picture of the seamount which is a flat-
topped cone that measures 12 miles in
diameter at the base, 14 miles across
the top, and 8,700 feet high. The almost
perfect flat top, which is 3,984 feet un-
der water, is marred by a slight peak in
the center.

Although other seamounts of more than
two miles high have been found in this
region, the new discovery, located 56 de-
grees north latitude and 143.2 degrees
west longitude, forms a significant link
in a chain stretching southeastward a-
cross the Gulf of Alaska fré6m Kodiak
Island toward Vancouver Island. This is
the 20th one to be located in the 600-mile
chain,- which begins on the floor of the
Aleutian Trench 100 miles east of Kodiak
Island, and it lies about one-third of the
distance from Kodiak to Vancouver.

The new seamount is approximately
the 160th discovered in this extensive
Northeast Pacific region by the Coast
and Geodetic Survey ships on their spring
and falltrips to and from coastal survey
areas in western and northern Alaska, the
Aleutians, and in Bering Sea waters.

In addition to the seamount informa-
tion, the deep-sea sounding lines provide
a continuous track of soundings which
are the basis of the Gulf of Alaska Nau-
tical Chart No. 8500, originally published
in 1952. The current issue of the chart
includes numerous seamounts discovered
and surveyed in detail to date.

Of interest are two falsely reported
seamounts in the area of this chart, one
of which was said to have been the cause
of a serious shipwreck. When the Wash-
ington Mail broke in half in rough seas
on March 3, 1956, 300 miles southeast of
Kodiak Island, it was claimed that a sea-

mount caused the wreck. Pursuant to
this claim the Coast and Geodetic Survey
ship Pathfinder sounded a 1,000-square
mile area at the reported position, but
found no depths less than two miles deep.

Another pseudo seamount was report-
ed to rise 15 miles to a depth of 70 feet,
75 miles off Vancouver Island, but re-
peated sounding over a large area indi-
cates that the original reporting mayhave
been caused by acoustic sounding-echoes
from the back of a whale.

Although considerable exploration has
been accomplished in this vast region of
one million square miles, a great amount
of surveying and oceanographic explora-—
tion is required to fully disclose the na-
ture of this ocean floor so closely re-
lated to the continental United States.

Salmon

NEW SALMON FISH HATCHERY
UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN
STATE OF WASHINGTON:

Construction of a new salmon hatchery
on Grays River, Pacific County, Wash.,
was announced by the Governor on May 5,
1960. The hatchery, with an annual fry
capacity of around 7 million salmon and
a rearing capacity of 5 million, will be
the 22nd in the state's system of salmon
hatcheries and the 5th built by Federal
funds under the Lower Columbia River De-
velopment Program, the Governor said.
Cost of construction will be over $500, 000.

Plans and specifications for the new
hatchery, which were due to be completed
on May 6 by the engineering section of the
Washington State Department of Fisheries,
were sent to Portland, Ore., for approval
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
and finally to the Service's head office in
Washington, D. C.

The job will include construction of a
hatchery building, 100 by 40 feet, 10 out-
door concrete ponds, a large earthen
pond, and two holding ponds for ripening
salmon. A fish ladder, racks, and trap
will be included for the holding ponds. In
addition, a new timber bridge for access
to the hatchery site will be constructed to

July 1960

replace the present bridge. Water for
the hatchery will be taken from the river
with a gravity water supply system,

The hatchery will be used for the
rearing of chinook, silver, and chum
salmon, with special emphasis on the
short-term rearing of chinook and chum.

KOK OK KOK

WASHINGTON AND OREGON
COOPERATE IN SALMON
TAGGING PROGRAM:

Salmon were tagged in the Possession
Point area in Puget Sound in April by the
Washington State Department of Fisher-
ies, marking the third salmon research
project carried out by the Department in
March and April.

The Possession Point project includes

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

a testing of the effects of single and tre-
ble hooks on young salmon. Salmon are
caught on sports fishing gear and tagged
under the dorsal fin with orange spaghetti-
type tags. Recoveries will indicate which
type of hook causes the most damage to
the fish in addition to adding knowledge of
migration patterns.

An offshore troll salmon tagging proj-
ect was conducted off the coast south of
Westport, Wash., from March 15 through
April 9. Chinook salmon were tagged in
an effort to establish migration patterns
and the origin of chinook in the ocean
area from North Head north to Grays Har-
bor. A total of 149 chinook was captured
and tagged. Approximately 10 fish were
taken each day of fishing. A similar proj-
ect in 1959 averaged 8 fish per day. Dur-
ing March, best fishing was in the North
Head-Willapa Bay area; in early April,
fishing picked up slightly in the Westport
area. Less than 25 percent of the chi-
nook caught in the 1960 test were uader
the minimum legal size of 26 inches.

The Oregon Fish Commission also
conducted an offshore troll tagging proj-
ect in conjunction with the Washington De-
partment of Fisheries. The Oregon proj-
ect resulted in the tagging of 194 chinook.
Both investigations included the use of
barbed and barbless hooks and pretimi-
nary results indicated very little differ-
ence in catchability between the two.

ww
co

The third project conducted by the
Washington fisheries agency was a test-
fishing investigation on chinook salmon
in the Corbett drift area of the Columbia
River, in an effort to determine timing
of the spring chinook salmon run in the
Columbia. This project closed on
April 29, just prior to the opening of the
spring Columbia River commercial chi-
nook salmon fishing season.

The Columbia River test fishing proj-
ect was also in conjunction with one con-
ducted by the Oregon Fish Commission in
Woody Island area where the fish caught
in good condition were tagged and re-
leased. The biologists found that it takes
approximately 12 days for a chinook salm-
on to move upstream to the Corbett area
from the Woody Island area, a distance of
approximately 65 miles.

3

fA

Shrimp

INDUSTRY CONFRONTED WiTH
PRODUCTION PROBLEMS:

An increasing number of craft sharing

a fairly stable domestic shrimp resource
and increasing domestic competition from
shrimp fisheries developing in many paris
of the world are among the problems
facing the United States shrimp industry,
according to a report issued by the U. S,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

The report was prepared in accord-
ance with a provision of the Fish and
Wildlife Act of 1956. This provision
authorizes the Secretary of the Interior
to make a report--when requested-- with
respect to any fishery product imported
into the United States; to determine
whether there have been any downward
trends in prices, production, or employ-
ment; and to determine whether there has
been an increase in imports of that prod-
uct. The request was made by the Na-
tional Shrimp Congress, Inc., an Organ-
ization whose memers produce more
than 70 percent of United States-caught
shrimp.

In releasing the report, Uader Secre-
tary Elmer F. Bennett said that it is not
purported to be a complete economic

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF SHRIMP CATCH, VARIOUS YEARS,

MILLION
POUNDS

1918 - 1959

BB south atcantic

El GuLF

‘|
4
%

o

“050;
SRS

study of the shrimp fishery. "It would
have been desirable to have made amore
thorough economic study of the industry,
but neither time nor resources would
permit such detailed effort,'' he said.

"Accurately projecting the course of
world production and expansion of ex-
ports of shrimp by foreign nations will
require more information than is avail-
able in this report,"’ Bennett said. 'For
these reasons any policy decisions of
this Department, particularly with re-
spect to tariff policy, should be based

upon additional data and more complete
analysis."

The report shows that in recent years
there has been an increase in the num-
ber of shrimp boats, but no change in
production other than the normal annual
fluctuations in the resource; there has
been a decrease in the gross earnings
per boat; the discovery of new shrimp
areas has resulted in the construction
of more seaworthy larger vessels; in-

POO
eeeetetetetctataten

1945 1950

creased construction costs are noted;
employment has increased at a greater
rate than the increase in the number of
vessels, mainly because the larger ves-
sels require larger crews; and there has
been a substantial increase in the amount
of shrimp imported into the country.

One of the significant things noted in
the report is that until the price to the
shrimp fisherman dropped in 1959 there
had been sufficient increase in prices to
more or less balance off the decreasing
catch per boat. Also, price decreases,
boatside, before 1959 had been followed
quickly by price increases which tended
to stabilize the fishery. The 1959 slump
presents a different picture and, the re-
port says, ''the effectiveness of the
United States shrimp industry in coping

with the present situation appears to be
reduced."

In 1959 the average gross return for
shrimp landings in the Gulf of Mexico
and in the South Atlantic areas was $7,500

July 1960

per shrimp trawler, lower than any year
since 1950 when it was $6,400. The av-
erage annual catch for 1959 was 17,300
pounds (heads-off weight) per vessel.
This was considered low, although it was
1,300 pounds more than the 1958 average.
In 1953 the catch per trawler averaged
23,600 pounds.

During the past 10 years the shrimp
otter-trawl fleet has increased by about
1,000 craft to a fleet of 7,610 in 1959.
The increase was entirely in vessels of
five tons net or over; the number of
smaller craft of less than five net tons
declined. More than 80 percent of the
catch was taken by vessels of five net
tons and over.

Employment in 1959 was estimated to
have been slightly higher than in 1958
when it was 17,153, about 2,000 higher
than in 1957. Comparable data for other
years are not available.

In 1959 imports were at a record high
of 106,555,000 pounds, an increase of 25
percent over the 1958 imports. The 1958
imports were 23 percent higher than those
of 1957. In 1939 shrimp imports were
four million pounds; in 1950 imports ex-
ceeded 40 million pounds and in 1955
shrimp imports approximated 54 million
pounds.

Since 1948 the world production of
shrimp, exclusive of mainland China, has
increased nearly 80 percent, to reach an
estimated 632 million pounds, heads -off
weight. In 1950, 18 countries exported
40 million pounds of shrimp to the United
States. Mexico supplied 99 percent of
that. In 1959 there were 51 nations send-
ing more than 106 million pounds of
shrimp to the United States. Mexico led
with 69 million pounds which represented
64 percent of the total.

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

LARGE BEDS OF CALICO SCALLOPS
FOUND OFF FLORIDA EAST COAST:
M/V “Silver Bay” Cruise 23 (April 13

to May 6, 1960): A large stock of calico

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

scallops (Pecten gibbus), occupying an
extensive area, was discovered and ten-
tatively delineated along the east coast of
Florida near Cape Canaveral by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! char-
tered fishing vessel Silver Bay during an
April 13 to May 6, 1960, exploratory
cruise. Commercial concentrations were
found over a 1,200-square-mile area with
indications that the bed may be even more
extensive.

First indications of the resource were
noted in January 1960 during routine ex-
plorations by the Silver Bay (Cruise 21)
off Daytona Beach, Fla., when what now
appears to be the northern edge of the
bed was discovered. Heavy seas pre-
vented further exploration at that time.
As a result of the latest work the bed is
now known to extend from off Daytona
Beach to Ft. Pierce, Fla., in depths of 10
to 32 fathoms.

A total of 252 dredging stations was
made during the cruise using 8- and 10-
foot modified Georges Bank scallop
dredges with 2" rings and 13" mesh lin-
ers. A total of 177 drags within the con-
fines of the bed yielded approximately
664 bushels of scallops (an average of 37
bushels per half-hour tow), and 126 of
these drags were within the apparent
areas of heaviest concentration (15 to 25
fathoms) and accounted for 659 bushels
of the catch (average of 5.2 bushels per
tow).

Within the most productive area (15-
25 fathoms), 16 consecutive drags were
made along the 20-fathom curve and
yielded 135 bushels at rates of 1 to 13
bushels, averaging 8.5 bushels per day.
Elsewhere the catch rates varied con-
siderably on adjacent drags yielding from
less than one to a high of 24 bushels per
half hour.

The catch was predominantly within a
shell size range of 2-23 inches, yielding
4 to 5 pints of meats per 80-pound bushel.
A 40-bushel sample of scallops of varying
sizes were shucked for laboratory stud-
ies by Bureau Technologists.

Fifteen drags with a 41' head/47' foot
rope, 13" mesh, 2-seam shrimp trawl were
made as a seasonal check on the royal-red

shrimp potential off St. Augustine and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

——*

J

Legend:

“Usps. ~ Scallop bed.

©) - 10 or more bushels per
2-hr. drag.

4 - 8-ft. scallop dredge.

errr rr ee fe

4 - 10-ft. scallop dredge.
- 40-ft. shrimp trawl.
- 50/72 ft. fish trawl.

“wn——— = Fao | eens
Qne

5 Fae

© le

M/V Silver Bay Crise 23 (April 12-May 6, 1960).

July 1960

Daytona Beach. Catches up to 170 pounds

(heads-on) per three hour drag were made

in 180 to 230 fathoms between 29°53! and
29° 09' north latitude.

Limited exploration on known snapper
lumps off St. Augustine with a roller-
rigged, 2-seam, 43"' mesh nylon fish
trawl produced catches of mixed fish up
to 1,500 pounds per 90-minute tow. In-
dividual catches as high as 1,000 pounds
of vermillion snappers (Rhomboplites
aurorubens) and 345 pounds of porgies
(Pagrus and Stenotomus) were made. No
red snappers were taken.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960
p- 26.

USE OF COMMERCIAL
SCALLOP DREDGES
DEMONSTRATED TO FISHERMEN:
During the week of May 30 to June 5
the Silver Bay conducted daily trips to
the Cape Canaveral scallop bed off the
Florida Atlantic Coast to demonstrate
use of commercial scallop dredges to
interested fishermen.

The M/V Silver Bay (Cruise 24) was
scheduled to return to the Cape Canaver-
al, Fla., area during May 25-June 17 to
conduct follow-up explorations and gear

trials in the calico scallop bed discovered

during cruise 23.

<>

——

awe
i
| aise

(|

Tuna

UNITED STATES AND JAPANESE
BIOLOGISTS COORDINATE RESEARCH
ON ALBACORE SPAWNING AREAS:

The Director of the Hawaii Area and
the Chief, Albacore Ecology Investiga-
tions, Honolulu Biological Laboratory,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,

1957-59, and Prelimina

1/ Excludes Hawaii rad

Alaska.

(A: not available.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Fish and Shellf
for 1960, with Percentage Comparisons

1947-49
* 10.5

Excludes canned food products containing small quantities of fishery products, such as clam chowder, etc.

43

returned to Honolulu May 15, 1960, after
spending a month conferring with various
fishery officials and scientists through-
out Japan.

Their trip was made primarily to plan
an expedition to discover albacore
spawning grounds, to be carried out this
summer by the Bureau's research ves-
sel Charles H. Gilbert and the Japanese
Fishery Agency's vessel Shunyo Maru,
attached to-the Nankai Regional Fisher-
les Research Laboratory at Kochi, Japan.
Biologists of the Honolulu Biological Lab-
oratory and the Nankai Laboratory are
both interested in learning the origin of
this commercially-important Pacific-
wide species of tuna. As a result of this
trip, future research by Japanese and
American tuna biologists will be more
closely coordinated.

United States Consumption*of
Fishery Products, 1959

Fish is not keeping pace with the increased consumption
trend for meats and poultry. There has been a sizable per
capita consumption increase for meats and poultry, while
fish and shellfish consumption is either barely holding its
own, or declining.

Per capita meat consumption has increased steadily since
1935-39, with the exception of a decline in 1958 and a pre-
dicted minor decline in 1960.

Per capita poultry consumption has also shown a sharp
increase since 1935-39, with a tendency toward stabilization
since 1957. The greatest surge in consumption was during
the 10-year period following 1947 when high volume produc~
tion and a low selling price became the keynote of that in~
dustry.

Conversely, per capita fish and shellfish consumption
reached its peak during 1935-39. But it dropped steadily
from 1939 until 1958. In 1958 consumption recovered a
little and the trend toward stability set in. Less canned and
somewhat less cured fish were consumed in 1959 than during
1935-39, and fresh and frozen fish consumption increased
only three-tenths of a pound (edible weight) per capita in the
same period, The decrease in the consumption of canned
fish was caused by a drop in the pack of canned salmon; also
a shift in consumer preference from canned to frozen fil-
lets and frozen packaged specialties like fish sticks and
portions. Because cured fish is a more selective item and

ish, Calendar Years, 1935-39 and 1947-49 Averages,

Preliminary

1959 | 1960 {1935-39 | 1947-49

2(Pexrcent))u) le)
101

ace

44

more stable, there has been no significant change in per
capita consumption since 1947,

On the whole, however, the picture is not bright for edi-
ble fishery products as the major competitive products ap~
pear to be getting an ever-increasing share of per capita
consumption, and likewise the consumer dollar.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
MARCH 1960:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and
processed fish and shellfish into the
United States during March 1960 in-
creased by 27.7 percent in quantity and
17.6 percent in value as compared with
February 1960. The increase was due
primarily’to higher imports of ground-
fish and other fillets (up 1.5 million
pounds), frozen albacore and other tuna
(up 7.1 million pounds), and to a lesser
degree, an increase in the imports of
canned tuna in brine. The increase was
partly offset by a 1.4-million-pound de-
crease in the imports of canned salmon.

Compared with March 1959, the im-
ports in March this year were lower by
4.6 percent in quantity and 0.8 percent
in value due to decreases in the imports
of frozen tuna other than albacore (down
9.2 million pounds), and canned salmon
(down 5.8 million pounds). Compensating,
in part, for the decrease was an increase
of about 6.3 million pounds in the import
of frozen albacore tuna and groundfish
and other fillets (up 1.6 million pounds).

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
March 1960 With Comparisons

[N Otiinti ty ae | Vall re al
[1960] 1959[ 1959 |i960]1959] 1959]
(Millions of Lbs.) | (Millions of $)

Processed only:
(excluding fresh
& frozen)... . 2

1/ Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and
other specialties.

United States exports of processed
fish and shellfish in March 1960 were
lower by 34.5 percent in quantity and 30.8
percent in value as compared with Feb-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

ruary 1960. Compared with the same
month in 1959, the exports this March
were lower by 55.1 percent in quantity
and 57.1 percent in value. The lower ex-
ports in March this year as compared
with the same month in 1959 were due to
the short supply of California sardines
available for export to foreign countries.

ok Ae ok Ok

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine
which may be imported into the United
States during the calendar year 1960 at
the 124-percent rate of duty is 53,448,330
pounds. Any imports in excess of the
quota will be dutiable at 25 percent ad
valorem.

Imports from January 1-April 30, 1960,
amounted to 13,516,144 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Cus-
toms. From January 1-May 2, 1959, a
total of 14,958,862 pounds had been im-

ported.
Wholesale Prices, May 1960

The over-all wholesale price index for edible fishery prod-
ucts (fresh frozen and canned) for May 1960 was 126.6 per-
cent of the 1947-49 average, up 2.7 percent from the preced-
ing month. This increase from April to May was due prima-
rily to higher fresh haddock and fresh and frozen shrimp
prices. From May a year ago to this May the index increased
4.0 percent due mainly to higher prices for shucked oysters,
frozen shrimp, and canned fish. The May 1960 index was the
highest since March 1959 when it reached 128.2 percent.

With haddock landings at New England ports falling off
seasonally from the peak catches of March and April, the ex-
vessel price at Boston went up 50 percent from April to May.
This sharp price increase plus a further increase in the fro-
zen king salmon price resulted in a 4.0-percent rise in the
drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup index. From
April to May wholesale prices for fresh-water fish (with the
exception of whitefish) leveled off from the high levels that
prevailed during the April Jewish holidays. The subgroup
price index this May as compared with May 1959 was up a~
bout 3.2 percent due to higher prices for frozen dressed
salmon and fresh-water whitefish and yellow pike at New
York City. These increases more than compensated for
lower prices for fresh drawn haddock (down 3.0 percent),
fresh and frozen dressed halibut (down 12.6 percent), and
Chicago drawn whitefish (down 4.5 percent).

The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup price
index in May 1960 increased 6.3 percent from the preced-
ing month due to a 9.7-percent increase in fresh shrimp
prices at New York City and a 3.7-percent increase in
shucked oyster prices. These increases more than com=
pensated for a drop of about 1 cent a pound in the whole-
sale price for small haddock fillets at Boston. From May
a year ago to this May this subgroup index rose 6.9 percent.
Although the fresh haddock fillet prices were down sharply
(21,7 percent) and fresh shrimp prices were lower by 1.2
percent, the increase of 22.2 percent in shucked oyster
prices more than offset the decreases,

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

In mid-May 1960 the wholesale price index for processed
frozen fish and shellfish increased by 1.3 percent from the
preceding month. The wholesale prices for frozen 26-30
count shrimp at Chicago rose 4.7 percent or about 3 cents
a pound, This jump in frozen shrimp prices was sufficient
to overcome decreases of about 1/2 to 1 cent a pound in the
wholesale prices for the frozen fillet items. In May this
year the frozen processed fish and shellfish price index was
down 1.8 percent from the same month of 1959, Although
frozen shrimp prices were higher by 5.0 percent this May
as compared with May last year, frozen haddock fillet prices
were down 22.7 percent and flounder fillet prices were down
2.7 percent. Wholesale prices for frozen 26-30 count shrimp
this May at 123.5 percent of the 1947-49 average were the
highest since April 1959 when the index for this item was
128.1 percent. This price increase between April 1959 and
May this year represents an increase of about 18 cents a
pound from the low of 62 cents a pound reached in October
1959,

The primary wholesale canned fish price index was un-
changed from April to May 1960. As compared with May
1959, the index this May was up 6.3 percent. All wholesale
canned fish prices were higher this May than they were in
May a year ago. Among the canned fish products included in
this subgroup, the only product in good supply in May this
year was canned tuna, Seasonal canning of Maine sardines
; and Pacific salmon began in May, but packs were extremeiy
Heading and sorting halibut for size after unloading at the light.
dock of a fishery firm in Seattle, Wash.

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, May 1960 With Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing |Unit ($) (1947-49=100)

May | Apr. May | Apr. | Mar.| May
1960 1960 1960 1959

O00 G00 ooo 4 126.6 123.3 | 123.4] 121.
Rreshicrrozenjrishery;Products:! () js tel els wie! =) ebsterelie oe : 142.2] 136.7 | 137.6
Drawn oressedvorswitole;bintisls) sy) 5): cre. le} eileeiie lls ein enc ncinelNclne 150.1
Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. . ..
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz.

Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz.
Whitefish, LL, Superior, drawn, fresh... .

Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. ....
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins. .
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh . .
Oysters, shucked, standards ....+ 0+.

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish):. ... .
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, l=-lb. pkg. . . ©
Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1=lb. pkg. . .
Ocean pereh, skins on, I-Ib. pkg. . ©
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), S-lb. pkg. .. © -

Ganned Fishery Products: . .....s.sececcsssee-s
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. .. {Seattle
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.),
$3 EMC o oo ob oO OB do OO d OGO
Sardines, Calif., tom. pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.),
6B OTS 6 6 abo 0.6 G00 60-00 ood
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn

(8-3/4 0Z.), 100 cans/cs. . 2. 2 oe eee oe

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of sae Reseraap Side ; ae
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News
ery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

ay Sng

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

liza "GHOST" NETS THAT FISH YEARS AFTER THEY ARE LOST

"Ghost! nets that go on fishing years after they have been lost at sea are
presenting a novel problem in many parts of the world, especially in the heavily
fished waters around Iceland.

Some of the problems created by '' ghost" nets~-which may be fancifully com-
pared with the fabled Flying Dutchman--were discussed this week at the head-
quarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy, by the
Chief of the Fishing Gear Section of FAO's Fisheries Division.

"The gear concerned in Icelandic waters is the bottom-set cod gill-net made
ofnon-rotting synthetic fibres, mainly nylon," he said. "Such nets are fitted with
metal or plastic floats which, like the nets themselves, do not rot, and whenthe
nets are lost by the fishermen, for instance due to broken buoy ropes, they are
| maintained in a fishing position by the floats.

that fishermen have generally realized that the lost bottom-set nets do go on fish-
ing ontheir own," he continued. 'This has been proved when nets are accidental-
ly retrieved some months or even years after they were lost andare found to
contain great quantities of rotten fish and fish bones as well as live fish.

"It is not suggested that this is at present a problem which threatens any
fishery butitis quite clear that steps must be taken to prevent lost nets remain-
ingin a fishing position," he stated. ''But the extent of the potential threat is in-
dicated by the fact that inIceland each boat engaged in gill-netting operates 75 to
90 such nets, and that these nets, in total, stretch over a length of about 4 kilo-
metres. Inthe heavily fishedareas in Icelandic waters, where sea conditions are
often very rough, many kilometres of nets are lost each year."

The Chief of the Fishing Gear Section pointed out that the threat arising from
shost'' nets is likely to grow more serious in those waters where gill-net fish-
ing is practicedon a large scale but should also be given attention in the develop-
ing fisheries in Africa and Asia.

COTTON FLOAT LASHINGS MAY PROVIDE ANSWER: ''Suggestions have
already been made for solving the problem, he said. “For example, one proposal
isthat thefloats of such nets should be attached by untreated cotton which would
quickly rot away if the nets are lost. Released from the floats, the nets would
sink to the bottom and cease to catch fish. However, float lashings of this type
would have to be renewed periodically and would be the cause of a lot of extra
work by the fishermen.

''We have brought this problem to the attention of the International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea and the International Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries, both of which are studying the problem in the hope of
finding a practical solution," he added.

With the extensive and still rapidly expanding use of many varieties of syn-
thetic fibre nets, there is need to take effective, practical action.

I But iM he concluded "as exper i Ww p
an > erience shows there are unexpected draw -backs
to be found in any innovation although I am q 1 f Ww V i
: ; : M g uite sure that e shall soon sol e this

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

47

—$—$————————————————

FOREIGN

International
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

CONVENTION RATIFIED BY
MEMBER GOVERNMENTS:

The diplomatic representatives of the
Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Den-
mark, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portu-
guese Republic, the Kingdom of Sweden,
the Swiss Confederation, and the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland on May 3, 1960, deposited the
instruments ratifying the Convention es-
tablishing the European Free Trade As-
sociation, also commonly known as the
Outer Seven. Thus the Convention comes
into force.

This Association was created interms
of a trading, not a political, community;
a community open to anyone willing to
trade with it.

The purpose is to increase the flow
of trade between the seven countries and
thereby to improve the standard of living.
The seven countries have jointly decided
to lower the tariffs between them and
form a Free Trade Area.

A statement by Sweden's Minister of
Trade pointed out that. . . The integra-
tion within EFTA is in itself important,
but we will continue our efforts towards
a wider European association and for the
liberalization of world trade. It is diffi-
cult, however, to be optimistic about the
immediate possibilities to reach agree-
ment on such an association. We seem
to have run into a situation where a wid-
ening rather than a narrowing of the gap
between the different trade groups may
be impossible to avoid. But we shall
strive to overcome the present difficul-.
ties, as otherwise the consequences for
Europe would be very serious indeed.
Nor should we forget that a split between

the industrialized countries of Europe
would also-mean reduced possibilities to
help the underdeveloped countries--one
of the main tasks of our time.

"The reason why I cannot be more
optimistic now is the acceleration plan
put forward by the Commission of the
Six. Put into effect it would mean in-
creased discrimination in Europe anda
widening of the gap, even in a political
sense. . .'' (United States Embassy in
Stockholm, May 4, 1960.)

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON .
FISHERIES COMMISSION

EXPERIMENTAL SALMON HATCHERY
BEING CONSTRUCTED IN CANADA:

An experimental sockeye hatchery is
now being constructed by the Internation-
al Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission
The spawning grounds of

on Pitt River.

the sockeye in Pitt River are very unstable,
with the result that the native population
is unable to reproduce at a competitive
rate with highly productive up-river races
such as Chilko which migrate through the
fishery at approximately the same time.
As a result of poor spawning conditions
the Pitt River sockeye runs have declined
in nine of the last ten years and the es-

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

International (Contd.):

capement is rapidly reaching an unim-
portant level.

The hatchery will have a starting
capacity of 4 million fry and is expected
to be in operation in time for the 1960
run. New principles of operation will -
be tried at the outset and others added
when justified by current research. The
eggs will be incubated in complete dark-
ness to eliminate the known adverse ef-
fects of light. The fry will be allowed
to migrate from the hatchery to Pitt Lake
in accordance with their natural instincts
rather than be subject to arbitary plant-
ings regardless of the stage of physio-
logical development.

The Fisheries Research Board of
Canada determined 20 years ago that the
artificial propagation of Fraser River
sockeye and the release of unreared fry
did not justify the cost. The Commission
believes, however, that new methods may
provide for a successful operation and
thus keep the Pitt River run of sockeye
of sufficient size to utilize the tremen-
dous rearing capacity of Pitt Lake which
is 18 miles long.

fe ste le
3K 3K oki 3k ok

FEBRUARY 1960 MEETING:

The International Pacific Salmon
Fisheries Commission, which is re-
sponsible for the preservation, protec-
tion, and extension of the sockeye and
pink salmon stocks of the Fraser River,
met in Ottawa late in February 1960.

Under the chairmanship of DeWitt
Gilbert, United States Commissioner,
the Commission reviewed the results of
its work to date, and reported on its con-
tinuing work to conserve the two salmon
stocks in the area covered by the Con-

vention signed by the United States and
Canada.

The Commission was originally ap-
pointed in 1937 to restore the sockeye
stocks of the Fraser River system. The
Convention under which the Commission
was set up was amended in 1957 to cover
the conservation of pink salmon stocks
in the same area. (Canadian Department
of Fisheries Trade News, March 1960.)

LATIN AMERICAN FREE ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

EXCHANGE OF RATIFICATIONS
PLACES ASSOCIATION INTO EFFECT:

With the exchange of ratifications, the
Latin American Treaty of Economic As-
sociation is in full effect. The Treaty
was signed in February 1960, by Guate-
mala, El Salvador, and Honduras. The
common market between these three
countries becomes a reality, since free
entry is allowed in any one of the three
countries to the natural products or to
articles manufactured in either of the
other two countries with the exception of
a few procucts which are subject to spe-
cial regulations.

A communique of the Guatemalan Min-
istry of Economy published in the Diario
de Central America on May 3 announced
the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty.
Also, the text of the resolution on Central
American economic integration recently
approved at San Jose, Costa Rica, by the
Central American Ministers of Economy,
also was published.

In accordance with the Economic As-
sociation Treaty, it is expected in the
near future to establish the Development
and Aid Fund, whose purpose will be to.
contribute financially to the integration
and development of the three countries;
this entity will provide a new source of
stimulus for private investment.

The Republic of Nicaragua, at the
recent meeting of the Ministers of Econ-
omy held in San Jose, Costa Rica, also
indicated its desire to proceed with an
accelerated economic integration with
the rest of Central America.

At the San Jose meeting an agreement
was signed between the Central American
governments andthe United Nations Spe-
cial Fund in order that this organization
shall aid the Central American Industrial
Technology and Research Institute (ICAITI).
On the basis of this aid, it is hoped that
ICAITI will be capable of giving service
to Central American industry in an ever-
increasing efficient manner.

At the San Jose meeting it was also
resolved that the work towards Central
American customs equalization shall con-
tinue at the end of May; therefore, it is

July 1960

International (Contd.):

expected that at the end of the year a
Central American Uniform Customs
Tariff Plan will be available. (United
States Embassy in Guatemala, May 9,
1960.)

LAW OF THE SEA

CONFERENCE CONCLUDES WITHOUT
ADOPTING PROPOSALS ON
TERRITORIAL SEA AND

FISHING ZONE:

In closing the United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea in Geneva on April 26, 1960, the Conference Presi-
dent, Prince Wan Waithayakon (Thailand), expressed re-
gret that it had not resolved vital problems affecting the
width of the territorial sea and fishing zones.

The Conference concluded its work after rejecting or,
because of the lack of a two-thirds majority, failing to adopt
any substantive proposal on those two questions. It did, how-
ever, adopt a proposal expressing the need for technical as-
sistance in fisheries.

In his statement, Prince Wan spoke of the need to make
adjustments between the economic and political interests of
coastal states afid the principle of freedom of the seas. He
expressed hope that, with good will, new efforts in due time
would be made to arrive at agreement.

The session was formally completed April 27 with sig-
nature of the Final Act.

In a series of votes the Conference took the following
action:

Failed to give a two-thirds majority to the United States-
Canadian proposal which would have provided a six-mile ter-
ritorial sea and granted another six~mile zone for exclusive
fishing rights, with recognition of certain historical rights.
The vote was 54 in favor, 28 against, with 5 abstentions.
Those voting against the United States-Canadian proposal
were Albania, Bulgaria, Burma, Byelorussia, Chile, Czecho-
slovakia, Ecuador, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indone-
sia, Iraq, Libya, Mexico, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland,
Romania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Ukraine, U.S.S.R., United Arab
Republic, Venezuela, Yemen, and Yugoslavia. Abstaining on
the United States-Canadian proposal were Cambodia, El
Salvador, Iran, Japan, and the Philippines. Lebanon was ab-
sent.

Failed to give the required majority to a request by
Arthur H, Dean (United States) for reconsideration of the vote
on the United States-Canadian proposal. It received 50 votes
in favor, 29 against, with 8 abstentions.

Failed to adopt the 10-nation proposal which would have
left the width of the territorial sea in abeyance but would
have granted a 12-mile zone of exclusive fishing rights.
(The sponsors were Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Mexico, Mo-
rocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Republic, Vene-
zuela, Yemen.) The vote was 32 in favor, 38 against, with
18 abstentions,

Rejected an Icelandic proposal under which preferential
fishing rights would be granted to countries ‘‘overwhelm=
ingly dependent’’ upon their coastal fisheries. The vote was
25 in favor, 37 against, with 26 abstentions.

Before voting on the United States-Canadian proposal as
a whole, adopted an amendment to it submitted by Brazil,
Cuba, and Uruguay, seeking preferential rights in zones of
the high seas for countries particularly dependent on fishing.
The vote was 58 in favor, 19 against, with 10 abstentions.

Adopted a proposal for technical assistance in fishing,
sponsored by Ethiopia, Ghana, and Liberia. The vote was
68 in favor, none against, with 20 abstentions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

In the course of the discussion preceding the voting,
Dean (United States) spoke of the concessions made by the
maritime powers, and cited the ‘‘large majority’’ support
for their stand, as opposed to the position of the minority.
The 12-mile states, he said, had not made a single step to-
ward general agreement.

A. K, Sen (India), explaining his vote against the United-
States~Canadian proposal, said that many countries feared
the appearance of foreign warships close to their shores. In
the first place, he said, there was ao need for these warships
to come so close. Twelve miles were required.

Grigori Tunkin (USSR), speaking in support of 12 miles
and against the United States-Canadian proposal, said that
12-mile states, including China, represented 60 percent of
the world population, and decisions could not be imposed.

Andre Gros (France), in announcing his decision to vote
in favor of the United States-Canadian proposal, asked why
45 states, ever since the 1958 Conference on the Law of the
Sea, had been making more and more sacrifice of legitimate
interests while others had not even made a gesture of mov-
ing toward agreement.

Lubomir Radouilski (Bulgaria) warned that 12-milers
would not recognize any six-mile decisions,

Najib Bouziri (Tunisia) said the existing situation of
various limits was likely to prevail and the modus vivendi
should be found perhaps through the adoption of the joint
United States-Canadian proposal, but with continued re-
spect for the 12-milers.

Gudmund Gudmundsson (Iceland), replying to an earlier
suggestion by the United Kingdom representative for arbi-
tration of historic fishing rights off Iceland, said that the
Conference itself was competent to decide, and he wondered
whether Britain wanted to avoid putting its position to a vote
of the general Conference.

James Dossen Richards (Liberia) and E. K. Dadzie
(Ghana) called for support for their proposal on technical
assistance,

Edwin Glaser (Romania) said that a bad solution was
worse than no solution and he opposed the United States-Ca-
nadian proposal,

Alvaro Garcia Herrera (Colombia) supported as ‘‘rea~
sonable solutions’’ the United States-Canadian proposal and
the Latin American amendment,

Gideon Rafael (Israel) supported the United States-Ca-
nadian proposal and the request for technical assistance.

Antoine Fattal (Lebanon) said his major concern was
preservation of the Arabic nature of the Gulf of Aqaba. He
found the United States~Canadian proposal unsupportable to~
ward that aim and said he would abstain,

After the series of votes, Turkey and Canada informally
suggested the possibility of prolonging the Conference so
that new efforts could be made, but the suggestions were not
voted upon.

On April 26 the Conference failed to adopt a Cuban pro~
posal for a protocol to the 1958 Convention on Fishing and
Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas. The
vote was 33 in favor, 22 against, with 24 abstentions.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 39.

NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

JAPANESE-SOVIET NORTH
PACIFIC SALMON FISHERY
AGREEMENT SIGNED:

A Japanese-Soviet fisheries agree-
ment limiting salmon catches in the
northwest Pacific was signed on May 18,

50

International (Contd.):

1960. Negotiations between the two
countries began in Moscow on Febru-
ary 2.

At the fourth annual meeting of the
Japanese-Soviet Commission for North-
west Pacific Fisheries, the Soviets
charged that indiscriminate Japanese
fishing was preventing salmon from
reaching the spawning grounds. The
Russians proposed a complete ban on
salmon fishing in half the area under
discussion and a shorter fishing season
in the other half.

In the agreement, which covers catch-
es of salmon, crab, and herring, the Jap-
anese accepted a quota of 67,500 metric
tons of salmon this year in exchange for
fishing rights in the previously restricted
areas. Also, the Japanese agreed to ac-
cept closure of two new areas. The first
is a triangle bounded by the southern
Kuriles, the treaty area boundary, and
150° E. longitude. The second is a rec-
tangle bounded by 46° N. and 48° N. lati-
tudes, 155° BE, and 160° E. longitudes.
The quota for red salmon, within the
over-all quota of 67,500 tons, is 15,500
tons or about 7,750,000 fish. The Jap-
anese wanted a quota of 85,000 tons of
salmon, the same as in 1959. In 1958,
the quota was 110,000 tons. This year's
quota for red salmon is 500 tons less
than last year's.

The Soviets state that the limits on
salmon catches are necessary to pre-
serve dwindling stocks. The Japanese
biologists disputed the Soviet claim.

TRADE AGREEMENTS

NEW PROTOCOL TO ICELANDIC
SOVIET TRADE AGREEMENT
INCLUDES FISHERY PRODUCTS:

The new 1960-1962 Protocol to the
Icelandic-Soviet Trade Agreement of
August 1, 1953, was signed in Moscow
on January 23, 1960. It is believed that
the new arrangement provides for ap-
proximately the same level of trade as
prevailed during the past 2 or 3 years.

On the Icelandic export side, the most
notable change is the reduction envisaged
in salt herring shipments from 15,000

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

metric tons for 1957-1959 to 12,000 tons
(150,000 to 120,000 barrels) per annum
for 1960-1962. It is understood that the
Soviet delegation wished to make a much
deeper cut but that the Icelandic group in-
sisted on 12,000 tons. This reflects the
actual tonnage of salt herring actually
purchased by the U.S. 5S. R. annually
from Iceland during the past three years
under the agreement.

As provided for in the 1960-1962 pro-
tocol, the most important export from
Iceland will again be frozen fillets (30,000-
32,000 tons annually), chiefly ocean perch
and a small amount of cod. In 1957-1959,
the amount was 32,000 tons annually. The
contracts on fish provide for 30,000 tons
of frozen fish fillets to be delivered to
the Soviet Union during the calendar year
1960. The U.S. S. R. purchased 28,800
tons in 1959. The possibility is left open
that additional amounts could be con-
tracted for. Partly as a reflection of
rising prices during the past several
years on the world market for frozen
fish products, the fish contract calls for
a rise of approximately 3 percent in the
price of ocean perch delivered to the So-
viet Union, but no rise in the price of cod.

The 1960-62 agreement also provides
for an unspecified quantity of frozen her-
ring (the agreement for 1957-59 called
for 1,000 tons).

MODERN TRAWLER TO EXPLORE FOR
NEW DEEP-SEA FISHING GROUNDS:
The modern 514-ton deep-sea fishing
trawler, Southern Endeavor, which ar-
rived at Adelaide in January 1960 from
Great Britain, will be used to survey the
Great Australian Bight located off the
South Central Coast for new deep-sea
fishing grounds. A recently established
trawling company based in Adelaide has
given the vessel and her all Australian
crew the task of locating sufficient quan-
tities of fish to warrant the establishment
of a deep-sea trawling industry. The
Southern Endeavor will have one year to
complete the task. If fish are found to be
abundant the vessel will have paved the

Australia

July 1960

Australia (Contd.):

way towards replacing large quantities
of imported fish.

The vessel's captain, who is an ex-
perienced trawlerman, states that the
venture is a blind gamble, but no more
of a gamble than experienced when other
new fishing grounds such as Greenland
were opened up to fishing. He added,
conditions may be different, but fisher-
men's techniques are the same wher-
ever you go.

The Southern Endeavor was built in
1952, at a cost of more than £150,000
(about US$336,000), and, as the Princess
Elizabeth, has fished in the Arctic fish-
ing grounds. The 161-foot vessel has a
speed of 12 knots. (Fish Trades Review,
January 1960.)

KK kK

SURVEY FOR SPINY LOBSTER
RESOURCES OFF SOUTHWEST
COAST UNSUCCESSFUL:

An Australian Government survey of
spiny lobster resources off the southern
coast of Western Australia, begun in
June 1959, was three months ahead of
schedule when it was determined that
spiny lobsters do not occur in those wa-
ters in sufficient numbers to support a
commercial fishery. The survey, which
was to continue until June 1960, thorough-
ly covered the area between Cape Riche
and Nuyis Point, the Recherche Archipe-
lago, and the area from Cape Leeuwin to
Cape Naturaliste. It was financed from
the Fisheries Development Trust Ac-
count.

Australia exported close to 7 million
pounds (valued at US$6.9 million) of
spiny lobster tails to the United States
during fiscal year 1958/59. The great
majority of the exports has come from
fishing grounds which have been devel-
oped along the coast of Western Austral-
ia in recent years. (The United States
Embassy in Canberra, April 8, 1960.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

51

Bermuda

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES
UNDER CONSIDERATION:

Until now there has been no separate
department of the Government devoted to
the fishing industry. The responsibility
for the promotion of commercial fishing
has been charged to the Curator of the
Aquarium--whose main duties relate to
the operation of that tourist attraction.

In April it was announced that the De-
partment of Agriculture will, in the near
future, become the ''Department of Agri-
culture and Fishery,'' embracing a new
branch for the promotion of commercial
fishing. This move is the result ofa
strong recommendation to that effect by
several experts who conducted a Govern-
ment-sponsored inquiry into the Colony's
commercial fishing potentialities and
issued three detailed reports between
June 1955 and August 1958. To date, the
only active measure by the Government
to conserve the Islands! ediblé®sea re-
sources has been a ban on the possession
of spiny lobsters from April 15 to Au-
gust 31 of each year. A bill to set back
the date of the beginning of the closed
season to April 31--and thus to enable
local hotels and restaurants to feature
lobsters on Lenten and Easter menus--
was passed by the House of Assembly in
March, but a few days later was rejected
by the Legislative Council.

Despite the fact that Bermuda is sur-
rounded by a 450-square-mile reef area
teeming with fish, an estimated 40 per-
cent of all fish consumed in the Islands
is imported. In 1957, these imports a-
mounted to about 620,000 pounds; in1958,
700,000 pounds; and in 1959, about 725,000
pounds. The local catch is estimated at
1,250,000 pounds a year. The increasing
use of freezers by the Colony's hotels
restaurants, markets, and households
has encouraged increased importation of
fish.

Only about 100 Bermudians are en-
gaged in full-time commercial fishing.
Their boats are small, and lack Diesel
engines and refrigeration facilities. As
a result, long and expensive daily round
trips are required in order to reach the
best fishing grounds ("the banks," located
25 to 35 miles southwest of Bermuda).

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

Bermuda (Contd.):

Furthermore, adverse weather restricts
their activity, and the total catch during
winters drops as much as 80 percent.
The fact that the fishermen have been
eking a fair living out of the sea has re-
strained them from seeking Government
aid or even advice.

The establishment of a Department of
Agriculture and Fishery may mark the
beginning of an important new industry
in Bermuda. If the Government earnest-
ly adheres to its oft-announced policy of
fostering greater domestic food produc-
tion in order to reduce reliance on im-
ports, there is much it can do to promote
the production of food from the sea, just
as much has already been done through
the Department of Agriculture to foster
production of food from the land. Among
the possible courses of action are: the
granting of a yearly subsidy (a 10 per-
cent subsidy at current rates would be
about US$35,000 a year); the acquisition
of large, Diesel-engine, freezer -equipped
vessels with modern fishing gear capable
of fishing several days at a time; con-
struction of large-scale freezing plants
and other storage facilities; establish-
ment of an island-wide system of mar-
keting; compilation of statistics on the
size, composition, and trends of the
eatches; and the development of a re-
search program. (United States Consu-
late report from Hamilton, April 29,

1960.)
wlsZuh

Brazil

FISHING OPERATIONS BY
JAPANESE CRITICIZED:

It is now estimated that there are 55
Japanese fishing vessels operating off
Brazil's northeastern hump fishing for
tuna. Ranging in size from 80 tons to
800 tons, the Japanese vessels are be-
coming an increasingly sore subject for
the nonmechanized Brazilian fishing in-
dustry. Presently only one of the vessels
operates from Brazilian ports.

The Japanese firm participating in the
INBRAPE (Industria Brasileira de Pesca
e Frios S/A) operation in Recife is also

being scrutinized by a representative of
the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisher-
ies who arrived in Recife during March.

Critics report that the Japanese boats
are continually being switched to avoid
the nationalization of the boats as their
contract requires and that Brazilian fish-
ermen hired by the Japanese as trainees
(also under the terms of the agreement)
are discharged as they approach the pro-
ficiency required for the mastery of mod-
ern fishing techniques. (United States
Consulate report from Recife, April 19,
1960.)

British Guiana

FISHING INDUSTRY

EXPANDS IN 1959:

The British Guiana fishing industry made notable prog-
ress in a number of different fields during 1959. The year’s
biggest success was undoubtedly achieved by an American~
owned fisheries and trading company, which after three
years of frustrating and profitless operations, at last found
shrimp in sizable quantities in April 1959. Between April
and December, the company exported, mostly to the United
States, about 1,140,000 pounds of shrimp, valued at about
US$745,000. This in turn stimulated interest among Ameri-
can shrimp vessel owners and in local business circles,
and a marked expansion of shrimp fishing out of British
Guiana is expected in 1960.

The biggest plans are being laid by a new firm which
bought out the fisheries and trading company early in 1960.
This new firm is working to double the size of its fishing
fleet (from 20 to about 40 boats), expand its cold-storage
and ice facilities, and purchase additional wharfage space
in Georgetown harbor. Other American shrimp fishing
companies have shown an interest in coming to British
Guiana, and the New Amsterdam Chamber of Commerce
has begun negotiations with French and Japanese interests
in the hope of enticing a shrimp fishing operation into Ber-
bice. The British Guiana Government is hopeful that the
industry can provide additional jobs in the Georgetown area.
The new seafoods company employs about 200 workers.

Spurred on by the good shrimp landings, the Government
has intensified its own efforts to boost the annual production
of fish. A research project to test offshore fishing grounds
was completed in early 1959, and the Fisheries Division of
the Department of Agriculture reported that the most produc~
tive areas were found between 10 and 20 fathoms. Following
this survey, reports indicated that some 500-small fishing
craft and several deep-sea trawlers began fishing in earnest
in these waters. Catches ran as high as 30,000 pounds for the
large trawlers, and by the year’s end, the Government whole-
sale fish marketing center reported that 6,659,000 pounds of
fish had passed through the municipal market at Georgetown.
Encouraged by these figures, the Government announced that
all fish imports would be stopped at some unspecified future
date. This proposal does not, however, appear to be realistic,
for fish imports for 1959 again totaled about 6 million pounds.

Another minor success in 1959 was scored by British
Guiana’s small but growing tropical fish~exporting companies.
Sales of guppies and other small aquarium fish totaled about
US$400,000, with the United States purchases about 90 percent
of British Guiana’s exports. Demand apparently surpasses avail-
able supply, but the industry has thus far failed in its efforts
to cultivate these exotic fish in ponds. However, such artifi-
cial cultivation continued to be successful at Onverwagt, the
Government fish culture station in West Berbice where edible

July 1960

British Guiana (Contd.):

fish are raised in sea water. This station again expanded
its operations in 1959 in the hope of inducing private individ-
uals or cooperatives to establish fish ponds, (United States
Consulate report from Georgetown, April 26, 1960.)

OS

British West Indies

BARBADOS FISHING INDUSTRY
IMPORTANT AS A SOURCE
OF BASIC FOOD:

The fishing industry of Barbados in
the British West Indies is an important
source of a basic food for the population
and employment for about 2,300 persons.
In 1959 the fisheries landings sold
through established fish markets were
valued at US$1,687,000, a slight drop
from the 1958 value of $1,702,000. The
total of fisheries landings is about 10
percent higher when sales outside of
established markets are included.

Flyingfish account for 60 percent of
the landings, with dolphin, kingfish, al-
bacore, and red snapper following in
that order. Spiny lobster and turtle are
also caught and marketed.

The fishing fleet has largely been
converted from sail to power boats with
the assistance of Government loans, and
the number of power-driven boats in-
creased from 412 in 1958 to 451 in1959.

The 1960/61 budget provides US$1
million for an abattoir and fish-freezing
plant which, when completed, will pro-
vide storage and insure more orderly
marketing and better distribution.
(United States Consulate report from
Barbados, April 28, 1960.)

ahr

FISHERY TRENDS,
FOURTH QUARTER, 1959:

The Burmese Government Defense
Services Institute (DSI) has established
a joint fishery venture with a Singapore
fishing company. Deep-sea fishing op-
erations about 80 miles off the coast of
Mergui (East of the Andaman Islands)

Burma

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

were started in October 1959 with 14
motor trawlers from Singapore. The
DSI takes 65 percent and the company
35 percent of the catch. The vessels
are manned by about 100 Chinese fish-
ermen from Singapore, with about 80
Burmese undergoing training. It is re-
ported that the number of trawlers is to
be increased to 50, and that the area of
operations will be extended to waters off
the Arakan coast.

During the fourth quarter of 1959 an
official of the Institute, during his trip
to Europe, arranged with the Norwegian
Government for a deep-sea fishing sur-
vey in Burmese waters. Arrangements
were also made to send Burmese to Nor-
way for training in deep-sea fishing. The
Government recently issued over US$3
million in import licenses for fish, with
the Army Fisheries Project the sole pur-
chasing agent. The DSI hopes that the
survey and training of Burmese will ulti-
mately enable it to fulfill Burnia's fish
requirements from an entirely home-
based industry, under DSI control.
(United States Embassy, Rangoon, report
of April 5, 1960.)

Canada

ARCTIC CHAR FISHERIES:

The Arctic Unit of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada is studying
arctic char in Frobisher Bay, in asso-
ciation with the commercial fishery be-
ing operated there by Eskimos under the
supervision of the Department of North-
ern Affairs. Another arctic char com-
mercial fishery is in operation in Ungava
Bay, also under the sponsorship of the
Department of Northern Affairs. This is
under biological study by the Quebec De-
partment of Fisheries, which is working
closely with the Board's Arctic Unit.

ok KK Ok

LOBSTER SEASONS CHANGED IN
CERTAIN AREAS OF MARITIMES:
Changes in the regulations affecting
lobster fishing in two Canadian Mari-
times lobster districts have gone into
effect. The changes apply to District 8,
comprising Kent and Westmorland Coun-

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

Canada (Contd.):

ties in New Brunswick and the western
half of Cumberland County in Nova
Scotia, and District 5, which takes in
the Guysborough County and the eastern
half of Halifax County in Nova Scotia.

In District 8 the open season for
catching lobsters has been changed to
extend from August 10 to October 10,
which is five days longer than in 1959.
In District 5 there has also been a
lengthening of the open season, with
fishing being permitted ten days earlier,
so that the legal catching period now is
April 10 to June 20.

These slightly longer seasons will
have no detrimental effect on conserva-
tion and will bring them more in line
with seasons in other districts.

In addition to these changes, in Dis-
trict 5 the minimum size at which lob-
sters may be taken has been increased
from 24 inches to 3 inches. This is in
accordance with the expressed desire
of the great majority of fishermen in
the area.

oy pa oh me ot
sk ok ok ok ok

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE
15TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
FISHERIES COUNCIL OF CANADA:

At the 15th Annual Meeting of the
Fisheries Council of Canada in Van-
couver, B. C., April 25-27, 1960, the
resolutions adopted by the Meeting ask
the Canadian Government to:

1. Repeal a law which discriminates
against East Coast fishermen competing
with foreign vessels.

2. Remove hindrances to the adequate
building up of the Canadian fishing fleet.

3. Put an end to its activities in the
competitive field of food merchandising
in the domestic market where it has of-
fered pork products at less than cost.

4, Participate in an international
conference on fish meal production if
such a conference is arranged.

5. Arrange that the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada set up a special

research program to develop other uses
and products from the British Columbia
herring and whaling resources.

6. Sit down with industry to jointly
explore the desirability of a market re-
search program in Canada aimed at un-
covering the basic attitude of the Canadi-
an consuming public towards fish on
which future promotional programs, both
by Government and industry, can be based.

7. Implement a study of methods to
encourage the production of better-quali-
ty light-salted and heavy-salted cod.

be

OK OK OK OK

SCALLOP LANDINGS EXPECTED
TO INCREASE IN 1960:

Scallop landings in the Canadian Mari-
time provinces this year are expected to
surpass those of all former years. Janu-
ary to October 1959 the Canadian fleet
landed 4 million pounds of scallop meats
as compared with 2.9 million pounds for
the same period in 1958, an increase of
40 percent. The value of those landings
increased from C$1.1 million in 1958 to
C$1.6 million in 1959. The increase in
landings was the result of increased ef-
forts by offshore vessels fishing Georges
Bank, off the Gulf of Maine. Inshore land-
ings were greatly reduced.

The study of the sea scallop is being
renewed by both Canadian and United
States scientific investigators. One set
of experiments has already been com-
pleted on Georges Bank, with a large-
mesh scallop dredge, which is designed
primarily to reduce the number of small
unmarketable scallops which are dam-
aged and thus wasted by handling onboard
fishing vessels. The dredge also im-
proves efficiency in the capture of mar-
ket-size scallops.

The joint Canadian-United States
studies are being carried out at the re-
quest of the International Commission |
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. In
the immediate future the program calls
for an investigation into how the scallop
lives and reacts to its environment and
to fishing gear in order to better appreci-
ate its population dynamics. The first
task is to study the early free-swim-
ming larval stages which at present are

July 1960

Canada (Contd.):

almost unknown, but are undoubtedly of
great importance in determining the
densities of future scallop populations.
(Canadian Trade News, March 1960.)

Cuba

CLOSED SEASON ON FROGS ENDED,
BUT ONE ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF
FISH ANNOUNCED:

The Cuban National Fisheries Insti-
tute, by a Resolution published in the
Official Gazette No. 86 of May 5, 1960,
imposed a closed season on the species
biajaiba (lane snapper), corvina (croak-
er), and robalo (snook). The capture of
those species is prohibited effective
from May 5, 1960, through August 5,
1960.

Another resolution published in the
same Official Gazette terminated the
closed season on the capture of the bull-
frog species had originally been imposed
on April 1, 1960. (United States Embas~-
sy report from Habana, May 10, 1960.)

HOOK OK OK

CLOSED SEASON ON
SPONGES ANNOUNCED:

The Cuban National Fisheries Insti-
tute, by a Resolution published in Offi-
cial Gazette No. 80 of April 26, 1960,
declared a closed season on the taking
of sponges from April 25, 1960, to July
25, 1960, both dates inclusive. Thearea
included in the closed season prohibition
covers the western maritime zones, and
the zones north of Caibarién and south
of Batabano. The taking of sponges in
the north coast of Vuelta Abajo, Pinar
del Rio Province, however, is permitted.
(United States Embassy report from
Habana, May 4, 1960.)

Denmark

RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCERS
ASSOCIATION DISSOLVES:

On April 27, 1960, the Danish Minis-
ter of Fisheries declared himself unable

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

to decree minimum prices for trout ex-
ports, in the face of an unfavorable Gov-
ernment Industry Committee vote on the
proposal to continue existing price ar-
rangements until June 1, 1960. On May 2,
the Association of Trout Producers dis-
solved itself for announced reasons of
"mutual disunity."

The immediate cause for these events
was the recent discovery that two trout
producers in North Jutland had exported
large trout shipments to the United States
and Canada at prices significantly below
the agreed minimum.

The meeting of the trout producers at
Esbjerg on May 2 was called ostensibly
to reconsider methods of price control.

A system of export fees, variable ac-
cording to the export market, was report-
ed to be under consideration, as well as
other measures to prevent a price war.
The inability of the producers to agree

on any scheme resulted in thegdecision

to dissolve the organization.

Stocks of exportable trout are low in
the spring, so the effect of the abolition
of the minimum on export prices will
probably be postponed for some months.
Price cutting is expected, however, be-
cause of the competition between Japan
and Denmark on the United States mar-
ket. (United States Embassy reportfrom
Copenhagen, May 4, 1960.)

Se ke ke ke
KK OK OK OK

SOME FISHERY PRODUCTS
NO LONGER REQUIRE
IMPORT LICENSES:

As of March 1, 1960, the Danish Gov-
ernment extended the list of imported
products that no longer are subject to
import license requirements. Among
the products no longer subject to import
licensing are: fishand shellfish for can-
ning; andcanned fish products. (Foreign
Trade, May 7, 1960.)

OK OK OK OK

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS, 1958-1959:

During 1959, Denmark utilized 591,276
metric tons of fishery products. This
represents an increase of 10.3 percent
over the 536,144 tons used in the pre-
ceding year. As compared with 1958,

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

Denmark (Contd.):

the amount of herring available in 1959
dropped by 9.3 percent, but the quantity
of miscellaneous fishery products (prob-

Denmark's Utilization of Fishery Products, 1958 and 1959

eee aR A I AP P| PTS SY aa PANTS B27

. . (Metric Tons) . .

.|575,701 520, 839
251

|1/Preliminary figures.
2/Final figures.
3/Includes fish for reduction.

ably large quantities of fish for reduc-
tion) increased by 61.2 percent. (United
States Embassy report from Copenhagen,
May 6, 1960.)

Ecuador

FOREIGN VESSELS PERMITTED
TO FISH FOR BAIT IN
TERRITORIAL WATERS:

In Decree No. 464-c of March 4, 1960,
published in the Registro Official No.
1091 of April 9, 1960, Ecuador author-
ized commercial fishing by foreign ves-
sels in Ecuadoran continental and insular
territorial waters upon obtaining the ap-
plicable permits. This permission does
not extend, however, to cod, shrimp, lob-
ster, or whales.

The decree prohibits both Ecuadoran
and foreign vessels from fishing for bait
in zones within one kilometer along the
coast from both sides of coastal towns
and one kilometer into the ocean. Do-
mestic fishermen (‘‘pescadores domes-
ticos -~presumably those without power-
driven boats), however, may fish within
these areas.

Foreign fishing vessels are forbidden
to enter the mouths of estuaries in the
Gulf of Guayaquil and the Archipelago of
Jambeli or to engage in fishing activities
beyond an imaginary line running in an
east-west direction across the mouths of
the Guayas River and the Estero Salado
from Boca de Naranjal (2939'30" S. lat.
and 79°56'5'"' long.) to Boca del Morro
(2939'5'' S. lat. and 80°15' W. long.).

Captains of foreign vessels which en-
gage in commercial and bait fishing in
Ecuadoran continental and insular terri-
torial waters are required to submit to
Port Captains detailed reports of their
catches, including amounts, species, and
locations.

This decree annuls previous decrees
and dispositions, in particular Decrees
Nos. 955-A of April 29, 1955, and 1085
of May 14, 1955, which prohibited or
limited foreign vessels from fishing in
these waters. Its practical effect is to
permit bait fishing by foreign vessels
within the one kilometer limit from the
coast where it was previously forbidden,
except in the immediate vicinity of towns,
and also within the Gulf of Guayaquil, in-
cluding the Morro and Jambeli Channels.
The decree is an effort to legalize the ex-
isting situation and to derive revenue
through the sale of fishing permits.

Although fishermen at Manta have pro-
tested the decree and have complained
that better equipped foreign vessels get
the bulk of available bait, there has been
relatively little other unfavorable reac-
tion to the decree. The Guayaquil news-
paper El Telegrafo in an editorial of
March 13, 1960, supports the decree on
the grounds that the Government now will
obtain revenue from heretofore clandes-
tine fishing. The Consulate General in
Guayaquil reports that a European ma-
rine biologist has informed it that there
is sufficient bait for all and that fishing
by foreign vessels is not causing a local
shortage. (United States Embassy, Quito,
May 4, 1960.)

July 1960

El Salvador

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1960:

At the end of the January-March1960
quarter the President of El Salvador, in
analyzing the local shrimp industry,
noted that licenses had been granted for
58 shrimping vessels, of which 47 are
presently operating. For the first two
months of 1960, catches were at a level
three times those of the same months of
1959, largely due to the increased size
of the fishing fleet. Most of the produc-
tion is being marketed in the United
States, and the largest producer (with
over half the operating craft) is pre-
paring to sell its own name brand in the
United States.

Present participants in the industry
are now joining the Government in calls
for conservation measures. Meanwhile,
talk of possible United States quota re-
strictions against shrimp imports are
causing considerable concern to the Sal-
vadoran Government (shrimp is the coun-
try's third largest export product) and
to the industry. (United States Embassy,
San Salvador, report of April 13, 1960.)

French West Africa

CONFERENCE DISCUSSES FUTURE
OF SENGALESE TUNA FISHING
AND CANNING INDUSTRY:

Plans for the future of the tuna fish-
ing and canning industry that is centered
in the Dakar area were discussed on
January 29 and 30, 1960, at a conference
between French, Sengalese, and Mali
government and industry officials.

Heralded as ''Tuna Fish Days," it was
another example of the growing impetus
being given to the tuna industry in Sene-
gal, the latest indication of which was
the creation on March 9, 1960, of a Fish-
eries Council by Decree No. 60-105 of
the Council of Ministers.

The conference was devoted to study-
ing the problems of the current tuna as
well as defining the expected policies of
Senegal for the development of the tuna
industry and the potentials which are

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

presented for Senegal in the European
Economic Community (EEC) and world
markets.

In regard to the 1959/60 tuna fishing
season, it was revealed that although
original plans called for 40 tunaclippers,
a total of at least 56 tuna-fishing boats
were active, nine of which are equipped
with freezing plants. It was hoped that
16,000 metric tons of tuna would be landed
in the 1959/60 season, of which 7,500 tons
would be canned in Dakar.

To assist in the total catch, the native
fishery would make a contribution. It was
pointed out at the Conference that over
45,000 tons of many varieties of fishwere
caught annually by around 10,000 fisher-
men utilizing 3,000 of the native ''pirogues:'
However, 80 percent of this catch is sold
fresh, and is mostly caught within the
maximum five-mile range of the nonmo-
torized "pirogue." .

The plans developed by the conference
for developing the tuna fishing industry
are ambitious and if realized, willcreate
a major new industry for Senegal. Fore-
most amongst these plans to make Dakar
one of the world tuna centers is the inten-
tion to erect a''California'' type process-
ing plant with a yearly capacity of 50,000
tons. This would be part of the proposed
new fishing pier in Dakar, and if realized,
would consist of not only the processing
and freezing plant, but also an area for
drying fish, a can manufacturing plant,
and facilities for efficient disposal of
waste from the fish processing operation.

To accomplish this goal, Senegal has
requested assistance amounting to 300
million francs CFA (over US$1,220,000 at
the official rate of 246.8 francs to the
dollar) from the EEC Development Fund,
which, it is understood, will be granted
in the not distant future. Also, a com-
mission has been established to study the
technical, legal, and commercial aspects
of this development, and private enter-
prise is being sounded out with the hope
of creating a mixed public and private
company for the management of the plan-
ned cannery.

Other future projects were likewise
considered during the conference. Fore-
most among these is a general improve-

58

French West Africa (Contd.):

ment of the shore facilities and equip-
ment. Beaching facilities are to be im-
proved where possible. A project re-
ceiving wide publicity is the motoriza-
tion of ''pirogues,'' 30 percent of which
are already equipped with outboard mo-
tors for which the government pays 15
percent of the price to assist the indi-
vidual fisherman in modernization. In
1951, motorized ''pirogues'' hardly ex-
isted and their effectiveness is reflected
in the fact that the catch went up 10,000
tons in a few years.

On a larger scale lies the desire to
create a larger Senegalese tuna fleet,
since at present the majority of the ves-
sels operating in the area are French
or Spanish, the latter currently owning
16 of the total of 56. With the construc-
tion of the processing plant, it is hoped
that all foreign ships will be drawn to
Dakar to process their catch thus making
it the tuna capital of the Atlantic.

The problem of markets was explored
vigorously. While expressing the hope
that the Community will provide a pre-
ferential market, the participants in the
Dakar conference on tuna gave indica-
tions of pressing for a broader horizon
of activity on which the United States,
and particularly the EEC, appear in the
forefront. Great interest was shown in
extending the market, already existing
in Italy, into Germany, which promises
large consumption, particularly of can-
ned tuna in brine. For this purpose, ex-
tensive participation is planned in West
German trade fairs to promote African
tuna sales.

Pressure will probably be put upon
France to direct more of its tuna pur-
chases to Senegal, which is complaining
about low-priced acquisitions from Mo-
rocco, Tunisia, and New Hebrides by the
French market.

There is also the hope that the in-
terior market of Africa can be enlarged
by sales promotion activity. In confir-
mation of the importance of the tuna in-
dustry, as displayed by the conference,
the latest manifestation of Senegal's in-
terest is seen in the establishment of a
Fisheries Council on March 9, 1960. It

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

is to act as a consultative body for mat-
ters concerning maritime fishing, and is
to study technical, juridical, social, and
economic questions which are brought to
its attention by the Government or by
private enterprise. It has to prepare ad-
ministrative plans and organizational
programs, and coordinate under the di-
rection of the Administration the inter-
ests and activities of the different pro-
fessional elements.

The Council is composed of repre-
sentatives of the various ministries,
services, and agencies, the legislative
assembly and the Mali Government. In
addition to these, representatives of the
various fishing industries, such as the
tuna industry and fishery cooperatives,
are to be appointed by ministerial de-
eree, and experts and specialists may
be called upon as the situation requires
ape

Statements by representatives of both
Senegal and France emphasized the de-
sire for cooperation, and it will probably
be along such lines that events will de-
velop. However, clashes between repre-
sentatives of African and French tuna
interests occurred during the conference,
showing the possibility that perhaps at
some future time differences might arise
on the subject. The main source of fric-
tion resided in the easy availability of
French markets to nations outside EEC,
French acceptance of bonito from Mo-
rocco in direct competition with Sene-
gal's albacore, and the deSire on the
part of Senegal to have its own fleet
which, naturally, would tend to displace
some of the French clippers.

Native fishing continues to receive a
big push from the Sengalese Government,
and with considerable success. Although
this does not have much bearing on world
markets, it is of great importance to
Senegal as fish enters heavily in the diet
of the Africans.

The important factor as to the actual
wealth of the fishing grounds off the
coast of Senegal was not discussed at
the conference. The impression was
given that all concerned took it for
granted that the supply of fish was plen-
tiful and that a shortage was not expected
to develop in subsequent years even when

July 1960

French West Africa (Contd.):

the catch is greatly increased. (United
States Consulate in Dakar, April 4,

1960.)
oe
Hea

Gabon Republic

WHALING INDUSTRY
REVIVED IN 1959:

In 1959 whaling was resumed off the
coast of Gabon (formerly part of French
Equatorial Africa) after an inactive peri-
od of seven years. The industry is small
and the monopoly of one company (Sté
des Pécheries Coloniales a la Baleine),
but it provides one more source of reve-
nue for the new Republic.

Each year from July-October the
coast of Gabon is frequented by schools
of migratory humpback whales from the
Antarctic. The whales average 35 to 40
metric tons, and provide 7-8 tons of oil
and 2 tons of whale meal. After World
War II, a small industry was built up by
the whaling company from a base at Cap
Lopez near Port-Gentil. The company
used seven catcher vessels of 250 tons,
_one factoryship of 10,000 tons, and killed
4,207 whales which produced 29,718 tons
of oil and-3,673 tons of meat. Ruthless
hunting soon depleted the stocks to where
operations were unprofitable and in1953
all whaling was halted. By 1959, the
whale stocks had built up again to the
point that the Government of Gabon au-
thorized the renewal of the industry with
controls on the number of whales taken.

On March 13, 1959, the whaling firm
was given exclusive rights to whaling off
Gabon for five years (1959-1963). Itis

WHALE HARPOON GUN

a French-controlled company with Nor-
wegian participation. The Norwegian

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

capital is 35 percent of the total of
US$303,000. The whale limit was 600 for
1959 and the season was established for
August and September in conjunction with
the International Whaling Convention.
The number of hunter boats is also con-
trolled. The Cap Lopez Station, which
was constructed in 1949, comprises 34
autoclaves and a factory for preparation
of whale meat meal for fodder; and it
employs 300 persons. The whaling fleet
is composed of one 16,000-ton Norwegian
tanker, one naval auxiliary (M/S Pontos),
and two hunter boats with crews totaling
96 men,

During the 1959 season considerably
less than the 600 whale limit was obtained.
A total of 178 whales were killed and pro-
duced 1,375 tons of oil and 322 tons of
whale meal, making the season a net loss.
It is expected that 1960 will be more fa-
vorable. One of the problems encountered,
and probably a reason for the low catch in
1959, is the activities of the effshore seis-
mographic survey teams making oil ex-
plorations. The dynamite explosions
scared away some whales and after num-
erous irate whaler complaints the seis-
mographic teams are now under orders
to stop explosions when whales are near-
by.

Gabon expects an annual revenue of
US$40,000-$70,000 from the industry in
turnover and other taxes. This is con-
siderably less than was obtained during
the previous whaling period after World
War II. The Government hopes, however,
to avoid overhunting again and thus insure
a longer period of activity even if at a
lower profit. Since offshore oil explora-
tion is expected to cease in the next year
in the region, chances are favorable that
the whaling industry will remain for a
number of years. (United States Consu-
late in Brazzaville, January 16, 1960.)

Hong Kong

RESEARCH VESSEL REPLACED BY
TRAWLER-TYPE VESSEL:

The Fisheries Research Unit of the
University of Hong Kong was established
as a subdepartment of the Department of
Biology in September 1952. The Unit's

60

Hong Kong (Contd.):

research vessel, the Alister Hardy, after
five years of service with the Unit, was
replaced early in 1960 by the research
trawler Cape St. Mary (238 gross tons
and 130 feet). The replacement vessel
is equipped with biological and chemical
laboratory accommodations, and berths
for three scientists. She has echo-sound-
er, radar, and radio transmitter and re-
ceiver. The vessel's program includes
a trawling, hydrological, and plankton
survey of the continental shelf between
the Gulf of Tongking and the south coast
of Tawain.

Iceland

AMNESTY FOR PAST VIOLATIONS OF
12-MILE FISHING LIMIT GRANTED:

On April 29, 1960, the President of
Iceland, upon the recommendation of the
Minister of Justice, proclaimed an am-
nesty for past violations of the unilater-
ally-imposed 12-mile fishing limit a-
round Iceland. Following on the heels
of the British decision not to send war-
ships within the 12-mile zone, the an-
nouncement was received in Iceland with
hope that these conciliatory moves would
avoid a futher crisis. The Icelandic am-
nesty had the effect of absolving United
Kingdom trawler captains of charges of
fishing inside the 12-mile limit which
have accumulated since Icelandic regu-
lations became effective September 1,
1958.

The purpose of the amnesty is to al-
low foreign trawlers to seek shelter in-
side the 12-mile limit or to make emer-
gency calls at Icelandic ports without
threats of arrest for past offenses,
(United States Embassy, Reykjavik, May
6, 1960.)

FISHERY LANDINGS IN 1959
ESTABLISH A NEW RECORD:

Icelandic fishing vessels’ over-all
landings during 1959 amounted to about
100 tons per fishermen employed in the
industry. It totaled 556,200 metric tons,
an increase of 10 percent over 1958.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Prior to 1959, the landings in 1958 had
established a new record. There were,
however, some Significant changes, says
the annual economic report on Iceland for
1959, issued by the Board of Trade in
London.

The report reveals that a drop of 23
percent in the trawler catch was due to
Iceland's 12-mile fishing limit under
which Icelandic trawlers are barred from
fishing inside 12 miles--except for a
short period--in limited areas.

The effect of the limitation became
fully apparent during the spring fishing
and at the time when fishing is usually
at its best in March and April. The Ice-
landic trawler landings were one-third
below normal while the small boat land-
ings unaffected by the 12-mile limit in-
creased by 13 percent. The landings of
herring during the year rose by 70 per-
cent, but this species is mainly caught by
small boats.

While the catch by Icelandic trawlers
fell by 23 percent, the small boat catch
rose by 31 percent. During the year the
trawlers had much less success in their
fishing for ocean perch off Newfoundland.
The catch of cod by trawlers was 41.5
percent less than in 1958, the smallest
catch of this species by Icelandic trawlers
for many years. In part, the lower catch
of cod was due to the time taken up in
sailings to the Newfoundland ocean perch
fishing grounds where the yield hardly
justified the effort involved.

The report estimates the value of Ice-
land's fish exports last year at around
£25 million (US$70 million), or some
£77,000 ($215,600) less than in 1958.
"The fall in value was due partly to dif-
ficulties in disposing of salt fish, and of
fish meal and oil which now face severe
competition from Peruvian supplies.
There was also an increase in value of
unsold stocks during the year," the re-
port reveals.

At the beginning of 1959 unsold stocks
were estimated at about £54 million
($15.4 million), and this figure had risen
by some £2 million ($5.6 million) by the
end of the year.

The Icelandic fishing fleet increased
by a total of 17 vessels during the year

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

Iceland (Contd.):

and now consists of 43 trawlers, 61 fish-
ing vessels of over 100 tons, 619 vessels
of under 100 tons; and 42 other smaller
craft, total tonnage 117,528. Ten of the
new vessels added were 250-ton trawlers
from East Germany.

"Next year five new large trawlers
will be delivered, mainly from yards in
West Germany, and there will also be
quite a large addition to the boat fleet of
some 40 vessels. These have mainly
been ordered to replace older wooden
fishing vessels,’ the report added.

The report states that some 800 Far-
oese seamen were employed on Icelandic
vessels during the 1959 season, but for
the 1960 season the Faroese have re-
fused to take employment in Icelandic
fishing vessels unless special wage terms
are granted to compensate for the de-
valuation of the Icelandic krona.

There is now a general shortage of
seamen for the fishing fleet, especially
on trawlers.

Landings in 1959 included 226,400
metric tons of cod, 183,000 tons of her-
ring, 98,800 tons of ocean perch, and
18,000 tons of haddock. (Fishing News,
April 1, 1960.)

Note: res Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960,
p- 46.

Wee Se See
1 OK OK KK

FISHERIES TRENDS AS OF
MID-MAY 1960:

With Iceland apparently embarked on a third consecutive
good fishing year and with reason to anticipate victory in
the 12-mile fisheries dispute with Britain, cautious opti-
mism is being voiced in fishery circles, This is primarily
a short-range view based on the following:

1. The spring cod season neared its close with predic~
tions that it would even exceed last year’s good catch.

2. Large schools of herring were sighted in Faxa Bay,
which appeared to herald a fine spring herring season.

3. If a bill now in Parliament passes, drag-net fishing
for flounder will be permitted in specific areas within the
12-mile limit.

4, The British Trawler Owners Association decided
to keep its vessels outside the Icelandic 12-mile limit for
at least three months pending possible settlement of the
dispute.

5. Despite deliveries of new vessels this spring, the
fisheries were not hampered to the extent feared by man~
power shortages. Perhaps 200-300 Faroese seamen par~
ticipated in the fisheries.

The Government's resolution of the export tax question
May 6 led to speedy settlement of the long-deadlocked fish-
pricing problem,

Although the February 20 Economic Act imposed a 5-
percent tax on all exports, uncertainty as to its termina-
tion date had complicated efforts to reach a fish price to
be paid boat owners by the processors. The processors
had urged both a cut in the tax and its early termination
to ease their competitive position abroad. The Govern-
ment cut the export tax to 2-1/2 percent and will probably
terminate it by the end of the year.

Thereupon the negotiators reached a price of Icelandic
kronur 2.63 per kilogram (3.1 U. S. cents a pound) on line
fish and 2,53 per kilogram (3.0 U. S. cents a pound) on
gutted net fish for the February 15-May 20 season.

In line with recent efforts to step up the quality of
fish products, the Government had encouraged the setting
of a higher price differential as between line fish and net
fish. The small difference is about the same as last
year’s, however.

On May 12 a bill for limited drag-net fishing had its
first reading in the Parliament. The bill would provide for
licensed drag-net operations for flounder within certain
areas inside the 12-mile fisheries limit. The yearly
period involved would be from June 15 to October 31.
These operations generally would be confined to boats of
35 tons or less and permits would be valid only for one
season,

The bill would amend acts passed in 1937 and 1948
respecting control of drag-net fishing and is not directly
related to the trawler 12-mile limit dispute with Great
Britain. However, the manner in which Ic@Jand controls
flounder fishing within these limits, will reflect on the
general efficacy of the country’s fish conservation methods.
Critics of the present bill allege it is not based on scien-
tific fish conservation procedures, (United States Embassy
report from Reykjavik, May 16, 1960.)

India

EXPORTS OF FISH AND SHELLFISH
FROM COCHIN, 1956/57-1958/59:

All of the frozen shrimp exported from
South India to the United States is shipped
via the port of Cochin. Shrimp exports
from this port are included under the cat-
egory "fish and prawns.'' Exports to the
United States under this classification in
fiscal year 1958/59 (July 1-June 30) a-
mounted to 1,351 short tons valued at
US$1,119,000, as compared with only 505
tons valued at $509,000 in fiscal 1957/58
and 595 tons valued at $495,000 in fiscal
1956/57. Exports to the United States of
fishery products other than frozen, dried,
or canned shrimp, and spiny lobster tails
are negligible. In addition, India also ex-
ports some frog legs to the United States
which are probably not included in India's
statistics on exports of ''fish and prawns."

All four South Indian states (Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, Madras, and Mysore)

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

India (Contd.):

Exports of Fishery Products from Cochin (India), 1956/57 -1958/59

Quanti Value
1959/58 1957/56 1959/58

1, 000 US$
+ « « ~- « (Short Tons). --.... Rupees 1,000

14,733 | 3, 109
5,304 | 1,119

have programs for fishery development.
The implementation of these programs
for expansion of fisheries should result
in greater landings. (United States Con-
sulate, Madras, April 18, 1960.)

of frog legs, which according to United
States Customs records amounted to
182,000 pounds in 1959). Exports to
th United States included 2,393,000
pounds of shrimp, 62,000 pounds of
canned shellfish (mostly shrimp), 541,000
pounds of unclassified canned fish,
and 153,000 pounds of other shellfish
(presumably spiny lobster tails). Other
items exported to the United States a-
mounted to about 7,000 pounds and prob-
ably consisted of Oriental specialty
items. Exports of fishery products
to the United States made up 4.4 per-
cent of the total quantity exported and

HK OK OK OK

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1959:

Exports of fishery products by India
in 1959 amounted to 61.1 million pounds,
valued at about US$12.9 million. Prin-
cipal countries of destination were Cey-
lon, Singapore, United States, and the
United Kingdom.

India's Exports of Fishery Products, 1959

Waluee
Product To All
U.S. | Countries BD Wo &
; .(1,000 Lbs.) . .| Rupee

Kresh¥fishy(live oridead) eu .mewemen @ oe 3 90 5,441
Inkin, wee! 45 64606 na Glo 6 - 3, 407 -
Fish, dried, salted, orsmoked ..... 2 50, 650 1, 830
Sharlgrinsiandiothextueiinncit en aici - 623 -
Crustacea (except shrimp) ....... 153 159 289,075
SHRI Pere geet eet ee a we Toe 2,235 11,598 | 4,675,261

Canned fish:

Shell fishy sai cntsrtostatan eee rcebrs ast coe araeS 62 63 188, 047 39,589
Canned fish other than sardines ... . 541 750 1, 357, 686 285, 829
Sardines and pilchards ......... - 4 - =
Other Bias jetesal tee crew een eae: - 3 - =
Wotalicanne dw tara war na ear wails
-Other products (not canned) ss...
Total all products.

i/4.75 Rupees equal US$I.

_ Imports of fishery products by India 10.7 percent of the value of all fishery
in 1959 totaled 34.3 million pounds, val- exports. (United States Embassy, New
ued at US$6.1 million. Imports from Delhi, May 11, 1960.) ;

East and West Pakistan made up about :
70 percent of the total imports in 1959.

In 1958, India's exports of fishery
products were close to 64.3 tons, valued
at $12.2 million; imports totaled 24.3
million pounds, valued at $4.3 million, SHRIMP FISHERY UNDEVELOPED:

Although there are no Indonesian sta-
tistics on shrimp landings, observers
have reported the presence of substantial
shrimp resources in Indonesian waters,

Indonesia

The United States share of India's
export trade in fishery products in 1959
amounted to about 3 million pounds

July 1960

Indonesia (Contd.):

both small shrimp in coastal waters and
large shrimp farther out to sea. How-
ever, no facilities exist to market effi-
ciently the light landings of shrimp. Nor
are there facilities for increasing the
catch. There are no foreign companies
engaged in shrimp fishing in Indonesia.

It is estimated by the International
Cooperation Administration Fisheries
Advisor that approximately one-half of
the shrimp catch is for immediate use
and that the remainder is sold commer-
cially. Shrimp is readily available in
restaurants. The Fisheries Advisor
estimates that more than one million
pounds of shrimp per month could be
produced if the facilities were available.
However, nothing is presently being done
to develop or assist the commercial de-
velopment of the Indonesian shrimp re-
sources. (United States Embassy in
Djakarta, May 9, 1960.)

ee

ALBACORE TUNA LANDINGS AT
PORT OF YAIZU:

On May 21, 1960, the port of Yaizu,
Japan, had albacore landings of 130
metric tons, the highest yet registered
this season at that port or at the other
principal Shizuoka Prefecture bait-boat
port of Shimizu. Despite research agen-
cies' predictions that summer albacore
fishing would be good this year, fishing
has been slow in getting started, and both
Yaizu and Shimizu daily albacore land-
ings have not previously risen above the
100-ton mark.

Japan

After three consecutive poor seasons,
the good landings on May 21 aroused
hopes of a good season.

In May the best fishing grounds were
around Torishima, where some boats
were reported to have taken as much as
20 tons of albacore. About 40 boats
landed fish on May 21, and prices were
US$350 a short ton for large albacore
and $345 for medium fish. (The Suisan
Keizai, May 22, 1960.)

KOK OE OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS,
APRIL 1, 1959 TO MARCH 31, 1960:
Japanese exports of frozen tuna in the
1959 export year (April 1959-March1960),
according to the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry, were as follows (fig-
ures in parentheses are for the 1958 ex-
port year):

To the United States and Canada: al-
bacore by freighter from Japan--24,818
tons (27,195 tons); albacore by transship-
ment--4,406 tons (960 tons); yellowfin
shipped from Japan--31,285 tons (48,360
tons); yellowfin by transshipment--
11,874 tons (8,364 tons). To Italy--12,835
tons (11,624 tons). To Yugoslavia--8,655
tons (none). To other European countries--
8,583 tons (70 tons). Big-eyed tuna--611
tons (3,432 tons). Skipjack--1,111 tons
(2,753 tons). Total--104,206 tons (103,642
tons). (The Suisan Tsushin, May 20, 1960.)

Kk KOK

-
TUNA MOTHERSHIPS SAIL FOR
FISHING AREAS:

The first Japanese tuna mothership to
sail for the fishing grounds this year was
the No. 3 Tenyo Maru, which departed
from Tokyo on May 3, 1960. The second
was the Nojima Maru (8,504 tons gross)
which sailed from Kobe on May 18 for
the Fiji Islands area.

The Nojima Maru fleet comprises 46
fishing boats (including 2 scouting boats),
the earliest of which sailed for the fish-
ing grounds in the first part of May. The
fleet will rendezvous and begin operations
off Fiji. Plans call for production of
5,700 metric tons of frozen fish, a slight
increase over last year's 5,500 tons.

This year a total of five fleets will
carry on mothership-type tuna fishing.
In the grounds north and south of Fiji,
the No. 3 Tenyo Maru will be replaced
in August by the Tenyo Maru, which is
at present fishing in the Bering-Sea and
processing fish meal.

This year the three companies that
have been engaged in the mothership tuna
fishery asked the authorities for an ex-
pansion of the fishing area, permission
to use portable catcher boats, and an in-
crease in the catch quota, but their re-
quests were denied and the mothership-

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

type tuna fishery is to continue under the
same regulations as in the past. How-
ever, the Government's policies for this
fishery are scheduled for a change after
the end of this year. (The Suisan Keizal,
May 20, 1960.)

3K OK SK OK

PLAN TO INTRODUCE SALMON
IN SOUTH AMERICA:

A Japanese Diet member has ad-
vanced the idea of seeking a way out of
the gradual cutting back of Japan's North
Pacific salmon fishery by developing the
waters around South America. He has
already sounded out the opinions of South
American governments on this scheme.

The plan has advanced to where the
Diet member will soon make a trip to
South America with a party of Hokkaido
legislators to study conditions there. |
The schedule for the trip is not yet de-
cided, but the idea is to have a member
of the staff of the Japanese Fishery A-
gency accompany the party, and to center
the investigation on the rivers of Chile
(The Suisan Tsushin, May 21, 1960.)

KOK OK A OK

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON
FISHERY TRENDS:

_Japan’s 12 salmon mothership fleets sailed for the North
Pacific fishing grounds May 19, 1960. The licenses distrib-
uted before the fleets sailed had provisionally been made
out for 100 tons a catcher boat.

The land-based fishermen who operate south of 48°N.
latitude made strong representations to the authorities to
increase their share of the total catch quota as compensa-
tion for their having had new closed areas established in
their fishing grounds by the Japanese-Soviet Commission
for Northwest Pacific Fisheries at this year’s meeting in
Moscow. The Japanese authorities found it difficult to take
this step, and so they issued provisional licenses. On the
other hand, the mothership operators claimed that in the
past three years’ settlements they have been on the short
end, their operating areas having been more and more re~
stricted without any change in the ratio of allocation of the
catch quota. Pointing out that the land-based fishermen
can operate freely south of the treaty area, the mothership
operators claim that the demand for a reapportionment of
the quota is unfounded and absolutely unacceptable. The
quota of 67,500 metric tons was divided as follows: the
mothership fleets were assigned a quota of 54,000 tons and
the land-based gill-netters a quota of 13,500 tons. The
land-based gill-netters got a higher share thanin the past- -
a 4 to 1 ratio instead of the traditional 5 to 1. In addition
the land-based fishermen, to compensate them for the new.
closed areas near Hokkaido, got a piece of the mothership

Operating area, at approximately 46° N. to 48° N. lati
165° E.to 169° E. longitude. iat ae

Salmon gill-netters and long-liners operating east of
Hokkaido were finding the schools and having good fishing

Vol. 22, No. 7

LAA)
Oe.

- Closed area.

. - Land-based gill-netters' area.

peed - Mothership fleet area.
Japanese North Pacific salmon fishing areas for 1960.

in May 1960. The pnounde are about 140-150 miles east of
Hanasaki, along 41° N. latitude. The fish were smaller
than in the average year, and red salmon fishing was good.
The price was also good, because of the delay in beginning
salmon mothership operations caused by the Japan-Soviet
fishery negotiations. Aside from the specially high price
at the time fishing began April 22, the prices at Kushiro
have been about 20 percent higher than last year’s. On
May 13 landings were 215 metric tons and on the 14th 240
metric tons, The entire land-based fleet was operating
with 340 fishing vessels.

Pink-salmon fishing on the Japan Sea side moved north
in Hokkaido waters in May, and 230 Hokkaido boats were
fishing there. About 100 tons a day were being landed, and
the ports were suffering a shortage of freight cars.

The salmon fleets sailed four days later this year than
last. Some fishermen complained that because of the de=
lay they would miss the high-priced red salmon.

The Japanese catch quota for 1960 agreed on at the
Moscow meeting was 67,500 metric tons, as compared with
85,000 tons lastyear. Within the quotathe red-salmon quota
is 15,500 tons, estimated as 7,750,000 fish. Last year it
was 16,000 tons or 8 million fish. Once again, not more
than 2.5 million of the red salmon are to be caught west of
165° E. longitude,

At the Moscow meeting it was also decided that in 1960
the existing areas within the convention area, in which the
capture of salmon on the high seas by movable fishing gear
is prohibited, will be continued as last year. Furthermore,
in order to protect the pink-salmon resource of the west
coast of Kamchatka, this year only there will be a cessation
of the capture of salmon by movable gear in the two zones
within the convention area south of 48 N. latitude. Of the
total number of drift nets used in the salmon fishery in
1960, not less than 25 percent shall have meshes measur
ing 65 mm. from knot to knot.

In addition, in order to protect the crab resource, com=
mercial fishing for crab will not be carried on in 1960 in
several areas adjacent to the west coast of Kamchatka, and
certain other measures will be taken.

The Commission has agreed on policies for joint scien=
tific investigation of salmon, crab, and herring. The neces~
sity for an exchange of fishery experts in 1960 has also been
recognized and recommendations have been made to the
contracting parties to implement such exchange.

July 1960

Japan (Contd.):

The Commission’s fifth meeting will convene on Janu
ary 23, 1961, at Tokyo. The Commission ratified the Proto-
col of its fourth meeting on May 18, 1960.

According to an official message from the Japanese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry, the details. of the areas newly closed to
Japanese salmon fishing in the North Pacific in 1960 are
as follows:

A rectangular area bounded by 45° 51'N. and 48°N.
latitude, 155 E. and 160°. longitude; and a triangular
area between the boundary of the convention area and 151°
30’E. longitude, (The Sujisan Keizai, May 21; Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, May 23; and Nippon Keizai Shimbun, May 19, 1960.)

TWO WHALING FLEETS SAIL
FOR NORTH PACIFIC:

The Japanese 14,000-ton whaling fac-
toryship Kyokuyo Maru sailed for the
North Pacific from Yokohama on May 21,
1960, with 10 catcher boats. The fleet,
jointly operated by three Japanese fish-
ing companies, is scheduled to reach the
whaling grounds on May 27 and to con-
tinue operating until September. In ad-
dition to the factoryship and catcher
boats, the fleet also includes 3 refrigera-
tor ships, 6 carriers, anda tanker. Pro-
duction plans call for a catch of 70 blue
whales, 1,420 fin whales, and 120 hump-
back whales (800 blue-whale units in all)
and 200 sperm whales. These are ex-
pected to yield 12,000 metric tons of
paleen oil, 18,080 tons of frozen whale
meat, 800 tons of salted whale products,
48 tons of whale-liver oil, and 5 tons of
other whale products; 1,700 tons of sperm
oil, 500 tons of frozen sperm whale meat,
6.8 tons of sperm whale-liver oil, and
141 tons of salted and other sperm whale
products.

On May 20 the No. 2 Zunan Maru
(13,000 tons gross) sperm~-whale fleet,
jointly operated by five Japanese com-
panies sailed from Kobe for the North
Pacific. Besides the factoryship, the
Zunan Maru fleet comprises 7 catcher
boats, a refrigerator ship, and 2 car-
riers; this fleet will also be served by
the same tanker as the Kyokuyo Maru
fleet. The fleet will operate from May 28
to August 10 and will return to Japan Au-
gust 18. It plans to catch 1,600 sperm
whales (average length 45 feet), and pro-
duce 12,512 metric tons of oil, 3,520 tons
of refrigerated meat, 1,088 tons of salted

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

meat, 53.5 tons of liver oil, and 4.8 tons
of teeth. (The Suisan Tsushin, May 21;
The Suisan Keizai, May 22, 1960.)

(\e
ie
Se

Mexico

SHRIMP EX-VESSEL PRICE WAR AT
CAMPECHE AND CARMEN:

Another increase in shrimp ex-vessel
prices on April 18, 1960, the fourth since
April 2, marked the continuance of the
price-war that has been going on in Car-
men and Campeche, Mexico, for about
two months. The price war, originating
in Carmen, had had its influence on ex-
vessel prices in Campeche and to a less-
er extent in Salina Cruz. It is reported
to be a struggle between two companies
over control of the Carmen shrimp fleet.

The struggle, coming at this time, has
been viewed with considerabléfapprehen-
sion by the rest of the shrimp companies
in Mexico since they feared it might af-
fect their position during the price nego-
tiations with the cooperatives. Onlymem-
bers of fishery cooperatives are permit-
ted to catch shrimp in Mexico, but only a
small fraction of the shrimp fleet is own-
ed by the cooperatives. Consequently,
each year the boat owners collectively
negotiate with the cooperatives over the
ex-vessel price to be paid for the shrimp.
The negotiations, under government su-
pervision, were scheduled to begin on
May 15 this year.

Price increases since April 2, 1960,
reportedly have been restricted to Car-
men and Campeche. Salina Cruz prices
are reported not to have increased.

At Carmen and Campeche, between
April 2 and April 18, ex-vessel prices,
for certain sizes, increased by as much
as 7 U.S. cents a pound for the 21-25
and 26-30 count and 3 U. S. cents apound
for sizes larger than 21 count to a pound.
The same price is being paid for all vari-
eties of shrimp at Carmen and Campeche.
(United States Embassy dispatch from
Mexico, April 19, 1960.)

kK KOK

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Mexico (Contd.):

FISHERY TRENDS FOR
YUCATAN PENINSULA:

State of Yucatan: Fishery products taken from the waters
off the State of Yucatan (located in the northern part of the
Peninsula of Yucatan) are primarily fish suchas the grouper,
rather than shellfish. Few shrimp or spiny lobster are
found. Catches which enter commercial channels are gen-
erally sold to a cold-storage plant at Progreso, Others
are sold locally as fresh fish, especially when brought a-
shore at small ports at some distance from Progreso.
Problems which have retarded the Yucatan industry are the
absence of refrigeration facilities and the use of small boats
which are limited to fishing in good weather near shore.

The Yucatan Governor’s 1960 program envisages the or-
ganization of the industry, the construction or acquisition of
larger boats, experimentation with refrigerated vessels,
and the construction of refrigerating plants in small ports,
especially Sisal, Chelem, Chuburna, and Telchac Puerto,
The Governor predicts that a daily catch of 50 tons could be
realized with larger boats and an organized industry. An
obstacle to the refrigeration plants is the absence of elec~
tricity.

State of Quintana Roo: The waters off Quintana Roo from
Isla Mujeres south to Chetumal apparently contain a con~
siderable amount of spiny lobster judging from reports.
There are several fishing cooperatives operating out of
Chetumal and commercial landings of spiny lobster, report-
edly, could be profitable both on the island of Cozumel and
at Isla Mujeres if the problems of refrigeration and trans-
port could be solved. Despite the interest of the Governor
of Quintana Roo in the development of the industry, includ-
ing the construction of cold-storage plants and exportatioa,
foreign investments are risky. The current lobster season
ended on March 15, states an April 25, 1960, report from
the United States Consul in Merida.

de se st Pd
sk OK ok XK Ok

POSTPONEMENT OF SHRIMP
FISHERMEN'S PRICE
NEGOTIATIONS PROBABLE:

Although official announcement has
not yet been made, it is probable that
negotiations between the Mexican fish-
ermen's cooperatives and vessel own-
ers concerning the price to be paid fish-
ermen for 1960/61 shrimp landings will
be postponed for three months. The
1959/60 contract expired on May 15,
1960, and normally negotiations would
begin on that date. However, the Gov-
ernment has asked for, and the National
Chamber of the Fishery Industry has a-
greedto, athree months! postponement.
As of May 10, the Chamber had not re-
ceived confirmation of the postponement,
but reliable sources believed the present
contract probably will be extended. The
purpose of the postponement is to pro-
vide more time for the Government to
study the industry in all its aspects.

Shrimp fishing in Mexico is reserved
for the fishermen's cooperatives. By
far the greater portion of the trawl fleet
18 owned by persons other than the fish-

Vol. 22, No. 7

ermen. The price the vessel owners pay
the fishermen's cooperatives is fixed by
a negotiated contract. The negotiations
are held under governmental supervision.

In the past, Separate negotiations have
been held at different times and different
contracts have been signed for the Gulf of
Mexico and for the Pacific Coast fisher-
ies. This year, though different contracts
eventually may be signed, the negotiations
for both the Pacific and the Gulf will be
held jointly. (United States Embassy,
Mexico, May 10, 1960.)

Kk KKK

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS:

March 1960: Higher shrimp ex-ves-
sel prices, the settlement of the Guaymas
boat lay-up, and the U. S. Tariff Commis-
sion hearings on the effect of shrimp im-
ports in the United States industry were
the principal items of interest to the Mex-
ican shrimp industry in March. Landings
and exports were about the samein March
1960 as in the same month of 1959.

During March ex-vessel prices rose
6-8 U. S. cents a pound at the Gulf of
Mexico's port of Carmen and 7-11 U. S.
cents a pound at Salina Cruz on the West
Coast. Price increases reflect both an
improved market and a local price war
centered about Carmen-Campeche and
carried over to Some extent to Salina
Cruz. At the end of the first week in
April ex-vessel prices were:

Shrimp Ex-Vessel Prices at East and West Coast
Mexican Ports, April 4-9, 1960

70

55
50
47

39
34
29

After about two months of inactivity
the Guaymas shrimp fleet put out to sea
on March 20. The price dispute was
settled on March 19. Reports indicate
that mostly brown shrimp were being
landed at Guaymas.

Salina Cruz landings also were most-
ly brown shrimp. At Carmen landings

July 1960

Mexico (Contd.):

were over 60 percent whites during the
first half of March, but during the last
half there was a shift to a preponderance
of pinks. Campeche landings ran about
90 percent pinks and most of the re-
mainder were whites.

A succession of northerly winds kept
Gulf of Mexico landings down in March.
Carmen landings averaged less than600
pounds-per-trip during the first three
weeks. The last week of March showed
average landings of more than double
that amount. Campeche landings ran a-
bout 850 pounds per trip until the last
week when they rose to over 1,200 pounds-
per-trip.

The white shrimp landed at Carmen
were of good size, about two-thirds were
30 count and under. Most of the pinks
were 31 count and over. About 65 per-
cent of the Campeche landings were 30
count and under.

The National Chamber of the Fishery
Industry sent two representatives to
Washington to testify before the U.S.
Tariff Commission in opposition to pro-
posed legislation for import duties and
quotas on shrimp. (United States Em-
bassy in Mexico City, April 19, 1960.)

April 1960: The opening of a new
shrimp-breading plant and rising ex-
vessel prices in the Gulf of Mexico ports
of Carmen-Campeche were developments
of interest in the Mexican shrimp fishery
during April. Shrimp landings and ex-
ports in April were reported at a level
slightly above those of April 1959.

A shrimp breading plant started op-
erating in Salina Cruz on Mexico's west
coast the last of April. This makes two
such plants for Mexico. The first plant
is located in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.
When the new plant is in full production
Mexico will have a daily capacity (one
eight-hour shift per day) of between
9,000 and 10,000 pounds of breaded
shrimp (finished product).

Shrimp ex-vessel prices in April con-
tinued to rise at Carmen and Campeche
due to a local "price war.'' There

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

were no changes in Salina Cruz ex-
vessel prices in April.

Shrimp Ex-Vessel Prices at East and West Coast
Mexican Ports, as of May 10, 1960

As customary at this time of year,
Salina Cruz landings were reported to be
dropping off. With some improvement in
weather, Carmen-Campeche landings
averaged somewhat higher than during
March. Carmen boats averaged about
800 pounds of shrimp tails per trip and
Campeche about 950 pounds "a April.

Carmen shrimp species composition
shifted from about 80 percent pink the
first week of April to about 50 percent
white the next two weeks and to about 60
percent brown during the last week. Size
composition also shifted from about 70
percent 31 and over the first week to
about 60 percent 30 and under the fol-
lowing two weeks and to about 60 percent
31 and over the last week.

Campeche landings also varied in spe-
cies and size composition although not as
widely as at Carmen. The first week a-
bout 90 percent of the landings were pink
and 10 percent white, running about 75
percent 30 and under count. The second
week they ran about 80 percent pink and
20 percent white with a few browns. The
sizes dropped to about 50 percent 30 and
under. The third week they ran about 70
percent pink, 20 percent brown, and 10
percent white, with about 60 percent 30
count and under. The last week they were
about 85 percent pink, 10 percent white,
and 5 percent brown, with about 75 per-
cent 30 count and under. (United States
Embassy, Mexico, May 11, 1960.)

ste ve ke
Kk K KOK OK

VERACRUZ AREA MACKEREL
FISHERY TRENDS:

The mackerel fishing season cover
ing the first quarter of 1960 and part of

68

Mexico (Contd.):

April proved to be more profitable to
Veracruz area fishermen this year than
last. They obtained higher prices--be-
tween 1.90 and 2.20 pesos a kilogram
(6.9-9.0 U. S. cents a pound), and sold
more fish.

The higher prices are due to the fact
that the purchasing monopoly which was
plaguing the fishermen and keeping prices
low has now disappeared, at least tempo-
rarily.

The larger quantity of fish sold may
be partly due to a campaign which was
carried on by the Mexican Government
for cheaper fish. Increase of sales to
Mexico City was particularly noted.
(United States Consulate report from
Veracruz, April 26, 1960.)

Morocco

FISHERIES TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1960:

The first quarter of the year is not a particularly ac-
tive time for the Moroccan fishing industry, but during
the period exports coatinued at a high level, the canned
sardine export quota for the next year and a half was
set, and the Marine Fishing Institute increased its ac-
tivities. Preliminary figures show a total catch very
slightly below that of the 1958 season, However, the ex-
port of canned fish so far this season (from June 1959
through May 1960) as of the end of March is better than
in the last 10 years except for the banner year of 1957.
Sales of canned sardines are holding up well, being a-
bout the same as the average for the last ten years.
Tuna and other canned fish exports bring the totals up.

Figures for January this year show better sales than
normal.

With the encouragement of these good sales, canned
Sardine export quotas were raised. A committee of
Government and private representatives met in Febru-
ary, and the decision was made to export 230,099 more
cases this season and to set the quota at 1,900,000 cases
for the 1961 season. Both these figures represent in-

creases over the last year and will require strenuous
efforts to fulfill.

In conjunction with this heightened optimism, activi-
ties were intensified in the Marine Fishing Institute with
the help of additional personnel detached from the corre-
Sponding French institute. Continued efforts are being
made to use electrical fishing apparatus in the particularly
salty Moroccan waters. Success has been reported in re-
search on an inexpensive sardine paste, and work continues
on the improvement of fish meals and flours,

Unofficial figures on the 1959 landings indicate a total
of 355.8 million pounds. Landings included 201.2 million
pounds of sardines, 55.5 million pounds of mackerel, 3.1
million pounds of spiny lobster, 94.6 million pounds of

other inshore and offshore fish, and 1.4 millioa pounds of
other shellfish,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Discussioas took place between representatives of all
segments of the Moroccan fishing industry at a meeting of
the Central Committee of Fishing in Casablanca from April
13-15, 1960. Recommendations were made for the construc
tion of small boats for coastal fishing and for the creation
of a Moroccan fleet for deep-sea fishing. Priority of pur-
chase was urged for fresh fish for internal consumptioa in
conjunctioa with the campaign for increased domestic con
sumption of fish and fish products. Commissions were
formed to study modernization and commercialization.
(United States Embassy in Rabat, April 18, 1960).

Cara

Netherlands

ANTARCTIC WHALING EXPEDITION
COMPLETES 1959/60 SEASON:

The management of the Netherlands
whaling company has announced that the
expedition headed by its 26,830-ton fac-
toryship Willem Barendsz ended opera-
tions on April 15, 1960. Total production
for the 1959/60 season was 26 percent
higher than during the 1958/59 season.

Whale Products Produced by Netherlands Whaling Fleet in
Antarctic, 1958/59 and 1959/60 Seasons

. . » (Metric Tons)...
Whale oil 23,505 18, 663
Liver oil 11 12

3,696

The management stated that it was
satisfied with the total catch, eventhough
the daily output was disappointing, as the
catch season comprised 122 days com-
pared with 69 days for the 1958/59 season.

The entire whale oil output for the cur-
rent season has reportedly been sold at
£72.5 (about US$203) per long ton (2,240
pounds) to a British firm. This is the
same price at which the whale oil was
sold during the previous season and in
view of the present lower price level on

July 1960

Netherland (Contd.):

the international whale oil market, it
was better than expected. The price
paid by the British firm for the Dutch
whale was the same as that paid for
Norwegian oil.

The Netherlands whaling company
recently concluded a contract with a
large Japanese fisheries company for
the delivery of whale meat at a price of
fl. 100 (US$26.53) per metric ton (about
1.2 U. S. cents a pound). The Nether-
lands company will be able to deliver
about 6,000 tons of whale meat to the
Japanese firm per year. The Japanese
firm will shortly have a freezing instal-
lation available and will process the
whale meat into pet food and expects to
sell these products to a British firm at
a price of fl. 700 ($185.68) a metric ton
or close to 8.4 U. S. cents a pound.

Since the production of whale prod-
ucts exceeded 20,000 tons during the
1959/60 season, the Netherlands whaling
company, in accordance with an agree-
ment with the Netherlands Government,
will pay a six percent dividend this year,
according to an April 27, 1960, dispatch
from the United States Consulate in Am-
sterdam.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960,
pp. 53 and 57 :

Norway

COD FISHERY TRENDS, MAY 1960:

North Norway’s annual Lofoten cod fishery, largest of its
kind in Europe, gave poor results this year. When the 1960
season closed in April, after nearly three months of hectic
activity, fishermen had landed a total of 37,387 metric tons
of cod. This was 6,790 tons less than last year and only a-
bout 3,000 tons more than in 1958, the worst Lofoten season
in this century. Landings in the past decade have averaged
about 55,000 tons a year, while the average number of fish-
ermen was nearly twice as large as in 1960. At the peak of
the 1960 season, 9,766 fishermen were engaged in the Lofo~
ten fishery. The average, however, was only 5,683 men in
1,683 fishing craft, the lowest ever recorded.

Prospects seemed bright when the Government fishery
inspectors went to work on January 31. Reports indicated
that large shoals of mature cod were approaching the Lofo-
ten Islands. And the cod did show up, but most of the time
the fish were too low in the water to be readily caught by
drift nets. Line fishermen and jiggers made out better.
Purse-seiners were banned from Lofoten for the second
year in a row.

The inspection service in Lofoten covers the 116-nau-
tical-mile stretch from Risvaer in the east to R¢st in the
west. The chief of the district and his 60 assistants have

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

|

69

full police authorities while the season lasts. Conditions
in ports and on the banks are checked throughout each day,
partly by cruising around in the eight speed boats at the
disposal of the inspection service.

The Lofoten fishery is conducted according to fixed
rules, some of which date back to the 18th century. Ves-
sels depart for the banks and return to port at a certain
hour of the day, with special signals for coming and going.
Inspection vessels follow the fleet both ways. Night fishing
is not permitted, and Sunday is a day of rest. On the banks,
inspectors make certain that drift-netters and long-liners
stay within their allotted strips of water without encroach~
ing on each other, Jiggers are free to fish anywhere they
please.

Fishermen must observe stringent Government regula-
tions for handling their catch. As soon as the cod are
hauled aboard, they must be bled to keep the meat white.
Then, they must be gutted to prevent bacterial growth.
Finally, the fish must be thoroughly washed while still at
sea,

When the cod (bled, gutted, and washed) are delivered
to filleting and freezing plants ashore, inspectors are on
the job to check quality, packaging and weight, visiting
each plant at least once a day. Strict government regu-
lations require that only fish which were alive when bled
may be used for filleting. The code of procedure also
stipulates the method of filleting and freezing, types of
packing, and modes of transportation. The inspectors
who enforce this code work directly under the Norwegian
Directorate of Fisheries.

Only a fraction of the total Norwegian fish catch which
in 1959 was 1,369,665 tons, goes to filleting and freezing
plants. In 1959, these had a combined production of a-
bout 30,000 tons, largely cod fillets. It takegj10 pounds
of raw fish to make 4 pounds of fillet, so processing
plants consumed altogether some 75,000 tons to achieve
the 1959 output.

Most of the Norwegian frozen fish is exported to earn
valuable foreign exchange. All but a few of the 30 odd
freezing plants in North Norway distribute their products
through a jointly-owned sales organization (Norsk Frossen-
fisk A/L.) whose fillets and fish sticks are sold in 20 foreign
countries. Of the 24,000 tons sold last year, over 20,000
tons, worth Kr. 70 million (US$979,000) went to foreign cus~
tomers. The United States, which is Norsk Frossenfisk’s
biggest market, took over 8,500 tons.

The second largest producer of frozen fish fillets in
Norway (A/S Findus, Oslo), has its plant at Hammerfest,
northernmost town in the world. About 75 percent of the
5,000 tons produced there annually is exported. The
principal markets are in Great Britain and Sweden. Un-
der a government proposal, now before Parliament, the
North Norway Development Fund would be authorized to
guarantee a Kr. 12.5 million (US$174,825) loan for Fin-
dus to expand its annual plant capacity to 10,000 tons.
(News of Norway, May 12, 1960.)

ve te eo

S45 ES Gs 73 ES
GOVERNMENT VOTES AID
FOR FISHERMEN:

The Norwegian Storting on March 14,
1960, appropriated 22 million kroner
(US$3,080,000) for the aid of the herring
and cod fishermen during the first half
of 1960. The amount will be apportioned
as follows: kr. 14.5 million ($2,030,000)
for gear subsidies; kr. 6.0 million
(US$840,000) for support of cod fish
prices in North Norway; kr. 1.0 million
($140,000) for bait subsidies; and kr. 0.5
million ($70,000) for other aid to the cod

70

Norway (Contd.):

fishermen. According to an official of
the Ministry of Fisheries, an additional
kr. 8 million ($1,120,000), of which kr.
4 million ($560,000) is to be used for
price supports, will be appropriated
later for the second half of 1960.

In 1958 the Storting had appropriated
kr. 34 million ($4,760,000) for the cod
fishery, nearly all of which went into
price supports. The shift away from
price supports to gear and bait subsidies
follows a recommendation of the Brofass
Committee which had investigated means
of increasing the profitability of the fish-
eries. In view of the size of the price
support program in 1958, the Storting
determined that it would be inadvisable
to discontinue the practice completely
in 1960.

The eventual discontinuation of price
supports will remove one of the causes
of the dispute between the fish filleting
and freezing industry and the North Nor-
way fishermen's marketing organization,
over the alleged discriminatory policy
of the organization in the distribution of
the price support funds. The freezing
industry has been complaining because
the price support funds have been used
to support the prices paid by other cod
processing industries and not those paid
by the freezing industry. The organiza-
tion maintains that the freezing industry
can afford to pay higher prices and does
not need any price support funds. (United
States Embassy, Oslo, March 18, 1960.)

ye yt

k sk ye yt
KOK

oe BS

SUPPORTS 12-MILE FISHING ZONE:

Norway’s representative to the 88-nation Conference
on the Law of the Sea at Geneva declared on March 31 that
his country would support the Canadlan proposal, This calls
for a territorial sea limit of 6 miles, plus an adjacent 6-
mile fishing zone from which foreign fishing vessels would be
barred. The statement on Norway's position was made be-
fore Canada and the United States submitted their joint com-
promise plan of 6 miles territorial sea plus 6-miles fishing
zone with 10-year cut off for those nations with historic
rights in the outer six-mile zone.

Norway’s representative observed in part: ‘‘Our first
conference, held in 1958, showed clearly that it would be
impossible tc reach a general agreement which would give
coastal States the right to extend their territorial sea or
their fishing zone beyond 12 miles. It was equally clear that
a majority of the participating states was against a maxi-
mum territorial limit of less than 6 miles. The main con-
flict of interest was in regard to jurisdiction over the outer
zone between 6 and 12 miles, This, therefore, is the point
on which we shall have to concentrate our efforts.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Wool, 24, INO. 7

“The conference in 1958 demonstrated clearly that
the interests of coastal states in regard to fishing extend
much farther out than those of so-called noncoastal states.
A majority, therefore, supported the idea of providing a
wider limit for the fishing zone than for the territorial sea.
In my opinion, it would be unwise if this fact were to be
ignored by the present conference.

“‘On the basis of Norway’s national interests, we
would have preferred a maximum territorial limit of 3 to
4 miles. In our opinion, such an arrangement would also
be the best for the world as a whole. We are aware, how~
ever, that a majority of the states will not accept a terri-
torial limit of less than 6 miles, and we will, therefore,
adhere to the concession we made on this point in 1958.

“‘As to the fishing zone, I wish to affirm that the Ca-
nadian proposal is in accord with the national interests of
Norway. Technical developments in deep-sea fishing and
the heavy increase in trawlers along the coast of North Nor~
way have created very serious problems for our traditional
fisheries. Opportunities for our coastal fishermen to fish in
their traditional waters are becoming ever more limited, be~
cause their implements are destroyed and their ancient fish~
ing banks wholly or partly occupied by foreign trawlers.
People in the coastal districts of North Norway are complete-
ly dependent upon these fisheries. The fast growth of the for-
eign trawler fleet represents a new and threatening factor in
their lives. They maintain this necessitates new rules, and
the government sees no choice but to provide a 12-mile fish~
ing zone with exclusive rights for the nation’s fishermen.

To give coastal fishermen a reasonable protection in exploi-
tation of their traditional fishing grounds and use of their
traditional implements is, in our view, an equitable way of
balancing conflicting interests, not only along the Norwegian
coast but in all parts of the world,’’ concluded Norway’s rep=
resentative at the Conference. (News of Norway, April 14,
1960.)

Pakistan

PLANS FOR BUILDING
NEW TRAWLERS CHANGED:

In December 1959, the Pakistan Gov-
ernment allocated Rs400,000 (about
US$85,000) towards the cost of 14 otter
trawlers to be built outside of Pakistan.
As of the latter part of April 1960, only
one order had been placed.

The Government has now decided to
have the trawlers built by the Karachi
Shipyard and has reportedly asked the
one licensee to try to cancel his order.
Licenses are not being revoked, but the
14 licensees are being asked to use the
foreign exchange to import components
such as engines, refrigeration equipment,
and deck gear, An additional 9 firms
will be given licenses for the import of
such components, according to an April
28 dispatch from the United States Em-
bassy in Karachi.

2)

a

——

July 1960

Peru

ANCHOVY FISHERMEN
RESUME TIE-UP:

After a 15-day negotiating period,
Peruvian anchovy fishermen at the port
of Callao on May 11 resumed the tie-up
which began in mid-April and closed fish
meal plants in Callao and other ports a-
long the Peruvian coast. During the ne-
gotiations, 2 of 4 demands were met--

a weekly rest day and increased allow-
ances for meals. However, plant and
vessel owners have refused to accord
the fishermen a specified percentage of
the price per ton for the formation of a
fishermen's mutual association, the
United States Embassy at Lima reported
on May 13, 1960.
kk

EXPANSION OF FISHERIES RESEARCH
EXPECTED IN 1960:

Fisheries research by Peru may be
expected to gain impetus during 1960, if
the program announced during the first
quarter of 1960 by the Bureau of Fisher-
ies and Hunting of the Ministry of Agri-
culture can be carried out. The three-
fold program consists of an investiga-
tion of ocean resources, particularly
bonito, the cultivation of fresh-water
fish and crustaceans, and technical stud-
ies of quality control of fisheries prod-
ucts.

The Governing Council of the Special
Fund of the United Nations has made a-
vailable to Peru the sum of US$1,374,300,
part of which is to be used for the crea-
tion of a Marine Research Institute for
the study and development of Peru's ma-
rine resources. There has been no indi-
cation as yet whether the balance of the
United Nations fund will be used for the
program announced by the Ministry,
states an April 12, 1960, dispatch from
the United States Embassy in Lima.

EXPORTS OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS, 1958-59:

Exports of frozen fish and shellfish, canned fish, and fish-
ery byproducts by Peru in 1959 increased for all items except
shrimp. Total exports of all fishery products increased by
140 percent in quantity and 152 percent in value as compared
with 1958. Fish-meal exports of 277,600 metric tons in 1959
were up about 162 percent from the 105,777 tons exported in
1958. The more than tenfold jump in the exports of fish oil

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

71

Peru’s Principal Fishery Products Exports, 1958-1959

Product

Frozen Fish:
Tuna
Skipjack tuna
Swordfish
Shrimp

16,444) 52.7 | 2,262
Bonito

174.2) 6,346) 12,541)116.2
Tuna 6.4 233 888 .
17,521] 180.6) 6,579) 13,429)/123.8 | 5,313

Byproducts:
Fish meal
Fish oil

Sperm oil
Whale meal

(Canned Fish:

bt
308,086) 948.8/34,564/ 116,467
351,436]1,213.0}44,189/146,340/481.7 |20,673

1/F.o.b. yalue. The average exchange rate for U.S. dollars was 27.45 soles in 1959,
and 23.30 soles in 1958.

Total by-
products

Total fishery
products

in 1959 indicates that in addition to increases in the supply
of raw material there was an increase in the recovery of oil
from the fish~meal operations. (U. S. Embassy in Lima,
April 12, 1960.)

FISH MEAL EXPORTS CONTINUED
UPWARD TREND IN FIRST
QUARTER OF 1960:

The continued expansion of Peru's
fish-meal industry is indicated by data
on fish-meal exports through the port of
Callao for January-Marck 1960. During
that period exports through Callao of
59,752 metric tons were up 190 percent
from the 20,633 tons exported through
that port in the same period of 1959. Ex-
ports of fish meal from Callao by months
for 1960 (1959 in parentheses) were: Jan-
uary 15,607 tons (5,567 tons), February
26,668 tons (9,341 tons), and March17,477
tons (5,725 tons).

Exports from Peru via Callao in 1959
accounted for about 40 percent of the to-
tal fish-meal exports. Reports from the
fish-meal industry indicate that by the
end of April this year stocks of fish meal
on hand will be exhausted, as close to
60,000 tons of fish meal were scheduled
for export inthat month. The same
sources estimated that Peru would pro-
duce 400,000 tons of fish meal in 1960,

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

Peru (Contd.):

the United States Embassy in Lima re-
ported on April 12, 1960.

The plants located in the Lima-Callao
area early this year were getting com—
plaints from residents of the metropoli-
tan area because of the odors coming
from the plants and the Maritime Ter-
minal Basin area (where water saturated
with organic fish wastes is dumped). The
closing of the offending plants in the
Lima area by the end of April was a-
greed upon by the mayors of the munici-
palities affected. The plants had until
April 15 to stop polluting the harbor
area.

se ose te te oe
1K OK OR OK OK

REGULATIONS ON FISHING
INDUSTRY ISSUED:

Pursuant to Supreme Decree No. 46 of December 5,
1959, issued by the Peruvian Ministries of Marine, Ag-
riculture, and Labor and Indian Affairs, a special com=
mission was appointed to study conditions in the Peruvian
fishing industry, particularly relations between owners
and operators of fishing vessels and fishermen. By Su-
preme Decree No. 6 of April 15, 1960, issued by the
same agencies and published in El Peruano of April 16,
a Project of Regulations for the Fishing Industry, pre-
pared by the special commission, was approved and in-
corporated into the Regulations of Captainships and Na-
tional Merchant Marine.

The Regulations consist of six Chapters and 74 Ar-
ticles, which may be summarized as follows:

Chapter I: Control of vessels, ship owners and opera-
tors, and fishermen are under the jurisdiction of Captain-
ships of Ports. Foreign fishing vessels may not operate
in Peruvian waters without express permission. Defines
fish according to location where caught. Captainships of
Ports must assure the strict observation of regulations
for the protection of fish and of guano birds. Only Peru-
vian citizens or resident foreigners may engage in hunt-
ing for whales, sea lions, etc., and in the elaboration of
their products,

Chapter II: Defines categories of fishermen, obliga-

tions of each category, documents required, and how to
obtain them,

Chapter III: Defines fishing vessels, registration re-
quirements, equipment, etc,

Chapter IV: Obligations of ship owners and operators,

Chapter V: Defines the three types of work contracts
under which fishermen are to work, and the rights and ob-

ligations of all vessel owners, operators, and fishermen
under each type.

Chapter VI: Provides that all risks not covered by la-
bor contracts may be covered by private insurance, mu-
tual companies, cooperatives, etc. Where risks are cov-

ered by work contracts, pertinent labor and social welfare
legislation is applicable,

The Regulations distinguish between three types of work
contracts: Society, direct labor contract, “and partic-
ipation contracts in which members of vessel crews par~
ticipate in the proceeds of the sales of the catch, Only un-
der the direct labor contract system can fishermen obtain
Social security benefits provided by law for other industries

under the Caja Nacional de Seguro Social. Most fishermen
are excluded from these benefits, and this includes the an-
chovy fishermen who work under the participation system,
Therefore, the publication of the Regulations merely clari-~
fies points already on the statute books, and does not help
satisfy the demands of the anchovy fishermen, who were
still tied-up as of April 26, states an April 26, 1960, des~
patch from the United States Embassy in Lima.

Anchovy fishermen at Callao and Chimbote have been on
strike since April 12, with anchovy fishermen at other ports
joining the strike since its inception. They are demanding
four benefits: (1) standard price of 80 soles (US$2.89) a
metric ton to be paid by ship owners or operators to fisher-
men; (2) increase from 60 to 100 soles (US$2.17-3.61) per
day for food for crews; (3) obligatory paid rest on Sunday;
(4) creation of a Mutual Fund from which social security
benefits would be obtained, by payment of 5 percent of
salaries by operators, and another 5 percent share by the
fishermen.

Kok kK Ok

SCHOOL FOR FISHING VESSEL
CREWS ESTABLISHED:

The Peruvian Ministry of the Navy has
created a fisheries school (La Escuela
de Capacitacion de Pesca), which was
opened at Chimbote on May 15, 1960. The
teaching staff will be drawn largely from
the Naval School, and its first objective
will be to enable operators of fishing ves-
sels to obtain professional masters! li-
censes, as required by the recently-is-
sued Fishery Industries Regulations.
Later, other courses will be offered for
members of vessel crews, states a May
13, 1960, dispatch from the United States
Embassy in Lima.

Philippines

IMPORT CLASSIFICATION CHANGED
FOR SQUID (CUTTLEFISH):

In an April release by the Central
Bank of the Philippines, squid (cuttlefish)
was one of the commodities which was
classified as a nonessential consumer
item. Previously, squid was classified
as a decontrolled item.

As a result, imports of this product
into the Philippines will be adversely
affected. As a decontrolled item, im-
porters were able to secure dollar ex-
change without difficulty at a fixed rate
of 2.5 pesos per US$1. As a nonessential
consumer item, the importer will have to
pay the "free market'' rate of 4.0 pesos
per US$1 for dollar exchange, and the a-
mount available will be limited. Thus,
not only has the cost of dollar exchange

July 1960

Philippines (Contd.):

needed to import squid increased 60 per-
cent, but also the quantity available is
limited.

This change in classification may
have a strong bearing on United States
exports of canned squid. In the first
quarter of 1960, United States exports
to the Philippines were 3,924,000 pounds
and represented 86 percent of the total
United States trade in that product. In
1959, total United States exports of squid
to the Philippines were 6,139,000 pounds.
(Manila Bulletin, April 28, 1960.)

SiN,

|

ae ae

South-West Africa

FISHERY PRODUCTS VALUE
LOWER IN 1959:

The total value of fishery products produced in South=
West Africa during 1959 is estimated to be about £8.4 mil-
lion (US$23.4 million) as compared with £9.3 (about
US$25.9 million) in 1958. The decline was due to a delib~
erately planned 25-percent reduction in the production of
canned pilchards to help ease high inventories on hand at
the beginning of the year.

The annual catch limit of 250,000 tons of pilchards was
revised upwards to 260,000, but now includes maasbanker
as well. A far more significant development was a sub~
sequent decision by the Administration to temporarily in-
crease the catch limit by a further 40,000 tons to a total
of 300,000 tons for the year. This decision was taken to
enable the six factories at Walvis Bay to step up produc~
tion of fish meal to compensate for a declining market
price for this product due to Peruvian competition. This
additional tonnage of raw fish, coupled with a 25~percent
cut back in output of canned fish, enabled the six Walvis
Bay factories to turn out 60,852 tons of fish meal and
19,372 tons of fish oil in 1959 as compared with 46,200
tons and 12,381 tons respectively in 1958.

While the permanent annual limit on the catch of pil-
chards and maasbanker still remains at 260,000 tons, the
Administration has again announced an increase in the
limit for 1960 to a total of 310,000 tons or 50,000 tons a-~
bove the limit.

South-West Africa’s Production of Sardinés (Pilchard)
and Spiny Lobster Products, and White Fish Landings,
1958 and 1959

Pilchards:

Chmmiclb ogoagddonooon | ayes
Fish’meal 93225004). 2)5")/(,60;852
In OW Sasaocnogc00 || Mbsdd

(Chintaloogocogo00000K0
Frozen tails .........
Meal.

jo 6o SOLO rb 5554
Spiny Lobster: ,
777.
Bt

eee eee eee ee ee , .

Whiterishysecisneisierelelelsl-in|(0,002~

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

Carryover stocks of fish meal, oil, and canned fish
from 1959 production by South-West Africa were negligi-
ble. According to estimates from the industry, the mar-
ket for canned pilchards in 1960 looks promising. The
Walvis Bay factories are therefore expected to step up
production of canned pilchards to the 1958 level or higher.

During the early part of the year, spiny lobster boats
at Luderitz were able to bring in substantial catches due
to favorable weather conditions. This enabled the six fac-
tories in that port to increase production of canned and fro-
zen spiny lobster tails by 35 percent over the 1958 figure.
(Consulate General report, dated April 1, 1960, from Cape

Town.)
=i

Spain

ANCHOVY LANDINGS HEAVY
IN BILBAO AREA:

The anchovy fishing season in the
Bilbao area of northern Spain, which
opened on March 1, 1960, and ends May
31, is proving to be excellent this year.
Large quantities of anchovies, canned in
Olive oil or salted, are being exported to
the United States, Italy, and other coun-
tries. The supply is greate® than the
canneries can accommodate, with the
result that prices have dropped to as
low as 1.50 pesetas a kilogram (about
1.1 U. S. cents a pound) wholesale, and
catches are being limited in accordance
with instructions from the fishermen's
syndicate. (United States Consulate
dispatch from Bilbao, April 19, 1960.)

Seatesele ae
KKK KK

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1960:

Fish Exchange: A total of 11,968 metric tons of fish
were landed during the first three months of 1960, as com-
pared with 23,280 tons for the previous quarter and 15,097
tons for the first quarter of 1959. The usual drop in fish
catches during the first months of the year was sharper this
year because of extremely unfavorable weather. Another
factor was that the closed season for sardines started on
February 15.

The total value of the landings for the first quarter of
1960 and the last quarter of 1959, calculated in U. S. dollars
(at 60 pesetas to the dollar), was $2,287,161 and $3,197,017,
respectively. For the first quarter of 1959 landings were
valued at $4,113,717 (at 42 pesetas to US$1)-.

Landings during the first quarter of 1960 were: 3,218
metric tons of pomfret (1,757 tons for the fourth quarter
and 4,069 tons for the first quarter of 1959); 2,498 tons of
small hake (2,418 tons for the fourth quarter and 3,665 tons
for the first quarter of 1959), and 1,198 tons of horse mack-~
erel (2,228 tons for the fourth quarter and 1,590 tons for
the first quarter of 1959). Sardine landings amounted to
1,083 tons (11,186 tons for the fourth quarter and 774 tons
for the first quarter of 1959).

The average price per kilo for all fish at the Exchange
during the first quarter of 1960 was 11.63 pesetas (8.8 U.S.
cents a pound) as compared with 8.33 pesetas (6.3 U. S.
cents a pound) in the fourth quarter and 11.56 pesetas (12.5
U. S. cents a pound) in the first quarter of 1959.

74

Spain (Contd.):

Landings of hake continued to drop, and amounted to only
85 tons as compared with 119 tons during the previous
quarter and 180 tons during the first quarter of 1959. The
average price per kilo during the quarter was 56.09 pesetas
(42.5 U. S, cents a pound) as compared with 63.30 pesetas
(48.0 U. S, cents a pound) for the previous quarter and 50.92
pesetas (55.1 U. S. cents a pound) for the first quarter of
1959.

Fish Canning and Processing: Canning activity during
the first quarter of the year was at the annual low~point,
and usually remains so until the beginning of the new alba-
core season in the late spring. Exports of last year’s pro-
duction continued at a high rate and compensated for re-
duced sales domestically. Domestic sales are estimated
to have dropped 10 percent in January, 20 percent in Feb-
ruary, and about 30 percent in March as compared with
the same months in 1959. While this is not a general esti-
mate for the whole fish canning industry, it does give an
indication of the general situation. The new canning season
is expected to begin without the substantial unsold stocks
which caused general uneasiness in the canning industry
during the early part of 1959.

Exports: Preliminary 1959 production figures for
the Spanish fish canning industry indicate a decrease
from 1958 levels, while data for the first 11 months of
1959 show an increase in the volume of exports over the
same period in 1958. Production declined from 53,892
metric tons in 1958 to 50,976 tons in 1959, a drop of 5.4
percent. Exports for the first eleven months increased
from 11,673 tons in 1958 to 13,094 tons in 1959-~an in-
crease of 11,2 percent. Exports of canned anchovies,
sardines, tuna, and ‘‘other fish’’ increased in this period,
except for anchovies which decreased from 6,532 tons in
1958 to 4,944 tons in 1959.

New Can Factory Proposed: A group of 13 Vigo
fish packers, in conjunction with a French firm, have so-
licited approval from the Ministry of Industry for the es~
tablishment of a can factory in Vigo. The French firm
will provide 45 percent of the 44 million pesetas
(US$733,333) of capital--partly in the form of foreign ex-
change and partly in machinery and equipment.

The production of the can company is estimated at
900,000 cases a year, with an estimated raw material
consumption of 5,000 metric tons of tinplate, 50 tons of
tin, and 100 tons of lead. The tin and tinplate will be im~-
ported and purchased domestically, while the lead will be
acquired from domestic producers,

Most of the 13 canners participating in the project are
of medium to large size in comparison with the rest of
the industry. Some of the largest, and most successful,
exporters are not among the participants.

Sardines: The two months off-season on sardine
catches went into effect on February 15, 1960, and continued
until April 15. Designed primarily as a conservation meas-
ure to prevent exhaustion of the species in coastal waters,
the ban has been in effect for several years.

New Syndicate Tax Levied on Fish Shipments: A new
fish tax levied by the Provincial Fish Syndicate of Ponte-
vedra on fish shipped to the interior has been imposed
retroactive to January 1, 1960. The tax, originally announced
as 40 pesetas per metric ton (about 67 U. S. cents a metric
ton) was subsequently changed to 4 pesetas (about 6.7 U. S.
cents) a metric ton. As first announced the tax was to have
covered all fish landed at provincial exchanges except fish
for local consumption, The tax has since been amended
to exclude fish for industrial purposes locally, and now in-
cludes only fish shipped to markets outside the Province.
This category, however, includes approximately two-thirds
of the volume of fish landed in the port of Vigo, Estimates
of the yield in Vigo, adjusted for the lowered rate and the

additional exceptions, run below 200,000 pesetas (US$3,333)
annually, ;

Cod: The largest of the three important cod companies
in the northwestern region of Spain has recently initiated
production in its new plant in La Coruna, and is thus com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

pleting the shift in the base of its operations from Vigo to
La Coruna. This shift could eventually make the latter the
most important fishing port in Spain, a position long held
by Vigo. The new plant, said to be one of the largest in Eu-
rope, has a reported capacity to handle approximately
30,000 metric tons of cod a year, and expects to process’ *
24,000 tons a year initially. The plant is equipped with
cold-storage rooms with a capacity of 12,000 tons, and 12
Danish~built drying tunnels capable of handling 100 tons
daily.

The new plant is modern and well laid-out, but according
to advocates of the factoryship as the plant of the future for
the Spanish fishing industry, the new plant is excessively
costly and represents a retrogression for the Spanish cod
industry. To date, Spain has no factoryships in operation,
although the hull of a factoryship was recently launched by
a shipyard near Bilbao. However, it is said to be a long
way from completion,

Territorial Limits: Unilateral action by Ireland in
redefining its territorial waters and the opening of the Ge~
neva Conference on the Law of the Sea have brought the
problem of fishing rights home to the Spanish industry.
Ireland’s decision to extend the three-mile limit to a line
connecting salient points has closed off several areas along
the western coast of Ireland previously fished by Spanish
trawlers. This unilateral action, coming just a few months
before the Geneva Conference, has been widely criticized
in Spanish fishery publications.

Although adoption of a ‘‘six and six’’ formula by the
Geneva Conference would prejudice current fishing rights.
enjoyed by the Spanish fleet, there is an inclination within
the industry to regard this as the least harmful of the
various alternatives which result from the conference.
Such a solution is looked upon apprehensively, however,
not only because of the exclusion of Spanish vessels from
certain areas, but also because of the frictions that are
regarded as inevitable in the policing of extended terri-

torial waters. (United States Consular dispatch from Vigo,
April 12, 1960.)

- Sweden

FISH EXPORTS TO EAST GERMANY
UNDER 1960 AGREEMENT:

The Swedish West Coast Fish organi-
zation in Goteborg has received an order
from East Germany for fresh and fro-
zen fish valued at 1,700,000 crowns
(US$328,100). The order, which provides
for exports of frozen herring and fresh
and frozen mackerel, is a supplement to
the contract signed in January 1960.

The contract with East Germany at
present calls for export of fish and fish
products valued at 8,000,000 crowns
($1,544,000) for deliveries during the
first half of 1960. It is estimated that
about 75 percent of the sales will come
from the Swedish west coast.

Exports to East Germany are chiefly
of herring, cod and other fish fillets.
The amount of Swedish fish exports is
based upon the volume of other trade be-
tween Sweden and East Germany as well

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

Sweden (Contd.): about 44 tons, valued at $35,000 in 1959.

(United States Embassy in Tunis, May 2,
as the supply of fish caught by Swedish 1960.)
fishermen.

In 1959, East Germany did not pur-
chase fish and fish products for the 22.5 FISHERIES TRENDS, MARCH 1960:
million crowns ($4,342,500) provided in In late March 1960, a Japanese fish-

the global compensation arrangement ing vessel called at the Tunisian port of
and the value for the 1960 calendar year | Mahdia to supply Japanese-caught tuna to
has therefore been fixed at 18 million the canneries in that city. In 1959, the
crowns ($3,474,000). In June or July tuna catch in Tunisia was a failure with
this year it will be decided whether East | only 200 metric tons landed as compared
Germany is going to purchase Swedish to a normal year's catch of 1,000 tons.
fish valued at 10 million crowns The lower cost of Japanese-caught tuna
($1,930,000) for deliveries during the has again made possible the export of
latter part of 1960. (United States Con- | Tunisiancannedtunato France. Produc-
sulate dispatch from Goteborg, May 4, tion costs of Tunisian-caught and canned
1960.) tuna remain high and inhibit exports.
>] Further delays have occurred in the

delivery of four International Cooperation
Administration-financed trawlers being

Tunisia constructed in Italy for Tunisia's ''Office
National de Peche." It is now hoped that
EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS two trawlers will be delivered in June and
AND SNAILS TO THE and two in August.
UNITED STATES, 1955-59:
Cuttlefish bone and snails were the With the exception of a slight increase

principal marine and related products in the export of fresh fish, Tunisian fish-
exported to the United States by Tunisia | ery products exports showed further de-
for 1955-1959. Other products included | clines in 1959, although the total fishcatch

Tunisia's Exports of Marine Products and Snails to United States, 1955-59

Product Quanti Valuel/
i959 | 1958 | 1957 | 1956 | 1955

1/Values converted at rate of 0.420 dinar equals US$1. ; }
2/Snail exports are probably live land snails which are commonly sold in some of the larger United States wholesale fish
markets.

is believed to have increased. Dinar de-
valuation would likely have a beneficial
effect in the stimulation of fishery pro-
ucts exports, but improved fish-handling

small quantities of sponges, dried octo-
pus, and sea shells. From 1955 exports
of all these products dropped from 194

metric tons, valued at US$204,000, to a-

Tunisia's Exports of Marine Products, 1957-59
VALUE

Product

1,000 Dinars ]US$1, 000 | 1,000 Dinars

Salt, dry or smoked 22
Shellfish Wy
374
742 846

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Tunisia (Contd.):

procedures, modernization of canneries,
and reduced cost of the cans are re-
quired if the Tunisian fishing industry
is to become truly competitive in the
world market. (United States Embassy
in Tunis, May 2, 1960.)

U.S.S.R.

ANTARCTIC WHALING FLEETS
RETURN AFTER GOOD SEASON:

The Soviet whale factoryship Soviets-
kaya Ukraina and 19 catchers arrived in
Montevideo, Uruguay, April 16, 1960,
from the 1959/60 trip to the Antarctic.
Soon after arrival the commanding offi-
cer called a press conference during
which he expressed his satisfaction with
the trip just terminated. He stated that
the factoryship, which was recently com-
pleted, had a crew of 1,247 and that its
construction cost of £3 million (US$8.4
million) was more than offset by the
profits (probably means gross value)
from this trip which he estimated at £4
million (US$11.2 million).

The Russian commander stated that
4,350 whales of various kinds were
caught, and that the factoryship manu-
factured 38,600 tons of whale oil, 7,270
tons of fish meal, 2,140 tons of frozen
meat Suitable for animal feed, and 726
tons of frozen liver. He also said that
his fleet caught more whales than any
of the other whaling fleets competing in
the Antarctic, among them Japanese,
Norwegian, and British. He claimed that
the other Soviet factoryship Slava had
the second best fishing record during
the season. (United States Embassy in
Montevideo, April 20, 1960.)

FISHERIES LANDINGS
INCREASED IN 1959:

Fisheries landings in the Soviet Union
in 1959 were close to 6.8 billion pounds
(3,064,000 metric tons) as compared with
about 6.5 billion pounds (2,931,000 met-
ric tons) in 1958, according to an article
in the Soviet trade magazine Rybnoe
Khozjajstvo (No. 1 issue for 1960) and

Vol. 22, No. 7

as reported in Fiskets Gang (April 7,
1960), a Norwegian fishery trade peri-
odical.

The increase in landings in 1959 was
at about the same level as the average
increase during the 1954-58 period, or
about 135,000 metric tons annually. If
the increase continues at the same level
for the remaining six years of the seven-
year plan, the goal of the plan (4,626 mil-
lion tons or about 10.2 billion pounds in
1965) will not be reached. Soviet author-
ities, however, expect to increase the an-
nual level. For 1960 the plan's require-
ments have been increased 10 percent
over the 1959 landings, that is 306,000
tons.

The Soviets did not meet the planned
quota in 1959 by 40,000 tons. In the north-
western area, the Esthonian, the Lithu-
anian, Murmansk, and Archangel areas
fulfilled their quotas--Murmansk by over
24,900 tons. The Latvian and the Kali-
ningrad areas, which are to be expanded
to important ocean fishery bases, did not
meet the plan's quotas.

The increased catch in 1960 will be
taken by bringing new fishing areas into
use. Fishing will not be intensified on
the old fishing grounds which will tend to
protect and increase the fishery reserves
there. This is especially true in coastal
and inner waters.

The demand of consumers for lean
herring and certain other varieties of
small fish is limited, so the catch of
those species will be reduced significant-
ly. In the North Atlantic the catch of
small fish will be completely suspended,
but the catch of ocean perch, cod, and
flounders will be increased.

The fish-processing industry is con-
fronted with great problems in 1960. Its
production goal presupposes an increase
of 7 percent and a more varied production
will be required. Live fish, and iced and
frozen fish must make up 23 percent of
the total production. It is stated that the
necessary technical equipment for such
an expansion is at hand if utilized cor-
rectly. Smoked and dried fish are to
constitute 4.6 percent of the production.

July 1960

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

LITHUANIANS FISH
NEWFOUNDLAND BANKS:

Fifty fishing craft will be sent to the
Newfoundland banks from Klajpeda
(Memel), Lithuania in 1960 as compared
with 11 last year, according to the March
11 issue of Sovjetskaja Litva. The ves-
sels were due on the banks in April.
The Lithuanians maintain that they have
demonstrated that ocean perch can be
fished profitably on the Newfoundland
banks with medium-size vessels.

Defective equipment and insufficient
training and experience of the crews
meanwhile have continued to be serious
problems.

The same periodical reports that
BMRT-315 Sergej Esenin, Latvia's first
large freezer trawler has returned to
Riga from its second trip (December 23,
1959, to March 4, 1960). The vessel
landed 550 metric tons of processed fish
as compared with a planned quota of 420
tons. This included 60 tons of fish meal
(planned quota 30 tons) and 15 tons of oil
(planned quota 3 tons). The catch was
taken on the Newfoundland banks. One
drag took 20 tons of fish.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

A BMRT vessel is a combination fish-
ing craft, factory vessel, and freighter.
It is equipped for filleting, processing of
the waste into fish meal, manufacture of
oil, freezing, and cold storage. At the
end of March the BMRT-315 was sched-
uled to depart on its third trip. (Fiskets
Gang, Norwegian fish trade periodical,
April 14, 1960.)

SEVEN-YEAR PLAN INCLUDES
EXPANSION OF FISH FREEZING:
Included in Russia's seven-year (1959-
1965) plan for the development of quick-
freezing facilities for many foods, is the
threefold expansion of quick-freezing of
fish. The plan calls for the production
of 1,300,000 metric tons of frozen fish
by 1965--900,000 tons to be frozenaboard
vessels and 400,000 tons frozen ashore.
This is three times the amount of fish
frozen at present.

To aid in achieving the plamned goal,
the Soviet Union has one research Insti-
tute for quick-freezing which employs 65
technicians and 165 other workers. Many
other well-equipped laboratories are also
available. (Indust. Obst.-u. Gemuseverw,
vol. 44, no. 19, Oct. 8, 1959, pp. 442-443).

yen ($8,300) to the fishermen of Arari.

JAPANESE CAPTURE DOLPHIN AND PILOT WHALES FOR AQUARIUMS

At the port of Arari in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, famous for live cap-
tures of porpoise, a large school of pilot whales (blackfish) and bottle -nose dol-
phin appeared on June 10, 1960. With the regular season nearing its end, the
fishermen of Arari had resigned themselves to having no porpoise bonus" this
year, but the advent of the big school, the first in 17 months, roused them to
furious activity. On June 10 a total of 120 pilot whales and 50 bottle-nose dol-
phin were captured. Pilot whales are worth 6,000 yen (US$17) each to aquar-
iums, and the dolphin, whichare the most talented of cetacean performers,

bring 50,000 yen ($140) each. Thus the day's catch was worth over 3 million
( | : (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, June id, 1960.)

78

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Federal Trade Commission

CRAB FISHERMEN'S ASSOCIATION
DENIES CHARGES OF UNFAIR COM-
PETITION AND RESTRAINT OF TRADE:

Westport, Washington, Association
of crabfishermen andits officials, trus-
tees, andfishermen members, have denied
(Answer 7859, Crabs) Federal Trade
Commission charges that they have ille-
gally restrained competition in the Dunge-
ness crab industry in their area.

Replying to the Commission's April 7,
1960, complaint, they state the associa-
tion is a fishermen's cooperative organ-
ization operating under the Fisherman's
Cooperative Marketing Act, which en-
trusts to the Secretary of the Interior ex-
clusive jurisdiction for determining ~
whether any such association monopo-
lizes or restrains trade in interstate or
foreign commerce.

The Commission, they declare, "is
therefore without jurisdiction to proceed
in this matter. The Department of the
Interior has heretofore considered the
same practices and acts herein com-
plained of and determined that there is
no evidence of any monopotistic prac-
tices unduly enhancing the price of crab."

A further contention is that under the
Fisherman's Cooperative Act the As-
sociation and its members are immune
from civil proceedings based on the an-
titrust laws in the absence of any alle-
gation they have entered into transactions
with persons or organizations not ac-
corded immunity under the statute.

The respondents deny Commission
charges that they have used threats of re-
prisals, intimidation, and physical vio-
lence and other coercive methods ina
conspiracy to prevent other dealers from
buying or selling processed and unproc-
essed crabs and to get nonmember crab
fishermen to join the association.

The association admits the ''Member-
ship Agreement" gives it the power to
determine the canners and crab proces-
sors with whom it and the members will

deal. However, it denies the Commis-
sion's allegation that its main function
is to fix prices paid by canners to mem-
bers for their catch, which is taken from
the coastal waters of Washington and Or-
egon and the adjacent ocean. 5

The members account for ''a majority"
of the fresh crabs originating in the for-
mer State, not "almost all'' as the com-
plaint alleged, the answer says. Simi-
larly, it states, the association's total
membership is about 180 fishermen, not
250; and 50 members, not 90, formed a
cooperative known as Washington Crab
Producers, Inc., and bought a crab proc-
essing cannery which competes with all
other crab processors and canners.

The respondents further deny charges
that (1) they have actual or potential
power to monopolize all phases of the
crab industry in their area because sub-
stantially the same men control the crab
fishing fleet through the association, and
own or control the cannery cooperative,
and (2) this monopoly power, coupled with
the coercive tactics allegedly employed,
tends to unlawfully destroy competition
in the industry.

Joining in the answer to the complaint
are the trustees or officers of the associ-
ation who act as representatives of the
entire membership.

OK OR Ok OK

SHRIMP PROCESSING MACHINERY
FIRM CHARGED WITH SUPPRESSING
COMPETITION:

The Federal Trade Commission is-
sued charges on May 19, 1960, that a
New Orleans, La., partnership has un-

July 1960

lawfully achieved a virtual monopoly in
the shrimp-processing machinery busi-
ness, and suppressed competition in the
$16-million-a-year shrimp industry
(Complaint 7887, Shrimp.)

Joined in the Commission's complaint
are the firm's 6 active partners, who al-
so are cited as representative of the ap-
proximately 26 limited partners; anda
packing company of Houma, La., which
is a silent partner and also is owned and
controlled by members of the family
owning the New Orleans shrimp-proc-
essing machinery firm.

The machinery firm leases, licenses,
and sells shrimp-processing machinery,
including peelers, cleaners, graders, de-
veiners, and separators. The Houma
packing company is one of the nation's
largest processors of raw shrimp, which
is taken primarily from the Gulf Coast
fishing area, the complaint says.

Prior to 1947, it continues, shrimp
was picked by hand labor. In that year
two of the partners received a U. S. pat-
ent for a peeling machine, and since that
time the New Orleans machinery firm
has obtained ownership or control of
numerous additional patents on process-
ing machinery. Due to the efficiency of
these machines, domestic shrimp proc-
essors must use them in their plants in
order to compete in the market.

The complaint charges that the New
Orleans machinery firm and its prede-
cessor company have used these typical
unfair methods of competition in inter-
state and foreign commerce: (1) en-
tering into agreements with patentees
and prospective patentees, thus obtaining
exclusive rights to processing machines;
and in most instances never attempting
to manufacture, develop, or commercial-
ly exploit such machinery; (2) acquiring
from inventors rights to all their future
inventions in this field; (3) filing patent
infringement suits against manufacturers
and users of a competitive peeler de-
veloped by a New Orleans inventor and
patented by him in 1957; and offering un-
fair selling terms to purchasers and
prospective purchasers of this machine
located in foreign countries; (4) re-
quiring licensees to buy a certain num-
ber of the firm's debentures at $500 each,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

most of which do not become payable un-
til 1966; and (5) charging licensees in
Oregon, Washington, and Alaska dis-
criminatory and much higher rates than
those granted to licensees in other states.

The complaint further charges that the
New Orleans machinery firm and the
Houma packing firm have combined in
carrying outthese unfair practices, which
have had the following adverse effects,
among others: the New Orleans machin-
ery firm has acquired a virtual monopoly
in the domestic shrimp-processing ma-
chinery market; its competitors and po-
tential competitors have been hindered in
their business; inventors and potential in-
ventors have been deterred in the distri-
bution and marketing of their machines;
shrimp processors in competition with
the Houma packing firm have been in-
jured, and a tendency toward monopoly
in the shrimp industry has occurred.

The respondents were granted 30 days
in which to file answer to the @omplaint.

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

PROPOSED ADDITION TO LIST OF
SPICES, SEASONINGS, ETC.,
RECOGNIZED AS SAFE:

The U. S. Food and Drug Administra-
tion proposes to add to the list of spices,
seasonings, essential oils, etc. recog-
nized as safe and exempt from the re-
quirement of tolerances. The additional
list includes about 82 spices and other
natural seasonings and flavorings, es-
sential oils, oleoresins, and natural ex-
tractives. Included in the list are such
items as chervil, thyme, sage, lemon
peel, ambergris, algae, dulse, etc. The
common name and botanical name of
plant source is given in the list. The
proposed additions were listed in the
Federal Register of May 19, 1960. In-
terested persons were given 30 daysfrom
the date of publication to file written com-
ments on the proposal.

80

In the January 19 issue of the Federal
Register, a list of about 70 spices and
other natural seasonings and flavorings;
128 essential oils, oleoresins, and natu-
ral extractives; and 3 miscellaneous ad-
ditives were listed by the Food and Drug
Administration as safe for intended use,
within the meaning of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The May 19°
proposal would add to the January 19 list.

Those interested in complete details
should write directly to the Food and

Drug Administration, Washington 25, D. C:

Department of the Interior
FiSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

QUALITY STANDARDS ESTABLISHED

FOR FROZEN SALMON STEAKS:
Voluntary standards for the produc-

tion of high-quality frozen salmon steaks

Title 50—WILDLIFE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Propuct DESCRIPTION, STYLE, AND GRADES

Vol. 22, No. 7

became effective May 5 when they were
published in the Federal Register of that
date. Notice of intention to establish the
salmon steak standards was carried in
the Federal Register on February 27,
1960.

The standards were developed by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
in cooperation with the fishing industry.
Public meetings were held in Seattle,
Wash.; Chicago, Ill.; and New York City,
N. Y. Firms adopting the standards and
the accompanying inspection may mark
the product "U. 8S. Grade A" or "U.S.
Grade B''--both designated good-quality
merchandise.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies, with the help of the fishing industry,
has already established quality standards
for frozen fried fish sticks, raw frozen
breaded shrimp, frozen raw halibut
steaks, frozen haddock fillets, cod fillets,

. raw breaded portions, and frozen fish

blocks.

The Bureau reports that there are
now 32 processors with continuous in-
spection service.

temperatures necessary for the pres-

Sec. § ervation of the product. The steaks in
aera ° 178.1 Product description. an individual package are prepared from
Chapter I—Fish and Wildlife Service, | 1782 Style of frozen salmon steaks. only one apetied of Ee B
Department of the Interior 178.3 Grades of frozen salmon steaks. (a) Species. Frozen salmon steaks
SUBCHAPTER K—PROCESSED FISHERY PRODUCTS, DIMENSIONS covered by ‘this standard are prepared
PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CER- | 178.6 Recommended dimensions. from Salmon of any of the following
TAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS species: d
yet is FacToRs OF QUALITY AND GRADE Silver or coho (O. kisutch).
PART 178—UNITED STATES STAND oe Ghitoactal OlEcaN
ARDS FOR GRADES OF FROZEN | 17811 ascertaining the grade. King, chinook, or spring (O. tshawytscha).
SALMON STEAKS DEFINITIONS Red, sockeye (O. nerka).
Pink (O. gorbuscha) .
On page 1730 of the FEDERAL REGISTER el DeHniti (OreornuEche)
of February 27, 1960, there was published | 278-24 SURE § 178.2 Styles. of frozen salmon steaks.
a notice and text of a proposed new Part Lot CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES (a) Style I—Random weight pack.
HiB.OF ae ee ranean a 178.25 Tolerances for certification of ofi-| The individual steaks are of random

issue United States Standards for Grades

cially drawn samples,

weight and neither the individual steak

of Frozen Salmon Steaks under the au-
thority transferred to the Department
of the Interior by section 6(a) of the
Fish and Wildlife Act of August 8, 1956
(16 U.S.C. 742e).

Interested persons were given until
March 26, 1960, to submit written com-
ments, suggestions or objections with
respect to the proposed new part. No
comments, suggestions or objections have
been received, and the proposed new part
is hereby adopted without change and is
set forth below. This amendment shall
become effective at the beginning of the
30th calendar day following the date of
this publication in the FepERAL REGISTER.

Dated: April 29, 1960.

ELMER F'. BENNETT,
Acting Secretary of the Interior.

Score SHEET
178.31 Score sheet for frozen salmon steaks.
Propuct DESCRIPTION, STYLES, AND GRADES
§ 178.1 Product description.

Frozen salmon steaks are clean, whole-
some units of frozen raw fish flesh with
normally associated skin and bone and
are 2.5 ounces or more in weight. Each
steak has two parallel surfaces and is
derived from whole or subdivided salmon
slices of uniform thickness which result
from sawing or cutting dressed salmon
Perpendiculafly to the axial length, or
backbone. The steaks are prepared
from either frozen or unfrozen salmon
(Oncorhynchus spp.) and are processed
and frozen in accordance with good com-
mercial practice and are maintained at

weight nor the range of weights is spec-
ified. The steaks in the lot represent
the random distribution cut from the
head to tail of a whole dressed salmon

(b) Style II—Random weight combi-
nation pack. The individual steaks are
of random weight and neither the indi-
vidual steak weight nor range of weights
is specified. The steaks in the lot repre-
sent a combination of cuts from selected
parts of the whole dressed salmon.

(c) Style III—Uniform weight or por=
tion pack. All steaks in the package or
in the lot are of a specified weight or
range of weights.

§ 178.3 Grades of frozen salmon steaks.
(a) “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of
frozen salmon steaks that possess good

flavor and odor, and that for those
factors which are rated in accordance

July 1960

with the scoring system outlined in the
following sections the total score is not
less than 85 points.

(b) “U.S. Grade B” is the quality of
frozen salmon steaks that possess at least
reasonably good flavor and odor, and
that for those factors which are rated in
accordance with the scoring system out-
lined in the following sections the total
score is not less than 70 points.

(c) “Substandard” is the quality of
frozen salmon steaks that fail to meet
the requirements of the “U.S. Grade B.”

DIMENSIONS
§ 178.6 Recommended dimensions.

(a) The recommended dimensions of
of frozen salmon steaks are not incorpor-
ated in the grades of the finished product
since dimensions, as such, are not factors
of quality for the purpose of these
grades. However, the degree of uni-
formity of thickness among units of the
finished product is rated since it is a
factor affecting the quality and utility
of the product.

(b) It is recommended that the thick-
ness (smallest dimension) of individually
frozen salmon steaks be not less than
YZ inch and not greater than 114 inches,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FACTORS OF QUALITY AND GRADE
§ 178.11 Ascertaining the grade.

The grade is ascertained by observing
the product in the frozen, thawed, and
cooked states and is determined by con-
sideration of the following:

(a) Factors rated by score points.

to all factors is scored numerically.
Cumulative point deductions are assessed
for variations of quality for the factors
in accordance with the schedule in Table
I, in the frozen, thawed, and cooked
states. The total deduction is sub-
tracted from the maximum possible
score of 100 to obtain the “product
score.”

(b) Factors governed by “limiting
rule’. The factors of flavor and odor,
in addition to being rated by score points,
are further considered for compliance
with the “limiting rule’ grade require-
ments of flavor and odor in Table I, as
defined under Definitions § 178.21(g) (9)
and (10).

(c) Determination of the final product
grade. The final product grade is de-
rived on the basis of both the “product
Score’ and the “limiting rule” grade
requirements of flavor and odor, per
Table L

TABLE I—ScHEDULE oF Point DEDUcTIONS ror Factors RATED BY SCORE PornTs!

Scored factors Description of quality variation Deduct
FROZEN

1, General appearance defects_-..--...-...-.------ Per occurrence:
Slight 1-2
Moder: 34
Excessive-_ = 5-10

2, Dehydration. (Per occurrence) for each 1 sq. inch of surface area_ 1

3. Uniformity of thickness._.. For each }{6 inch above 4%” variation tolerance in 2

steak thickness (max. deduction: 6 points).
4, Uniformity of weight and minimum weight-._-_ Style I & II—Random weight. For each steak be- 4

tween 2.5 and 3.0 ounces in weight per package,
or per pound of product for packages over 1
pound net wt.
Style I1I—Uniform weight or portion. For each 1
0.1 ounce beyond the 0.1 ounce tolerance of the
specified portion weight range per 5 lbs, of prod-
uct.

THAWED
6. Workmanship defects: Blood spots, bruises,
cleaning, cutting, fins, foreign material, collar-
bone, girdle, toose skin, pugh marks, sawdust,
scales,
6, Color defects:
(a) Discoloration of fatty portion....--.--.-.- |

(b) Discloration of lean portion......--.------

(c) Non-uniformity of color_...

7. Honeycombing......... eeeccon

COOKED
8, Texture defect (tough, dry, fibrous, or watery)-

10, Flavor: ?
(a) eean portion eecacecceoccccanncccceaceces

(b) Matty portion <2oco2cccccccacesccenacece--

Per occurrence:

ip h eeeendenstenen aanceratsesenaaanecmae== 1
Moderate-- 24
Excessive. &8
Slight__-- 1-2
Moderate 3-5
Excessive-- 6-10
Slight. -_- 1-2
Moderate-. 3-5
Excessive. - 6-10
Slight__-- 12
Moderate. 3-4
Excessive. 546

1

2

3
12
3-5
6-10
0-2
3-5
6-15
0-2
3-5
6-15
0-2
3-5
6-15

1 This schedule of point deductions is based on the examination of sample units composed of: (a) An entire sample
Package and its contents (for retail sized packages) or (b) a representative subsample consisting of about one pound
of salmon steaks taken from each sample package (for institutional sized packages), except that the entire sample

package or its equivalent shall be examined for factor 4.
2 Limiting rule” grade requirements of flavor and odor:

odor, or flavor of the lean, or flavor of the fatty portion,

Salmon steaks which receive over 5 deduction points for
shall not be graded above substandard, and those which

receive between 3 to 5 points shall not be graded above “U.S. Grade B,’’ regardless of the total product score.
(This is a “limiting rule” based on flavor and odor as defined under definitions § 178.21(g) (9) and (10)).

The quality of the product with respect:

81

DEFINITIONS
§ 178.21 Definitions.

(a) “Slight” refers to a defect that is
scarcely noticeable and. may not affect
the appearance, the desirability, and/or
eating quality of the steaks.

(b) “Moderate” refers to a defect that
is conspicuously noticeable (not seriously
objectionable) and does not seriously
affect the appearance, desirability and/
or eating quality of the steaks.

(c) “Excessive” refers to a defect that
is conspicuously noticeable (seriously
objectionable) and seriously affects the
appearance, desirability, and/or eating
quality of the steaks.

(d) “Occurrence” is defined as each
incidence of the same or different types
of defects.

(e) “Cooked state” means that the
thawed, unseasoned product has been
heated within a boilable film-type pouch
by immersing the pouch with product in
boiling water for 10 minutes. Steaks
cooked from the frozen state may require
about two additional minutes of cooking.

(f) “Actual net weight” means the
weight of the salmon steaks within the
package after removal of all packaging
material, ice glaze or other protective
coatings.

(g) “Scored factors” (Table I):

(1) “General appearance defects” re-
fer to poor arrangement of steaks, dis-
tortion of steaks, wide variation in shape
between steaks, greater than normal
number of head and/or tail pieces, im-
bedding of packaging material into fish
flesh, inside condition of package, frost
deposit, excessive or non-uniform skin
glaze, and undesirable level of natural
color.

(2) “Dehydration” refers to the ap-
pearance of a whitish area on the surface
of a steak due to the evaporation of
water or drying of the affected area.

(3) “Uniformity of thickness” means
that steak thickness is within the al-
lowed ¥%-inch manufacturing tolerance
between the thickest and thinnest parts
of the steaks within a package or sample
unit.

(4) “Uniformity of weight and mini-
mum weight” is defined in Table I.
(Portions are designated by “weight
range” or “specified weight.” The
“weight range” of portions bearing
“specified weight” designation on con-
tainers shall be taken as the “specified
weight” plus or minus 0.5 ounce unless
otherwise specified.)

(5) “Workmanship defects” refers to
appearance defects that were not elimi-
nated during processing and are con-
sidered objectionable or poor commercial
practice. They include the following:
Blood spots, bruises, cleaning (refers to
inadequate cleaning of the visceral
cavity from blood, viscera and loose or
attached appendages), cutting (refers to
irregular, inadequate, unnecessary, or
improper cuts and/or trimming), fins,
foreign material (refers to any loose
parts, of fish or other than fish origin),
collar bone, girdle (refers to bony struc-
ture adjacent to fin), loose skin, pugh
marks, sawdust and scales.

(6) “Color defects”:

(i) “Discoloration of fat portion”
means that the normal color of the fat

82

shows increasing degrees of yellowing
due to oxidation.

(ii) “Discoloration of lean portion”
means that the normal surface flesh
color has faded or changed due to
deteriorative influences.

Gii) “Non-uniformity of color” refers
to noticeable differences in surface flesh
color on a single steak or between adja-
cent steaks in the same package or sam-
ple unit. It would also include color
variation of the visceral cavity and skin
watermarking.

(7) “Honeycombing” refers to the
visible appearance on the steak surface
of numerous discrete holes or openings
of varying size.

(8) “Texture defect” refers to an
undesirable increase in toughness and/or
dryness, fibrousness, and watery nature
of salmon examined in the cooked state.

(9) “Odor” and ‘‘flavor:”

(i) “Good flavor and odor” (essential
requirement for Grade A) means that

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

rancidity and from off-flavors and off-
‘odors.

(ii) “Reasonably good flavor and odor”
(minimum requirement for Grade B)
means that the fish flesh may be some-
what lacking in the good flavor and
odor characteristics of the indicated
species of salmon, is reasonably free of
rancidity, and is free from objectionable
off-flavors and off-odors.

Gii) “Substandard flavor and odor”
(substandard grade) means that the
flavor and odor fail to meet the require-
ments of “reasonably good flavor and
odor.”

Lot CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES

§ 178.25 Tolerances for certification of
officially drawn samples.

The sample rate and grades of specific
lots shall be certified on the basis of
Part 170 of this chapter (Regulations
Governing Processed Fishery Products,
23 F.R. 5064, July 3, 1958).

Vol. 22, No. 7

Label: :
Size and kind of container: _
Container mark or identifica‘

Product style: -
Actual net weight: ---------- (ounces)...

Scored factors

FROZEN

General appearance defects
Dehydration___---------.
Uniformity of thickness_.
Uniformity of weight-.._...--...-.-.-.-|--------- 2.

THAWED
Workmanship defects......--.-.--.----|-----------=

Color defects.
Honeycombing.

PON

aa

COOKED

the fish flesh has the good flavor and
odor characteristic of the indicated
species of salmon, and is free from

steaks.

ScorE SHEET

Product score (100—Total deductions)
Flavor and odor rating---...-- =

§ 178.31 Score sheet for frozen salmon | *™2! rad 33

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1960 p. 74.

sve sk ok ok ok
wo os

a

VOLUNTARY GRADE STANDARDS
PROPOSED FOR FROZEN
RAW HEADLESS SHRIMP:

Frozen. raw headless shrimp volun-
tary grade standards are proposed by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries. The regulations are proposed
for adoption in accordance with the au-
thority contained in Title II of the Ag-
vricultural Marketing Act of August 14,
1946, as amended. Functions under that
Act pertaining to fish, shellfish, and any
products thereof were transferred to the
Department of the Interior by section
6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of Au-
gust 8, 1958.

The proposed standards (published
in the- Federal Register of May 7, 1960),
if recommended to the Secretary of the
Interior for adoption and made effective,
will be the first issued by the Depart-
ment prescribing voluntary grade stand-
ards for frozen raw headless shrimp.

The proposed standards include prod-
uct description, grades, sizes; factors of
quality and grade, including ascertaining
the grade; definitions; lot certification
tolerance; and score sheet.

The frozen raw headless shrimp are
described as clean, wholesome, head-

less, shell-on shrimp of the regular com-

mercial species. They are sorted for

size, packed, and frozen in accordance
with good commercial practice and are
maintained at temperatures necessary

for the preservation of the product. Four
different grades will be established: (1)
"U.S. Grade A" or "U.S. Fancy"; (2)
"U.S. Grade B" or'"'U. S. Good"; (3) "U.S.
Grade C" or 'U. S. Commercial"; and (4)
"Substandard,"' The size categories as
listed in the proposed standards are: un-
der 10 count, 10-15 count, 16-20 count,
21-25 count, 26-30 count, 31-35 count,
36-42 count, 43-50 count, 51-60 count,
61-70 count, and over 70 count. Count is
the number of shrimp per pound.

oe

Eighty -Sixth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which
may directly or indirectly affect fisher-
ies and allied industries
are reported. Introduc-
tion, referral to Com-
mittees, pertinent legis-
lative actions, hearings,
and other actions by the
House and Senate, as :
well as signature into law~or other final
disposition are covered.

July 1960

ALASKA FISHERIES: Arctic Wildlife Range--
Alaska (Hearings before the Merchant Marine and
Fisheries Subcommittee of the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate,
86th Congress, Second Session, on S. 1899, a bill to
authorize the establishment of the Arctic Wildlife
Range, Alaska, and for other purposes, October 20,
22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 1959, and April 22,
1960. Part 2--Ketchikan, Juneau, Anchorage, Sew-
ard, Cordova, Valdez, and Fairbanks, Alaska), 457
pp., printed. Contains statements, letters, tele-
grams, and resolutions of various citizens, clubs,
and various Federal Government and state offici-
als, on the establishment of the Wildlife Range by
the Federal Government. A statement by the as-
sistant librarian of the Alaska Historical Library
refers to the fisheries management of the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service before Alaska became
a state with particular reference to the conserva-
tion of the king salmon. The statement of an Alas-
kan state senator gives a brief history of the salm-
on industry since the year 1925. Also contains and
refers to the 1949 edition, Code of Federal Regula-
tions, title 50, ''Wildlife,"" subpart C. "Taking of
Wildlife,’ a section of which is entitled '' Public
Fishing."

AREA ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1960: S. 3569
(Dirksen, for himself and Bush, Beall, Keating,
Morton, and Javits), a bill introduced on May 18,
1960, to establish a program of financial and tech-
nical assistance designed to alleviate conditions of
substantial and persistent unemployment in eco-
nomically depressed areas, and for other purposes;
to the Committee on Banking and Currency. This
legislation is introduced to replace the Area As-
sistance Bill (S. 722) which was vetoed by the
President on May 13, 1960, but without those fea-
tures that the President found objectionable. An
identical bill H. R. 12286 (Widnell), and three simi-
lar bills H, R. 12290 (Van Zandt), H. R. 12291
(Fenton), and H. R. 12298 (Saylor) were introduced
in the House on the same date. H. R. 12490 (Siler),
identical to S. 3569, was introduced in the House
on June 1, 1960.

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION
ACT: On May 26, 1960, the Committee on Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries met in executive ses-
sion and ordered favorably reported to the House
a clean bill, H. R. 12419, in lieu of H. R. 11502,
to provide for advance consultation with the Fish
and Wildlife Service and with state wildiife agen-
cies before the beginning of any Federal program
involving the use of pesticides or other chemicals
designed for mass biological controls. H. R.
12419 (Wolf), was the Committee bill, which was
introduced in House on May 26; H. R. 12463 (King
of Utah) was introduced in House on June 1, 1960,
similar to H. R. 11502; both were referred to the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

H. R. 12419 was reported out by the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on June 9, 1960
(H. Rept. 1786), and referred to the Committee of
the Whole House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. 1786, Providing for Advance Consulta-
tion Before the Beginning of any Federal Program
Involving the Use of Pesticides or Other Chemi-
cals (June 6, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session,
Report from the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries to accompany H. R. 12419), 6 pp.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

printed. The purpose of the legislation is to in-
crease protection to wildlife from the use of pesti-
cides and chemicals used for the control of agri-
cultural pests. This would be achieved by a re-
quirement that, before a program involving the
use of chemical insecticides, herbicides, fungi-
cides, rodenticides, or other chemicals be initiated
or financed by the Federal Government, the initi-
ating agency be required to inform the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service and to consult with that Serv-
ice with a view toward minimizing the adverse ef-
fect of the program on fish and wildlife resources.
Report discusses purpose and need of legislation;
presents the reports on the bill submitted by the
departments of Agriculture, Interior, and Health,
Education, and Welfare. Committee reported fa-
vorably on the bill without amendment. ~

The Senate Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce on June 16, 1960, submitted Rept.
No. 1601 on S. 3473 (Magnuson) introduced inSen-
ate May 3, 1960, similar to H. R. 12419. A com-
mittee amendment substituted the text of H. R.
12419,

COLOR ADDITIVES IN FOOD: On May 9, 1960,
the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce concluded hearings on H. R, 7624, a
bill to protect the public health by amending the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act so as to
authorize the use of suitable color additives in or
on foods, drugs, and cosmetics, in a@eordance
with regulations prescribing the conditions (in-
cluding maximum tolerance) under which additives
may be safely used. H.R. 7624 (Harris), intro-
duced in the House on June 9, 1959, was reported
out by the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce on June 7, 1960 (H. Rept. 1761).

H. Res. 599 (Delaney), introduced in the House
on June 14, a resolution for the consideration of
and 2 hours debate on, H. R. 7624; resolution re-
ported out without amendment (H. Rept. No. 1867).

H. Rept. No. 1761, Color Additive Amendments
of 1960 (June 7, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Ses-
sion, Report of the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, U. S. House of Representa~
tives, to accompany H. R. 7624), 97 pp., printed.
This legislation is to protect the public health by
amending the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act so as
to authorize the use of suitable color additives in
or on foods, drugs, and cosmetics, in accordance
with regulations prescribing the conditions (in-
cluding maximum tolerances) under which such
additives may be safely used. The report gives
committee amendments, purpose and a general
summary of the legislation, background informa-
tion on coal-tar and other colors, need for legis-
lation, a detailed explanation of the committee
bill and a section by section analysis, changes in
existing law, and reports of executive departments
and agencies.

COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY STAMPS:
S. 3624 (Mrs. Smith), a bill to provide a special
Series of postage stamps to be known as Commer-
cial Fishing Industry Stamps, introduced in the
Senate on June 6, 1960, and referred to the Senate
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. The
purpose of the bill is to acquaint the people with
the importance of the commercial fishing indus-
try in the United States by having the Postmaster

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

General issue, as early as practicable in the cal-
endar year 1960, a special series of 4-cent post-
age stamps of an appropriate design, which would
be known as Commercial Fishing Industry Stamps.

CONSERVATION OF FISH AND SHELLFISH:
H. J. Res. 705 (Pelly), a joint resolution introduced
in the House on May 10, 1960, to promote the con-
servation of ocean fish and shellfish; to the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means. Identical to S. J. Res.
184, which was introduced in the Senate on April 7,
1960.

EXEMPTION FROM REGULATION OF TRANS-
PORTATION OF BULK COMMODITIES BY RAIL-
ROAD: S. 3618 (Magnuson) introduced in Senate
June 6, 1960, a bill to amend the Interstate Com-
merce Act, as amended, so as to provide that the
transportation of bulk commodities by railroad
shall be exempt from regulation. The purpose of
the bill is to provide that the transportation of
commodities in bulk, shall be accorded exemption
from regulation similar to, but broader than, the
exemption now granted water carriers subject to
the Interstate Commerce Act.

EXEMPT RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION FOR
FISH, LIVESTOCK, AND AGRICULTURAL COM-
MODITIES: H.R. 12413 (Rostenkowski), introduced
in House on May 26, 1960, a bill to amend the In-
terstate Commerce Act, as amended, so as to ex-
tend to the railroads a conditional exemption from
economic regulation comparable to that provided
for motor carriers engaged in the transportation
of ordinary livestock, fish, or agricultural com-
modities; to the Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce. At the same time H. R. 12414
(Rostenkowski) was also introduced in the House,
a bill to provide for the economic regulation of
certain motor vehicles heretofore conditionally
exempt therefrom under the provisions of section
203(b) (6) of the Interstate Commerce Act, as a-
mended, and for other purposes; to the Commit-
tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. These
two bills have objectives which clash; but Con-
gressman Rostenkowski offered them in order that
Congress would choose one in order to eliminate
the inequality of treatment for different modes of
transportation as far as fish, livestock, and agri-
cultural commodities are concerned.

FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ACT: Ss. 3574 (Case of South Dakota), a bill intro-
duced in fhe Senate on May 19, 1960, to strengthen
the enforcement provisions of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act and extend the duration of
the authorization of grants for State water pollu-
tion control programs, and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Public Works. This legislation
would make the following changes in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act: “Extend, for an addi-
tional 5 years, the provision for Federal grants to
State and Interstate water pollution control agen-
cies for administration of their programs; make
it possible for several communities to get individ-
ual Federal grants and use these funds in the con-
struction of sewage treatment facilities; make all
interstate navigable waters and coastal waters
subject to Federal abatement enforcement author-
ity whether or not there is a showing of interstate
pollution if abatement action is requested by a State
or municipality with the concurrence of the State,

Vol. 22, No. 7

and authorize the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare to issue final orders in enforcement
actions; make discharges from Federal installa-
tions subject to administrative findings and recom-
mendations in Federal water pollution abatement
actions conducted by the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare; also includes a clarifying
amendment in section 12, which preserves existing
functions of other Federal agencies in the water
pollution control field. Identical bills were intro-
duced in the House: May 19, 1960, H. R. 12309
(Auchincloss), and on May 23, 1960, H. R. 12343
(Schwengel).

FISH AND WILDLIFE COOPERATIVE RE-
SEARCH TRAINING UNITS: On May 26, 1960,
S. 1781 (in lieu of H. R. 5814), a bill to provide
for cooperative unit programs of research, educa-
tion, and demonstration between the Federal Gov-
ernment of the U. S., colleges and universities, the
several States and territories, and private organi-
zations, was considered in executive session of
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries and
ordered favorably reported to the House without
amendment. On June 9, the House Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries submitted Rept.
No. 1783 on S. 1781, referred to the Whole House
on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. 1783, Authorizing Continuance of Co-
operative Unit Programs of Research and Educa-

\tion Relating to Fish and Wildlife (June 9, 1960,

86th Congress, Second Session, Report from the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries to
accompany S. 1781), 4 pp., printed. The purpose
of the bill is to continue the development of coop-
erative units by the Federal Government, states,
educational institutions, and nonprofit organiza-
tions for research and training programs in the
field of fish and wildlife resources. At present,
such programs are maintained in some 16 states
and a very considerable part of their work is the
education of men and women to augment the num-
ber of trained people required for the proper con-
duct of the manifold activities required to main-
tain and develop our fish and wildlife resources.
Report discusses need and cost of legislation and
presents the Interior Department Report on the
bill. Committee reported favorably on the bill
without amendment.

FISHERIES ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1959: On
May 5, 1960, Senator Lausche filed a motion in the
Senate to reconsider action of the Senate taken on
May 3, inadopting conference report on H. R. 5421,
a bill to provide a program of assistance to cor-
rect inequities in the construction of fishing ves-
sels and to enable the fishing industry of the United
States to regain a favorable economic status, and
for other purposes.

On May 10, 1960, the House returned to the
Senate in accordance with motion entered on May
5 by Senator Lausche, H. R. 5421 (with accompany-
ing papers).

Pursuant to unanimous-consent request of June
6, 1960, the Senate adopted the Lausche motion to
reconsider by vote the conference report on H. R.
5421. On reconsideration of this action the Senate

by a 59-26 majority, again adopted the conference
report.

July 1960

By unanimous consent, Senate agreed that after
action on June 7 on S. 2584, a bill to provide a 5-
year program of assistance to enable depressed
segments of the fishing industry in the United States
to regain a favorable economic Status, and for other
purposes, it would consider motion of Senator Lau-
sche, filed on May 5, 1960, to reconsider vote by
which conference report was adopted in Senate on
May 3 on H. R. 5421, to be considered under de-
bate-limitation agreement. Senator Lausche op-
posed this legislation because in the House version
of the bill a new principle is created under which
subsidies are to be given to an industry which has
been denied tariff relief by the President.

On June 8, 1960, the conference report on H. R.
5421 was adopted by the House, and thus cleared |
the bill for Presidential consideration. The bill as
reported out by the conferees contains the following
principal features: (1) a fishing vessel subsidy of
up to one-third the cost of construction, if built in
a U.S. shipyard under approval of the Department
of Defense; (2) the Federal subsidy shall be $2.5
million per year for 3 years; (3) eligible are those
building vessels operated in a fishery for which
escape clause relief had been recommended by the
Tariff Commission but denied under the Trade A-
greements Assistance Act and to certain fisheries
found by the Secretary of the Interior to be injured
by increased imports of fish or shellfish products.

On June 9, 1960, the Senate received mess-
age from the House that H. R. 5421 had been signed
by the Speaker.

On June 10 the Committee on House Administra-
tion presented to the President, for his approval,
H.R. 5421. The bill was signed by the President
on June 12, 1960 (P. L. 86-516).

Public Law 86-516
86th Congress, H. R. 5421
June 12, 1969

AN ACT

To provide a program of assistance to correct inequities in the construction of
fishing vessels and to enable the fishing industry of the United States to
regain a favorable economic status, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to Fishing ves-
assist certain depressed segments of the fishing industry the Secretary weds. A
of the Interior is hereby authorized to pay in accordance with this Act hte te
a subsidy for the construction of fishing vessels in the shipyards of the .
United States.

Seo. 2. Any citizen of the United States may apply to the Secretary Subsidies.
for a construction subsidy to aid in construction of a new fishing vessel Applications.
in accordance with this Act. No such application shall be approved by
the Secretary unless he determined that (1) the plans aaa specifica-
tions for the fishing vessel are suitable for use in the fishery in which
that vessel will operate and suitable for use by the United States for
National Defense or military purposes in time of war or National
emergency, (2) that the applicant possesses the ability, experience, re-
sources, and other qualifications necessary to enable him to operate
and maintain the proposed new fishing vessel, (3) will aid in the de-
velopment of the United States fisheries under conditions that the
Secretary considers to be in the public interest, (4) that the vessel
except under force majeure will deliver its full catch to a port of
the United States, (5) that the applicant will employ on the vessel
only citizens of the United States or aliens legally domiciled in the
United States, (6) the vessel will be documented under the laws of the
United States, and (7) such other conditions as the Secretary may
consider to be in the public interest. :

Sec. 3. If the Secretary, in the exercise of his discretion, determines °ontracts«
that the granting of a subsidy applied for is reasonably calculated to
carry out the purposes of this Act, he may approve such Beplicstion
and enter into a contract or contracts with the applicant which will
provide for payment by the United States of a construction subsidy
in accordance with the purposes and provisions of this Act and in
accordance with any other conditions or limitations which may be pre-
scribed by the Secretary.

Src. 4. A construction subsidy shall be granted under this Act only Seu
to assist in the construction of a fishing vessel to be operated in (1) a °°n®***one«
fishery suffering injury from which escape clause relief has been rec-
ommended by the Tariff Commission under the Trade Agreements
Assistance Act of 1951, as amended (65 Stat. 74), but where such relief
has been or is hereafter denied under section 7(c) of such Act; (2) a
fishery found by the Secretary to be injured or th: I
by reason of increased imports, either actual or relative, of a fish o!

72 Stat. 676.
19 USC 1364.

74 STAT. 212.
74 STAT. 213.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

shellfish Product not the subject of a trade agreement tariff concession,
which is like or directly competitive with the fishery’s product ; or (3)
a fishery found by the Secretary to be injured or threatened with
injury by reason of increased imports, either actual or relative, of a
fish or shellfish product that is provided for in the Free List of the

85

Tariff Act of 1930, whether or not the subject of a trade agreement 46 Stat. 590

tariff concession.

19 USC 1654,

Sec. 5. The construction subsidy which the Secretary may pay with Cost determina-
respect to any fishing vessel under this Act shall be an amount equal to ttn and limt~
the difference, as determined by the Maritime Administrator, between *®*1on+

the cost of constructing such vessel in a shipyard in the United States
based upon the lowest responsible domestic bid for the construction of
such vessel and the estimated cost. as determined by the Maritime
Administrator, of constructing such vessel under similar plans and
specifications in a foreign shipbuilding center which is determined
by the Maritime Administrator to furnish a fair and representative
example for the determination of the estimated total cost of construct-
ing a vessel of the type proposed to be constructed, but in no event
shall the subsidy exceed 3344 per centum of the cost of constructing
such vessel in a shipyard in the United States based upon the lowest
responsible domestic bid excluding the cost of any features incor-
porated in the vessel for national defense uses, which shall be paid
by the Department of Defense in addition to the subsidy. For the
purposes of this section, the Maritime Administrator shall determine,
and certify to the Secretary, the lowest responsible domestic bid.

Sec. 6. Any fishing vessel for which a construction subsidy is paid
under this Act shall be constructed under the supervision of the Mari-
time Administrator. The Maritime Administrator shall submit the
plans and specifications for the proposed vessel to the Department of
Defense for examination thereof and suggestions for such changes
therein as may be deemed necessary or proper in order that such
vessel shall be suitable for economical and speedy conversion into a
naval or military auxiliary or otherwise suitable for the use of the
United States Government in time of war or national emergency.
If the Secretary of Defense approves such plans and specifications
as submitted, or as modified, in accordance with the provisions of this
subsection, he shall certify such approval to the Administrator. No
construction subsidy shall be marl by the Secretary under this Act
unless all contracts between the applicant for such subsidy and the
shipbuilder who is to construct such vessel contain such provisions
with respect to the construction of the vessel as the Maritime Ad-
ministrator determines necessary to protect the interests of the
United States.

_ Sec. 7. All construction with res to which a construction sub-
sidy is granted under this Act shall be performed in a shipyard in the
United States as a result of competitive bidding, after due advertising,
with the rights reserved in the applicant, and in the Maritim Ad-
ministrator, to disapprove any or all bids. In all such construction
the shipbuilder, subcontractor, material men, and suppliers shall use,
so far as practicable, only articles, materials, and supplies of the
growth, production, and manufacture of the United States as defined
in paragraph K of section 401 of the Tariff Act of 1930. No ship-
builder shall be deemed a responsible builder unless he possesses the
experience, ability, financial resources, equipment, and other qualifica-
tions necessary properly to perform the proposed contract. ‘The sub-
mitted bid shall be accompanied by all detailed estimates on which it is
based, and the Maritime Administrator may require that the builder
or any subcontractor submit any other pertinent data relating to,
such bids.

Sec. 8. (a) Every contract executed by the Secretary pursuant to
section 3 of this Act shall provide that in the event the United States
shall, through purchase or requisition, acquire ownership of any
fishing vessel on which a construction subsidy was paid, the owner
shall be paid therefor the value thereof, but in no event shall such
payment exceed the actual depreciated construction cost thereof
(together with the actual depreciated cost of capital improvements
thereon) less the depreciated amount of construction subsidy thereto-
fore paid incident to the construction of such vessel, or the fair and
reasonable scrap value of such vessel as determined by the Maritime
Administrator, whichever is the greater. Such determination shall
be final. In computing the depreciated value of such vessel, deprecia-
tion shall be computed on each vessel on the schedule accepted or
adopted by the Internal Revenue Service for income tax pu

(b) The provisions of section 2 and subsection (a) of this section
relating to the requisition or the acquisition of ownership by the
United States shall run with the title of each fishing vessel and be
binding on all owners thereof.

Sec. 9. If any fishing vessel is operated during its useful life, as
determined by the Secretary, in any fishery other than the particular
fishery for which it was designed the owner of such vessel shall repay
to the Secretary, in accordance with such terms and conditions as the
Secretary shall prescribe, an amount which bears the same proportion
to the total construction subsidy paid under this Act with respect to
such vessel as the proportion that the number of years during which
such vessel was not operated in the fishery for which it was designed
bears to the total useful life of such vessel as determined by the Secre-
tary for the pu of this section. Obligations under this provision
shall run with the title to the vessel.

Sec, 10, The Secretary shall make such rules and regulations as may
be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act.

Sec. 11. As used in this Act the terms—

(1) “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior, 4

(2) “fishing vessel” means any vessel designed to be used in
catching fish, processing or transporting fish loaded on the high
seas, or any vessel outfitted for such activity, 4

(3) “citizen of the United States” includes a corporation, part-
nership, of association if it is a citizen of the United States
within the meaning of section 2 of the Shipping Act, 1916, as
amended, key? ‘ :

(4) “construction” includes designing, inspecting, outfitting,
andequipping,and a a

(5) “Maritime Administrator” means the Maritime Adminis-
trator in the Department of Commerce.

Submission of
plans to Secre-
tary of Defensa

Conditions of
constructions

46 Stat. 708.
19 uSc 1401,

74 STAT. 213.
74 STi 2l4,

Acquisition of
ownership by

Payment for
use in other
fisheries,

Definitions.

Sec. 12. There is authorized to be appropriated the sum of not more Appropriation.

than $2,500,000 annually to carry out the purposes of this Act.

Src. 13. No application for a subsidy for the construction of a fish- Expiration

ing vessel ma:
three years a

Approved June 12, 1960.

be accepted by the Secreta
r the date of enactment of this Act.

after the day which is 44t*+

86

FISHERIES COOPERATIVE MARKETING ACT
AMENDMENT: The Subcommittee on Fisheries
and Wildlife Conservation of the House Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on June 7, 1960,
considered H. R. 2777 (McCormack), a bill to a-
mend the Fisheries Cooperative Marketing Act,
introduced in the House on January 19, 1959. The
bill provides that fishermen's cooperatives shall
not be subject to the provisions of the Antitrust
Act.

FISHERY LOAN FUND MORTGAGE FORECLO-
SURES: A letter from the Assistant Secretary of
the Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed leg-
islation to facilitate administration of the fishery
loan fund established by section 4 of the Fish and
Wildlife Act of 1956, and for other purposes (with
an accompanying paper), was laid before the Senate
on June 1, 1960, by the Vice President, and refer-
red to the Senate Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce. Would give Secretary of the In-
terior authority to dispose of property acquired
through foreclosure of vessel mortgages under the
fishery loan fund.

S. 3631 (Magnuson), a bill to facilitate adminis-
tration of the fishery loan fund established by sec-
tion 4 of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and for
other purposes, introduced in the Senate on June 6,
1960, and referred to the Senate Committee on In-
terstate and Foreign Commerce.

FISH HATCHERIES: On June 9, the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries submitted Rept.
No. 1784 on S. 2053, an act to provide for the ac-
ceptance by the United States of a fish hatchery in
the State of South Carolina; without amendment;
referred to the Committee of the Whole House on
the State of the Union.

H. Rept. No. 1784, Orangeburg County, S. C.,
Fish Hatchery (June 9, 1960, 86th Congress, Sec-
ond Session, Report from the Committee on Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries to accompany S. 2053),
4 pp., printed. The purpose of the bill is to pro-
vide for a needed increase in facilities for the pro-
duction of warm water fish in South Carolina. This
would be accomplished by accepting title by the
Secretary of the Interior to an existing hatchery
facility owned by Orangeburg County, S. C., andits
development by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Re-
port discusses purpose, background, cost, andneed
for legislation; presents the Interior Department
report on the bill. Committee reported favérably
on the bill without amendment.

FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE INSURANCE
FUND: On June 9, 1960, the House Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries submitted Rept.
No. 1785 on S, 2481, an act to continue the applica-
tion of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, asamended,
to certain functions relating to fishing vessels
transferred to the Secretary of the Interior, and
for other purposes, without amendment; referred
to the Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union,

FOREIGN TRADE STUDY COMMISSION: S. J.
Res. 208 (Dirksen), joint resolution introduced in
Senate on June 13, 1960, to provide for a commis-
sion to study and report on the influence of foreign
trade upon business and industrial expansion in the
United States; to the Committee on Interstate and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

Foreign Commerce. Resolution provides that com-
mission shall file a final report not later than July
31, 1961.

HAWAII OMNIBUS ACT: Hawaii Omnibus Bill
(Hearings before the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs, United States Senate, 86th Congress,
Second Session on S. 3054, April 29, 1960), 86 pp.,
printed. The purpose of the legislation is to''gather
up the loose ends" in Federal legislation involved
in the transition of Hawaii from a territory to a
State of the United States; will make technical
changes in our national laws to make Hawaii a full
and equal partner with the other 49 states. Section
13 contains perfecting amendments to the statute,
which authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to
undertake exploration, investigation, development,
rand maintenance projects for fishery resources in

the Pacific. Inappropriate references to the "Ter-
ritory'" of Hawaii and to the "Hawaiian Islands"
would be deleted or modified by the amendments.
Report contains statements and communications
from Federal officials, Congressmen, and officials
of business firms; the text of the bill; the report of
the Bureau of the Budget; and a section by section
analysis.

IMPORTS IMPACT ON SMALL BUSINESS: The
Subcommittee on Relations of Business with Gov-
ernment of the Senate Select Committee on Small
Business held hearings on June 16, on the subject
of the impact of imports on American small busi-
ness. Government witnesses were heard, as well
as numerous public witnesses representing various
segments of industry and several organizations.
Hearings were adjourned subject to call.

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS:
On May 5, 1960, the House adopted by a voice vote
the conference report on H. R. 10401, a bill making
appropriations for the Department of the Interior
and related agencies for fiscal year 1961, and sent
the legislation to the Senate. Two Senate amend-
ments were reported in disagreement on which the
House voted to recede and concur therein.

The President signed H. R. 10401 on May 13,
1960 (P. L. 86-455).

H. Rept. No. 1571, Department of the Interior
and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1961
(May 3, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session, Re-
port of the Committee on Conference, to accompa-
ny H. R. 10401), 8 pp., printed. The two Houses
disagreed on the amendments of the Senate to H. R.
10401, appropriations for the Department of the In-
terior and related agencies for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1961, and for other purposes. The
Committee on Conference agreed to recommend to
their respective Houses various amendments, a-
mong which Amendment No. 24 pertains to the Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries: Appropriates
$6,591,000 for management and investigations of
resources instead of $7,051,000 as proposed by the
Senate and $6,249,000 as proposed by the House.
The increase provided over the House bill is for
the following: pesticides research, $67,000; indus-
trial fisheries research (menhaden, sardines, and
herring), $175,000; South Atlantic exploratory fish-
ing gear and developmemt program, $100,000. In
addition, the conferees direct that $60,000 be made
available for this latter program from Saltonstall-
Kennedy funds to make a total of $160,000 available

July 1960

during fiscal year 1961. For the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife Amendment 22 appropriates
$18,645,000 for management and investigations of
resources instead of $18,770,000 as proposed by
the Senate and $18,220,000 as proposed by the
House. The increase provided over the House bill
is as follows: Assistance to Navajo, Hopi, Fort
Apache, and Zuni Indian Reservations in fishery
management, $25,000; research on effects of pesti-
cides on fish and wildlife, $250,000; and marine
sport fisheries research, $150,000. Amendment
No. 23 appropriated $4,535,000 for construction
instead of $4,841,000 as proposed by the Senate
and $3,485,000 as proposed by the House. The in-
crease provided over the House bill is for the fol-
lowing hatcheries: Alchesay Spririgs, Ariz.,
$260,000; Garrison Dam, N. Dak., $200,000; Corn-
ing, Ark., $100,000; Erwin, Tenn., $100,000; Cres-
ton, Mont., $130,000; Gavins Point Dam, S. Dak.,
$150,000; Hot Springs, N. Mex., $100,000; and for
a survey, Walker Lake area, Nevada, $10,000.

LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTIONS: By a rec-
ord vote the Senate on May 26, 1960, ratified en
bloc five treaties, all from 86th Congress, lst
Session: Convention on the Territorial Sea and
the Contiguous Zone (Ex. J); Convention on the
High Seas (Ex. K); Convention on Fishing and Con-
servation of the Living Resources of the HighSeas
(Ex. L); Convention on the Continental Shelf (Ex.
M); and Optional Protocol of Signature Concerning
Compulsory Settlement of Disputes on Law of the
Sea (Ex. N). Following objections of several Sen-
ators to the voting en bloc of these treaties, an-
other vote was taken on Optional Protocol of Sig-
nature Concerning Compulsory Settlement of Dis-
putes on Law of the Sea (Ex. N), the Senate failed
to agree to resolution of ratification of that treaty.
An affirmative two-thirds vote is necessary for
ratification. So the Senate, in essence, rejected
the Optional Protocol which would give the World
Court jurisdiction over all disputes arising under
the Law of the Sea Convention signed at Geneva.

The four conventions that were ratified codify
existing international law and establish some new
international law with respect to activities on the
seas.

On May 27, 1960, a motion was made by Senator
Mansfield to reconsider the vote by which the res-
olution approving ratification of Ex. N., 86th Con-
gress, 1stSession, was disagreed to. The motion
to reconsider permits debate and full explanation
and clarification of Ex. N.

NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN DISTRICT OF CO-
LUMBIA: H, R. 12634 (Kirwin), introduced in the
House on June 14, 1960, a bill to authorize the
Secretary of the Interior to construct a national
aquarium in the District of Columbia; referred to
the Committee on the District of Columbia.

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER: H. R. 9979
(Foley), a bill to create a Federal planning com-
mission to conduct a study of the possible estab-
lishment of a national fisheries center in the Dis-
trict of Columbia; to the Committee on the Dis-
trict of Columbia; introduced in House January 27,
1960. Identical to other bills previously introduced.

OCEANOGRAPHIC NATIONAL DATA CENTER:
H. R. 12018 (George P. Miller) on May 2, 1960, in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

87

troduced in the House a bill to establish within the
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey a National Ocea-
nographic Data Center and a National Instrumenta-
tion Test and Calibration Center; to the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

OCEANOGRAPHY (Hearing before the Special
Subcommittee on Oceanography of the Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Rep-
resentatives, 86th Congress, 2nd Session, on S.
2482, to remove geographical limitations onactivi-
ties of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and for oth-
er purposes; and S. 2483, to provide flexibility in
the performance of certain functions of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, and of the Weather Bureau,
January 22,1960), 35 pp., printed. Contains state-
ments of government officials; letters and resolu-
tions of various organizations. This legislation
would advance the marine sciences and enlarge the
abilities of the Coast and Geodetic Survey to enable
it to conduct surveys in waters which extend be-
yond the immediate territories of the United States
set forth in existing Coast and Geodetic Survey
authority; and would simplify the administrative
action of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and
Weather Bureau, authorizing the Secretary of Com-
merce to fix certain rates of pay for extra com-
pensation for members of crews of vessels when
assigned to certain duties and to employees of
other agencies when performing certain duties for
the Coast and Geodetic Survey. .

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: On
May 18, 1960, the Senate Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce in executive session, or-
dered favorably reported without amendment S.
2692 (Magnuson & 10 other Senators), a bill intro-
duced in the Senate on September 11, 1959. The
purpose of the bill is to advance the marine
sciences, to establish a comprehensive 10-year
program of oceanographic research and surveys;
to promote commerce and navigation, to secure
the national defense; to expand ocean resources;
to authorize the construction of research and sur-
vey ships and facilities; to assure systematic stud-
ies of the effects of radioactive materials in ma-
rine environments; to enhance the general welfare,
and for other purposes. Titled ''The Marine
Sciences and Research Act of 1959" the bill pro-
vides for a 10-year program relating to Oceano-
graphic Research and objectives expressed in Sen-
ate Resolution 136, previously introduced and a-
dopted by Senate. Report No. 1525 was reported
by the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce, with amendments on June 7, 1960.

Marine Science (Hearings before the Commit-
tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce United
States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session, on
S. 2692, April 20, 21, and 22, 1960), 165 pp., printed.
Contains statements, letters, communications, re-
ports, resolutions, and tables from various govern-
ment and state agencies, commissions, universi-
ites, laboratories, etc. The Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, submitted 3
tables: Table 1 - research contracts either nego-
tiated or in effect in fiscal year 1960; Table 9 -
contracts negotiated with Saltonstall-Kennedy Act
funds, fiscal years 1955-60; Table 12 - contracts
utilizing Saltonstall-Kennedy Act funds (analysis
by contracting organization and location).

88

OCEANOGRAPHY EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE:
Frontiers in Oceanic Research (Hearings before
the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S.
House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second
Session, April 28 and 29, 1960, on H. R. 6298), 76
pp., printed. This legislation provides financial
assistance to educational institutions for the de-
velopment of teaching facilities, provides fellow-
ships in the field of oceanography, and provides
fellowships for graduate study in such fields. Con-
tains statements of a geochemistry professor,
California Institute of Technology, and Chairman,
Committee on Oceanography, National Academy of
Sciences; Director of Development Planning, Lock-
heed Aircraft Corporation, Burbank, California; the
scientist In charge of the Navy's bathyscope pro-
gram; and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for
Research and Development.

POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY OIL: Executive
C, 86th Congress, Second Session, was reported
from the Committee on Foreign Relations on June 2,
1960. The International Convention for the Pre-
vention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, was
signed at London, on May 12, 1954, in behalf of
certain states, but not the United States (Ex. Rept.
No. 5). This Convention would help clean up the
ocean oil pollution which annually kills thousands
of water birds, fish, shellfish, and other wildlife.

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATION BILL, 1961:
The Committee on Appropriations held an addition-
al hearing on H. R. 12326 (Cannon), a bill intro-
duced in the House on May 20, 1960, fiscal 1961 ap-
propriations for public works. This legislation in-
cludes funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service for
studies on effect of certain public works construc-
tion on fish and wildlife; Lower Columbia Riverfish
sanctuary program; and also, the Committee re-
quested that consideration be given to transferring
the Columbia Fisheries Program under Public
Works Appropriations to the budget for the Fish and
Wildlife Service.

Public Works Appropriation Bill, 1961 (Hearings
before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Ap-
propriations, House of Representatives, 86th Con-
gress, Second Session, Part 2), 98 pp., printed.
Contains statements of public officials; project data
sheets; tables; and details of projects. Nearly each
project lists funds for studies of effect of project
upon fish and wildlife. Includes funds ($750,000) to
permit detailed studies by the Fish and Wildlife
Service of 191 Corps of Engineers and the Bureau
of Reclamation projects in the United States, ex-
clusive of the Missouri River Basin. These studies
are provided for in the Fish and Wildlife Coordina-
tion Act (48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S. C. 661
et seq.) which require that the Fish and Wildlife
Service determine the probable effects on fish and
wildlife resources of water control projects pro-
posed under the jurisdiction or control of the Fed-
eral Government and to insure that wildlife conser-
vation shall receive equal consideration and be co-
ordinated with other features of water-resource
development programs. Measures are recom-~
mended to protect and, where possible, to develop
and improve fish and wildlife. The act authorizes
transfer of funds for these studies to the Fish and
Wildlife Service from moneys appropriated to the
Federal construction agencies for investigations,
engineering, or construction. Each project and its
cost for fish and wildlife study is listed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

H. R. 12326 (Cannon), introduced in the House
on May 20, 1960, a bill making appropriations for
civil functions administered by the Department of
the Army, certain agencies of the Department of
the Interior, the Atomic Energy Commission, the
Tennessee Valley Authority and certain study com-
missions, for the fiscal year ending June 20, 1961,
and for other purposes. This bill was reported
without amendment on May 20, 1960 (H. Rept. No.
1634).

H. Rept. No. 1634, Public Works Appropriation
Bill, 1961 (May 20, 1960, 86th Congress Second _

Session, Report from the Committee on Appropria-
tions to accompany H. R. 12326), 45 pp., printed.
This legislation includes funds for the Fish and
Wildlife Service for studies on effect of certain
public words construction on fish and wildlife,
$500,000; Lower Columbia River fish sanctuary
program, $1,400,000. Also, the Committee re-
quested that consideration be given to transferring
the Columbia Fisheries Program under Public
Works Appropriations to the budget for the Fish
and Wildlife Service.

The Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union concluded consideration of H. R. 12326
on May 24, 1960, but deferred final action on the
bill until May 25, 1960, upon development of a rec-
ord vote on a motion to recommit the bill. The re-
commital motion was designed to prevent use of
any funds for construction of the Allegheny River
Reservoir in Pennsylvania and New York. No a-
amendments were adopted. On May 25, 1960, the
bill passed the House with Allegheny River Reser-
voir included and was sent to the Senate. Was re-
ferred to Senate Committee on Appropriations.

SALMON IMPORT RESTRICTIONS: Hearings
by the Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries of the Senate Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce continued hearings on May 18,
1960, on S. 502, a bill introduced in Senate Janu-
ary 20, 1959, to facilitate the application and op-
eration of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and
for other purposes.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT FUNDS RE-
APPORTIONMENT: H. R. 12141 (Coffin), intro-
duced in House on May 10, 1960, a bill to amend
the Act of August 11, 1939, with respect to the
allocation of funds available under that Act, and
for other purposes. The Act entitled ''An Act to
authorize the Federal Surplus Commodities Cor-
poration to purchase and distribute surplus prod-
ucts of the fishing industry,'' as amended, is fur-
ther amended. It would allow the Secretary of the
Interior, after deducting 8 percentum for his ex-
penses in the conduct of necessary investigations,
administration, and execution of this Act, to allo-
cate funds for the purposes mentioned in this sec-
tion to the agencies, organizations, and individuals
mentioned in this section as follows: (1) one-third
in the form of grants; (2) one-third in the form of
contracts; and (3) one-third for apportionment on
an equitable basis, as the Secretary of the Interior
may determine, among the several states. In mak-
ing such apportionments the Secretary of the In-
terior shall take into account the extent of the fish-
ing industry within each state as compared with the
total fishing industry of the United States and such
other factors as may be relevant in view of the
purposes of this section.

July 1960

Any state desiring to avail itself of the benefits
of this section shall, through its state fisheries de-
partment, submit to the Secretary of the Interior
full and detailed statements of any project pro-
posed for that state. If the Secretary of the Interior
finds that such project is consistent with the pur-
poses of this section, and meets with standards to
be established by him and otherwise approves such
project, the state fisheries department shall fur-
nish him such detailed surveys, plans, specifica-
tions, and estimates with respect to such project as
he may request. If the Secretary of the Interior ap-
proves such detailed surveys, plans, specifications,
and estimates, he shall so notify the state fisheries
department. No part of any moneys apportioned
under this subsection shall be paid with respect to
any project until the detailed surveys, plans, spec-
ifications, and estimates have been approved by the
Secretary of the Interior, and not more than 50 per-
cent of the total estimated cost of the approved
project shall be paid from funds made available un-
der this section. If any funds made available for an
approved project under this section are not used by
the state for that project, that state shall not re-
ceive any further funds under this section until it
shall have replaced the misapplied funds. Alloca-
tion to the states would be based on a formula in-
volving the volume and value of their fisheries and
the number of fishermen engaged in the fishing in-
dustry. Also, each state would be required to
match the funds approved for use of that state.
amendment would take effect July 1, 1961.

The

This bill is identical to H. R. 12142 (Anfuso),
H. R. 12143 (Lennon), H. R. 12144 (Geo. P. Miller),
H. R. 12145 (Oliver), H. R. 12146 (Pelly), and H. R.
72147 (Thompson of Louisiana)--all introduced in —
the House on May 10, 1960; similar but not identical
to H. R. 10939 (Rivers of Alaska), introduced in
House on March 7, 1960. H. R. 12215 (McIntire),
introduced in the House on May 12, 1960, identical
to seven bills introduced in House on May 11, 1960,
and similar to one on March 7, 1960.

S. 3658 (Gruening, for himself and Magnuson,
Jackson, Morse, Lusk, and Engle), introduced in
the Senate on June 10, 1960, a bill to amend the
act authorizing the use for fishery research and
other purposes of 30 percent of amounts collected
as custom duties.on fishery products in order to
increase such percentage to 60; to the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

While the bill contains no stipulation on how ad-
ditional funds available under the expanded pro-
gram would be spent, Senator Gruening states in a
speech in the Senate that the purpose of the bill is
to provide additional funds "for the rehabilitation
of the salmon fishing resources of the Pacific
Northwest, particularly those in Alaska."

SHRIMP CONSERVATION CONVENTION WITH
CUBA: S. 2867 (Magnuson), introduced in the Sen-
ate January 20, 1960, a bill to give effect to the
Convention between the United States and Cuba for
the conservation of shrimp, signed at Havana, Au-
gust 15, 1958; was reported to the Senate by the
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
on May 12, 1960 (S. Rept. No. 1346).

S. Rept. No. 1346, Shrimp Conservation Act
(May 12, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session, Re-
port from the Committee on Interstate and For-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

89

eign Commerce, to accompany S. 2867), 7 pp.,
printed. The bill, which was introduced at the re-
quest of the Department of State, would implement
a convention for the conservation of shrimp be-
tween the United States and Cuba, signed at Havana,
August 15, 1958. The Senate gave its advice and

consent to the ratification of the convention, June 4,
1959.

The Commission for the Conservation of Shrimp,
to be established by the convention, will have two
national sections, each composed of three members
appointed by the respective Governments. Each
section will have one vote, and both must approve
any decisions of the Commission. Each Govern-
ment may establish an advisory committee for its
national section. The Commission will have two
principal duties: First it will obtain and dissem-
inate scientific information regarding stocks of
shrimp of common concern in the conventionarea.
Secondly, on the basis of its findings, it will adopt
appropriate regulations which will enter into force
50 days after notification to the parties, in the
absence of objection by either party.

Share of the joint expenses of the Commission ,
will be determined by the proportion of the total
shrimp catch from the convention area by vessels
belonging to the respective countries. Initially the
United States would have the largest share of the
expense, but Cuba's share will be expected to in-
crease.

Enforcement of the legislation would be by the
Coast Guard, Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Customs, or Federal officers and employees
designated so to act by the Secretary of the Interi-
or. Judges of the U. S. District Courts and the
U. S. Commissioners, within their jurisdiction,
would be authorized to issue warrants or other
process necessary to enforce the legislation.
Shrimp and gear used to take same in violation of
this proposed act, could be seized, and persons in
violation could be fined up to $5,000 for the first
offense and up to $10,000, and catch and gear or-
dered forfeited. Committee amendment changes
the "Shrimp Conservation Act of 1959," to "Shrimp
Conservation Act of 1960.'' Despite recent occur-
rences in Cuba, the Department of State still favors
the enactment of this legislation. The committee
points out that this is a matter of an economic na-
ture between the two countries, and should not be
evaluated on any other basis. Report contains let-
ters from various agencies stating their approval
of the enactment of this legislation.

On May 26, 1960, the Senate considered S. 2867,
a bill which had been reported out by the Commit-
tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce with a-
mendment. The amendment was agreed to, the bill
was read for the third time, and passed.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: The Commissioners
Court of Brazoria County, Tex., on April 11, 1960,
and the Propeller Club of the United States, Port of
Brownsville and Port Isabel, Tex., on February 18,
1960, sent resolutions to the Senate urging con-
gressional passage of pending bills Peels! d
country-by-country quotas on shrimp imports (S.
3204 and H. R. 8769).

S. 3639 (Long, and others), a bill for the relief
of the domestic shrimp industry, introduced in the

90

Senate on June 7, 1960, and referred to the Com-
mittee on Finance. The purpose of this legislation
is to grant temporary quotas to meet distressed
conditions in the domestic shrimp industry.

SMALL BUSINESS ACT AMENDMENTS: 5S. 3698
(Proxmire, for himself, Sparkman, Hart, Fulbright
and Capehart), by unanimous consent, on June 16,
1960, introduced bill to amend the Small Business
Act, and for other purposes; referred to the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency. This legislation
would increase by $75 million the authorization for
the revolving fund for the Small Business Adminis-—
tration's regular business loan program.

SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT ACT OF 1958
AMENDMENTS: On May 14, 1960, S. 2611, a bill
which was introduced in the Senate on August 27,
1959, to amend the Small Business Investment Act
of 1958, and for other purposes, was reported with
amendments by the Committee on Banking and
Currency and committed to the Committee of the
Whole House on the State of the Union (H. Rept.
1608). The legislation provides for amendments
to the Small Business Act of 1958 (P. L. 85-833),
for the purpose of removing certain legal impedi-
ments to the formation and successful operation of
small business investment companies. Passed
House amended June 6, 1960. After concurring to
House amendments, the Senate cleared for Presi-
dent S. 2611 (Proxmire). Approved and signed by
the President on June 11, 1960 (P. L. 86-502).

H. Rept. No. 1608, Small Business Investment
Act Amendments of 1960 (May 14, 1960, 86th Con-
gress, Second Session, Report of the Committee on
Banking and Currency to accompany S. 2611), 12
pp., printed. Contains purpose and provisions of
the bill; committee recommendations; names, lo-
cations, and capital structure of licensed Small
Business Investment Companies; section by sec-
tion summary of the bill and amendments. The
purpose of this legislation is to remove certain
legal impediments to the formation and successful
operation of small business investment companies.

SPORT FISHING ORGANIZATIONS MAIL RATE
EXTENSION: H. R. 12333 (Johnson of Maryland),
introduced in the House on May 23, 1960, a bill to
extend to nonprofit sport fishing or fishing fair or
contest organizations and associations the third-
class mail rates applicable to certain categories
of nonprofit organizations or associations; to the
Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 697
(Hiestand), introduced on June 1, a concurrent res-
olution expressing the sense of Congress that the
United States should not grant further tariff re-
ductions in the forthcoming tariff negotiations un-
der the providions of the Trade Agreements Ex-
tension Act of 1958, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Ways and Means. H. Con. Res. 699,
introduced in the House on June 13, is similar to
H. Con. Res. 697.

TARIFF REDUCTIONS AND WAGE DIFFER-
ENTIALS: S. Con. Res. 110 (Bush), introduced in
Senate on June 14, 1960, a concurrent resolution
relative to consideration of certain tariff reduc-
tions and wage differentials at the coming GATT
Conference; referred to the Committee on Finance.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF IN DEPRESSED
AREAS: On May 6, 1960, the Senate adopted a
motion by Johnson (Texas), to agree to the House
amendment to S. 722, a bill to establish an effec-
tive program to alleviate conditions of unemploy-
ment and underemployment in certain economical-
ly depressed areas. This action cleared the bill
for the President.

On May 9, 1960, the Secretary of the Senate
presented to the President of the United States for
signature S. 722. The President vetoed S. 7220n
May 13, 1960. On May 24, 1960, the Senate de-
bated and voted to override the Presidential veto.
This attempt was defeated because a two-thirds
affirmative vote, which is necessary to override a
Presidential veto, was not polled.

WAGES--MINIMUM HOURLY RATE INCREASE:
The Subcommittee on Labor Standards of the House
Committee on Education and Labor met in Execu-
tive session on May 31, 1960, to mark-up H. R. _
4488 (Roosevelt), introduced on February 16,1959,
a bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 to establish a $1.25 minimum hourly wage,
and for other purposes.

Minimum Wage-Hour Legislation (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee on Labor Standards of the
Committee on Education and Labor, House of Rep-
resentatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, on
various bills regarding minimum wage legislation,
March 16, 17, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, and April 7, 11,
and 13, 1960 - Part I), 490 pp., printed. Contains
statements and letters of union leaders; industry
officials; employers and employees in various in-
dustries; government officials; and various exhib-
its, charts, and tables. Sixty-seven bills have been
introduced in Congress, all dealing with the same
subject matter, and generally to the same extent.
This legislation is designed to substantially in-
crease the Federal minimum wage and extend the
coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
to include some 20 million workers who are not
now covered. One of the bills, H. R. 4488, would
eliminate minimum wage and overtime exemptions
for employees ''in packing, canning, or other proc-
essing of fish or seafood products (but fishing and
other occupations which precede processing of such
products continue to be exempt)."

Minimum Wage-Hour Legislation (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee on Labor Standards of the
Committee on Education and Labor, U. S. House of
Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session,
on various bills regarding minimum wage legisla-
tion, April19, 20, 21, 26,27, and May 3 and5, 1960 -
Part II), 948 pp., printed. Contains letters, pre-
pared statements and supplemental material of la-
bor officials; industry officials; government and
state officials; and various charts, exhibits, and
tables.

WAGES--MINIMUM HOURLY RATE INCREASE:
H. R. 12677 (Roosevelt), introduced on June 15,
1960, a bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act
of 1938, as amended, to provide coverage for em-
ployees of large enterprises engaged in retail trade
or service and of other employers engaged in ac-
tivities affecting commerce, to increase the mini-
mum wage under the Act of $1.25 an hour, and for
oer, purposes; to the Committee on Education and

abor.

July 1960

The Senate Committee on Labor and Public Wel-
fare continued its executive consideration ofS. 1046
(Kennedy and others), introducedinthe Senate Feb-
ruary 16, 1959, a bill proposing amendments to the
Fair Labor Standards Act, but did not conclude ac-
tion, and on June 15 recessed subject to call. Com-
mittee has removed the fishery exemption from the
bill, except that seafood processing and canning
have retained the overtime exemption.

The House Committee on Education and Labor
continued on June 15 in executive session consid-
eration of H. R. 4488 (Roosevelt), introduced in the
House on February 16, 1959, a bill to amend the
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 in regard to in-
creasing the Federal minimum wage to $1.25 an
hour.

On June 16, 1960, the House Committee on Ed-
ucation and Labor met in executive session and or-
dered favorably reported to the House H. R. 12677.
The bill retains existing year-round exemptionfrom
overtime for fish canners and increases statutory
minimum wage to $1.15 an hour on November 1 this
year, to $1.20 an hour on November 1, 1961, and to
$1.25 an hour on November 1, 1962; also would con-
tinue wage order program for employees in Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and
would provide for increases in their wages re-
flecting the same percentage as the annual increases
on the mainland. The general fishery exemption in
the bill is the same as in present law except for a
few words. The bill provides that "any employee
employed in or necessary to the conduct of the
catching, taking, harvesting, cultivating, or farming
of any kind of fish, shellfish, crustacea, sponges,
seaweeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and
vegetable life, including the going to and returning
from work and including employment in or neces-
sary to the conduct of the loading, unloading, or
packing of such products for shipment or in propa-
gating, processing (other than canning), marketing,
freezing, curing, storing, or distributing the alive
products or byproducts thereof;....'' is exempt

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

91

from Sections 6 and 7 of the Act. In addition, the
bill also provides that ''any employee employed in
the canning of any kind of fish, shellfish, or other
aquatic forms of animal or vegetable life; or any by-
product thereof;....'' is exempt from Section 7 of
the Act.

WATER CONSERVATION ACT OF 1959: Policy
and Procedure for the Development of Water Re-
sources (Hearing before the Committee on Public
Works, House of Representatives, 86th Congress,
Second Session on H. R. 8, April 27, 1960), Part 2,
315 pp., printed. The bill H. R. 8, introduced in
the House on January 7, 1959, would promote and
establish policy and procedure for the development
of water resources of lakes, rivers, and streams.
The report on the hearing contains statements of
members of Congress, various public officials, and
public utility officials. Among other things, this
legislation provides that the development of water
resources by the United States shall be based upon
adequate and reliable data and shall be so planned
and prosecuted on a comprehensive multiple-pur-
pose basis to achieve maximum sustained useful-
ness of resources for all beneficial purposes; to
protect and promote commerce among the several
states, and the general welfare, security, and de-
fense of the United States.

WILDLIFE, FISH, AND GAME CONSERVATION:
A Special Subcommittee hearing wasjheld on May 19,
on H. R. 2565, a bill which was introduced in the
House on March 23, 1960, to promote effectual
planning, development, maintenance, and coordina-
tion of wildlife, fish, and game conservation and
rehabilitation in military reservations.

On May 27, 1960, the Senate Committee on In-
terior and Insular Affairs submitted Report No.
1492 on H. R. 2565.

H. R. 2565, was passed over by the Senate, by
the request of New York State authorities, on
June 2, 1960.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Vera Eggleston

oe i ES SS oe

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho-
tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned
were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover--J.B. Rivers; pp. 15 and 17--C. F. Lee; p. 45--J. Pileggi.

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 7

CHART | FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds
MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND

CUMULATIVE DATA

LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

sessee=*! 17/960)
——-—-11959
3 mgs. 1960 - 80
) 6 Wee =

12 1959 - 883.2

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_ DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

4 mgs. 1960
1959

TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1960 eee
4 | 1959
12 1959

4 mgs) 1960) 5.2
aye O59
12 1959 - 18

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0 a
= JAN FEB MAR APR MAY. JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
CALIFORNIA 2/ =

CUMULATIVE DATA

OREGON

2 Ae 1960 - 176. 3 CUMULATIVE DATA

iB 1959 - 471.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

93

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK LEGEND:

(Maine and Massachusetts) aveeeeee SANS EDIE)

(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA ——
— CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP WHITING
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA ———- CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MQs. 1960 - 2 3 mgs. 1960
Aw WED = 2 3 a 1959
12 1959 - 19: 12." _1959 - 1

eo

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM~

POETES In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN

(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

4 mgs. 1960 -
44 1959 -
12 1959 - 1,099

1960 - 22.8
1959 - 7.1
1959 - 35.8

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 mgs. 1960
1959/60 SEASON, 5 " 1959
TOTAL : 12" 1959
1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL

LEGEND:

— 1959/60
me = 1958/59

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY VAN FES WAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGs2!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Z/OHI0, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., No DAK., NEBR. & KANS.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS
56

48

JAN-FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

Vol. 22, No. 7

U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 mgs. 1960 -
BG wes
12 1959 - 33

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM Ni Y. SOUTH.

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS!

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

1/
RECEIPTS — AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET A
(Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS
CUMULATIVE DATA

5 Mgs. 1960 - 67.5 CITY
1 1959 = 64.5
12 1959 - 163.5

2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT/OCT NOV DEC

J/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET C ena
(@reshtandimrozen) CEICAGO COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 MQs. 1960 - 34.5
5 |, 1959 - 34,0

12 1959 - 92.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

38

30

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

5S gs. 1960 - 34.9
5 | 1959 - 38.2
12 1959 - 106.7

26

22h

18

14

LEGEND:

= 1960
1959

OIL PRODUCTION - U.S and ALASKA

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH OIL
In Millions of Gallons

FISH MEA
In Th

=... MULATIVE DATA
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMUL)

4 mgs. 1960 - 12.5
Athens (1959) - 81412
12 1959 - 282.2

TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

96

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

5 MQS. 1960
1959

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA
CUMULATIVE DATA
5 gS. 1960 - 11.4

5 |, 1959 -,
12 1959 - 439

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES! (Estimated) - MAINE

CUMULATIVE DATA

5S Mgs. 1960 - 19.1
5, 1959 - 0.)
12 1959 - 1,753.1

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL -

1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL

754.6

- 2,222.6

of 1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

LEGEND:

MACKEREL 2/- CALIFORNIA

5 mgs. 1960
5 |, 1959
12 5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

2/ INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL.

SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959 SEASON,
TOTAL - 1,778.3
1958 SEASON,
TOTAL - 2,944.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Net Wgt.

32 oz.

Designation

+ drawn

Variety No. Cans

SARDINES... . 100

48 5 oz.

SHRIMP.......

48 6&7 oz.

48 oz.

PILCHARDS...

SALMON...... 48

ANCHOVIES... 48

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

LEGEND:
aaah 1959/60)
ee = 1958/59

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
“AUG. - MAY - 385.6
1958/59 SEASON,
AUG.
1958/59
TOTAL

x

0 —
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY.

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

97

— =

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS Vv

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM-
PARABLE WITH 1958.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 gS. 1960 - 21.0
4 | 1959 - 19.8

12 1959 - 68.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna 4
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1960

ain 1959)

12 1959 - 235.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV_DEC

2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MS. 1960 - 18.4
4 1959 - 19.4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

LEGENO: FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH

(Fresh and Frozen)

seeeeees 1960

= 1059 CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER
Sess rar CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQS. 1960 - 17.8
4 1959 - 14.6

12 1959 - 48.7

>

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MQS. 1960
3, 1959
12 1959 - 64,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oil
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1960 - 11.1

4S 1959 - 6.9
12 1959 - 22.2

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

98

4 FP A eA ee he Oe es

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM
THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. Se. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-
1CE, WASHINGTON, 25 D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG-
NATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND ALASKA.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND
PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
SSR. - FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).
SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REVIEW.
Number Title
CFS-2246 - Massachusetts Landings, 1959 Annual
Summary, 16 pp.
CFS-2250 - Florida Landings, 1959 Annual Summa-
ry, 10 pp.
CFS-2256 - Maine Landings, 1959 Annual Summa-
ry, 11 pp.
CFS-2268 - Frozen Fish Report, March 1960, 8 pp.
CFS-2289 - Alabama Landings, 1959 Annual Sum-
mary, 3 pp.
CFS-2292 - New York Landings, February 1960, 4
Pp.
CFS-2294 - Texas Landings, February 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2295 - Louisiana Landings, November 1959,
2 pp.
CFS-2296 - Louisiana Landings, December 1959,
2 pp.
CFS-2297 - Virginia Landings, March 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2298 - Maryland Landings, March 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2300 - Massachusetts Landings, January 1960,
4 pp.
CFS-2302 - Louisiana Landings, January 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2307 - Georgia Landings, March 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2311 - Florida Landings, March 1960, 6 pp.
CFS-2313 - New York Landings, March 1960, 4 pp.

FL-393 - Fisheries of the United States, 1959 (A Pre-
liminary Review), by E. A. Power, 52 pp., illus.,
revised April 1960. A preliminary review of
commercial fishery activities in1959, wellillus-
trated with graphs andcharts Inadditionto data
on production, consumption, prices, manufactured
fishery produets, value of industry and capital in-
vestments, and supplies of certain fishery prod-
ucts, this leaflet contains information on fishery
imports and exports, and world fisheries.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1959
(Revised):

SL- 7 - New Jersey, 1959.

SL-13 - North Carolina, 1959.

SL-14 - South Carolina, 1959.

SL-15 - Georgia, 1959.

SL-17 - Alabama (Coastal Area), 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

+a @ p cw mma Ba st BSE IE

SL-18 - Mississippi (Coastal Area), 1959.
SL-26 - Illinois (Great Lakes Area), 1959.
SL-27 - Indiana (Great Lakes Area), 1959.

Firms Canning, 1959 (Revised):

SL-102 - Maine Sardines (Including Sea Herring).

SL-102A - Pacific Sardines.

SL-104 - Mackerel.

SL-111 - Clam Products.

SL-116 - Food for Animals, From Marine-Animal
Products.

Firms Manufacturing, 1959 (Revised):
SL-154 - Seaweed Products.
SL-160 - Menhaden Products.

SSR-Fish. No. 292 - North Pacific and Bering Sea
Oceanography, 1957, by Felix Favorite and
Glenn M. Pedersen, 110 pp., illus., May 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 312 - North Pacific and Bering Sea
Oceanography, 1958, by Felix Favorite and
Glenn Pedersen, 333 pp., illus., November 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 327 - Herring of the North Europe-
an Basin and Adjacent Seas (Translations from
Russian), edited by Leslie W. Scattergood,
286 pp., illus., November 1959. Includes arti-
cles on ''The Fundamental Stage of the Life-
Cycle of Atlantic-Scandinavian Herring," by
Y. Y. Marti; ''Chart of Consonant Currents in
the Norwegian and Greenland Seas," by A. P.
Alekseev and B. V. Istoshin; ''Plankton as an
Indicator of Waters of Different Origins,"' by
V. D. Abramova; ''Seasonal Changes in Plank-
ton and Feeding Migrations of Herring," by
E. A. Pavshtiks; ''Data on the Food of the At-
lantic Herring,'' by V. A. Rudokova; 'Investi-
gation into the Life-Cycle of Summer-Spawn-
ing Herring of Iceland," by K. A. Liamin; ''The
Ovogenesis and Ecology of the Sexual Cycle of
the Murmansk Herring (Clupea harengus haren-:
gus L.),"' by V. M. Naumov; "Experimental
Tagging of Herring in Kandalaksha Bay in 1953-_
1954,"' by A. P. Vilson; and ''The Biological
Foundation of the Fishery of the White Sea
Herring,’ by B. M. Tambovtsev. 7

SSR-Fish. No. 328 - Sardine Eggs and Larvae and
Other Fish Larvae, Pacific Coast, 1957, by El-
bert Ahlstrom, 104 pp., illus., December 1959.

Annual Report of the Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole, Mass. (for the Year 5

Ending June 30,
1959), Circular 80, 55 pp., illus., processed.
This report, constituting part of the annual re-
port of the Branch of Fishery Biology, presents
a summary of research activities in the North-
west Atlantic Fishery Investigations program
and a description of vessels and shore facili-

July 1960

ties. As in past years, the research program
was directed primarily toward problems asso-
ciated with the offshore groundfish and sea scal-
lops upon which the New England fishing industry
is mainly dependent. The major groundfish spe-
cies concerned are cod, haddock, ocean perch,
whiting, and the species taken by the industrial
trawl fishery.

Annual Report of the Fish and Wildlife Service,

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, for the Fiscal
Year 1959, 46 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the
Interior, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
1959.) Summarizes the various activities of
the Service. Describes the activities of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Industrial
Research and Services; Columbia River Fish-
eries Program; Pribilof Islands fur-seal in-
dustry; and biological research (shellfish anad-
romous, inland, and marine fisheries). Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife activities dis-
cussed include Federal aid to the states for the
restoration of fish and wildlife, fish hatcheries;
fishery management services; and river basin
studies.

National Wildlife Refuges in the Northeast (Region
5), 4 pp., illus., February 1960.

processed shrimp industries prepared for the
President and Congress in compliance with Section
9(b) of Public Law 1024, 84th Congress. the
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 1119),
enacted August 8, 1956. The investigation upon
which this report is based was conducted at the
request of a national shrimp organization whose
members have accounted for over 70 percent

of the U. S. production of shrimp. The request
was prompted by a growing apprehension in the
shrimp industry over its economic future. As
important elements contributing to their con-
cern, shrimp producers have cited (1) an in-
crease in the total U. S. supply resulting mainly
from high import volumes in 1958 and 1959, (2)
a decrease since 1953 in the average annual
catches of individual shrimp trawlers, (3) an in-
crease in production costs during the 1950's,
(4) record-high cold-storage holdings of shrimp
in 1959, and (5) a sharp downturn in prices paid
to shrimp fishermen during 1959. The shrimp
industry is composed of many segments, such
as trawler owners, fishermen, shore-plant op-
erators, processors, shipbuilders and provi-
sioners, importers, brokers, and distributors.
Each group is affected differently by changing
conditions in total supply, prices, production
costs, and imports. This report is concerned
principally with the factors affecting the pro-
ducing segments of the domestic shrimp in-
dustry. Other factors, such as the impact of the
present shrimp situation on the consumer, on
U. S. trade interests, and on other matters of
public interest, have not been considered.

Sep. No. 590 - Exploratory Fishing in Lake Erie,

September 1958-November 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

Sep. No. 591 - Research in Service Laboratories
(June 1960): Contained this article--''Fish
Flour is Primarily a Protein Concentrate--
Not a Substitute for Grain Flour."

Sep. No. 592 - Equipment Note No. 4 - A Method
of Making Electrical Trawl Cable Terminations
and Connections.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM
THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C

Number Title
MNL-1I7 - Italian Fishing Industry, 1959.

MNL-19 - Japanese Investments in Overseas
Fishery Enterprises.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ARTICLES ARE AVAILA3LE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILD-
LIFE SERVICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX

3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

Average Year's Fishing Condition of Tuna Long-
Line Fisheries, 1958 Edition, edited by Nankai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 44
pp., processed. (Translated from Tokyo Fed-
eration of Japan Tuna Fishermen's Co-Opera-
tive Associations, 1959, text volume, pp. 1-27.)

LUS, by Chikayoshi Matsudaira, 6 pp., proc-
essed. (Translated from Information Bulletin
on Planktology in Japan, no. 5, 195 7, pp. 1-6.)

Noise of Creatures in Sea in Region of Ultrasound,
by Tomiju Hashimoto and Yoshinobu Maniwa,
15 pp., illus., processed. (Translated from
Technical Report of Fishing Boat No. 12, 1958,
pp. 99-114.) aa Tt ae

On the Gill-Rakers of SARDINIA MELANOSTICTA
(Temminck & Schlegel), by Noboru Sako, 2 pp.,
processed. (Ginaaeleteal from Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, no. 7,
1938, pp. 237-238.)

The Study of Finding the Reasons Why the Bonito
Does Not Take to the Angling-Baits, by Yasou
Suyehiro, 12 pp., processed. (Translated from
Journal of the Imperial Fisheries Experimental
Station (Tokyo), no. 9, 1938, pp. 87-102.)

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ARTICLE 1S NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION BUT IS AVAILABLE
FOR REFERENCE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE,
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX 3830, HONOLULU,
HAWAIL.

Offshore Distribution of Plankton Produced in
Coastal Water, by Masataka Kitou, 3 pp., proc-
essed. (Translated from Information Bulletin
on Planktology in Japan, no. 5, 1957, pp. 7-8.)

SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary
March 1960; 13 pp. (Market News Service
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post
Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) Califor-

100

nia cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish;
mackerel, and anchovies; pack of canned tuna,
mackerel; and anchovies; market fish receipts
at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas;
California imports; canned fish and frozen
shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery
fish; American Tuna Boat Association auction
sales; for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh
and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and
Wholesale Market Prices, March 1960, 12 pp.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, II1.)
Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and
provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and
frozen fishery products; for the month indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments
of Fishery Products, March 1960, 8 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service,
609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab
landings; crab meat production; LCL express
shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices
of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French
Market; sponge sales; and fishery imports at
Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., from Mexico;
for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production
in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina,
and Maryland, April 1960, pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and
production for the Virginia areas of Hampton
Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern
Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cam-
bridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina
areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City;
together with cumulative and comparative data;
for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Annual Summary, 1959,
by John J. O'Brien, 51 pp., processed. (Avail-
able free from the Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth
Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the fish mar-
keting trends and conditions at the principal
New England fishery ports, and highlights of
fisheries in other nearby areas. Presents food-
fish landings by ports and species;. industrial -
fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports;
cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New
England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-
vessel prices by months for ports in Massachu-
setts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prov-
incetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and
Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and
Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery prod-
ucts prices to primary wholesalers at Boston,
Gloucester, and New Bedford; and monthly
landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed
at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the
New England Fish Exchange.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, March,
and April 1960, 22 pp. each. (Market News Serv-
ice, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common-
wealth Pier, Boston10, Mass.) Reviews the
principal New England fishery ports, and presents
food fish landings by ports and species; indus-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

trial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports;
cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New
England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-
vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts
(Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province-
town, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and
Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and
Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery prod-
ucts prices to primary wholesalers at Boston,
Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and
ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Bos-
ton Fish Pier and sold through the New Eng-
land Fish Exchange; for the months indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--

Monthly Summary for January and March 1960,
6 and 22 pp. respectively. (Market News Serv-

ice, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) In-
cludes summaries and analyses of receipts
and prices on Wholesale Fulton Fish Market,
imports entered at New York City, primary
wholesaler prices for frozen products, and
marketing trends; for the months indicated.

(New York) List of Primary Brokers and Import-
ers of Fishery Products and Byproducts, New
York City, 1959-1960, 16 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155
John St., New York 38, N. Y.)

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts
and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected
Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, April
1960, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes landings and local receipts,
with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some
instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria,
(Ore.) wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pa-
cific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp
landings; for the month indicated.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND

WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR-

GANIZATION ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICA-

TIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE OR-

GANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READ-
ULY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

BRAZIL:

Pesca 1958 (Fisheries 1958), 16 pp., processed
in Portuguese. Ministerio da Agricultura,
Servico de Estatistica da Producao, Rio de
Janerio, Brazil, December 1959.

CALIFORNIA:

California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 2, April
1960, 124 pp., illus., printed. Department of
Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento
14, Calif. Includes, among others, these arti-
cles: 'Exploratory Longline Fishing for Tunas
in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, September 1955
to March 1956,'' by Kenneth F. Mais and Tom
Jow; ''Observations on the Growth Rate of the
Spiny Lobster," by John Backus; ''Age Compo-
sition of the Southern California Catch of Pa-
cific Mackerel, Pneumatophorus diego for the

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERV

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGAN|ZATION ISSUING THEM,

1957-1958 Season,'"' by Harold Hyatt; ''Age and
Length Composition of the Sardine Catch off the
Pacific Coast of the United States and Mexico in

1957-58," by Anita Daugherty and Robert S. Wolf;

"Notes on Four Specimens ofthe Pacific Sardine
Taken in August 1957 off British Columbia and
Oregon," by Charles F. Reid; and ''An Economic
Evaluation of California's Sport Fisheries," by
John Mahoney.

Digest of Commercial Fish Laws, 1959-61, 28 pp.,
illus., printed. California Department of Fish
and Game, 722 Capitol-Ave., Sacramento 14,
Calif., 1959. A booklet explaining the California
commercial fishing laws. This booklet is not
intended to replace the Fish and Game Code but
to explain the Code tothe fishing industry. It
contains information on license provisions, spe-
cies covered, the commercial fishing districts,
provisions of the Code affecting the commercial
fisheries, calendar of the seasons, and use or
possession of nets in certain districts. Laws
governing the catch of fish and shellfish are
restrictive; those governing fishing gear are
permissive.

A Field Guide to Some Common Ocean Sport
Fishes of California, Pt. 1, by Daniel J. Miller,

40 pp., illus., printed. California Department
of FishandGame, Marine Resources Operations,
Sacramento, Calif., 1960.

CANADA:
The Canadian Fish Culturist, no, 26, March 1960,

34 pp., illus., printed. The Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. In-
cludes the following articles: ''Homing Behavior
in Spawning Lake Trout,'' by N. V. Martin; ''Fur-
ther Observations on the Survival of Yearling
Lake Trout Planted in South Bay, Lake Huron,"
by J. C. Budd and F. E. J. Fry; ''Comparative
Tagging Returns Employing Three Different
Anaesthetics,'' by R. A. Ryder; ''A Possible
Source of Error in Assessing the Survival of
Pacific Salmon Eggs by Redd Sampling," by

J. G. McDonald; and ''A Modified Roller Press
for Scale Impressions,'' by M. H. Baker and

H. H. Brohm.

CEYLON:

Administration Report of the Director of Fisher-
ies for 1958, 80 pp., printed in Singhalese and

_€English. Government Publications Bureau,

Sf Colombo, Ceylon. February 1960.
CONNECTICUT:

A Fishery Survey of the Lakes and Ponds of
Connecticut, 395 pp., illus., printed. State
Board of Fisheries and Game, Lake and Pond
Survey Unit, Hartford, Conn., 1959.

CONSERVATION:

printed, Fl 26.75 (about US$7.09). A. W. Sijt-
hoff, Leiden, Netherlands, 1959. Presents a
discussion of the work of the first United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Ge-

—— eee AND Ice, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

neva in the spring of 1958. The author be-
lieves that the recent advances in exploration
and exploitation of the riches of the sea and the
rise of new national needs and interests ne-
cessitate the making of adjustments in tradi-
tional international law. The emerging new
system must recognize and secure "'the le-
gitimate interest of all in the rational utiliza-
tion of the resources of the sea."' The author
discusses recent developments with regard

to the continental shelf, territorial sea, con-
tiguous zones, and the new baseline technique.
He states the view that the plan adopted at Ge-
neva in 1958 properly recognizes the rights
and interests of both the coastal states and
the nations traditionally fishing on the high
seas,

CUBA:

Mar y Pesca, vol. 3, nos. 4, 5, and 6, January-
March 1960, 50 pp., illus., printed in Spanish.
Departamento de Pesca del I, N. R. A., No-
veno Piso, Plaza Civica, Havana, Cuba. In-
cludes, among others, these articles: ''In-
dustrializacionde la Pesca de Agua Dulce"
(Commercial Development of the Fresh-Water
Fishery), by Federico Gomez de la Maza; ''Los
Alimentos Marinos en su AspectogMedicinal”"
(Seafood and Its Medicinal Potentiality); ''Ano
del Pescado" (Seafood Year); ''Adelantos Pes-
queros en Jamaica" (Progress in Jamaica's
Fisheries); ''Probabilidad Comercial de la
Sardina en Cuba" (Comercial Possiblilties
of the Cuban Sardine), by Armando Perez
Gattini; ''Cooperativas de Pescadores" (Fish-
erman's Cooperatives); ''Visitando los Fondos
de los Abismos Marinos" (Exploring the
Depths of the Oceans); and ''La Industria de la
Pesca en Rusia'' (The Russian Fishery Indus-
try), by Fidel de Varona C.

DIRECTORIES:

Amendments to a Directory of White Fish Ex-
porters in the United Kingdom, 4 pp.,-printed.
White Fish Authority, Lincoln's Inn Cham-
bers, 2-3 Cursitor St., London EC4, England.

ECHO-SOUNDING DEVICES:

"Fishing with Sound,'' by Yu. A. Shemanskiy,
article, Priroda, no. 2, pp. 104-105, printed
in Russian. Priroda, Akademiya Nauk SSSR,
M. Khariton'yevski per. 4, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1958.

EELS:

"The Atlantic Eel Problem," by C. L. Deelder
and Denys W. Tucker, article, Nature, vol.
185, no. 4713, February 27, 1960, pp. 589-
592, printed. Nature, MacMillan & Co., Ltd.,
St. Martin's St., London WC2, England.

ELECTRICAL FISHING:

The Development and Evaluation of Interrupted

“Direct Current Electro-Fishing Equipment,
by Max Dean Rollefson, Cooperative Research
Project No. 1, 123 pp., illus., processed. Col-
orado Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit,
243 Forestry Bldg., Colorado State Univer-
sity, Fort Collins, Colo., May 1958. This
project was conducted jointly by the Colorado

101

102

State University, Wyoming Game and Fish Com-
mission, and Colorado Game and Fish Depart*
ment. Quantitative evidence of electrofishing
success under field conditions with direct cur-
rent, alternating current, and pulsed direct cur-
rent was compared. In addition, electrocution
experiments were performed to ascertain the
approximate minimum lethal exposure periods
of carp to electric fields of several conditions of
alternating current voltage and current density.

"A Direct-Current Electrofishing Apparatus Using
Separate Excitation,'' by A. R. Murray, article,
The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 23, pp. 27-32,
printed. The Canadian Fish Culturist, Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, 1958.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION:

Seefischerei und AuBenhandel mit Fischen und
Fischwaren der OF EC-Lander im Hinblick auf
die Europaische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (Ge-
meinsamer Markt) und den Europaischen Frei-
handelsbund (Marine Fisheries and Foreign
Trade in Fish and Fishery Products of the
‘OEEC Countries with Special Reference to the
European Common Market and the European
Free Trade Area), by Wilhelm Blanke, 156pp.,
processed in German. Forschungsstelle fur
Fischereiwirtschaft, Bremer Ausschuss fur
Wirtschaftsforschung, Parkstrasse 50, Bremen,
Germany, 1959.

FISH POPULATIONS:

"Estimation of Fish Populations," by J. A. Tim-
mermans, Travaux de Station de Recherches,
Series D. Hydrobiologie, No. 21, 84 pp., printed
in French. Groenendael Station de Recherches,
Jette, Belgium.

FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRIES:

1958 Census of Manufactures--Cured Fish In-
dustry, Industry and Product Reports No. MC(P)-
20C-1, 4 pp., processed, 10 cents. Bureau of
the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., February 1960. Advance
information on industries and products covered
in the 1958 Census of Manufactures, to be
superseded by a final report which will be in-
cluded in vol. II, Industry Statistics. Describes
firms reporting, value of production, general
statistics, and publication program and back-
ground for this census. Statistical tables are
included on employment in the cured fish in-
dustry, 1958 and 1954, and quantity and value
of cured fish produced by all producers in the
United States for the same period.

FISH SILAGE:

Ensilado de Pescado, Variaciones en la Fuente
Energetica (Fish Silage, Variations in the
Source of Energy), by Victor H. Bertullo and
Fernando Perez Hettich, 12 pp., illus., printed
in Spanish with brief English summary. (Re-
printed from Anales de la Facultad de Veter-
inaria, vol. 8, no. 6, August 1959, pp. 121-132.)
Facultdad de Veterinaria, Montevideo, Uruguay.

FLORIDA:
Notes on the Marine Flora of the Marquesas Keys,
Florida, by Ronald C. Phillips, Contribution

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

No. 35, 8 pp., illus.,printed. State Board of
Conservation, Marine Laboratory, St. Peters-
burg, Fla., 1959.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Approved Budget 1960-61 as Approved by the
Conference at Its 10th Session, 63 pp., printed.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unit-
ed Nations, Vialle delle Terme di Caracalla,

Rome, Italy, 1960.

FRANCE:

"Ta Campagne du President-Theodore-Tissier
a l'Ouest et au Nord-Ouest des Iles Britanni-
que" (The Cruise of the President Theodore
Tissier to the West jand Northwest of the Brit-
ish Isles), article, La Peche Maritime, vol.
39, no. 985, April 1960, pp. 220-222, illus.,
printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

FRESH-WATER FISH:

Survival and Migration of Fresh-Water Fishes
in Salt Water, by William C. Renfro, Contri-
bution No. 44, 9 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from The Texas Journal of Science, vol. 11,
no, 2, June 1959, pp. 172-180.) Texas Game
and Fish Commission, Seabrook, Tex.

"The Tolerance of Some Fresh-Water Fish for
Sea Water,'' by D. W. M. Herbert and H. T.
Mann, article, The Salmon and Trout Maga-
zine, no, 153, pp. 99-101, printed. The Salm-
on and Trout Association, Fishmongers'
Hall, London Bridge, London EC4, England,
1958.

FROZEN FISH:

"Comercio y Consumo de Pescado Congelado
en los Paises de la O.E.C.E,"' (Trade and
_Consumption of Frozen Fish in the O.E.E.C.
Countries), article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol.
34, no. 790, March 15, 1960, pp. 90-91, printed
in Spanish. Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo
Sanz, 21-20) Vigo, Spain.

GEAR:

Relative Selectivity of Freshwater Commercial
Fishing Devices Used in Louisiana, by James
Davis and Lloyd Posey, Jr., 27 pp., illus.,
printed. Fisheries Section, Wild Life and
Fisheries Commission, Wildlife and Fisheries
Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans, La., 1959.

GENERAL:

Journal du Conseil, vol. 25, no. 1, October 1959,
106 pp., illus., printed. Conseil Permanent
International pour 1'Exploration de la Mer,
Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark. Includes, among
others, these articles: ''The Multiplane Kite-
Otter as a Depressor for High-Speed Plank-
ton Samplers," by John B. Colton, Jr.; "A
Quantitative Multiple; Opening-and-Closing
Plankton Sampler for\Vertical Towing," by
Allan W. H. Be, M. Ewing, and L. W. Linton;
"The Scientific Name of the Common Cod," by
Daniel M. Cohen; ''How the Tag Return Rate
is Affected by the Condition of Fish When
Tagged,'' by R. J. H. Beverton, J. A. Gulland,
and A, R, Margetts; ''A Method of Analysis of

July 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Some Tagged Haddock Returns," by R. Jones;
"Fecundities of Winter-Spring and Summer-
Autumn Herring Spawners," by I. G. Baxter;
"Otolith Types Amongst Summer-Autumn
Spawning Herring in the Northern North Sea,"
by B. B. Parrish and D. P. Sharman; and
"Temperature and Growth--The Pacific Razor
Clam," by Clyde C. Taylor.

"Some Simple Mathematical Models as Aids in
Interpreting the Effect of Fishing,'' by Kenneth
D. Carlander, article, Iowa State College Journal
of Science, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 395-417
Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, 1958.

GREECE:

"Alarma en Grecia ante la Competencia Pesquera
Japonesa"' (Greek Concern over Japanese Fish-
ery Competition), by E. Simos, article, Puntal,
vol. 7, no. 70, January 1960, p. 20, printed in
Spanish. Puntal, Ramon y Cajal, 3, Apartado
316, Alicante, Spain.

HONG KONG:

Hong Kong Annual Departmental Reports by the
Director of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry
(for the Financial Year 1958/59), 102 pp., illus.,
printed, HK$4 (about 70 U, S, cents). Govern-'
ment Press, Java Road, Hong Kong. Contains
the annual reports of the various divisions of
the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and
Forestry. Included in the report of the Fisher-
ies Division is a review of its activities during
the year, which were directed chiefly to the
marine fisheries and mechanization of the
fleet, fishery investigations, fisheries education,
fresh-water fisheries, loans to fish farmers,
and oyster and pearl culture. Statistical data
are included on mechanization of new vessels
during 1958/59, landings and value of fish
landed in Hong Kong, and other pertinent in-
formation.

‘Hong Kong Annual Departmental Reports by the
Registrar of Co-Operatives and Director of _

Marketing (for the Financial Year 1958/59),
47 pp., illus., printed, HK$3.50 (about 61 U. S.
cents). Government Press, Java Road, Hong
Kong. Discusses the cooperative societies,
credit facilities, and marketing organizations
provided in the Colony for the fishermen and
farmers. The section covering the Government-
sponsored Fish Marketing Organization includes
information on legislation; species of fish mar-
keted and exported; the mechanized fishing fleet;
wholesale markets; the marketing of shrimp;
transportation of fish; education of fishermen
and their children; and financial assistance

to fishermen.

IMPORTS:

United States Imports of Merchandise for Con-
sumption (Commodity by Country of Origin),
Calendar Year 1959, Report No. FT 110, 193
pp., processed, $1. Bureau of the Census, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
April 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) The import statistics
include government as well as nongovernment

» printed. -

shipments of merchandise (including fish,
shellfish, and fishery byproducts) from
foreign countries.

ISRAEL:

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no, 3 (23), March
1960, 36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with
English abstracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, Min-
istry of Agriculture, Division of Fisheries,
Sea Fisheries. Research Station, P, O, B, 699,
Haifa, Israel. Contains, among others, articles
on "Exploratory Trawling in the Neighborhood
of Cyprus," by A. Ben-Tuvia, O. H. Oren, and
M. Ben-Yami; ''Sardinella Fishery During the
Year 1959 and the Forecast for the Year 1960,"
by A. Ben-Tuvia; ''Underwater Television and
Fisheries,'' by E. Gottlieb; ''A Motor-Boat for
Sardine Fishing," by J. Bejerano; and ''The
Kishon Fishing Harbour," by Z. Fried.

ITALY:

"Industria de la Pesca en Italia" (Italy's Fishing
Industry, 1951-57), article, Boletin de Infor-
macion, no, 15, December 1959, pp. 14-16,
printed in Spanish. Sindicato Nacional dela
Pesca, Paseo del Prado, 18-20, 6° Planta,
Madrid, Spain. .

JAMAICA:

"FAO Report Points Way to Future Fisheries
Development," article, The Caribbean, vol. 14,
no. 2, February 1960, pp. 30-31, illus., printed.
The Central Secretariat, Caribbean Commis-
sion, Kent House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad,
B.W.I. Discusses the report on the mechaniza-
tion of fishing boats in Jamaica, recently pub-
lished by the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations in Rome. Points
covered include proposals for improved design
and operation of fishing vessels; the prototype
35-foot boats being designed; and the training
program for fishermen.

JAPAN:

Technical Report of Fishing Boat, No. 14, March
1960, 217 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with
English abstracts. Fishing Boat Laboratory,
Production Division, Fisheries Agency, Minis-
try of Agriculture and Forestry, Kasumigaseki,
Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan. Contains, among
others, articles on: ''Self-Propulsion Test in
Waves with European Wooden Trawlers," by
N. Yokoyama, T. Kobayashi, and E. Imanari;
"Anticorrosion of a Propeller (The Practical
Test of Neoprene Coating for a Propeller Shaft
Part 1),'' by R. Hata, K. Kusama, and T. Yama-
da; and ''The Measurement of Shapes of One-
Boat Trawl Nets Operated in Mid-Water Layer
and the Catch Results with the Aid of the Depth
Telemeter Trially Manufactured," by C. Hamuro
and K. Ishii.

JELLYFISH:

The Occurence of the Jellyfish CHIROPSALMUS
QUADRUMANUS in Matagorda Bay, Texas, by
William C. Guest, Contribution no. ae; 5 pp.,

rinted. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine
Balence of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 9, no. 1,
March 1959, pp. 70-83.) Texas Game and Fish
Commission Laboratory, Rockport, Tex.

104

LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE:
2nd United Nations Conference on the Law of the

Sea. United Nations, New York, N. Y.

The following processed reports are available
from the United Nations, New York, N. Y., dis-
tribution limited:

A/CONF.19/C.1/L.1., Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics: proposal to the Committee of the
Whole, 1 p., March 21, 1960.

A/CONF.19/C.1/L.2., Mexico: proposal to the
Committee of the Whole, 4 pp., March 21, 1960.

A/CONF,19/C.1/L.3., USA: proposal to the Com-
mittee of the Whole, 4 pp., March 23, 1960.

A/CONF.19/C.1/L.4., Canada: proposal to the
Committee of the Whole, 1 p., March 24, 1960.

A/CONF.19/L.1., Adoption of the rules of proce-
dure, Mexico: amendments to the provisional
rules of procedure (A/CONF.19/2.), 5 pp.,
March 16, 1960.

A/CONF.19/L.2., Officers of the Conference, 1p.,
March 22, 1960.

The following processed reports are available
from the International Documents Service, Co-
lumbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New
Works2 ip Nn eer

A/CONF.19/5., Supplement to Laws and Regula-
tions on the Regime of the Territorial Sea, UN
Legislative Series, 36 pp., February 10, 1960.

A/CONF.19/6., Supplement to the Bibliography
Guide to the Law of the Sea (A/CONF.13/17.),
27 pp., February 16, 1960.

A/CONF.19/7., Rules of Procedure, as adopted
by the Conference, 18 pp., March 18, 1960.

LOUISIANA:

"Requirements for Taking Fresh Water Commer-
cial Fish in Louisiana,'' article, Louisiana Con-
servationist, vol. 12, nos. 2-3, February-March
1960, pp. 19-20, printed. Louisiana Wild Life
and Fisheries Commission, Wildlife and Fish-
eries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans, La.

MANAGEMENT:

"Some Economic Aspects of Control by Quota,"
by W. C. MacKenzie, article, Canadian Fish
Culturist, no. 22, pp. 21-24, printed. Canadian
Fish Culturist, Department of Fisheries, Otta-
wa, Canada, 1958.

"Some Sociological Effects of Quota Control of
Fisheries,'' by J. L. Hart, article, The Cana-
dian Fish Culturist, no. 22, pp. 17-19, printed.
The Canadian Fish Culturist, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, 1958.

MARLIN:
"Races of the Striped Marlin, Makaira mitsukurii,
in the Pacific,'' by James E. Morrow, article,
Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collec-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 7

tion, vol, 16, no. 2, pp. 72-87, printed. Pea-’
body Museum of Natural History, Yale Univer-
sity, New Haven, Conn., 1957.

MOLLUSKS:

Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Marine
Mollusks from Lower California to Columbia,
by A. Myra Keen, illus., printed, £5 (about
US$14.05). Stanford University Press, Stan-
ford University, Calif.

NORTH SEA:

Atlas Rybachi Morza Polnocnego (Fishing Atlas
of the North Sea), by A. Klimaj St. Rutkowicz,
37 charts, printed in Polish. Morski Instytut
Rybacki, Gdynia, Poland, 1957.

NORWAY:

"Merkefors¢k pa Brisling 1959"' (Tagging of
Brisling 1959), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46,
no. 12, March 24, 1960, pp. 178-182, illus.,
printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro
691 81, Bergen, Norway.

"Norges Fiskerier 1959"' (Norwegian Fisheries
1959), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 45, no. 53,
December 31, 1959, pp. 706-710, printed in
Norwegian withtable in English. Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. In-
cludes statistical data on quantities and values
of principal species landed in Norway during
1959.

"Smatralernes Fiske i 1958" (Small Trawler
Fishery in 1958), by Sverre Mollestad, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 10, March 10, 1960,
pp. 146-152, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen Norway.

"Vintersildfiskets L¢énnsomhet 1959" (Production
of the Winter Herring Fishery 1959), by Georg
Oppedal, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 9,
March 3, 1960, pp. 125-136, illus., printed in
Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81,
Bergen, Norway.

OYSTERS: ‘ ,

The Texas Oyster Fishery, by Robert P. Hofstet-

“ter, Bulletin No. 40, Series No. 6, 44 pp., illus.,
printed. Texas Game and Fish Commission,
Austin, Tex., August 1959. An illustrated book-
let describing in detail the biology of the oys-
ter, the oyster reef, cultivation or "farming,"
and the Texas oyster lease. The section on the
industry discusses methods of harvesting, pro-
cessing, and the annual harvest from the bay
areas of Texas.

PARASITES:

Another Species of MICROPHALLUS Ward, 1901,
from the Pink Shrimp, PENAEUS DUORARUM
Burkenroad, by Robert F. Hutton, Franklin
Sogandares-Bernal, and Bonnie Eldred, Con-
tribution No. 27, 1 p.,illus., printed. State
Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory, St.
Petersburg, Fla., 1959.

The Identity of Metacecaria B Reported from the
Pink Shrimp, PENAEUS DUORARUM Burken-
road, by Woodburn et al in 1957, by Franklin

July 1960

Sogandares-Bernal and Robert F. Hutton, Con-
tribution No. 17, 2 pp., illus. printed. State
Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory,
St. Petersburg, Fla., 1959.

PERU:

"Observations on the Biology of Anchovy (En-
eee ringens J.) inthe Haucho Fishery Zone,"
y Romulo Jordan S., article, Boletindela Com-
pania Administradoradel Guano, vol. 35, no. 11,
November 1959, pp. 3-22, tables 1-5, printed in
Spanish. Compania Administradora del Guano,
Casilla 2147, Lima, Peru.

"Peru Has Over Sixty Fish Meal Plants," article,
The South African Shipping News and Fishing In-
dustry Review, vol. 15,no. 3, March 1960, pp. 63,
65, printed. The South African Shipping News and
Fishing Industry Review, Odhams Press, South
Africa (Pty.), Ltd., P. O. Box 2598, Cape Town,
Union of South Africa. Describes how Peru in-
creased its fish production nearly thirtyfold in
ten years and how the fish meal industry was
developed to the point where Peru is now one of
the world's leading exporters of fish meal.

PESTICIDES:

"Toxic or Non-Toxic to Fish?,'' by H. J. Bandt,
article, Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, vol. 4,
pp. 170-171, printed in German. Deutsche
Fischerei Zeitung, Berlin-Friedrichshagen,
Muggelseedamm 310, East Berlin, Germany,
1957.

"The Toxicity of Insecticidal and Acaricidal
Agents to Fish," by K. G. Adlung, article, Na-
turwissenschaften, vol. 44, pp. 471-472, printed
in German. Naturwissenschaften, Springer-
Verlag, Reichpietschufer 20, Berlin W. 35, Ger-
many, 1957.

"The Toxicity of Insecticides to Fish and Its
Dependence on Temperature," by K. G. Adlung,
article, Naturwissenschaften, vol. 44, pp. 622-
623, printed in German. Naturwissenschaften,
Springer-Verlag, Reichpietschufer 20, Berlin
W. 35, Germany, 1957.

PHILIPPINES:

Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 1958, 65
pp., processed. Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries, Ma-
nila, Philippines. A complete report covering
all aspects of fishery production in the Philip-
pines during 1958, with some comparative data
for previous years. The tables are grouped
together under the headings (1) production, con-
sumption, and requirement; (2) commercial
fishing vessels; (3) fish ponds; (4) foreign
trade; and (5) other data. Subdivision of the
tables is made according to gear, kind of fish,
caught, monthly production, and fishing grounds.
The appendices include, among other items, in-
formation on the fishery districts, fishing
grounds used by commercial fishing vessels,
and forms used in collecting fishery statistics.
Except for the table which presents fish pro-
duction data since 1947, most of the information
covers the five-year period 1954-58.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

PORTUGAL:

Boletim da Pesca, vol. 13, no. 66, March 1960,
108 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. Ga-
binete de Estudos das Pescas, R. S. Bento,
644, 4- - Esq., Lisbon, Portugal. Contains,
among others, these articles; ''Pescarias de
Baleias nas Provincias Africanas Portugues-
as'' (Whaling in the Portuguese African Prov-
inces), by Jose M. de Figueiredo; "O Estado
Actual da Industria de Pesca na Provincia
Ultramarina da Guine e o Seu Provavel Incre-
mento" (Concerning the Present Situation of
the Fishery Industry in Portuguese Guinea and
Its Probable Development), by Carlos A. de
Figueiredo S. Rego; and ''A Pesca de Atum--
Suas Possibilidades em Angola" (The Possi-
bilities of a Tuna Fishery in Angola), by Abel
de O. Neves.

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca da Sardinha,
Relatorio e Contas do Exercicio de 1959 e Or-
camento para 1960 (Sardine Vessel Owner's
Guild, Statement of Operations for 1959 and
Budget for 1960), 22 pp., printed in Portuguese.
Comissao Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portu-
gal, January 1960.

RED TIDE:

"Natural and Artificial 'Red Water' with Conse-
quent Death of Fishin the Sea,"' by W. Numann,
articie, Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, vol.
8, pp. 204-209, printed in German. Archiv fur
Fischereiwissenschaft, Gustav Wenzel & Sohn,
Braunschweig, Germany, 1957.

SALMON:

Come to Our Salmon Feast, by Martha Fergu-
son McKeown, 79 pp., illus., printed. Binfords
& Mort Publishers, Portland, Oreg., 1959. An
illustrated book for children describing the
life and customs of the Wy-am Indians of Ce-
lilo Falls, Oreg. The construction of The
Dalles Dam has now forced the tribe to relo-
cate but formerly, a great feast was held each
spring to celebrate the coming of the salmon.
The photos are excellent and the story well
enough written to be of interest also to adults.

"Notes on the Food of the Young of Three Spe-
cies of Pacific Salmon in the Sea,"' by Murvel
E. Annan, article, The Canadian Fish Cultur-
ist, no. 23, pp. 23-25, printed. The Canadian
Fish Culturist, Department of Fisheries, Ot-
tawa, Canada.

"A Study of Fluctuations in Abundance, Growth,
and Survival in the Early Life Stages of the
Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) of
the Wood River Lakes, Bristol Bay, Alaska,"
by Robert Louis Burgner, article, Dissertation
Abstracts, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 911, printed. Dis-
sertation Abstracts, University Microfilms,
University of Michigan, 313 N. Ist St., Ann
Arbor, Mich., 1958.

"Variations in the Plasma-Level of Chloride in
Hatchery-Reared Yearling Atlantic Salmon

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

During Parr-Smolt Transformation and Follow-
ing Transfer into Sea-Water," by Arthur H.
Houston, article, Nature, vol. 185, no. 4713,
February 27, 1960, pp. 632-633, illus., printed.
Nature, MacMillan & Co., Ltd., St. Martin's St.,
London WC2, England. This study tends to
support the conclusions of Koch, Evans, and
Bergstrom based upon sodium regulation in
Atlantic salmon parr and smolt. A loss of reg-
ulatory capacity occurs while the fish become
transformed from the fresh-water adapted parr
stage to the potentially marine smolt stage,
while adaptation to seawater appears to be de-’
pendent upon both size and stage.

vol. 26, no. 248, February 1960, p. 49, printed
in Spanish. Industria Conservera, Calle Mar-
ques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

SPINY LOBSTERS:

"The Australian Crayfishery is a Money Spinner,"
by L. T. Sardone, article, World Fishing, vol. 9,
no. 4, April 1960, pp. 29-31, illus., printed.
World Fishing, John Trundell Ltd., St. Richards
House, Eversholt St., London, NW1, England.
Describes the tremendous developments in the
spiny lobster industry in Australia in recent
years and possible expansion if demand con-
tinues to increase. During 1957/58, spiny lob-
ster exports were valued at a record $5.9 mil-

Vol. 22, No. 7

SARDINES: lion.
"Ia Fabricacion de Conservas de Sardina con
Pescado Congelado" (The Production of Canned

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY:
Sardines with Frozen Fish), article, Industria

TVA Fish and Game Activities, 16 pp., illus.,

Conservera, vol. 26, no. 248, February 1960,
pp. 36-38, printed in Spanish. Industria Con-
servera, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41,
Vigo, Spain.

"Le Grand Probleme de la Sardine" (‘The Great
Problems Relating to Sardine Fishing), by
Robert Lenier, article, France Peche, vol. 5,
no. 36, January 1960, pp. 21-25, illus., printed
in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue
de Guemene, Lorient, France.

printed. Fish and Game Branch, Division of
Forestry Relations, Tennessee Valley Author-
ity, Norris, Tenn., November 1959. Describes
the development of sport and commercial fish-
eries in the TVA reserviors during the past 20
years. A thriving commercial fishery exists
today. However, there is a need for better u-
tilization of both finfish and mussels. As the
author puts it: 'Even with year-round fishing,
more fish die of old age than end up inthe frying
pan.

SEA TROUT: TEXAS:
"Some Aspects of the Development and the Ecol- A Partially Annotated Checklist of the Marine
ogy of the Pelagic Phase of the Gray Squeteague, Fishes of Texas, by Hinton D. Hoese, 41 pp.,

Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider), in the
Delaware Estuary," by Jay L. Harmic, article,

Dissertation Abstracts, vol. 19, p. 1142, printed.

Dissertation Abstracts, University Microfilms,
University of Michigan, 313 N. 1st St., Ann
Arbor, Mich., 1958.

SHRIMP:

MEIOCERAS LERMONDI as Food for PENAEUS
DUORARUM?, by B. Eldred, Scientific Contri-
bution No. 8, 1 p., printed. (Reprinted from
The Nautilus, vol. 71, no. 4, 1958, p. 152.)
Director of Research, Florida State Board of
Conservatiorl, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee,
Fla.

SMELT:

"Age and Growth of Smelt, Osmerus mordax
(Mitchill), of the Miramichi River, New Bruns-
wick," by R. A. McKenzie, article, Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol.
15, no. 6, pp. 1313-1327, printed. Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada, 1958.

printed. (Reprinted from Institute of Marine
Science, vol. 5, December > Pp. 312-302.)
Marine Laboratory, Texas Game and Fish Com-
mission, Rockport, Tex.

TRAWLING:
"Spanish Pair-Trawler Operations," by W. R.

Martin, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 6, De-
cember 1959, pp. 3-6, illus., processed. Infor-
mation and Educational Service, Department of
Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. A report on obser-
vations made by a group of Canadians while on
‘board a Spanish pair-trawler operating on the
Southeast Shoal of the Grand Banks in Septem-
ber 1959. The author states that ''A pair of
Spanish trawlers appears to take about the same
catch as a single Canadian_otter trawler of
similar size or a larger Spanish otter trawl-
er.... On the basis of limited observations, it
is difficult to see how pair trawlers could pay
in the Canadian offshore fishery.... However,
further observations are needed, particularly
in late winter, before the feasibility of Canadian
offshore pair-trawler trials can be seriously
considered."

SPAIN: , TUNA:
Estadistica de Pesca, Ano 1958 (Fishery Statistics, Approved Deviation to Interim Purchase Des-
1958), 272 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Minis- cription IP/DES CS-5-9 (i7 July 1959) for Tu-

terio de Comercio, Direccion General de Pesca

na Fish, Canned, dated 16 March 1960, 7 pp.,
Maritima, Madrid, Spain, October 1959.

processed. Contracting Officer, Military Sub-

sistence Supply Agency, 929 So. Broadway, Los
Angeles 15, Calif., April 6, 1960. A deviation

and inspection notice pertaining to canned tuna.

“Posibilidades de Exportacion a Estados Unidos
de Anchoas y Sardinas Espanolas" (Possibilities
of Exporting Spanish Anchovies and Sardines to The provisions of these deviations affect the
the United States), article, Industria Conservera, inspection and labeling of canned tuna.

a and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

July 1960
Page FOREIGN:
* International:
European Free Trade Association:
47 Convention Ratified By Member Governments
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission:
47 Experimental Salmon Hatchery Being Constructed in
Canada
48 February 1960 Meeting
Latin American Free Economic Association:
48 .. Exchange of Ratifications Places Association into Effect
Law of the Sea:
49 Conference Concludes Without Adopting Proposals on
Territorial Sea and Fishing Zone
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission:
49 Japanese-Soviet North Pacific Salmon Fishery Agree-
ment Signed
Trade Agreements:
50 New Protocol to Icelandic Soviet Trade Agreement
Includes Fishery Products
Australia:
50 Modern Trawler to Explore for New Deep-Sea Fishing
Grounds
51 Survey for Spiny Lobster Resources off Southwest
Coast Unsuccessful
Bermuda:
51 .. Development of Fisheries Under Consideration
, Brazil:
52 .. Fishing Operations by Japanese Criticized
British Guiana:
52 Fishing Industry Expands in 1959
British West Indies:
53... Barbados Fishing Industry Important as a Source of
Basic Food
Burma:
53 Fishery Trends, Fourth Quarter, 1959
Canada:
53... Arctic Char Fisheries
53... Lobster Seasons Changed in Certain Areas of Maritimes
54 .. Resolutions Adopted at the 15th Annual Meeting of the
Fisheries Council of Canada
54 .. Scallop Landings Expected to Increase in 1960
Cuba:
55 .. Closed Season on Frogs Ended, but One on Several
Species of Fish Announced
55 .. Closed Season on Sponges Announced
Denmark:
55 Rainbow Trout Producers Association Dissolves
55 Some Fishery Products no Longer Require Import
Licenses
55 O Utilization of Fishery Products, 1958-1959
Ecuador:
56 Foreign Vessels Permitted to Fish for Bait in
Territorial Waters
El Salvador:
57... Shrimp Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1960
French West Africa:
57 Conference Discusses Future of Sengalese Tuna Fishing
and Canning Industry
Gabon Republic:
59 .. Whaling Industry Revived in 1959
Hong Kong:
59 .. Research Vessel Replaced by Trawler-Type Vessel
Iceland:
60 Amnesty for Past Violations of 12-Mile Fishing Limit
Granted
60 .. Fishery Landings in 1959 Establish a New Record
61 .. Fisheries Trends as of Mid-May 1960
India:
61 Exports of Fish and Shellfish from Cochin, 1956/57-
1958/59
62 .. Exports and Imports of Fishery Products, 1959
Indonesia:
62 Shrimp Fishery Undeveloped
Japan:
63 .. Albacore Tuna Landings at Port of Yaizu
63 Frozen Tuna Exports, April 1, 1959 to March 31, 1960
63... Tuna Motherships Sail for Fishing Areas
‘64 .. Plan to Introduce Salmon in South America

Page FOREIGN (Contd.)
Japan:
64 .. North Pacific Salmon Fishery Trends
65 .. Two Whaling Fleets Sail for North Pacific
Mexico:
65 .. Shrimp Ex-Vessel Price War at Campeche and Carmen
66 .. Fishery Trends for Yucatan Peninsula
66 .. Postponement of Shrimp Fishermen's Price Negotiations
Probable
66 .. Shrimp Fishery Trends
67 .. Veracruz Area Mackerel Fishery Trends
Morocco:
CLF aA Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1960
Netherlands:
68 .. Antarctic Whaling Expedition Completes 1959/60 Season
G Norway:
69 .. Cod Fishery Trends, May 1960
69 .. Government Votes Aid for Fishermen
70 ., Supports 12-Mile Fishing Zone
Pakistan:
70 .. Plans for Building New Trawlers Changed
Peru:

71 .. Anchovy Fishermen Resume Tie-Up

71 .. Expansion of Fisheries Research Expected in 1960

71... Exports of Fishery Products, 1958-59

71... Fish Meal Exports Continued Upward Trend in First

Quarter of 1960

72 .. Regulations on Fishing Industry Issued

72 .. School for Fishing Vessel Crews Established
Philippines:

72 .. Import Classification Changed for Squid (Cuttlefish)
South-West Africa:

73... Fishery Products Value Lower in 1959

Spain:
73 .. Anchovy Landings Heavy in Bilbao Area
73 .. Vigo Fisheries Trends, January-March 1960
Sweden:
74 .. Fish Exports to East Germany Undeml960 Agreement
Tunisia:
75 .. Exports of Marine Products and Snails to the United
States, 1955-59
75... Fisheries Trends, March 1960
UnS.o5 Re:
76 .. Antarctic Whaling Fleets Return After Good Season
76 .. Fisheries Landings Increased in 1959
77 .. Lithuanians Fish Newfoundland Banks
77 .. Seven-Year Plan Includes Expansion of Fish Freezing

FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Federal Trade Commission:
78 .. Crab Fishermen's Association Denies Charges of Unfair
Competition and Restraint of Trade
78 .. Shrimp Processing Machinery Firm Charged With Sup-
pressing Competition
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
TOM re Proposed Addition to List of Spices, Seasonings, etc.,
Recognized as Safe
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:

SOR Quality Standards Established for Frozen Salmon Steaks
82 .. Voluntary Grade Standards Proposed for Frozen Raw
Headless Shrimp
82 .. Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
92 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
93 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
94 ., Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of

Fishery Products
95 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery
Products at Principal Distribution Centers

95 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S. and Alaska
96 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
97 .. Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
98 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
100 .. Micellaneous Publications
a

® U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE = 1960 O—557390

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CANNED SHRIMP FOR QUICK MEALS

Although the shrimp fishery extends all the way from North Caro-
lina to Texas onthe Atlantic and Gulf coasts and from California to Alas-
ka on the Pacific coast, canning operations are concentrated principally
in the colorful bayou country of the Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Texas coasts in such picturesquely named citiesas Bayou La Batre,
Biloxi, Dulac, Chauvin, Golden Meadow, Houma, and Westwego. The
North Pacific canning operation is relatively ne w but is bringing to the
American housewife the delectable and dainty cocktail. shrimp.

Canned shrimp are available in 4$-, 5-, and 7-ounce cans, either
packed in brine or dry. They are easy to store and require little or no
preparation, a real convenience in these hot weather days. All that is
required is to remove the shrimp from the can, wash in cold water, and
proceed with the recipe.

The home economists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
suggest the following recipes:

SHRIMP THERMIDOR

cans (45 or 5-0z. each) deveined shrimp A teaspoon powdered mustard

can (4-0z.) sliced mushrooms, drained (Ech cayenne pSme

cups milk
cup flour Grated Parmesan cheese
Paprika

cup butter or margarine, melted

Drain shrimp. Rinse in cold water. Drain. Cut large shrimp in
half. Fry mushrooms in butter for 5 minutes. Blend inflour and sea-
sonings. Add milk gradually and cook until thick, stirring constantly.
Stir in shrimp. Place shrimp mixture in 6 individual, well-greased
shells or 6-ounce custard cups. Sprinkle with cheese and paprika. Bake
in a hot oven, 400° F.,for 10 minutes or until cheese browns. Serves 6.

SHRIMP FONDUE

2 cans (45 or 5-oz. each) deveined shrimp 3 eggs

8 slices white bread é teaspoon powdered mustard
2 tablespoons. butter or margarine Dash pepper

3 tablespoons chopped green pepper 2 cups milk

1 cup grated cheese Paprika

Drain shrimp. Rinse in cold water. Drain. Cut large shrimp in
half. Remove crusts from bread and butter bread. Place 4 slices ina
well-greased baking pan, 8 x 8 x 2inches. Cover with layer of shrimp,
green pepper, and half of the cheese. Top with remaining slices of but-
tered bread and cheese. Combine eggs, mustard, and pepper; beat with.
a rotary egg beater. Add milk; pour over sandwiches. Sprinkle with
paprika. Bake ina slow oven, 325 F., for approximately one hour or
until fondue is firm in the center. Serves 6.

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'Vol.22, No.8 AUGUST 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED A, SEATON, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMiSS|ONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

COMMERCIAL Fi

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

sy
et
Pry
cu
a

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries, Add
19 CE RE ; 3. dress correspondence and requests
Tieauineaas Sa Le. et News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior,

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyright i
reference to the source is appreciated. pee eames SAS Ce Cet IN.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been a db i
Budget, May 10, 1960. pproved by the Director of the Bureau of the

5/31/63

CONTENTS .

COVER: The Fishing Industry's sixth annual Fish 'n Seafood Parade is scheduled
October 17-23, 1960. This is an all-out effort to promote the sale and use of fish
and shellfish products. The objective is to increase per capita consumption. All
segments of the fishing and allied industries and Government are cooperating in
this promotion campaign. (Also see outside back cover.)

Page
1. ..Control of Iron Sulfide Discoloration in Canned Shrimp (Xiphopeneus sp.) - Part 1, by Mary H. Thompson and Melvin E, Waters
8 ..Construction and Operation of an Inexpensive Fish Smokehouse, by Melvin E. Waters and D. J. Bond
Page Page
RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
13... Bacteriological Quality of Fish and Relation to Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program (Contd.):
Processing Variables 26 .. Shrimp-Trawl Underwater Performance Studies
13... Refrigerated Sea-Water Tank Designed for Use in Continued (M/V George M. Bowers Cruise 26)
Studies on Holding Whiting Hawaii:
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: 26 .. Below-Average Skipjack Tuna Season Predicted
American Samoa: King Crab:
14 .. More Korean Tuna Fishing Vessels to Fish for 26 .. Tags from United States Tagging Program Returned by
Cannery Russians
14 .. Tuna Landings, May 1960 Maine Sardines:
California: 27 ~.. Canned Stocks, June 1, 1960
14 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (Airplane Michigan:
Spotting Flights 60-7 and 60-11) 27... Use of Otter Trawls Permitted in Southern Lake
15 .. Crab Fishing Area and Intensity Studies Continued Michigan
(Airplane Spotting Flights 60-8 and 60-10) North Atlantic Fishery Investigations:
17... Aerial Census of Commercial and Sport Fishing for 28 .. Decrease in Herring Disease in Gulf of St. Lawrence
Abalone Continued (Airplane Spotting Flight 60-9) 28 .. Population and Density of Sea Scallop Beds on Georges
17... Shrimp Study off California Coast Continued Bank Studied (M/V Delaware Cruise 60-8)
(M/V N. B. Scofied Cruise 60-S-2) 28 .. Underwater Television Offers New Opportunities for
18 .. Operations in 1960 of Whaling Land Stations Fishery Research
18 .. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, Oysters:
January-April 1960 29 .. Underwater Harrow Shows Promise in Control of
Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: Starfish
19 .. Skipjack Tuna Behavior Studies in Eastern Pacific Radioactive Waste:
(M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 47) 29 .. Disposal Sites off New England Coast Surveyed
Dams: = Salmon:
20 .. Fish and Wildlife Bureaus Release Report on Proposed 30 .. California Completes King Salmon Marking for 1960
Bruces Eddy Dam and Reservoir in Idaho Season
21... Federal Aid Funds for Sport Fish and Wildlife Tuna:
Restoration 30 .. Albacore Catches by California Party Boats May
Florida: Indicate Good Season
21 .. Miami University Receives Grants for Fishery and 31 .. Albacore Migrations and Distribution Studied by
Oceanographic Studies Oregon Biologists
Fur Seals: 32 .. Albacore Tagged in 1956 off San Francisco Recovered
22 .. Pelagic Sealing Studies off Alaska See h . - By sepa neaee 4
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration an ar Research: . S. Foreign Trade:
230. Seasonal Distribution Silcammerctal Fish Stocks in 32 .. Conference Held on United States Fishery Export Trade
Lake Erie (M/V Active Cruise 9) Promotion
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: 33 .. Edible Fishery Products, April 1960
23... Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey 33 .. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota as of
(M/¥ Cisco Cruises 1 and 2) June 4
25 .. Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey 33... Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products,

M/V Siscowet Cruises 1 and 2) January-March 1960
ei eeaioratocy Fishery Program: 34 .. World Markets for United States Fishery Products in

26 .. Experimental Midwater Trawling off the Mississippi in 1959
Delta (M/V Oregon Cruise 67) 35 .. Wholesale Prices, June 1960

Contents Continued Pages 110 and 111.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

August 1960 Wash

ngton 25,D.C. Vol. 22, No.8

CONTROL OF IRON SULFIDE DISCOLORATION
IN CANNED SHRIMP (Xiphopeneus sp.) - PART 1

By Mary H. Thompson* and Melvin E. Waters**

ABSTRACT

The shrimp, seabob, has a short shelf life when canned, owing to discolora-
tion of the can surface by iron sulfide. A study was made to determine whether
a decrease in the pH of the can contents would prevent this discoloration. The
pH was lowered in the experiments by the addition of either a lemon juice con-
centrate or a citric acid solution, the condition of the cans was noted afterstor-
age periods of varying lengths, and the data were interpreted in terms of effi-
ciency of the additive and effectiveness of varying degrees of acidity in pre-
venting the discoloration. Recommended canning techniques for seabob are dis- .
cussed.

INTRODUCTION

For many years attempts have been made to utilize certain species of shrimp,
commonly known as seabob, Xiphopeneus sp., for canning purposes, only to findthat
regardless of the freshness of the
shrimp at the time of canning, the
canned product had an extremely
short shelf life. These shrimp
cause an iron sulfide discoloration
or blackening of the exposed metal
surfaces of the can, which gradual-
ly spreads over the entire surface
and eventually causes the shrimp
themselves to discolor (Gallagher
not dated).

Seabobs are found in commer-
cial quantity in shallow waters of
the Gulf of Mexico. The term sea-
bob originated in the French name
for this species, ''six baub,"’ which =
referred to the six sharp points on
the rostrum of this species. The Fig. 1 - Severe iron sulfide discoloration present on can surfaces in
shrimp are of small size (70 to 80 control Lot No, 1 after a storage period of 360 simulated days.
count in the raw headless state) and are characterized by a very long upturned ros-
trum and long antennae, with the two posterior walking legs elongated into antennae-

like filaments (Guest 1956).

In the Louisiana Delta area seabobs have long been salted and sun-dried. At

various times they have been used to prepare shrimp meal. The supply of these
d consequently attempts have been made

ar exceeds the demand for them, an
as : Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research,
** Pighery Products Technologist t U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Pascagoula, Miss.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

to process the seabobs in several types of cans when other shrimp are in short sup-
ply. However, the shelf life of the canned product has always been short, particu-
larly at warm storage temperatures.

The average pH of well-iced
seabobs is 7.5 when measured im-
mediately after picking, whereas
the average pH of well-iced shrimp
of other Gulf commercial species
at that time is 7.0. In other com-
mercial species of shrimp a pH of
the canned product exceeding 7.2
will allow iron sulfide discolora-
tion. The difference in the normal
pH of the two types of shrimp inthe
raw state, and the corresponding
difference to be expected in the
canned product, has led to experi-
mentation in the lowering of the pH
of the canned product in an effort to

Fig. 2 - Absence of iron sulfide discoloration on can surfaces after reduce the iron sulfide discolora-
a storage period of 360 simulated days. tion of the can and its contents.

The present series of experiments were initiated to determine if pH was the
primary factor involved in the case of seabobs, and if so, what additives could be
used to prevent such blackening. In general, this discussion should be considered as
the first part of a series of experiments, and later reports will deal with the effect
of other additives upon the discoloration and comparisons of the effectiveness of the
additives in dealing with this problem. Because both citric acid and lemon juice
concentrate have been suggested as additives to control this discoloration, it was
decided to test their relative effectiveness in the first experiment of the series. The
present series of tests were conducted at higher storage temperatures; however,
further storage studies at normal
temperatures are contemplated. A
secondary aim was to suggest a pos-
sible time limit on the shelf life of
such products. In the course of
these experiments, a satisfactory
method of processing these smaller
shrimp was also developed.

The first portion of this paper
deals with the initial experiments
undertaken in an effort to find the
proper amount of each additive to
be used. Subsequently, the results
of a larger-scale pack to deter-
mine the effectiveness of the two
additives used, the increase in
shelf life to be expected, and the gia ea ce aa ae

i ig. 3 - lron ide discoloration present in slight amounts on can
eon ee Theis ae surfaces after a storage period of 360 anuraealday

processing method developed for use with these smaller shrimp is outlined.

INITIAL EXPERIMENT

PROCEDURE: Processing Method: The following method was used in process-
ing the shrimp in all of the experiments:

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

i The shrimp were peeled, blanched in boiling 8-percent salt solution for 2 to
3 minutes, drained, and packed with 5.25 ounces of meats to the can. Number 211 x
300 shrimp cans, coated with C-enamel of the type commonly used by the shrimp

canning industry, were used throughout. This method produced a drained weight of
4,75 ounces or more.

2. The can was filled to $-inch headspace (80 to 85 ml. of solution) with brine

or brine plus additives and sealed at a temperature of 150° F.

3. The cans and contents were processed for 12 minutes at 250° F. and 15
pounds pressure, and water-cooled before storage.

Scoring Method for Evaluating Discoloration: The scoring method used in es-
timating the amount of iron sulfide discoloration is as follows:

(1) Score 0 - no iron sulfide discoloration

(2) Score ee - very slight iron sulfide discoloration (area of deposit - 4 mm.7
or less

(3) Score 1 - slight iron sulfide discoloration (area of deposit - 4 to 36 mr.)
(4) Score 2 - moderate iron sulfide discoloration (area of deposit 36 to 81 “ease. )

(5) Score 3 p heavy iron sulfide discoloration (area of deposit, more than
81 mm.°) .

Experimental Method: Preliminary experiments were conducted with two levels
of lemon juice concentrate and two levels of citric acid in an effort to determine the
most effective concentration of each in retarding the iron sulfide discoloration. The
shrimp were received well-frozen and headless, were thawed and peeled by hand, and
were processed according to the method previously described. In this preliminary
experiment, salt tablets were used instead of brine to follow local commercial prac-
tice. The tablet was later discarded in favor of brine, which was easier to handle
under the conditions of this study. The pack was divided into the following classifi-
cations depending upon the type of solution used to fill the container:

1. Control - 4.8g.salt plus water
2. Type 1 -4.8g. salt plus 1 part lemon juice concentrate No. 309 to 50 parts water
3. Type 2 -4.8g. salt plus 1 part lemon juice concentrate No. 309 to 25 parts water

4. Type 3 -4.8g. salt plus 0.26 g. citric acid (equivalent to a 0.33-percent citric
acid solution)

5. Type 4 -4.8g.salt plus 0.33 g. citric acid (equivalent to a 0.41-percent citric
acid solution)

This canned lot was stored at a constant temperature of 37.5° C. (98.6° F.) for 70
days. High storage temperatures, such as were used in these experiments, intensify
chemical reactions inthe can. The higher temperatures used in this study were the on-
ly known deviation from the normal commercial canning procedure. There is arule of
thumb that the rate of chemical reactions approximately doubles for every10° C. increase
intemperature. Thus, the changes which occur during a given storage time are effective-
ly doubled if the product is storedat 37.5. C.(99.5 F.) rather than atusual warehouse
temperatures of 27.5 C.(81.5 F.) Forexample,a lot with a storage period of 70 days
under forced conditions is approximately equal to one witha 140-day period under normal
conditions. Since there has not been a study of the kinetics of this particular reaction in

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

relation to time and temperature, the figures used to indicate simulated storage days
are only approximate ones based on the aforementioned rule of thumb. At the end of
140 and 280 simulated days the cans were opened, the amount of discoloration was
noted, and the pH of the contents was determined with a pH meter.

RESULTS: Lemon juice in both concentrations was still effective at the end of
140 days and 280 days of simulated storage in retarding the discoloration. It ap-
peared, however, that as discoloration was occasionally evident in the cans of 1:50
dilution, a slightly stronger concentration was needed, but one not as strong as the
1:25 dilution. At the same time, it appeared that neither the 0.26- nor the 0.33-gram
concentrations of citric acid in the can were adequate to prevent discoloration. It
was then decided to repeat the experiment on a larger scale, using a 1:40 dilution of
lemon juice concentrate No. 309 and a concentration of 0.52 g. of citric acid per can.

PILOT-SCALE PACKING OF SHRIMP

PROCEDURE: It was necessary to process a large number of cans to deter-
mine the relative effectiveness of the proposed strengths of the two additives and to
determine whether the relative acidity of the can contents, as indicated by the pH
value, was a controlling factor in eliminating the discoloration.

One lot of seabobs was obtained from the Houma, La., area, where they had
been peeled in an automatic shrimp peeler. They had been kept well-iced from cap-
ture until processing the following day, at which time the average pH of the raw
shrimp was 7.5. The entire pack was divided into three smaller lots:

1. Lot No. 1 - Control, contained 80 to 85 ml. of 8.1 percent brine per can.

2. Lot No. 2 - Lemon juice, contained 80 to 85 ml. of 1 part lemon juice con-
centrate No. 309 to 40 parts of 8.1-percent brine per can.

3. Lot No. 3 - Citric acid, contained 80 to 85 ml. of 0.65-percent reagent-grade
citric acid in 8.1-percent brine solution per can (0.52 g. of citric acid per
can)

The cans were sealed, processed, and scored according to the general method
outlined in the previous section. The 1:40 dilution of lemon juice concentrate No.
309 used, provides a concentration of citric acid in the can between 0.55 and 0.66 g.
The pH of the 1:40 lemon juice solution was 2.8 and that of the citric acid solution
was 2.7. Lots Nos. 1,2,and3 were stored at 47.5 C. (117.5 F.) fora 90-day peri-
od, which in effect was a simulated storage period of 360 days at normal tempera-
tures. The day following that of processing, a can of each lot was cut, and a pH
reading was taken to provide a base measurement. The pH of Lot No. 1 was 8.12;
Lot No. 2, 6.42; and Lot No. 3, 6.40.

RESULTS: Since this was an experiment of a self-destructive nature in that
when one can was cut it was lost as far as further storage studies were concerned,
it seemed more valuable to simulate a storage period of approximately 1 year and
to determine the condition of the cans and contents at the end of that time.

In order that an indication of the progress of the experiment could be provided,
four cans from each lot were cut at the end of 220 simulated days. The results of
this cutting are shown in table 1. The blackened condition of the cans in Lot No. 1,
the control group, was marked, and the average pH was 7.57. The cans from Lot
No. 2, 1:40 lemon juice, were not discolored and had an average pH of 5.96. Those
cans from Lot No. 3, 0.65-percent citric acid, were slightly discolored and had an
average pH of 6.42.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

Table 1 - Condition and pH Values of Canned Shrimp Stored at 47.5° C. (117.5° F.)

20 Simulated Days 360 Simulated Days

INo. Cans H H Total No. C S B Total N 3
Samples (Gare eee ees otal No, Cans]No. Cans[_ p pHa Total No. Cans
Se Opened | Range ESF || ES With Score Opened] Range Avg. ‘With Scone x
Percent =
4 7.50-7.60] 7.57 3 100 His <3

ero

100 22 4
6 5
15 :
4 6.35-6.50] 6.42 1 100 7 PLoS
16 pitt)
16 aloe
3 '60=

At the end of 90 actual days, or 360 simulated days, the remainder of the cans
in each of the lots were cut, the discoloration evaluated, and the pH measured. The
results of this cutting are also shown in table 1. In control Lot No. 1, totaling 47
cans, all of the cans were heavily discolored. The pH ranged from 7.29 to 7.52 and
averaged 7.37. In 68 percent of the cans this discoloration was so heavy that it per-
meated the shrimp meats.

emon Juice: Shrimp
meats, 8.1-percent brine,
1:40 lemon juice concen-
(EWS MO; MON soo b6ogn65

In Lot No. 2 (1:40 lemon juice), totaling 43 cans, 51 percent of the cans showed
no discoloration, 14 percent showed very slight discoloration, and 35 percent showed
slight discoloration. The pH of those cans with no discoloration ranged from 5.62 to
6.24, average 6.0]; those with very slight discoloration ranged from 6711 to 6.21,
average 6.18; and those with slight discoloration ranged from 6.10 to 6.30, average
6.19.

In Lot No. 3 (0.65-percent citric acid), totaling 42 cans, 17 percent of the total
showed no discoloration, 38 percent of the cans were very slightly discolored, 38
percent were slightly discolored, and 7 percent were heavily discolored. The pHof
those cans with no discoloration ranged from 6.18 to 6.59, average 6.41; those with
very Slight discoloration ranged from 6.19 to 6.51, average 6.35; those that were
slightly discolored ranged from 6.15 to 6.51, average 6.38; and the heavily dis-
colored cans ranged in pH from 6.60 to 6.69, average 6.63.

DISCUSSION: Discoloration was present on the can surface either in the head-
space or beneath the surface of the contents. The blackening appeared first at those
places where there was evidence of a break in the C-enamel. Kohman and Sanborn
(1928) noted that in cans with enameled surfaces, the actions on the can surfaces
are enormously concentrated at the point where the enamel has been pierced. As
reactions take place in the can, the entire amount of tin plate is removed from this
small surface area, allowing the sulfides present in the canned product to react with
the exposed steel surface and produce the black iron sulfide discoloration. Since
beginning discoloration surrounds a break in the enamel, it starts most often at the
can seam or junction of the can lid and can body. As discoloration becomes more
pronounced, the blackening extends under the enamel until it almost entirely covers
the inside surface of the can. Since the cans were kept in one position throughout
the entire storage period, it appeared that the discoloration could take place either
in the headspace or on surfaces directly in contact with the can contents. This would
indicate that the unwanted chemical reactions are taking place in the can's contents,
as well as in the headspace of the can, contrary to previous experience with some
other seafoods. The corrosion mechanism of tin plate is believed to be a function of
the particular food product being dealt with, however, and results cannot always be
extrapolated from one product to another (Frankenthral 1959).

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

The initial area of blackening of the cans in control Lot No. 1 was apparent, in
some cases, the day after they were processed. These control cans were heavily
discolored within a period of 360 simulated days as were those experimental, Lot
No. 3, cans in which the pH exceeded 6.6. Thus it can be seen that the addition of the
proper concentration of lemon juice or citric acid will prevent severe discoloration
of the cans.

In comparison of Lot No. 2 and Lot No. 3, it can be seen that at the end of 360
simulated days, 51 percent of the cans of Lot No. 2 containing the 1:40 lemon juice
were entirely free of discoloration, whereas only 17 percent of the cans containing
the 0.65-percent citric acid were free of blackening. This appears to indicate that
an added controlling effect was obtained by using lemon juice. It must be noted,
however, that in none of the cans in either Lot No. 2 or Lot No. 3, except in the three
cans in Lot No. 3 with a pH exceeding 6.6, was the blackening excessive.

It was apparent from the range of pH values in the cans with a 0, 0+, or 1 rating,
whether containing lemon juice or citric acid, that there was a considerable overlap
in the values. Therefore, a statistical analyses of variance, called the F test—, was
applied to the pH values regardless of the amount of discoloration and regardless of
the additive. The F value did not exceed the 5-percent level of probability, and it
was concluded that these groups did not differ significantly in their pH values. Al-
though the pH of the can apparently should be lowered to less than 6.6 for effective
control, once it falls below this point the degree of effectiveness of the additive is
dependent upon other characteristics of that additive rather than the acidifying char-
acteristic alone.

SUGGESTED PROCESSING METHOD

The processing procedure, employed in these experiments is commonly used in
the Gulf of Mexico area to process other types of shrimp. The texture of the canned
seabobs was firm, and no evidence of crumbling was observed in either Lot No. 2 or
Lot No. 3. There was no evidence of spoilage, other than the iron sulfide discolora-
tion present in some of the cans. This indicated that the processing time, tempera-
ture, and pressure were adequate. There appeared to be too much salt present, how-
ever, for maximum taste appeal. The cans in Lot No. 3 also appeared to havea slight
aftertaste, which could have been due to the citric acid. For these reasons it was
decided to pack a small number of cans with varying salt and citric acid concentra-
tions and subject them to organoleptic analysis by a trained panel.

PROCEDURE: Cans were packed with salt concentrations varying from 0.0 to
4.9 g. per can and citric acid varying from 0.0 to 0.65 g. per can. The pack was
processed as before, stored until the following day, and subjected to organoleptic
evaluation.

RESULTS: Upon evaluation it was found that the optimum pack contained 3.6 g.
of salt. At a concentration of citric acid greater than 0.52 grams per can an after-
taste not present in the cans containing 0.52 grams or less, was discerned by some
members of the panel. This indicated that it was not practical to increase the a-
mount of citric acid used in the previous experiment in order to attempt to attain the
level of protection afforded by the lemon juice. A 1:40 concentration of lemon juice
concentrate No. 309, as used in the previous experiment, did not appreciably affect
the taste of the shrimp.

SUMMARY

1. A trial pack of shrimp (Xiphopeneus sp.) was processed to determine the
optimum level of lemon juice concentrate No. 309 or citric acid needed to prevent
iron sulfide discoloration of the canned product.

1/ A statistical test used to determine if differences between measurements may be considered as real.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1

2. Three large lots were processed: (a) a control lot using no additives; (b) a
lot containing 80 to 85 ml. of 1:40 lemon juice concentrate No. 309 in brine per can;
and (c) a lot containing 80 to 85 ml. of a 0.65-percent citri¢ acid in brine per can :
(0.52 g. of citric acid per can). These were stored at 47.5° C, (117.5° F.) for 90
days (360 simulated days). At the end of this period the cans were cut, the discol-
oration evaluated, and the pH of the contents measured. The following conclusions
were obtained from these data:

When the pH was adjusted to a value below 6.6, only slight discoloration of the
cans occurred after a storage of 360 simulated days.

Fifty-one percent of the cans in the lot containing lemon juice were entirely
free of blackening, whereas only 17 percent of the cans in the lot containing citric
acid were free of discoloration. This disparity in percentage of cans free of discol-
oration would seem tc indicate that some factor in addition to acidification of the
can contents was active in reducing the iron sulfide discoloration.

In an evaluation of the pH of cans scoring 0, 0+, and 1, regardless of additive or
score, no Significant difference was found between the lemon-juice lot and the cit-
ric-acid lot, further indicating an additive effect obtained in using lemon juice. The
only significant difference in pH values obtained was between the pH values of the
cans graded 0, 0+, and 1 and those graded 3 (heavily discolored).

3. A third pack was processed to determine the optimum concentration of the
ingredients. The trained organoleptic panel preferred the shrimp processed with
3.6-percent brine. It was felt that the organoleptically maximal conc®ntration of
citric acid was 0.52 g. per can. A concentration of 1:40 lemon juice concentrate No.
309 did not appreciably affect the taste of the shrimp.

LITERATURE CITED

FRANKENTHRAL, R. P., CARTER, P. R., and GUEST, WILLIAM C.
LAUBSCHER, A. N. 1956. The Texas Shrimp Industry. Bulletin No. 36,
1959. The Mechanism of Corrosion of Tin Plate by Series No. 5, Marine Laboratory, Austin, Tex.,
Various Food Products. Journal of Agricultural p- 6.
and Food Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 6 ing-
ign Ds Gy ee - &” | KOHMAN, E. F., and SANBORN, N, H.
1928. Factors Affecting the Relative Potentials of Tin
GALLAGHER, L. C. and Iron. Industrial and Engineering Chemis-
- Fresher and Better Shrimp. Sunkist Growers, try, vol. 20, no. 12, Washington, D. (55
Ref. No. 478, Ontario, Calif., p. 4. 1373.

fe
ABD

AUTOMATIC DEVICE PROTECTS DRIFT NETS FROM STORM DAMAGE

The Leningrad Designing Institute of the Fishing Fleet of the Uz. 5. 5. R.
is stated to have devised an automatic installation for the protection of drift
nets from breaking under the strain of a storm. When the length of the nets
is more than 2 miles, the strains are enormous and the new device consists
of a winding drum and an electric motor which so responds to tension that it
automatically pays out more cable as the strain increases and takes in slack
when the tension is lowered. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, July 1958.)

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF AN INEXPENSIVE FISH SMOKEHOUSE
By Melvin E. Waters* and D. J. Bond**

ABSTRACT

An inexpensive fish smokehouse capable of producing 150 pounds (approxi-
mately 240 mullet) each cook has been constructed and operated, utilizing lab-
oratory personnel, This smokehouse, consisting of a steel drum firebox and a
4-foot x 4-foot x 4-foot plywood smoker was built with 16 hours of unskilled la-
bor using common hand tools. The materials purchased at retail on the local
market cost $45. The design permits fairly accurate control of smoke temper-
ature.

INTRODUCTION

Traditionally, the mullet industry of the Gulf and South Atlantic states has de-
pended on the sale of fresh fish (Brawner and A'brams 1956). In recent years, how-
ever, owing to consumer resistance to the sale of whole fresh fish, the mullet mar-
ket has undergone a loss of volume in competition withother fishery products mer-
chandised in a more convenient form.

Smoked mullet is considered a delicacy, but is not widely available. Promotion
of this product could lead to utilization of a large volume.

Various kinds of apparatus are used to produce a smoked product from mullet.
The product often varies in salt content, moisture, texture, and degree of smoke
flavor. A project was undertaken at the Pascagoula Technological Laboratory,
therefore, to build a fish smokehouse that could (1) be easily constructed by un-
skilled labor at minimum cost and (2) produce a uniform product having good taste
acceptance.

CONSTRUCTION

The smokehouse consists of two major parts: (1) a firebox and (2) a 4-foot x
4-foot x 4-foot plywood smoker. The separate units are necessary to prevent fire

ES To hazards and permit control
of smoke temperatures.

B)she etslofrall!AClexterion’ plywood! Eye maeie aie ae eae amen : The firebox is construc-
peyw'

pes of 2" x 2" x 4! #2 lumber ted from a 55-gallon drum

Pb emOteshpennyagalvamiailsien mem Tena Mon nent mCi CnC me mn on Cie .

1 lb. of 8 penny finishing nails having et removable clamps

2 pr. brass butt hinges onlid(see fig. 1). A 8-inch

Beek and\ey.esi a nivet a csncice/te canemmerceentctaoiere torent Reanim x 10-inch door is cut near

the bottom rim of the drum,

cy

Ce

gtsnofiwoodisealer| ise enin j/5 uy usneuereitn nce eee Remon nei eiteas
1 90° -6" galy. stovepipe ell

i ry

SUlofOligalyaustove piper ieie neni mene ae ca nt nen ee ears using a cold chisel and hand
Micement blocksts sna, cia: suceite cuisine ate eae ee i oercltoe S hacksaw. The cutout piece
IeSo—gallonyouludrim se eee ee ttony one ea ran . Ss Fan “Al d Be at-
16 sq. ft. of >in. mesh hardware cloth US ue 2 c ais e oF y

20 doz. eye hooks, small plated. ......... taching it with a pair of
iidoorhandlele wei -ieaeneeone oouoedcCoooO DGD AaOOgaGKS : brass butt hinges.

On the opposite side of
the drum and near the top, a hole 6 inches in diameter is made to fit in a plece of
stovepipe. Furnace cement should be used to seal the cracks between the pipe and
drum. Eight feet of six-inch galvanized stovepipe is attached at the top rear‘of the
firebox and at the bottom center of the smoker. The simplest procedure is to setup

£ a Fishery Products Technologist, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
*** Fishery Scientific Aide, Pascagoula Technological Laboratory, Pascagoula, Miss.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

s/s" Exhaust holes

4'x4'x 4" Box of A" AC Plywood

1A” Battle of Plywood
12"'x 12" with 6" legs

6 Galvanized stovepipe ell

Co e
ncrete blocks 55 gallon drum

6. Galvanized stovepipe
8 length
oe

Wire mesh tray

Fig. 2 - Open front view of smokehouse.

the smokehouse on a bank or steep slope with the firebox on the lower grade, Oth-
erwise the smoker must be raised on blocks, or a blower used to gain circulation of

the smoke.

The construction of the smokehouse involves the building of four sections: (I)
outside section, (II) runners and racks, (III) baffle, and (IV) wire-mesh tray. Mate-
erials and costs are shown in table 1. Illustrations and dimensions are shown in
figures 1 and 2. Directions for construction are as follows:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.

I. Outside section
A. Construction of panels

1. Sides--To two pieces of z-inch plywood 4-feet x 4-feet,
nail 2-inch x 2-inch x 4-foot stock around the outside
edges of each piece to construct the two sides.

2. Back--Attach one piece of 4-foot x 4-foot plywood to the
2 sides to form the back of the smoker. Secure firmly.

3. Top--Nail a fourth piece of 4-foot x 4-foot plywood to
the two sides and back to form the top.

4. Bottom--Nail a fifth piece of 4-foot x 4-foot plywood in
place for the bottom. ats

5. Door--Make a door from a sixth piece of 4-foot x 4-foot
plywood, using 2-inch x 2-inch x 4-foot pieces forbrac-
ing. Swing the door on 3 hinges and lock it with 2 hooks
and eyes.

B. Exhaust holes--Make several 32-inch holes in the sides, back,
and front near the top in order to allow the smoke tocirculate.

C. Wood sealer--Apply two coats of wood sealer to the outside
only to prevent warping of the plywood. Do not use sealers
and paint inside the box.

II, Runners and racks
A. Runners

1. Using two 2-inch x 2-inch x 4-foot pieces, nail one piece
to the inside of each of the sides 4 inches below the top.
These will be used to support the first row of racks con-
taining the fish.

2. Drop 12 inches below the first runners and nail in a sec-
ond pair of runners. This will be used for the secondrow
of racks.

B. Racks

1. For the racks, split 8 2-inch x 2-inch x 4-foot pieces to
make 16 1-inch x 2-inch x 4-foot pieces. Cut a notch on
each end of the racks, 2 inches long and 1-inch high, to
fit on the runners inside the smokehouse.

2. Screw small eye hooks into the lower edge of the racks
3 inches apart, using 15 hooks per rack. Make 2-inch
"S" hooks from stainless steel wire for attaching the
fish.

3. Place the racks on the runners 5 inches apart.

III. The baffle
A. Cuta hole 6 inches in diameter in the bottom of the smoke

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

box. Insert the stovepipe ell from the firebox in sucha
pee that the end protrudes 2 inches inside the smoke-
ouse,

Cut a piece of $-inch plywood 12-inches x 12 inches.
Cut 4 2-inch x 2-inch x 6-inch pieces.

D. At each corner of the plywood, nail a 2-inch x 2-inch x
6-inch piece to form a stand 6 inches high,

E. Place the baffle over the stovepipe entry in order to dis-
perse the smoke over the entire smokehouse. (See fig. 2.)

IV. Wire-mesh tray

A. Supports

1. Nail a 2-inch x 2-inch x 8-inch piece vertically in each
of the bottom corners of the smokehouse to support the
tray.

Bray;

1. Nail 4 2-inch x 2-inch x 46-inch pieces to form a square
tray. .

2. Nail a 4-foot x 4-foot piece of $-inch mesh hardware
cloth to the tray.

3. Place the finished tray in place in order to catch any
fish that drop during the smoking operations.

This smoker was designed to smoke fish inexpensively and properly, yet to be
durable enough to withstand months of use. Sixteen hours were necessary to build
the smoker utilizing Scientific Aides from the laboratory. The same construction
principles involved can be modified to construct a fish smokehouse of larger size,
but prior experience should be gained by the use of this small one.

The distance of separation of the firebox from the smoker may be varied to se-
cure best results in controlling the temperature of the smoke. This structure may
be modified to control humidity, if desired. The removable racks make possible
hanging and handling of the fish inside a screened building, as the rack full of fish
is easily carried by hand.

Hinging one entire side as a door to the smokehouse permits easy hanging and
changing of the filled racks.

In this area, storage in a refrigerator of smoked fish of high moisture content
quite often results in surface mold on the fish after three to four weeks. The de-
sign of this smoker with detachable racks lessens handling and thus lowers mold-
spore contamination.

The baffle placed over the end of the stovepipe helps to disperse the smoke more
evenly. Smoke from the incoming pipe would otherwise move through a small area
of fish and not touch the remaining portion. The ¢-inch exhaust holes around the
upper edges of the smoker serve the same purpose in that they create a flow of
smoke from all sides of the box and cause a draft from the firebox.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

Fish are not only smoked as a means of preserving the meat, but also because
of the pleasant taste contributed by the smoke. Therefore, smoked fish is subject
to spoilage even under the most sanitary handling conditions. Molds and yeast are
responsible for the spoilage in smoked fish and refrigeration must be used to ex-
tend the storage life.

THE SMOKING OPERATION

A total of 240 mullet of average size (weighing a total of 150 pounds) are scaled
and cut into butterfly fillets with heads left intact. Brining is done in 10-percent
salt (37.7 salometer reading) at room temperature for one hour. The mullet are
drained long enough to be dry to the touch which produces a glossy pellicle that acts
as a protective coating. After being drained, the mullet are hooked through the eye
by the stainless steel ''S'' hooks and attached to the racks.

Fire is started in the firebox about one hour prior to hanging the fish. Char-
coal briquets are used to start the fire and green or wet hardwood is added to pro-
vide the smoke. In the Pascagoula area, pecan wood, various oaks, hickory, and
cherry are suitable.

With some species of fish, a low-temperature smoke is of utmost importance in
producing a product with a moist texture and a good smoky flavor. High temperatures
result in drying, toughness, and extreme loss of weight. On, the other hand, fishsuch
as mullet is best smoked at temperatures from 130 to 180 F. Twelve hours is re-
quired to properly smoke small mullet to a golden brown color.

Mullet prepared as indicated here were served to a taste panel of local citizens.
The principal criticism was that the fish were of small size and had excessive bones.
They nevertheless were well accepted.

SUMMARY

A fish smokehouse was constructed from $45 worth of materials in 16 hours,
utilizing unskilled labor.

Approximately 150 pounds (240 mullet) were smoked in one operation in this
smokehouse, producing a product acceptable to a taste panel of local citizens.

The plans may be expanded to construct a larger smokehouse, but it is desir-
able first to gain experience with a smaller smokehouse such as this one.

LITERATURE CITED

BRAWNER, JACK T., and A'BRAMS, PHILLIP SEAFOOD MERCHANDISING
1956. How to Produce and Sell Smoked Florida Mullet. 1959. A New Day for the Mullet. Seafood Merchan-
Educational Series No. 8, p. 9. The Marine dising, vol. 19, No. 10, p. 12, New Orleans,
Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, La.

Fla.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

ir

ESEARCH

Z IN SERVICE LABORATORIES

Ct PAB i

BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FISH
AND RELATION TO PROCESSING VARIABLES

The bacteriological quality of the fish and its relation to processing variables
is being studied by the Seattle Technological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. The intent is to determine the range of the bacterial counts and
general bacterial loads of the fish, the equipment, and the finished product; and to
determine the relationship between the individual factors and fish quality.

alt¥

Techniques have been developed for determining the bacterial counts, andsam-
pling is now in progress in the fish-filleting plants in Seattle. Bacteriological sam-
ples are taken from the raw material (Pacific cod) and from the various pieces of the
processing equipment, as the fish progresses from the fishing boat through the fil-
leting operation (icing, washing, conveying and filleting of the fish; and candling,
packaging, and freezing of the fillets). °

ef Sg ot

REFRIGERATED SEA-WATER TANK DESIGNED FOR USE
IN STUDIES ON HOLDING WHITING

A large refrigerated sea-water tank has been designed for use in studies on
holding whiting at the Bureau's Technological Laboratory, Gloucester, Mass. The
new tank will hold over 3,200 pounds of fish at a temperature of 30° F. It features
a unique salt-water circulation system and close temperature control using mechan-
ical refrigeration. The equipment will be used on semi-commercial scale tests to
obtain more information of the value of this method for holding fish in the New Eng-
land area.

DEEPEST OCEAN DIVE

The U. S. Navy in January 1960 with its bathyscaphe, named the Trieste,
has set a new world's record by diving to the bottom of the Marianas Trench,
in the Pacific.

The new record, 37,800 feet, is remarkable because it revealed that the
"world's deepest hole'' (Marianas Trench) goes down considerably farther than
estimated. Previous studies, based on soundings made by a Russian oceano-
graphic ship in 1957, indicated that the depth of the Marianas Trench was only
about 35,000 feet.

14

BS SSSSgSSS—
S14.

Gq pepe / i

American Samoa

MORE KOREAN TUNA FISHING
VESSELS TO FISH FOR CANNERY:

As a result of difficulties with Japa-
nese crews while ashore in American
Samoa, 10 additional Korean tuna fish-
ing vessels are expected to fish for the
American Samoa tuna cannery in 1960.
One Korean tuna vessel began fishing
for the cannery in June 1959 (reports
from other sources state that first Ko-
rean vessel arrived early in 1958) and
two more Korean vessels arrived later
in the year. In contrast to the Japanese
crews, the Koreans have a good reputa-
tion.

The American Samoan Government
has decided to place two Samoan fisher-
men aboard each of the Korean vessels
for training. (The Suisan Keizai, June 3,
1960.)

ok Kk Ok

TUNA LANDINGS, MAY 1960:
In May 1960, tuna landings by Japa-
nese and South Korean vessels fishing

for the tuna cannery in American Samoa
totaled about 1.5 million pounds, or about
19.2 percent below the 1.8 million pounds
landed in May 1959. However, the land-
ings for January-May 1960 of 10.6 mil-
lion pounds were 5.2 percent higher than

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

REN

= AND ;

sat DEVELOPMENTS &

Vol. 22, No. 8

_——_———_
SSS

DS

the 10.1 million pounds landed during the
first five months of 1959.

American Samoa Tuna Landings, May 1960

:
1960 | 1959[ 1960]

ela 1 = 10 1
1/ Less than 500 pounds.
Note: Most of the tuna was landed by Japanese long-line
vessels; a small amount was landed by a South Korean
long-line vessel.

California

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-7-Pelagic Fish: The

inshore area from Punta Banda, Baja California,
Mexico, to Fort Bragg, Calif., was surveyed from
the air (April 11-15, 1960), by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game Cessna ''180"' 3632C to
determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic
fish schools.

Although complete coverage was possible, strong
winds hampered observations off central andnorth-
ern California. No fish schools were seen north of
Point Conception and only 131 were found in south-
ern California and Mexico; 17 of the 131 schools
were not identified.

Although 34 anchovy schools were observed
there were no large concentrations; 17 of the 34
were scattered between Ensenada and the border,

5 were near Huntington Beach, 10 near Rocky Point
in Santa Monica Bay, and 2 between Santa Barbara
and Point Conception.

Sixty-one sardine schools were observed 1 mile
off Laguna Beach and 19 Pacific mackerel schools
were counted between Torrey Pines and La Jolla.

A large mass of extremely rich water was en-
countered between Halfmoon Bay and Davenport.
It ranged in color from dirty brown to a soupy-ap-
pearing deep red, and the inner margin was 2 to 3
miles offshore. Its westerly extension was not de-
termined . Low passes over the denser portions
disclosed, in addition to the predominant dark red

August 1960

and presumably miscroscopic organisms, many
large jellyfish and small "swarms" of what were

San Francisco

Monterey

Fig. 1 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-7 (April 11-15, 1960).

probably euphausiids. The line of demarcation be-
tween this water mass and the green to blue-green
inshore water was very abrupt and many basking
sharks were actively feeding along the "front." A
total of 54 basking sharks was seen between Pigeon
Point and Ano Nuevo Point.

Since the observers were able to cover only a
small part of the water mass it can be assumed

of anchovy schools.
ine

ic mackerel schools,
Hed schools

Fig. 2 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-7 (April 11-15, 1960).

that many more basking sharks (and probably oth-
er forms) were feeding in the area.

Unlike surveys of the previous 2 months, only 1
gray whale was seen. It was near Punta Salsi-
puedes, Baja California. /

561071 O- 60 -2

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

15

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-11-Pelagic Fish:
The aerial survey to determine the distribution and

abundance of pelagic fish schools was continued

(May 16-20, 1960), by the Department's Cessna
180° 3632C along the inshore area from the Cali-

fornia-Mexico border north to the Russian River.

Strong winds off central and northern California
created unfavorable conditions for aerial observa-
tions, but weather and visibility were good south of
Point Conception.

Fig. 1 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-11 (May 16-20, 1960).

The only concentration of fishl§chools found dur-
ing the survey was in the Ventura-Port Hueneme
area. A group of 83 anchovy schools was seen
close to shore between Ventura and Rincon Point,
12 more off Port Hueneme, and 30 deep unidenti-
fied schools between Point Mugu and Point Dume.

Only 23 other schools were seen during the
flight. Of these, 11 observed were about 1 mile
south of Point Vicente. The rest were off Laguna
Beach and could not be identified.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 21.

sk ste 3k
HR OOK XS OK OE

CRAB FISHING AREA AND
INTENSITY STUDIES CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-8-Crab: Commer-
cial dungeness Gran fishing areas from Pt. Arena
to the California-Oregon border were surveyed
from the air on April 18-19, 1960, by the Depart-
ment's Cessna 182 to determine the fishing local-
ities and the relative density of crab gear of the
northern California crab fleet.

Conditions for observing the strings of crab
gear were generally good throughout the 2-day sur-
vey.

A total of 177 lines of crab gear was counted,
155 (87.5 percent) north of Cape Mendocino and 22
(12.4 percent) south of the Cape but north of Pt.
Arena. The 155 strings observed north of Cape
Mendocino were 33 less than for the same area in
March. Most of the gear was within 2 miles of the
beach. Some gear was even in the breaker zone.

When compared with the March survey, several
shifts in gear density are noted. This includes

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

Fe shifts from the area immediately south of Cres-
Mendocino cent City--down 11 percent--to the area south of
the Klamath River--up 14 percent--and an appar-
ent shift from the area south of Humboldt Bay--
down 17 percent--to the area between Humboldt Bay
Punta Gorda and Trinidad Head--up 15 percent.

South of Cape Mendocino crab gear was observed
off Point Delgado, Usal, and Tenmile River. No
Legend: previous observations are available for comparison
Number and location of in these areas.

observed commercial
crab trap strings.

Pt. Delgada

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-10-Crab: The sur-
vey of the commercial crab fishing area from the
Oregon border to Punta Gorda was continued on
May 16 to locate fishing areas and count the strings
of crab traps.

Visibility was good, although a strong wind pro-
duced a heavy swell and white caps making obser-
vation difficult at times.

A total of 126 strings of traps was located. The
greatest concentrations were off Crescent City and

OREGON

Fig. 1 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-8-Crab (Apr. 18-19,
1960).

+

Trinidad Head ||

10.3%
Number of lines of

© - crab traps within
Crescent City ( }. bracketed areas.

@ - Fish schools.
ry

Dog-leg Flight Pattern
%

Pt. Delgada

Fig. 1 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-10-Crab (May 16, 1960).

the Klamath River. The majority of the traps was
located close inshore, usually within one-fourth
mile of the beach. A few strings were as far off as
2 miles.

Number and location of
| 2{- observed commercial
crab trap strings.

_ Percent of gear observed
north of Cape Mendocino.

Several dense schools of fish, on which birds
and seals were feeding, were observed. It was not
possible to determine the species but they had the

- - appearance of anchovy schools.
Fig. 2 - Airplane Spotting Flight 60-8-Crab (Apr. 18-19, Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 pp. 19-21.

1960).
2K Ok Ok Ok

August 1960

AERIAL CENSUS OF COMMERCIAL
AND SPORT FISHING FOR
ABALONE CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-9-Abalone: The
shoreline from Princeton to Fort Bragg was sur-
veyed (May 14, 1960) from the air by the Califor-
nia Department of Fish and Game Cessna 182 to
locate areas of abalone sport fishing and to esti-
mate the numbers of abalone fishermen, clam dig-
gers, and skin divers.

Visibility was excellent although fog was en-
countered from Princeton to San Francisco. Due
to strong winds, heavy swells and waves were
prevalent along the entire coastline. In some are-
as skindivers, working offshore in rough water,

were attached to a line held by friends on the shore.

Not only were great numbers of people in the more
commonly-known abalone areas but along the en-
tire shoreline sportsmen, skindivers, and fisher-
men were seen in areas where they seldom, if
ever, were previously observed. Many school
classes were seen, as well as fishermen.

Although 3,720 people were counted on the shore
and in the water, it is believed that this was amin-
imum count and that at least 20 percent additional
were missed.

The northern end of Tomales Bay was again oc-
cupied by hundreds of clam diggers. Barges,
skiffs, and other craft were observed ferrying
sportsmen out to the mud flats.

The greatest numbers of abalone fishermen (690)
were seen at Fort Ross, with the next greatest num-
bers (320) at Montara Beach in San Mateo County.
Noter Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 19.

SHRIMP STUDY OFF
CALIFORNIA COAST CONTINUED:
M/V_"'N. B. Scofield'' Cruise 60-S-2-Shrimp:

Coastal waters off southern central and northern
California were surveyed by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game research vessel N. B.
Scofield from April 5-May 3, 1960, to locate areas

of concentrations of pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani).

Other objectives were: (1) to determine size, sex,
and weight of shrimp from different beds; (2) to
make bathythermograph casts to obtain bottom
temperatures in shrimp fishing areas; (3) to make
plankton tows in an effort to obtain shrimp larvae
from various depths; (4) to determine size and
weight of incidental fish catches; and (5) to collect
specimens requested by other investigations.

EXPLORATORY OPERATIONS: Strong north-
west winds and high swells hampered operations
throughout most of the cruise. A total of 69 tows
was made with a 20-foot beam trawl having a net
of 14-inch mesh.

Off Santa Monica, pink shrimp were found in
100 and 110 fathoms of water. The best of 3 tows
in that locality produced 2 pounds in a half hour.

Off Gaviota, pink shrimp were caught in 2 of 3
tows. The most productive, in 110 fathoms, pro-
duced 8 pounds of shrimp in a half hour.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

L7/

# Gaviota

A Sig Barbara

Fig. 1 - M/V NB. Scofield Cruise 60-S-2-Shrimp

(April 5-May 3, 1960).

Fig. 2 - M/VN.B. Scofield Cruise 60-S-2-Shrimp
(April 5-May 3, 1960).

A total of 23 tows was made in the Avila area.
Shrimp could not be found in commercial conoen-
trations, eventhoughcatches were made in 21 of
the 23 tows. The best tows produced 82 pounds in
45 minutes at 105 fathoms off Pt. San Luis and 52
pounds in 30 minutes off Pt. Sal in 120 fathoms. An
area approximately 20 miles in length was covered
and trawling was conducted in depths of 80 to 130
fathoms.

In the Bodega area, shrimp were caught in 26 of
39 tows. A concentration of shrimp was found in
commercial quantities off the Russian River in 40-
47 fathoms. The area was approximately 7 miles
long and 2 miles wide. Within this area 22 tows
produced catches averaging 746 pounds per hour.
Calculations based upon catch-per-hour, trawling
area covered, and total area, gave an estimate of
880,000 pounds of shrimp inhabiting this area. Six
tows from Salt Point to Ft. Ross in 58 to 52 fathoms
of water yielded few shrimp.

18

i amen sen]
Legend:
hee ambria Sy - Beam trawling
Be areas.
Sy
NU
35°
L t. Couception

Fig. 3 - M/VN.B. Scofield Cruise 60-S-2-Shrimp
(April 5-May 3, 1960).

SIZE, SEX, WEIGHT, AND COUNT OF SHRIMP:
Samples of shrimp were obtained from 3 tows off
Santa Monica, 2 off Gaviota, 18 off Avila, and 23 off
the mouth of the Russian River. Approximately 100
shrimp from each of these samples were sexed and
measured. Heads-on count and weight determina-
tions were made at sea except at Bodega Bay where
samples from the commercial fleet were counted
and weighed shoreside.

TEMPERATURES: Fifty-six bathythermograph
casts were made in depths ranging from 38 to 130
fathoms. Casts were made in all areas where
shrimp were caught and also in areas where shrimp!
were not taken.

Reversing thermometer casts were made in the
center of the shrimp concentration off the Russian
River. The temperatures were 7 SLICE (46.2° F.)
on April 29 in 44 fathoms and 8.5 C.(47.3° F.) on
May 1 in 40-44 fathoms. Vessel thermograph and
surface temperatures were recorded during all
tows for the entire cruise. These ranged from 8.4°
C. (47.1° F.) off the mouth of the Russian River on
April 24 to 15.2° C. (59.4° F.) off Santa Monica on
April 5.

PLANKTON TOWS: A one-half-meter plank-
ton net was secured to the beam trawl framework.
Fifty plankton samples were thus obtained In con-
junction with beam trawl tows. These samples are
to be examined for shrimp larvae.

INCIDENTAL FISH: The catch of incidental
fish was small because a small unweighted foot

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

rope was tied onto the beam from 6to12 inches a-
bove the runners. Counts and average weight of all
species taken in 47 tows were recorded. In addi-

tion, all fish taken in 8 of the tows were measured.

Hake
(Merluccius productus)

Hake (Merluccius productus), slender sole (Lyop-
setta exilis), stripetail rockfish (Sebastodes saxi-
cola), and splitnose rockfish (Sebastodes diploproa)
were the major incidental fish in the catches in the
Santa Monica, Gaviota, and Avila areas. Hake, rex
sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), and Pacific sand-
dabs (Citharichthys sordidus) were the principal

fish species in the Bodega area catches.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959 p. 42.

OPERATIONS IN 1960 OF
WHALING LAND STATIONS:

As of June 1, licenses for 1960 baleen
whaling were issued for two primary and
two secondary land stations for process-
ing whales and for 5 whale catcher ves-
sels. These whaling operations, which
are located in the San Francisco Bay
area, are the only licensed operations in
the United States, and are at the same
level as in 1959. In 1959, 309 whales
were taken for oil, animal food, and oth-
er byproducts.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-April 1960

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-April 1960 amounted to 32,874
short tons of steel
(based on the a-
mount of steel
consumed in the.
manufacture of
cans) as com-
pared with
29,974 tons in
the same pe-
riod a year
ago. Canning
of fishery prod-

SS
FOR 150%

August 1960

ucts in January-April this year was con-
fined largely to tuna, Gulf oysters, and
Pacific jack mackerel

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants
known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base
boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the
data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel

by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one
short ton of steel.

Central Pacific Fishery Investigations

SKIPJACK TUNA BEHAVIOR
STUDIES IN EASTERN PACIFIC:

M/V "Charles H. Gilbert"' Cruise 47: The re-
search vessel Charles H. Gilbert of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory at Honolulu, returned to her home port after
an absence of 273 weeks. Departing from Honolulu
on November 12, 1959, the Charles H. Gilbert pro-
ceeded to a shipyard in Oregon where a new bulb-
ous bow with underwater observations ports was in-
stalled and extensive alterations were made to the
berthing, bridge, and laboratory facilitles. Aftera
shakedown cruise from Portland, Oreg., to San
Pedro, Calif., the vessel carried out (April 1-
May 23, 1960) an oceanographic, biological, and
fishery survey in Eastern Pacific waters off the
west coast of Baja California, Cape San Lucas, and
the Las Tres Marias and Revilla Gigedos Islands.
Experiments designed to study the behavior of skip-
jack and yellowfin tuna and bait fishes were car-
ried out. These experiments included underwater
observations, primarily from the stern chamber in
the Charles H. Gilbert, of the behavior pattern of
fish In response to water sprays, to different spe-
cies of bait, to "tinsel glitter" ( a potential bait en-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

19

Legend:
x

- Behavior experiments.
- Bait stations.

- Areas scouted.

ro
or

eat
M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 47 (April 1-May 23, 1960).

hancer), to live and dead bait, and to rates of
chumming. Preliminary analyses of the resulting
data indicate that the tuna did nofffexhibit any dif-
ference in behavior whether sprays were on or off,
They did exhibit different responses to different
baits, with the most pronounced excitation result-
ing from the most elusive bait, thread herring. As
to the behavior of the bait, the northern anchovy
sounded immediately and, upon sighting the tuna,
reversed direction and headed to the surface. Two
other species of anchovy (both unidentified) assem-
bled into schools and moved away from the vessel.
The thread herring sounded, but unlike the northern
anchovy, they exhibited considerable evasive action

The Service's research vessel Charles H. Gilbert.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

as they sounded, luring the tuna away from the sur-
face and the vessel. The tuna showed no response
to the glitter. Although their movements slowed
considerably when chummed with dead bait, they
were observed to feed on the dead bait. The only
obvious change in tuna feeding behavior with
changes in rate of chumming was a decrease in
activity with slower chumming rates.

Other objectives of the cruise were as follows:

(1) Determine the temperature structure of
the water over sea mounts and banks. Bathy-
thermograph sections over two banks in the
Revilla Gigedos were obtained before equip-
ment failure forced a discontinuance,

(2) Locate the California Current Extension
or parts thereof between the west coast and
Hawaii by surface salinity and temperature
measurements and BT's. Bathythermographs
and water samples for phosphate, nitrate, and
salinity determinations were taken at 0000,
0600, 1200, and 1800 hours GMT from Revilla
Gigedos to Hawaii,

(3) Tag and release skipjack. Forty-six
skipjack were tagged off the Island of Roca
Partida. One tagged skipjack was recovered
seven days after being tagged.

(4) Transport collection of live fish and per-
sonnel of Hawaii State Division of Fish and
Game from Mexico to Hawaii. A total of
3,800 snappers, Lutianus sp., were trans-
ported from Manzanillo with 89 percent sur-
vival.

Fishing was poor. Only sixschools of tuna were
sighted beyond the immediate vicinity of Roca
Partida. None of these responded to live-bait
chumming. Fishing incidental to the behavior ex-
periments produced 545 skipjack, 678 yellowfin,
and 30 little tuna,

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1960 p. 30, and
June p. 25.

SSS

Dams

FISH AND WILDLIFE BUREAUS
RELEASE REPORT ON PROPOSED
BRUCES EDDY DAM AND
RESERVOIR IN IDAHO:

A report evaluating the probable ef-
fects of construction of the proposed
Bruces Eddy Dam and Reservoir project
in Idaho on fish and wildlife resources
and recommending conservation meas-
ures in event the dam is authorized by
Congress was released on July 7, 1960,
by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the
Department of the Interior.

The report, issued after a four-year
study, was signed by D. L. McKernan,

Vol. 22, No. 8

Director of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, and by A. V. Tunison, Acting
Director of the Bureau of Sport Fisher-
ies and Wildlife. The document was ad-
dressed to Arnie J. Suomela, Commis-
sioner of Fish and Wildlife of the Depart-
ment of the Interior. The study was made
with the cooperation of the Idaho Depart-
ment of Fish and Game.

The effect of the project on big-game
herds in the North Fork drainage would
be highly adverse, according to the re-
port. The Clearwater elk herd is one of
the largest in the United States.

The report states the project also
would damage both resident and migra-

tory fishes.

The most damaging effects
would be to the steelhead trout, 60 per-
cent of which spawn above the Bruces

Eddy Dam site. If the project were to be
constructed there is no assurance that
the runs of migratory fish could be main-
tained at even present low levels.

If the project is authorized, the two
Bureaus recommend that conservation
and development of fish and wildlife re-
sources should be included as an author-
ized project purpose and that the follow-
ing measures be taken:

(1) Fish passage facilities at Bruces Eddy Dam be un-
dertaken at an estimated cost of $15 million.

(2) Facilities for artificial propagation of anadromous
fish be included at an estimated cost of $2 million for con-
struction and $200,000 a year for operation.

(3) Facilities be provided for the annual production of
500, 000 catchable-size trout for stocking the reservoir and
its tributaries at an estimated construction cost of $600, 000
with an annual operating cost of $90,000.

(4) A flow of not less than 2,000 second-feet of water
in the North Fork of the Clearwater be made below the dam
at all times and the temperature of the water is to be main-
tained between 45 degrees and 65 degrees Fahrenheit.

August 1960

(5) Stream improvement work above the reservoir
at a cost of $1 million to be carried out with outlet struc-
tures in the dam so designed and located that downstream
migrating fish will not be drawn into them.

(6) Lands additional to project needs be acquired and
made available for management and habitat improvement
for big game, especially elk, at an estimated cost of
$1, 900, 000 for acquisition of the necessary land and ini-
tial development.

There were also recommendations
which would assure the public the fullest
possible use of the area, provide for
consultation and cooperation in mini-
mizing the adverse effect of transporting
logs downstream, and assure coopera-
tion between the Forest Service, the Fish
and Wildlife Service, and the Idaho De-
partment of Fish and Game in the man-
agement of the acquired lands.
= 4 a0;

Py

te fae
Federal Aid Funds for ~~
Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration

State fish and wildlife restoration
projects received an apportionment of
$12,800,000 in Federal aid, with funds
made available July 1, 1960, the Secretary
of the Interior Fred A. Seaton announced.
The balance of Federal Aid fish and
wildlife restoration program funds for
the year ending June 30, 1961, will be ap-
portioned at the usual time in the fall.

The early apportionment is designed
to help states program their Federal Aid
activities more advantageously. It will
be of special importance to those states
operating on a revolving-fund basis.

Under the Federal Aid fish and wild-
life restoration programs, states expend
their own funds on approved projects and
are then reimbursed up to 75 percent of
the cost. On July 1, 1959, 14 states had
exhausted their Federal Aid money a-
vailable for obligation for fish-restora-
tion programs and 16 states were with-
out Federal Aid funds for obligation on
wildlife restoration activities. Several
other states had less than $5,000 in Fed-
eral Aid funds available for obligation.
The partial apportionment will make it
possible for states to immediately claim
reimbursement after July 1, 1960, for
expenditures made in connection with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

projects approved for the year ending
July 1, 1961.

Federal Aid funds are derived from
an excise tax on sporting guns and am-
munition and on sporting rods, reels,
creels, and arti-
ficial lures. Dis-

a tribution is made
> Z mal onaformula
2 as based upon the

= SS

a SSS number of license

SR De holders in astate
and on its area.
The two Federal

Aid Acts are administered by the Bu-

reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Of the partialapportionment of
$12,800,000, a total of $10,300,000 is for
the restoration of wildlife and $2,500,000
for the restoration of fish. No indication
was given relative to the probable total
apportionment, but in recent years wild-
life restoration funds have tie between
$12 and $13 million exclusive ofa
$2,693,000 backlog which no ionger exists)
and fish restoration funds have been some-
thing in excess of $5 million.

St,

Florida

MIAMI UNIVERSITY RECEIVES
GRANTS FOR FISHERY

AND OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES:
~The Physical Science Division of the
Marine Laboratory of the University of
Miami is in receipt of several grants
from the National Science Foundation.
The first for $18,600 was given in order
to study the feasibility of the use of the
catamaran, or twin-hull, principle for an
oceanographic research vessel.

"Tt has been clear for a long time that
the conventional type of boat construction
does not correspond to the needs of oce-
anographic research vessels,'' says the
head of the Physical Science Division.
"For oceanographic research the scien-
tists need a platform from which they
can work with as little interference as
possible from the boat movement and the
weather conditions prevailing on the sea.
They want to have as many laboratories

22

as possible and a rather large free deck
area. The vessel should have a rather
high speed but still be able to reduce its
speed below a knot. The deck officer in
charge should be able to watch all oper-
ations and be able to maneuver the ves-
sel quickly in such a way that sudden
changes in speed and position of the ves-
sel can be achieved. The classical con-
cept of ship construction does not take
care of these requirements in the most
economical way. Ships are getting too
large and expensive to build before the
requirements are fulfilled."

The catamaran principle would auto-
matically enlarge the deck area by the
increase of the beam. Furthermore it
gives a center well between the two hulls
which can be used for nearly all obser-
vations and would allow handling of deep-
sea gears in a shielded position. As the
beam of each of the two hulls can be
kept rather small, an economical high
speed is easily achieved. The twin-hull
construction provides for a more stable
platform. The over-all length could be
about 120 to 150 feet as compared with
250 feet for the conventional type ves-
sel. Naval architects have not yet stud-
ied the structural design of large cata-
marans. Consequently, in order to be
able to build a larger vessel based on
this principle, structural studies and
model experiments have to be carried
out.

Such a vessel should be designed to
carry a 16-man ship's crew, a 15-man
scientific crew, should be 120 feet long
with a 50-foot beam, have a top speed of
15 knots and the possibility to reduce the
speed to one-tenth of a knot, three cen-
ter wells for easy handling of all gears
between the hulls, three articulated
booms for handling of all gears on deck
and over the side of the ship, and eight
laboratories.

Naval architects Friede and Goldman,
Inc., have been subcontracted for car-
rying out the feasibility study. They will
work in close cooperation with Marine
Laboratory scientists to assure the most
functional design of the vessel.

A second grant for $28,000 is to cover
the expenses of the operation of The Ma-
rine Laboratory research vessel Gerda.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

This grant will be used for geophysical
studies, for development of instruments
where boat time is required, for studies
in Florida Bay, Straits of Florida, and
the Bahamas.

A third grant for $64,000, fora period of
two years, is for the establishment of a Car-
bon-14laboratory. Facilities are being
built for the dating of Late Pleistocene
events by the radiocarbon method. The
Marine Laboratory intends to apply this
method to a program of dating deep-sea
as well as near-shore sediments.

The several objectives of this program
include the establishment of accurate as-
says of the geochemical balance in the o-
ceans, and the dating of major climatic, oce-
anographic, and geologicalevents. Inpar-
ticular, the techniques willbe used to as-
sess the various rate changes accompany-
ing the changing physical-chemical con-
ditions of the sedimentary environments.

A grant for $14,600 is for basic re-
search on coral reef fishes. This work
will be carried out on the reefs around
St. John Island in the Virgin Islands. It
is a continuation of work already started
there November 1958.

Photographs and descriptions of each
species studied will be prepared, along
with data on habitat, food habits, growth,
spawning, et cetera.

Fur Seals

PELAGIC SEALING
STUDIES OFF ALASKA:

The vessel Windward under charter to
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies left Seattle, Wash., on April 18 for
the Sitka area to continue the International
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission's
high-seas research program.

Few seals were found in West Craw-
fish Inlet, Silver Bay, or Sitka Sound, and
the vessel went on to the Gulf of Alaska.
Near Kodiak, fur seals began to appear
in appreciable numbers about April 18.
The chartered vessel Tacoma observed
796, mostly about 30 miles off Cape Bar-
nabas on Kodiak, and collected 242 from

August 1960

April 18 to 30. The seal concentration,
which was accompanied by a great num-

ber of seabirds (shearwaters), Steller
sea lions, and an estimated 30 to 40
humpback whales, was feeding on capelin
sand launces, and some small herring.
As previously observed in the Gulf of
Alaska, early-arriving seals were pre-

dominately adult females. About 430
seals have been collected since the start
of pelagic operations. With two vessels,
a quota of 1,250 is planned. If as hoped,
a substantial part of these can be taken
in the Gulf of Alaska by mid-June, the
vessel remaining on charter (Windward)
will be free to carry out more explora-
tory work in the Bering Sea than has
been possible before.

ay x 4
Great Lakes Fisheries

Exploration and Gear Research

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF
COMMERCIAL FISH
STOCKS IN LAKE ERIE:

M/V "Active" Cruise 9: The first in a series
of cruises scheduled for Lake Erie during 1960
was conducted (May 18-28, 1960), by the U. S, Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries fishing vessel
Active. Objectives of the cruise were to
obtain additional information on the seasonal dis-
tribution of fish stocks and to provide gear demon-
strations for commercial fishermen from ports
within the area of operation.

Systematic echo-sounding operations were car-
ried out in United States waters between Sandusky
and Avon Point, Ohio.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

?

23

During the 10-day cruise, 15 exploratory trawl
drags were completed inthe 3- to 10-fathom depth
7

ONTARIO

42°00!

41930"

Cleveland

Vermilion

OHIO

82°30!
it

82°00!
1

M/V Active Cruise 9 (May 18-28, 1960).

range using a 50-foot two-seam balloon trawl e-
quipped with a 14-inch mesh cod end.

Catches of up to 200 pounds of smelt were made
per drag over the entire area, The majority of the
smelt in this area was 16 to 20 the pound. Sev-
eral drags made north of Lorain, Ohio, produced
catches of smelt, 9 to 10 to the pound. Commer-
cial quantities of yellow perch were taken in
trawling operations completed off Lorain, Ohio.

Thermal stratification was recorded from near
Kelleys Island eastward throughout the cruise a-
rea, Surface water temperatures recorded during
the cruise ranged from 57 -60 F. Bottom water
temperatures ranged from 59° F, at 3 fathoms to
45.7" F. at 10 fathoms.

The Active was scheduled to depart Vermilion,
Ohio, about June 6 on the second 10-day explora-
tory fishing and gear research cruise. Area of
operations were to be from Avon Point, Ohio, to

Erie, Pa.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 28.

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH
POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 1: The 1960 program to
estimate the status of the chub (Leucichthys sp.)
population of southern Lake Michigan was initiated
April 26-May 10, 1960, by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Cisco, Through-
out the season trawls and gill nets of standard de-
sign will be fished intensively at selected locations
to measure the species composition, distribution
and abundance of chubs and associated species.

The Cisco began trawling operations with a 52-
foot, two-seam balloon trawl, similar to those pres-
ently used by commercial trawlers in Lake Michi-

24

Chub
(Leucichthys sp.)

gan. One or more tows were made at each 5-fath-
om interval from 15 to 40 fathoms off Grand Haven,
Mich. Chub catches ranged from 41 to 342 pounds
per 30-minute tow. More than 99 percent of the
chubs taken in the trawls were bloaters (Leucich-
thys hoyi). The chubs averaged about 9 to the
pound; only about 5 percent were over 9 inches long.
Also in the catches were small numbers of lake
herring, alewives, smelt, trout-perch, slimy scul-
pins, deep-water sculpins, spottail shiners, and
emerald shiners.

Linen gill nets were set for 4 nights at 25 and
50 fathoms off Grand Haven. These nets, made up
of equal amounts of 2% -, 23-, 23 -, 23-, and 3-inch
mesh, extension measure, are the identical ones
which were set in southern Lake Michigan in 1954.
The catch in the 25-fathom set was light (129 chubs,
3 lake herring, 2 alewives, 2 smelt in 1,275 feet of
net), but the net was so badly fouled with weeds that
it undoubtedly did not fish effectively. Bloaters
made up 93 percent of the identified chubs; the re-
mainder were L. alpenae, except for 1 L. zenithicus
and1L. reighardi. At 50 fathoms 279 chubs and 5
alewives were taken in 2,550 feet of net. Here
bloaters constituted 94 percent of the chub catch, L.
reighardi 4 percent, and L. alpenae and L. kiyi 1
percent each. Some of the L. reighardi were fresh-
ly spent.

Nylon gill nets (50 feet each 13- and 13-, and
300 feet each 2-, 24-, 23, 24-, 3-, 33-, and 4-inch
mesh), set for one night at 50 fathoms in the same
area as the linen nets, caught 142 chubs, 60 of them
in the 13- and 13-inch meshes. All chubs were
bloaters except for 2 L. kiyi and 1 L. reighardi.

In order to study the differences in catches of
gill nets set for various lengths of time, several
identical gangs of nylon nets (same mesh composi-
tion as the gang at 50 fathoms) were set at 25 fath-
oms off Grand Haven. Three sets were for 1 night,
2 for 2 nights, 1 for 3 nights, and 1 for 5 nights. No
thorough analysis of the differences in catches has
been made, but an obvious conclusion that may be
drawn is that chub catches may vary widely from
night to night. On successive nights the one-night
sets took 361, 637, and 384 chubs, respectively.
The 2-night sets made numerically similar catches
of 801 and 843 chubs, respectively, but the size
composition of the fish was appreciably different in
the 2 sets.

A hydrographic station was established at 25
fathoms off Grand Haven. Collections, which will
be standard for all stations during 1960, included
bottom fauna, net plankton, nannoplankton, and wa-
ter for chemical analysis. Water temperatures in
southern Lake Michigan were very cold, mostly
D3 Cp (SG 37.4 F.) except near shore. Ex=
tremgs were 1G (CG, (35.3° ES) Nandhana.

(60.3 F.). The latter was recorded at the mouth

of the Grand River. A peculiar temperature inver-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

sion was observed 5 miles offshore (25 fathoms)
from Grand Haven. The water was vertically homo-
thermous at,2.4 (So (36.3 F.) except for a shallow
layer at 4.6° C. (40.3° F.) near the bottom.

Considerable lost time due to bad weather and
engine trouble resulted in cancellation of scheduled
trawling, gill-netting, and hydrographic work in the
area off St. Joseph, Mich.

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 2, May 17-31, 1960: A
loss of several days due to major engine repairs
to the Cisco resulted in the cancellation of some of
the work planned for cruise 2.

Trawl catches at 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 35, and 40
fathoms off Grand Haven, Mich., ranged from 80
to 523 pounds per 30-minute tow. Average chub
catches per tow were 163 pounds at 15 fathoms,
360 at 20 fathoms, 173 at 25 fathoms, 442 at 27
fathoms (one tow), 116 at 30 fathoms, 80 at 35fath-
oms, and 88 at 40 fathoms. Practically all the
chubs were bloaters (Leucichthys hoyi). Less than
5 percent were large enough for smoking. The pro-
portion of larger chubs was somewhat greater at
shallower depths. A fairly large number (42
pounds per tow) of deep-water sculpins was taken
at 40 fathoms. At other depths the trawls caught
only a few deep-water sculpins, slimy sculpins,
alewives, smelt, lake herring, and yellow perch.

Catches at the beginning of the cruise were
greater than at the end, when fathometer tracings
indicated that there were many fish off the bottom.
New, larger trawl doors were put into use at the
beginning of the cruise. They appeared to spread
the net better, but catches continued to be mostly
small. Further trawling will be necessary before
it can be determined whether these small catches
are the result of the trawl fishing improperly, or
whether there has been a scarcity of fish on the
bottom.

Linen gill nets set in 25 fathoms (255 feet each
of 23-, 2z-, 23-, 2%-, and 3-inch mesh) and 50
fathoms (510 feet of each of the above mesh sizes)
off Grand Haven took more bloaters and less of the
other species of chubs than did identical sets on
about the same date in 1954). At 25 fathoms the
catch this year was 213 L. hoyi, and 1 L. alpenae;
in 1954 it was 78 L. hoyi, 3 L. alpenae, 8 L. zeni-
thicus, and 8 L. reighardi. At 50 fathoms the
catches were 378 L. hoyi, 4 L. alpenae, 1 L. zeni-
thicus, 18 L. reighardi in 1960, and 258 L. hoyi, 6
L, alpenae, 14 L. zenithicus, 24 L. reighardi, and
18 L. kiyi in 1954.

Regular gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet each
of 14- and 13-inch mesh, 300 feet each of 2-, aa7,
24-, 22-, 3-, 34-, and 4-inch mesh) set overnight
at 25 and 50 fathoms off Grand Haven produced
many more chubs than the linen nets, but the
species composition was similar. The 2-inchmesh
proved the best chub mesh. At 25 fathoms it took
216 chubs weighing 464 pounds as compared with
59 chubs weighing 7 pounds in the 23-inch mesh.
The 23-inch mesh caught 73 chubs weighing 133
pounds. This same relationship between catches
in these mesh sizes was also true at 50 fathoms,
but catches were smaller.

Rather light chub catches were made in regular
gangs of nylon gill nets set overnight in 25 fathoms

August 1960

and for 2 nights in 50 fathoms off Racine, Wis.
One hundred ninety-five L. hoyi, 1 L. zenithicus,
and 4 L. reighardi at 25 fathoms, and 381 L. hoyi,
4 L. alpenae, and 30 L. reighardi at 50 fathoms,
constituted the chub catches. few alewives were
taken at both depths.

Appreciable surface warming (surface temper-
ature mostly 7-129 C. or 14.6-53.6° F.) extended
out for about 10 miles from both shores in south-
ern Lake Michigan, but was more pronounced on
the east side. In the central area the water re-
mained practically homothermous vertically--sur-
face temperature mostly 3.5-5.0° C. or 38.3-41.0°
F. The minimum recorded was 3.4° C.(38.1° F.),
and the maximum 18.89 C.(68.8° F.)near the mouth
of the Grand River, Mich.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 29.

se ok

sK OOK ook sik Ok

1K

WESTERN LAKE
SUPERIOR FISHERY SURVEY:

M/V "Siscowet' Cruise 1: The first of three
cruises of the U. 5S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies research vessel Siscowet, scheduled in 1960 to
study the bathymetric and areal distribution of fish
stocks by systematically fishing standard gangs of
experimental gill nets (mesh sizes 1"' to 5" by 3"'
intervals), was conducted (April 26-May 19, 1960)
in western Lake Superior.

Standard gangs were fished at various depths
south of Stockton Island and north of San Island.
At the Stockton Island station the nets were set at
5, 15, 25, 35, and 54 fathoms. At the station north
of San Island the nets were set at 15, 25, 52, and
82 fathoms. An oblique set from the surface to 50
fathoms was also made at both stations with nets
having a mesh of 23 inches.

Trawling operations were conducted at the
Stockton Island station, Pike's Bay, north of Sand
Island, and north of Houghton Point. A limited a-
mount of inshore work was done along the south-
west shore of Cat Island and the north shore of
Stockton Island with the skiff powered by an out-
board motor. Small trawls and plankton nets were
towed in shallow waters immediately adjacent to
shore in an effort to capture recently hatched fry.

Catches in the oblique sets were very sparse at
both the Stockton Island station and the Sand Island
station. Trawl catches were light at all areas
trawled. One 15-minute tow in Pike's Bay (20 fath-
oms) took about 500 smelt, 2-3 inches in length. A
15-minute tow north of Houghton Point (12 fathoms)
took 74 yellow perch averaging 3 inches in length.
Tows made north of Sand Island (54 fathoms) took
small numbers of ninespine sticklebacks, muddlers
(3 species), and chubs (L. hoyi).

Catches in the inshore areas were also extreme-
ly light. Attempts to capture recently-hatched fry
in both the trawl and larva net were unsuccessful.

Surface temperatures varied from 34.9° F.
north of Sand Island to 38.4 F. south of Stockton
Island. In the deeper areas (below 50 fathoms) the
bottom temperatures were slightly warmer (about
AO mete)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

25

M/V ''Siscowet' Cruise 2: This cruise was a
continuation of a long-term observation of envir-
onmental conditions and fish populations at three
index stations established by the Siscowet in 1958.
These stations are located southeast of Stockton
rene northeast of Bear Island, and eastof Pike's

ay.

At each station standard gill-net gangs (1- to 5-
inch mesh by 3-inch intervals) were fished and
limnological data and materials were collected in-
cluding: records on water temperatures; water
samples for chemical analyses; plankton and bot-
tom samples; and Secchi-disc readings. Trawls
were fished where possible but concentrations of
commercial gill nets on the trawling grounds ham-
pered operations at two of the stations.

The "bloaters' (L. hoyi) taken in Pike's Bay
differed from those taken in deeper areas or inthe
open lake. The Pike's Bay variety were fatterfish
and had larger eyes and less pigment on the head.
The fins were often red. A large sample of these
fish was preserved for morphological studies.

Trawl catches at the index stations were light
and consisted mainly of slimy muddlers, ninespine
sticklebacks, L. hoyi, and smelt.

Other activities included continuation of stand-
ard gangs of gill nets at various depths and loca-
tions to learn more of the bathym®tric and areal
distribution of fish. The fishing localities were:
south of Oak Island (22 fathoms); east of Frog Bay
(18 fathoms); east of Outer Island (65 fathoms); and
north of Ironwood Island (27 fathoms).

In an attempt to capture fry and yearling stages,
trawl tows were made southeast of Cat Island, west
of Outer Island, east of Frog Bay, southeast of
Michigan Island, and north of Ironwood Island. A
3-meter plankton net (32 grit cloth) was also towed
at these locations. Fish larvae were captured
north of Ironwood Island at depths of 9 and 25 feet
below the surface in 27 fathoms of water. The
species most commonly caught in the trawl atnear-
ly every location were slimy muddlers, ninespine
sticklebacks, trout-perch, and smelt. In addition,
L, hoyi and 4 small lake trout (8.2 to 13.6 inches)
were taken southeast of Cat Island; whitefish (3.0
to 8.0 inches), pygmy whitefish, and one 4-inch
lake trout were taken west of Outer Island; round
whitefish (3 to 4 inches) and small (3 to 6 inches)
unidentified coregonids were taken southeast of
Michigan Island; lake trout (4 to 14 inches), white-
fish (6 to 15 inches), L. hoyi, and pygmy whitefish
were taken north of Ironwood Island.

Trawl tows were made east of Frog Bay to lo-
cate the 18-month-old lake trout planted from
shore by the Wisconsin Conservation Department
in early May. A tow in 9 to 11 fathoms just off-
shore from the planting site took no fish. Another
tow farther offshore in 17 fathoms captured 19
small lake trout, 9 of which were 6 to 8 inches long
and had the left pectoral fin clipped. These individ-
uals were obviously from the Wisconsin plant. This
discovery is comforting, as these young trout
planted from shore apparently found a desirable en-
vironment as quickly as fish planted from a boat
(the usual planting method).

A skiff powered with an outboard motor was used
to make several tows witha 3-meter plankton net

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

along the south shore of South Twin Island over a
rocky bottom in 6 to 15 feet of water. Several ex-
tremely small fish larvae were captured.

The water was vertically homothermous at all,
stations. Surface temperatures varied from 37.4
F. northeast of Bear Island to 45.5” F. east of
Frog Bay,

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 29.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

EXPERIMENTAL MIDWATER
TRAWLING OFF THE
MISSISSIPPI DELTA:

“M/V “Oregon” Cruise 67: A 6-day
cruise (ending June 2, 1960) was made
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon
off the Mississippi Delta. The objective
was to evaluate a newly designed mid-
water trawl, but a scarcity of midwater
schools and a malfunctioning telemeter
prevented any testing. Transects were
made over the 30- to 40-fathom areas
which had large concentrations of mid-
water fish during the previous Decem-
ber and March cruises, without finding
any indications of fish at this time.

When traversing the 65-70 fathom
area, just before sunset, fish were ob-
served, on the echograph, rising from
the bottom, forming into schools at 50
fathoms, and rising to 10-15 fathoms at
sunset, then dispersing over the surface
at dusk. The reverse cycle was ob-
served the following morning at dawn.
An unsuccessful attempt was made to
capture these schools where they were
forming at 50 fathoms and at 10-15 fath-
oms before dispersal. A mercury-vapor
light failed to draw fish to the surface at
night, although fish were observed at
5-10 fathoms below the vessel on echo-
graph tracings. During daylight several
short tows with a 40-foot shrimp trawl
over the rough bottom where the schools
dispersed produced the same species of
scad (Decapterus punctatus) that had
been taken in midwater schools in the
earlier cruises.

Ten bushels of scallops (Pecten
gibbus) were dredged from 16 fathoms
between Pensacola and Mobile for study.

oie) ik sic ok) Sk

Vol. 22, No. 8

SHRIMP-TRAWL UNDERWATER PER-
FORMANCE STUDIES CONTINUED:

M/V George M. Bowers’ Cruise 26:
The study of shrimp-trawl performances
was continued by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing
vessel George M. Bowers off Eleuthra,
British West Indies, and Panama City, Fla.,
between April 12-June 10,1960. Observa-
tions and 9,600 feet of motion picture
film of shrimp trawls were made by div-
ers who rode a diving sled towed by the
George M. Bowers. Trawls photographed
were a 40-foot flat net, 2- and 4-seam
semi-balloon nets, and a try net.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, November
1959 p. 39, and January 1960 p. 39

Hawaii

BELOW-AVERAGE SKIPJACK
TUNA SEASON PREDICTED:

Although the early part of the year is
the "off-season," 1960 skipjack landings
in Hawaii through April were only 70 per-
cent of last year's landings and 87 per-
cent of the average for the last 10 years.
Three size-groups were present in the
catch: 2.5 lbs., 9.5 lbs., and 25.7 lbs.
Fish in the first two groups were the
most common. Live bait (nehu) was also
scarce.

Surface temperature data from Koko
Head, Oahu, indicate that the advection of
California Current Extension water into
the Hawaiian Islands area will be weak
and/or late this year. In previous years
this condition has been associated with
below-average skipjack catches. Abelow-
average season was predicted by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries at the
end of March. Temperature data for
April have not changed the prediction.

King Crab

TAGS FROM UNITED STATES TAGGING

PROGRAM RETURNED BY RUSSIANS:
The King Crab Investigation of the

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

received 34 tags recovered by the Rus-

sians while fishing in the Bering Sea.

The recoveries were made between

August 1960

July 17 and September 12, 1959, and in-
cluded tags from live king crabs tagged

and released by United States biologists
in 1957-59. The Russians also supplied
recovery information.

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, JUNE 1, 1960:
Distributors' stocks of Maine sardines
totaled 197,000 actual cases on June 1,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

27

compared with 272,000 cases packed in
the same period of 1959. The 1959 pack
for the season which ended on December if
1959, was 1,753,000 standard cases.

The total supply (pack plus carryover
beginning of season) for the season from
April 15 to December 1, 1959, was
2,171,000 standard cases, somewhat lower
than the total supply of 2,434,000 cases
the previous season. The carryover on
April 15, 1960, was 335,000 cases as
Sea to 420,000 cases on April 15,
1959.

Michigan

USE OF OTTER TRAWLS PERMITTED
IN SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN:
Conditioned by a zone restriction, a
change was approved in Michigan's com-
mercial fishing regulations in May 1960, by
the Conservation Commissifn which would
permit the use of otter trawls in southern
Lake Michigan. The State's Governor
signed an emergency order which placed the

[ regulatory change in effect June 12.

Table 1 - Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors! and Canners! Stocks, June 1, 1960, With ComparisonsJ/

60 Seaso

4h 1959
ai leyijeo | 4/1/60 | 1/1/60 | 1171759 7/4/59] 6/1
Distributors | 1,000 Actual C 296 176
Canners 1,000 Std. Cases’ 235 397 843 1,001 422

n

1/ Table represents marketing season from November 1-October 31.

2/ 100 33-02, cans equals one standard case.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 32 and March 1960 p. 22.

Correction: In table 1 on p. 22 of March 1960 Commercial Fisheries Review, the season heading "1957/58 Season"
should read "1958/59 Season."

1960, the same amount on hand June 1,
1959. Stocks held by distributors on
January 1, 1960, amounted to 235,000
cases, and on April 1, 1960, totaled
252,000 cases, according to estimates
made by the U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Canners' stocks on June 1, 1960, to-
taled 235,000 standard cases (100 3$-oz.
cans), a decrease of 37,000 cases (14.0
percent) as compared with June 1, 1959.
Stocks held by canners on January 1,
1960, amounted to 843,000 cases and on
April 1, 1960, totaled 397,000 standard
cases.

The 1960 pack (from the season which
opened on April 15, 1960) as of June 25
was about 194,000 standard cases as

Under the new regulation, the Conser-
vation Department is authorized to issue
trawling permits for netting "bloater"'
chubs, herring, alewives, and smelts. It
also is charged with regulating the kind
and size of trawls, their mesh sizes, and
the areas, and time and manner in which
this new type of fishing gear may beused.
How many permits will be issued and on
what basis remains to be determined as
do a number of other administrative
matters.

The Commission gave Department of-
ficials clear-cut instructions in a resolu-
tion limiting the use of trawls to Lake
Michigan in an area south of Ludington to
the Indiana border and west to Wisconsin
waters.

28

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

DECREASE IN HERRING DISEASE
IN GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE:

Gulf of St. Lawrence herring were
sampled during May 1960 by U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biologists
as part of the continuing epidemiological
study of a fungus (Ichthyosporidium) dis-
ease. Examination of the samples dis-
closed that the incidence of disease in
the Gulf has continued to slump following
the 1954/55 outbreak, and is now ata
very low ebb. These results agree with
the general picture that emerged following
the 1947 Gulf of Maine outbreak--a rapid
decrease in incidence during the five
years immediately following the epidemic.

Herring landings in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence have shown signs of increasing
this year--the first time this has been
true since the disease outbreak. If the
trend continues, it may indicate that
year-classes spawned after the outbreak
have not been seriously affected by the
disease. This is supported by the obser-
vation that much of this year's catch is
composed of disease-free recruit spawn-
ers.

es ERA RS OOS

POPULATION AND DENSITY
OF SEA SCALLOP BEDS
ON GEORGES BANK STUDIED:
M/V “Delaware” Cruise 60-8: A sur-

vey of the population structure and den-

|

The Service's research vessel Delaware.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

sity of the sea scallop beds on Georges
Bank was conducted (May 23-29, 1960),
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries research vessel Delaware.

A total of 60 10-minute tows was made
using a 10-foot dredge with a 2-inch ring
bag. An odometer was towed behind the
dredge to measure the distance traveled
over the bottom. All live scallops and
clapper shells were measured; sexratios
taken; gonads collected; and meats col-
lected for length-weight ratio.

Results of the survey have not yetbeen
analyzed, but in general the biologists did
not find large numbers of the year-class
which will be recruited this year and did
find an unusually large number of clapper
or dead shells in some areas.

se ok ote ke oo
*K OK OK SK OK

UNDERWATER TELEVISION
OFFERS NEW OPPORTUNITIES
FOR FISHERY RESEARCH:
Biologists at the Woods Hole Biologi-
cal Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of

aa =!

Fig. 1 - An otter trawl with the underwater television cam-
era in the cod end.

Commercial Fisheries now are able to
extend their studies with the help of un-
derwater television to include observa-
tions of fishes as they are caught in otter
trawls. The specially-designed television
camera is suspended within the cod end of
the trawl and the image transmitted over
a coaxial cable to a receiver on board the

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 2

vessel. Continuous observations or mo-
tion picture recordings of the fish inthe
submerged net can be made by biologists
in the comparative comfort of a ship-
board laboratory.

A major problem in savings-gear
studies has been the behavior of fishes
in the trawl. Do the small fish actually
try to escape through the meshes, as the
biologists hoped they would? Do trash
fishes clog the meshes, thus blocking
the escape of immature cod fishes? Un-
derwater television will now help to sup-
ply answers to these and other questions.

Fig. 2 - Biologist on board observing fish.

Careful analysis of motion picture
recordings of the television screen has
uncovered some interesting facts of
species differences in behavior. For
example, haddock seem to explore the
confined area within the cod end, cross-
ing from one side of the trawl to the oth-
er. In contrast, sand launce, an impor-
tant marine forage species, seem ina
hurry to escape through the meshes and
usually do so in very rapid fashion.

Many future underwater television
studies are planned by the Woods Hole
Laboratory. One such study will examine
the relationship between the swimming
ability of fishes and the speed of the trawl

moving over the ocean floor.
p 5

| ies Biological Laboratory at Milford

Oysters

UNDERWATER HARROW SHOWS

PROMISE IN CONTROL OF STARFISH:
Experiments previously carried on at

the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-

2

Conn., demonstrated that oyster drills
can be killed by burial in soil. In order
to further test this method as a means of
controlling oyster predators, the Bureau
has entered into a contract with a New
Haven, Conn., Oyster Company. A disc
harrow, similar to equipment used in
agriculture, is being used on an oyster
bed in Long Island Sound to turn over the
bottom sediment and bury any drills and
starfish present. SCUBA divers are
being used to observe the harrowed areas
at periodic intervals.

Further tank experiments using three
types of substratum are also being con-
ducted. Starfish completely buried inone
inch of mud could not emerge and died
in three to four days. Ev@h when incom-
pletely buried, with one or two rays pro-
truding, approximately 80 percent were
killed. Similar results were obtained in
substrates of mud and shell and in sand.

(92

Radioactive Waste

DISPOSAL SITES OFF NEW
ENGLAND COAST SURVEYED:

A survey of a site off Boston Harbor formerly used for
the disposal of limited quantities of packaged radioactive
wastes has not revealed any radioactivity attributable to
the disposal operations.

Samples of water, sediments, and marine organisms
living in the area were collected by the U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey and were analyzed for radioactivity by
the U. S. Public Health Service at its Engineering Center
in Cincinnati. The radioactivity detected was found to be
in the same range as that of background activity at other
ocean locations where there has been no disposal of radio~
active wastes.

The site was used under Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) authorization and license from 1952 to August 1959,
by a Boston disposal corporation, for the disposal of low-
activity packaged radioactive wastes which had a total of
2,434 curies at the time of disposal. The former site is
an area two miles in diameter located at 42° 25,5’ N., lat.
and 70° 35’ W. long., 15 miles off Boston Harbor in Mas-
sachusetts Bay.

The license of the company was amended by the AEC in
August 1959 to require the firm to carry out its operations
in deep water (1,000 fathoms) off the continental shelf. No
further use of the area off Boston Harbor for disposal
purposes is contemplated. The Commission’s present
policy is to require that wastes be disposed of in water at

30

least 1,000 fathoms deep and the Commission is not con-
templating any change in that policy.

The Massachusetts Bay site is one of four off the New
England coast studied during the past year by scientists
from the University of Connecticut, the U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, and the U. S. Public Health Service,
working in conjunction with the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The work
was part of a research program financed by the Atomic En-
ergy Commission,

While the studies have indicated that each of the four
inshore locations would be capable of providing sufficient
dilution to dispose safely of 250 curies per year of stron=
tium 90 or its equivalent, the Commission has no plan to
use or approve the use of these sites. The surveys were
conducted from a long-range point of view--to gather in-
formation for use should a need ever arise.

One of the four locations surveyed, the southern half of
a restricted area known as No Mans Land (off Martha’s
Vineyard Island) and used as a Naval gunnery range, was
dropped from consideration. The scientists agreed that -
the site was safe for the disposal of limited amounts of
packaged radioactive wastes, but pointed out that nearby
ocean locations are popular with fishermen, and tidal and
nontidal currents through the site are predominantly land-
ward,

The two remaining sites studied were a 25-square, mile
area centered at 42° 13.4’ N. lat. and 69° 45’ W. long.,
approximately 75 nautical miles northeast of the No Mans
Land area and a 25- Savers mile area centered at 40° 45’
N. lat. and 70° 52.7’ W. long., approximately 28 nautical
miles south of the No ees Land site.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1959 p: 28.

S

Salmon

CALIFORNIA COMPLETES KING
SALMON MARKING FOR 1960 SEASON:

Despite a disease outbreak in the
salmon hatchery this spring which
threatened to scuttle the program, the
California Department of Fish andGame's
Marine Resources Branch completed its
king salmon marking project for this
year. It is expected that marking will be
resumed next year.

The disease broke out in the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service's Coleman
Hatchery in March, halting marking,
which had begun in February. The dis-
ease, Still under study, disappeared in
April and the marking project was com-
pleted by mid-May.

Over 1 million marked fish were re-
leased into the Sacramento River drain-
age in three lots, each lot with a differ-
ent marking. One group was placed ina
river tributary near the hatchery; anoth-
er group was trucked to Rio Vista; and
the third lot was taken by boat from Rio
Vista to water of about 50-percent salinity
usually upper San Pablo Bay.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

Purpose of the experiment is to learn
the effect of fresh-water hazards on the
king salmon run. These hazards include
predation, stream diversions, and pollu-
tion.

None of the fish marked in 1959 has
shown up in the 1960 catch yet, but a De-
partment Biologist says some may show
up in the sport catch as two-year-old
fish this summer. The majority are ex-
pected to appear in the sport and com-
mercial catch beginning in the winter of
1961.

Between 50,000-68,000 fish in each
lot were released weekly. The State's
Darrah Springs Hatchery hauled fish
from Coleman to Rio Vista and a Federal
truck took the fish from Coleman Hatchery
to Battle Creek, a Sacramento River trib-
utary not far from Coleman.

g

ALBACORE CATCHES BY

CALIFORNIA PARTY BOATS

MAY INDICATE GOOD SEASON:
California party-boat fishermen late

Tuna

| in June 1960, had their first chance in

nearly two years at albacore tuna and
may get a few more chances, if the favor-
able oceanic conditions continue, biolo-
gists of the California Department of Fish
and Game's Marine Resources Operations
predicted on July 1.

A few albacore had been caught near
San Clemente Island by June 22 and by
June 25 at least 500 had been recorded
by party-boat fishermen. The fish were
taken between 10 and 40 miles off San
Clemente Island at the extreme outer
range of the sport fleet and right where
the Department figured they would be.

In all of last year, only 39 albacore
were reported taken by sports fishermen
and the previous year only 6,482 hadbeen
caught. These figures are a far cryfrom
the peak years of 1955, 1956, and 1957
when sports fishermen landed 78,000,
65,000, and 41,000 albacore, respectively.

While the initial success off San
Clemente is no guarantee of a good alba-
core season in 1960, the Department has

SS -

August 1960

reason to believe the early catches may
herald a return to the good days of the
recent past. At the very least, fisher-
men should experience successes at
least as wellas they did off San Clemente
in late June.

Reason for the Department's cautious
optimism about the 1960 season may be
found in the log book of the State's Fish
and Game research vessel N. B. Scofield,
which recently completed an extensive
3,000-mile 26-day cruise into the off-
shore waters of California and Baja Cal-
ifornia. Purpose of the trip was to in-
tercept albacore schools prior to their
appearance on the local fishing grounds
and to follow them into areas of com-
mercial concentrations.

Fisheries scientists concluded that
local conditions seem more suitable than
they have for the last several years for
the fish to move relatively close to shore
as the season progresses.

The initial albacore catch on the re-
search vessel's cruise was made about
500 miles west of San Francisco. From
that point catches continued throughout
the survey in a generally southeasterly
direction to as far south as 275 miles
west of San Quintin, Baja California. The
southernmost catches tend to bear out
once again the Department's earlier pre-
diction, based on Apriloceanic conditions,
that fishing south of Guadalupe Island,
Mexico, should be comparatively poor.

No commercial concentrations of fish
were found. The albacore were widely
scattered throughout most of the survey
area in water temperatures ranging from
60-64° F. Best fishing was found in the
small temperature range of 61-62 F.

ALBACORE MIGRATIONS AND
DISTRIBUTION STUDIED BY
OREGON BIOLOGISTS:

Another albacore tuna exploratory
cruise by biologists of the Oregon Fish
Commission was scheduled to start the
last week of June. A vessel chartered
by the Commission will collect basic
oceanographic data and study the migra-
tion and distribution of the albacore tuna.

561071 O - 60 -3

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

The albacore, which was recognized
commercially when first caught off the
coast of Oregon in 1936, reached a pro-
duction peak of 22 million pounds in1944
and about 10 years later the catch fell to
0.5 million pounds. The decline incatch
is nota case of depletion, but rather is due
to the migration of thesefish. Itis with this
erratic behavior of the albacore that Com-
mission biologists are concerned.

Oregon offshore waters will be studied
and the albacore caught willbe tagged and
returnedtosea. Water temperature, sa-
linity, and clearness willbe related, if pos-
sible, to the presence or abundance of alba-
core. The findings willbe ultimately passed
along to the commercial troll fleet so that
the fishery can be developed toa greater ef-
ficiency.

Albacore, it is now known, follow a drift
of warm clear blue water between 30 and

Albacore

100 miles offshore, beyonda colder, murk-
ier bandof water closer toshore. According
to the biologists, most of the albacore caught
and tagged in 1959 were about 25 inches long.
It is believed, too, thatno albacore were tak-
en during the 1959 cruise northof the line
approximately west from the Umpqua River,
in spite of the high temperatures (in excess
of 61° F.) encountered north of that point.

The spawning areas of albacore are
probably somewhere in the mid-Pacific.
The young fish make extensive feeding mi-
grations to distant reaches of the Pacific.

It is during these feeding journeys that al-
bacore appear along the coast of Oregon.
One tagged by the Oregon Fish Commission
was recovered 10 months later off the coast
of Japan--a journey of 5,000 miles.

Albacore catches vary widely from year
to year. The reasons for this great fluctu-
ation are notfully understood. Ocean cur-
rents, water temperature, or food supply
undoubtedly influence the availability of
fish. Some years landings by the com-
mercial vessels are influenced by mar-
ket conditions.

32

An Oregon State College Department
of Oceanography biologist was to take
part in the Oregon Commission's cruise.
Other College biologists also will make
studies of their own at the same time in
a separate vessel.

ALBACORE TAGGED IN
1956 OFF SAN FRANCISCO
RECOVERED BY JAPANESE:

An albacore tuna tagged and released
off San Francisco, Calif., by biologists
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, Honolulu Biological Laboratory,
was recaptured by a Japanese tuna long-
liner about 1,000 miles southeast of To-
kyo Bay, in the vicinity of Marcus Island.
This fish was tagged by the Bureau's re-
search vessel Charles H. Gilbert on No-
vember 15, 1956, and was recaptured by
the Japanese vessel, No. 2, Hayatori
Maru of Iwate Prefecture, Japan, on
March 13, 1960, after a period of 3 years
and 4 months. This is the longest period
thus far noted between tagging and re-
capture.

This marked the 17th recovery of an
albacore tuna tagged by the Honolulu
Laboratory. Other recoveries in the
past have also demonstrated considerable
trans-Pacific movements extending from
the United States west coast to the vicin-
ity of Tokyo Bay, indicating that there is
probably a single population of this valu-
able tuna species in the North Pacific.

U. S. Foreign Trade

CONFERENCE HELD ON
UNITED STATES FISHERY
EXPORT TRADE PROMOTION:

A special conference was held on June 20, 1960,
between representatives of the fishing industry and
Federal Agencies to consider the present export
situation and to obtain the advice of industry as to
specific moves the Government might undertake to
give maximum assistance in increasing sales of
United States fishery products abroad. This meet-
ing was part of a series of conferences being held
under the Executive Department's program to pro-
mote the expansion of United States exports.

Consideration was given to ways of strengthening
the trade promotion services of the Government, to
expanding and giving higher priority to the commer-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

| ucts.

Vol. 22, No. 8

cial activities of the Foreign Service, to placing
greater emphasis on the prompt reporting of in-
formation useful to United States exporters, to
making fuller use of trade fairs, trade missions,
and other means to stimulate the interest of for-
eign buyers in United States fishery products.
Also, specific suggestions were sought on the fol-
lowing subjects: (1) kinds of fishery products that
could be sold abroad; (2) where these products
could be marketed; (3) reductions in duties, or in
quantitative restrictions that might benefit our ex-
ports; (4) other barriers to trade that, if lessened
or removed, might benefit our exports; and (5) oth-
er actions that the Government can take to serve
the fishing industry better abroad.

The meeting was held in Washington, D. C., and
was open to interested industry representatives
who wished to participate. Those planning to at-
tend were asked to submit, prior to the meeting, a
summary concerning specific ways that the Gov-
ernment may facilitate the export of fishery prod-
Interested persons, unable to attend, sub-
mitted in writing, prior to the meeting, their com-
ments and recommendations on the items consid-
ered.

Methods by which Government agencies can
help the American fishing industry increase ex-
ports to foreign markets are being studied by the
U. S. Department of the Interior as a result of the
Government-industry export conference.

The conference was sponsored by the Depart-
ment of the Interior with cooperation of the Depart-
ments of Commerce and State. It was attended by
representatives of a number of the major fishing
and fish processing industries. Also, participating
in the meeting were representatives of the Export-
Import Bank and the Federal Trade Commission.

At the conference it was suggested that the in-
dustry should aim specifically at foreign markets
by preparing fishery products to meet the con-
sumer preference of persons in other countries
and not merely attempt to market abroad products
prepared for the American consumer. Numerous
examples of differences of consumer preferences
were given. It was generally agreed, however, that
more knowledge of the tastes and desires of con-
sumers in other countries is necessary if the
American processor is to gear for the foreign mar-
ket. It was also suggested that more active price
competition might increase exports.

Industry spokesmen at the conference also
pointed out numerous trade impediments such as
high tariffs and taxes, import licenses, excessive
exchange guarantees as well as transportation cost
differentials, and labelling requirements.

Other speakers pointed out the need for more
prompt and precise reporting of foreign market
conditions, on prices of foreign products, costs of
production and the intent of foreign countries to
purchase fishery products, the need for better ex-
port credit facilities and risk insurance, especially
for small companies.

Other matters stressed included the need for
more promotion of American fishery products in
foreign fields and the necessity of having commer-
cial officers abroad who have experience infisheries.

sles
KOK

Rope
x ook ok

August 1960

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
APRIL 1960:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and
processed fish and shellfish into the
United States during April 1960 decreased
by 5.5 percent in quantity and 6.2 percent
in value as compared with March 1960.
The decrease was due primarily to sub-
stantially lower imports of frozen alba-
core tuna (down 6.3 million pounds) and,
to a lesser degree, a decrease in the
imports of frozen shrimp, frozen and
canned salmon, canned sardines, and
fillets other than groundfish. The de-
crease was partly offset by increases
in the imports of groundfish fillets (up
2.6 million pounds), frozen tuna other
than albacore, and canned tuna in brine.

Compared with April 1959, the im-
ports in April this year were lower by
16.1 percent in quantity and 12.7 percent
in value due to substantially lower im-
ports of groundfish fillets (down 4.6
million pounds), frozen tuna other than
albacore (down 7.5 million pounds), and
to a lesser extent, frozen albacore,
canned and frozen salmon, and frozen
shrimp. Offsetting the drop were in-
creases in the imports of canned sar-
dines and canned tuna in brine.

Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
as

75.8 |90.4 |1,070.5 | 22.6 | 25.9 | 309.8
Fish & Shellfish:

Processed onlyL/ Be a
Bao 68.0 1.3.|1.1 | 22.8

(excluding fresh

& frozen) ...

d/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and
other specialties.

United States exports of processed
fish and shellfish in April 1960 were
higher by1.9 percent in quantity and 44.4
percent invalue as compared with March
1960. Compared with the same month in
1959, the exports this April were lower
by 18.2 percent in quantity, but were high-
er by 18.2 percent in value. The lower
exports in April this year as compared
with the same month in 1959 were due to
the small supplies available of fishery
products that contribute substantially to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

33

the United States export trade in these
products,

The relatively high value of the fish-
ery products exported this April over
April 1959 would indicate that the April
1960 exports were made up of the high-
er-priced products such as canned salm-
on and frozen shrimp.

Hk kk A
IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
UNDER QUOTA AS OF JUNE 4:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine
which may be imported into the United
States during the calendar year 1960 at
the 125-percent rate of duty is 53,448,330
pounds. Any imports in excess of the
quota will be dutiable at 25 percent ad
valorem.

Imports from January 1-June 4, 1960,
amounted to 18,262,874 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Cus-
toms. From January 1-May 30, 1959, a
total of 17,689,773 pounds had been im-
ported.

He OK HK KK

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1960:

CSS oe
During the first quarter of 1960, groundfish and ocean-~

perch fillets and blocks, frozen tuna, canned tuna, and

fish meal were imported into the United States in lesser
quantities than during the same first quarter of 1959. Lob-
ster and shrimp imports were higher than for the 1959
period. In the fishery export trade there were gains in
shrimp, fish oils, and squid; declines were noted in canned
salmon and canned sardines.

Imports: GROUNDFISH AND OCEAN-PERCH FILLETS
AND BLOCKS: Imports (32,194,000 pounds) were 14 per~
cent less than during the first three months of 1959. Ice~
landic, Norwegian, and Danish shipments were lower than
those of the like period of 1959; Canadian shipments were
higher.

TUNA, FRESH OR FROZEN: The frozen tuna imported
during the first quarter of 1960 (51,214,000 pounds) was
below imports for the comparable period of 1959. A 70-
percent increase in imports of frozen albacore tuna was
not sufficient to overcome a 47~percent decrease in re-
ceipts of other frozen tuna, primarily yellowfin. Japa~
nese shipments of other frozen tuna were less than one-
half those for the same 1959 period; Peruvian shipments
were less than two-thirds the level of the first quarter
of 1959.

TUNA, CANNED IN BRINE: During January-March
1960, total imports of canned white-meat tuna in brine
(2,284,000 pounds) were 4 percent above those of the com~
parable period of 1959. Imports from Japan, however,
were down 23 percent. Increased imports were received
from Spain and other countries. Larger receipts of Span-
ish canned albacore have resulted from the devaluation of
the Spanish currency.

34

Total imports of canned light-meat tuna in brine (6,649,000

pounds) were 26 percent below those of the first quarter of
1959. Imports from Japan were down 37 percent. The 1960
quota of all canned tuna in brine which may enter the United
States at the 12-1/2-percent rate of duty was fixed at
53,448,330 pounds.

SHRIMP, MOSTLY FROZEN: Imports of shrimp
(24,798,000 pounds) were 2 percent higher than those of the
first quarter of 1959. Mexico, the largest supplier, acu
counted for nearly two-thirds of the total. Receipts from
Japan fell to less than one-third those of the similar period
of 1959.

SALMON, CANNED AND FRESH OR FROZEN: Imports
of canned salmon (10,083,000 pounds) declined 21 percent
from those of January-March 1959; Japan supplied nearly
all of this product. Likewise, imports of fresh and frozen
salmon (1,427,000 pounds) were down 35 percent from those
during the like months of 1959; Canada supplied the entire
amount,

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH OR FROZEN:
During the first quarter of 1960, both imports of northern
lobster (2,857,000 pounds) and spiny lobster (10,319,000
pounds) were higher than those of the same period of 1959.
Imports from Canada were up 36 percent. The principal
increases in receipts. of spiny lobster were noted from the
Union of South Africa and Australia, each of which were up
65 percent.

CANNED CRABMEAT AND CANNED OYSTERS: Imports
of canned crab meat (929,000 pounds) fell 46 percent; im-
ports of canned oysters (1,477,000 pounds) rose 5 percent.
Japan supplied nearly all of these products.

FRESH OR FROZEN SEA SCALLOPS: During the first
quarter of 1960, Canada shipped 70 percent more than in
the like period of 1959. Imports from Japan fell 30 percent.
Total imports of sea scallops (888,000 pounds) were 29
percent higher than during January~March 1959.

CANNED SARDINES: Imports of canned sardines in oil
(5,483,000 pounds) were 3 percent higher during the first
quarter of 1960. Imports of canned sardines not in oil
(3,079,000 pounds) rose sharply, and receipts for the first
quarter were three times those received during the entire
calendar year of 1959. This was due primarily to the
lower supplies of domestic packs of sardines not in oil.

FISH MEAL: During the first quarter of 1960, im-
ports of fish meal (35,704 tons) were down 37 percent
from the same period of last year. Peruvian fish meal
accounted for nearly 50 percent of the total trade. No
fish meal was received from Angola, which supplied
almost one-third of the imports in the first three
months of 1959,

FISH SOLUBLES: Denmark supplied 85 percent of
the fish solubles during January-March 1960. Total im-
ports (2,176,000 pounds) were down about 8 percent from
the same period of 1959.

Exports: CANNED SARDINES, NOT IN OIL: Exports
for the first quarter of 1960 (6,912,000 pounds) were down
about 19 percent from those of the same period of 1959.
The sharpest decline was in exports to Cuba, which took
only 29,000 pounds as compared with 1,277,000 pounds
during January~March 1959.

CANNED SALMON: Owing to reduced shipments to the
Philippines in the first quarter of 1960, exports of canned
salmon (1,350,000 pounds) declined 53 percent. The United
Kingdom took more than twice as much canned salmon as
in the comparable period of 1959.

SHRIMP, FRESH OR FROZEN AND CANNED: Exports
of canned shrimp (604,000 pounds) were 9 percent above
those of January-March 1959; exports of fresh or frozen
shrimp (636,000 pounds) were 70 percent higher. Canada
took the major share of these products,

CANNED SQUID: During January-March 1960, exports
(4,577,000 pounds) were over nine times those of the same
period of 1959. The Philippines took 86 percent of the
total. In April 1960, however, the Central Bank of the
Philippines changed the import classification of Squid from
the decontrolled category to the nonessential consumer

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

category. This change will make foreign exchange, nec~
essary to pay for imports of squid, more expensive as
well as more difficult to obtain. An adverse effect may be
expected in the trend in Philippine imports of United

States canned squid.

FISH OILS: During the first quarter of 1960, northern
European countries took practically all the fish oil ex-
ports. Total exports in that period of 29,053,000 pounds
were 56 percent more than during the same quarter of

1959.

Kk oe Ne ok

*

WORLD MARKETS FOR UNITED STATES
FISHERY PRODUCTS IN 1959:

The value of United States exports of fishery products
in 1959 was the highest since 1947. Exports, valued at
$44,241,000, were 43 percent above those of 1958, although
16 percent less than the peak level reached in 1947.

Table 1 - United States Exports of Fishery Products hy |
Selected Countries of Destination, 1955-59

Country
United Kingdom 8,928] 5,785) 3,708) 2,204 3,706
Canada 8,644] 9,200| 7,253] 8,107 10,037
Philippines 5,587| 2,578| 6,027] 8,065 8,556
Netherlands 4,352] 2,007) 2,969] 4,961 7,201
Sweden 3,176 681] 1,844 848 308
West Germany 2,888) 3,043] 5,099] 6,121 1,900
INorway 1,296] 1,063 970] 1,065 991
Japan 928 501 669 595 610
Mexico 663 393 175 143 112
Cuba 787 490 721 743 676
\Venezuela 614 641 573 586 442
[Belgium &

Luxembourg 746 948 447 504 464
France 766 68 259 428 206
Switzerland 762 387 463 473 Oe
Italy 303 158 259 339 139
{Greece 306 136 195 261 213
Other 3,495] 2,925) 4,321) 4,060 4,099

In value of products taken, the United Kingdom was the
leading foreign market for United States fishery products
during 1959. In September 1958, British import restrictions
were completely removed on canned salmon imports from
the dollar area. In 1959, United States shipments of canned
salmon to the United Kingdom increased $2,569,000 above
the previous year. In 1959 the United Kingdom received
from the United States: canned salmon $8,321,000, other
fishery products $607,000; total $8,928,000.

Canada, another leading market in recent years, was
only slightly behind the United Kingdom. Canada purchased
a wide variety of United States products: canned shrimp
$1,894,000; fresh or frozen shrimp $1,396,000; oysters
$571,000; seal fur $1,537,000; fish and marine~animal oils
$361,000; other fishery products $2,885,000; total $8,644,000.

The Philippines has been a good market for United States
fishery products. Although United States products still re-
ceive preferential tariff treatment in that market, the mar-
gin of preference is being gradually reduced, In 1959, the

principal products taken were:

canned California sardines

$3,851,000; canned salmon $1,005,000; canned squid $594,000;
other fishery products $137,000; total $5,587,000.

Table 2 - United States Exports of Fishery Products to

Fish and Marine-

Country Animal Oils

West Germany
Norway

Four European Countries, 1959

Fishery Products

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

In 1959, United States fishery exports to the Netherlands,
West Germany, Norway, and Sweden were primarily fish and
marine-animal oils. The importance of fish oils, mainly
menhaden oil, tothe total, is shownintable 2. Canned salm- | 160}-
on provided a large part of the "other" products: $363,000 for
the Netherlands; $166,000 for West Germany; and $133,000 for
Sweden.

INDEXES OF WHOLESALE EDIBLE FISHE!
(1947-1949 = 100)

United States exports to Japan, valued at $928,000 in 1959,
consisted primarily of unmanufactured shells, valued at 140
$867,000. Shipments of unmanufactured shells were nearly
double those during 1958 and accounted for most of the in- |
crease in the total export of fishery products to Japan.

Europe was the leading foreign market for United States |
fishery products during 1959, taking $23,671,000, or more | ]
than the value of trade to the rest of the world combined |
(table 3). The European market was based primarily on
two products, fish oile valued at $11,290,000 and canned
salmon at $8,816,000.

Table 3 - United States Exports of Fishery Products by 100

OCS
| 1958 1959 1960

INorth America

toda Arnesaien were higher than in the same month of 1959 because high-
er prices for dressed salmon (up 7.7 percent) and Lake
Superior whitefish (up 1 percent) offset lower prices for
fresh haddock, Lake Erie whitefish, and Great Lakes
yellow pike.

The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup index
this June declined 0.7 percent from May"Mue to a 4.7-per-

In recent years, four products~--fish oils, canned salmon, cent decrease in the fresh shrimp price at New York City.
canned sardines, and canned shrimp-~have provided over A sharply higher price for fresh haddock fillets at Boston
half of the annual exports of United States fishery products did not offset the lower price for fresh shrimp. Fresh
(table 4). shucked oyster prices were unchanged in June froma

month earlier. The June 1960 subgroup price index was up

Table 4 - Four Products Provided Over Half of United about 5.9 percent from June a year ago due principally to

higher prices for shucked oysters (up 19.5 percent) because
they are out-of-season in most areas. Lower prices for
fresh haddock fillets and fresh shrimp offset to a certain
extent the higher shucked oyster prices.

States Fishery Products in 1959

Product

Fish oils $11,902,000 27

(Canned salmon 10,639,000 24 Z :

Canned sardines 5,843,000 13 FRESH FISH a SHELLFISH <=>
2,898,000 7
12,959,000 29

$44,241,000

Wholesale Prices, June 1960

The wholesale price index for edible fishery products
(fresh, frozen, and canned) for June 1960 at 126.5 percent
of the 1947-49 average was about unchanged from the pre-
ceding month. Increases in wholesale prices for fresh

small haddock fillets, dressed halibut, fresh king salmon, In June this year the index for processed frozen fish
and minor price increases for several other items were and shellfish rose less than one percent from a month
more than offset by price declines in shrimp and fresh~ earlier. An increase of about one cent a pound in the fro~
water items from the Great Lakes. From June last year zen flounder fillet price and a fractionally higher frozen
to this June the index rose 2.4 percent due primarily to shrimp price offset declines of about one-half centa
higher prices for fresh salmon, shucked oysters, frozen pound in frozen haddock and ocean perch fillet prices.
shrimp, and canned fish prices. From June 1959 to this June the index for this subgroup
dropped 3.3 percent due primarily to lower prices at
The index for the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish Boston for frozen haddock fillets (down 25.4 percent) and
subgroup this June at 149.7 percent was down 0.3 percent frozen ocean perch fillets (down 1.8 percent). iin these
as compared with May, but was 1.2 percent higher than in increases were partly offset by an increase of 2.2 per-
the same month of 1959. From May to June, price de- cent for frozen shrimp at Chicago.
clines for large drawn haddock (down 6.2 percent) and fe i } é one
fresh-water species (due to more normal supplies) more The canned fish price index remained unchange a
than offset price increases of 10.9 percent for fresh hali- June this year from the preceding month and has move

but and 2.4 percent for fresh salmon, June 1960 prices in a very narrow range since late 1959. However, whole-

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, June 1960 With Comparisons

Point of
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit

Fresh & Frozen Fisher, ery Products: - +++ +eee seer es eee ers sses

Avg. Pricesi/ Indexes
($) (1947-49=100)

June May Apr. | June
1960 | 1959

123.3 | 123.5

142.2 | 136.7

~ Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish; .......-:
Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh... ~ «

Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz.
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh

Fillets, Maadecle sml., skins on, on, 20-Ib. tins . .
Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . .
Oysters, shucked, standards, ........

~~ Fillets: ” Flounder, sk skinless, 1-1b. ‘pkg... 3.50 5
Haddock, sm1,, skins on, 1=Ib. pkg. . .
Ocean perch, skins on, I-Ib. pkg. . . .
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), 5-lb. pkg. . . .

Ganned Fishery Products: . 2... ..s+2s2-+e-s
~ Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs.. . .
Tuna, lt, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02),

48 cans/cs... . oe Sl'or'G 5 o
Sardines, Calif,, tom. pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz, 5)
ASICS) Cas RUN aE: Ae
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn!
(3-3/4 0z.), 100 cans/cs,

Los Angeles | cs,
Los Angeles | cs.
New York
1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These

prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service “Fish=
ery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices.

144.3

11.10} 11.10

sale prices this June were up about 4.4 percent from June
1959. Over-all stocks of canned fish remained very

light with distributors still depending on the 1959 packs

of Pacific salmon and Maine sardines. Supplies of Cali-
fornia tomato-pack sardines in 15-oz. cans in the hands
of primary distributors have been practically exhausted in

recent months, but South African imports have filled the gap.

Wisconsin

EXPERIMENTAL OTTER
TRAWLING SUCCESSFUL:

Wisconsin has issued experimental
trawling permits to interested industry
members; three fishermen with techni-
cal assistance from the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries have been suc-
cessful. During four months last fall
and winter the fishermen took well over

[ a million pounds of fish. One of them

recently purchased a Guif shrimp trawler
which is now fishing in Lake Michigan.
The catch of this one firm now averages
about 40,000 pounds of fish per day, and
they are striving to bring it up to 100,000
pounds per day.

LRT
FISH FACT

Lean fish may contain as little as
0.5 percent fat, whereas a few species

of fat fish may contain as muchas 20

percent fat. Fish canthus be chosen
to fit into either low-calorie diets de-
signedfor weight reductionor high-cal-
orie diets designed to provide a high level
of energy.

August 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

International

CARIBBEAN ORGANIZATION REPLACES
CARIBBEAN COMMISSION

The Agreement for the establishment
of the Caribbean Organization was signed
in Washington, June 21, 1960, by France,
the Netherlands, the United Kingdom,
and the United States.

The Caribbean Organization will be
the successor body to the Caribbean
Commission, established in 1946 to en-
courage cooperation in economic (in-
cluding fisheries) and social develop-
ment throughout the French, Netherlands,
British, and United States areas in the
Caribbean. The Organization will have
broadly the same objectives as the Com-
mission, but its activities will be di-
rected by a Council on which the follow-
ing are eligible to be represented: the
Republic of France for the Departments
of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Mar-
tinique; the Netherlands Antilles; Suri-
nam; the Bahamas; British Guiana; Brit-
ish Honduras; the British Virgin Islands;
the West Indies; the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico; the Virgin Islands of the
United States.

This change has been made in re-
sponsetothe express wishes of the peo-
ples of the area. The new Organization
will reflect the significant constitutional
and economic changes which have taken
place in the area since 1946.

After the Agreement has been ap-
proved or accepted by the signatory par-
ties they will issue a joint declaration
bringing the new Organization into exist-
ence. It is hoped that this will be done
as early as possible in 1961. The head-
quarters of the new Organization will be
located in San Juan, Puerto Rico, to which
the Commission headquarters have re-
cently been transferred.

FOREIGN”

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

UNITED STATES VIEWS:

The views of the United States on the European
Free Trade Association were presented to the Six-
teenth Session of the Contracting Parties to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade at Geneva,
Switzerland, on May 17, 1960, by the U. S. Deputy
Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs,
who was chairman of the United States delegation
to the GATT meeting.

"The present session affords the Contracting
Parties their first opportunity to review the Stock-
holm Convention, one of the more significant post-
war developments in international commercial pol-
icy.’ (The Stockholm Convention, signed on No-
vember 20, 1959, calls for the formulation of a
free-trade area among Austria, Denmark, Norway,
Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, @md the United King-
dom. The first tariff reduction will take place on
July 1, 1960.)

"The European Free Trade Association has now
been ratified by all seven member states and will
shortly enter into force. In our view it represents
an important effort to lower trade barriers and to
strengthen economic cooperation among its mem-
bers. As such it commands the sympathetic and
serious consideration of us all.

"Our over-all view of the Stockholm Convention
is that, on balance, it deserves the support and ap-
proval of the Contracting Parties. While there will
be questions concerning specific aspects of the
trade arrangements provided for in the convention
and, we hope, responsive adjustments on the part
of the parties to the convention, nevertheless, as a
whole, it is in our judgment in harmony with the
spirit and broad objectives of the General Agree-
ment.

"Together, the sevencountries which make up
the EFTA represent a group with considerable in-
fluence on the volume and direction of internation-
al trade. Like all regional trading arrangements,
the EFTA will mean change. It will require ad-
justments for producers and consumers inside the
Association and in countries which trade with the
Seven. These adjustments may raise problems.
But they will also provide opportunities. If sound
and liberal policies are followed by the Seven in
the endeavor they are now beginning, the result
can be increased trade and prosperity both for the
member states and for their trading partners.
Ministers of the Seven meeting at Stockholm on
November 20, 1959, pointed out that 'as world trad-
ing nations, the countries of the European Free
Trade Association are particularly conscious of
Europe's links with the rest of the world.' As the
EFTA enters into force, the United States is con-

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

fident that the convention will be carried out ina
manner to maximize trade-creating effects and to
minimize problems for other countries, both in
Europe and in other parts of the world.

"We believe thaf the procedures whereby the
Contracting Parties will consider and, we hope,
approve the Stockholm Convention are important.
For reasons which we will set forth in detail inthe
working party my delegation is of the opinion that
the provisions of article XXIV alone are not fully
adequate to cover the Stockholm Convention. The
exemption from the free-trade provisions of the
EFTA of the entire economic sector of agriculture
and the question as to how the third-country trade
in agriculture will be affected by bilateral agree-
ments related to the EFTA seem to us to warrant
consideration of the Stockholm Convention by the
Contracting Parties under GATT procedures other
than those set forth in article XXIV.

"T would like to express satisfaction with the
declaration in article 37 of the Stockholm Conven-
tion which reaffirms the obligations of member
states undertaken in the GATT. Also it is reas-
suring to have the statement contained in the re-

plies from the member states to the questions sub-

mitted by contracting parties that member states
intend to administer and interpret the origin rules
in a liberal spirit. I think it unnecessary to dis-
cuss in detail provisions of the Stockholm Conven-
tion relating to quantitative import restrictions.
My delegation would, however, like to indicate its
view that the imposition, maintenance, and admin-
istration of quantitative import restrictions for
financial reasons should depend exclusively on the

balance-of-payments position of individual member

states.

Mr. Chairman, this inbrief is a general state-
ment of our views... ."'
letin, June 13, 1960.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

VESSELS MOST COSTLY
PART OF FISHING:

The fishing vessel itself, not its gear or harbors, proc~
essing plants, or the stores needed to sell the products
produced, is beginning to be the most costly investment of
the world’s fishing industry. The investment in fishing
boats in highly developed countries runs higher than the
investment in harbors, canning plants, and retail stores
combined.

A survey by the Canadian government in 1958 showed
vessels accounted for 67 percent of the total investment
in the Canadian fishing industry. This figure is com-
pared with 45 percent in 1917 and 59 percent in 1935.

The following countries accounted for 92 percent of
the world’s fish catch. Japan, whose 5,399,000-ton
catch led the world in 1957, also leads the world in the
variety of fishing vessels in use. Japan has 14 individual
major types, followed by the U.S.S.R. with 11 and Nor-
way with 10. The United States has 9 different major
types. The United Kingdom, Canada, and Iceland list a
total of 7 types; Portugal, France, Sweden, and India, 6
each; the Faroes, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy
5; Denmark, Indonesia, and the Union of South Africa, 4.

The most popular vessel in use is the trawler in one
or other of its various forms-~-35 nations use it. Then
comes the drifter, employed by 29 nations, followed by the

(Department of State Bul-

Vol. 22, No. 8

purse-seiner used by 26 nations. The troller is used by
12 nations and the whale catcher by 11.

Time-and-motion studies done on board a new $840,000
German stern trawler show that stern trawling takes less
time than side trawling. While trawling is regarded as
the most advanced method of fishing, other methods are
constantly improving.

Most boats today are still small--between 80 and 90
feet in length and not costing more than $100,000-~and
are too heavy. Generally built of wood, they are con-
structed on the principle of the thicker the timber the
safer the boat. Selecting 22 successful fishing vessels
in this class, studies were done on the thickness of the
boats’ timbers and estimates made as to what thickness
could have been safely used. Studies published show
Danish boats to be 40 percent and Swedish boats 30 per-
cent heavier than necessary. (‘Fishing Boats of the
World 2,’’ Fishing News, London, England; book based
on papers and discussion at Second FAO World Fishing
Boat Congress held in Rome April 1959.)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

SIXTEENTH SESSION IN GENEVA:

Problems of major importance for the future develop-
ment of international trade will confront the 42 countries
that participate in the work of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which convened in Geneva on
May 16, 1960. Among the important subjects to be dealt
with at the session will be (1) the elimination of quantita-
tive restrictions on imports, (2) the European Free Trade
Association, (3) the Latin American Free Trade Associa-
tion, (4) the avoidance of market disruption caused by
sharp increases in imports of particular commodities,
and (5) the trade problems of less-developed countries,
Harry Shooshan, International Activities Assistant, Tech-
nical Review Staff, will represent the U. S. Department of
the Interior at the meetings.

During the Sixteenth Session, the convention of the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which has re-
cently been ratified by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portu-
gal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, will be
examined. The United States Government together with.
other contracting parties will consider the convention in
the light of relevant provisions of the GATT and seek to
assure that the convention will be administered in a lib-
eral manner which guarantees equitable treatment to the
trade of countries outside the Association.

Another regional market arrangement, the Latin A-
merican Free Trade Association, will also be on the
agenda for the session. The arrangement was provided
for in the Treaty of Montevideo, signed February 18,
1960, by representatives of four countries which partic-
ipate in GATT (Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay) and
three which do not (Argentina, Mexico, and Paraguay).
It is expected that Contracting Parties will hear a pre-
liminary explanation of the Montevideo Treaty by the
signatory countries and that individual countries will in-
dicate their general reactions to the various aspects of
the Treaty.

The Contracting Parties decided at their last session,
held in Tokyo in November 1959, to study the problem of
market disruptions caused by sharp increases of imports
over a brief period of time and in a narrow range of com-
modities. The problem is to find the means to ameliorate
the adverse effects of an abrupt invasion of established
markets while continuing to provide steadily enlarged op-
portunities for trade. This problem will be considered at
the Sixteenth Session with the help of a factual report which
has been prepared on the subject, including a survey of
import restrictions which various countries maintain in
order to prevent market disruption.

The GATT Committee on Balance of Payments Restric-
tions holds several series of consultations each year with
those countries which still maintain import restrictions to
safeguard their monetary reserves. In these consultations,
the Contracting Parties examine quantitative import restric-
tions still in force, their effects, and the prospects for their
removal or reduction. The Committee has been an important
influence leading to the redyction of quantitative import re-
strictions, particularly those-discriminating against United

August 1960

International (Contd.):

States exports. Consultations are being held before and dur-
ing the Sixteenth Session with Austria, Brazil, Greece, India,
South Africa, and Uruguay.

The Contracting Parties will review the reports of the
committees which have been studying ways to (1) expand in-
ternational trade in agricultural (including fishery) com-
modities and (2) assist the exports of less-developed coun-
tries. In addition, the Session will deal with a variety of
trade issues, including import restrictions maintained by
Italy, Germany, and Belgium; developments within the Eu-
ropean Economic Community; reports prepared by panels of
experts regarding restrictive business practices, subsidies,
state-trading enterprises, antidumping and countervailing
duties, and facilities for the temporary admission of profes-
sional equipment and packing materials; and a number of
other matters in the field of international trade.

se oe te ok ok

srt ES et Se 2

UNITED STATES PROPOSES
LIST OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
FOR NEGOTIATION:

The United States has made public an extensive
list of imported commodities, including fishery
products, on which it will offer to make tariff con-
cessions in the international negotiations at Gene-
va in September 1960. At the same time the State
Department issued a companion list of products on
which the United States will seek foreign tariff con-
cessions to boost United States exports. On May
27, 1960, the United States Government announced
its intention to participate in the multilateral trade-
agreement negotiations under the General Agree-
ments on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). At the same
time, it published two lists and notices concerning
the preparatory stages for participation in the ne-
gotiations. The lists of products proposed to be
considered include certain fishery products and
were presented to provide full opportunity for all
interested persons to make their views known
either through public hearing or in writing, as to
whether concessions should or should not be of-
fered by the United States or sought from other
countries participating in the conference.

Included among the items on the list are such
fishery products as fish and marine animal oils;
fresh or frozen swordfish; wolffish (ocean catfish)
fillets; dried, salted, and smoked cod; canned
smoked sardines valued at over 30 cents per pound;
canned herring in tomato sauce, kippered or
smoked, in containers with contents over 1-pound
each; mild-cured salmon; salted herring; smoked
or kippered herring; canned clams (except razor
clams and clam chowder); caviar and other fish
roe; agar agar; and sodium alginate.

One publication (State Department Publication
6986) contains, in addition to explanatory state-
ments and legal notices, a list of products which
the United States may consider as a basis for of-
fering tariff concessions in return for concessions
of benefit to the United States export trade as may
be granted by other countries. The other publica-
tion (State Department Publication 6987) contains
a list of products of significance to the Unit ed
States export trade on which the United States may
seek concessions from other countries with the
view to increasing export opportunities for United
States products.

The actual negotiations, sponsore d by the
GATT, are scheduled to begin in Geneva, Switzer-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

land, in September 1960. The conference will be
held in two phases, the first concerned with ne-
gotiations with the newly-formed European Eco-
nomic Community (Common Market) and the sec-
ond, starting January 1961, with an exchange of
new concessions between the contracting parties.

These negotiations will be another step in the
Government's efforts, through the reciprocal trade
agreements program, to promote the expansion of
international trade and thereby to foster greater
economic strengthand solidarity among the nations
of the free world.

The lists of products to be considered were is-
sued to provide an opportunity for all.interested
persons to submit information on whether or not
the United States Government should offer or re-
quest concessions on individual products. Public
hearings before the Committee for Reciprocity In-
formation and the Tariff Commission were sched-
uled to begin on July 11, 1960. The Tariff Com-
mission in its ''peril point'' hearing was to investi-
gate the extent to whichconcessions on listed prod-
ucts may be made without causing or threatening
serious injury to domestic industries producing
like or competitive products.

Under the Trade Agreements Extension Act of
1958, the President is authorized to enter into
trade agreements until June 30, 1962. In negoti-
ating such trade agreements, the President may
reduce the United States duties existing on July 1,
1958, to the lowest rate calculted by any of three
alternative methods:

1. Reducing the rate by not more than 20 per-
cent, provided that no more than a 10 percent re-
duction may be made effective in any one year.

2. Reducing the rate by not more than 2 per-
centage points ad valorem (or its ad valorem equi-
valent in the case of a specific rate or a combina-
tion of ad valorem and specific rates). The reduc-
tion in any one year under this alternative may not
exceed 1 percentage point.

3. Reducing to 50 percent ad valorem or its
equivalent any rate whichis in excess of that level,
provided that not more than one-third of the total
reduction may become effective in any one year.

The President may also agree to "bind'' (con-
tinue) existing duties or the duty-free treatment
for articles on the free list.

The export list was published to obtain the views
and supporting information from U.S, exporters con-
cerning additions or deletions, the countries from
which concessions should be sought, and the extent
of any modification inthe customs treatment that
should be requested. The possibility of obtaining
concessions will depend, in part, on the extent to
which the product is suppliedor may be supplied
by the United States tothe country concerned.

The United States expects to negotiate at Geneva
with the Common Market, which will represent the
six member states (Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands), and with
Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, the
Dominican Republic, Finland, Haiti, India, Israel,
Japan, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, United King-
dom, and Uruguay. Additional countries may, how-
ever, decide to participate in the negotiations.

The fishery items proposed to be considered
are described in the following tables:

40

International (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Violen 2/2 ee NOES

Table 1 - List of Fishery Products to be Considered for Possible United States Concession in Duty

Import SCHEDULE A ‘ eat Du U. S. Imports|
Tariff Par, | Stat. Class. (1959 Bete Dieses son uly 1, 1958 1959
i US$1, 000
5 8350 110 Sodium alginate 125 % 488
2260 260 alts derived from vegetable oils, animal oils, fish |
oils; animal fats and greases, n.e.s., or from 1
fatty acids thereof 123% 17
34 2220 250 Drugs, advanced in yalue or condition: Shark- 4% plus
| ___ liver oil, including dogfish-liver oil -85¢ Ib. 142
2220 260 Shark oil, including dogfish oil 4% plus
- 85¢ Ib. 21/ Sa)
2220 270 Fish oils, n.e.s. (except cod oil and herring 4% plus
oil, and not including whale oil 1.25¢ lb. 17
2220 290 Halibut liver oil 5% 10
2220 300 Fish-liver oils, n.e.s. (except cod-liver oil) 4% plus
1.25¢ Ib. 1,563
41 Glue, glue size, and fish glue: Valued less than
40 cents per pound:
0934 000 Glue size and fish glue, n.s.p.f. 0.5¢ lb. plus
742% 242
0940 300 Valued over 40 cents per pound 4¢ se plus
126% 7/
2800 000 Agar agar 15% 992
0941 700 | _Isinglass 21% 39
hale oil:
0803 000 perm, crude 1¢_gal 1,621
0803 100 Sperm, refined or otherwise processed
0803 500 I “Whale oil, n.s.p.f. 2.5¢ gal. plus
1.25¢ Ib. 3
0808 800 Marine animal and fish oils, n.s.p.f. (except
cod, cod-liver, herring, menhaden, sod, and 10% plus
shark oil including dogfish) 1.5¢ 1b. G___|
0816 000 Seal oil 3¢ gal. plus
0808 710 Sharkoil, including oil producedfrom dogfish, 4% plus
n.s.p.f 0.85¢ Ib. =
0990 100 Spermaceti wax 2.5¢ Ib. 39
60 8722 000 Ambergris 10%
717(a) 0055 300 |, Swordfish, fresh 1¢ Ib. 1,925
0055 500 Swordfish, frozen 1.5¢ Ib 947
717(b) 0060 320 Filleted, skinned, boned, sliced, or divided
into portions; swordfish
| 0060 450 Wolffish (sea catfish
717(c) 0062 000 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk, dried
and unsalted.
718(a) In oil or in oil and other substances:
0063 560 Sardines, not skinned or boned, smoked,

0066 200

yalued over 30¢ per pound

Antipasto, valued not over 9¢ Ib.

0066 300

0067 000

| Antipasto, valued over 9¢ Ib.

airtight containers:
Anchovies

720

contents over 15 pounds each and containing
each over 10 pounds of herrin: i
Smoked or kippered:

a 0067 300 Fish cakes, balls, pudding 5% 360
0067 600 Herring, smoked or kippered or in tomato
sauce, in containers with contents, over one
pound each 10% 242
719 Pickled or salted: 1
ie 0068 000 Salmon 85% (hee
0069 000 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, not
skinned nor boned, containing not over 43%
zl moisture by weight 0.5¢ lb. 4, 363 |
0069 900 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk,
a skinned or boned 1.25¢ Ib. __|__2, 125
0070 400 Herring, bulk or in containers weighing with

Q.25¢ lb.

1/Less than $500.00.

skinned, boned, sliced or divided

ES 0075 100 Herring, whole or beheaded, hard dry-smoked
0075 300 Herring, boned 1.25¢ Ib. 199
0075 400 Herring, eviscerated, split skinned or divided
into portions 1.25¢ Ib.
0075 600 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, filleted,

1.5¢ lb.

(Continued on the following page.)

August 1960

International (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

Brief Description

Clams other than razor clams and clams in com-
bination with other substances (except clam
chowder) in airtight containe.

0078 500

Fish paste and fish sauce
0079 590

Caviar and other fish roe, except sturgeon, boiled
and packed in airtight containers
Soups, soup rolls, soup tablets or cubes,

etc.

0737 600 Fur sealskins, dressed

Pastes, balls, puddings, hash
or fish

and similar mixtures

0737 620

5953 500 Natural

Fur sealskins, dressed and dyed
Pearls and parts, not strung or sett

5953 900 Cultured or cultivated

0334 000

Reptilian and shark skin
Upper for shoe purposes

leather:

0334 100
0990 290

Other

dyed or manufactured

Shells and mother-of-pearl, engraved, cut,
ornamented or manufactured
Moss and sea grass, eel grass, and seaweed,

Fatty acids, n.s.p.f., derived from vegetable
oils, animal or fish oils, or animal fats or
greases (except from linseed oil)

MeSsPeta

dogfish -liver oils’
0723 500

2/Based on American selling price.

Table 2 - List of Fish and Fish Products on Which
the United States May Seek Concessions
from Other Countries

Salmon, frozen, cured or canned
Sardines or pilchards, canned
ackerel, canned

(Oysters, fresh, frozen or canned
Shrimp, fresh, frozen or canned
Fish oils and fats

ish-liver oils

ish meal and solubles

‘Vitamins and viasterols, medicinal fish oils and fish-liver
oils and concentrates, including vitamin A and cod-
liver oil.
Pearl essence

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON
FISHERIES COMMISSION

ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING AREA
FOR SALMON DEVELOPED:

A new development in the study of
artificial measures for producing salm-
on is being undertaken by the Interna-
tional Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com-
mission. An artificial spawning chan-
nel 3,000 feet long and 20 feet wide is
now being constructed by the Commis-
sion adjacent to Seton Creek near Lillo-
oet, British Columbia. The channel is

1190 800 Dogfood, unfit for human consumption
1669 Drugs of animal origin, not edible, crude, n.e.s.:
2210 980 Fish oils, n.e.s. (except cod, herring, and

dogfish oil) and fish-liver oils, n.e.s.
cept cod-liver, halibut-liver, shark-liver and

Seaweeds not further manufactured than ground,
powdered, or granulated

(ex-

expected to substitute for pink salmon
spawning areas flooded out by a power
company's diversion dam constructed in
1960 on Seton Creek. Land for the proj-
ect has been made available by the power
company. It is estimated that a minimum
of 10,000 pink salmon can spawn success-
fully in the area with at least double the
rate of production from spawning in the
natural stream below the power dam.

Operations of the Seton Creek spawn-
ing channel will be carefully controlled
and recorded as to cost and efficiency
that comparisons can be made with the
operations of the new Pitt River experi-
mental hatchery scheduled for comple-
tion in August of this year.

Experimental spawning areas under
investigation by the Canadian Department
of Fisheries and the Commission since
1953 have proven to be very effective in
increasing salmon fry production and the
cost of operation appears to be considera-
bly less than for the standard type hatchery.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

OCEANOGRAPHY

TO BE ABLE TO FORECAST BEST
FISHING AREAS IS AIM OF EUROPEAN
OCEANOGRAPHIC-DATA

GATHERING SURVEY:

~ Two marine research vessels sailed
from Aberdeen, Scotland, earlyin June
1960 bound for the Faroes for a week-
end rendezvous with seven similar ves-
sels for an international Sea science ex-
pedition. The expedition is to survey
the two-hundred-or-so mile wide sub-
marine ridge between Faroe Islands and
Iceland.

Leader of the expedition is head of
the hydrographic section of the Marine
Laboratory, Torry, Aberdeen. He sailed
on the Laboratory's research vessel,
Explorer, which was accompanied from
Aberdeen by the Royal Research ship

Discovery II.

A three-week ''top to bottom survey"
was planned of the sea ridge by scien-
tists andoceanographers aboard the in-
ternational fleet of nine research vessels
from Russia, Iceland, Norway, Germany,
England, and Scotland.

This is the biggest effort of its kind to
be stagedin the interests of commercial
fisheries from a scientific perspective.

The hydrographers and oceanogra-
phers will measure the surface, mid-
water, and bottom currents as well as
internal waves flowing over the ridge,
which is a natural barrier between the
Arctic and Atlantic oceans.

They will gather samples of theflora
and fauna in the overspill and try to
photograph the sea bottom, which is
8,528 feet at the deepest point.

The survey is important to all Euro-
pean fishing nations because the cold
heavy water on the ridge is believed to
have great effects on sea fishing in
Northwest Europe.

The scientists will also measure the
cold water overspill to test the theory
that cold-water currents undermine the
warmer waters of the Atlantic, pushing
the warmer water nearer to the surface

Vol. 22, No. 8

and the fish food and consequently the
fish with it.

If the theory about the effect of cold
currents is correct, it may be possible for
the ''experts'' to forecast as muchas three
years ahead where the best fishing will be.

"We hope to be able to get closer to the
answer of the problematical fluctuation
of fish breeding,"’ said the leader of the
expedition.

The expedition, which took many months
to prepare, is a corollary of the polar
front survey investigations of the Inter-
national Geophysical Year. (The Fishing
News, June 3, 1960.)

TERRITORIAL WATERS

BRITISH-NORWEGIAN TALKS MAY
YIELD COMPROMISE ON
FISHING LIMITS:

It was learnedin Oslo on May 29, 1960,
that the possibility of a ''six plus six"
(six miles territorial waters and an ad-
ditional six miles for exclusive fishing
limits) agreement among the Atlantic na-
tions was raised during the Anglo-Nor-
wegian discussions on fishing limits.
Foreign trawlers might, however, be
allowed to fish within the outer six-
mile belt during a ten-year transition
period.

This agreement, it is felt, would rep-
resent a compromise between the clash-
ing Norwegian inshore and deep-sea fish-
ing interests. It would also be in line
with the Anglo-Danish arrangement for
the Faroe Islands.

The exploratory discussions which
took place between British and Norwe-
gian representatives was followed by an
official communique which merely stated
that there had been ''a free and frank ex-
change of opinions." It added that there
was hope of further talks at a later date.

Norway's intention to extend her fish-
ing limits from 4 to 12 miles had been
known by the British Government for a
long time, and it became a reality after
the failure of the recent Law of the Sea
Conference at Geneva.

It means that Britain is now faced with
getting a settlement with Norway as well
as ending the dispute with Iceland.

———————————

August 1960

International (Contd.):

Neither Norway nor Iceland is ina
position to act promptly, and in Norway
the industry is divided on the subject.
The distant-water trawling faction in
Norway is against the proposal because
it is facing increasing prohibitions in
foreign grounds. It is the inshore in-
dustry, mostly confined to the north,
which is demanding a 12-mile limit to
preserve its grounds from "foreign in-
ed (The Fishing News, June 3,
1960.

Angola

FISH OIL EXPORTS:

In 1959, Angola's exports of fish oil
were estimated at 8,000 metric tons as
compared with 8,500 tons in 1958. Most
exports were to West Germany. From
year to year Angola's stocks of fish oil
are only a few hundred tons. (U. S. For-
eign Agricultural Service Report, Leo-
poldville, April 15, 1960.)

g

MARINE OIL IMPORTS, 1958 AND 1959:
Total Austrian imports of nonedible

marine oils decreased from 769.8 met-
ric tons in 1958 to 551.0 metric tons in
1959. No marine oils were imported
from the United States in either 1958 or
1959, (U.S. Foreign Agricultural Serv-
ice report, Vienna, April 14, 1960.)

Austria

Marine oils, crude and refined in
units of more than one liter, under Aus-
trian Import Customs Tariff Code 15.04
B can be imported free of duty. Liber-
alization of imports of fats and oils from
the dollar area extends to all duty-free
items. Thus, the nonexistent imports

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

from the dollar area are not the result
of Government restrictions.

“GA

Belgium-Luxembourg

MARINE-OIL IMPORTS AND
EXPORTS, 1958 and 1959:

In 1959, Belgium-Luxembourg im-
ported 17,906 metric tons of raw and
refined marine oils--down about 2.3 per-
cent from 1958. These exports came
principally from Japan (8,713 metric tons
in 1959 and 10,390 tons in 1958) and from
the Netherlands (4,594 tons in 1959 and
3,959 tons in 1958).

Exports, on the other hand, amounted
to 783 tons in 1959 and 587 tons in 1958,
shipped mainly to the Netherlands, West-
ern Germany, and France. (U.S. For-
eign Agricultural Service Report, Brus-
sels, April 27, 1960.)

Brazil

FISHING INDUSTRY IN STATE OF
SAO PAULO DEVELOPING RAPIDLY:

The Santos Fish Depot, constructed and owned by the Bra~
zilian Government, has been operating on a commercial scale
since September 1959, producing 100 metric tons of ice daily
and storing up to 450 tons of fish. The Sao Paulo State Gov-
ernment in May 1960 was taking steps to purchase the depot
from the Federal Government in 1961 (lease expires March
1961). The decision to purchase the depot indicates the in-
terest of the State Government in developing fishing opera~
tions off the coast of Sao Paulo and increasing existing stor-
age capacity. In this respect, the Santos Fish Depot is an
important link in the chain of ice~making and fish-storage
facilities which are being put up by the Sao Paulo State Gov-
ernment along the coast,

At Ubatuba, a fish depot with capacity to produce 10 tons
of ice daily and store up to 10 tons of fish is already opera~
ting. At Sao Sebastiao, a depot (to be completed in 1961) is
being built to produce 25 tons of ice daily and store 20 tons
of fish. A few miles away, at Ilha Bela, an ice~making plant
with capacity for 100 tons of ice daily, is under construction.
South of Santos, at Itanhaem, is a small depot producing four
tons of ice daily and storing up to 10 tons of fish, while fur-
ther south along the coast, at Iguape and Registro, two twin
depots, each to produce four tons of ice daily and accommo~
date up to 10 tons of fish, were due to go into operation in
June. In addition, when construction of the projected Centro
de Abastecimento (Supply Center) near Sao Paulo is com-
pleted in 1962, facilities for making 100 tons of ice daily
and storing up to 5,000 tons of fish will then become avail-
able.

In 1959 the State Government established the fishery biol~
ogy service at Santos to study aquatic animals, A research
staff from the Oceanographic Institute, the University of
Sao Paulo, and the Secretariat of Agriculture, with the as~
sistance of a techinician from the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization (FAO), set up a laboratory in the Santos Fish De~

44

Brazil (Contd.):

pot and are looking into the abundance of fish and classifying
the species in Brazilian waters, the effect of fishing on natu-
ral stocks to determine the most effective methods of fishing
without endangering the supply, and charting and plotting of
currents and tides.

Of importance to the local canning industry is the research
work carried out jointly by the Sao Paulo and Federal Gov-
ernments on the canning of ‘‘manjuba’’ (sand smelts) at a
pilot plant at Registro.

The Sao Paulo State Government is concerned about the
primitive methods of commercial deep-sea fishing off the
State coast. Aside from the Japanese-owned fishery com-
pany that operates modern trawlers and fishing equipment,
practically all fishermen work on vessels 20 or more years
old, and use obsolete and primitive gear. In an effort to re-
new the existing fishing fleets and render their operation
more effective, the State Government is considering financ-
ing the purchase of modern vessels and equipment, at a total
outlay of 300 million cruzeiros (about US$1.6 million), the
United States Consul at Sao Paulo reported on May 31, 1960.

Canada

MARINE OIL PRODUCTION,
FOREIGN TRADE, AND
CONSUMPTION, 1959:

Production: Marine-oil production in Canada from
1957-1959 increased steadily--3.8 million Imperial gallons
in 1957; 5.5 million gallons in 1958; 6.0 million gallons in
1959. Herring oil on the west coast and cod oil on the east
coast were responsible for the increase in output from 1958
to 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Indications are that marine-oil production in 1960 will be
lower due to the tie-up of Canada’s west coast herring fish-
ing fleet because of low ex-vessel prices.

Early in 1960, storage facilities for byproducts were taxed

to the limit. This, plus low-priced competition from Peru,
forced closure of the herring fishery after Christmas 1959.

Table 1 - Canada’s Production of Marine Oils, 1957-1959

Codioileerer-rerchelensiens
Herring oily c crcieiere

Other (seal) etc.) ....

re

4,127,761 | 2,180,510

6,045,623 | 5,533,170 } 3,824,576

British Columbia:

Herring oil ......-2- |4,746,304

Canada Total ......

n.a. - Not available.
1/One Imperial gallon equals 1.2009 United States gallons.

Exports: Canadian marine oils have enjoyed an export
boom over the past three years-~climbing from 0.8 million
Imperial gallons in 1957; to 1.6 million gallons in 1958, toa
new peak of 3.7 million gallons in 1959. Decreasing demand
at home has caused Canadian marine oils to seek foreign
markets.

Vol. 22, No. 8

In 1957 the United States was the principal buyer of Cana-
da’s marine oils. But in 1958 and 1959 the United States has
received a smaller proportion of Canada’s marine-oil ex-
ports each year. Importation of cod-liver oil is the exception
since exports of that product to the United States have in-
creased steadily.

Table 2 - Canada’s Exports of Marine Oils by Type and
Country of Destination, 1957-1959

Type and Destination

- ee (imperial Gallons).....
Cod-liver oil,
pharmaceutical,
crude and sun rotted:
United Kingdom...
United States ....
Other Countries...

103,706
675,456
270

WEEN Solo 6a0 900

Herring oil, industrial:
United Kingdom ..... 2,217,372 298,666
Netherlands........ = 277,733
United States ....... 58,769 a

West Germany ...... 146,975 162,837

HOA coscocs ooo APR LING

Whale oil:
United Kingdom .....
Netherlands ........
ITEC 65000606000
United States ..-cce6
EWSalvadorieweretelelerele
West Germany ..ecee

189,817
98,137

66,020
84,870 -
60,600

499,444 350,178 194,032

- 400 63
511 4,676 33,347
8 2 ul

8,702,511 | 1,635,359 849,099

Wee, 550009050

Fish oils, other:
INEVE, 5590600000000
United States.......
Other Countries ..

hotalWeyetevelateneiemene
Canada Total.....
Total marine-oil ex~

ports to United
States & Alaska _..

800,756 818,407

536,259

Imports: Canadian marine-oil imports continue to fluc-
tuate. Imports amounted to 0.4 million Imperial gallons in
1957, increased to 1.4 million gallons in 1958, and fell sharp-
ly to 0.7 gallons in 1959.

Some cod-liver oil imported by Canada came from the
United States, but those imports dropped from 537 gallons in
1957, to 11 gallons in 1958, and to an insignificant amount in
1959. The United Kingdom was Canada’s principal supplier
o* cod-liver oil during the 1957-59 period.

Imports of whale and sperm oil from the United States
have steadily increased from 1,118 gallons in 1957, to10,119
gallons in 1958, and to 19,783 gallons in 1959. On the other
hand, both the United Kingdom and Norway have been shipping
less whale and sperm oil to Canada. The bulk of the other
fish oils were imported from the United States.

Consumption: Marine oils in Canada are used principal-
ly in margarine and shortening. But this type of use in 1959
hit a six-year low (table 4). The use of substitutes for ma-

August 1960

Canada (Contd.):

Table 3 - Canada’s Imports of Marine Oils by Type and
Country of Origin

ah
net 1959 1958 1957
» «+. {imperial Gallons). ...

\Cod-liver oil:

United Kingdom ..... 218,698 225,883 | 96,454

Iceland)s << ..< 6-d000D - 1,087 -

NATE GooGooo Hoo 7,355 4,100 25,040

Netheslandsirrenetemerets 3,074 - -

Wnited!States/<ys.. < sle = 11 587

Total cod-liver oil . 229,127 231,081 | 122,031
Fish oil, unclassified:

Mjapanbererrers ore 18,267 25,178 | 21,311

NONE? coo ocood a 158 9,570 -

United States so... 379,852 1,375,162 | 280,563

Total unclassified ., 398,877 1,409,910 | 301,874
Whale & sperm oil:

United Kingdom ..... 4,223 7,169 8,203

NOMESY Gooouoo ood 7,058 3,857 | 15,176

United States|rererel eeielre 19,783 10,199 1,118

Total whale & sperm

Gio oooatioo aD Ob 31,064 21,225 | 24,497
Total all marine oils . | 659,068 1,662,216 | 448,402
Total United States... | 399,635 1,385,372 | 282,218

rine oils in the production of margarine and shortening is
mainly responsible for this decline. In margarine pro-
duction, soybean and cottonseed oil as well as lard are dis-
placing marine oil, while in the making of shortening, ani-
mal fats now predominate.

Smaller quantities are used in paints, varnishes, and
lacquers--327,000 pounds in 1956 and 388,000 pounds in
1957. Still smaller quantities are used in the soap and
washing compounds industry-- 8,355 pounds in 1957. (Da-
ta on use in paint and soap industries for 1958 and 1959
not available to date.)

Table 4 - Canada's Consumption of Marine Oils in
Margarine and Shortening, 1957-1959

lr 1958 | 1957

80

Productions smencm-l 163, 288
Marine oils used . . - 16 ra
10.

ONTARIO FISH LANDINGS DOWN
SHARPLY FIRST QUARTER OF 1960:
The preliminary estimate of commer-
cial fish production for the first quarter
of 1960, by the Ontario Department of
Lands and Forests, shows 827,000 pounds
reported for the Province with a value to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

the fishermen of C$115,000. This repre-
sents a decrease of 71 percent from the
2,891,000 pounds reported for the first
quarter of 1959.

The drop in Lake Erie commercial
landings, resulting from a late start in
March, accounted almost entirely for
this decrease. Production of all species
was down from 1,994,000 pounds for the
first three months of 1959 to 177,000
pounds worth C$23,000 for the first quar-
ter of this year. Perch was down from
1,247,000 pounds to 94,000 pounds; white
bass from 283,000 pounds to 4,000 pounds;
sheepshead, from 178,000 pounds to 8,000
pounds; and yellow pickerel from 183,000
pounds to less than 1,000 pounds. Smelt
production increased slightly to 71,000
pounds,

Not included in the January-March
1960 production of commercially-li-
censed fishery operations, experimental
trawling gear operated by the commer-
cial fishermen landed an @dditional
547,000 pounds of smelt from Lake Erie.

Production reported for the northern
inland waters dropped 6 percent to
423,000 pounds valued at C$50,000 to the
fisherman. Yellow pickerel was down
from 112,000 pounds to 94,000 pounds;
whitefish from 70,000 pounds to 49,000
pounds; and northern pike from 103,000
pounds to 92,000 pounds.

Lake Ontario landings fell from 288,000
pounds to 116,000 pounds, valued at
C$23,000. Carp dropped 77 percent to
48,000 pounds; and whitefish decreased
from 24,000 pounds to 13,000 pounds.
Yellow pickerel landings gained slightly
to 27,000 pounds.

In Lake Superior over-all production
decreased nearly 50 percent to 47,000
pounds. Of this 31,000 pounds was her-
ring; 8,000 pounds yellow pickerel; and
less than 1,000 pounds lake trout.

Production in other areas was: South-
ern inland waters 35,000 pounds; North
Channel 13,000 pounds, and Lake Huron
2,000 pounds; no production was reported
for Georgian Bay, the United States Con-
sul in Toronto reported on June 21, 1960.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

PROGRESS IN OYSTER
REHABILITATION ON EAST COAST:
With regard to the problems which
have beset the oyster industry in the
Maritime Provinces of Canada, in par-
ticular the epidemic disease which by
the end of 1958 had ravaged almost all
the main oyster areas in New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia, good progress
was reported at the final session of the
Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries
Committee, early in May 1960 in Ottawa.

In 1959, test lots of oysters indicated
no further spread of the mortality.

The Canadian Department of Fisher-
ies 1959 transplant of disease-resistant
oysters from Prince Edward Island pro-
ceeded as planned. A total of 3,200 bar-
rels of the disease-resistant oysters
were transplanted in New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, and it is expected that the
full program of transplanting 10,000 bar -
rels will be completed this year. In all
areas examined, the transplanted oys-
ters suffered only normal mortality or
less, and continuing good growth was
demonstrated.

The Department is intensifying its
efforts to develop a method of raising
seed oysters to stabilize the industry.
In this project, 40,000 cement-coated
egg-case fillers were suspended in va-
rious Maritime areas. Growth was ex-
cellent, with a harvest of 600 barrels of
oyster spat. In its seed-farming work
a mechanical digger using an escalator
principle, which had been tested for
clams and modified for oyster work,
was used successfully.

Ceylon

JAPANESE ENGINEERS REPORT
ON FISHING PORTS:

The team of Japanese harbor engi-
neers who visited Ceylon in February
1960 at the request of the Government
of Ceylon, has completed its report on
the potential development of a network
of small fishing ports in that country.
The report is not yet available, but it is

rect use of one or more of such activities.

Vol. 22, No. 8

understood that the locations recom-
mended as feasible are: Mutual, Galle
(east and west), Trincomalee, Jaffna,
Kalpitiya, Negombo (two ports), Point
Pedro, Mannar, Puttalam, Beruwela,
Tangalle, Hambantota, Arippu, Batticales,
and Chilaw.

Much emphasis was laid on the de-
velopment of the fishery industry in the
Ten Year Plan which incorporated the
recommendations of another Japanese
team's report made in 1958. Construction
of ports and shelters are a primary con-
comitant to the introduction of the large
number of mechanized fishing craft rec-
ommended, but implementation will be
slow because of financial limitations.
(United States Embassy, Colombo, June 3,
1960.)

Chile

FISHING INDUSTRY GRANTED
SPECIAL CONCESSIONS:

The Chilean President (Decree Law No. 266 of
March 31, 1960) authorized special concessions and
exemptions for individuals or companies engaged
in any phase of the fishery industries. The decree
law was published in Diario Oficial 24,613, April6,
1960, and became effective with publication. Con-
cessions and exemptions granted under this de-
cree-law may not extend beyond December 31,1973.

The decree law applies only to those legal enti-
ties or individuals exclusively engaged in one or
more of the following: (1) extraction, fishing or
hunting of marine resources; (2) freezing, conser-
vation, elaboration or transformation of marine
resources; (3) construction or repair of industrial
or commercial fishing boats.

Time devoted to construction and manufacture
of equipment, accessories, and materials for own
use will be considered as within these activities.

Concessions and exemptions authorized to enti-
ties or individuals engaged in one or more of those
activities are: -

(1) A 90-percent reduction in taxes on profits
and earnings including dividends distributed to
stockholders or partners. Personal Tax (Global
Complementario) or additional tax on such income
will be reduced to one-tenth, i.e. by 90 percent.

(2) A 90-percent reduction in real estate tax
and all taxes, contributions, surcharges, duties or
charges levied on land, buildings, constructions,
installations, and expansions destined for the di-
The
same concession is applicable to construction con-
tracts, approval of plans, and to permits relative
to those activities, and to rental, grant, or use of

August 1960

Chile (Contd.):

state land, beaches, shore land, and water area or
sea floor.

(3) Exemption from all taxes effecting distribu-
tion, sale, or purchase of: (a) fresh, frozen or
canned fish, whales, shellfish, crustacean, and
other marine resources except oysters, lobsters,
crabs, and sea urchins; (b) fish meal, whale meat
and bones, and fish oil.

(4) BSED Oe from tax established by Law No.
12,1201/ of purchase contracts covering the fol-

lowing: marine motors and cargo hoists; fuel and
lube oils; machinery, spare parts and accessories;
cold-storage plant equipment and machinery, spare
parts and accessories; freon gas; cold-storage units
for exhibition and sale of seafoods; tin plate and con-
tainers; sheets and other steel products for use in

construction or repair of fishing boats; nets, string,

sisal or other ropes; cables, flexible or rigid, gal-
vanized or not; and navigation and fishing equip-
ment.

(5) Exemption from "'cifra de negocios" tax
(sales tax) on contracts covering construction, re-
pair, and rental of fishing boats, manufacture of
containers for fish products, and water and elec-
tric power for specified industrial activities.

(6) Exemption of seal and stamp tax on public
deeds relative to formation, modification, reor-
ganization, capital increase or expansion of com-
panies engaged or to engage in one or more of the

specified activities related to the fisheries industry.

(7) To classify as a capital increase rather than
income differences in value derived from damage
fire and indemnization in cases of shipwreck, dis-
aster, or other risks, loss, abandonment, boarding
of ship, salvage, or through transfer of goods, pro-
vided such funds are invested within three years in
renovation, repair, or expansion of the industry.

(8) Exemption of fishing boats from cabotage
fees and taxes, lighthouse and buoy contributions,
and other maritime fees applicable to them. Fish-
ing products and boats will be granted special tar-
iffs which will be no more than 50 percent of exist-
ing rates on port charges, docking, use of wharves,
freezing plants, radio equipment, and naval aids.

(9) Profits withdrawn from a business subject
to third or fourth category income tax (Clause 12,
Article 48 b of Income Tax Law) and invested in
one or more of the specified fisheries activities
may be excluded for the purpose of Personal In-
come or Additional Tax. However, should these
funds be withdrawn before five years from date of
capitalization they will become subject to tax.

(10) Exemption from import duties, statistics,
ad valorem, storage, and all taxes and charges
and consular fees and any other contribution, de-
posit or guarantee on the following imports: fish-
ing boats of over 10 tons; machinery for exclu-
sive use of fisheries industry; nets; completely
equipped refrigerator boats, cars or trucks; ma-

1/Law 12,120 of September 7, 1956, published Diario Oficial 23,586 of
October 30, 1956, established a tax on purchase sale and barter ex-
change of certain products. The amount of the tax varies with the
various articles specified in the law.

561071 O- 60-4

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

rine motors and winches; and equipment parts and
accessories for fisheries industry.

(11) The same exemptions will be granted the
following imported products if authorized by the
Foreign Exchange Commission on basis of a rec-
ommendation from the Direccion General de Pro-
duccion Agraria y Pesquera and a statement from
the Ministry of Economy which certifies that the
merchandise is not produced in the country in ade-
quate quantity, and quality at reasonable prices:
all types of petroleum, combustibles and lubricants
for fisheries industry; equipment, machinery, and
units for freezing plants, parts, and accessories;
special refrigerator equipment, machines, and
units for exhibition and sale of frozen seafoods;
tin plate with protective varnish coating, printed
or not, for use in export of fish products; tackle,
strings, and ropes of natural or synthetic fiber,
cables, flexible and rigid, galvanized or not; and
navigation and fishing aids.

To enjoy the concessions and exemptions author-
ized by Decree Law No. 266, companies or individ-
uals must register in the ''Rol de Industrias Pes-
queras, Anexas y Complementarias'' maintained by
the Direccion de Produccion Agraria y Pesquera,
Ministry of Agriculture. Conditions and require-
ments for registration will be established by Regu-
lation.

Such companies or individuals for the first 10
years must capitalize no less tham75 percent of
profits by investment in development of said indus-
try, financing other related activities, or construc-
tion of workers! housing. The ten-year period will
begin with the first fiscal year following the grant-
ing of the privileges, and the form and conditions
by which this requirement must be carried out will
be established by Regulation.

The decree granting the privileges authorized
by Decree Law No. 266 to an individual or compa-
ny will be made a public deed and will include the
capitalization program and modus operandi for the
investment referred to above.

Fishermen's cooperatives, with recommenda-
tion of Direccion General de Produccion Agraria
y Pesquera and the Departamento de Cooperativas
de Ministerio de Economia may be granted the
privileges authorized by this decree even though
not dedicated to the lines of business specified,
provided the members are engaged in these activi-
ties.

Machinery, equipment, and materials imported
free of duty and other charges or under contracts
exempt from tax established by Law 12,120 may
not be sold or transferred as to domain, use, pos-
session or simple holding without prior authoriza-
tion of the Direccion General de Produccion Agra-
ria y Pesquera. Finished products, to be defined
by regulation, may be sold without prior authoriza-
tion.

The President may revoke at any time the de-
cree granting these privileges if, in his judgement,
any act may have been executed which constituted
an infraction of the 10-year capitalization program,
sale or transfer of machinery equipment and ma-
terials, or one or more of the requisites specified.
Companies or individuals so affected must pay all
taxes, duties, surcharges, contributions and other

48

Chile (Contd.):

charges from the date on which the exemptions
were in force, without prejudice to the sections
that might be applied.

Decree Law No. 266 met with general approval
and is considered by the industry to give fisheries
operations in Chile a new lease on life. The con-
cessions and tax exemptions granted by the Decree
Law, together with the loan program announced by
Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion will en-
able the various phases of the industry to round out
its organization to permit profitable commercial
operations. Capital has been spread thin in most
of the industry and the fleet, particularly, is in-
adequate to support industrial plants. The 13-year
period of tax relief will permit the companies and
individuals to weather the off-years and build up
their working capital, the United States Embassy
in Santiago, reported on June 11, 1960.

INCREASED FISH-MEAL
PRODUCTION BOOSTS EXPORTS:
In 1959 Chilean fish-meal production increased by 1,692

metric tons. Production in 1959 was 20,200 tons as com-
pared with 18,508 tons in 1958.

Chile’s Fish-Meal Production, Exports, and Consumption,
1957-1959

Table 1

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

A United States company has brought three fishing vessels
to Chile to conduct a training program for fishing captains
in new methods used in locating and catching fish. The United
States Operation Mission in Chile is participating. The Presi-
dent of the company has one of the boats fishing and its
catches have been satisfactory in spite of bad weather, The
training program was expected to get under way shortly.

Chile has 29 fish-meal plants, none of which have an ade-
quate supply of raw fish to maintain plant production at a
third of plant capacity, (U. S. Foreign Agricultural Service
Report of April 25, 1960, and United States Embassy report
of May 20 from Santiago.)

Ecuador

IMPORTS AND CONSUMPTION
OF MARINE-ANIMAL OILS:

Imports: Imports of marine-animal
oils into Ecuador rose sharply from1957
to 1958, but declined rapidly in1959. De-
creased amounts of liver-oilimports from
Norway in 1959 were mainly responsible
for the decline. Liver-oil imports alone,
from the United States, followed the same
pattern, increasing in 1958 and drop-
ping off in 1959.

It is expected that total imports
of fish oil, including body and liver oil,
should increase to 35,274 pounds in 1960.
An increase in total sperm-whale oil im-
ports is also anticipated--from 368 pounds
in 1959 to 882 pounds in 1960.

= Ecuador's Imports of Marine-Animal Oils by Country of Origin, 1957-1959

Commodity and Count:

Cod- or Shark-Liver Oil:

United Kingdom ..... Goo ood O26 0.0
iWest)Germianysalreielioiatenteitehic) 045300000
BONA 6 4.0.0.0'0 6 G0 00 00 O'o-0 d!0' 6 4
CostayRicalieneneticne EOC OOR Oo CO Go ad
JEU on a noe a os silelistleitalleiivileielleMelte Z 4
Tot RUE RAE aS
Sperm-Whale Oil:
West Germany ...... 6.00100 0.00 132
WnitediStatest a, mrmeaemeells A F 236
Gal OO onan oa ao aA
ALG talV AU O71s aww ea wa a
1/Revised.
2/Preliminary.

3/Includes body and liver oil.
lote:_ Values converted at rate of 15.00 sucres equal US$1.

Because of a decreased demand at home (13,868 tons were
consumed in 1958 as against only 13,200 tons in 1959), the
excess production was exported. Exports in 1959 increased
2,360 metric tons--from 4,640 tons in 1958 to 7,000 tons in
1959. Exports for calendar year 1958 to the United States
(the best customer for Chile’s fish meal) were 2,101 tons,
while during the first eight months of 1959 exports totaled
2,193 tons, This means that total 1959 exports to the United
States will be considerably greater than 1958. Exports to
West Germany totaled 1,508 tons in 1958 as compared to
1,757 tons for only the first eight months of 1959, Holland
in 1959 also became an important outlet for Chilean fish meal.

19594/

44
73 =

19582/

19573/
Pounds US$

70,450 __| 2/10, 336 53,954 3/10, 136

197

5,541 71, 764 10, 814 10, 333

Consumption: The consumption of fish
oil (about 51,000 pounds in1959), in-
cluding body and liver oil, in Ecuador is
maintaining a fairly steady level, with a
maximum fluctuation of about 4,000 pounds
during the period 1958 through 1960.
Sperm-whale oil consumption decreased
from 1958 to1959, but a partial recovery
is anticipated in 1960. (U. S. Foreign

August 1960

Ecuador (Contd.):

Table 2 - Ecuador's Consumption of
Marine-Animal Oils, 1958-1960

19601/ | 19592/ | 19583/

Species

perm whale oil ...
1/Forecast
2/Preliminary
3/Revised
Includes bod

50,706 $1, 147 47,730

and liver oil.

Agricultural Service Report, Quito,
April 19, 1960.)

SS
French West Africa

TUNA FISHING SEASON 1959/60

ENDS WITH RECORD LANDINGS:

The French West African (Senegal) 1959/60 albacore
tuna fishing season, which began on November 1, 1959,
closed on April 30, 1960, with record landings of 17,500
metric tons, This amount exceeded the goal of 16,000 tons
by about 9.4 percent. During the season 57 tuna clippers
participated in the fishery.

The tuna landings were utilized as follows: 6,500 tons
were canned for export to the French market; 3,000 tons
were sold for export to a large United States west coast
tuna canner; 3,000 tons were sold to Italy; and the balance
of 5,000 tons are due to be shipped to France for process
ing.

Despite the good season, the Dakar canneries were not
in a very favorable world competitive position, as can be
seen by the fact that France had agreed to purchase 750
additional tons of canned tuna if the canneries were able
to sell another 750 tons for export elsewhere above com~
mitments already made, which they were unable to do, An
official in the Fisheries Division of the Senegalese Ministry
of Rural Economy stated that there are several factors
which account for this. The most important is the high op~
erating cost of the canneries. Other factors are the cost of
electricity, which is 8 times as much as in France; rela~
tively low productivity; labor, which is paid higher wages
than similar Japanese and Spanish workers in fish canning;
European supervisors and technicians, who are paid high
salaries, and are needed to run the canneries; most of the
processing equipment must be imported; and the use of
relatively high-priced locally-produced peanut oil. Other
considerations are high freezing costs, and high storage
and transportation fees.

The Government and private industry have been draw~
ing up plans to lower the high canned tuna production
costs by such things as the ‘‘California’’ type factory.
The newly-created Fisheries Council had its inaugural
meeting on April 29, 1960, and discussed the 1960 tuna
campaign, the creation of a company to study the con~
struction of a large capacity cannery, the utilization of
the port freezing facilities, and the fish trade in general.
The Council also decided to create a Commission to deal
with fiscal matters relating to fisheries, trawling, tuna
markets, improved native fishing equipment, the creation
of a School of Fisheries, and the commercialization of
locally~canned products,

The rapid growth of the tuna industry in Dakar is re-
flected by the annual tonnage increase. In the 1954/55
season only 400 tons were landed. This amount increased
to 1,400 tons in 1955/56, to 7,000 tons in 1956/57, 11,000
tons in 1957/58, 12,000 tons in 1958/59, and jumped sharp~
ly to a total of 17,500 tons for the past season.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

The number of tuna clippers rose from 5 in the 1954/55
season to the present figure of 57. However, it should be
noted that the clippers were carefully chosen for the task
before being permitted to start in the fishery. This would
account for the successful 1959/60 season despite unfavor-
able weather conditions. Also, the Senegalese Government
reportedly made a great effort at restricting the number of
boats coming here from France after the bad experience of
the 1957/58 season. At that time, over 90 clippers came
and flooded the French market with tuna, and much could
not be sold.

The price of whole tuna rose from about US$128.64 per
short ton to about US$169.10 a ton landed in Dakar during
the 1959/60 season. However, the top price of $213.20 a
ton was reached in the 1957/58 season, the United States
Consulate in Dakar reported on May 12, 1960.

German Federal Republic

FISH-MEAL PRODUCTION UP
DESPITE HEAVY IMPORTS:

West Germany’s production of fish meal increased
13,000 metric tons in 1959. Production of fish meal (made
mostly from sand launce) was up 11,000 tons and herring
meal up 3,000 tons. Cod meal, however, was down 1,000
tons.

In 1959, sea and coastal waters yielded 156,000 tons of
fish as raw material to 22 plants for the production of fish
meal and oil--43,500 tons more than in 1958. Sand launce
(‘‘sanspierling’’) and herring comprised the bulk of the raw
material. Whole fish, however, accounted for only 37 per-
cent of the raw material in 1959; fish waste was the princi-
pal source of supply for fish~meal factories. Sand-launce
production (caught only for reduction purposes) rose from
52,621 tons in 1958 to 58,842 tons in 1959. Since the sand-

Table 1 - German Federal Republic!’ Fish Meal
Production, Type and Quantity, 1958-1959

Quantity

od mealY ....
erring meal .
[Fish mealY ,,

Other meal 3/ cee

O 0) O80

6070 9
600 5

[/Including West Berlin; Saarland included since July 1959.

2/Requirements um (%! cae)
Protein oe Paeeshats re Salt
60

Cedimealiss=-s00n- 18 3 3
Herring meal 8 12 8
Fish meal ... 15 8 5

3/Including production fro1

rable 2 - German Federal Republic Supply and Distribution
of Fish Meal

1959

Stocks beginning of year.....--

Production. ...-2.-++e+ee+eeee%
eee Goocd coo aieleyeleteialetslle
Total supply....---

fExports ¥/
[Domestic consumption ......--
Stocks end of year. .
[T/includes exports to Soviet Zone of Germ

‘any? 1959, 7,000 tons; 1958, 2,000 tons.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

launce season occurs at the time when raw material from
other sources is scarce, it helps to level off season fluc-
tuations in the fish~meal industry.

In addition to fish meal, the same factories produced
19,002 tons of fish body and liver oils in 1958 and 24,325
tons in 1959.

During 1959 the fish~meal market was dominated by
large and cheap imports from Peru; in fact, three-fifths of
the imports were Peruvian. This abundant supply caused
a sharp decline in prices which continued from May of
1959 into March 1960. (U.S. Foreign Agricultural Serv-
ice Report of April 14, 1960, from Bonn.)

SCRE CHES Cie CHES

KNOT FREE TRAWL NET
IN PRODUCTION:

A firm in Bremerhaven, West Ger-
many, has begun production of aknotless
ocean fish trawl net. The Director of
the German Institute for Gear Research
in Hamburg had good experience with
the trawl when it was tested on the re-
search vessel Anton Dohrn during atrip
to the Barents Sea.

The factory began its experiments in
the manufacture of a knotless trawl in
1955. While the Japanese machinery
for producing knotless gear has notbeen
able to guarantee uniform mesh widths,
the German firm has succeeded in mas-
tering this problem. It adapted a ma-
chine now used for the manufacture of
curtains, shirts, upholstery material,
etc., to plait or braid threads together
in the same manner as curtains to pro-
duce a knotless fish trawl in only three
hours. The method already has been
patented, according to the report in
Fiskaren, a Norwegian fishery trade
periodical, of June 8, 1960.

Guatemala

JAPANESE FISHING COMPANY TO
TRAWL FOR SHRIMP IN
JOINT VENTURE:

A Japanese fishing company is to
trawl for shrimp in partnership with
interests in Guatemala. The shrimp re-
sources of Central America are said to
be the world's richest, and Mexico to
the north and Panama to the south are
noted for their shrimp fisheries. In the
past 2 or 3 years the shrimp resources

Vol. 22, No. 8

off these two countries have been de-
clining, and the shrimp fishing vessels
of the Central American coast are con-
gregating on the east coast of Guatemala.

At present Guatemala does not have
any large-scale fishery facilities, but it
has been found that the coast around San
Jose has possibilities as a rich shrimp
ground. The Japanese company is send-
ing the chief of its planning section to
Guatemala to prepare for entering this
promising fishery. The company will
complete business arrangements by the
beginning of the shrimp fishing season
in November and will send one of its
trawlers for experimental fishing. Of
the Japanese company's eight medium-
size trawlers, two are oil-burning steam-
boats. These boats are unable to com-
pete in the East China Sea grounds with
modern Diesel boats, and the company
sees the Guatemala venture as a way of
using them. The company is planning on
gross sales of about 800 million yen
(US$2.2 million) annually.

On the San Jose coast of Guatemala
white shrimp are found in shallow waters,
while brown shrimp are taken in waters
about 20 fathoms deep. The shrimp are
frozen and shipped to the United States.
(The Suisan Keizai, May 22, 1960.)

Iceland

FISHERY TRENDS, 1959:

Landings: Icelandic fishery landings in 1959 for all
species were considerably higher (up 11.8 percent) than in
1958--564,407 metric tons for 1959; 505,038 metric tons for
1958.

The rich ocean perch grounds which had yielded so much
to the Icelandic fishing fleet earlier in 1959 began to fail
as the year wore on. Lacking discoveries of new banks,
the ocean perch catch during the last quarter of 1959 trailed
off to 13,692 metric tons, compared with 46,664 tons for the
same quarter of the preceding year. However, at the end of
the year there was a revival in ocean perch fisheries when
6 or 7 Icelandic trawlers, following up on the findings of
two West German trawlers, harvested good catches from
new ocean perch beds off Newfoundland. Part of the de-
crease in the ocean peren fishery, however, was accounted
for by a shift to the cod fishery. Record prices were re-
ceived for landing iced fish, mostly cod, inHullandGrimsby,
England.

Although there was some increase in the amount of her-
ring landed off the south coast, the quality of the herring was
not up to that of the preceding year’s. Contracts for salted
south coast herring deliveries to Eastern Europe were not
as great as for the preceding year. In September and Octo-
ber the herring catch was generally very poor and the quality
low. Then in early November there was a large run of her~

August 1960

Iceland (Contd.):

meal prices as a result of large exports of Peruvian and
West African meal. There was a backup of Icelandic sales
in the United States of frozen fish blocks and fillets com-
mencing in the fall of 1959. This has resulted in a smaller

part of the frozen pack being prepared for the United States
market.

Foreign Trade: The largest item in Icelandic exports
to the Soviet Union consisted of frozen fish fillets: in 1959

28,800 metric tons compared with 25,416 metric tons in 1958.)

The 1957-59 protocol of the Soviet Trade Agreement called
for 32,000 metric tons of fish fillets, Early in 1959 Icelandic
exporters reduced this amount tentatively to 26,000 metric
tons. The extraordinarily good catch led to subsequent ef-
forts, partly successful, to have the amount under contract
increased, The Soviet Union turned out to be by far the larg-
est buyer of salted herring during 1959, taking 12,384 metric
tons out of total exports amounting to 27,296 metric tons.
Soviet purchases of salted herring were about the same as
during 1958, 12,177 metric tons out of total exports of 30,523
metric tons. One of the principal declines registered in ex-
ports to East Germany was for salted herring. Whereas
nearly 5,000 metric tons of salted herring had been ex-
ported to East Germany in 1958, only 778 metric tons were
exported in 1959. The value of Polish imports of frozen

fish fillets in 1959 came to only a fifth of those in 1958,

ring around the Westman Islands. However, this herring
was not of high enough quality to use for salting. Part was
used for bait; the greater part went for meal and oil produc
tion. The bulk of the fall herring catch occurred in Decem-
ber off the west coast of Iceland. A delay in salted herring
deliveries to the Soviet Union ensued, not only due to the late
ness of the herring season and a strike of the salters, but
difficulties in getting laborers over the Christmas season,

A relatively high proportion of the 1959 south coast herring
catch went for freezing and reduction as compared with 1958,
In spite of mounting stocks of herring meal and oil, alarger
percentage of the catch went for meal and oil uses than in
the 1958 period. There was also a considerable upswing in
the amount of herring diverted to reduction during the north
coast summer herring season, when 79 percent of the 1959
summer herring catch had gone for reduction as compared
with only 44.1 percent in 1958,

Marketing: An interesting development during the last
quarter of 1959 was the increase in Icelandic deliveries of
iced fish (largely cod) to the ports of Grimsby and Hull,
England, despite difficulties closer to home with the so-
called ‘‘cod war.’’ During October only two trawlers dis-
charged their catches of iced fish in Grimsby. A third, the
Hardbakur, wascalled away when the Union of Dock Work-
ers there refused to discharge the vessel because of antag-
onistic feeling. However, this labor union was overruled by
the Labor Federation and the action was opposed by the
British Trawler Owners, as contrary to the 1956 fish land-
ing agreement with Iceland. Landings increased during the
quarter and in several cases the Icelandic ships received
almost twice as much per kilogram of landed fish in Eng~-
land as they received in Germany: ranged in December
1959 from 2.07 kronur to 3.02 kronur per kilogram (5.8-8.4
U. S. cents a pound) in Germany, whereas in England they
received during the same month from 2.35 kronur to 4.64
kronur per kilogram (6.6-12.7 cents a pound).

The value of fish on ice exported (includes direct landings
by Icelandic fishing vessels at British and German ports)
from Iceland during 1959 was about 26 million Icelandic
kronur (US$1,699,000) as compared with 17 million Ice~
landic kronur (US$1,046,000) for the year 1958. The value
of Icelandic iced fish landings in Great Britain rose from
7.6 million Icelandic kronur ($467,000) in 1958 to 10.6 Ice~
landic kronur ($652,000) during 1959 with the larger part
sold in November and December 1959. Corresponding fig~
ures to West Germany were respectively 9.9 million and
15.8 million Icelandic kronur ($609,000 and $972,000).

Year-end carryover stocks of fish products amounted to
some $16.8 million in foreign exchange value. They were
approximately 46 percent higher than at the end of 1958.
This increase was largely made up of undisposed stocks of
herring oil and meal. A large part of these 1959 stocks of
oil and meal have now been sold, but large stocks of fish
meal and oil are piling up again. The delay in meal sales
was occasioned by a general world depression of herring

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

Growing consumption in the United States of Icelandic fish
fillet blocks and frozen fillets played a large part in in-
creasing exports. Last year’s cut in the United States tariff
on frozen fish blocks of almost 50 percent undoubtedly played
a role in increasing these exports during the latter half of
1959. Exports of fish fillets to the United States rose from
18,191 metric tons in 1958 to 21,727 metric tons in 1959,
which is reported to be a record, On the other hand, the
United States dropped off sharply as an importer of Icelandic
salted herring having purchased 366 metric tons from Ice-
land in 1958, but only 22 metric tons in 1959. The value of
United States imports of cod-liver oil rose from 3.5 mil-
lion kronur (US$215,250) in 1958 to 4.2 million kronur
($258,300) in 1959, Exports to the United States of frozen
shrimp and lobster rose from 2,5 million ($153,800) in 1958
to 3 million kronur ($184,500) in 1959,

Other exports to the United States included canned fish,
fish roe, and salted cod,

Icelandic exports to West Germany dropped considerably.
The main {tems of decline in exports to West Germany con-
sisted of fish meal and herring and other fish oils, items
prominent in the carryover. Exports of fish meal to West
Germany dropped from 26.7 million kronur ($1,642,000) in
1958 to 7.1 million kronur ($436,000) in 1959, while ocean
perch meal exports declined from 15.8 million ($971,700)
to 3.1 million kronur ($190,700), (U. S. Embassy dispatch
from Reykjavik, May 13, 1960.)

se ook sk ok oe
* OK ke OK OK

FISHERIES TRENDS, MAY 1960:

The Icelandic winter codgfishing sea-
son ended in mid-May and proved to be
very favorable in all parts of the country.

The summer herring season was due
to start at the end of May. On May 23,
the management of the State herring fac-
tories and the Fishing Vessel Owners
Association proposed to the Minister for
Fisheries a price for herring for reduc-
tion of 110 kronur per 75 kilograms (a-
bout US$35 a short ton at exchange rate
of 38 kronur to US$1). This price is 10
kronur under the 1959 price. The reduc-~
tion in the price of herring for reduction
is due to the drop in herring mealprices
by 35 to 40 percent from last year. The
new price for the raw fish is reportedly
greater than the processors would obtain
for the finished product on world markets

today.

Sales of salted herring were good and
advance orders total about 220,000 bar-
rels. It is expected that the price for
herring for salting will increase slight-
ly over last year's.

What was expected to be a good lob-
ster season also began in May off the
south coast of Iceland.

The first two days of the whaling sea-
son started auspiciously May 23 and 24
with the landing of 13 whales.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

It was reported that the Norwegians
engaged in seal hunting off the north-
west coast of Iceland were earning good
money. (U. S. Embassy in Reykjavik,
May 27, 1960.)

76 OK OK OK OK

ICELANDIC FREEZING PLANTS
CORPORATION HOLDS
ANNUAL MEETING:

On May 25, 1960, the Icelandic Freez-
ing Plants Corporation, which exports
~80 percent of Iceland's frozen fish, con-
vened its annual meeting. Proposals be-
fore the group highlighted export policy.

One of the most important of the 18
proposals was to use up to 2 percent of
the ''free on board' value of fish ship-
ments for developing new markets, in-
cluding advertising cost.

Another was related to the long-
standing project to construct a storage
and processing plant in the European
Common Market area. This specifical-
ly called for approval to take a foreign
loan of US$400,000.

A third proposal sought authority for
establishment of three research labora-
tories in coastal Icelandic towns. (U.S.
Embassy in Reykjavik, May 27, 1960.)

lran

SHRIMP TRAWLERS AT
KARACHI FOR REPAIRS:

Seven 60-foot Iranian shrimp trawl-
ers were reported hauled out at the
Pakistani port of Karachi for repairs
the latter part of May this year. These
are shrimp trawlers that were pur-
chased in 1959 and transported from
the United States aboard freighters to
the Perisian Gulf to fish for shrimp for
a firm controlled by a New York City
importing and distributing firm. A
freezership also makes up part of the
fishing and freezing operation under the
control of the United States firm.

The shrimp fishing and freezing fleet
operates out of the Persian Gulf port of

Vol. 22, No. 8

Bandar Abbas, Iran, The shrimp fishing
vessels, each with a three-man crew, re-
portedly landed 1,500 metric tons of
shrimp in 1959. (United States Embassy
in Karachi, May 26, 1960.)

Japan

EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS TO
THE UNITED STATES, 1958 AND 1959:
During 1959, Japanese exports to the
United States of all marine products (fro-
zen and canned fish, marine oils, and
miscellaneous items) of 127,289 metric
tons were valued at US$75.3 million, a
decrease of 2.4 percent in quantity but
an increase of 11.5 percent in value as
compared with 1958. Frozen tuna exports
(65,482 tons) to the United States in 1959
were valued at about US$19.5 million, an
increase of 5.3 percent in quantity and
2.7 percent in value over 1958. Exports
of all marine products were higher in
1959 as compared with 1958, except for
canned tuna and marine oils.

Japan's Exports of Marine Products to the
United States, 1958 and 1959

Value
- (Metric Tons). .| . (US$1,000) .
62, 190 | 19, 479
13,727 | 10,493
2,547 | 7,542
19,590 | 23, 839

16,465 | 12,053

15,893] 1,911
130, 412 | 75, 317
ie

and cultured . .
In addition to the marine products

mentioned, a substantial amount of nat-
ural and cultured pearls was shipped to

the United States. (U. S. Embassy in
Tokyo, May 13, 1960.)

kook ook ok OK

CANNED TUNA EXPORT PRICE

NEGOTIATIONS STILL STALEMATED:

The directors of the Export Tuna Can-
ners! Association in June 1960 were
given full authority to negotiate with the
trading companies on prices and sales
methods. They met with trading com-
pany representatives on June 23 and at
the meeting a spokesman for the pro-

August 1960

Japan (Contd.):

ducers said that they would lower the
price of white meat by 50 cents a case,
but wanted to increase the price of light
meat by 20 cents. The trading compa-
nies' representatives met to discuss
this proposal on June 24, and the over-
whelming consensus was that the pack-
ers' proposal is completely unreason-
able under present circumstances.

They decided to continue to press for
a $1 cut in the white meat price and to
maintain the light meat price at the pres-
ent level. (The Suisan Tsushin, June 25,
1960.)

EXPORT PRICE FOR YELLOWFIN
TUNA UNCHANGED:

The Japan Frozen Foods Export As-
sociation and the Export Tuna Freezers'
Association held a joint yellowfin tuna
conference on June 20, 1960, to discuss
the agreed price for July. They agreed
to keep it at the same level as for the
April-June period, with a base of US$260
per short ton for 20- to 80-pound gilled
and gutted clipper-frozen fish f.o.b. Ja-
pan, and so informed the joint sales com-
pany.

It was also decided that when a pro-
ducer consigns fish to the joint sales
company, designating the trading firm
that is to handle it, and the designated
trader does not make an export contract
within 10 days, the joint sales company
will be free to sell the fish to another
trading company. (The Suisan Tsushin,
June 21, 1960.)

okie: sic sic)

PRICE FOR FROZEN TUNA
EXPORTS TO ITALY DROPS:

According to recent reports, the price
in Japan for frozen tuna for export to
Italy has been reduced to US$270 a met-
ric tonc. & f. for June to August only,
but most of the Japanese trading compa-
nies claim that the new agreed price is
still considerably above the actual mar-
ket price, which is said to be about $245-
$260 aton. For this reason, all sales
negotiations with the Italians were diffi-
cult. Informed sources point out that

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

sales conditions, which had continued
good for two years, have completel,
changed this year. (The Suisan Tsushin,
June 18, 1960.) ron

FROZEN TUNA TO BE TRANSSHIPPED
TO THE UNITED STATES
FROM THE PACIFIC:

A large Japanese fishing company is
to export about 800 tons of frozen tuna to
the United States by transshipping it from
the Fijian port of Suva. This is the first
case of transshipment export from the
Pacific.

The company's plan is to load about
600 tons of frozen albacore and yellowfin
from the current Tenyo Maru mothership
fleet operations, and about 200 tons of
frozen skipjack from the land-based op-
erations that began in May 1960 at Shamil
Island in North Borneo, aboard the No.
28 Banshu Maru and send it directly to
San Francisco and Astoria™ The Japa-
nese Fishery Agency's formal permis-
sion has already been secured, and the
Banshu Maru was expected to arrive at
Suva as early as the end of June.

The company hopes to make two or
three similar transshipments in the fu-
ture. If the practice becomes generalized,
it is certain that other operators will
make plans to transship to the United
States the products of tuna motherships
and tuna clippers through South Pacific
islands or ports around the Indian Ocean
(for example, Singapore).

The first transshipment through Suva
will all come out of the Japanese opera-
tor's quotas for yellowfin and albacore
exports from Japanese ports. (The Suisan
Tsushin, June 27, 1960.)

MORE FUNDS PROPOSED FOR U.S.
TUNA MARKET SURVEY:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion
Organization (JETPO) has at present a
representative in Long Beach, Calif., to
investigate and report on tuna fishing
conditions, auction prices, etc. There
are, however, many points that are not
clear about trends in the United States,
and there are a number of adverse con-

54

Japan (Contd.):

ditions inthe frozen tuna export trade, so
next year two more staff members will
be stationed in the United States to study
conditions in the fishery, auction prices,
and the activities of canners.

Recently negotiations have been
started with the Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry and other government
agencies concerned for budget support
for this increase, and the organiza-
tion is seeking a doubling of govern-
ment aid from the 37.7 million yen
(US$104,700) of the 1960 budget to
77.6 million yen (US$215,000) next
year.

Exports of frozen tuna to the United
States in 1959 were about 72,754 short
tons, an increase of about 48 percent
from 1956. In particular, transshipment
exports from the Atlantic Ocean have in-
creased, but there have been many prob-
lems of claims in connection with these
exports. (The Suisan Keizai, June 24,
1960.) ae

SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA CATCHES
DROP SHARPLY AFTER TYPHOONS:

The summer albacore fishery, which
was having good fishing, has been almost
brought to a halt by the effects of ty-
phoons nos. 3 and 4, and the industry
fears that the end of the season may
come without any recovery. Great hopes
had been held for this summer's fishery,
because of the poor catches of the past
two years. In mid-May the catches
picked up, and through the first 10 days
of June there were fairly substantial
landings. The low water temperature
zone on the south side of the Kuroshio
was wider than in the average year, and
the dense schools were extensively dis-
tributed around its outer boundary. How-
ever, after the passage of the typhoons
the low temperature zone became even
more greatly extended and the schools
scattered, with the result that all of the
good fishing areas disappeared.

According to reports from vessels
at sea, there are few boats that are
catching as much as 5 tons a set, and
on the average they are getting only

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

about 1 ton from a school. Consequently
the landings at Yaizu dropped off until
they were only 91 metric tons on June 20,
79 tons on the 22nd, and 63 tons on the
23rd.

Summer albacore landings for the sea-
son through June 23 are estimated at a-
round 13,000 or 14,000 tons, little more
than 20 percent of the 60,000 tons re-
quired by canners and freezers. If the
season ends as predicted, some sources
feel that prices as high as those of last
year will prevail. The ex-vessel price
on June 20 was US$353 a short ton, put-
ting the price back up to about the same
level as in May. (Suisan Keizai, June 24,
1960.)

CARIBBEAN INVESTIGATION FINDS
GREEN TUNA UNPREDICTABLE:

The findings of the Caribbean cruise
of the Japanese Fishery Agency's re-
search vessel Shoyo Maru have recently
been compiled. The Agency reports,
with regard to ways of dealing with the
green meat problem in tuna, that in yel-
lowfin the only correlation found was
with the size of the fish. Above the
weight of 88 pounds, there was found to
be a danger of green meat occurrence.
It was further reported that almost all
big-eyed tuna had green meat.

The main points of the Shoyo Maru's
report of research were as follows:

In processing of yellowfin ashore it
is held that occurrence of green meat
can be deduced from the color of the
raw fish, but in processing experiments
aboard the Shoyo Maru this was found to
be impossible. Hitherto it has been said
that green meat is likely to occur in fish
in which the meat pigment has oxidized,
but green meat appeared unpredictably
in cases where the oxidation was not dis-
tinguishable by the naked eye. Fish
weighing up to about 88 pounds were
found to be all right, regardless of the
area of capture, but off-colored fish
turned up in those of 110 pounds or
larger. This was true only for the Carib-
bean, and not one case of green meat
was seen in large fish from the North
Atlantic. The condition was unrelated
to whether the fish was fresh or frozen,

August 1960

Japan (Contd.):

but the texture of the meat was some-
what poorer in frozen fish.

Albacore from the Caribbean were
of good quality, somewhat between Japa-
nese Summer and winter albacore in
size.

It was concluded that there is a need
for biological study of yellowfin over 88
pounds in order to discover the cause of
the formation of green meat. These
large fish, even though the meat is not
green, yield a poor color after process-
ing.

There was no problem with albacore
from near the Equator; however, if proc-
essing was not done well, the color was
dark. There is a special need for de-
tailed study of albacore from the vicini-
ty of 30 degrees north and south latitude.
(The Suisan Keizai, June 25, 1960.)

FISHERY AGENCY SETS POLICY
ON TUNA IMPORTS FROM
RYUKYU ISLANDS:

In recent months the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency has been studying the prob-
able effects on the Japanese fishing in-
dustry caused by the future liberaliza-
tion of Japan's imports of fishery prod-
ucts. As regards tuna, the Agency and
the Japanese industry have been most
worried by the prospect of fish from the
Ryukyus entering Japan in considerable
quantities. These fears have been rein-
forced by the Okinawans' desire to build
up their tuna fishery, as evidenced by
their efforts to buy second-hand tuna
boats in Japan.

The Japanese fishery trade press re-
ports that an understanding on this mat-
ter has now been reached between the
Fishery Agency and the Ryukyu Govern-
ment. According to these reports, the
Ryukyuans will not take any actions that
would impair the effectiveness of Japa-
nese administrative controls over tuna
fishing and the trade in tuna products.
For its part, the Japanese Fishery Agen-
cy will approve the importation of up to
500 metric tons yearly of tuna and spear-
fishes from the Ryukyus and the exporta-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tion of 2,000 tons of tuna boats over a
five-year period.

Press comment on this development
emphasizes Japan's residual sovereignty
over the Ryukyus, stressing the opinion
that since the Ryukyus are not really a
foreign country it is appropriate for Ja-
pan to assist the development of the fish-
ing industry there. At the same time, the
Fishery Agency has made it clear that it
cannot allow direct landings in Japanese
ports by Ryukyuan tuna boats, and the
import of tuna from the Ryukyus will be
formally handled by designating tuna as
a permissible import item under the cate-
gory ''Materials from Southern Countries."
(United States Embassy report from To-
kyo, June 3, 1960.)

se ok ote Ee
aK OK Ae KOK

SALMON CATCH LIMITS FOR
LAND-BASED GILL NETTERS SET:

On June 20, 1960, the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency informed the eee Gov-
ernment and other local jurisdictions of
its policies for allocating the salmon
catch quota for land-based vessels oper-
ating within, the Japan-Soviet treaty area
south of 48° N. latitude. The Agency's
announcement relates to the 264 boats of
over 30 tons gross which have licenses
from the Minister of Agriculture.

The catch quotas are to be 33.8 metric
tons for each vessel of 30 to 39.99 tons
gross, and 39.8 tons for each vessel over
40 tons gross. Operating licenses for the
treaty area were to be issued at the boat
owner's application after June 25.

The changes in operating area limits
which had been strongly demanded by the
All-Japan Salmon Fishermen's Federa-
tion were refused by the authorities, and
a final decision was made to add to the
operating area for these vessels only the
rectangle bounded by 46°-48° N, lat. to
165°-168°935' E. long., which will be open
to land-based fishing after the first of
July. The Fishery Agency expressed the
view that no other adjustment of the fish-
ing area was possible because of the
closing of two new areas this year and
the closing of the large triangular area
east of the Kuriles last year.

The decision as to how to allocate the
catch quota of 13,500 metric tons for

56

Japan (Contd.):

land-based vessels in the treaty area
among various vessel tonnage classes
was left entirely up to the Salmon Fish-
ermen's Federation. In addition to the
264 vessels which have ministerial li-
censes, there are 151 vessels licensed
by the Governors of the Prefectures.
For the latter, the catch limits will be
9.8 metric tons for 5- to 10-ton vessels,
11.8 tons for 10- to 15-ton vessels, 19.8
tons for 15- to 20-ton vessels, and 33.8
tons for 20- to 30-ton vessels. (The
Suisan Tsushin, June 21, 1960.)

eis ERS eR EAS ELS
NORTH PACIFIC SALMON FACTORY -
SHIP OPERATIONS OFF
TO GOOD START:

The Japanese North Pacific salmon
factoryship fleets all reached their fish-
ing grounds on May 25, 1960, and began
to take on fish from nets that had been
set by the catcher boats which preceded
them. On the average, each mothership
received about 40 tons of salmon on the
25th. Of this amount as much as 80 per-
cent was red salmon, marking a good
start for the season. It was expected that
full-scale landings, with all catchers
hauling nets, would begin around May 27.
The fleet escaped the usual May storms.
(The Suisan Tsushin, May 28, 1960.)
NORTH PACIFIC SALMON FISHERY
TRENDS, JUNE 1960:

On June 21, 1960, the Japanese Minis-
try of Agriculture reported as follows on
the progress of this year's North Pacific
salmon fisheries:

The mothership fishery, as of June15,
had taken slightly under 15,000 metric
tons. This was about 27 percent of the
mothership's 54,090-ton catch quota.
Last year at the same time about 20,000
tons had been taken, but the lower catch
this year is the effect of delay in the
fleets' sailing. The over-all success of
the season would be decided by the catch
in the period beginning in late June, when
pink salmon appear.

There are no accurate reports as yet
of the operations of the land-based gill-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

net fishery, but the operators say that
the catch is about 20 percent below last
year's. However, the price is up, so the
profit situation is not too bad.

So far Japanese patrol boats have
caught four salmon boats violating regu-
lations, and the Government is going to
deal with them sternly, so as to prevent
violations in the future. The Soviets have
not yet cited any Japanese boats for viola-
tions.

The Hokkaido Fisheries Experiment
Station in mid-June released the follow-
ing on ocean conditions and fishing condi-
tions in the first 10 days of June:

Ocean conditions: Because salmon
fishing was concentrated west of 155°E.,
sea conditions east of that longitude and
off northeastern Honshu were unknown.
East of 150° E. water temperatures were
1 to 2 degrees higher than in the preced-
ing 10-day period, but there were no ma-
jor general changes.

Fishing conditions: Small salmon
boats under 7 tons gross were concen-
trated in the three ports of Kushiro, Ak-
keshi, and Hanasaki on the east coast of
Hokkaido, and pink salmon availability
was not as good as in the preceding peri-
od. Offshore there were still no boats
operating east of 155° E, Fishing was
concentrated in a zone of 42.89-46.4° F.
water temperatures extending from
149° E. northwestward to 155° E. In the
area centered around 42° N., 149°-150° E.,
small vessels in large numbers were fish-
ing for pinks and having extremely poor
luck. Most of the larger boats were con-
centrated in the area centered around
43° N., 151°-152° EB. The area centered
around 44° N., 154° E., continued to be
occupied largely by long-line boats. Pink
salmon catch rates were fair until June
14 or 15, when they became poor. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 21 and 22, 1960.)

HK AK OK OK

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON PRICE
NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT CONCLUDED:
Negotiations over the ex-vessel price
of North Pacific salmon have been under
way since early in May between the North
Pacific Mothership Council (formed of 8
salmon mothership operating companies)

August 1960

Japan (Contd.):

and the Japanese Federation of Salmon
Fishery Cooperative Associations (the
catcher boat owners! association). On
June 22, 1960, negotiations were to enter
the final stage at Tokyo. Both sides
wanted to settle salmon prices quickly,
and an agreement was expected by the
end of June.

The outstanding feature of this year's
negotiations is that both mothership op-
erators and fishing boat owners have re-
vealed their operating expenses in an at-
tempt to work out a reasonable fishprice.
At a meeting on June 20 it turned out
that the figures offered by the two sides
were based on different estimates.
Therefore, a meeting was held on June
22 for a final reconciliation of views.

In 1959, salmon prices were raised
about 11 percent above those of the pre-
vious year, and averaged for all species
about 97,000 yen (US$270) a metric ton.
This year the fishing boat operators are
again asking for an increase, because
the Japan-Soviet fishery negotiations re-
sulted in a cut in the total salmon catch
quota, and it looks as if a raise of the
average price for all species to over
100,000 yen (US$278) a metric ton will
be unavoidable. (Nippon Keizai Shimbun,
June 22, 1960.)

a
Asia csomeatoce ate

EARLY SALES CONTRACTS TO
UNITED STATES FOR CANNED
PINK SALMON DELAYED:

Generally in mid-June contracts are
made for early shipments of pink salmon
(No. 4 cansL/) to the United States, but
this year production in Hokkaido has been
light, and there are indications of an over-
all dropin pink salmon production, As a
result, there does notseem tobe any par-
ticular necessity for promoting sales to
the United States. Buyers in the United
States also are showing no haste to buy
because of prospects for increased pro-
duction in Alaska. For these reasons the
Japanese joint sales company and the
trading firms have not actively opened
sales talks. There was a strong possi-
bility that signing of sales contracts
would be delayed until July. Further-

more, there were good prospects that
1/Equal to U. S. 1-lb. can.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

sj

ul

the quantity available for early shipment
would be only about half of last year's
approximately 70,000 cases.

The beginning of packing in Hokkaido
was delayed by about one week this year
and because of high ex-vessel prices
packing was held down. There is also a
tendency to wait until late in the season
to pack No. 4 cans, due to a low profit
margin, and it is estimated that the pack
would not be on hand until the latter part
of July. It is probable that the pack of
No. 4's, including factoryship pack, will
be at most only about 150,000 cases, so
that there is little need for rushing ahead
with contracts for early shipment. It is
estimated that the US$17 price per case of
the last half of the 1959 season will be
maintained (last year's price for early
shipment was $16.75). (The Suisan Tsu-
shin, June 18,1960.) ne

Ye se oe ke oe
PS ett ot ahd

KING CRAB QUOTA INCREASED FOR
BRISTOL BAY FACTORYSHIP:

On June 21, 1960, the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency granted a 10,000-case in-
crease in the production quota of the
Bristol Bay king crab factoryship Tokei
Maru, formally raising the quota to
80,000 cases. The increase had been re-
quested some time ago by the three joint
operating companies.

In connection with this quota increase
the operators of the other Bristol Bay
crab mothership, the Shinyo Maru, had
also requested a larger production quota,
but the authorities withheld action onthat
request. The Tokei Maru was expected
to fill her original 70,000-case quota by
the end of June, and it was considered
possible that she would complete produc-
tion of the 80,000 cases by the middle of
July. (The Suisan Tsushin, June 22, 1960)

Delis) listen eee

BERING SEA FISHERY FOR BOTTOM
FISH TO BE RE-EXAMINED:

The Japanese Fishery Agency is to re-
examine its licensing policy for the Ber-
ing Sea freezership-mothership flatfish
fishery fleet and similar trawling opera-
tions due to begin in September 1960.
This re-examination will involve the con-
dition of the resources, the problem of

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

competition with the fish-meal factory-
ship-mothership fleets, and the number
of licenses to be issued this year.

This year there are already four
trawling fleets in the Bering Sea with
the fish-meal factoryships Renshin Maru,
Shinyo Maru, Gyokuei Maru, and Soyo
Maru. They have been operating for four
months and have already passed last
year's catch of 140,000 metric tons of
fish, and operations are continuing.

Beginning in September, the same
grounds will be fished by fleets pro-
ducing frozen flatfish. This year three
large fishing companies are planning to
send out a total of four such freezer-
ships--the Chiyo Maru, Miyajima Maru,
Kashima Maru, and Kyokuzan Maru.

The Fishery Agency foresees that
with the 8 fleets, plus a 9th fleet out for
arrow-toothed halibut, competition on
the fishing grounds will become sharper.
Furthermore, changes in the resources
are appearing as a result of the fish-
meal operations, and there will have to
be discussion of such questions as:
Whether or not it is all right for the in-
dustry to go ahead with its planned fish-
meal and fish-freezing operations?
What problems will come up from the
standpoint of economical operation of
the fleets? How are the fishing grounds
to be assigned? (The Suisan Keizai,
June 22, 1960.)

HE 3K ok sik Is

CATCHES OF FISH-MEAL
FLEETS DROP SHARPLY:

Of the five Japanese fish-meal fac-
toryship fleets operating this year, the
Soyo Maru and Tenyo Maru fleets are
operating northwest of St. Paul Island,
while the other three--Kinyo Maru,
Renshin Maru, and Gyokuei Maru--are
fishing in Bristol Bay. During April
and May this year each fleet was making
catches of around the planned 600 metric
tons a day, but in June a downward trend
in the catches appeared, and they were
able to take only about 300 tons a day,
some days even less.

Japanese Fishery Agency authorities
are watching the trend of the fish-meal

Vol. 22, No. 8

fleet catches closely, in connection with
the licensing of the frozen flatfish fleets,
which are scheduled to begin operating

in mid-August. They have begun an in-
vestigation of the causes of the sudden
drop in catches in June, and the prevail-
ing view is that there is a limit to the re-
source, because the fishery works on bot-
tom fish and because the fishing grounds
are limited in extent.

Taking the experience of one of the
fish-meal fleets as an example, catches
for the first 5 days of June ranged from
378 to 483 metric tons. Fromthe 6th to
the 9th they improved to between 580 and
720 tons, but from the 10th on they de-
clined again. On the 22nd the catch was
220 tons, the lowest since fishing began
at the end of April and a catch level that
was completely unanticipated. The Fish-
ery Agency will make a report and try to
devise some countermeasures, as soon
as some conclusions have been reached,
but it does not appear that the Japanese
authorities are considering cutting down
on the frozen flatfish fleets because of
the poor catches of the fish-meal fleets.

Present plans are for 6 flatfish freez-
ing fleets to operate this year, after the
salmon mothership fishing season. One
large fishing company will send out two
flatfish freezerships, and three other
companies will send out one each. In ad-
dition the mothership Otsu Maru will op-
erate in cooperation with the Hokkaido
Trawlers' Federation. (The Suisan Tsu-
shin, June 25, 1960.)

fete se ote ote
Se Sa FR oy Sk

IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON SOME
FISHERY PRODUCTS LIBERALIZED:

The Japanese newspaper Suisan Keizai
of June 23, 1960, reported the following
schedule planned by the Japanese Govern-
ment for the liberalization of imports of
fishery products: Items to be liberalized
immediately: edible frogs, frozen rain-
bow trout, fish eggs, shark fins, fish
livers; canned oysters; scallops; red,
silver, and pink salmon; tuna, mackerel,
saury, sardines, king crab, shrimp, squid,
abalone, topshells, clams, fish eggs,
crustaceans; and whale oil, harpoons,
artificial gut line, and fish nets.

Items to be liberalized within three
years: frozen tunas, broadbill sword-

August 1960

Japan (Contd.):

fish, marlins; salted and frozen salmon
and sea cucumbers; shrimp; and agar-
agar.

Items not to be liberalized: whale
meat; fresh marlins, snappers, yellow-
tail, mackerel, herring, sardines; fro-
zen cod; eggs of herring, cod, and salm-
on; dried scallops, squid, and seaweed;
and fish meal.

ok ok ok as ok

SEAWEED INDUSTRY TRENDS,
JUNE 1960:

Bidding for this year's gelidium or
agar-agar seaweed began in June 1960
at various Japanese producing areas.

In some places the price was very high.
The raw seaweed for agar-agar is com-
manding higher prices because of the
decline in production and the increase in
demand in 1959,

Last year the gelidium crop was poor,
with production on the Muroto coast of
Kochi Prefecture down by 50 percent,
and for the country as a whole down
about 20 percent. Gracilaria production
was only about one-sixth of normal in
the main producing area of Akkeshi Bay,
and for the country as a whole it was
down about 35 percent. For several
years the average annual productionhas
been about 11,578,000 pounds of gelidium
and about 8,270,000 pounds of other agar-
producing seaweeds. On the other hand,
the demand is considered to be about
16,540,000 pounds of gelidium and about
9,097,000 pounds of other kinds of sea-
weed.

The difference is made up by imports
from other countries. Until 1958 im-
ports were about 2.5 to 3.3 million
pounds, but last year imports jumped to
6.6 million pounds. Prior to 1958, im-
ports were all from Korea, but last year
seaweed was bought from countries all
over the world, anditis thought that the
problem will become quite complicated
in the future.

In 1959, a phenomenon appeared which
merits the attention of the agar-agar in-
dustry. At the city of Hachioji, the Ja-
pan Seaweed Industry Corporation built

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

a large factory. The company's produc-
tion plans are said to call for making 1.2
million pounds of agar-agar from gelidium
and 300,000 pounds from gracilaria.
Calculated in terms of raw weed, this is
nearly 5 million pounds of gelidium and
840,500 pounds of gracilaria. This new
fact poses a big problem for the produc-
ers, as to how to devise a rational and
profitable system for supplying raw ma-
terial,

It is expected from present indications
that the national production of seaweeds
this year will be 10 to 20 percent above
1959. However, demand has grown more
than this, and competition for raw ma-
terial is growing more vigorous, raising
prices with it. This raises the danger of
the processors! turning to imported ma-
terial. (The Suisan Keizai, June 17, 1960.)

se se cle sk oye

KOREAN AGAR-AGAR
SOON TO REACH JAPAN®

The agar-agar from South Korea,
which a Japanese trading firm is import-
ing for the Japan Sea and Land Products
Export Association, was expected to
reach the port of Kobe, Japan, the latter
part of June. The quantity is 150,000
pounds. The shipment was delayed be-
cause the Korean exporters asked for a
price increase, but the Japanese pur-
chasers gave ground to the extent of
US$1.25 a pound, and the deal went
through.

The Japan Sea and Land Products Ex-
port Association, in order to maintain
overseas markets for Japanese agar-
agar and expand exports, made its first
importation of 300,000 pounds of Korean
agar in 1959 and re-exported the mate-
rial. The present shipment is the sec-
ond importation by the Association. The
agar-agar will be sorted in bonded cus-
toms warehouses and then exported.

Exports from January to December of
1959 were 1,597,176 pounds, valued at
694,864,000 yen (US$1,931,722). Since
December 1959, when controls on quan-
tity and price were imposed, exports
have been as follows: December 1959,
56,159 pounds (US$79,249); January-
March 1960, 612,931 pounds (US$957,557).
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, June 24,1960.)

*k oc oe ok OK

60

Japan (Contd.):

PEARL EXPORTS IN 1959
SET NEW RECORD:

The All Japan Pearl Culture Cooper-
ative (AJPCC) in Ise City, Mie, exported
39,983 kg. (88,147 pounds) of cultured
pearls during 1959, valued at ¥8,570
million (US$23.8 million), the highest
export record in the industry's history.
This exceeded the 1958 exports by 6,400
kg. (14,109 pounds) in weight and ¥2.2
billion ($6.1 million) in value and the
industry's 1959 export goal by $3.8 mil-
lion.

The United States took 55 percent of
the export total as the largest customer,
followed by Switzerland which bought 14
percent, West Germany with 7.5 percent,
and India with 4 percent. The average
ex-factory price for export pearls
showed a fairly sound market price of
¥802 ($2.23) per momme (3.75 gr., about
0.132 ozs.) despite some overproduction.
Due to a typhoon--which killed a great
number of mother-oysters due for har-
vesting in 1960--the cooperative antici-
pated a strong market through the first
half of 1960. (United States Embassy,
Nagoya, December 28, 1959.)

ge We ve ste gle
ES hs i Ey bis

PEARL-SHELL OPERATIONS IN
ARAFURA SEA, JUNE 1960:

The Japanese Arafura Sea (off north-
ern Australia) pearl-shell fleet reached
the fishing grounds on May 23, 1960. As
of June 11, the fleet had worked one-and-
a-half tidal cycles and had gathered 59
metric tons of shell. This year the shell
is small, but the quality is extremely
good, and those concerned consider that
the limit of 415 tons will be reached.
The mothership Yamato Maru and 11
luggers worked off Port Darwin from
May 23 to June 11. Operations will con-
tinue to the end of October, with the lat-
ter part of the season to be spent in the
vicinity of Thursday Island,

The world market for pearl shell be-
gan to fall around 1955 and hit the bot-
tom last year. It is expected to recover
somewhat this year. The Japanese pearl-
shell company considers that the re-
source is in good condition, which is al-
so recognized by the Australians, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

with good shell quality, they are expect-
ing an upturn in the market. It is also
expected that there will be a favorable
effect on next year's negotiations with
Australia over the fishery. Last year
the catch limit was 375 tons, but only
346 tons were taken. This year it is
considered quite possible to take 390 to
400 tons. The fleet is scheduled to re-
turn to its base at Kushimoto about No-
vember 15. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
June 15, 1960.

FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION,
JUNE 1960:

The Shimonoseki branch of a large
Japanese fishing company has begun
work on its fourth large stern trawler,
which will be the largest in Japan. Keel-
laying ceremonies for the 1,850-gross-
ton vessel, as yet unnamed, were held
on June 18, 1960, at the company's ship-
yard. Completion is scheduled for the
end of September.

A Japanese fishing company will be-
gin construction of a 1,300-gross-ton
tuna long-liner, the Hiho Maru, on July
11 at Shimizu. The vessel will be a sis-
tership to the owner's recently-completed
Eio Maru, and will be finished around No-
vember. Particulars are: gross tonnage
1,280; length 238.5 feet; beam 37.7 feet;
depth 17.4 feet; refrigerated holds 52,900
cubic feet; maximum speed 14.5 knots;
main engine, a 1,000-hp. Diesel.

A Nagasaki shipyard has recently be-
gun construction on a 1,246-gross-ton
tuna long-liner ordered by a large Japa-
nese fishing company. This vessel is
designed to carry 4 small fishing boats,
for which it will serve as a mothership
in operations off the West African coast.
The vessel will be 219.8 feet long, 39.4
feet in beam, and will have a variable
pitch propeller. Launching is scheduled
for September 7 and completion for mid-
October. Also, a 243-gross-ton tuna
long-liner is being built for a private
owner in Yaizu.

The above vessels are included among
49 construction permits for fishing ves-
sels issued by the Japanese Fishery Agen-
cy on May 27, 1960. (Nippon Suisan Shim-

August 1960

Japan (Contd.):

bun, June 22, and Suisan Keizai, June 24,
1960.)

TRAWLER REPORTS GOOD FISHING
OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA:

A large Japanese fishing company's
1,490 gross ton stern-trawler No. 62
Taiyo Maru started fishing early in
June off the Canary Islands, off north-
west Africa. Reports reaching the own-
er's Shimonoseki offices indicate that
catches are better than expected, run-
ning 10 to 20 metric tons a day. The
catches are more than 90 percent red
snappers, with gurnards and croakers
also appearing inthe catch. The vessel
is scheduledto returnto itshome port of
Shimonoseki the latter part of August.

_. The owners say that in addition to
this vessel, the northwest African
grounds are also being fished by the
same company's No. 6 Taiyo Maru,
based at Tangier, and by the Uji Maru,
operated by another large Japanese fish-
ing company. Other Japanese trawlers
headed for the area are the No. 63 Tai-
yo Maru, which will begin fishing June
23, the Asama Maru, Tatsuta Maru, and
Seiju Maru. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
June 22, 1960.)

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT

Kuwait

SHRIMP FISHERY IN
PERSIAN GULF INITIATED:

A United States firm of New York
City in partnership with a Kuwaiti firm
has been engaged in shrimp fishing in
the Persian Gulf since the first of 1960.
Two shrimp trawlers were purchased in
Florida by the Kuwaiti firm for
US$180,000 in 1959 and were brought to
Kuwait (south of Iraq on northwest coast
of Persian Gulf) late in the year. The
captain and engineer on each boat are
American and the remainder of the crew,
an assortment of Persian Gulf fisher-
men--Persians, Arabs from the Trucial
Coast, and Baluchis.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

61

This activity has been profitable for
all the participants. Although the boats
did not start operations until the middle
of the season (August 15-April 15 in this
part of the Gulf), they caught over 240,000
pounds of shrimp which were deheaded,
frozen, and packed in five-pound cartons
on board the trawlers. The frozen shrimp
are delivered to freighters for shipment
and subsequent sale in the United States.
The local firm reportedly realized about
$150,000 in the sales and after deducting
production expenses of about $50,000
realized a gross profit of $100,000. The
United States firm, which has put out no
capital, acts solely as a selling agent in
the United States.

The United States captains of the trawl-
ers are paid $1,500 per month plus abonus
of $25 a ton of shrimp delivered. The en-
gineers are paid $800 per month and a
bonus of $15 a ton of shrimp. The crew
members are given room and board and
paid wages of about $41--considerably
above the usual rate in th® Gulf.

The shrimp trawlers fish in waters of
35-45 feet, but their range is quite limited.
They rarely go beyond 40 miles from Ku-
wait territory and, as Kuwaiti fishermen
object if they come too close to shore,
they usually remain about 8 miles from
mainland Kuwait.

The shrimp are found in considerable
quantity within the restricted area fished
and, according to the United States fish-
ermen, these waters could probably sup-
port sustained catches of over one mil-
lion pounds per year. Much of the fish,
which are caught incidentally during
shrimp trawling, is sold on the local mar-
ket. The Government will not permit its
sale for export. (United States Consulate,
Kuwait, May 31, 1960.)

Malaya

IMPORTS OF MARINE OILS, 1959:
Malaya imported 250 long tons of ma-
rine-animal oils in 1959 as compared
with 137 tons in 1958--only one ton was
exported each year. Singapore and Pe-

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Malaya (Contd.):

nang are free ports and have no import
duties on marine-animal oils. But the
Federation of Malaya full and preferen-
tial import duty on marine-animal oils
is 25 percent. (U.S. Foreign Agricul-
tural Service Report, Kuala Lumpur,
April 12, 1960.)

MARINE-OIL IMPORTS AND
EXPORTS, 1958 AND 1959:

Imports of marine-animal oils by
Mexico increased to 859 metric tons in
1959 as compared with about 680 tons in
1958. Oils imported from the United
States rose sharply--from 87 tons in
1958 to 355 tons in 1959. In 1959 the
United States was Mexico's main source
of sperm-whale oil and fish-liver oil,
and a leading source of whale oil. Prac-
tically all the sperm, cod, and fish-liver
oils shipped by the United States to Mex-
ico are re-exports.

Mexico's Imports of Marine Oils, 1958 and 1959
Product and Origin 1959

. (Metric Tons) .

Mexico

United States
Great Britain

United States
Great Britain

United States
Norway
Great Britain
Germany
Argentina

United States
Norway
Great Britain
China

The 365 tons of cod oil imported from
Norway in 1959 and the 364 tons in 1958
were responsible for Norway's position
as Mexico's main supplier of marine-
oil products.

Wool, 22,5 NO, 8

Exports of marine oils by Mexico in
1959 consisted of 100 tons of whale and
shark oil to the United States as com-
pared with 66 tons in 1958. El Salvador,
Mexico's only other buyer of marine oils,
received less than 1 ton in 1959 and none
in 1958. (U.S. Foreign Agricultural
Service Report, Mexico, April 19, 1960.)

PRESIDENT STATES POLICY ON
TERRITORIAL WATERS AND
CONTINENTAL SHELF:

The President of Mexico in his Navy
Day address on June 1, 1960, referred
to his policy concerning the natural re-
sources of the territorial waters and the
continental shelf. According to the June
2, 1960, issue of the Mexico City news-
paper Novedades, the President said:
"The resources of our territorial waters
as well as those of the continental shelf
form part of our patrimony. Their ex-
ploitation, performed by Mexicans, in
benefit of the people is a legitimate na-
tional aspiration. Consequently we shall
oppose with all energy the utilization of
such resources on the part of those who,
having the material means for realizing
it, nevertheless lack all right."

The above statement is a reiteration
of the sentiment expressed in the 1959
constitutional amendments, according to
a June 3, 1960, dispatch from the United
States Embassy in Mexico City.

7K OK OK OK OK

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, MAY 1960:

Price negotiations between the Mexi-
can fishermen's cooperatives and vessel
owners for the 1960-61 shrimp catch
were postponed in mid-May. Current
contracts were extended for a period of
90 days which were to expire August 13.
Unless agreement was reached by mid-
August, it was probable the fishermen
would tie-up the vessels.

The Carmen-Campeche price war be-
tween independent vessels continued
throughout May. The latest price in-
crease was reported on May 19 when
prices on most sizes were increased
1-3 U. S. cents a pound. Salina Cruz
prices have been unchanged for two
months.

August 1960

Mexico (Contd.):

Mid-May ex-vessel prices in U. S,
cents a pound at Carmen and Campeche
for white, pink, and brown headless
shrimp were the same for all sizes and
were: under 15 count, 80; 15-20 count,
75; 21-25 count, 70; 26-30 count, 65; 31-
35 count, 58; 36-40 count, 48; 41-50
count, 43; and 51-65 count, 36; over 65
count, 26.

Salina Cruz landings, after a drop in
April and early May, picked up towards
the end of May with boats landing be-
tween 2 and 3 tons of heads-off shrimp
for a 13-day trip.

In both Carmen and Campeche aver-
age landings were up over April. In
Carmen fishermen reported shrimp
scattered, but landings averaged around
950 pounds of heads-off shrimp for 6-8
day trips. At Campeche landings aver-
aged over 1,000 pounds per trip.

Sizes at Carmen tended to vary dur-
ing May; about 40 percent of the landings
were 30 and under count. As usual Cam-
peche sizes ran larger, about two-thirds
of the landings were 30 count and under.

Species composition of the landings
both at Carmen and Campeche fluctuated
during the month. However, at Carmen
the distribution was about 40 percent
white, 35 percent pink, and 25 percent
brown. At Campeche the landings were
about 70 percent pink with the remainder
about evenly distributed between white
and brown. (June 6, 1960, report from
United States Embassy, Mexico.)

EEL

Netherlands

MARINE-OIL PRODUCTION, FOREIGN
TRADE, AND CONSUMPTION:

Production: The Netherlands! pro-
duction of marine-animal oils decreased
from 30,277 metric tons in 1958 to 24,110
tons in 1959 due to the drop in whale oil
production in 1959.

The production of refined and refined
hardened oils from fish and marine-ani-

561071 O- 60-5

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

mal oils increased from 54,426 metric
tons in 1958 to 60,745 tons in 1959,

Table 1 - Netherlands Production of Marine-
Animal and Fish Oils, 1958-59

1959

Second] Third! Fourth Total | Total
(Metric¥ ons) Siemens menos

999} 2,502) 1,189) 5,216) 4,425
1887.8) eee L = ele

1 2
19,778} 2,502

= 1 =
1, 189 [24, 111 [30, 277

Exports: In 1959 the Netherlands ex-
ported 8,537 metric tons of processed
fish and marine-animal oils as compared
with 7,368 tons of crude.

Table 2 - Netherlands Exports of Fish Oils by
Type and Area of Destination, 1959

Destination

Common market and
associated countries...

Other O.E,E.C. countries
and associated areas...

Other countries

awe wetieMieite=ews

ehohetelets

Imports:
cent of the Netherlands marine-animal
oil imports in 1959; other fish oils 33 per-

Whale oil comprised 63 per-

cent and sperm oil only 4 percent. The
import pattern for all fats and oils is ex-
pected to remain unchanged.

Table 3 - Netherlands Imports of Marine-Animal and
Fish Oils by Type and Area of Origin, 1959

Origin
isn

(Common market and

associated countries...
Other O.E,E,C. countries

and associated areas
British Dominions. ....
Other countries
|B Total ese eee

Consumption: The use of sperm oil
for technical purposes decreased slight-
ly from 2,378 metric tons in 1958 to
2,285 tons in 1959; the quantity of ma-
rine-animal and fish oils used for techni-
cal purposes remained relatively stable--
837 tons were used in 1958 and 830 tons
in 1959. (U. S. Embassy at The Hague,
May 16, 1960.)

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Nicaragua

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
MARCH 1960:

Exports of shrimp from Nicaragua
during the first quarter of 1960 amounted
to about 110,000 pounds. Practically all
the shrimp exports during the first quar-
ter of 1960 were made from the port of
El Bluff on Bluefields Island by the
French shrimp fishing, freezing, and
processing company which was estab-
lished in 1959.

During 1959 shrimp exports (about
96 percent to the United States) totaled
445,854 pounds. This total compares
with 610,086 pounds, valued at
US$319,321, exported in 1958; and only
2,784 pounds, valued at $1,325, in 1957.

The French-owned shrimp fishing
and processing company in Bluefields
is expected to have a permanent freez-
ing and processing plant completed in
July this year. The new plant will have
a processing capacity of about 30 tons
of shrimp per day and a storage capaci-
ty of 200 tons. Future plans call fora
work force of 150 and a fleet of 60 fish-
ing and auxiliary vessels. (United States
Embassy, Managua, May 3, 1960.)

Norway

HERRING AND LOFOTEN
COD FISHING POOR IN 1960:

The Lofoten cod fisheries season
which ended in May yielded the second
poorest catch since the war. According
to preliminary figures, it totaled about
37,000 tons, with an ex-vessel or first-
hand value of Kr. 37 million (US$5.2
million), compared with the lowest post-
war catch of 33,841 tons in 1958. Un-
favorable weather and the prohibition of
seine fishing in the Lofoten fisheries
during the last two years were mainly
responsible.

The winter herring fisheries also
had exceptionally poor results this year,
withatotalcatch of 2 million hectolitres
(186,000 metric tons), just over 50 per-
cent of last year's catch and the small-
est since the war. This is the thirdcon-

Vol. 22, No. 8

secutive year that the winter herring fish-
eries have been considered a failure. (Ca-
nadian Foreign Trade, June 18, 1960.)

TASTELESS AND ODORLESS

HERRING FLOUR DEVELOPED:

A method for producing herring flour
withno taste or odor whatsoever, intended
to be mixed 1-10 with grain flour for
baking bread and rolls, has been per-
fected by the Norwegian Fishery Direc-
torate's Ocean Research Institute in Ber-
gen. (News of Norway, May 26, 1960.)

OK OK oe oO

TO EXTEND FISHING LIMIT
TO 12 MILES:

In a statement to the Norwegian Parliament on May 13,
the Foreign Minister deplored the failure of the recent 88-
nation conference on the Law of the Sea, at Geneva, to reach
agreement on new universal limits for territorial and fish-
ery zones. Under the circumstances, he said, the Govern-
ment sees no alternative but to make the necessary prep-
arations for extending Norway’s fishing zone from 4 to 12
miles. This move is designed to provide better protection
for coastal fishermen against the damage to fixed gear
wrought by foreign trawlers year after year, and thus assure
the livelihood of Norwegian fishermen in the future,

Foreign fishing vessels are now barred from a zone de-
limited by a series of straight lines drawn 4 miles from,
and parallel to, so-called base lines between extreme points
of North Norway.

The Foreign Minister said the Government was aware that
extension of the fishing limit might cause serious difficulties
for foreign fishing vessels now operating in Norwegian wa-
ters between 4 and 12 miles. To make it easier for these
fishermen to adjust to the new situation, the Government is
willing to begin negotiations with other countries on reason-
able transition arrangements. Whether such negotiations
should be conducted on a bilateral basis with individual for-
eign countries, or multilaterally with a group of countries,
is a question that has not been decided as yet.

The Foreign Minister stressed that the Norwegian Govern-
ment has always advocated that solution of the territorial and
fishery zone questions should be sought through international
agreement, with the greatest possible participation. Fisher-
men’s organizations have repeatedly demanded that the fish-
ing limit be extended to 12 miles, and each time the Govern~
ment has urged patience while the United Nations was seeking
a global solution. Now, however, the Government feels that
it would no longer be justified in postponing the extension.

The Norwegian delegation to the 1960 conference in Ge-
neva was instructed to support the Canadian proposal call-
ing for a territorial sea limit of 6 nautical miles and an
adjacent 6-mile fishing zone. Norway’s shipping and avia~
tion interests, the Foreign Minister declared, make it de-
sirable that territorial waters in all parts of the world be
limited as much as possible, and not exceed 6 miles, at any
rate. The interests of Norwegian fishermen, on the other
hand, require the opportunity to establish a 12-mile wide fish-
ing zone, with exclusive rights for fishermen of the coastal
state. To be sure, the interests of Norwegian whalers, seal-
ers, and deep-sea fishermen operating off the coasts of other
nations pull in the opposite direction. But, on the basis of an
over-all appraisal, one must say that Norwegian economic in-
terests are best served by a fishing zone of 12 miles.

At a later stage of the conference, Norway decided to back
the compromise worked out between the Canadian and the U-
nited States proposals. This called for a territorial sea of 6
miles, plus an adjacent 6-mile fishing zone, with a 10-year

August 1960

Norway (Contd.)

period for liquidation of so-called traditional fisheries con-
ducted by foreign fishermen in waters between the 6 and 12
mile limits. Norway was one of the 54 nations which voted in
favor of the compromise proposal. Unfortunately, this failed
by one vote to receive the necessary two-thirds majority.

‘“‘The negative outcome in Geneva,’’ the Foreign Minister

told Parliament, ‘‘is a regrettable defeat for efforts to clarify,

codify, and develop international law. As a result, there will
continue to be doubt and uncertainty regarding the width of the
offshore waters that a state, according to international law,
can subject to its own sovereignty, wholly or partly. This un-
certainty will give rise to disputes, which in some instances
may lead to serious conflicts. The continued doubt about in-
ternational rules in this important area is especially unsatis-
factory for such a small country as Norway. Because of our
weak position in world politics, we are obligec to seek pro-
pectin for our economic interests on the sea in rules estab-
lished by international law,’’ he declared. (News of Norway
May 19, 1960.) ar

be Se

VESSEL OWNERS! ASSOCIATION
PROTESTS 12-MILE FISHING LIMIT:
The chairman of the Norwegian As-
sociation of Fishing Boat Owners (rep-
resenting fishing boat owners in south
and west Norway that carry on ocean
fishing off the coasts of Greenland, New-
foundland, the Faeroes, etc.) has stated
to the press that his Association will
protest against the Norwegian Govern-
ment's announced intention to extend the
national fishing boundary to 12 miles.
He is reported to have stated that simi-
lar action can be expected by other nations
inthe North Atlantic area, which will mean
the exclusion of the Norwegian high-
seas fishing vessels from their tradi-
tional areas of operation and that the 12-
mile limit being enforced by Iceland had
already created serious problems for
the Association's members. (United
States Embassy, Oslo, May 27, 1960.)

o

FISH OIL IMPORTS, 1958 AND 1959:

Imports of hardened fish oil by Pak-
istan decreased from about 108,800
pounds in 1958 to about 41,000 pounds
in 1959, while the imports of other fish
oils increased from 16,900 pounds in
1958 to 562,800 pounds in 1959.

Pakistan

In 1959, imports of 12,300 pounds of
hardened fish oils from Norway were
down sharply from the 106,600 pounds
imported in 1958. However, Norway's

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

Pakistan's Imports of Fish Oils, 1958-1959
Product 19594/ 1958
. (In 1,000 Lbs.2/) .

Fish Oil (hardened):
West Germany
IMME Log o Bon 6 ois om o

United Kingdom .

T

1/Estimated.
2/Original data in quintals converted to pounds at 1 cwt =
112 pounds. —|

exports of other fish oils to Pakistan
jumped from zero in 1958 to about
563,000 pounds in 1959. (U.S. Foreign
Agricultural Service Report, Karachi,
April 18, 1960.)

eS
Peru
*»
ANCHOVY FISHERMEN DISPUTE
WITH REDUCTION PLANTS
DECLARED ILLEGAL:

Peruvian plant and vessel owners
have refused to meet demands of an-
chovy fishermen for a specified price
per ton for anchovy and for social bene-
fits. The Government declared the dis-
pute illegal on May 21, 1960, and under
this decision, fishermen must return to
work or employers may replace them
without legal obligation. The fishermen
were due to return to work May 27, for
a 25-day period, during which they in-
tend to request reconsideration of their
demands. (United States Embassy, Lima,
May 27, 1960.)

Philippines

IMPORTS OF FISH OILS, 1959:
Total fish oil imports by the Philip-

“pines decreased to 154,600 pounds in

1959 as compared with 168,700 pounds
in 1958. However, imports from the
United States increased from 19,400
pounds in 1958 to 30,400 pounds in1959.
More was also received from Japan and
other nations, but imports from Norway
and Western Germany were off appreci-

66

Philippines (Contd.):

Philippines! Imports of Fish Oils by
Country of Origin, 1958-1959

~ (1,000 Lbs.) .
30.4

ably. (U. S. Foreign Agricultural Serv-
ice Report, Manila, April 18, 1960.)

cy oa Dash fh
He GR SPs she hs

CANNED SARDINE BIDS RECEIVED
COMPLY IN PART WITH
LABELING REQUIREMENTS:

Because Japanese suppliers were at
first unwilling to comply with the Philip-
pine National Marketing Corporation's
(NAMARCO) labeling requirements, a
NAMARCO spokesman reported that Jap-
anese sardines would be boycotted in
favor of United States or South African
brands. This statement seemed to be
borne out later when a special invitation
to bid for 80,000 cases was issued for
"American and South African Sardines
Preferred."

Eight bids were received at the spe-
cial opening on June 29, 1960, five of
which were nevertheless for Japanese
sardines, one for American, and two for
South African. The price spread for all
bids received was only 7 U.S. cents per
case of 24 cans except for the Califor-
nia sardines which were US$9.00 per
case c.i.f. Manila compared with $7.53
to $7.60 for the other bids. All bidders
complied in the same manner to the
marking requirements by agreeing to
emboss the word NAMARCO on the top
of the tins only, but not on the bottom.
Each Japanese supplier quoted two
prices--one with the lids embossed, and
one without the embossing at five cents
a case less.

NAMARCO officials consider it a
victory that the Japanese gave in on the
embossing requirement. Undoubtedly
Japanese firms will get at least part of
the business because no single bidder

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

offered more than 20,000 cases. (United
States Embassy, Manila, July 1, 1960.)

me OK OK OK OK

LABELING OF CANNED GOODS
IMPORTED BY NATIONAL
MARKETING CORPORATION:

The new management of the National
Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO), a
government entity, prescribed new rules
regarding labeling of goods which it im-
ports starting with Invitation to Bid No.
2, dated April 22, 1960. This invitation
requires that labels, whether imprinted
or lithographed, should have a red, white
and blue background with the identifying
marks superimposed. The word
"NAMARCO" must be embossed on top
and bottom of tins and other containers.
Extra labels equivalent to 1 percent of
the total quantity ordered shall accom-
pany the shipment, free of charge, in
cases where the label is not lithographed
on tins.

Prescribed labeling designs are at-
tached for each commodity covered in
the invitation--corned beef andtwo types
of sardines. In addition to being em-
bossed on the top and bottom of eachtin
container, the name NAMARCO must
appear in large letters on the sides of
the cans, with the result that the trade
name is rather dwarfed in comparison.

NAMARCO officials stressed that
this new plan is not an attempt to elimi-
nate commercial labels completely and
replace them with NAMARCO labels,
but rather that the NAMARCO legend will
be emphasized, while the personality of
the brand will remain.

Already, however, NAMARCO is
having difficulty with Japanese sardine
suppliers over this new marking re-
quirement. The Japanese claim that they
cannot stamp the cans after the sardines
have been packaged. They also state that
they will not stamp them during the pack-
aging process without a firm contract
supported by a letter of credit from
NAMARCO because of the danger that
NAMARCO would not take all cans so
marked, leaving the packers with sar-
dines in NAMARCO tins which could not
be sold elsewhere.

August 1960

Philippines (Contd.):

Representatives in the Philippines of
major United States suppliers have ex-
pressed the same position privately and
indicated their bids will all be subject
to a waiver of the labeling requirements.
Philippine press indicated some United
States suppliers would comply. (United
States Embassy, Manila, May 18, 1960.)

eo
“o)-

Ne
Portugal

SARDINE FISHERMEN SIGN
WAGE AGREEMENT FOR 1960:

A wage agreement for 1960 was
signed on April 26, 1960, following ne-
gotiations between Government repre-
sentatives and delegates of the sardine
fishing organizations. Details of the
1960 agreement were not published as
of May 13, but it is understood that the
terms of the agreement were about un-
changed from those established for the
Matosinhos fishermen in 1959. During
the negotiations on the wage agreement
various pending problems of the 15,000
sardine fishermen were resolved, the
United States Consul at Oporto reported
on May 13, 1960.

Surinam

FISHERIES TRENDS, MAY 1960:

Fish consumption is important in the
Surinam diet. According to estimates
of the Fisheries Service, per capita con-
sumption of fresh fish is about 42.1
pounds as compared with 15.2 pounds of
fresh meat. In addition, important quan-
tities of dried, smoked, and salted fish
are consumed. Domestic production of
fishery products does not meet total de-
mands and in each of the past two years
fish and fish products valued at over
US$530,000 were imported. Landings
of fish and small shrimp (seabob) for
domestic consumption is estimated at
about 4,000 metric tons (8.8 million
pounds) of which about 3,600 tons are
sold in markets and about 400 tons are
caught and consumed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

The Government's fisheries develop-
ment program aims at doubling the do-
mestic production by 1965. Some 700-
800 fishermen are estimated to be em-
ployed more or less full time in the do-
mestic industry. The fishing areas
are limited to the rivers, creeks,
Swamps, and estuaries of the coast-
alarea. Primitive fishing methods are
used exclusively. The small native ca-
noes are not seaworthy or adequate for
offshore fishing operations. While pro-
duction can probably be moderately in-
creased by present methods, any major
expansion would doubtless depend upon
offshore fishing with modern trawlers.
The possibility of introducing
trawlers for bottom fishing is be-
ing studied.

Surinam!'s only substantial export of
fishery products is large offshore shrimp.
The shrimp are caught by trawlers off
the coast of Surinam and frozen and ex-
ported by a firm which has an exclusive
export right. In 1959, shrimp valued at
$270,000 were exported as compared
with about $82,000 in 1958. Shrimp land-
ings and exports in 1960 are expected to
be considerably above those of 1959. In
early 1960 the shrimp exporting firm
gave up its exclusive export rights to
fishery products other than shrimp, in
return for which it obtained certain con-
cessions including authority to improve
and expand its plant facilities. With the
early completion of an ice plant it ex-
pects to be able to service an expanded
fleet of trawlers. About 9 trawlers were
in operation during May 1960.

Shrimp are being fished in the waters
off the Surinam coast by trawlers based
in British Guiana and Trinidad as well
as those based in Surinam's port of Par-
amaribo. (U.S. Consulate in Paramari-
bo, May 31, 1960.)

SCORE

Spain

FIRST FISH FACTORYSHIP
UNDER CONSTRUCTION:

Spain is in the process of building its
first fish factoryship Maclina de Ciriza.
The 4,300-ton vessel will be capable of

68 COMMERCIAL

Spain (Contd.):

catching and processing about 3,000 met-
ric tons of fish which will be filleted and
quick-frozen on board, according to
Dansk Fiskeritidende, a Danish fishery
trade periodical (Fiskets Gang, June 2,
1960.)

Sweden

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION
IN LAKES UNDER STUDY:

A Swedish west coast fishery research
scientist for some years has been en-
gaged in investigating the effect of the
radioactive outflow from atomic reac-
tors on water in Sweden. During a four-
months trip in1956 to Englandand United
States, he studied the biological problems
that the utilization of atomic power has
created.

FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

(United States Consulate, Goteborg, May
24, 1960.)

CANNED FISH EXPORT CONTRACT
WITH EAST GERMANY SIGNED:

The Swedish Fish Canners' Associa-
tion has signed a contract with East Ger-
many providing for export of canned fish,
such as canned herring and anchovy, val-
ued at 2,800,000 crowns (US$540,400).
The contract was signed at the Swedish
Industries Fair, where East Germany
for the first time was participating with
an official exhibit. (United States Con-
sulate, Goteborg, May 24, 1960.)

se) Kk Kh k= Sie) isis:

FISH AND SHELLFISH
LANDINGS, 1958-59:

The Swedish fishing fleet landed
250,062 metric tons of fish and shell-
fish at home and abroad in 1959, an in-
crease of 16 percent as compared with

Table 1 - Fish and Shellfish Landings by Swedish Fishermen (Including Landings in Foreign Ports), 1958-59
Species errs Nae
z [19591988 _[ 1959 T1988] 1009 se
. - (Metric Tons) « (SW. 1, 000) - - (US$1,000). .
\Herring, and Baltic Herring:
Elerningie ane nee tone enon citrine wre 116, 307 97,112 54, 847 50, 350 10,596 9,728
19,721 19, 370 11,078 10, 511 Dy, 140 2,031

Baltichherringivswstiatice sits Wet tllcircmtett stam Ano
To

coer e

Other (including shellfish)
lot specified
ndustrial fish

41, 832

lote: (1) Prelimina data.

The Swedish scientist is now studying
the biological effects of the radioactivity
level in Lake Tvaren, which serves as
the outlet for the atomic research insti-
tution at Studsvik. This check will be
made by the Swedish Fisheries Board
and the Radio Physical Institution, the
latter is the top organization in Sweden
concerned with protection from radio-
activity. Similar control is also planned
for Lake Magelungen, the outlet for the
Agesta reactor, which will be Sweden's
first atomic reactor for industrial use.

136,028 | 116,482 | 65,925 | 60, 861 12,736 11,758

i 250, 062 215, 206 = 257 149,070 = 155 28 a
1/Includes: flatfish - 3,027 tons; eel - 2,239 tons; salmon - 1, 305 tons; shellfish - 4,797.
2 Values warmer at rate of pte Sw. Kr. equals US$0, 193;

the 215,206 tons landed in 1958. The
landings include fish for industrial pur-
poses, such as for fish oil and fishmeal.
This category represented over 16 per-
cent of the total landings at home and
abroad in 1959, and has in late years
made up an increasing share of the total
Swedish fish landings.

Landings at Swedish ports made up
67 percent of the total landings, while
the remaining 33 percent were landed
in Denmark, West Germany, and Great

August 1960

Sweden (Contd.):

Britain. Compared with 1958, the do-

mestic landings increased by 14 per-
cent and the foreign landings by 21 per-
cent.

Table 2 - Fish and Shellfish Landings in Swedish Ports, 1958-59

Quanti Value

- - (Metric Tons). . | . (SW. Kr. 1,000) .] . . (US$1,000)..

Te he ae ee 30,632 | 28,016 | 5,918 5,413
eto W ele afelNelielleienielleMellslialis 11,078 10,511 2, 140 2,031

ae oop oo op ane nao Om 41,710 38, 527 8,058 7,443
16, 815 17, 163 3, 249 3, 316

4,489 5,221 867 1,009

1,917 1,754 370 339

2,720 3,019 526 583

3, 308 3,917 639 757

29, 249 31,074 6,003

5,987 6, 317 1, 157 1,220

3,700 3,572 715 690

39,566 32, 695 7, 644 6, 317

4,754 5,087 918 983

: 21,111 11,533 3,652 2, 143 706 414
:

‘t/Includes: flatfish - 2,965 tons; eel - 2,239 tons; salmon - 1, 305 tons; shellfish - 4,797 tons.

Note: Values converted at rate of one Sw. Kr. equals US$0. 1932.

The total value of the 1959 landings,
including fish for industrial purposes,
amounted to US$31.3 million as com-
pared with $28.8 million in 1958, an in-
crease of 9 percent. Landings in foreign
ports accounted for the largest part of
this increase and the total value of the
foreign landings increased by 13 percent,
while the landings in Sweden increased
by 8 percent.

Total landings in Sweden increased
from 148,438 tons in 1958 to 168,932
tons in 1959. The increase originates
from the West and East Coast areas,
where the landings increased by 25 and
3 percent, respectively, while the land-
ings on the South Coast dropped by 6
percent.

The total quantity of fish landed in
foreign ports by Swedish fishermen in
1959 amounted to 81,093 metric tons as
compared with 66,768 tons in 1958. The
larger part, or almost 70,000 metric
tons, was landed in Danish ports. Of
those landings, herring comprised 61
percent, while industrial fish made up
almost 30 percent. Landings in West
Germany and Great Britain also con-
sisted chiefly of herring.

The total value of the foreign land-
ings in 1959 amounted to 33,639,000

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

crowns (US$6.5 million), compared with
29,655,000 crowns ($5.7 million) in 1958.
Bighty-one percent of the total value of
the 1959 landings abroad came from Den-
mark, while 14 percent came from West
Germany, and 5 percent from Great

Britain, as compared with 90, 5, and
5 percent, respectively, in 1958.

The average price for fish landed in
Sweden in 1959 (excluding industrial fish)
amounted to 0.85 crown a kilo (7.4 U.S.
cents a pound), the same as in 1958. The
average price for the 1959 catch (includ-
ing landings inforeign ports but excluding
industrial fish) was somewhat lower than
in 1958--0.74 crown a kilo (6.5 U. S.
cents a pound) in 1959 as against 0.76
crown a kilo (6.7 U. S. cents a pound) in
1958. The average price for herring
landed in Swedish ports was 0.48 crown
a kilo (4.2 U. S. cents a pound), some-
what higher than the 0.46 crown a kilo
(4.1 U. S. cents a pound) for herring
landed in foreign ports by Swedish fish-
ermen. (United States Consulate at
Goteborg, May 18, 1960.)

eK OK

FISHERMEN HOPE TO REACH AN
AGREEMENT WITH NORWAY
ON 12-MILE LIMIT:

Swedish west coast commercial fish-
ermen have hope of reaching a bilateral
agreement with Norwegian authorities
which will permit Swedish trawlers to
fish up to 4 nautical miles off the south
coast of Norway and up to a level with
Lindesnes. This optimism was expressed

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sweden (Contd.):

by an official of the West Coast Fisher-
men's Central Association when queried
by the Goteborg press about the an-
nouncement made on May 13, 1960, by
the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs to the effect that Norway will es-
tablish a 12-mile fishing limit.

The Swedish fishery official was also
quoted as saying that the matter chiefly
concerns Swedish shrimp fishermen
from the northern part of the province
of Bohuslan. These fishermen would
lose catches valued at about 5 million
crowns (about US$965,000) yearly if
they were barred from their customary
fishing grounds by a Norwegian 12-mile
limit.

In occasional years, Swedish fisher-
men also fish for sprat and herring with-
in 12 miles from the Norwegian south
coast. It is very seldom, however, that
Swedish fishermen come inside the 12-
mile zone off the Norwegian west coast.

The Swedish fishery representative
also said that through his contact with
the Norwegian fishery associations he
had learned that Norwegian west and
north coast commercial fishermen had
pressed for a 12-mile limit. The Nor-
wegian south coast fishermen, however,
had no desire to drive Swedish fisher-
men from their traditional shrimp fish-
ing grounds, the United States Consul
at Goteborg reported on May 17, 1960.

He OK OK OK

FISHING INDUSTRY AND EUROPEAN
FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:

The Swedish fishery industry today
is facing changes that may be of deci-
sive importance to its continued devel-
opment, according to the economist of
the West Coast Fishermen's Central
Association writing in Svenska Vastkust-
fiskaren (‘Swedish West Coast Fisher”),
the organ of the association.

In depicting what he terms ''the mud-
dled situation,'' he cites as character-
istic the dissolution of the 1954 Govern-
ment fishery investigation committee,
the principal reason for this action be-

Vol. 22, No. 8

ing that the European Free Trade Associ-
ation (EFTA) had become operative on
July 1 of this year, and will affect the
Swedish fishery industry to an extent
which cannot yet be foreseen.

The committee, the economist says,
agreed unanimously that a price regu-
lating system for fisheries was also neces-
sary in the future. This question, he
says, will now be investigated by the
Swedish Board of Agriculture, which has
been commissioned by the Minister of
Agriculture to examine the matter of
preparing such a price regulating system,
in collaboration with representatives of
the fishery industry and other interested
parties.

In discussing the impact of the es-
tablishment of the free trade area on
Swedish fisheries, the economist citedas
the most immediate consequence the
circumstance that on July 1 this year
the import fees for frozen fish fillets
were reduced by 20 percent as well
as the customs duty on canned fish, while
at the same time new global contingents,
intended to facilitate imports, were in-
troduced for frozen fish fillets, spiced
sprat, etc., which are not subject to any
fees.

In looking ahead the economist can
only envisage that the free trade area
means ''disturbing prospects" for the
Swedish fishing industry. His fears are
based mostly on the fact that the free
trade area includes Sweden's two largest
fish suppliers, namely Norway and Den-
mark.

His only solution is that the fishery
industry must demand that the authori-
ties give the industry financial compen-
sation through price-regulating funds or
appropriations of other kinds. He re-
called that at the end of April this year
the government submitted a proposition
to the Riksdag (Congress) including an
allotment of 25 million crowns (US$4.8
million) to the regulating associations
of agriculture to cover costs in connec-
tion with the reduction of certain agri-
cultural raw material to world market
prices, made necessary by EFTA. It is
anticipated, he says, that further meas-
ures may be required. On behalf of the

August 1960

Sweden (Contd.):

West Coast fishery industry he has dis-
cussed the question with the Board of
Agriculture, but there is no result as
yet, he reports.

He also points out that the Swedish
fishery industry, in addition to being a
member of a free trade group which in-
cludes the industry's most serious com-
petitors, has at the same time been left
standing outside the European Common
Market which includes some of the in-
dustry's largest customers, principally
West Germany.

| ae

PSS cen 2/6,000 | 1,500 | 7,500 2/5, 744 471 7,215
! 1, 650 Be 525 | 8,000 | 30,175 | 1,583 | 22,395 5569 31,547
100 11,044 | 3,130 | 14,274 11,569 3, 630 15,299

2 eee as hydro

It is now evident, he says, that as
early as at the turn of the year the six-
state Common Market will begin build-
ing an outer customs barrier affecting
herring and fish, among other things.
He cannot foresee at the present time
to what extent this will affect Sweden's
direct landings as well as commercial
exports, but it is hardly an exaggeration,
he says, to characterize the prospects
as disturbing.

The bright aspects of the picture, as
seen by the economist, are that the Swed-
ish fishery industry is at present under-
going a rationalization which will in-
crease its international competitive pow-
er, and the West Coast fishermen have
established powerful trade and economic
organizations through which they have
mediums that will look after their inter-
ests. (United States Embassy, Goteborg,
report of June 1, 1960.)

oe ok Ok OK Ok

MARINE-OIL PRODUCTION, FOREIGN
TRADE, AND CONSUMPTION:
Production: For the marketing year
ending August 31, 1960, it is estimated
that Sweden's production of fish-liver oil

Table 1 - Sweden's Supply and Disappearance of Edible Marine Oils for Marketing Years
1958/59-1959/60 (Ending August 31)

Estimated 1959/60

Fish-Liver Whale Fish ae Hives
Poa | Nene | ot | tee [PR]

; 1,750 9 569 a 620 51,949

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW fia

will be 750 metric tons; for fishoil, 2,000
tons. Compared with the 1959 marketing
year, this indicates a relatively stable
production (table 1).

Exports: Slight change is indicated in
Sweden's marine-oil exports, as it was
estimated that Sweden would export 6,000
metric tons of whale oil in the 1960 mar-
keting year as compared with 5,744 tons
in the 1959 marketing year; 1,500 tons of
fish oil in 1960 as compared with 1,471
tons in 1959 (table 2).

Imports: In 1959, the United States
was Sweden's greatest single source of

1, 683 39,708 12, 670 54,061

This situation

marine fats and oils.
should continue, as a new demand has
beencreated for oils with a high percent-
age of unsaturated acids and United States
menhaden oil is included among them.

Table 2 - Sweden's Exports of Marine Oils by Type and
Country of Destination, Calendar Year 1959

pe and Origin

zy

Sweden received 16,927 metric tons of
marine fats and oils from the United

States in 1959. The bulk of marine fats
and oils imported by Sweden in 1959
were refined products, however; con-
siderable amounts of whale oil and her-
ring oil were imported unrefined.

Marine-oil imports by Sweden in
marketing year 1960 are expected to
increase Slightly.

72

Sweden (Contd.):

Consumption: During the 1959 mar-
keting year ending August 31, a total of
25,689 metric tons of marine oils were
used for food as compared with 5,858
tons used for technical purposes. Mar-
garine production consumes the bulk
(25,350 tons) of the marine oils in Sweden,
and increased use of marine oils can be
anticipated as margarine production is
expected to increase by 7,000 tons in
1960. The balance of the marine oils
used for food are used in baking, fat
emulsions and mayonnaise, and frying
fats.

Table 3 - Sweden's Imports of Marine Oils by Type and
Country of Origin, Calendar Year 1959
Hype and Origin Quantity

Metric Tons

hale Oil, Raw:
The Netherlands

2 0 e+ © © © © © oe ee eo eo

956
5,102
6,058

ee + 6 6 © © © 6 © © 6 2 2 2

cece ee ee se oe oe ew ww

oe 2 + 6 + © © 6 2 oe © © ce 8

se © © © © © © © © © © eo ee eo

ee » 6 © © © © 6 + © © © eo 2 ©

Ce ee

oe + 6 + © © © es ee 0 eo

Western Germany
IEW 65 G0 bin Goo 00000 O60 6
United States
Denmark

eoce ee eee ee eo

ee ¢ « © + « « « 2 2 2 ¢

. 21,229
34, 816

Prices: C.i.f. wholesale prices as
of March 31, 1960, for crude hydrogen-
ated whale oil were 2.30 kronor a kilo-
gram (20 U. S. cents a pound) and for
refined 2.44 kronor a kilogram (21 U. S.
cents apound). Swedish importers paid
an average of 1.13 kronor a kilogram
(10 U. S. cents a pound) for whale oil in
1959, and 1.08-1.13 kronor a kilogram
(9.5-10.0 U. S. cents a pound) in January-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

March 1960. (United States Embassy,
Stockholm, April 20, 1960.)

Note: Values converted at rate of 1 krona equals
US$0. 193.

IC

PROHIBITION ON SALES OF
ICELANDIC HERRING
REMOVED FOR 1960:

The Swedish Agricultural Marketing
Board has announced that there will be
no prohibition in Sweden against the sale
of imported Icelandic herring in 1960.
Such a prohibition has in previous years
been in effect during a certain period in
the fall in order to protect the sales of
North Sea (Fladen) herring landed by
Swedish fishermen.

In commenting on this action, a rep-
representative of the West Coast Fisher-
men's organization stated that Swedish
North Sea (Fladen) fishermen do not have
any complaint against competition with
Icelandic herring caught by other Swed-
ish fishermen and landed in Sweden.
They do, however, consider it unwise to
permit the sale of imported Icelandic
herring during a period when there usual-
ly is a good supply of North Sea herring
available in Sweden. He said further that
the sales prohibition, that had been in ef-
fect in previous years, had favored the
trade with herring, and he asserted that
even dealers in salted herring are in
favor of the sales prohibition. (U. S.
Consulate in Goteborg, May 17, 1960.)

—=—-

Thailand

COD-LIVER OIL IMPORTS INCREASE:

Imports of cod-liver oil by Thailand
increased to 26,153 gallons valued at
US$35,048, in 1959 as compared with
12,945 gallons valued at US$22,048 in
1958. Imports of other marine-animal
oils in both years were valued at less
than US$1,000. The average price paid
for cod-liver oil imports in 1959 was
down about 21 percent from the pre-
ceding year.

The tariff duties of Thailand pertain-
ing to fats and oils (including fish and
marine animal oils), whether or not re-

August 1960

Thailand (Contd.):

fined, were revised on March 3, 1960,
Both an ad valorem and a specific duty
now exist; the higher of the two is paid,
The ad valorem rate for edible marine
oils is 22 percent of the value or a spe-
cific rate of 21.1 U.S. cents a kilo (9.6
cents a pound). Inedible marine oils
have an ad valorem rate of 22 percent
or a specific rate of 3.2 cents a kilo
(about 1. 5 cents a pound),

Thailand's exports of fish and ma-
rine-animal oils are very negligible.
(Foreign Agricultural Service Report,
Bangkok, April 11, 1960.)

E>
U. S. S. R.

FIRST FISH CANNING
FACTORYSHIP LAUNCHED:

On April 20, 1960, the Soviet Union's
first fish canning factoryship, the An-
drej Zakharov, was launched according
to a report in Leningradskaja Pravda of
April 21. The ship is 162 meters (531.4
feet) long and displaces 15,300 tons and
will be stationed in Vladivostok. It is
designed for an annual capacity of 25
million cans, 105 tons of caviar or other
fish roe, and 126 tons of fish oil. (Fisk-
ets Gang, May 19, 1960.)

KK OK OK

LITHUANIAN FISHERIES TRENDS,
APRIL 1960:

In 1960, the Lithuanian fisheries are
scheduled to produce over 100,000 metric
tons. The landings during the first quar-
ter of 1960 indicate that this goal will be
reached before the end of the year, ac-
cording to a report by the Chief, Direc-
torate for the Fishing Industry of the
Lithuanian Regional Economic Council,
published in Sovjetskaja Litva of April
10, 1960.

In 1959, the whole of the catch of
ocean perch was landed salted. This
year most of the catch will be landed
frozen. Preparations for the herring
fishery which begins in July are under
way. Part of the fleet will go to Iceland
to fish with gill nets, and another part

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

will trawl in the North Sea. Cod fishing
will be conducted on new grounds off
Greenland and in Davis Strait, and there
will be trawling for herring in the Nor-
aoeae Sea. (Fiskets Gang, May 19,

United Kingdom

WHITE FISH AUTHORITY
INCREASES INTEREST RATES ON
FISHERY LOANS AS OF MAY 13:

The British White Fish Authority, as
a result of increases in the rates of in-
terest charged to them by the Treasury,
increased its rates on fishery loans on
May 13, 1960.

The new rates are: On loans for not
more than 5 years, 53 percent; increase
g percent. For more than five years but
not more than 10 years, 52 percent; in-
crease ; percent. For more than five
years but not more than 15 years, 6% per-
cent; no change. For more than 15 years
6% percent; increase 4 percent.

The new rates do not apply where the
final installment of a loan or interim in-
stallments in current cases were paid by
the Authority before May 13. (The Fish-
ing News, May 27, 1960.)

KOK OK OK OK

PRODUCTION, IMPORTS, AND
CONSUMPTION OF WHALE

OIL, 1958 AND 1959:
“Imports of whale oil by the United
Kingdom decreased from 86,400 lon

tons in 1958 to 81,700 tons in 19591’.
Britain's Antarctic whale-oil production
also decreased, from 49,000 tons in 1958
to 30,500 tons in 1959. In addition, pro-
duction from the Falkland Islands totaled
6,700 tons in 1958 and 6,300 tons in 1959.

British margarine consumption in-
creased 1.6 pounds per capita in 1959
and considerably larger quantities of re-
fined whale oil were diverted to this use--
from 80,000 tons in 1958 to 91,000 tons
in 1959. In 1959, 45,000 tons of whale oil
were used in cooking fat, as compared

with 47,000 tons in 1958. _
1/These figures no longer include oil produced from British
whaling operations.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

The use of crude whale oil increased
from 138,600 tons in1958to 149,700 tons
in 1959. (U.S. Foreign Agriculture
Service Report, London, April 14, 1960.)

SCALLOPS

Approximately 20,000 people from all parts of the country attended the
Third Annual Scallop Festival at Marine Park in New Bedford, Mass.,

New England scallop supper.

return to the boiling point.

salt.
Stir in peas and scallops.
with a pointed knife.
Serve scallop mixture over potatoes.

Heat.

Vol. 22, No. 8

Uruguay

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION EXPECTED
TO INCREASE SLIGHTLY:

In 1959, Uruguay produced 900 metric
tons of fish meal. It is estimated that
this production will increase to 1,000
tons in 1960 and to 1,200 tons in1961. It
is expected that any increased produc-
tion will be utilized domestically in ani-
mal feed. (U. S. Foreign Agricultural
Service Report, Montevideo, April 13,
1960.)

Au-
gust12, 13, and 14, 1960. Scallops
are generally an exceptionally good
buy. They are very nutritious--con-
tain highlevels of well-balanced pro-
tein, very little fat, and many of the
minerals and vitamins so necessary
for the good health of all members of
the family.

Scallops canbe served in various
ways, including cocktails, appetizers,
soups, salads, broiled, fried, or in
combination dishes. A typical com-
bination dish, which is both appetiz-
ing and economical, is ''New England
Scallop Supper,"’ as recommended by
the home economists of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries.

NEW ENGLAND SCALLOP SUPPER

2 pounds scallops, fresh or frozen $ cup flour
quarts boiling water 1 teaspoon salt
2 cups milk

q@ cup salt
6 medium baking potatoes 1 cup cooked peas
zoup butter or other fat

Thaw frozen scallops. Remove
any Shell particles and wash. Place
in boiling salted water. Cover and

Simmer for 3 to 4 minutes, depending on size.
Drain. oCutlarge scallops in half. Wash potatoes.
en, 425° F. ,for 45 to 60 minutes or until soft.

Bake potatoes in a hot ov-
Melt butter; blend in flour and

Add milk gradually and cook until thick and smooth, stirring constantly.
Cut a cross in the top of the baked potatoes
Squeeze the potatoes so that the interior willbe exposed.
Serves 6.

August 1960

LV Zz
=z

)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Interdepartmental Committee
on Trade Agreements

TRADE-AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS
UNDER GATT INCLUDE
FISHERY PRODUCTS:

Notice of intention of the United States
to conduct trade agreement negotiations
under the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade with foreign governments
which are contracting parties to that
agreement and with the Governments of
Israel, Spain, Switzerland, and Tunisia
was published in the Federal Register
of May 28, 1960.

Annexed to the notice was a list of
articles imported into the United States
to be considered for possible modifica-
tion of duties or other import restric-
tions, imposition of additional import
restrictions, or specific continuance of
existing customs or excise treatment in
the trade agreement negotiations. Fish-
ery products and related products are
included in the list, such as marine-an-
imal oils; netting; fish-liver oils; dressed
swordfish; fish fillets and steaks; dried
fish; canned smoked sardines in oil over
30 cents per pound; other specialty can-
ned fishery products such as anchovies,
fish balls, cakes, etc.; certain types of
pickled or salted fish; certain types of
smoked or kippered fish; etc.

Persons interested in export articles
also were requested to express their
views regarding any tariff or other trade
concessions that might be requested of
foreign governments with which negotia-
tions are to be conducted, whether or
not such articles are included in the list
of export articles on which the Unite d
States is considering requesting such
concessions. The list of export articles
was issued May 28 by the Department of
State in its Publication No. 6987. Sever-

al fishery products or related products
are included in the list.
Note: See pp. 39-41 of this issue.

eee
©

Committee for Reciprocity Information

TRADE-AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS
UNDER GATT INCLUDE
FISHERY PRODUCTS:

Notice for submission of information
to the Committee for Reciprocity Infor-
mation in regard to trade-agreement ne-
gotiations under GATT waggpublished in
the May 28, 1960, Federal Register. The
notice pointed out that closing date for
application to appear at the hearing and
for submission of briefs was June 27.
The hearing opened on July 11, 1960.
Persons or groups interested in import
articles were requested to present to the
Committee their views concerning possi-
ble tariff concessions by the United States
on any article, whether or not includedin
the list annexed to the notice of intention
to negotiate of the Interdepartmental Com-
mittee on Trade Agreements. Persons
or groups interested in export articles
were also requested to present their
views regarding any tariff or other trade
concessions that might be requested of
the foreign governments with which ne-
gotiations are to be conducted, whether
or not the articles are included in the
list of export articles published by the
Department of State. Certain fishery
products are included in both the import
and export list.

Note: See pp. 39-41 of this issue.

AA
&

76

U. S. Tariff Commission

"PERIL POINT" INVESTIGATION OF
IMPORTED ARTICLES TO BE
CONSIDERED IN TRADE-AGREE-
MENT NEGOTIATIONS UNDER GATT:
Concurrently with the announcement
of the Interdepartmental Committee on
Trade Agreements concerning proposed
trade agreement negotiations, the Presi-
dent furnished the U. S. Tariff Commis-—
sion a list of articles imported into the
United States to be considered inthe pro-
posed trade agreement negotiations un-
der GATT, and requested the Tariff
Commission to make a "peril point" in-
vestigation and report with respect to
each such article, as provided in section
3 of the Trade Agreements Extension
Act of 1951, as amended. The notice of
the Commission's investigation and hear-
ings appeared in the Federal Register
of May 28, 1960. The final date for fil-
ing requests to testify and written state-
ments was June 27. The public hearings
began on July 11, 1960.

The purpose of the Commission's in-
vestigation is to obtain the facts neces-
sary to enable the Commission to form-
ulate findings (known as "peril point''
findings) for inclusion in a report to the
President with respect to each article
included in the President's list as to (1)
the limit to which the modification of
duties and other import restrictions, im-
position of additional import restrictions,
or specific continuance of existing cus-
toms or excise treatment may be extend-
ed in order to carry out the purpose of
Section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended (Trade Agreements Act), with-
out causing or threatening serious in-
jury to the domestic industry producing
like or directly competitive articles,
and (2) if increases in duties or addi-
tional import restrictions are required
to avoid serious injury to the domestic
industry producing like or directly com-
petitive articles, the minimum increases
in duties or additional import restric-
tions are required,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

It was pointed out that oral testimony
and written statements received by the
Commission will be available to the Com-
mittee for Reciprocity Information, so
that appearance before both the Commit-
tee and the Commission, although per-
missible, was not necessary. Likewise
testimony and statements received by
the Committee will be available to the
Commission.

Note: See pp. 39-41 of this issue.

HEARINGS ON EFFECT OF IMPORTS
OF HARD FIBER CORDS AND
TWINES ON DOMESTIC INDUSTRY:
Upon application of the Cordage In-
stitute, New York, N. Y., received June
10, 1960, the U. S. Tariff Commission,
on June 24, 1960, under the authority of
section 7 of the Trade Agreements Ex-
tension Act of 1951, as amended, insti-
tuted an investigation to determine wheth-
er cords and twinesL! provided for in
paragraph 1005(b) of the Tariff Act of
1930, are, as a result in whole or in
part of the duty or other customs treat-
ment reflecting concessions granted
thereon under the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade, being imported
into the United States in such increased
quantities, either actual or relative, as
to cause or threaten serious injury to
the domestic industry producing like or
directly competitive products.

A public hearing in connection with
this investigation will be held on Sep-
tember 28, 1960, in the Hearing Room,
Tariff Commission Building, Washing-
ton, D. C, Interested parties desiring
to appear and to be heard at the hearing
should notify the Secretary of the Com-
mission, in writing, at least five days in

advance of the date set for the hearing.

1/Cords and twines (whether or not composed of three or
more strands, each strand composed of two or more
yarns), tarred or untarred, single or plied, wholly or
in chief value of henequen, manila (abaca), sisal, or
other hard fiber.

August 1960

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

EFFECTIVE DATE
EXTENDED FOR STATUTE
FOR CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES:

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
pursuant to authority provided in the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (sec.
6(c), Pub, Law 85-929; 72 Stat. 1788; 21
U.S.C., note under sec. 342) authorizes
the use in foods of certain additives for
which tolerances have not yet been es-
tablished or petitions therefore denied.
On the basis of data supplied and findings
that no undue. risk to the public health is
involved and that conditions exist that
make necessary the prescribing ofan ad-
ditional period of time for obtaining toler-
erances or denials of tolerances or for
granting exemptions from tolerances, cer-
tain additives may be used in food under
certain specified conditions for a period
of 1 year from March 6, 1960, or until
regulations shall have been issued estab-
lishing or denying tolerances or exemp-
tions from the requirement of tolerances,
in accordance with section 409 of the Act,
whichever occurs first.

Two separate documents on this sub-
ject appeared in the June 15 Federal
Register. The two documents contain an
extensive list of food additives (about
250 items), mostly flavoring substances
and natural substances used in conjunc-
tion with flavors. The lists give the com-
mon and botanical or zoological name of
source for each substance.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

ALASKA REGIONAL DIRECTOR
NAMED TO FILL REGIONAL
FISHERIES POST IN NORTH
ATLANTIC REGION:

The appointment of John T, Ghar-
rett, Regional Director of the Bureau

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

of Commercial Fisheries in Alaska, as
Director of the Bureau's Regional Of-
fice (Region 3) in Gloucester, Mass.,
was announced June 21, 1960, by As-
sistant Secretary of the Interior Ross
Leffler.

Gharrett replaces Joseph F. Punco-
char who resigned July 5 to become Di-
rector of Research for the Maine Sar-
dine Council.

Puncochar, an employee of the Fish
and Wildlife Service for a quarter ofa
century, has been in charge of Bureau
operations in the North Atlantic Region
since the office was established in 1958.
In his new position, he will be located in
Bangor, Maine.

Gharrett has been employed in fish-
eries research and management since
1940. He has been with the International
Pacific Halibut Commission, Oregon
State Fish Commission, Pacific Marine
Fisheries Commission, and the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. e came to
the Bureau in October 1955, and was at-
tached to Alaska activities with head-
quarters in Juneau.

Kk KOK

PROPOSED REVISION OF
PROHIBITION TO FISH FOR SALMON
WITH ANY NET IN NORTH PACIFIC:

In order to provide identical cover-
age with that provided the Pacific Coast
States, a revision was proposed of the
U. S. Department of the Interior regula-
tion prohibiting to fish for or take salm-
on with any net in the North Pacific. In-
terested persons had until July 9 to sub-
mit comments, suggestions, or objections
to the proposed amendments. The pro-
posed revision as it appeared in the June
9 Federal Register follows:

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service
[50 CFR Part 130]
NORTH PACIFIC AREA
Definition; Salmon Fishery Prohibition

Notice is hereby given that pursuant
to the authority vested in the Secretary
of the Interior by section 12 of the act
of August 12, 1954 (68 Stat. 700; 16
U.S.C. 1031), it is proposed to amend 50
CFR Part 130 as set forth below. The

78 COMMERCAIL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

purpose of the amendment is to extend
the boundaries of the area where it is
prohibited to fish for or take salmon
with any net and to define the term
North Pacific area.

Such fishing has been prohibited by
Federal regulations since 1957 under au-
thority of the North Pacific Fisheries Act
as far west as longitude 175 degrees
west.

In order to provide identical coverage
with that provided the Pacific Coast
States, it is now proposed to extend the
prohibition against such fishing through-
out the North Pacific area.

It is the policy of the Department of
the Interior whenever practicable, to
afford the public an opportunity to par-
ticipate in the rule making process. Ac-
cordingly, interested persons may submit
written comments, suggestions, or ob-
jections with respect to the proposed
amendments to the Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, Washington 25, D.C., with-
in thirty days of the date of publication
of this notice in the FEDERAL REGISTER.
(Sec. 1, 68 Stat. 698, as amended; 16 U.S.C.
1021 et seq.)

. Ross LEFFLER,

Assistant Secretary of the Interior.

JUNE 3, 1960.

Part 130—North Pacific Area, would be
revised as follows:

§ 130.1 Definition.

For the purpose of the regulations of
this part the North Pacific area is de-
fined to include all waters of the North
Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea north of
48 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, ex-
clusive of waters adjacent to Alaska
north and west of the International
Boundary at Dixon Entrance which ex-
tend three miles seaward (a) from the
coast, (b) from lines extending from
headland to headland across all bays,
inlets, straits, passes, sounds and en-
trances, and (c) from any island or
groups of islands, including the islands
of the Alexander Archipelago, and the
waters between such groups of islands
and the mainland.

SALMON FISHERY
§ 130.10 Salmon fishing prohibited, ex-

ception.

No person or fishing vessel subject to
the jurisdiction of the United States
shall fish for or take salmon with any
net in the North Pacific area, as defined
in this part: Provided, That this shall
not apply to fishing for sockeye salmon
or pink salmon south of latitude 49
degrees north.

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

REVISION PROPOSED OF
COMMERCIAL FISHING
REGULATIONS FOR RED
LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION:

A proposed revision of the commer-
cial fishing regulations for the Red Lake
Indian Reservation, Minnesota, appeared
in the Federal Register of May 28,1960.
The principal revisions in the regula-
tions include application of a maximum
annual quota to yellow or walleye pike,

the main species, rather than to all
game fish; and prohibits the taking of
yellow and northern pike (pickerel) dur-
ing their spawning season except for
propagation purposes. The remaining
revisions are primarily for the purpose
of clarification and to eliminate functions
of the Red Lake Fisheries Association
from the regulations.

Interested persons had until June 27,
1960, to submit comments, suggestions,
or objections.

sk le ole ook ok
KOK OK OK OOK

ALASKAN INDIAN COMMERCIAL
FISHING REGULATIONS, 1960:

Regulations have been issued by the Bureau of Indian Af-
fairs of the U. S. Department of the Interior to perpetuate
certain fishing rights long recognized by Federal statutes,
regulations, and custom and secured to the Alaska Eskimos,
Indians and Aleuts by section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act
of July 7, 1958. The regulations were published in the June
2, 1960, Federal Register and became effective on the date
of publication.

The proposed regulations appeared in the April 9, 1960,
Federal Register, Interested persons were given an
opportunity to submit their views, data, or arguments in
writing, to the Bureau of Indian Affairs by May 9, 1960.
Several comments regarding the proposed regulations were
received, They dealt mainly with the sections providing for
the authorization of fish trap operation by three native com-
munities of Kake, Angoon, and Metlakatla, and the declara-
tion of an exclusive fishery at the Karluk Reservation,
Written comments, suggestions, and objections were con-
sidered. In addition, in response to their request to be
heard, an opportunity was extended to seven Alaska canners
operating in Kodiak Island to orally present their view on the
proposed regulations pertaining to the Karluk Reservation.
Further, the views of the native inhabitants of the Karluk
Reservation were sought as to their plans and desires for
the utilization of reservation waters for the 1960 fishing sea-
son.

The regulations revise and clarify the language of the
section on restrictions on Indian traps pertaining to the loca~
tions and periods in which traps may be operated. The word-
ing in §88.2(a) as published would allow the operation of Indi-
an traps at any time fishing was allowed by the State in the
established fishing section in which the traps are located or
at any time fishing was allowed in the adjacent district. The
newly-proposed wording would key the trap fishing season in
each section to the periods in which purse-seine fishing is per-
mitted by the State in the respective sections, with one ex-
ception. In the case of Metlakatla traps the fishing season
would be keyed to the purse-seine fishing season in the South-
east Section of Clarence Strait, and also to the seining season
in the adjacent general section of the Southern District, since
relatively little purse-seining is conducted in the South East
Section of Clarence Strait.

The section on commercial fishing on the Karluk Indian
Reservation has revised language in accordance with com-
ments received from the natives of Karluk Reservation and
others, to provide that the waters of the Karluk Indian reser-
vation shall be open to native inhabitants of the village of
Karluk and vicinity and to other persons insofar as the fish-
ing activities of the latter do not restrict or interfere with
fishing by such natives. Further, the newly-worded section
provides for the use of beach seines up to 250 fathoms in
length by natives and, prior to July 1, for their fishing up to
within 100 yards of the mouth of the Karluk River.

The regulations as published include sections on scope;
restrictions on Indian fish traps, size and operation of Indi-
an galmon traps; definition Karluk Indian Reservation; com=
mercial fishing, Karluk Indian Reservation; commercial

August 1960

salmon fishing by native Indians in the Yukon and Kuskok-
wim Rivers; personal use fishing by native Indians; modifi-
cation of regulations; and enforcement,

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISION

INTERPRETATION OF FISHERIES
INDUSTRIES EXEMPTIONS UNDER
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS

ACT DEFENDED:

The Department of Labor's interpretation of exemptions
from the Fair Labor Standards Act for employees in the
fishery and seafood industries was contained in an interpre-
tative bulletin issued by the Administrator of the Department’s
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division. Two exemp-
tions are interpreted. One is a minimum~wage and overtime
pay exemption for workers employed in catching, processing,
distributing, and performing other specified operations on fish
and other aquatic products. The other exemption is one from
the overtime-pay provisions~~but not the minimum-wage re-
quirements-~applying to workers employed in canning fish
and other aquatic products,

In response to a letter from Senator Byrd of Virginia
protesting the Department's interpretation of the fishery in-
dustries exemptions, Acting Secretary of Labor James
O’Connel wrote:

“‘This is in reply to your letter of May 31, 1960, in which
you state it is your opinion that the fishery and seafood ex-
emptions contained in the Fair Labor Standards Act apply to
the entire industry and that the Department’s Interpretative
Bulletin, Part 784, giving a more limited scope to the exemp~
tions should be rescinded and inspections of seafood plants
should be stopped.

“The Interpretative Bulletin, referred to, was issued after
careful study and with a full awareness of the views of the
members of the seafood industry. The Department feels that
the position taken therein, namely that the exemptions (Sec
tions 13(a)(5) and 13(b)(4) are limited to the enumerated em~
ployee activities is supported by the language of the exemp~
tions, the legislative history and pertinent court decisions.
The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in arriving at the
same conclusion in the case of Mitchell v. Calyin Stinson
d/b/a Stinson Canning Company, 217 F(2) 210, predicated
its decision on the aforesaid grounds.

‘In view of the foregoing, and having in mind the admoni~
tion of the Supreme Court of the United States that exemption
from this humanitarian Act must ‘be narrowly construed’
and applied only to those ‘plainly and unmistakably within its
terms and spirit’ (Phillips Co. v. Walling, 324 U.S. 490) and
that exemption should not be enlarged by implication Ad i-
gon v. Holly Hill Co., 322 U.S. 607), I do not feel there is
justification for adopting the courses of action you recom=

a.”
sn ‘Also see Commercial Figheries Review, April 1959 p. 98.

Department of the Treasury

FISH BLOCKS FROM ICELAND NOT
SOLD AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE:
Fish blocks from Iceland are not be-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW (

>

lished inthe Federal Register of June15.
The finding was as follows:

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Office of the Secretary
[AA 643.3]

FISH BLOCKS FROM ICELAND

Determination of No Sales at Less
Than Fair Value

JUNE 9, 1960.

A complaint was received that fish
blocks from Iceland were being sold to
the United States at less than fair value
within the meaning of the Antidumping
Act of 1921.

I hereby determine that fish blocks
from Iceland are not being, nor are likely
to be, sold in the United States at less
than fair value within the meaning of
section 201(a) of the Antidumping Act,
1921, as amended (19 U.S.C. 160(a)).

Statement of reasons. The fish blocks
in question were imported by a subsidi-
ary of the foreign seller and were not
resold in the United States in their im-
ported condition, being further processed
by the importer into fish portions, fish
sticks, and similar products. Under
these circumstances, exporter’s sales
price, which is the applicable basis of
comparison, does not exist and the Anti-
dumping Act has no application.

This determination and the statement
of reasons therefor are published pur-
suant to section 201(c) of the Antidump-
ing Act, 1921, as amended (19 U.S.C.
160(c)).

ing sold in the United States at less than
fair value, according to a determination
of the Department of the Treasury pub-

561071 O- 60-6

[sEAL] A. GILMORE FLUES,
Acting Secretary of the Treasury.

UNITED STATES CUSTOMS COURT

“‘WHALE-LIVER OIL IMPORTS
CLASSIFIABLE AS ADVANCED DRUG:
Certain imports of whale-liver oil ex-
tracted from whale livers to obtain vita-
min'"'A" oil, with the extraction made in
the country of exportation, were held
properly classifiable under paragraph
34, Tariff Act of 1930, as modified by
the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (T. D. 51802) at the rate of 5 per-
cent ad valorem as a drug, ''advanced"
in value or condition, as classified, rath-
er thanfree of duty under paragraph1669
of the said act, as modified by T. D.
51802, supra, as a ''crude'' drug. The
decision held that the whale-liver oil
was "advanced in value or condition," by
certain processes beyond that essential
to the proper packing of the drug and the
prevention of decay or deterioration pend-
ing manufacture, The judgment was ren-
dered on May 24, 1960, in the case Alaska
Fish Oil Extractors, Inc. v. United States
(Whale Liver oil--Crude drug--Advanced
drug), and published (C. D. 2179) in Treas-
ury Decisions of June 2, 1960.

80

The Plaintiff contended that the oil in
question is the ''crudest'' form of the
drug importedinto the United States and
that any grinding or other process ap-
plied to the drug prior to importation
was essential to the separation of the
"drug'' from the whole liver for the prop-
er packing and the prevention of decay
or deterioration of the drug pending man-
ufacture.

On the other hand, the Government
maintained that the imported oil repre-
sents an advancement over the liver
"which is the crude drug," and that the
processing of the whole "livers'' to ob-
tain the whale-liver ''oil'' in the case
under consideration is essentially the
same type of processing as took place
in the case of fish livers previously un-
der consideration by the Customs Court
and the Appellate Court. See Geo. S.
Bush & Co., Inc., et al. v. United States,
42 C.C.P.A. (Customs) 190, C.A.D. 592;
Eastman Kodak Company v. United
States, 41 C.C.P.A. (Customs) 114,
C.A.D. 539; Geo. S. Bus & Co., Inc. v.
United States, 32 C.C.P.A. (Customs)
56, C.A.D. 2851 Wilbur-Ellis Company
ve WUnitedsstares 2a CustelCteolitn Abs
stract 55884; and Ralston Purina Com-
pany v. United States, 40 Cust. Ct. 407,
Abstract 61435, in all of which cases the
involved merchandise was held to be
drugs, ''advanced."'

U. S. Supreme Court

RULES ON CASE WHICH AFFECTS
USE OF FISH TRAPS BY INDIAN
COMMUNITIES IN ALASKA:

The United States Supreme Court
handed down a decision on June 20,1960,
in Metlakatla Indian Community vs. Egan
and the two cases related to it. By a6
to 3 decision, the Court announced that
it would refrain from deciding the issues
presented to it on their merits in order
to afford the Alaska Supreme Court the
opportunity to rule on the questions open
to it for decision.

In the meantime, the stay ordered by
Justice Brennan on July 11,1959, is con-
tinued in force until the final disposition
of the three cases. This means that the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

three Indian communities will continue to
use the fish traps authorized by regula-
tions issued by the Secretary of the Inte-
rior for the 1960 season at least.

The decision recognizes the questions
of Federal law but indicates the Court
would prefer to decide these questions
after having an interpretation of the State
law involved by the State Supreme Court.

The three dissenting Justices were of
the view that the controlling questions in
the cases were Federal in nature and
were opposed to remitting the parties to
the Alaska Supreme Court.

White House

PRESIDENT APPOINTS
UNITED STATES MEMBERS TO NEW
SHRIMP CONSERVATION COMMISSION:
The White House announced on April
20, 1960, that the President had on that
date appointed the following to be mem-
bers of the United States section of the
Commission for the Conservation of
Shrimp in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico:
John C. Ferguson, President, St. George
Packing Co., Fort Myers, Fla.; Robert M.
Ingle, Director of Research, Florida State
Conservation Commission; and Donald L.
McKernan, Director, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the
Interior.

The Commission was established pur-
suant to a Convention for the Conservation
of Shrimp with Cuba signed on Aug. 15, 1958.

* KK KK

UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER
APPOINTED TO INTER-AMERICAN
TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION:

The White House
on April 22, 1960,
announced the ap-
pointment of Dr. J.
Lawrence McHugh,
Chief, Division of
Biological Re-
search, U.S. Bu-
reau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, as
a United States
Commissioner on
the Inter-American

Dr. J. Lawrence McHugh

August 1960

Tropical Tuna Commission, vice Arnie J,
Suomela who resigned from this post be-
cause of the press of other duties.

Oo

Eighty -Sixth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which
may directly or indirectly affect fisher-
ies and allied in-
dustries are re-
ported. Introduc-
tion, referral to
committees, per-
tinent legislative
actions, hearings,
and other actions
by the House and
Senate, as well as
signature into law or other final disposi-
tion are covered.

The two Houses of Congress ad-
journed on July 3, 1960. The Senate will
reconvene on August 8, 1960, and the
House of Representatives will reconvene
on August 15, 1960.

APPROPRIATIONS CARRYOVER RESOLUTION:
H. J. Res. 778 (Cannon), introduced in the House on
July 1, 1960, a joint resolution making temporary
appropriations for the fiscal year 1961, and for oth-
er purposes; to the Committee on Appropriations;
was passed by the House and signed by the Speaker,
and sent to Senate for consideration. The resolu-
tion was passed by the Senate on July 1, andsigned
by the Acting President pro tempore. This joint
resolution makes temporary appropriations for the
months of July and August. Resolution covers a
number of appropriation bills, among which are
H. R. 12326, Public Works Appropriation Act, 1961--
which includes funds for Fish and Wildlife studies
regarding fishways, etc., and lower Columbia Riv-
er fish sanctuary program; and H. R. 11666, De-
partments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and
Related Agencies Appropriation Act, 1961--which
includes, in State Department Appropriations, funds
for the international fisheries commissions, of
which there are nine with the inclusion of the Tor-
tugas Shrimp Commission. As these and other ap-
propriation bills are signed by the President, the
joint resolution will have no application, as it is
intended only for carryover purposes.

er purposes to the Committee on Banking and Cur=
rency. This legislation provides that the Federal
Government shall, in cooperation with the States,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

help areas of substantial and persistent unemploy-
ment to take effective steps in planning and financ-
ing their economic development; shall enable com-
munities to achieve lasting improvement and de-
crease economic vulnerability by the establishment
of a stable and diversified local economy; and that
new employment opportunities should be created
rather than merely transferred from one commun-
ity to another.

This bill is similar to S. 722, a bill which was,
passed by both houses of Congress, and vetoed by
the President on May 13, 1960. Congress on
May 24, 1960, failed to over-ride the Presidential
veto,

AREA REDEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1960: H. R.
12854 (Flood), introduced in the House on June 28,
1960, a bill to promote the redevelopment of eco-
nomically depressed areas by establishing a Gov-
ernment corporation which will provide a secondary
market for industrial mortgages covering property
in those areas; to the Committee on Banking and
Currency.

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION ACT:
S. Report No. 1601, Cooperation in the Use of Pes-
ticides and Other Such Chemicals (June 16, 1960,
86th Congress, Second Session, Report of the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to ac-
company S. 3473), 8 pp., printed. This bill, if en-
acted, is to be cited as the Chemi Pesticides
Coordination Act. It is designed to avert the serious
and unnecessary losses of fish and wildlife thathave
occurred as a result of the wide use of pesticides.
Before programs involving the use of pesticides or
other chemicals designed for mass biological con-
trols are initiated or financed by agencies of the
Federal Government, the initiating agency would be
required to consult with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and state wildlife agencies exercising ad-
ministration over wildlife resources in states af-
fected by the program. The legislation would pro-
vide that the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service ad-
vise agencies consulting with it of damages which
might result from any proposed program. In the
event that agencies failed to take action recom-
mended by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Serv-
ice must report the failure to the Congress for re-
ferral to the appropriate committees. The bill
would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to
exempt by regulation chemicals which would cause
little or no damage by their use. The bill would
provide that any Federal department or agency, in
submitting requests to the Congress for appropri-
ations for programs involving the use of chemicals
for eradication or control of any animal or plant
pest, shall include a full description of the pro-
posed program, including the comments and recom-
mendations of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Report discusses purpose and need for the legisla-
tion; presents Committee amendments and reports
from the departments of Interior, Agriculture, and
Health, Education and Welfare. Committee re-
ported favorably on the bill with amendments.

The Senate on June 18, 1960, passed overS. 3473
(Magnuson), a bill introduced in the Senate on
May 3, 1960, to provide for advance consultation
with the Fish and Wildlife Service and with State
wildlife agencies before the beginning of any Fed-
eral program involving the use of pesticides or
other chemicals designed for mass biological con-
trols.

82

The Senate on June 24, agreed to the removal
from the calendar and referred to the Committee on
Agriculture and Forestry for study, S. 3473.

COLOR ADDITIVES IN FOODS: Color Additives
(Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 86th
Congress, Second Session, on H. R. 7624 and S.

2197, January 26, 27, 29, February 10, 11, March11,

' April 5, 6, and May 9, 1960), 614 pp., printed. The
purpose of these bills is to provide a scientifically
sound basis for listing the colors that may be safe-
ly used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics; and to pro-
vide for other safeguards in the use of such colors,
including, where necessary, appropriate tolerance
limitations on the amount of color that may be used.
The bills also would provide for a continuation of
the present system of certifying the safety of in-
dividual batches of the so-called coal tar colors and
would extend this system, where necessary, to nat-
ural colors not now covered by the certification
system. They would, on the other hand, permit an
exemption of any listed color from the certification
requirement where certification is not necessary
for the protection of the public health. Contains the
text of both bills, reports on the bills from the
Agriculture Department and the Bureau of the Budg-
et, and statements from Federal officials, members
of Congress, and businessmen.

On June 20, 1960, the House considered, under
suspension of the rules, H. R. 7624 (Harris), a bill
introduced in the House on June 9, 1959, to protect
the public health by amending the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act so as to authorize the use
of suitable color additives in or on foods, drugs,
and cosmetics, in accordance with regulations
prescribing the conditions (including maximum
tolerances) under which such additives may be
safely used; debate to be limited to 2 hours.

On June 25, 1960, by a voice vote, the House
adopted committee amendments and passed H. R.
7624. This passage was subsequently vacated and
S. 2197 (Hill and Goldwater), a similar bill intro-
duced in the Senate on June 17, 1959, was passed
in lieu after being amended to contain the House-
passed language. H. Res. 559, the rule under which
the legislation was considered, had been adopted
earlier by a voice vote.

Bill was cleared for the President's signature
on June 30, when the Senate concurred withHouse
amendment to S. 2197.

On July 1, 1960, a motion was made in the Sen-
ate to reconsider action of June 30, in which the
Senate concurred with House amendment to adopt
Ss. 2197 in lieu of H, R. 7624, and cleared bill for
Signature of President. The Senate tabled the
motion to reconsider.

On July 12, 1960, the President Signed S. 2197
into public law (P. L. 86-618). The legislation
would expedite the testing of colors to determine
safe levels of use by requiring color manufactur-
ers to do the appropriate research and to submit
the results to the Food and Drug Administration.
All types of color additives would be subject to the
safety requirements of the new law, not merely

coal-tar-colors'' as under present regulations.
Amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
and authorizes Food and Drug Administration to
list the color additives which may be used in foods.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

COMMERCIAL SPONGE INDUSTRY RELIEF:
H. R. 12934 (Cramer), introduced in the House on
July 1, 1960, a bill to prohibit the importation into
the United States of commercial sponges meas-
uring less than 5 inches in diameter; to the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means. This legislation is to
prohibit the buying of foreign sponges under 5 inch-
es in diameter, as they are competing unfairly with
the American sponge industry. The American
sponge industry is prohibited the taking of sponges
less than 5 inches in diameter, while imports of
sponges that size and smaller are permitted to en-
ter the United States.

FISH AND WILDLIFE COOPERATIVE RE-
SEARCH TRAINING UNITS: On June 24, 1960, the
House passed over without prejudice S. 1781, a bill
to facilitate cooperation between the Federal Gov-
ernment, colleges and universities, the states, and
private organizations for cooperative unit programs
of research and education relating to fish and wild-
life. Would authorize the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and other agencies of the Department of In-
terior to enter into cooperative agreements for con-
ducting research, training, and demonstrational
programs. This bill passed the Senate on May 4,
1960.

FISH HATCHERIES: H. Rept. 1784, Orangeburg
County, S. C., Fish Hatchery (June 9, 1960, 86th
Congress, Second Session, report from the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, to ac-
company S. 2053), 3 pp., printed. The purpose of
the bill is to provide for a needed inc:ease in facil-
ities for the production of warm water fish in South
Carolina. This would be accomplished by accepting
title by the Secretary of the Interior to an existing
hatchery facility owned by Orangeburg County,S.C.,
and its development by the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice. Background and need for this legislation is
contained in the report. Development costs and
property acquisition would require the expenditure
of $290,000, annual operating costs would be ap-
proximately $30,000. Contains report of the De-
partment of the Interior, with excerpts of an opin-
ion of the Bureau of the Budget.

The House passed on the call of the Consent
Calendar and cleared for the President on June 24,
1960, S. 2053, a bill to provide for the acceptance
by the United States of a fish hatchery in the State
of South Carolina. This bill was passed by the Sen-
ate on August 19, 1959.

S. 2053, was signed by the Speaker of the House,
and sent to the President, on June 27, 1960.

On July 5, the President signed S. 2053 into pub-
lic law (P. L. 86-572). Bill provides authority for
the Secretary of the Interior to accept by donation
on behalf of the United States, title to the Orange-
burg County, S. C., fish hatchery, together with
rights to take adequate water from Orangeburg
County Lake therefor.

FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE INSURANCE:
H. Rept. 1785, Relating to Vessel Mortgage Insur-
ance Functions Transferred to the Secretary of the
Interior (June 9, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Ses-
sion, Report of the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, and committed to the Committee of
the Whole House on the State of the Union, to ac-
company S. 2481), 6 pp., printed. The purpose of
the bill is to make the program of mortgage insur-

August 1960

ance on fishing vessels effective. Originally, au-
thority to grant mortgage insurance on fishing ves-
sels as well as merchant vessels reposed in the
Secretary of Commerce. However, pursuant to the
provisions of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956,
jurisdiction over insurance on fishing vessels was
transferred to the Secretary of the Interior. This
jurisdiction over fishing vessel mortgage insurance
did not authorize the Secretary of the Interior to
draw on the Treasury to the extent that the premium
fund proved inadequate, which would be likely in the
early stages of the program. This bill would give
the Secretary of the Interior the same authority as
is possessed by the Secretary of Commerce to draw
upon the Treasury to make payments on defaults of
insured mortgages. Report gives background and
need of legislation, and presents statements from
several Federal officials. Committee recommended
passage of the bill without amendment.

The House passed on the call of the Consent
Calendar and cleared for the President on June 24,
1960, S. 2481, a bill to continue the application of
the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as amended, to
certain functions relating to fishing vessels trans-
ferred to the Secretary of the Interior. Wouldcre-
ate a Federal Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance
Fund which shall be used by the Secretary of the
Interior as a revolving fund for the purpose of car-
rying out the ship mortgage provisions as it applies
to fishing vessels under the Fish and Wildlife Act
of 1956. Further provides that if at any time funds
are not sufficient to pay any amount the Secretary
of the Interior is required to pay on ship mortgage
insurance on fishing vessels, notes or other obli-
gations may be issued to the Secretary of the
Treasury ag may be necessary. This bill was
passed by the Senate September 11, 1959.

S. 2481, was signed by the Speaker of the House,
and sent to the President, on June 27, 1960. The
President signed the bill on July 5, 1960 (P. L. 86-
577).

Public Law 86-577
86th Congress, S. 2481
July 5, 1960

AN ACT 14 STAT. 314.

To continue the application of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as amended, to
certain functions relating to fishing vessels transferred to the Secretary of the
Interior, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That in order to Fishing vessels.
rmit the efficient execution of functions relating to the issuance of Nortesge tnsur-
Federal ship mort insurance on fishing vessels, pursuant to the *7°°
Merchant Marine Act of Jung 29, 1936, as amended (49 Stat. 1985;
46 U.S.C., 1952 edition, sec. 1271 and the following), which functions
relating to fishing vessels have been transferred to the Secretary of
the Interior pursuant to the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, the Sec- 70 Stat. 1119.
retary of AeLterion hereafter may exercise authority comparable to 16 USC 742a note.
the authority of the Secretary of Commerce under the said Merchant
Marine Act of 1936, including, but not limited to, the authority con-
tained in the amendment to such Act of July 15, 1958 (72 Stat. 358). 46 usc 1275.

Approved July 5, 1960. :

FOREIGN COMMERCE STUDY (U. S. Trade and
Common Market) (Hearings before the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States
Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session, May 9 and
10, 1960), 298 pp., printed. This report discusses
the effect regional trade groupings will have onour
exports, specifically in the Common Market area
of Europe as well as the European free trade area.
The report contains, among others, statements
from officials of international business concerns,
international trade organizations, nationwide in-
dustry committees, international chambers of com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

83

merce, etc. Also contains a variety of exhibits,
among which are exhibits on United States exports
and imports; hourly wage charts of various coun-
tries, and United States investments in foreign
business. A section of the report is entitled ''The
European Common Market and the European Free
Trade Association--Their Significance to United
States Business," a lucid report submitted to the
United States Senate Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce by the Chase Manhattan Bank.
Covers all aspects of the two groups of countries
that have signed treaties establishing certain bonds
between them: the six-nation European Economic
Community (comprising France, West Germany,
Italy and the Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxem-
bourg, and the Netherlands), and the seven-nation
European Free Trade Association (comprising
Austria, Switzerland, Portugal, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Also contains a
list of companies with new operations in Western
Europe during 1958-1959 (since the start of the
European Common Market).

HAWAII OMNIBUS ACT AMENDMENTS: The
Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
on June 24 reported out (S. Rept. No. 1681), with
amendments H. R. 11602 (Inouye), a bill to amend
certain laws of the United States in light of the ad-
mission of the State of Hawaii into the Union.

S. Rept. No. 1681, Hawaii Omnibus Bill (June 24,
1960, Report of the Committee ongmterior and In-
sular Affairs, to accompany H. R. 11602), 53 pp.,
printed. This legislation is a necessary measure
to make complete and perfect the admission of
Hawaii into the Union on a free and equal footing
with the other 49 States. It amends a number of
acts of Congress, some merely technically, such
as changing the phraseology in a statute from
"Territory of Hawaii"' to State of Hawaii." Other
Federal laws are amended substantively, primarily
to equalize Federal activities in the new State, es-
pecially with respect to grant-in-aid programs.
Section 11 contains perfecting amendments to the
statute, codified at 16 U. S. C. 758-758d, which
authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to under-
take exploration, investigation, development, and
maintenance projects for fishery resources in the
Pacific. Inappropriate references to the ''Terri-
tory" of Hawaii and to the "Hawaiian Islands'' would
be deleted or modified by the amendments. Section
12 provides a perfecting amendment to section 2(d)
of the Fish Restoration Act (16 U.S.C. 777a(d), to
remove the definition of the term ''State."' The
term is defined by existing law to include the States
and the territory of Hawaii. The report discusses
the purpose and background of the bill, committee
amendments, cost, and maintenance of existing
arrangements. Also presents a section-by-section
analysis and changes in existing law. The Com-
mittee reported favorably on the bill with amend-

ments.

H. R. 11602 with amendment was sent back to
the House on June 28, 1960.

On June 30, 1960, the House adopted H. Con.
Res. 706, authorizing the making of certain cor-
rections in the enrolling of H. R. 11602.

On July 2, 1960, the Vice-President announced
that he had signed H. R. 11602 and on July Spbenkts

11602 was presented to the President for signature.

84

On July 12, 1960, the President signed H. R.
11602 into public law (P. L. 86-624). The purpose
of this legislation is to gather up the loose ends"
in Federal legislation involved in the transition of
Hawaii from a territory to a state of the United
States; will make technical changes in our national
laws to make Hawaii a full and equal partner with
the other 49 states. One section contains perfecting
amendments to the statute, which authorizes the
Secretary of the Interior to undertake exploration,
investigation, development, and maintenance proj-
ects for fishery resources in the Pacific. Inap-
propriate references to the ''Territory'' of Hawaii
and to the "Hawaiian Islands" would be deleted or
modified by the amendments.

IMPORTED COMMODITY LABELING: H. R.
5054 (Herlong), was reported out of the Senate Com-
mittee on Finance on June 27, 1960 (S. Rept. No.
1747), a bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1 with
respect to the marking of imported articles and
containers. This bill passed the House on Febru-
ary 3, 1960.

S. Rept. 1747, Marking of New Packages for Im-
ported metieiea (June 27, 1960, 86th Congress,
Second Session, Report of the Committee on Fi-
nance, to accompany H. R. 5054), 5 pp., printed.
The purpose of this legislation is to amend section
304 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, to pro-
vide that when articles, imported in containers re-
quired to be marked, are repackaged in the United
States and offered for sale, the new package shall
be marked with the name of the country of origin.
Imported items which are processed in this coun-
try sufficiently to become an American manufac-
ture are not included within the purview of the
legislation and would not be affected. The com-
mittee reported the bill favorably with amendment
and recommended that it pass. The report con-
tains changes in existing law.

On July 2, 1960, the Senate passed with an a-
mendment, in which the concurrence of the House
was requested, H. R. 5054. The principle of the
legislation is that items which are simply repack-
aged in the U. S. from bulk containers to consum-
er containers should continue to indicate the origin
of the imported articles. Imported items which
are processed in this country sufficiently to be-
come an American manufacture (such as fish sticks
from fish blocks and breaded shrimp from raw
shrimp), are not included within the purview of the
legislation and would not be affected. The Senate
amendment, which had been recommended by the
Finance Committee, provides that, ''This subsec-
tion shall not apply in cases where the Secretary
of the Treasury finds that compliance with the
marking requirements of this subsection would
necessitate such substantial changes in customary
trade practices as to cause undue hardship and that
repackaging of the article in question is otherwise
than for the purpose of concealing the origin of
such article."

INCOME TAX LAW REVISION IN FAVOR OF
FISHERMEN: H.R. 1925 (King of Calif.), intro-
duced in the House on January 9, 1959, a bill to
extend to fishermen the same treatment afforded
farmers in relation to estimated income tax; was
reported out of the Committee on Ways and Means
on June 28, 1960 (H. Rept. No. 2016).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

INCOME TAX LAW REVISION IN FAVOR OF
FISHERMEN: H. Rept. No. 2016, Declaration of
Estimated Income Tax by Fishermen (June 28, 1960,
86th Congress, Second Session, Report from the
Committee on Ways and Means, to accompanyH. R.
1925), 5 pp., printed. This legislation provides
that, for purposes of the estimated income tax,
fishermen are to be accorded the same treatment
as presently is available for farmers. Under the
amendment this is to be provided for taxable years
beginning after December 31, 1960. The principal
advantage for income from farming which the bill
extends to income from fishing is the privilege of
filing the declaration of estimated tax, and paying
the estimated tax, by January 15 after the end of
the year in question (in the case of a calendar~
year taxpayer), rather than filing the declaration
by the prior April 15 and making quarterly pay-
ments of estimated tax largely during the year.
This bill has been reported unanimously by the com-
mittee. The report includes a general statement
regarding payment of the estimated tax, and the
changes in existing law.

On June 29, 1960, H. R. 1925, was read three
times, passed by the House, and sent to the Senate.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES ORGANIZATIONS:
United States Contributions to International Organ-
izations, House Document No. 418, 86th Congress,
2nd Session (Letter from the Acting Secretary of
State, dated June 17, 1960, transmitting the eighth
report on the extent and disposition of U. S. con-
tributions to international organizations for the
fiscal year 1959, pursuant to section 2 of public
law 806, 81st Congress), 133 pp., printed. Each
year the Secretary of State reports on the extent
and disposition of financial contributions by the
United States to International Organizations of
which it is a member. This is the eighth such re-
port to Congress, and covers United States contri-
butions for the fiscal year 1959. Only the multi-
lateral organizations and programs to which the
United States contributes are included. Bilateral
commissions have been excluded. This document
gives a brief outline of the history of each such
commission: secretary or director; term of office,
origin and development; initial date of United States
participation; current authority for United States
participation; purpose of organization; United
States contribution; and the governing body. Among
the fishery commissions mentioned are the Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission; International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries;
International Whaling Commission; and the North
Pacific Fur Seal Commission.

LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTIONS: On July 2
a reservation to the ratification of the Optional
Protocol of Signature Concerning the Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes, which originated at the Law
of the Sea Conference held at Geneva in 1958. The
Senate on May 26 approved resolutions of ratifica-
tion of the four conventions which also were the
result of the Geneva Conference, and at the same
time rejected ratification of the Optional Protocol
on the grounds that it failed to include the so-called
Connally reservation. The motion to reconsider
the unfavorable vote entered by Senator Mansfield
of Montana on May 27 is still pending before the
Senate. The reservation ordered by Senator Long

August 1960

is similar to the Connally reservation in that it
reserves to the United States the authority to de-
cide what matters are essentially within the do-
mestic jurisdiction of the United States and thus
not to be referred to the International Court of
Justice.

MARINE SCIENCES SPECIAL COMMITTEE:
H. R. 12700 (Brooks of Louisiana), introduced in
the House on June 17, 1960, a bill to amend the
National Science Foundation Act of 1950 to create
a Special Committee on Marine Sciences, to de-
velop and encourage a national program for the
promotion of research, surveys, and education in
the marine sciences, to recommend contracts,
grants, or other forms of assistance, to encourage
the cooperation of agencies and evaluate the pro-
grams of marine research undertaken by agencies
of the Federal Government in these scientific
fields; referred to the Committee on Science and
Astronautics. The bill would appropriate $37.2
million for marine research operations by the
Foundation for 10 years.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: H.

Rept. No. 2078, Ocean Sciences and National Secur-
ity TR

eport of the Committee on Science and As-
tronautics, U. S. House of Representatives, 86th
Congress, Second Session, Serial h), 180 pp.,
printed. Contains tables, summaries of studies
various government agencies are making onocea-
nography, and a list of congressional bills which
relate to oceanography, their preambles, and in
some instances, pertinent sections of the bills are
included. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is responsible for
extensive programs in support of all types of fish-
ery interests, including particularly biological as-
pects of oceanography, and these are also dis-
cussed in the report. The Bureau maintains a
number of laboratories for the purpose of studying
those characteristics of the ocean which affectfish
and fishing, and the report summarizes their work
in the following fields: (1) Plankton sampling; (2)
Behavior of marine animals; (3) Artificial cultiva-
tion of young fish and shellfish; (4) Distribution of
marine populations; (5) Biological surveys and in-
ventories of the ocean; (6) Taxonomy of marine
species; (7) Genetics of marine organisms; (8)
Pond fish culture, brackish water farming; (9) Ef-
fects of industrial and domestic waste on estuar-
jes; (10) Study of disease and parasites and their
effects in marine ecology; (11) Transplantation of
organisms; (12) The potential of artifically in-
creasing nutrients; (13) The utilization of new ma-
rine products; (14) The improvement of fishing
techniques and equipment; and (15) The economy
and legal aspects of commercial fisheries. The
report further inventories the existing capabilities
in oceanographic research, in terms of universi-
ties and other laboratories undertaking oceanic
research, manpower, the size and sources of funds
especially from Federal agencies, including the
manner in which Federal programs from some 19
different agencies are integrated; and, finally, the
manner in which the United States participates in
international programs. The three different 10-
year plans are abstracted, compared, and analyzed.
The Committee adopted and approved the report on
June 30, 1960.

Oceanography (Hearings before the special Sub-
committee on Oceanography of the Committee on

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Repre-
sentatives, 86th Congress, Second Session on H. R.
9361, H. R. 10412, and H. R. 12018, May 17, 18, 19,
20, 24, and 25, 1960), 217 pp., printed. This legis-
lation is designed to foster a program for the es-
tablishment of an effective, coordinated national
oceanographic program. Contains the text of the
three oceanographic bills, and statements and
testimony of various oceanographers, geologists,
zoologists, marine biologists, government officials,
and members of various fisheries commissions.

S. Rept. No. 1525, Marine Sciences and Research
Act (June 7, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session,
Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, to accompany S. 2692), 64 pp., printed.
The primary purpose of the bill is to enchance the
national economy, security, and welfare by in-
creasing our knowledge of the oceans and the Great
Lakes in all pertinent scientific fields, such as
physics, biology, chemistry, meteorology, and
geology. To speed this objective, the bill is de-
signed to approximately double, within the next 10
years, the capabilities of the United States to con-
duct a balanced, comprehensive program of ma-
rine research and surveys. This program would
consist of (1) a national policy of continuous and
constructive scientific studies of the waters of our
national boundaries; (2) educate and train additional
marine scientists in adequate numbers; (3) con-
struct and operate new and advanged research ships,
laboratories, equipment, etc.; (4) Goordinate oce-
anographic and limnological activities of the various
Federal departments and agencies participating in
the program; and (5) International and interdepart-
mental exchange of oceanographic data. Report
discusses need, explains, and presents a section-
by-section analysis of the bill. Also includes the
reports submitted by the Budget Bureau, Comp-
troller General, and the departments of Commerce,
Navy, Interior, Treasury, and Health, Education
and Welfare; as well as the National Science Foun-
dation. Committee reported favorably on the bill
with amendments.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: The
Senate on June 18 passed over as not appropriate
for calendar action, S. 2692 (Magnuson), a bill to
advance the marine sciences, to establish a com-
prehensive 10-year program of oceanographic re-
search and surveys; to promote commerce and
navigation, to secure the national defense; to ex-
pand ocean resources; to authorize the construc~
tion of research and survey ships and facilities; to
assure systematic studies of effects of radioactive
materials in marine environments; to enhance the
general welfare, and for other purposes.

Senate on June 23, 1960, passed S, 2692 (Mag-
nuson), a bill to advance the marine sciences, to
establish a comprehensive 10-year program of
oceanographic research and surveys, to promote
commerce and navigation, to secure the national
defense, to expand ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes
resources, to authorize the construction of re-
search and survey ships and facilities, to assure
systematic studies of effects of radioactive mate-
rials in marine environments, to enhance the gen-
eral welfare, and for other purposes. As passed,
the bill authorizes work to be done by the National
Science Foundation, the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and the Bureau of Mines of the Depart-
ment of the Interior, the Department of Commerce,

86

Atomic Energy Commission, Department of the

Navy, Department of the Army, Smithsonian Insti-
tute, and the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. Motion to reconsider passage was tabled.

Bill authorizes $534,382,485 over 10 years, of
which $170,840,000 would be for a new Division of
Marine Sciences to be established by the National
Science Foundation to coordinate the program,
$60;555,000 for Atomic Energy Commission to con-
trol and monitor radioactive waste disposal and
for various radioactivity in the oceans;$131,000,000
for Interior Department to study water resources,
particularly fish, in the oceans and Great Lakes.
Also an open-end authorization for the Navy to
build 24 research and survey ships (300-3,000 tons);
the new National Science Foundation $9,950,000 to
build similar ships.

POWER PROJECT FISHERIES RESOURCES
PROTECTION: S. 2586, a bill to provide for the
conservation of anadromous fish spawning areas
in the Salmon River, Idaho, was ordered favorably
reported by the Senate Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce on June 29, 1960. This
legislation would prohibit authorization for dams
on the Salmon River in Idaho which would exceed
in height those dams presently existing on down-
stream sections of the Snake and Columbia Rivers.
Also would prevent licensing of any project by the
Federal Power Commission which would tend to
have a more restrictive effect on the passage of
anadromous fish than similar projects already in
existence throughout the Columbia River Basin.
Would require the Secretary of the Interior to report
to the Congress on any conservation developments
including those relating to fish passage around
dams that in his opinion would justify amending the
provisions of the proposed bill. The bill would open
the Salmon River to possible power projects and
development.

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATIONS, 1961:

Part 1--Civil Functions, Department of the Army
(Hearings before the subcommittee of the Commit-
tee on Appropriations, House of Representatives,
86th Congress, Second Session, to accompany H.R.
12326), February 1960, pp. 1-1431, 1473 pp., —
printed. Contains, among others, statement of the
Director, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
the Chief, Branch of Columbia River Fisheries,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. The appropriation for the Corps
of Engineers, Department of the Army, contains
funds for the Columbia River Fishery Development
Program, and studies to determine the effects of
fish and wildlife resources of water-control proj-
ects of the Corps of Engineers. The statement of
the Director generally points out the importance
of the Columbia River fishery development pro-
gram--a total of 20 hatcheries have been modern-
ized or newly constructed; 400 fish screens have
been installed in irrigation diversions, 15 major
fishways have been constructed, and stream im-
provements have made 1,200 miles of stream more
accessible to salmon and steelhead. During 1959,
some 15 million young salmon and steelhead were
produced at program hatcheries. The 1961 budget
totals $1,400,000 for construction and $1,915,000
for operation and maintenance. The construction
budget provides for the following items required
to carry forward the program necessary to obtain
increased production from areas still accessible

Vol. 22, No. 8

to anadromous fish in order to mitigate fisheries
losses. resulting from the Federal dam construc-
tion program: (1) repairs and additions to several
hatcheries; (2) operational studies; (3) screening
of diversions; (4) stream improvement; and (5)
project appraisal. The printed hearings also con-
tain references to preservation of fish and funds
available for that purpose; and fish losses from
construction of dams on the Columbia River.

Part I (of two parts)--Civil Functions, Depart-
ment of the Army (Hearings before the subcommit-
tee of the Committee on Appropriations, United
States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session, on
H. R. 12326), February-April 1960, pp. 1-1431,
1473 pp., printed. Contains, among others, state-
ments of the Chief of Division of Resource Man-
agement, and Chief of Branch of Columbia River
Fisheries, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Department of the Interior. Development of the
hydroelectric potential of the Columbia River, as
well as flood control and irrigation and navigation
needs, has resulted in a program of construction
of major dams, which is a civil function of the
Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.
These structures have blocked and impeded the
access of salmon and steelhead to their spawning
areas. Additional dams under construction will
further reduce productivity and endanger the com-
mercial and sport fisheries for these species, val-
ued at approximately $20 million annually. To
counteract the expected damage to this resource
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, in coopera-
tion with the States of Idaho, Oregon, and Wash-
ington, prepared a program for the maximum pro-
duction of salmon and steelhead in streams tribu-
tary to the Columbia River. To date this program
has included the clearance of obstructions from
streams to permit passage of fish, the construction
of fishways over waterfalls, the construction and
emplacement of screening devices at hydroelectric
and irrigation diversions, and the construction of
hatcheries and other facilities for the protection
and development of salmon and steelhead.

For fiscal year 1961 stream clearing, fishway
construction, and screening of water diversions are
being continued under the program with special
emphasis given to the Williamette System and the
area above McNary Dam. The associated activities
of project appraisal, operational studies, engineer-
ing and inspection, coordination, and general ad-
ministration will continue. To carry on these ac-
tivities, the amount of $1,400,000 is required for
fiscal year 1961. This part of the hearings has
references to fish and wildlife studies by the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service; fish facilities; and fish
ladders.

Part II (of two parts)--Civil Functions, Depart-
ment of the Army (Hearings before the subcommit-
tee of the Committee on Appropriations, United
States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session, on
H. R. 12326), April-June 1960, pp. 1433-2866,
1475 pp., printed. This year's budget includes for
the Columbia River fishery development program,
$1,400,000 for construction and $1,915,000 for op-
eration and maintenance. This program is de-
signed to counteract damages to fisheries result-
ing from dam construction and other obstructions
in the lower Columbia River. The program has
been developed by the Fish and Wildlife Service
with funds appropriated to the Corps of Engi-

August 1960

neers. The Fish and Wildlife Service has coor-
dinated its activities with the fisheries departments
of Oregon and Washington. There is an urgent
need for an intensified study of the programoffish
passage around high dams. This type of study is
strongly endorsed by the Columbia Basin Inter-
agency Committee. Time is of the essence be-
cause normal resource development of our great
Pacific Northwest rivers cannot be realized fully
until the fish passage problem is solved. The
budget also includes an item of $500,000 for fish
and wildlife studies to determine the effects offish
and wildlife resources of water-control projects of
the Corps of Engineers. This part of the printed
hearings has references to fish and wildlife stud-
ies by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; fish
facilities; and fish ladders.

H. R. 12326, making appropriations for civil
functions administered by the Department of the
Army, certain agencies of the Department of the
Interior, the Atomic Energy Commission, the
Tennessee Valley Authority and certain study com-
missions, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961;
was marked up and ordered favorably reported
(S. Rept. 1768) with amendments by the Senate
Committee on Appropriations in executive session
on June 29, 1960. Includes funds to permit de-
tailed studies by the Fish and Wildlife Service of
191 Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclama-
tion projects in the United States, exclusive of the
Missouri River Basin. These studies are provided
for in the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act which
require that the Fish and Wildlife Service deter-
mine the probable effects on fish and wildlife
resources of water control projects proposed under
the jurisdiction or control of the Federal Govern-
ment and to insure that fish and wildlife conserva-
tion shall receive equal consideration and be coor-
dinated with other features of water-resource de-
velopment programs. Measures are recommended
to protect and, where possible, to develop and im-
prove fish and wildlife.

S. Rept. No. 1768, Public Works Appropriation
Bill, 1961 (June 29, 1960, 86th Congress, Second
Session, Report of the Committee on Appropria-
tions, to accompany H. R. 12326), 47 pp., printed.
In the appropriations for the Civil Functions, De-
partment of the Army, Corps of Engineers, are in-
cluded: (1) under general investigations for cer-
tain river basins and bays $50,000 for fish and
wildlife studies; for Lower Columbia River Fish-
eries Development $1,400,000--$351,000 of which
is programmed for Idaho (in view of the importance
of Idaho streams to the fishery resources of the
Pacific Northwest, the committee desires that
these funds be utilized in Idaho, and not diverted to
other phases of the program); for the Lower Co-
lumbia River fish sanctuary program for operation
and maintenance by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is included $1,915,000.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMISSION:
H. R. 12952 (Brooks of La.), introduced on July 5,
1960, a bill for the investigation of the establish-
ment of a Commission on a Department of Science
and Technology; to the Committee on Government
Operations.

SHRIMP CONSERVATION WITH CUBA: On
June 30, 1960, the House Subcommittee on Fisher~
ies and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

87

Merchant Marine and Fisheries held a hearing on
13h R. 9917, a bill giving effect to the convention
Between the United States and Cuba for the con-
servation of shrimp, signed at Havana, August 15,
1958. Officials of the Fish and Wildlife Service
of the Department of the Interior were heard.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES--LOUISIANA ME-
MORIAL: A memorial of the Louisiana State
Legislature was presented to the House and Sen-
ate on June 20. The Memorial urges the Presi-
dent and the Congress of the United State to legis-
latively institute some type of program to curtail
and control the foreign importation of shrimp; re-
ferred to the House Committee on Ways and Means,
and the Senate Committee on Finance. Copies of
the resolution were sent to the President of the
United States, members of the Louisiana delega-
tion in the U. S. Congress, and to Presiding Of-
ficers of the House of Representatives and the Sen-
ate of the Congress of the United States.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: On
June 21, 1960, the Subcommittee of the Senate
Committee on Appropriations began hearings on
H. R. 11666, a bill introduced in the House on
April 8, 1960, making appropriations for the De-
partments of State and Justice, the Judiciary, and
related agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1961.

H. R. 11666, was marked up, amd ordered fa-
vorably reported (S. Rept. 1777), with amendments
by the Senate Committee on Appropriations in ex-
ecutive session on June 29, 1960. State Depart-
ment appropriations provide funds for the inter-
national fisheries commissions, to enable the
United States to meet its obligations in connection
with participation in nine such commissions (in-
cluding the new Tortugas Shrimp Commission),
pursuant to treaties or conventions, and imple-
menting Acts of Congress. This bill passed the
House on April 13, 1960.

S. Rept. No. 1777, Departments of State and
Justice, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Ap-
propriation Bill, 1961 (June 29, 1960, Report of
the Committee on Appropriations, to accompany
H. R. 11666), 17 pp., printed. State Department
appropriations include funds for international fish-
eries commissions. The 1961 budget estimate for
this purpose was $1,925,000, the amount recom-
mended in both Senate and House committees is
$1,875,000--$150,000 more than for 1960 but
$50,000 less than the budget estimate for 1961.
Committee reported the bill to the Senate with
various amendments.

The Senate by voice vote on June 30 passed
H. R. 11666. All Committee amendments were
adopted en bloc. The Senate insisted on its amend-
ments, asked for conference with House, and ap-
pointed conferees.

STERN RAMP TRAWLERS: S. J. Res. 216
(Magnuson) introduced in the Senate on June 30,
1960, a joint resolution to authorize the Secretary
of Commerce to construct a modern stern ramp
trawler to be used for research purposes and
authorizing the appropriation of funds. This legis-
lation would provide for the Secretary of Com-
merce to be authorized to consult with the Secre-
tary of the Navy and Secretary of the Interior to

88

determine the appropriate size, design, and equip-
ment for a large, modern, stern ramp trawler

with scientific facilities suitable for use in general
oceanographic studies and as a research vessel to
develop basic fisheries sciences and advanced
techniques for production, preparation, andpres-
ervation of fisheries products from areas distant
from ports and subject to severe weather andnav-
igational difficulties. Referred to the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS: H. Rept.
No. 1923, Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1961
(June 20, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session,
Report of the Committee on Appropriations, to ac-
company H. R. 12740), 14 pp., printed. An explan-
ation of the individual items in the bill for various
departments and agencies and a detailed tabulation
of the budget estimates and recommended appro-
priations appear in this report. For the Fish and
Wildlife Service, the Committee has disallowed
the supplemental request for authority to purchase
special heavy-duty equipment for 20 passenger
motor vehicles. Also disallowed $4,158,000 re-
quested by the President for a stepped-up Govern-
ment program for export trade.

H. R. 12740, was reported out on July 1, by the
Senate Committee on Appropriations, with amend-
ments (S. Rept. No. 1832).

The bill was passed by the Senate ori June 30.
The Senate insisted upon its amendment, requested
a conference with the House, and appointed con-
ferees.

House consideration of the Senate version of
H. R. 12740 began July 2. House adopted a resolu-
tion (H. Res. 596), which in turn would permit the
House to consider the Senate amendments to the
bill. The House restored to the bill some items
which the Senate had deleted. The House also re-
fused to accept the Senate amendments. The Sen-
ate insisted on retaining in the final version of the
bill certain amendments. If the House would ac-
cept those amendments, the Senate in turn would
agree to the House position on other amendments.
By voice vote, the House agreed to the compromise
and sent H. R. 12740 back to the Senate, whichacted
immediately. The Senate accepted the compromise
measure and sent the bill to the White House.

On July 14, 1960, the President signed H. R.
12740 into public law (P. L. 86-651).

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 707
(Levering), a concurrent resolution introduced in
the House on July 1, 1960, expressing the sense of
Congress that the United States should not grant
further tariff reductions in the forthcoming tariff
negotiations under the provisions of the Trade
Agreements Extension Act of 1958, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means.
Identical to about 37 other concurrent resolutions
introduced in both House and Senate since Janu-
ary 25, 1960.

WAGES--MINIMUM HOURLY RATE INCREASE:
Minimum Wage Hour Legislation (Hearings before
the subcommittee on Labor Standards of the Com-
mittee on Education and Labor, House of Repre-
sentatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, onvar-
fous bills regarding Minimum Wage Legislation,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

May 10, 11, 17, 18, and 19, 1960--Part 3), 1663 pp.,
printed. Of the 20 million workers not covered by
wage-hour law, 61,000 employees that are engaged
in fishing or the canning and processing of fish
products are specifically exempt, even though they
are engaged in commerce, or in the production of
goods for commerce. Contains statements of busi-
nessmen, representatives of associations, andmem-
bers of Congress.

H. R. 12677 (Roosevelt), introduced in the House
on June 15, 1960, a bill to amend the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938, as amended, to provide cov-
erage for employees of large enterprises engaged
in retail trade or service and of other employers
engaged in activities affecting commerce, to in-
crease the minimum wage under the Act to $1.25
an hour, and for other purposes.

H. Rept. 1933, Fair Labor Standards Amend-
ments of 1960 (June 22, 1960, Report from the Com-
mittee on Education and Labor, to accompany H.R.
12677), 63 pp., printed. The committee-reported
bill would extend wage-hour coverage under the
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, to
approximately 3,509,000 additional employees, and
increase the prescribed minimum rate per hour
for the employees now subject to the act from the
present $1 to $1.25, based upon a graduated scale
over a period of several years. The minimum
rate per hour for employees newly brought within
coverage of the act would start at $1 and be gradu-
ally increased from year to year also to $1.25.
Among the industries, and the employees therein,
which would be affected by the extension of wage-
hour coverage and brought under the act are the
employees engaged in seafood activities. Under
the bill, section 13(a)(5) of the act is amended to
exempt any employed in, or necessary to the con-
duct of, the catching, taking, harvesting, cultivating,
or farming of any kind of fish, shellfish, and other
stated aquatic forms of life. It is the committee's
intent that this additional language also provide an
exemption for employees necessary to the conduct
of the loading, unloading, or packing of such sea-
food products for shipment or necessary to the
conduct of propagating, processing, marketing,
freezing, curing, storing, or distributing the above
products or byproducts. The effect therefore, in
the committee's view, would be to reaffirm con-
gressional intent in the original seafood exemption
including those employees whose services arenec~
essary to the conduct of the stated operations as
set forth in the act.

The minimum wage and maximum hour schedules
contained in the committee bill both minimize and
cushion the alleged impact of applying minimum
wage and maximum hours standards to wage earn
ers who would be covered by the Fair Labor Stand-
ards Act for the first time under the committee
bill. When the bill would first come into effect, the
minimum wage would be $1 an hour and the maxi-
mum workweek would be 48 hours; during the sec-
ond year the minimum wage rate would be $1.10 an
hour, the maximum workweek 46 hours; during the
third year the minimum wage rate would be $1.20
an hour, the maximum workweek 44 hours. The
minimum wage rate of $1.25 an hour would be
achieved at the beginning of the fourth year after
the effective date of the bill, but the maximum
workweek of 42 hours, which would at that time ap-
ply to newly covered workers would still be some-

August 1960

what longer than the maximum workweek of 40

hours applicable to presently-covered workers.

The 40-hour maximum workweek would not be

achieved for newly-covered workers until the be-

ead of the fifth year after the effective date of
e 9

The report discusses the purpose, background,
areas covered, and problems. Also contains asec-
tion-by-section analysis, changes in existing laws,
and minority views, as well as additional views by
Congressmen Dent and James Roosevelt. Commit-
tee reported the bill to the House without amend-
ment.

H. R. 12853 (Kitchin), introduced in the House
on June 28, 1960, a bill similar to S. 3758 except
that it increases the minimum wage under the act
only to $1.15 an hour instead of $1.25. The Com-
mittee on Rules granted an open rule, with 2 hours
debate, waiving points of order, making H. R. 12853
in order as a substitute for H. R. 12677 (Roosevelt).

H. R. 12847 (Kearns), introduced in the House
on June 28, 1960, a bill similar to H. R. 12853.

On June 30, by a record voice vote, the House
passed H. R. 12677, a bill to amend the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938, as amended, to provide cov-
erage for employees of interstate retail enterprises
and to increase the minimum wage under the act to
$1.15 an hour. By a record vote the House adopted
the Kitchin amendment to replace the text of H. R.
12677 with the language of H. R. 12853. Prior to_
its adoption the Kitchin amendment was amended to
exempt certain agricultural commodity processing
workers. H. Res. 581, the rule for the considera-
tion of the legislation, had been adopted earlier.
The bill as passed by the House would raise the
$1-an-hour-minimum to $1.15 for the workers now
covered by the law effective January 1, 1961. It
would also bring another 1.4 million retail workers
under the law's protection but their minimum would
be $1 an hour and they would not receive overtime
payments. Only employers with five or more re-
tail stores in two or more states would come under
the bill. Section 13 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938 is amended so that the exemption for
the fishing industry in (a)(5) reads: "any employee
employed in or necessary to the conduct of catching,
taking, harvesting, cultivating, or farming of any
kind of fish, shellfish, crustacea, sponges, sea~
weeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and vege-
table life, including the going to and returning from
work and including employment in or necessary to
the conduct of the loading, unloading, or packing of
such products for shipment or in propagating,
processing (other than canning), marketing, freez-
ing, curing, storing, or distributing the above prod-
ucts or byproducts thereof;"' and the exemption for
the fish canning industry in (b)(4) reads: "any em-
ployee employed in the canning of any kind of fish,
shellfish, or other aquatic forms of animal or
vegetable life, or any byproduct thereof.'' But the
fish canning exemption is still limited to those em-
ployees ''employed in the canning of any kind of
fish." Present overtime exemption for fish can-
ners and processors is not changed by the bill as
passed by the House. The bill is cited as the "Fair
Labor Standards Amendments of 1960."

S. 3758 (Morse for Kennedy), introduced in the
Senate on June 27, 1960, an original Committee

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,
as amended, to provide coverage for employees of
large enterprises engaged in retail trade or serv-
ice and of other employers engaged in activities
affecting commerce, to increase the minimum wage
under the act to $1.25 an hour, and for other pur-
poses; and placed on the calendar. This bill was
reported out by the Senate Committee on Labor and
Public Welfare on June 27 (S. Rept. No. 1744). As
reported out by the Committee, no change wouldbe
made in the year-time overtime exemption now
available to fish canners and processors and

treats both the canning and processing industry on
the same basis.

An amendment covering the fishery exemption
was proposed on June 29, in the Senate by Goldwa-
ter to S. 3758. The amendment states: On page 21,
line 13, strike the period and insert the following:

; or (16) any employee employed in the catching,
taking, harvesting, cultivating, or farming of any
kind of fish, shellfish, crustacea, sponges, sea-
weeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and vege-
table life, including the going to.and returning from
work and including employment in the loading, un-
loading, or packing of such products for shipment
or in propagating, processing (other than canning),
marketing, freezing, curing, storing, or distrib-
uting the above products or byproducts thereof."
This in essence, would broaden the present fishery
exemption in the act for fish processors. This
amendment was ordered to lie Ongthe table and
printed.

S. Rept. 1744, Fair Labor Standards Amend-
ments of 1960 (June 27, 1960, Report from the Com-
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare, together with
Minority Views, to accompany S. 3758), 96 pp.,
printed. The bill seeks to increase the minimum
wage of those employees presently covered by the
act and by extending the benefits of the law to ad-
ditional workers employed in large retail and
service enterprises and other employers engaged
in activities affecting commerce. The committee
bill makes the following principal changes in the
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended:

(1) Minimum wage for employees now covered by
the act is increased by 15 cents an hour during
calendar year 1961 and by an additional 5 cents an
hour in each of the following 2 years, so as to
raise the present minimum wage under the Fair
Labor Standards Act from $1 to $1.25 an hourover
a 3-year period. (2) Coverage is extended to ad-
ditional groups of employees for whom minimum
wages and overtime under the act are set on the
following schedule: 1st year after effective date

$1 an hour, no overtime requirement; 2nd year
after effective date $1.05 an hour, overtime after
44 hours a week; 3rd year after effective date $1.15
an hour, overtime after 42 hours a week; and
thereafter $1.25 an hour with overtime after 40
hours a week. Among others, employees of the sea-
food processing industry, exempt from the present
law, are brought under the minimum wage provi-
sions of the act in accordance with the above
schedule, but not under the overtime requirements.
This will equalize the treatment of these employees
with those engaged in seafood canning who are al-
ready covered by the act's minimum wage provi-
sions. The bill does not change the exemption for
employees engaged in fishing operations, or in the
first processing and canning performed by such
fishing employees as an incident to or in conjunc-

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tion with their fishing operations. Nor does the
bill change the status under the present law of em-
ployees who are engaged in the canning of seafood.

The only change the bill makes in these exemp-
tions is with respect to the processing of seafood.
Employees engaged in such activities are brought
under the minimum wage provisions on the same
scale as newly-covered employees in retail and
service enterprises. They will continue to be
exempt from the overtime requirements.

The change made by the bill will have the effect
of placing fish processing and fish canning on the
same basis under the act. It is estimated that ap-
proximately 32,000 employees will be brought un-
der the minimum wage provisions of the act as a
result of the changes made by the bill.

The present exemptions in sections 13(a)(5) and
13(b)(4) have been judicially interpreted to apply to
all employees employed in the seafood industry in-
cluding any employee who participates in activities
which are necessary to the conduct of the opera-
tions specifically described in the exemptions (Mc-
comb v. Consolidated Fisheries Company, 174 F.
2d 74, C. A. 3,1949). These interpretations are
consistent with the congressional purpose of
treating all employees of one establishment in the
game manner under the act and of avoiding seg-
mentation as between different employees of the
same employer engaged in the named operations.

Wo, A745 INO, &

For the same reasons, there was included in
section 13(a)(5) as amended by the bill an exemp-
tion for the "first processing, canning, or packing"
of marine products ''at sea as an incident to or in
conjunction with such fishing operations.'' The
purpose of this additional provision is to make
certain that the act will be uniformly applicable to
all employees on-the fishing vessel including those
employees on the vessel who may be engaged in
these activities at sea as an incident to the fishing
operations conducted by the vessel.

The report also contains 24 pages of ''Minority
Views," in which members of the committee in the
minority group point out their objections to many of
the specific amendments contained in the commit-
tee bill.

The report also discusses the principal provi-
sions and new coverage; presents a section-by-
section analysis, changes in existing law, and re-
lationship to other laws. Thebill was reported to
the Senate with amendments.

WILDLIFE, FISH, AND GAME CONSERVATION
IN MILITARY RESERVATIONS: The Senate on
June 23, 1960, passed with amendments H. R. 2565,
to promote fish and game conservation and reha-
bilitation in military reservations. This bill was
passed by the House March 21, 1960.

THAWING METHOD BEFORE COOKING EFFECTS
FLAVOR OF COOKED FISH

The method used by housewives to thaw frozencod before cooking has
a great deal to do with the flavor-appeal of the cooked product.
iment conducted by the Home Economics Science Department of the Uni-
versity of Toronto proved that the method of thawing rather thanoven tem-
perature affected the palatability of cooked fish.

The results of the experiment clearly showed that there was no sig-
nificant difference in flavor between cod cooked at high or low temper-
atures for varying lengths of time, but the methodof thawing was another
matter. A panel of five judges, especially trained in testing cod, ex-
pressed a preference for cod which was thawed by submersion in tap
water (179 degrees F.) for 50 minutes before cooking over all other meth-

ods of defrosting.

An exper-

Although the experiment was conducted ‘along purely scientific lines,
it employed basically the same apparatus found in the modern kitchen.

The fish were placed in a freezer prior to the commencement of the ex-
periment, and were cooked in a thermostatically-controlled oven.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

FISHERY

INDICATORS -

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND

LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

seseeee= 1960
—— 1959 CUMULATIVE DATA

ngs. 1960
1959
1959

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1960 - 121.1
1959 - 143.1
1959 - 883.2

64.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA
140

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS
CUMULATIVE DATA
MQS. 1960 - 40.2

1959 - 59.9
1959 - 383.3

CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 - 68.8
1959 -
1959 - 207.1

Y JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NO

CALIFORNIA 2/

UMULATIVE DATA.

§ “- 1960 - 209.9
1959 - 191.5
1959

CUMJLATIVE DATA

5 . 1960 - 16.2
Sa es oie
12 1959 - 51.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AMO MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA.

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1960 - 27.7
1959 - 31.6
1959 - 136.7

4 gs. 1960 - 37.7
4 | 1959 - 37.4
12 1959 - 99.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Millions of Peunds

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1960 - 0.6
4 1959 - 2.6
1959 - 104.1

1/ SHRIMP
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast)

Pee ae |

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOW DEC

T/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT CON-

PLETE. . In Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

MENHADEN
(California)

(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

mgs. 1960 - 265.6
1959 - 343.5
1959 - 1,099.1

JAN FEB MA

PILCHARD
(California)
CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 35.0
1958/59 SEASON,

TOTAL - 102.5

LEGEND:

= 159/60
——=— 1958/59

A
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC| JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT Nov DEC

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS x

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS : U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA
« 1960 - 126.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS!

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/

/

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS2 GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS+

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOW DE

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS a AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET

L/INCLUDE TRUCK AN!
AT NEW YORK CIT

JO RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANOINGS
Y

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA : : MACKEREL zie CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

a=

0 0 .
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

2/ INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL.

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
- 1960 - 155.8
1959 - 121.3
12 Mos. 1959 - 1,778.3

IS. 1960 - 11.4
1959 - 1.9
1959 - 4.3

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES!! (Estimated) - MAINE

STANDARD CASES
CUMULATIVE DATA
mgs. 1960 - 337.8

1959 - 362.7
1959 - 1,753.1

Variety Designation Net Wgt.
SARDINES. ... $ drawn 32 oz.

=o 5 oz.

#3 tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... # 1 oval 15

SALMON...... 1-lb. tall 16

ANCHOVIES... $-lb. 8

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA LEGEND:
eee | 1959/60

=—= 1958/59

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
AUG. - JUNE - 616.5
1958/59 SEASON,
AUG, - JUNE - 792.2
1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 754.6
1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL ~ 2,222.6

- 864.0

= =
onuG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

ot 1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

561071 O- 60-7 _

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS / LEGEND:
res and roze

CUMULATIVE DATA : :
S Mgs. 1960 - 5

5 4 1959 -
12 1959 - 1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM-
PARABLE WITH 1958.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

5 mgs.
Bs

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TuNA ¥
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
IS. 1960 - 86.3
" 1959 - 101.8
1959 - 235.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 - 22.8
1959 - 24.0
1959 - 69.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

5 MgS. 1960 - 25.4
5, 1959 - 24.4
12 1959 - 67.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MQS.
7
N2

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oil

CUMULATIVE DATA
mgs. 1960 - 13.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

August 1960

(p=
7 5 2s 2 —4 +A ae C= tae Be ws

ISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM
THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-
(CE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG-
NATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES

AND ALASKA.
FOR SRI SHERYAILEABLETS
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO-

DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS,

WL WILDLIFE LEAFLETS.

SSR.- FISH, - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).

WILDLIFE = SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--WILDLIFE
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION),

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

REVIEW.

SSR.

Number Title

CFS-2240 - Fish Meal and Oil, 1959 Annual Sum-
mary, 4 pp.

CFS-2286 - Fish Meal and Oil, March 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2290 - Frozen Fish Report, April 1960, 8 pp.

CFS-2299 - Shrimp Landings, January 1960, 6 pp.

CFS-2301 - North Carolina Landings, March 1960,
3 pp.

CFS-2303 - South Carolina Landings, March 1960,
2 pp.

CFS-2304 - Alabama Landings, January 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2305 - Mississippi Landings, February 1960,
2 pp.

CFS-2306 - Fish Sticks and Portions, January-
March 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2308 - Texas Landings, March 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2309 - Rhode Island Landings, March 1960,
3 pp.

CFS-2310 - California Landings, January 1960,
4 pp.

CFS-2312 - Maine Landings, March 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2314 - Oregon Landings, 1959 Annual Sum-
mary, 2 pp.

CFS-2316 - Alabama Landings, February 1960,
2 pp.

CFS-2317 - Imports and Exports of Fishery Prod-
ucts, 1955-1959 Annual Summaries,
10 pp.

CFS-2318 - Virginia Landings, April 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2320 - Georgia Landings, April 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2321 - North Carolina Landings, April 1960,
4 pp.

CFS-2322 - Alabama Landings, March 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2323 - Fish Meal and Oil, April 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2324 - South Carolina Landings, April 1960,

2 pp.
CFS-2325 - Ohio Landings, March 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2326 - New Jersey Landings, March 1960, 3
3 pp.

CFS-2331 - New Jersey Landings, April 1960, 3 pp.

COMMERCIAI, FISHERIES REVIEW 97

or /7-
o ey IZ

7
me
ee EES a, PETA ea a $2ZB ~—

FL-178 (Revised October 1959) - Partial List of
Fishing Boat Builders, 6 pp.

FL-478-1 - Canned Fish Consumer Purchases by
Family Characteristics (October 1958-Septem-
ber 1959), 62 pp., illus., December 1959. The
final report based ona broad marketing re-
search program directed toward improving and
expanding the canned tuna, salmon, and sardine
markets. It is projected from a nationwide
consumer panel of approximately 6,000 fami-
lies representing 22,000 people. The data rep-
resent estimated purchases of canned fish by
household consumers only.

The present report summarizes data on house-
hold consumer purchases of ¢ ed tuna, salm-
on, and sardines for the 12 ainths period Oc-
tober 1958-September 1959. It is developed
from data appearing in the series of monthly
reports entitled ''Canned Fish Consumer Pur-
chases!'. The data are based on reports cov-
ering 52 full weeks, whereas monthly data are
derived from reports covering 4-week periods.

The purpose of this report is to provide addition-
al information concerning buying practices of
households as related to regions, city-size lo-
cations, and other socio-economic factors.

FL-481 (Revision of 1-3, April 1941) - Some De-
sirable Aquatic Plants for Use In Fish Ponds
and Aquaria, 1 p., February 1959.

FL-488 - Age Determination of Fishes, by Fred E.
Lux, 10 pp., illus.

FL-494 - Fish Mycobacteriosis (Tuberculosis), by
Thomas J. Parisot, 3 pp., March 1959.

FL-497 - A "'Virus'' Disease of Chinook Salmon,
by A. J. Ross and R. R. Rucker, 3 pp., March
1960.

WL-414 - Selected List of Fish and Wildlife Ma-
terials for Conservation Education, 2 pp.,
January 1960.

SL-10 - Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products,
Maryland, 1959 (Revised).

SL-101 - Firms Canning Salmon, 1959 (Revised).

SSR-Fish. No. 303 - Physical Oceanographic, Bio-
logical, and Chemical Data--South Atlantic
Coast of the United States, Gill Cruise 8, by
William W. Anderson and Jack W. Gehringer,
231 pp., illus., July 1959.

98

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

SSR-Fish. No. 324 - Blood Types in Pacific Salmon, | Tuna Industry Conference Papers, May 1959, Cir-

by George J. Ridgeway and George W. Klontz, 12
pp., January 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 332 - Mycobacterial Infections in
Adult Salmon and Steelhead Trout Returning to
the Columbia River Basin and Other Areas in
1957, by A. John Ross, Brian J. Earp, and
James W. Wood, 36 pp., illus., December 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 333 - Occurrence and Significance.
of Trimethylamine Oxide in Marine Animals, by
Herman S. Groninger, 24 pp., December 1959.
Discusses the finding of trimethylamine oxide
in invertebrates as well as molluscs, crusta-
ceans, fish, and other animals. The zooplank-
ton are the first animals in the food chain that
contain trimethylamine oxide, a substance which
may be synthesized in the cells and may be a
product of protein metabolism. Its occurence
in marine animals is interesting because of its
indirect effect on the quality of seafood.

SSR-Wildlife No. 48 - Sea Otter Population and
Transplant Studies in Alaska, 1959, by Karl W.
Kenyon and David L. Spencer, 32 pp., illus.,
March 1960. Part I of this report presents de-
tails of an aerial survey of the western Aleutian
area, 1959, and estimates of the sea otter pop-
ulation of Alaska. Part II discusses the sea ot-
ter transplant from Amchitka Island to the Prib-
ilofs in 1959. This was the first successful sea
otter transplant ever accomplished.

Sep. No. 593 - Proximate Composition of Southern
Oysters--Factors Affecting Variability.

Sep. No. 594 - Processing and Quality Studies Held
in Refrigerated Sea Water andIce: Part 4 - In-
terchange of the Components in the Shrimp-Re-
frigerated-Sea-Water System.

Sep. No. 595 - Research in Service Laboratories
(July 1960): Contains these articles--"Techni-
cal Note No. 56 - Chemical Composition and
Laboratory Fillet Yield of 13 Species of Middle
and South Atlantic Fish,'' and ''Seasonal Varia-
tion of Physical Characteristics and Chemical
Composition of Fish from Middle Atlantic States."

A Program of Research and Development for the
Pacific Coast Tuna Industry, Circular 87, 9 pp.,
printed. Outlines a program of research and
development aid for the Pacific Coast tuna in-
dustry. While the legislation authorizing and
directing the Bureau to assist the fisheries is
broad, the program proposed to aid the tuna
fishery stresses those activities that give the
most promise of being useful to the industry.
The Bureau proposes to assist the tuna fishing
industry inthree major fields: (1) by helping the
domestic fleets find andcatchfish more quickly; *
(2) by helping the fishermen deliver higher qual-
ity fish to the canneries and, in turn, help the
processors improve their products; and (3) by
keeping the domestic industry well informed of
activities and developments respecting tuna,
both domestic and world-wide, as they may af-
fect production and marketing in the United
States, so that the industry can plan its opera-
tions intelligently under changing conditions.

}

cular 65, 113 pp., illus., processed, November
1959. Selected papers of the Government-In-
dustry Tuna Conference at Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., May 19-21,
1959. The papers, written by both industry and
government specialists in various fishery
fields, are grouped by categories. Part 1--
The World Tuna Resource and Fishery, includes
"The Tuna Resource in Relation to Oceano-
graphic Features," by Vernon E. Brock; ''Tuna
Fishing Methods and Their Application," by
Vernon E. Brock; ''World Tuna Production," by
Donald R. Johnson; ''Status of the Fishery for
Tunas of Tropical Waters of the Eastern Pa-
cific,'' by Milner B. Schaefer; ''Status of the
Fishery for Tunas of the Temperate Waters of
the Eastern Pacific (Abstract),"' by Harold B.
Clemens; and ''Some Observations on Present
and Future Japanese Tuna Fisheries," by Wil-
van G. Van Campen. Part 2--The Domestic
Tuna-Fishing Industry, contains: ''Harvesting
the Tuna Resource," by Gerald V. Howard;
"Handling and Transporting to the Cannery,
Part A,'' by Clarence J. Carlson; ''Handling and
Transporting to the Cannery, Part B,"' by Sven
Lassen; ''Fisheries Loan and Mortgage Pro-
grams," by Lester T. Bradbury; and 'Publica-
tions of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of
Interest to the Tuna Industry," by Donald R.
Johnson. Part 3--Processing and Marketing
Tuna, consists of: "Sources of Tuna Consumed
in the United States,'' by Victor J. Samson and
Anthony D. Sokolich; ''The Processing of Tuna,"
by Maurice E. Stansby; ''Marketing Tuna in the
Unites States,"' by Donald Y. Aska; ''Marketing
Tuna in Foreign Countries," by Arthur M. Sand-
berg; and ''Trade Agreements and How They are
Made,'' by Arthur M. Sandberg.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products,
January 1960, 10 pp. (Market News Service, U. S,
Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 FE. Lombard
St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts at Baltimore
by species and by states and provinces for
fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; total
receipts by species and comparisons with pre-
vious years; and wholesale prices on the Balti-
more market; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary,
April 1960, 13 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts
of tuna and tunalike mackerel, and anchovies;
pack of canned tuna, mackerel, anchovies; mar-
ket fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica,
and Eureka areas; California imports; canned
fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices
for cannery fish; American Tuna Boat Associa-
tion auction sales; for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh

and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and
Wholesale Market Prices, April 1960, 13 pp.

(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.)
Receipts at Chicago by species and by states

August 1960

and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and
frozen fishery products; for the month indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments
of Fishery Products, April 1960, 8 pp. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.)
Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab
landings; crab meat production; LCL express
shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices
of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French
Market; sponge sales; and fishery imports at
Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., from Mexi-
co; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production
in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina,
and Maryland, May 1960, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U. §. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and
production for the Virginia areas of Hampton
Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore;
the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and
Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of At-
lantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together
with cumulative and comparative data; for the
month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
Summary for April 1960, pp. (Market News

Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) In-
cludes summaries and analyses of receipts and
prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports
entered at New York City, primary wholesaler
prices for frozen products, and marketing trends;
for the month indicated.

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts
and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected
Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, May
1960, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes landings and local receipts,
with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some
instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria,
(Ore.) wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pacific
halibut landings; and Washington shrimp landings;
for the month indicated.

Information and Explanatory Statement for Daily
New England Market News Service "Fishery
Products Reports” Issued at Boston, 10 pp.,
June 1960. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier,
Boston 10, Mass.) Includes a brief description
of the fisheries in the various New England
ports, and the trading practices. Meanings and
definitions of the various abbreviations and ~
terms used in Market News reports are explained.

Honolulu Biological Laboratory--Past (1949-1958)--
Present (1989)-- Future (1960), by V. E. Brock

and J. CG. Marr, Fish and Wildlife Circular 83,
65 pp., illus., processed. Honolulu Biological
Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 1960. Covers
results of research during 1949-1958 on ocea-

561071 O- 60-8

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

99

nography, fishery resources, bait supplements,
technology, gear development, and biology and

behavior of tunas. The 1959 section covers the
exploration program; and information on areas
of abundance and relation of stocks, efficiency

of capture, and bait supplements. The plans for

future investigations are discussed briefly. Al-
so includes a bibliography of the Laboratory's

publications and translations for 1949-1958.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLET IS AVAILABLE FROM

THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

U.S, FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. Cc.
Number Title
MNL-18 - Fisheries of Panama.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

INGTON 25, D. C.

Annotated Bibliography on Biology of American
Menhaden, by John W. Reintjes, James Y. Christ-
mas, Jr., and Richard A. Collins, Fishery Bul-
letin 170 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and
Wildlife Service, vol. 60), pp. 297-322, printed,
25 cents, 1960.

Beene Age of Atlantic Menhaden From Their

Scales, by Fred C. June and Charles M. Roith-
mayr, Fishery Bulletin 171 (from Fishery Bul-
letin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60),

pp. 323-342, illus., printed, 20"ents, 1960.

Estimates of Larval Tuna Abundance in the Cen-
tral Pacific, by Donald W. Strasburg, Fishery
Bulletin 167 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish
and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), pp. 231-255, illus.,
printed, 25 cents, 1960,

Oceanography of the East Central Equatorial Pa-

cific as Observed During Expedition Eastropic,
Fishery Bulletin 168

(from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife

Service, vol. 60), pp. 257-282, illus., printed,
35 cents, 1960.

Statistics of the Alaska Herring Fishery, 1878-

1956, by Bernard E. Se aera aeudel
and Gerald M. Reid, Statistical Digest No. 48,
24 pp., illus., printed, 25 cents, 1960. Statis-
tics of the herring fisheryin Alaska are sum—
marized for the years 1878 to 1956 insofar as
detailed data were available. Catches are re-
corded by statistical areas in Southeastern
Alaska, Prince William Sound, and Kodiak and
represent a revision of previously-published
figures calculated by converting meal produc -
tion to pounds of fish. Products of the fishery
and the statistics of operation are summarized
for all Alaska.

Systematics and Biology of the Gizzard Shad (DOR-
OSOMA CEPEDIANUM) and Related Fishes, by
by Robert Rush Miller, Fishery Bulletin 173
(from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife

Service, vol. 60), pp. 371-392, illus., printed,
25 cents, 1960.

100

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND

WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR-
GANIZATION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICA-

GANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED.
LY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

DATA ON PRICES, IF READ-

ADEN:

Aden Protectorate, 1947-1958, 28 pp., illus.,
printed, Is 5d (about 20 U.S.cents). The Fish-
eries Department, Aden, Aden Protectorate.
The first report of the Fisheries Department
of Aden, summarizing the fishery activities un-
der a program launched in 1947 to assess the
fishery possibilities in not only the Aden Pro-
tectorate but the Gulf of Aden area generally.

It also includes accounts of activities carried
out by the Department since its establishment
in 1949 and up to the end of December 1958.
Contains, among others, sections on the history
of the fisheries, mechanization of the fishing —_
fleet, and the use of improved fishing gear. Al-
so contains information on vitamin A fish oils,
nonvitamin A fish oils, the canning of fishery
products, a potential offshore rock fishery along
the Western Aden Protectorate coast, and col-
loquial and scientific nomenclature of the more
common fishes found in the Gulf of Aden.

ANCHOVIES:

Estudio Bieler Pesquero de la Anchoita
(ENGRAULI NCHOITA) de Mar del Plata--
Analisis de los caracteres meristicos (Fishery
Biological Study of the Anchovy (Engraulis an-
choita) of Mar del Plata--Analysis of Their Mer
istic Characters), by Maria Luisa Fuster de
Plaza and Enrique E. Boschi, no. 7, 55 pp., illus.,
printed in Spanish with English summary. Sec-
retaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Departa-
mento de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Buenos
Aires, Argentina, 1958.

ANTIBIOTICS:

"The Penetration of Chlortetracycline into Tis-
sues of Sockeye Salmon on CTC-Dip Treatment
and its Destruction on Heating,'' by Tetuo Tom-
iyama, Yasuo Yone and Kunio Kobayashi, arti-
cle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scienti-
fic Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 12, 1959, pp. 1012-
1018, printed in Japanese with English abstracts.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Use of Aureomycin-Ice for the Preservation of
Squid,'' by Kokichi Oshima, article, Hokusuishi
Geppo, vol. 16, 1959, pp. 106-117, printed in
Japanese. Hokusuishi Geppo, Hokkaido Fish-
eries Scientific Institute, Yoichi, Hokkaido,
Japan.

ARGENTINA:

Recursos Icticos del Sector Antartico Argentino--
Aspectos Sobre su Aprovechamiento en Giorgias
del Sur (Fishery Resources of the Argentine
Antarctic Region--Aspects of Their Develop-
ment in South Georgia), by Italo Santiago Car-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

rara, 23 pp., illus., processed in Spanish. Uni-
versisad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Argen-
tinal DDE

BARENTS SEA:

Results of the Marking of Demersal Fishes of the
Barents Sea During epee 1946-1955, by
K.G. Konstantinov, 13 pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from Pinro, vol. X, 1957, pp. 78-87). Min-
instry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fish-
eries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England, 1959.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Distribution of a Lipase Enzyme in Lingcod Fil-
lets and the Effect of Low Temperature Storage
on its Activity,'' by J.D. Wood, article, Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol.
16, October 1959, pp. 755-757, printed. Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ot-
tawa, Canada.

"Electrophoretic Analysis of Fluids Obtained from
Mechanically Disrupted and Frozen Fish Mus-
cle," by Harry L. Seagran, article, Food Re-
search, vol. 24, November-December 1959, pp.
681-687, printed. Food Research, Department
of Food Technology, University of California,
Davis, Calif.

BIOLOGY:
Fresh-Water Biology, second edition, 1,264 pp.,
~illus., printed. John Wiley & Sons, 440 Fourth
Ave., New York 16, N.Y., 1959.

BROOK TROUT:
The Sea-Run or ''Salter'' Brook Trout (SALVELI-
"NUS FONTINALIS) Fishery of the Coastal
Streams of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, by James
W. Mullan, Bulletin No. 17, 25 pp., illus., print-
ed. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and
Game, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass., May 1958.

CALIFORNIA:

The Marine Fish Catch of California (For the

"Years 1957 and 1958), Fish Bulletin No. 108,
74 pp., illus., printed. Department of Fish and
Game, Sacramento, Calif., 1960. Tables in this
bulletin summarize in various ways the final
1957 and 1958 landings of fish, mollusks, and
erustaceans in California by commercial fishing
vessels or shipped into California for proces-
sing. Statistical data cover annual landings and
shipments, 1916-1958; landings and shipments
of leading species by pounds and value; licensed
commercial fishermen; number of fishing boats
by length; origin of shipments, 1957 and 1958;
origin of commercial fish iandings, 1957 and
1958; monthly landings and shipments, 1957
and 1958--statewide and by areas; value and
poundage, annual landings by areas, 1957 and
1958; value of landings by ports and areas, 1957
and 1958; sport catch, 1949-1958; and live-bait
catch, 1954-1958. Also contains list of common
and scientific names of fish, crustacean, and
mollusks.

CANADA:
The Boat Building Industry, 1958, by Dominion
"Bureau of Statistics, March 1960, 11 pp., illus.,
printed, 50 Canadian cents. The Queen's Print-
er and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

August 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM TH VICE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THER” eee SUI CE 9 DUT USMATEYEMAY OF

Canada (Saskatchewan): An Act Respecting Co-
Operative Fisheries Limited, Food an Ti-
cultural Legislation, vol. VIII, no. 3, XVIL
2/59.1, 15 pp., printed, $1. Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Italy, 1959. (For sale by Columbia University
Press, International Documents Service, 2960
Broadway, New York 27, N.Y.)

’

Canadian Shellfish for Everyday Meals, Consumer
Bulletin No. 6, 16 pp., printed. Queen's Printer,
Ottawa, Canada.

Fisheries Statistics of British Columbia, 1959
(preliminary), 14 pp., illus., processed. Cana-
dian Department of Fisheries, Vancouver, Cana-
da, April 1960.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, vol. 16, no. 5, October 1959, 197 pp., illus.,
printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among oth-
ers, articles on ''Proximate Analysis of Pacific
Herring (Clupea pallasii) and an Evaluation of
Tester's 'Fat Factor', by J.R. McBride, R.A.
MacLeod, and D.R. Idler; ''Homing of Rainbow
Trout to Inlet and Outlet Spawning Streams at
Loon Lake, British Columbia," by C.C. Lindsey,
T.G. Northcote, and G.F, Hartman; ''A Concept
of Growth in Fishes," by Robert R. Parker and
Peter A. Larkin; ''The Effect of Sodium Chloride
on Proteolysis and on the Fate of Amino Acids
Present in the Muscle of Codfish (Gadus calla-
rias),'' by E. Bilinski and H. Fougere; and "Dis-
tribution of a Lipase Enzyme in Lingcod Fillets
and the Effect of Low Temperature Storage on
its Activity,"" by J.D. Wood.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, vol. 17, no. 2, March 1960, 167 pp., illus.,
printed. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada. Contains, among oth-
ers, these articles: ‘International Passama-
quoddy Fisheries Board Fisheries Investigations
1956-59. Introductory Account," by J.L. Hart
and D.L. McKernan; ''Herring Fishery in South-
ern New Brunswick,'' by R.A. McKenzie and
S.N. Tibbo; ''Predicted Effects of Proposed Tid-
al Power Structures on Groundfish Catches in
Charlotte County, N.B.,". by W. R. Martin; ''Stud-
ies of Haddock in the Passamaquoddy Bay Reg-
ion,'' by F.D, McCracken; "Critical Size and
Maximum Yield for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhyn-
chus ushewyiseha) by Robert R. Parker; "Sea-
sonal Distribution of Some Epipelagic Fishes in
the Gulf of Alaska Region," by Ferris Neave
and M,G. Hanavan; ''The Food of the Redfish
Sebastes marinus (L.) in the Newfoundland A-
rea,” by D.G. Lambert; and "Description of
Young Ammocoetes Belonging to Two Species

of Lampreys: Petromyzon marinus and Entos-~
phenus lamottenii, by Vadim D. Vladykov.

"'Passamaquoddy Fisheries Investigations," by
S.N. Tibbo and L.R. Day, article, Trade News,
vol. 12, no. 8, February 1960, pp. 3-8, illus.,
processed. Information and Educational Serv-
ice, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.
Discusses the economic feasibility of the Pass-
amaquoddy Tidal Power Project. Since 1956,

Canadian and American scientists have been in-
vestigating the power potential in the tidal wat-
ers of Passamaquoddy Bay, on the U.S, -Canadi-
an border adjacent to New Brunswick's Bay of
Fundy. Oceanographic and biological studies
were conducted to determine possible effects of
the power project on the prosperous herring and
groundfish fisheries. Findings showed that the
general abundance of herring in the Bay of Fun-

dy and the Gulf of Maine is unlikely to be affect-
ed.

Temperatures in Frozen Fish Shipped by Road in
Hetripenated Trailers, by C.P, Lentz and E.A,__
Rooke, 3 pp., illus., printed, limited distribution.
(Reprinted from Canadian Food Industries, Feb-
ruary 1960.) Canadian Scientific Liaison Office,
1907 K St., N.W., Rm. 403, Washington 6, D.C.

CHILE:

Informaciones Estadisticas Sobre Pesca-Produc-
cion Por Especies Comparadas Entre Los Anos
1944 a 1951 en Toneladas (Statistical Informa-
tion on Fisheries--Comparisons of Production
by Species Between 1944 and 1951 in Tons), 57
pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Departamento de

Fomento de Pesca Y Caza, Valparaiso, Chile,
1953,

COALFISH: °
"Behavior of the Young of Coalfish with Respect
to a Moving Net Trap (Aquarium Experiments),"
by D.V. Radakov and D.S. Nikolaev, article,
Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 38, no. 7, 1959, pp.
1103-1108, printed in Russian with English sum-
mary. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Redaksiia Zoolog-

icheskogo Zhurnala, Podsosenskii per. Gl, Pale
Moscow B-64, U.S,S.R.

COD:

"Caracteristicas de Bacalhan com Falta de Sal"
(Characteristics of Cod Low in Salt), by J. Frei-
xo, article, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 13, no. 152,
November 1958, pp. 18-19, printed in Portu -
guese. Conservas de Peixe, Regueirao dos An-
jos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

COMPOSITION:

"Proximate Analysis of Pacific Herring (Clupea
pallasii) and an Evaluation of Tester's 'Fat Fac-
tor',” by J.R. McBride, R.A. MacLeod, and
D.R, Idler, article, Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 16, October
1959, pp. 679-604, printed. Journal of the Fish-

eries Research Board of Canada, Queen's Print-
er & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

CRAB MEAT:

"Studies on the 'Browning!' of Canned Crab Meat.
IV--Soaking of the Raw Material in Weren ae
Heating,"' by Yoshio Nagasawa, article, Bulletin
of the Seounege Society of Scientific Fisheries,
Vol. 24, no. 12, I , pp. 971-975, printed in
English. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori 6-chome Tokyo, Japan.

CRABS:
The Migrations of Adult Female Blue Crabs ;
CALLINECTES SAPIDUS Rathbun, in Chinco-

102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

teague Bay and the Adjacent Waters, by D.G.
Cargo, Contribution No. 121, 12 pp., illus.,

printed. (Reprinted from Sears Foundation:
Journal of Marine Research, vol. 16, no. 3,
October 15, 1958, pp. 180-191.) Department of
Research and Education, Chesapeake Biological
Laboratory, Solomons, Md.

CROAKERS:

Disappearance of Young Atlantic Croakers from
the York River, Virginia, by William H. Mass-
mann and Anthony L. Pacheco, 6 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Transactions Ameri-
can Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960, pp.
154-159.) Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Glou-
cester Point, Va.

DELAWARE RIVER:

Information Bulletin--Delaware River Basin
Study, 41 pp., illus., printed. U.S. Army En-
gineer District, Philadelphia, Pa., 1960. Pre-
sents a brief summary of Delaware River Ba-
sin water needs and a tentative plan of develop-
ment. The water control plan is a guide to the
development of the basin's water resources so

that these water resources will meet the in-
creasing requirements of the continually ex-
panding Delaware basin community. ~ The plan
presented is tentatively under consideration
and is not necessarily the final plan to be rec-
ommended to the Congress oncompletion of the
survey. Benefits of the plan, including in-
creased possibilities for fishing, are discussed
briefly.

EAST AFRICA:

East African Fisheries Research Organization
Annual Report, 1959, 48 pp., printed. East Af -
rican Fisheries Research Organization, P.O.
Box 343, Jinja, Uganda. Describes scientific
work accomplished in the study of Lake Victo-
ria fisheries, experimental fishing, growth of
fish under controlled conditions, fish in ponds,
identification of tilapia, fish parasites, food of
fishes, controlof snails, andrelated subjects.
Also includes a bibliography of recent publica-
tions on East African fisheries and related sub-
jects, and appendices of research papers on
fisheries.

EELS:

"Migration of the European River Eel (Anguilla
anguilla (L,)) in Atlantic Waters," by V.D. Le-
bedev, article, Nauchnye Doklady Vyssei Shkoly;
Biologicheskie Nauki, no. Sp 1959, pp. 43-53,
printed in Russian. Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'-

stvo ''Vysshaia Shkola,'' Podsosenskii per. 20,
Moscow B-62, U.S.S.R.

EXPORTS:

United States Exports of Domestic and Foreign
Merchandise (amined ity by Country of Desti-
nation), Calendar Year 1959, Report No. FT
410, processed, Part I, 172 pp., $1.25; Part II,
302 pp., $2. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., March
1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U.S, Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D.C.) The statistics in Part I cover
United States exports of domestic and foreign

merchandise (including fishery products and
byproducts) under group 00 through group 5,
Part II covers merchandise under groups 6
through 9 (some items of interest to the fishery
and allied industries are included). Data are
shown by commodity by country of destination.

United States Exports of Domestic and Forei
Merchandise (Country of Destination by Sube
group), Calendar Year 1959, Report No. FT
420, 83 pp., processed, 50 cents. -U. S. Depart-:
ment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Wash-
ington, D.C., March 1960. (For sale by the Su-
perintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) The sta-
tistics in this report cover United States exports
of domestic and foreign merchandise (including
fishery products and byproducts) under approx-
imately 100 subgroups by country of destination
by subgroup.

FAUNA:
Corixid Insects as Part of the Offshore Fauna of

the Sea, by GordonGunter and J. Y. Christmas,
2 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Ecology,
vol. 40, no. 4, October 1959, pp. 724-725.) Gulf
Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs,
Miss.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION:

Guides for Advertising Allowances and Other
Merchandising Payments and Services; Compli-
ance with Sections 2 (d) and 2 (e) of the Clayton
Act, as Amended by the Robinson-Patman Act,
10 pp., printed. Federal Trade Commission,
Washington 25, D.C., May 19, 1960. A pamph-
let for businessmen on guides for advertising
allowances and other merchandising payments
and services. This pamphlet can be of value in
complying with the laws against giving or re-
ceiving improper promotional allowances, in-
cluding advertising or special services, for pro-
moting products. It will make possible a bet-
ter understanding of the obligations of sellers
and their customers in joint promotional activ-
ities. These guides are designed to be both
practical and understandable. They contain
carefully considered suggestions, or general
rules of thumb, which business will find very
useful in preventing unintentional violations.
They highlight the requirements of law and of-
fer means for complying with it. Also included
in the pamphlet is the full text of the Robinson-
Patman Act, and what the law covers generally.

FISH MEAL:,

"The Carbonate Content of Some Fish and Shell-
fish Meals,'' by Claude E. Thurston and Patri-
cia P. MacMaster, article, Journal of the Asso-
ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists, vol.
42, November 1959, pp. 699-702, printed. Asso-
ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists, Box
540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4,
D.C.

"Spontaneous Heating of Fish Meal--II,"' by C.J.
H, Van den Broek, article, Food Manufacture,
vol. 34, October 1959, pp. 387-390, printed.
Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., Stratford
House, 9 Eden St., London NW1, England.

August 1960

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
—— ,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

FISH OIL:

"Preparation of Quaternary Ammonium Salts
from Fish Oil and Their Antibiotic Action," by
Masamichi Toyomizy, Noriyuki Enomoto, and
Yukio Tomiyasu, article, Bulletin of the Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no.
9, 1959, pp. 743-748, printed in Japanese with
English abstracts. Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH SOLUBLES:

"Condensed Fish Solubles. A Review of Its Prep-
aration and Properties,'' by Robert A. MacLeod,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, vol. 16, no. 5, October 1959, pp. 685-
694, printed. Queen's Printer andController of
Stationery, Ottawa,Canada. Describes the meth-
od of preparing condensed solubles by concentra-
ting stickwater after first treating it with acid or
enzymes to remove or destroy unwanted proteins.
The amino acid and vitamin content of condensed
solubles is discussed with particular reference
to factors such as freshness of the fish, degree
of spoilage of the stickwater, and methods of
processing the solubles which cause variations
in the levels of these nutrients. The composi-
tion of the solubles is also determined by the
species of fish used, the age and extent of matu-
ration of the fish, and by the type of material
(whether whole fish or scraps) from which it is
prepared. The use of condensed fish solubles
as a feed supplement is discussed. The need
for using solubles of known history both in for-
mulating rations and in nutrition studies is
stressed.

FISHERY RESOURCES:
Can We Manage Our Coastal Fishery Resources Tt
by J.L.McHugh, 6 pp., printed. (Reprinted
from Transactions of the American Fisheries

Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester, Va. In sum-
mary, the author states that ''A fresh approach
to coastal fisheries problems is needed; one in-
cluding more biological and educational work
and investigation of economic, social, and politi-
cal factors which are potent influences in the
interaction of fisheries resources and man.
The conventional approach, by methods designed
to foster management for optimum sustained
yield for each important species, holds little
promise for management of migratory fish in
inshore waters of the Atlantic Coast. More
consideration should be given to management
of the biomass of the entire resource. Some
statistics of the Atlantic Coast fisheries are
given and promising approaches for bettering
management discussed.

FLOUNDERS:
Flounders and Their Cousins Unique Fish, by
C. M. Bearden, Education Release 177, 5 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from South Carolina
Wildlife, 1960.) Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wad-
malaw Island, S. C.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Catalogue of FAO Fisheries Publications, Octo-
ber 1959, compiled by Patricia M. Andrews,

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

FAO/59/10/7400, 17 pp., processed. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and
Fisheries, vol. 2, no. 10, December 1959, 232
pp., processed. Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Proceedings, 8th
Session, Colombo, Ceylon, December 6-22, 1958,
Section I, 193 pp., printed, US$1. IPFC Secre-
tariat, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the
Far East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1958. (For sale
by Publications Section, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy).
The full proceedings of this meeting consist of
three sections of which the first, a report of
the proceedings of the 8th Session, is contained
in this issue. Section II, the technical papers
presented at the meeting by delegations, and
Section III, papers read at a symposium on fish
behavior, are combined as a separate issue.
The present report contains chapters on the
Council procedure, resources, technology and
economics, publications, technical assistance,
recommendations, and a report on the status
of the industry. Member governments of the
Indo-Facific Fisheries Coun@il include Austra-
lia, Ceylon, France, India, Japan, Korea, Fed-
eration of Malaya, Netherlands, Thailand, Unit-
ed Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam.

Mediterranean Trawling (Fourth Report-- Malta,

“August 1959), by J. Scharfe, GFCM Studies and
Reviews No. 10, 23 pp., illus., processed. Gen-
eral Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean
Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, March 1960.
This report covers a rational study of Mediter-
ranean-type trawls and considerations concern-
ing utilization of engine, variable pitch propel-
ler, and winch. These experiments were main-
ly devoted to collecting comparative perfor -
mance data for the conventional Italian-type
bottom trawl, the modified sand-eel trawl, and
a high opening sprat trawl, the latter two rep-
resenting northern European designs made of
machine-braided nylon webbing, cut to shape.
Furthermore, an elliptical-type otter board of
Russian design was tested again. Present re-
sults indicate that even with bottom fish only
the northern European designs, particularly
the sand-eel trawl, cancompete with the Italian-
type trawl under Mediterranean fishing condi-
tions. Recommendations for future trawl stud-
ies are included.

Progress Achieved by the Non-Self-Governin
Territories in Soe ene on Chaper XI of the
Charter--Fisheries in the Non-Self-Governin
Territories, United Nations General Assembly,
14th Session, 21pp., processed. Foodand Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy,
June 23, 1959.

104

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

FRESH-WATER FISH:

"Biology of Commercial Fishes inLakes of North-
ern Kazakhstan," by V. I. Ereshchenko, article
Akademiia Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Institut Zoolo-
gil, no. 2, 1959, p. 208, printed in Russian. Ak-
ademiia Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Institut Zoolo-
gii, Alma-Ata, U.S.S.R.

FROZEN FISH:

"A New Technique for the Measurement of Tex-
ture Changes in Fish Muscle, and Its Applica-
tionin Assessing the Quality of Cold-Stored Ma-
terial," by R. M. Love, article, Bulletin de L!
Institut International du Froid, vol. 39, 1959,

p. 868, printed. International Institute of Re-
frigeration, 177 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris
17, France.

"Preliminary Investigations on the Use of Gunny

Sack as a Simple and Economical Means for Stor-

ing Quick-Frozen Pomfrets with Special Refer-
ence to Protection Against Yellow Discoloration
During Storage,'' Indian Fisheries Bulletin, vol.

5, no. 1, January [958, pp. 19-20, printed In Eng-

lish. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Govern-
ment of India, New Delhi, India.

FUNGI:

Occurrence of Lignicolous Fungi in Northern At-
lantic and Pacific Marine Localities, contribu-

tion no. 252, by S. P. Myers and E. 8. Reynolds,
10 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Canadian

Journal of Botany, vol. 38,1960, pp. 217-226.)

The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami,
No. 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

FUR SEALS:

"North Pacific Fur Seal Commission Meets in
Moscow," article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 8,
February 1960, p. 21, processed. Information
and Educational Service, Department of Fish-
eries, Ottawa, Canada.

GEAR:

"A New Fishing Method for Increasing the Pro-
duction of Prime Fish in the Coastal Fishery,"
by G. Predel, article, Deutsche Fischerei Zeit-
ung, vol. 5, no. 7, July 1958, p. 200, printed.
Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, Berlin-Friedrich-
shagen, Muggelseedamm 310, East Berlin, Ger-
many

Selectivity of Gill Nets for Lake Whitefish,

COREGONUS CLUPEAFORMIS, by A. M. Mc-
Combie and F. E. J. Fry, 9 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Transaction American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960, pp. 176-184.)
Division of Research, Ontario Department of
Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

"State of Development and Working Conditions of
Floating Trawls,"' by G. Kajewski, article,
Fischereiforsching, vol. 1, no. 1, August 1958,
p. 1, printed in German, Fischereiforsching,
Institut fur Hochseefischerei und Fischverarbeit-
ung, Rostock-Marienehe, E. Germany.

GENERAL:

Fish Saving (A History of Fish Processing from
Ancient to Modern Times), by Charles L. Cut-

ting, 385 pp., illus., printed, 42s. (about US$5.88).
Leonard Hill Limited, 9 Eden St., N.W. 1,
London, England,1955. The author of this book,
who is trained in the field of fisheries technol-
ogy, gives a very good account of the "methods
evolved by man down through the ages for keep-
ing fish in an edible condition."' The contents
range from the preservation practices of prim-
itive peoples on through the pre-industrial era,
the development of the vast fisheries off New-
foundland, the early history of the fish-canning
industry, and on down to the present era. Al-
though the book concentrates on the historical
aspects of fish preservation as food, the volume
contains many references to the role that salt-
ing, drying, and smoking of fishery products
played in the development of trade between
Europe and the North American colonies. This
volume is nontechnical and can be recommended
to anyone who wants a background knowledge

of a subject for which the material is often
scattered and inaccessible. The reference ma-
terial at the end of each chapter is excellent
and besides a general index, is also indexed by
species, names, and places.

--H. M. Bearse

GERMANY:

Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen
Kommission fur Meeresforschung, Neue Folge,
Ban XV, Heft 4, 1959, 121 pp., illus., printed
in German with English summaries. Berichte
der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission
fur Meeresforschung, E. Schweizerbart'sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller),
Stuttgart W., Germany. Includes these articles:
"Unterschungen uber die Biologie des Wittlings

Merlangius sacle (L.) in der Nordsee"
(Biological Researchon the Whiting, Merlangius
merlangus (L.), of the North Sea), by Joachim
Messtont?, "Untersuchungen uber den Anteil
Untermassiger Wittlinge in den Fangen der
Deutschen Heringsschleppnetzfischerei in der
Nordsee" (Investigations of the Share of Under-
sized Haddock in the Catches of the Herring
Trawl Fishery of the North Sea), by Dietrich
Sahrhage; and ''Die Vertikalverteilung Plank-
tischer Copepoden in der Kieler Bucht" (Verti-

cal Distribution of Plankton Copepods in the
Bay of Kiel), by Karl Banse.

HALIBUT:

Pacific Halibut Fishery Regulations (Effective
March 24,1960),12 pp., printed. International
Pacific Halibut Commission Fisheries Hall No.
2, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.,
March 1960. These regulations were published
inconformity with the Pacific Halibut Fishery
Convention between the United States and Canada,
signed March 2, 1953. They are based on bio-
logical and statistical investigations, designed
to show what catch can be taken from the stocks
each year. The 1960 regulations are similar
to those for 1959, except that fishing grounds
in the Cape Scott-Goose Islands region and in
the channels of southeastern Alaska which were
closed to halibut fishing during the second fish-
ing season in Area 2, Willapa Bay to Cape
Spencer in 1959, will be open in 1960.

August 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

HERRING:

The Herring Fishery of the Northwest Atlantic,

“by Leslie W. Scattergood and S. N. Tibbo,
printed, 75 Canadian cents, The Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
(For sale by the Queen's Printer and Control-
ler of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.) A general
account of the history of the Northwest Atlan-
tic herring fishery from aboriginal days to the

present. This booklet also describes the catch

and its seasonal nature, gear used, utilization
of the catch, and the possibility for expansion.

HYDROGRAPHY:
Some Relations Between Air Temperatures and
the Surface Water Temperatures of Lakes, by
A. M. McCombie, 7pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Limnology and Oceanography, vol.

4, no. 3, July 1959, pp. 252-258.) Ontario Depart-
ment of Lands and Forests, Division of Research,

Maple, Ontario, Canada.

INDIA:

The Development of a Fisheries Extension Service

in India, by Charles B. Wade, 41 pp., processed.

Government of India, New Delhi, India, January
1959.

Fisheries of Bombay State, 1957, 32 pp., illus.,

printed. Department of Fisheries, Government

of Bombay, Bombay, India.

"Fishing Methods for the Indian Shad Hilsa
ilisha (Hamilton) in the Indian Region, Part II,
by S. Jones, article, Journal of the Bomba:

2

Natural Eilstony, Society, vol. 56, no. 3, Decem-

ber 1959, pp. 3- , illus., printed, Rs. 15
(about US$3.15). Bombay Natural History So-
ciety 91 Walkeshwar Rd., Bombay 6, India.
The methods of fishing for the Indian shad in
India, Pakistan, and Burma are described in

considerable detail. Some of the nets describ-

ed are specially designed for landing Hilsa
while others are multipurpose nets in which
this fish is one of several species caught. In
all, about 102 nets are classified, with most of
the important ones illustrated. A glossary of
local names of fishing gear and tackle with
explanations is included.

JAPAN:

Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries
Research Laboratory no. ae February 1960,
61 pp., illus., printedin Japanese with English
summaries. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Ja-

an, Includes, among others, these articles:
"Studies on the Sterilization of Fishmeal and
the Improvement of its Quality,"' by H. Oshima,
M. Sasajima, and T. Kanzaki; and "Studies on
Freezing of 'Surimi! (Fish Paste) and its
Application (II): On Freezing of Alaska Pollack
'Surimi! for the Material of Sausage (1)," by
K. Nishiya and others.

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 25, August 1959, 79 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English Summaries.
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,

Tuskishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Contains,

among others, these articles: ''On Separation

of Natural and Fishing Mortality from Total
Mortality by Use of an Analogue Computer," by
T.Doi;''Vitamin A in Fish Flesh," by S. Hirao,
J. Yamada, and R. Kikuchi; and "Vitamin B Con-
tents of Tissues of Red Salmon (Oncorhynchus ner-
ka),"' by S. Murayama, M. Yanase, and K. Tabei.

The Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.
10, no. 1, March 1959, 156 pp., illus., printed.
Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research, The
Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sen-
dai, Japan. Includes, among others, the follow-
ing articles: ''The Moisture Distribution in Fro-
zen.Meat of Swordfish During Cold Storage,'' by
Y. Tsuchiya and S. Uchimi; and ''The Use of
Probability Paper for the Graphical Analysis of
Percentage Compositions of Chum Salmon with
Different Scale Characteristics,’ by R. Sato.

LAKE TROUT:

Homing Behaviour in Spawning Lake Trout, by
N. Vv. Martin, 4 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint-
ed from The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 26,
March 1960, pp. 3-6.) The Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada,
1960.

LAW OF THE SEA CONE ER Ee
2nd United Nations Conference the Law of the

Sea. United Nations, New York, N. Y.

The following processed reports are available
from the United Nations, New York, N. Y.,
distribution limited:

A/CONF, 19/BUR/L. 1., Closing date of the
Conference. Note by the Secretariat to the
General Committee, 1 p., April 7, 1960

A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 2/ (Rev. 1.), Ethiopia,
Ghana, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan,
Lebanon, Libya, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab
Republic, Venezuela and Yemen; revised pro-
posal tothe Committee of the Whole, agenda
item 9(II), 2 pp., April 11, 1960

A/CONF. 19/C. 1/L. 2/Rev. 1/Corr. 1., revised
proposal to the Committee of the Whole, Russian
only, April 11, 1960.

A/CONF. 19/C. 1/L. 5., Philippines: Amendment
to the proposals of the USSR (A/CONF, 19/C.1/L-
1), Mexico (A/CONF. 19/C. 1/L. 2), USA
(A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 3), and Canada(A/CONF.-
19/C. 1/L. 4) to the Committee of the Whole,
agenda item 9 (II), 2 pp., April 1, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 6., Iran, Indonesia, Philip-
pines, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon,
United Arab Republic, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco,
Ghana, Guinea, Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen: pro-
posal to the Committee of the Whole, agenda
item 9 (II), 1 p., April 6, 1960.

A/CONF. 19/C.1/L.7., Iceland: proposal to the
Committee of the Whole, agenda item 9 (1D),
2 pp., April 6, 1960.

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 8

A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 7/ Rev. 1/Corr. 1., revised
proposal to the Committee of the Whole, 1 p.,
Russian only, April 12, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 8., Peru: proposal to the
Committee of the Whole, agenda item 9 (II),
2 pp., April 8, 1960.

A/CONF. 19/C. 1/L. 9., Cuba: proposal to the
Committee of the Whole, agenda item 9 (II),
2 pp., April 8, 1960.

A/CONF. 19/C. 1/L. 10., Canada and USA: pro-
posal to the Committee of the Whole, agenda
item 9 (II), 1 p., April 8, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/C. 1/L. 12., Guatemala: amendment
to the joint Canada-USA proposal (A/CONF.
19/C. 1/L. 10.,) to the Committee of the Whole,
agenda item 9 (II), 1 p., April 12, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 3., Mexico: draft resolution, 1 p.,
April 8, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 4., Report of the Committee of the
Whole, 8 pp., including annex, April 14, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 4/Corr. 1., 1 p., April 19, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 4/Corr. 2., 1 p., English only
April 19, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 5., Peru: proposal, agenda item
9 (II), 2 pp., April 8, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/L. 6., Cuba: proposal, agenda item
9 (II), 2 pp., April 8, 1960.

The following processed reports are available
from the International Documents Service, Co-
lumbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New
York 27, N. Y.:

A/CONF. 19/5/Add. 1., Addendum to the Supple-
ment to Laws and Regulations on the Regime of
the Territorial Sea (UN Legislative Series),
Indonesia: Act no. 4 of February 18, 1960, 12 pp.,
including annex, April 4, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/5/Add. 2., Addendum to the Supple-
ment to Laws and Regulations on the Regime of
the Territorial Sea (UN Legislative Series),
Netherlands: Netherlands New Guinea, Ordi-
ance of February 17, 1959, amending the Terri-
torial Sea and Maritime Districts Ordinance
1939, 6 pp., April 8, 1960.

A/CONF, 19/6/ Add. 1., 2nd UN Conference on the
Law of the Sea, Addendum to the Supplement to
the Bibliographical Guide to the Law of the Sea
(A/CONF, 13/17), 7 pp., text in English, French,
and Spanish, March 28, 1960.

MADAGASCAR:

"La Peche au Piege ou... 'Vovomora' dans les
Pangalances-Est" (The Trap Fishery for ''Vovo-
mora" on the Eastern Coast of Madagascar), by
A. Keiner, article, Bulletin de Madagascar, vol.
10, no. 167, April 1960, pp. 309-314, illus.,
printed in French. .Bulletin de Madagascar,

M. le Directeur de 1'Imprimerie Officielle,
Tananarive, Madagascar.

MANAGEMENT AIDS:

Responsibility Accounting Can Pay Dividends, by
Martin N. Kellogg, Management Aids for Small
Manufacturers No. 112, 4 pp., illus., printed.
Small Business Administration, Washington 25,
D.C., March 1960. Describes the role of re-
sponsibility accounting in the management of
small manufacturing plants. ''Responsibility Ac-
counting" is a relatively new term but it does
represent a well-established accounting concept.
It increases management vitality in the finan-
cial reporting system of a business by provid-
ing separate accounting reports of individual
executives' operating preformances. Thus the
executives' responsibility is more clearly es-
tablished, too. But perhaps the major benefits
from a responsibility accounting system are
the profit-and-loss thinking and the exercise
of initiative that it brings to a management
team. This concept, entailing submission of
each executive's budget recommendation as
well as his regular operating reports, might
also be termed ''Responsibility Reporting."

MICHIGAN:

Laws Relating to Fishing--1959, 84 pp., printed.
Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing,
Mich. Laws pertaining to commercial, inland,
and sports fishing in Michigan as well as mis-
cellaneous fishing laws. The section on com-
mercial fishing relates to commercial fishing
licenses; special provisions regulating fish-
ing in bays and harbors; fishing regulations for
Fort Gratiot Light (Lake Huron), Northport
Harbor, and Whaiska Bay; and laws for private
fish ponds.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Association of Island Marine Laboratories
(Second Meeting, September 17-21, 1958),
28pp., illus., processed. Bermuda Bio-
logical Station, Bermuda, B.W.1I.

The First Filling of the Swim Bladder in Salmon-

oids, by J. S. Tait, 10 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.
38, 1960, pp. 179-187.) Laboratory for Experi-
mental Limnology, Department of Zoology, Uni-
versity of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

A Modified Roller Press for Scale Impressions,
printed. (Reprinted from The Canadian Fish
Culturist, no. 26, March 1960, pp. 31-34.) The
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada.

MOLLUSKS:

Marine Mollusca of Point Barrow, Alaska, by
Nettie Macginitie, 203 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, vol. 109, no. 3412, 1959,
pp. 99-208). Smithsonian Institution, United

States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

NETHERLANDS:

Onderzoek Naar de Bedrijfsresultaten van de
Binnenvisserij--Zonder Riviervisserij--in de
Seizoenen 1955/56 en 1956/57 (Research on the

Accomplishments of Business Units in Inland

August 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

Fisheries--Without River Fisheries--in the
Seasons 1955/56 and 1956/57), Report No. 259,
52 pp., illus., processed in Dutch. Landbouw-
Economisch Instituut, Conradkade 175, The
Hague, Netherlands, May 6, 1958.

NORWAY:

"Rapport om Fiseforsgk Etter al i Hergy-Dis-
triktet, Helgeland, Hgsten 1959" (Report on Eel
Fishery Research in the Heroy District, Helge-
land, Fall 1959), by M. Halas, article, Fiskets
Gang, vol. 46, no. 14, April 7, 1960, pp. 208-
210, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

"Rapport over Fiskeforsgk og Merkeeksperim-
enter pa Makrell, Piggha, og Habrann i Nor-
dsjgem og Omradene Vest av Hebridene-Shet-
land med F/SG. O. Sars, 5-26/11-59"' (Re-
port on Fishery Research and Tagging Experi-
ments on Mackerel and Sharks in North Sea and
West of Hebrides-Shetlands on Cruise of G, O.
Sars, November 5-26, 1959), article, Fiskets _
Gang, vol. 46, no. 13, March 31, 1960, pp. 193-
195, illus., printed in Norwegian.. Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen Norway.

"Rapport over Sildeinnsiget 1960'' (Report on
Herring Outlook for 1960), by Finn Devold, arti-
cle, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 16, April 21, 1960,
pp. 232-236, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Postgiro nr. 619 81, Bergen, Norway.

"Smatralernes Lonnsomhet i 1958" (Small Trawler
Earnings in 1958), by Arthur Holm, article, Fis-
kets Gang, vol. 46, no. 17, April 28, 1960, pp.
244-250, printed in Norwegian, Fiskets Gang,
Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

NUTRITION:

"The Nutritional Factor," by L. E. Ousterhout,
article, Seafood Merchandising (Annual Review
Number), vol. 19, November 30, 1959, pp. 13,
52-53, printed. Seafood Merchandising, H. L.
Peace Publications, 624 Gravier St., New Orle-
ans 9, La.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Proceedings of the UNESCO Symposium of Physi-
cal Oceanography, 1955, Tokyo, 292 pp., illus.,
printed in English. Japanese Society for the
Promotion of Science, Ueno Park, Tokyo, Japan,
1957.

OKLAHOMA:

Commercial Fisheries Catch in Oklahoma, 1957,
by Ronald E. Elkin, Jr., Contribution No. 70,
8 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Proceed-
ings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science for
1958, vol. 39, 1959, pp. 183-190.) Oklahoma
Fishery Research Laboratory, Department of
Wildlife Conservation, Tulsa, Okla. According
to the author, ''The history of commercial fish-
ing in Oklahoma waters has been one of contin-
uous controversy between sports fishing inter-
ests and the commercial fisherman." This pa-
per reports the 1957 commercial fish catch in
Oklahoma waters in order to dispel some prev-
alent misconceptions about the commercial fish-
ing industry, and to provide a sound basis for

a future commercial fishing program. Includes
a summary of the commercial fisheries land-
ings in Oklahoma in 1957; commercial landings
by months for Grand, Fort Gibson, and Tenkill-
er Lakes in 1957; and a chart on the monthly
aggregate weights of buffalofish, carp, and flat-
head catfish from Grand, Fort Gibson, and Ten-
killer Lakes in 1957.

OYSTERS:

An Abnormal Virginia Oyster with a Bifurcated
Muscle, by Gordon Gunter, 2 pp., printed. (Re-
printed from Proceedings of the National Shell-
fisheries Association, vol. 48; 1958, pp. 152-153.)
Sie Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs,

iss.

Effects of Pea Crabs PINNOTHERS OSTREUM
On Oysters CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA, by
Dexter Haven, 10 pp., illus., printed, (Reprint-
ed from Proceedings of the National Shellfish-
eries Association, vol. 49, 1959.) Virginia Fish-
eries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va.

Fresh-Water Kill of Oysters (CRASSOSTREA
VIRGINICA) In James River, Virginia, 1958,
by Jay D. Andrews, Dexter Haven, and D. B.
Quayle, 21 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries As-
sociation, vol. 49, 1959, pp. 29589.) Virginia
Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va.

"Hydroclimate on the Bar Grounds," by Carl N.
Shuster, Jr., article, Estuarine Bulletin, vol. 5,
no. 1, March 1960, pp. 7-11, illus., printed.
Estuarine Bulletin, Department of Biological
Sciences, University of Delaware, Marine Lab-
oratories, Newark, Del.

"James River Seed Oysters are Self-Replenish-
ing Gold Mine," by James Wharton, article, The
Commonwealth, vol. 27, no 5, May 1960, pp. 26-
28, illus., printed. Virginia State Chamber of
Commerce, 111 No. Fifth St., Richmond 19, Va.

ginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point,
Va.

"Oyster Seed Production on Cape May's Tidal
Flats,'' by Thurlow C. Nelson, article, Estua~
rine Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 1, March 1960, pp. 3-
6, illus., printed. Estuarine Bulletin, Depart-
ment of Biological Sciences, University of Del-
aware, Marine Laboratories, Newark, Del.

PAKISTAN:
Proceedings of the Conference of Fishery Offi-
cers of the Government of East Pakistan held
at Dacca from the 11th to the 15th February

1958, 95 pp., illus., printed. East Pakistan
Government Press, Dacca, Pakistan, 1958.

POISONOUS FISH: Pe
"Sensitivity of Fish to Feeds Containing Poison-
ous Substances," by F. M. Sukhoverkhov, arti-

108

cle, Veterinariia, vol. 36, no. 6, 1959, p. 63,
printe: ussian. Minsel'skogo Khoziaistva
SSSR, Orlikov Pereulok d. 1/11, Moscow, USSR.

PORTUGAL:

"Estudo Economico da Producao de Farinhas e
Oleos de Peixe em Angola" (Economic Study of
Fish Meal and Oil Production in Angola), by
Jose de Brito Guterres and Eugenio Antunes
Tropa, article, Boletim da Pesca, no. 65, De-
cember 1959, pp. 73-79, illus., printed in Por-
tuguese. Boletim da Pesca, Avenida da Liber-
dade, 211-4, Lisbon, Portugal.

PRESERVATION:
"Engineering Aspects of Recent Research Pro-
jects in the Preservation of Fish,'' by G. C.
Eddie and S. Forbes Pearson, article, Chem-

istry and Industry, no. 46, November 14, 1959,
pp. 1427-1435, printed. Chemistry and Industry,

14 Belgrave Square, London, W. 1, England.

"An Experimental Investigation of Dry Fish Man-
ufacture,'' by C. E. St. C. Gunasekera and N. N.
Silvera, article, Proceedings of the Indo-Pacific
Fisheries Council, vol. 7, sections 2 and 3, 1958,
pp. 102-106, printed. Proceeding of the Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council, c/o FAO Regional
Office, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Rd., Bang-
kok, Thailand.

RADIATION PRESERVATION:

"Army & AEC Revive Food Radiation Research
by Richard Smith, article, Food Engineering,
vol. 32, no. 5, May 1960, p. 39, printed. Food
Engineering, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.,
330 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y.

SAITHE:
the Saithe (Pollachius virens L.), by A. S. eae
enkova, 15 pp., processed. (Translated from
Pinro, vol. X, 1957, pp. 145-160.) Ministry of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Lab-
oratory, Lowestoft, England, 1959.

SALMON:

"15,000 Salmon Transferred from Boat to Can-
nery in 45 Minutes," article, The Canning Trade,
vol. 81, no. 33, March 1959, p. 7, illus., print-
ed. The Canning Trade, 20 S. Gay St., Baltimore
2, Md.

Muscular Fatigue and Mortality in Troll-Caught
Chinook Salmon (ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYT-
SCHA), by Robert R. Parker and Edgar C. Black,
12 pp. pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol.
16, no. I, 1959, pp. 95-106.) Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.

Selective Predation of Glaucous- Winged Gulls
Upon Adult Red Salmon, by Archie S. Mossman,
5 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Ecology,
vol. 39, no. 3 July 1958, pp. 482-486.) Depart-
ment of Zoology and Physiology, The University
of Wyoming, Laramie, Wye:

Statistics on Salmon Sport Fishing in the Tidal
Waters of British ¢ Columbia, 1959, 28 pp., illus.,

Vol. 22, No. 8

processed. Department of Fisheries of Canada,
1110 W. Georgia St., Vancouver 5, B. C., Can-
ada, March 15, 1960. The tidal sport catch of
salmon in 1959 declined 3 percent from the
1958 high to a total of 396,375 fish, marking

the first time since the publication of sport fish
statistics began in 1953 that the total sport catch
did not show an increase over the previous year.
This was a pink salmon cycle year in the south-
ern part of British Columbia, sport fishermen
landing 36,825 pinks, better than a tenfold in-
crease over the 1958 catch. All other species,
however, showed a decline from the previous
year's catch.

SALTED FISH:

"Profilaxia da alteraiao vermelha de peixes sal-
gados''(Prevention of Red Discoloration in Salt
Fish), by A. Torres Botelho, article, Boletim
da Pesca, vol. 11, no. 58, March 1958, pp. 11-
23, illus., printed in Portuguese. Boletim da
Pesca, Rua S. Bento, 6, 4, Lisbon, Portugal.

SARDINES:
Recherche d'Un Test de Fraicheur de la Sardine

a L'Etat Cru et en Conserve--I. Premiere Serie
D'Experiences sur la Sardine Maigre (Research
on Freshness Tests of Raw and Canned Sardines.
I--First of a Series of Experiments on the ''Mai-
gre'' Sardine), by R. Meesemaecker and Y.
Sohier, 38 pp., illus., processed in French. Lab-
oratoire de la Federation des Industries de la
Conserve au Maroc, 37 Rue Mareuil, Casablanca,
Morocco, April 1960.

SEA GRASS:

"New Sea Grasses from Pacific Central Amer-
ica,'' by C. den Hartog, article, Pacific Natural-
ist, vol. 1, no. 15, March 11, 1960, 6 pp., illus.,
printed. Beaudette Foundation for Biological
Research, Box 482, R. F. D. 1, Solvang, Calif.

SEAWEED:

"Chemical Studies on the Volatile Constituents
of Seaweed. XIV--On the Volatile Constituents
of Laminaria sp. (2),'' by Teruhisa Katayama,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 11, 1959, pp.
925-932, printed in English. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo,
Japan.

"Seaweeds Associated with Kelp Beds Along
Southern California and Northwestern Mexico,"
by E. Yale Dawson, Michael Neushul, and Rob-
ert D. Wildman, article, Pacific Naturalist,
vol. 1, no. 14, March 11, 1960, 79 pp., illus.,
printed. Beaudette Foundation for Biological
Research, Box 482, R. F. D. 1, Solvang, Calif.

SHRIMP:

"British Columbia's Shrimp Fishery," by H. A.
Cameron, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 8,
February 1960, pp. 11-13, illus., processed.
Information and Educational Service, Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Describes
operations and results of the small but efficient
year-round shrimp fishery conducted off the
British Columbia coast by Canadian fishermen

August 1960

of Japanese extraction. The commercial shrimp
are fished at moderate depths, ranging from 15
to 70 fathoms. There are two methods of trawl-
ing used in the shrimp fishery--otter trawling
and beam trawling. However, on the majority of
shrimp boats, operated on a one-man basis, the
more easily handled beam trawl is preferred by
the fishermen.

Cystine and Total Sulfhydryl Content of Unspoiled

and Spoiled Shrimp, by Caroline H. Kurtzman,
Donal G. Snyder, and Hugo W. Nilson, 8 pp.,
printed. (Reprinted from Food Research, vol. 25,
no. 2, 1960, pp. 237-244.) Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fisheries Technological Laboratory,
College Park, Md.

Shrimp (Report on Investigation No. 332-38, Under
Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, Pursuant to
a Resolution of the Committe on Ways and Means
of the United States House of Representatives,
Adopted February 9, 1960), 117 pp., processed.
U. S. Tariff Commission, 8th and E. St., NW.,
Washington 25, D. C., May 1960. Describes the
domestic shrimp fishery and the processing of
shrimp in the United States; discusses domestic
production, exports, imports, and comsumption
of raw shrimp and shrimp products; and gives
data on prices and cold-storage holdings.

TARIFFS AND TRADE:
M. Catudal, Department of State Publication
6958, 9 pp., printed, 10 cents. (Reprinted from
Department of State Bulletin, February 22,

60.) U. S. Department of State, Bureau of
Public Affairs, Washington, D. C., March 1960.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
25, D. C. ) Discusses the multilateral tariff
conference, within the framework of the Gener-
al Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
scheduled to begin at Geneva in September 1960.
Explains the mechanics of the conference in
simple terms so that laymen may follow and
understand in a general way its methods, rules,
procedures, and objectives. Topics covered
include a definition of GATT, the scope of new
negotiations, United States participation in the
Conference, preparations for the negotiations,
and the work to be accomplished at the Confer-
ence. ''The Geneva negotiations will give us
the chance to bargain for tariff reductions
abroad and thus strengthen the position of our
export trade in an increasingly competitive
world market,'' declares the author.

TRADE AGREEMENTS:

Articles Listed for Consideration in Proposed
Trade Agreement Negotiations (Notice of Invest-
Tgation and Hearings), Investigation no. 9, 5 pp.,
processed. United States Tariff Commission,
Washington, D. C., May 27, 1960.

Negotiations Under the Trade Agreements Act of
1934 As Amended and Extended, Publication No.
6986, Commercial Policy Series 173, 118 pp.,
processed, 40 cents. Interdepartmental Trade
Agreements Organization, Washington, DC:
(For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington
25, D. C.)

TUNA:

"American Manufacturer's Protest--Tuna Fish,
Packed in Brine--Fish, Prepared or Preserved--
Presidential Proclamation--Trade Agreements
Act of 1934," (C.A.D. 728), article, Treasury
Decisions, vol. 95, no. 7, February 18, 1960,
pp. 50-64, printed, 20 cents. U.S. Treasury De-
partment, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This is
a decision of the United States Court of Customs
and Patent Appeals, involving Star-Kist Foods,
Inc. v. United States (Bruno Scheidt, Inc., Party
in Interest). The appellant claimed (1) the Trade
Agreements Act of 1934 was invalid as an uncon-
stitutional delegation of legislative power by Con-
gress to the President; (2) that the trade agree-
ment with Iceland is a treaty and therefore in-
valid since it was neither negotiated with the ad-
vice and consent of the Senate, nor did two-thirds
of the Senate concur in its execution as required
by the Constitution; and (3) that the proclamation
of the President made pursuant to with this trade
agreement is null andvoid. The appeal arose out
ot a protest filed by Star-Kist Foods, Inc., an
American producer of canned tuna packed in oil
and tuna packed in distilled water4a ''dietetic
pack"). The court in part ruled: ''We, therefore,
hold that the trade agreement with Iceland and
the accompanying proclamation are valid. In
view of the above analysis of the issues herein
and our conclusions with respect thereto, we af-
firm the judgment of the Customs Court."

"Ta Pesca del Atun en el Golfo de Guinea'' (The
Tuna Fishery in the Gulf of Guinea), by Jose
Maria Gomez-Salome, article, Industria Con-
servera, vol. 26, no. 248, February 1960, p. 53,
printed in Spanish. Industria Conservera, Calle
Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

VITAMIN A:

"Studies on the Economical Manufacture of Vita-
min A Concentrate from Fish Liver Oil, VIII--
Chromatographical Separation of Vitamin Con-
centrates," by Yaichiro Shimma and Minoru
Tanaka, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, no. 1, 1959, pp.
52-58, printed in Japanese with English abstracts.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o To-
kyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

WHALING;

"Pelagic Whaling in the Antarctic, Season 1959/60,"
article, The Norwegian Whaling Gazette, vol.
49, no. 4, April 1960, pp. 170-177, printed in
Norwegianand English. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tiden-
de, Sandefjord, Norway. Discusses details of
the catchand vessels participating in the 1959/60
Antarctic whaling season under the flags of Nor-
way, Japan, the United Kingdom, U.S.S.R., and
the Netherlands. Includes statisticaldata show-
ing factoryships and catcher boats, production of
whale oil per blue-whale unit, production of
whale and sperm oil, and other pertinent data
for the whaling fleets of the five nations.

110

Page

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 8

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVECOPMENTS (Contd.):
Wisconsin:
Experimental Otter Trawling Successful

“FOREIGN:

International:
Caribbean Organization Replaces Caribbean
Commission
European Free Trade Association:
United States Views
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Vessels Most Costly Part of Fishing
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
Sixteenth Session in Geneva
United States Proposes List of Fishery Products
for Negotiation
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission:
Artificial Spawning Area for Salmon Developed
Oceanography:
To be Able to Forecast Best Fishing Areas is Aim of
European Oceanographic-Data Gathering Survey
Territorial Waters:
British-Norwegian Talks May Yield Compromise on
Fishing Limits
Angola:
Fish Oil Exports
Austria:
Marine Oil Imports, 1958 and 1959
Belgium-Luxembourg:
Marine-Oil Imports and Exports, 1958 and 1959

i Brazil:

Fishing Industry in State of Sao Paulo Developing
Rapidly
Canada:
Marine Oil Production, Foreign Trade, and
Consumption, 1959
Ontario Fish Landings Down Sharply First Quarter
of 1960
Progress in Oyster Rehabilitation on East Coast
Ceylon:
Japanese Engineers Report on Fishing Ports
Chile:
Fishing Industry Granted Special Concessions
Increased Fish-Meal Production Boosts Exports
Ecuador:
Imports and Consumption of Marine-Animal Oils
French West Africa:
Tuna Fishing Season 1959/60 Ends with Record
Landings
German Federal Republic:
Fish-Meal Production up Despite Heavy Imports
Knot Free Trawl Net in Production
Guatemala:
Japanese Fishing Company to Trawl for Shrimp in
Joint Venture
Iceland:
Fishery Trends, 1959
Fisheries Trends, May 1960
Icelandic Freezing Plants Corporation Holds Annual
Meeting
Iran:
Shrimp Trawlers at Karachi for Repairs
Japan:
Exports of Marine Products to the United States,
1958 and 1959
Canned Tuna Export Price Negotiation Still Stalemated
Export Price for Yellowfin Tuna Unchanged
Price for Frozen Tuna Exports to Italy Drops
Frozen Tuna to be Transshipped to the United States
from the Pacific
More Funds Proposed for U. S. Tuna Market Survey
Summer Albacore Tuna Catches Drop Sharply After
Typhoons
Caribbean Investigation Finds Green Tuna
Unpredictable
Fishery Agency Sets Policy on Tuna Imports from
Ryukyu Islands
Salmon Catch Limits for Land-Based Gill Netters Set
North Pacific Salmon Factoryship Operations off to
Good Start
North Pacific Salmon Fishery Trends, June 1960
North Pacific Salmon Price Negotiations about
Concluded
Early Sales Contracts to United States for Canned Pink
Salmon Delayed
King Crab Quota Increased for Bristol Bay Factoryship

Page

74

75

75

76

76

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Japan (Contd.):
Bering Sea Fishery for Bottom Fish to be Re-examined
Catches of Fish-Meal Fleets Drop Sharply
Import Restrictions on Some Fishery Products
Liberalized ;
Seaweed Industry Trends, June 1960
Korean Agar-Agar Soon to Reach Japan
Pearl Exports in 1959 Set New Record
Pearl-Shell Operations in Arafura Sea, June 1960
Fishing Vessel Construction, June 1960
Trawler Reports Good Fishing off Northwest Africa
Kuwait:|
Shrimp Fishery in Persian Gulf Initiated
Malaya:
Imports of Marine Oils, 1959
Mexico:
Marine-Oil Imports and Exports, 1958 and 1959
President States Policy on Territorial Waters and
Continental Shelf
Shrimp Fishery Trends, May 1960
Netherlands:
Marine-Oil Production, Foreign Trade, and Consumption
Nicaragua:
Shrimp Fishery Trends, March 1960
Norway:
Herring and Lofoten Cod Fishing Poor in 1960
Tasteless and Odorless Herring Flour Developed
To Extend Fishing Limit to 12 Miles
Vessel Owners' Association Protests 12-Mile Fishing
Limit
Pakistan:
Fish Oil Imports, 1958 and 1959
Peru:
Anchovy Fishermen Dispute with Reduction Plants
Declared Dlegal
Philippines:
Imports of Fish Oils, 1959
Canned Sardine Bids Received Comply in Part with
Labeling Requirements
Labeling of Canned Goods Imported by National
Marketing Corporation
Portugal:
Sardine Fishermen Sign Wage Agreement for 1960
Surinam:
Fisheries Trends, May 1960
Spain:
First Fish Factoryship Under Construction
Sweden:
Biological Effects of Radioactive Contamination in
Lakes Under Study
Canned Fish Export Contract with East Germany
Signed
Fish and Shellfish Landings, 1958-59
Fishermen Hope to Reach an Agreement with Norway on
12-Mile Limit
Fishing Industry and European Free Trade Association
Marine-Oil Production, Foreign Trade, and Consumption
Prohibition on Sales of Icelandic Herring Removed
for 1960
Thailand:
Cod-Liver Oil Imports Increase
U.S. S. R.:
First Fish Canning Factoryship Launched
Lithuanian Fisheries Trends, April 1960
United Kingdom:
White Fish Authority Increases Interest Rates on
Fishery Loans as of May 13
Production, Imports, and Consumption of Whale Oil,
1958 and 1959
Uruguay:
Fish Meal Production Expected to Increase Slightly

"FEDERAL ACTIONS:

Interdepartmental Committee on Trade Agreements:

Trade-Agreement Negotiations Under GATT Include
Fishery Products

Committee for Reciprocity Information:

Trade-Agreement Negotiations Under GATT Include

Fishery Products
U. S. Tariff Commission:

"Peril Point'’ Investigation of Imported Articles to be
Considered in Trade-~Agreement Negotiations
Under GATT :

Hearings on Effect of Imports of Hard Fiber Cords
and Twines on Domestic Industry

Contents Continued Page 111.

August 1960

Page

77

17
77

78
78

78

79
79

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

abalal

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
Effective Date Extended for Statute for Certain Food
Additives
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
Alaska Regional Director Named to Fill Regional
Fisheries Post in North Atlantic Region
Proposed Revision of Prohibition to Fish for
Salmon with any Net in North Pacific
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Revision Proposed of Commercial Fishing
Regulations for Red Lake Indian Reservation
Alaskan Indian Commercial Fishing Regulation, 1960

t Department of Labor:

Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division:
Interpretation of Fisheries Industries Exemptions
Under Fair Labor Standards Act Defended
Department of the Treasury:
Fish Blocks from Iceland not Sold at Less than Fair Value

: United States Customs Court:

Whale-Liver Oil Imports Classifiable as Advanced Drug

Page

80

80
80
81
91
92
a3
94
94

95
96

97
100

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
U. S. Supreme Court:
Rules on Case Which Affects Use of Fish Traps by
Indian Communities in Alaska
White House:
President Appoints United States Members to New
Shrimp Conservation Commission
United States Commissioner Appointed to Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission
. Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of
Fishery Products
. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery
Products at Principal Distribution Centers
. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and
Alaska
. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products

.. Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:

. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

; - Miscellaneous Publications

nomist.

FIVE-FOOT SARDINE SANDWICH AT

NATIONAL BOY SCOUT JAMBOREE

A gigantic Maine sardine sandwichdesigned to provide a mealfor 77
persons was a highlight of the National Boy Scout Jamboree, Colorado
Springs, Colo. The colorful seafood spectacular was concocted by Troop
72 of the Maine Pine Tree Council as its project in the week-long Skill-
O-Rama which is a feature of the 60,000-boy encampment.

Troops from all sections of the country vie for honors as they per-
form feats of science, art, cookery, and other activities.

The sandwich was assembledas a three-decker with afive-foot loaf
of bread made by a Portland, Maine, bakingfirm and shipped by air tothe
site. The filling consisted of mustard butter on the bread, chopped let-
tuce, sliced green peppers, sliced tomatoes and raw onions, and whole
sardines. It was originated by the Maine Sardine Council's home eco-

The sandwich was quickly eaten by 75 scouts and visiting onlookers.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Vera Eggleston

He Ke OK KA

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho-

tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned
were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P, 28-(lower left)--Basil L. Smith System, Phila., Pa.; p. 28-(lower
right)--F. A. Bailey; p. 80--Bailey, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960 O ~ 561071

Pht uh 4 AE Reg '
aT hte TOO cay

| JOD DyOry
© SW UT pes

li seta
i iy me

NATIONAL FISH 'n SEAFOOD PARADE--OCTOBER 17-23, 1960

The Fishing Industry and the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries are working together
to encourage the greater use of fish and shellfish products during the ''Fish 'n Seafood Pa-
rade"--October 17-23, 1960. This isthe
Fishing Industry's sixth annual all-out promo- Timmy Tar says:
tion channeled over radio, television, newspa-
pers, and magazines. All types of fresh, fro-
zen, canned, smoked, precooked, and cured
fishery products andfish dinners are being ad-
vertised. Many retail stores and restaurants
are making a concerted effort to display and
stock the many varieties of fishery products
available.

“Get ready to haul in
the catch, mate!

Preparations for the Seafood Parade be-
gan gathering momentum in June 1960 when the
Fish 'n Seafood Parade National Committee
made a broadside mailing of 4,500 brochures
to chain stores, distributors, and other seg-
ments of the industry. Also, the Committee
unveiled an in-store advertising kit in color
based on an 8-foot mobile, the top séction of
which has been redesigned especially for this
year's Parade. Included are diecut paper
posters duplicating elements in the mobile as
well as a decorative set of cutouts designedfor
use on store windows, display cases, and sim-
ilar locations.

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
field men are helping to obtain newspaper,

radio, and television publicity, and are coop- OCTOBER 17-23 is

erating in many other ways. A special mar-

keting bulletin has been distributed to food ) !
editors and homeeconomists. Factsheets with 3

recipes have been released to restaurants, in- :
stitutions, and schools. Also Bureaufield men

and home economists are available for radio

and television appearances.

"9
Here is an opportunity for every segment a fa A
of the fishing and allied industries to unite in

one big appeal to the consumer. Children

are back in school; vacations are over; fish- y
ery products are more plentiful than at any BETS AE URINE Es Eestlaiiaena a SE
other time of the year; and prices are atattrac-

tive levels.

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COMMERCIAL BREW EE EEE
FISHERIES S250

Vol. 22, No.9 | SEPTEMBER 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

: Washington, D.C

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER

Ee.
z=

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

a

(ti a

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests

to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureav of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement.

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources.

reference to the source is appreciated.

Budget, May 10, 1960.
5/31/63

Page

1
8

Page

14
14
15

15
16

16
17

17

18

19
19
20
20
20

21

21

22

23
23

CONTENTS

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the

COVER: Boy Scouts at their National Jamboree at Colorado Springs during the latter

part of July 1960 preparing yard-long Maine sardine sandwiches.

Almost 60,000

Boy Scouts at the Jamboree ate 60,000 cans of Maine sardines donated by the Maine
Sardine Council. (See p. 23 of this issue.)

. .Lobster Explorations on Continental Shelf and Slope off Northeast Coast of the United States, by Ernest D. McRae, Jr.

. -A Small-Boat Tuna Long-Line Fishery, by Peter C. Wilson

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
American Fishery Advisory Committee:
Interior Department Reappoints Six to Committee
American Samoa:
Tuna Landings, June 1960
California:

Colored Lights for Attracting Fish and New Method of
Setting Sampling Nets Tested (M/V Alaska Cruise
60A5-Pelagic Fish)

New Midwater Trawl Net Tested on Salmon Fry (M/V
Nautilus Cruise 60N4)

Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (Airplane
Spotting Flight 60-12)

Canned Sardines:
Marketing Studies Show Consumer Buys on Impulse
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-May 1960
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:

Fluctuations in Hawaii's Skipjack Tuna Catch May

Be Due to Changes in Oceanic Circulation
Chesapeake Bay:
Coast and Geodetic Survey to Assist in Development
of Fishery Resources

Crabs:

Chesapeake Bay Shortage Ended
Films:

Fishing on Great Lakes Subject of New Interior Film
Fisheries Loan Fund:

Fisheries Loans Approved Fiscal Year 1960
Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance:

New Program Started
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:

Seasonal Distribution Studies of Commercial Fish
Stocks in Lake Erie Continued (M/V Active Cruise 10)

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:

High Water Hampers Lake Superior Sea Lamprey
Control Program

Lake Michigan Population Survey Continued (M/V
Cisco Cruise 3)

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
Deep-Sea Commercial-Type Trawling Methods Studied
in North-Central Gulf (M/V Oregon Cruise 68)
Maine Sardines:
Boy Scouts Served Sardines
Canned Stocks, July 1, 1960

Page

24

25

25

27
27

27
29

29

29

30
30
31
32

33
33

34
34

36

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Marketing:
Edible Fishery Products Marketing Prospects,
Summer 1960
Michigan:
Commercial Fishing Regulations to be Liberalized

‘ North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:

Otter-Trawl Performance Observed with Underwater
Television (M/V Delaware Cruise 60-9)
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Inshore Haddock Nursery Grounds Surveyed (M/V
Delaware Cruise 60-10)
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Good Trawlable Bottom Found off Strait of Juan de
Fuca (M/V John N. Cobb Cruises 46 and 47)
Oysters:
Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning and
Setting
New Method of Control for Common Mussel
Scallops:
August Scallop Festival and Publicity Campaign
Shucking Method Developed
Shrimp:
Alaska Canned Product Yield Increased
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Commercial Scallop Dredge Demonstrated to
Fishermen (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 24)
Standards:
Meetings Held on Proposed Quality Standards for
Frozen Ocean Perch, Fillets
United States Fishing Fleet Additions, April and
May 1960
United States Fishery Landings, January-June 1960
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, May 1960
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine under Quota

k U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,

April-June 1960
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Department of Defense Purchases, January~May 1960
Wholesale Prices, July 1960
FOREIGN:
International;
Eastern Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Conservation Commission:
First Meeting Held in Cuba

Contents Continued page II.

II

Page

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):
European Economic Community:
Tariffs on Fishery Products Announced
Fishing Limits:
Some Agreement Reported in Norwegian-British
Talks
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
Sixteenth Session of Contracting Parties Ended on
June 4
Additions to United States List of Items for Trade
Agreement Negotiations
Council Established to Consider Matters Arising
Between Sessions

International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers:

Meeting Held in Hamburg, Germany
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission:
Fishway Built in 1955 Aids Fraser River Tributary
Salmon Escapement
Successful Sockeye Salmon Spawning from 1958
Run to Adams River Indicates Good Return in1962
International Whaling Commission:
Whaling Convention Ratified by Argentina
International Pacific Halibut Commission:
North Pacific Halibut Fishing Ended in Major Areas
Aden Colony:
Fish Landings Increased in 1959
Argentina:
Frozen Fish Now Being Sold for First Time
Australia:
Bans Canned Whiting Imports from United Kingdom
Closed Season for Female Spiny Lobsters
Prepackaged Frozen Fish Imported from Great
Britain
Brazil:
Exports of Spiny Lobsters Set Record in April
Inspector to be Placed Aboard Japanese Tuna
Fishing Vessels
British North Borneo:
Fisheries Trends, June 1960
Canada:
Value of British Columbia Fisheries Down Sharply
in 1959
Chile:
Production, Foreign Trade, and Consumption of
Whale and Sperm Oil
Cuba:
Resolution Restricts Oyster Harvesting
Egypt:
Refrigerated Trucks for Fish Transport
German Federal Republic:
Fish Processing Workers at Hamburg Get Wage
Increase
Imports of Fish Oils, 1953-1959
More Orders Placed for Stern-Type Trawlers
Ghana:
New Facilities for Fishing Industry
Iceland:
Fisheries Aided by New Laws
North Coast Herring Fishing Season Under Way
Fisheries Trends, June 1960
India:
United Nations Special Fund Allocation to India for
Fisheries Training Institute
Indonesia:
Fisheries Landings in North Sumatra Higher in 1959
Japan:
Canners and Exporters Agree on Canned Tuna Export
Price
Motherships Tuna Fishing off Fiji Islands Report
Good Catches
Summer Albacore Fishery Fails to Live up to
Expectations
Skipjack Tuna Port Landings Light
Singapore Base for Export of Tuna to U. S. Planned
Japanese Build More Tuna Vessels
Canned Salmon Pack Outlook for 1960
High Prices for Frozen Salmon Restrict Marketing
Motherships Pay Higher Prices for Salmon in 1960
North Pacific Mothership Salmon Fishery Trends,
Early July 1960
North Pacific Mothership Salmon Fishery Trends
as of July 25, 1960

Page

73

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Canners Eager to Buy Frozen Alaska Salmon
Fish Scrap Production Estimated for 1960
Fish-Meal Production in Bering Sea over 25,000 Tons
Distant-Water Trawling Plans of Five Big Fishing
Companies
Oyster-Freezing Plant Built with U. S. Technical Aid
Completed
Australian Red Snappers on Tokyo Market for First
Time
Kuwait:
Development of Offshore Fisheries Under Consideration
Liberia:
Regulations Issued for Marine and Inland Fisheries
Malaya:
Tuna Vessels Assigned to Malaya
Mexico:
Carmen-Campeche Area Shrimp Landings and Exports,
October-December 1959 and January-March 1960
Shrimp Industry Trends, June 1960
Third Shrimp-Breading Plant Established
Ensenada Fisheries Trends, April-June 1960
Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Netherlands:
Antarctic Whale Catch, 1959/60 Season
New Hebrides:
Japanese Base to Export Frozen Tuna to France
New Zealand:
Exports of Fish-Liver and Whale Oil, 1959
Swedes Establish Factory for Sport Fishing Equipment
Peru:
Fish-Meal Industry Seeks to Limit Production and
Exports
Portugal:
Canned Fish Industry, 1959
Canned Fish Exports, First Quarter 1960
Canned Fish Pack, First Quarter 1960
Fish Canning Industry Fails to Improve Export
Practices
Singapore:
Fisheries Trends, 1959
South-West Africa:
New Type Spiny Lobster Collapsible Trap Tested
Spain:
Licenses Imports of Frozen Tuna
Fisheries Trends, April-June 1960
Norwegian-Tagged Tuna Caught off Spanish Morocco,
by Francisco Vallecillo Pecino
Sweden:
Few Vessels to Fish Herring off Iceland in 1960
Tunisia:
Tuna Industry Continues to Use Foreign Labor
Turkey:
Ikenderun Fishery Trends, June 1960
U.S. S. R.:
Poland and East Germany Export Fishing Vessels to

Soviet Union

United Kingdom:
Dielectric Method for Thawing Fish Developed
Japanese Negotiate for Purchase of Whaling Fleet
Traders Disturbed that U. S. Fish Meal Demand Has

Dropped off
FEDERAL ACTIONS:

Federal Trade Commission:
Shrimp-Processing Machinery Firm Denies Charges of

Unfair Competition

Two Maryland Clam-Digger Associations Consent to

Order Forbidding Price-Fixing

Two Fisheries Firms Forbidden to Pay Illegal
Brokerage
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
New Training Program for Key Executives Initiated
Proposed Regulations for Fishing Vessel Construc-
tion Subsidy
Department of Labor:
Wage and Hour Division:

Committee Appointed to Investigate and Recommend
Minimum Wages in Puerto Rico for Food and Fishery
Industry

Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session)

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FISHERY INDICATORS: FISHERY INDICATORS (Contd.):

79 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States 82 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S.and Alaska
80 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries 83 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
81 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of 84 .. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports

Fishery Products RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
82 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of 85 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

Fishery Products at Principal Distribution Centers 89 .. Miscellaneous Publications

QUALITY IS BECOMING BYWORD OF FISHING INDUSTRY

"Enforcement of high quality standards is becoming the byword of the fishing indus-
try,"' Assistant Secretary of the Interior Ross Leffler told the wives of fishery executives
on May 3, 1960, at the fifteenth annual convention of the National Fisheries Institute,
Miami Beach.

He explainedthat quality standards are now in effect for fish sticks, raw breaded
shrimp, haddock and cod fillets, halibut steaks, and that standards are now being devel-
oped for 11 additional fish and shellfish products.

"What does this mean?''he asked. "It means that the homemaker will be protected
when she plunks downher money for fish--that she can be assured of a higW-quality pro-
duct for her table."

In answering "How good is fish as a food and why,'' he reminded his audience that
fish and shellfishare not only excellent sources of high-grade animal protein, minerals,
and vitamins, but these products are generally easily digested and most are low in calo-
ries. All these qualities make these products ideal for serving children and old people,
and for including in reducing and other special diets.

Leffler also reminded his audience of the announcement made in October 1959 of the
important "nutritional breakthrough" in whichit was demonstrated conclusively that oils
found in fish and shellfish were cholesterol depressants. Cholesterol, of course, is the
number one suspect in heart disease and hardening of the arteries. The depressant ac-
tionoffish and shellfish oils is significantly greater than it is for the fatty acids from
corn oil and other fats.

"Further research must be carriedon,'"' he explained. 'Butif such research is com-
pleted successfully, it maybe possible to produce and market a fish-oil fatty acid for use |
as a means of adjusting cholesterol levels in the blood with a minimum of caloric intake."

_t <i <5»

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Poehner, and Nyoka Taylor

OK OK OK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer for
each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover--National Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, N. J.;
pp. 4 and 6--R, C. Wilson; p. 28--Hal & Margaret Nielson, New Bedford,
Mass.; p. 44--Paul Elliott.

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D.C. Vol .22,No.9

LOBSTER EXPLORATIONS ON CONTINENTAL SHELF
AND SLOPE OFF NORTHEAST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES

By Ernest D. McRae, Jr.*
SUMMARY

Commercial quantities of American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were found in deep
water as a result of explorations conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on
the continental shelf and slope off the northeastern portion of the United States in depths of
50 to 600 fathoms. Two areas were defined by the Bureau's exploratory resé@arch vessel
Delaware in which sufficient numbers of lobsters were taken to indicate the feasibility of
commercial-scale exploitation. Standard commercial trawling gear was usedatallof the 211
stations covered in the investigation.

BACKGROUND

Experimental trawling on the continental shelf and along portions of the continental slope
of the northeastern coast of the United States by government vessels dates back to the early
1800's. Records of lobsters taken from depths and regions other than those fished by com-
mercial lobstermen are found among the data of these early explorations. In addition, in-
formation from the research of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has contributed
substantially to the store of knowledge available concerning those waters and the lobster re-
source (Schroeder 1955 and 1959).

Taking of deep-water lobsters incidental to groundfish trawling became increasingly
commonplace, and, by 1947, approximately 85,000 pounds of lobsters were taken bytrawlers
in offshore waters between Barnegat Lightship and Winter Quarter Lightship alone (June
and Reintjes 1957). Since 1947, a small Atlantic Coast fishery, specifically for deep-
water lobsters, has slowly developed. Small and medium trawlers have utilized the lobster
resource largely as an interim fishery in the summer months. Fishing efforts have been
limited, for the most part, to depths of 65 to 70 fathoms in areas south of Cape Cod and in
the vicinity of Hudson Canyon.

Late in 1954, a program of deep-water exploratory trawling along the edge of the con-
tinental shelf off the North and Middle Atlantic States was planned by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. Purpose of the exploratory program was to determine the extent of
potential trawling grounds in depths exceeding those normally fished by commercial trawl-
ers. The studies were originated as part of the Bureau's continuing effort to explore and
develop the latent potentialities of offshore marine fishery resources and to encourage their
utilization by the commercial fishing industry. Work was initiated on the program early in
1955 with the first cruise of the year of the Bureau's exploratory research vessel Delaware
(Delaware Cruise No. 1-55, January 5-13, 1955). During this and the three cruises follow-
ing, areas lying along the eastern and southern edges of Georges Bank were investigated
(fig. 1). Included in the data resulting from the four cruises were indications of a potential
commercial lobster resource in the deep waters explored.

Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH ANDO WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 598

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

CAPE COD>

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OPERATIONAL PROGRAM

The favorable results of the 1955 cruises indicated that, with further exploration and
with the development of modern methods of keeping lobsters alive and of shipboard vacuum-
packing and freezing of lobster tails, the existing small fishery for deep-water lobsters
could be expanded to the point where it would become a larger specialized segment of the do-
mestic fishing industry. The Bureau, therefore, planned a follow-up program to investigate
more thoroughly the deep-water lobster resource. Included in the program were explora-
tory, technological, biological, and marketing studies. Four lobster cruises were scheduled
for the Delaware for 1956. These were designed to: (1) complement the lobster data ob-
tained during the preceding explorations by providing more detailed coverage of the areas
where the best lobster catches had been made; (2) supplement previous explorations by ex-
tending the investigation farther south; (3) tag lobsters to determine, if possible, the rela-
tionship of the deep-water population to other lobster populations; and (4) investigate meth-
ods of handling and preserving lobsters and lobster meat aboard ship and ashore.

By October 1956, with the completion of the last scheduled lobster cruise for that year,
the accomplishments of the over-all program included the following: (1) the lobster popu-
lation along some 300 miles of the continental slope had been sampled and two areas show-
ing definite promise of potential commercial concentrations of lobsters had been found; (2)a
total of 2,406 live lobsters in good condition and suitable for tagging had been tagged in co-
operation with the Marine Fisheries Department of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and
released in the area of capture, and a few tagged lobsters had been retaken; (3) an additional
526 lobsters, chieflyfemales with eggs, had been kept alive in tanks of circulating sea-water

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

and turned over to the marine fisheries departments of
the states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island for
tagging and release in selected inshore areas; and (4)
studies of techniques for handling fresh, frozen, and,
cooked lobster meat aboard ship and inshore installa-
tions had been made, and freezer-storage and taste-
panel tests for the evaluation of the palatability of lob-
ster meat after extended storage had been conducted
by the Bureau's technological laboratories (Peters and
Slavin, 1956, 1958; Pottinger 1950; Slavin and Peters
1956, 1958). In addition, tests to determine consumer
acceptance of the meat of lobsters from deep water
were completed in some of the New England area's
leading restaurants and dining rooms.

EXPLORATORY VESSEL, GEAR, AND EQUIPMENT

The M/V Delaware is a conventional side-rigged
North Atlantic otter trawler of steel construction with
modifications for research work (fig. 2). Theves- igh oes) DelawareMtescplarctoryreseazcl vena!
sel's over-all length is 147.5 feet, its beam is 25feet, of the Bureau's Exploratory Fishing and Gear Re-
its draft 14 feet 8 inches, andits displacement weight Be ascii Ease Cloucesi on Mase.

518 tons. It has a cruising range of 8,000 nautical miles. There are accommodations avail-
able for 23 men, although the normal complement during exploratory fishing consists of 13
officers and crew members plus from 1 to 3 specialists. .

Standard No. 41 nets (Knake 1956, 1958) were used during the lobster operations with
bracket-hung trawl doors measuring 4 feet 6 inches by 10 feet 6 inches. Extra shoes were
added, increasing the weight of each door to 1,440 pounds, to enable them to tend bottom
more effectively during deep-water drags. Both round and trawl-plane floats of cast alumi-
num alloy were used on the headrope; and, during all but 25 of the 211 drags, 45 feet of 16-
to 18-inch rollers were rigged on the footrope.

In exploratory fishing, more gear damage is normally expected than in regular com-
mercial fishing owing to general unfamiliarity with bottom topography and the location of
snags and obstructions in the areas fished during exploratory operations. Gear damage
during the present lobster explorations, however, was light and no greater than would be ex-
pected from a comparable amount of commercial fishing on known grounds. No damage was
incurred during 189 of the 211 drags, 23 of which were made with chain gear rather than
roller gear. Roller gear was used routinely during the explorations because, although chain
gear may possibly fish more effectively than roller gear for some fish and shellfish, there
is a greater possibility of damaging or losing the chain-rigged net.

EXPLORATORY COVERAGE

The 1955 explorations were conducted in anarea along the outer edge of Georges Bank, be-
tween 41 45'N. lat., 65°53' W. long., and 39 55'N. lat., 69 53'W.long. The 1956 explorations
supplemented those of 1955 inareas requiring more complete coverage, expanded the explora -
tions in the vicinity of Veatch and LydoniaC anyons, and extended the range of the explorations
westwardas far as 72°17! W. long. (at39 14'N.lat.). The areas are shown infigure 1.

Trawling in 1955 was conducted in depths ranging from 50 to 420 fathoms and in 1956 from
62 to 600 fathoms, with the majority of the drags in depths ranging from 100 to 300 fathoms. The
combined areas trawled during the investigation aggregated approximately 350 miles long and
from 5 to 15 miles wide on the edge of the continental shelf and slope between Northeast Peak on
Georges Bank and the southern side of Hudson Canyon. Coverage, except inan eae approxi-
mately 15 to 20 miles longnear Block Canyon, was reasonably complete (fig. 1).4 EN tga
1] To December 1956, five drags were made te shot check Ge amatfm whic yc elt io were made near Veatch Canyon.

1956 explorations. One of these drags was made west 0:
Catches resulting were similar to those made earlier in the same areas.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

FISHING RESULTS

Best fishing during the 1955-56 explorations was
experienced in two areas on the southern edge of
Georges Bank: Thearea between Veatchand Hydrog-
rapher Canyons; and an area lying immediately east
of Lydonia Canyon (fig. 1).

The first of these areas, between Veatch and
Hydrographer Canyons, covers a linear distance of
approximately 15 miles between 69 12' W. long., and
69 32' W. long. Fishing rates are shown in figure 4.
Best fishing was found between 150 and 250 fathoms.
The best single drag in this area resulted in 860
pounds of lobsters (215 individuals)in 100 minutes of
fishing time.

The second area, lying immediately east of Ly-
donia Canyon, extends for a distance of approximate-
ly 53 miles between 66 30' W. long., and 67 40' W.
long. Fishing rates in this, the largest and most
productive ground fished, are depicted in figure 5.
Although several good catches were obtained in both
deeper and shallower waters adjacent to the area of
greatest production, best fishing was again found
between 150 and 250 fathoms. The best drag in this
area resulted in an estimated 1,240 pounds of lob-
sters (177 individuals) in 95 minutes fishing time.

Fig. 3 - Deep-water lobster catch taken during lobster
explorations and typical of catches made in productive
areas.

/ LEGEND:
TRAWL STATION STARTING

, att POSITIONS WITH LOBSTER
Ff <aNontucket |°"” CATCH RESULTS

()-Less than 50 Ibs./hr.
AREA) Nontuctel 6)-50-174 Ibs./hr.

@-175-299 Ibs./hr.

@-300 Ibs./hr. or more

Fig. 4 - Results of exploratory trawling in the area between Veatch and Hydrographer Canyons--one
of the most productive areas fished.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

September 1960

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6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

Throughout the 1955-56 explorations, the 150- to 250-fathom depths were the most pro-
ductive (fig. 6). In most cases, catch rates decreased on either side of those depths.

NATURE OF DEEP-WATER POPULATION
Detailed population studies are not within the scope of exploratory fishing, but a fewob-

servations on the population are vital to an understanding of the commercial resource andits
potential value to the industry. For that reason, they are presented here.

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DEPTH IN FATHOMS

Fig. 6 - Relation between the lobster catch and
depths fished. Based on results of 200 drags.
Depth indicated was recorded at start of drag.
Within-drag variations in depth are not indicated.

A total of 5,445 lobsters was
counted in the 1955-56 lobster explor-
ations. The largest lobster caught
weighed 27 pounds. A random sample
of 381 ''2-clawed lobsters" caught on
Delaware Cruise 16 was brought ashore
for accurate weighing. Of this num-
ber, 111 were males and 270 were fe-
males. Of the females, 71 were egg-
bearing. The mean weights (to the
nearest one-eighth ounce) were: he
Males, 5 pounds 7 ounces; non egg- Fig. 7 - One of 2,406 deep-water lobsters tagged and released in the area

i i i i i ies Department of the
bearing females 5 pounds 13 ounces; oe Ca PunGae eben ee LESSING NLHED PIG EE eo

and egg-bearing females 6 pounds

15 ounces. These weights are not to be interpreted as bein.; representative of the average
population of deep-water lobsters, but rather as representative of the average weight of lob-
sters available to 16- to 18-inch roller gear used generally throughout the Delaware investi-
gation.

Some conjecture has arisen that offshore lobsters may be a different species from the
inshore lobsters. This, as yet, has not been demonstrated. The number of returns from the
tagged deep-water lobsters has been limited, and no positive conclusions can be drawn. In
general, the results indicate only that the tagged lobsters tend to remain near areas where
they were originally caught, tagged and released.

September 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

The deep-water population is probably unique in one way; it may possibly be one of the
few natural American lobster populations that has not been subjected to heavy modification by

man.

APPENDIX

A detailed fishing log, showing geographic position, depth, date, catch, and related data
for each drag is available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. Write for Separate No.
598, which includes ‘Table 1--Fishing Log--Lobster Drags made off the Northeast Coast of

the United States, M/V Delaware, 1955-56."

LITERATURE CITED

JUNE, FRED C. and REINTJES, JOHN W.
1957. Survey of the Ocean Fisheries offDelaware Bay. U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.,
Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 222 (Au-
gust), p. 26.

KNAKE, BORIS O.
1956. Assembly Methods for Otter-Trawl Nets. U.S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D. C.,
Fishery Leaflet No. 437 (December), 29 pp.

1958. Operation of North Atlantic Type Otter Trawl Gear.
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washing-
ton, D. C., Fishery Leaflet No. 445 (May), 15 pp.

PETERS, JOHN A. and SLAVIN, JOSEPH W.
1956. New Techniques for Freezing and Storing North At-
lantic Lobsters. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol.

18, no. 2 (July), pp. 22-23. (Also Separate No. 443.)

1958. Technical Note No. 42--Keeping Quality and Rate of
Freezing of Cooked Deep-Sea Lobster Meat Frozen in
Cans. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 20, no.
1 (January), pp. 22-27. (Also Separate No. 499.)

POTTINGER, SAMUEL R.
1950. Technical Note No. 7--Results of Some Tests with
Frozen Lobsters and Lobster Meat. Commercial

1S to 3O FT LINE

Fisheries Review, vol. 12, no. 11 (November), pp.
31-33. (Also Separate No. 268.)

SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C,
1955. Report on the Results of Exploratory Otter-Trawling
Along the Continental Shelf and Slope between
Nova Scotia and Virginia during the Summers of
1952 and 1953. Papers Mar. Biol. and Oceanogr.
Deep-Sea Res., Suppl. to vol. 3, pp. 358-372,
Pergamon Press Ltd., London.

1959. The Lobster, Homarus americanus, and the RedCrab,
Geryon quinquedens, in the Offshore Waters of the
Westem North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., vol. 5,
no. 4, pp. 266-282, Pergamon Press Ltd. , London.

SLAVIN, JOSEPH W. and PETERS, JOHN A.
1956. Brine Cooling of Fish Aboard @Fishing Vessel. Indus-

trial Refrigeration, vol. 131, no. 4 (October), pp.
30, 32, and 34.

1958. Freezing and Storing Deep-Sea Lobsters--Some Tests on
on Cooked Whole Lobsters. Commercial Fisheries
Review, vol. 20, no. 7 (July), pp. 1-6. (Also
Separate No. 514.)

5 to 50 FATHOMS

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

A SMALL-BOAT TUNA LONG-LINE FISHERY

By Peter C. Wilson*
SUMMARY:

Small fishing vessels from Gloucester, Mass., have successfully fished subsurface blue-
fin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) on Stellwagen Bank in Massachusetts Bay using long-line gear es-
pecially adapted to inshore operations for large tuna. During the short season between mid-
August and late October, boats 35 to 40 feet in length have made catches of approximately
60,000 pounds per vessel.

BACKGROUND

Seasonal bluefin tuna stocks in waters off the New England coast have for some time ap-
peared to be substantial. However, to date, this resource has been exploited only to a limited
degree.

OFFSHORE TUNA: Studies made by
the U. §. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel Delaware over
the last five years indicate the feasibility
of the development of a long-line fishery in
CAPE ANN ad oceanic areas off New England at certain
Ba h seasons, anda recent attempt by the Glouces-
ter medium trawler Golden Eagle, using
Giadeater Bureau gear’ and assisted by technical
personnel, met with limited success in one
of these areas.

20' 70°

>

ge SX. INSHORE TUNA: Bluefin tuna are u-
meric “Se. sually foundinlarge schools in the Massa-
pos AN chusetts-Cape Cod Bay areas from June

AE through October. These shcools have sup-
ported a growing sports fishery as well as
small commercial fisheries for several
years.

@

Small boats had fished surface-swim-
ming bluefintuna with standard swordfish
harpoon-and-keg gear for many years prior
to World War II. During that period sever-
al enterprising vessel owners also fished
subsurface tuna with drifting baited keg-
lines--a precursor to the development of
tuna long-line fishing inthe area. Since the
War, the keg-line method has been largely
abandoned, but Small boats continue to en-

Provincetown

G APE AG © De ad gage in harpooning surface-swimming tuna
x on a smallscale during June, July, andear-
" ly August.
Baio 4 ue Tuna explorations with long-line gear
5 by the chartered schooner Marjorie Parker
Feline baa eente ee ae ae See cea eet inl 2) andl e531 (Munceysiloamie ae

season beqinning in August. dicated that appreciable tuna stocks were
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass.
1/Long-line gear belonging to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was made available to commercial vessels in a cooperative
agreement designed to encourage establishment of the fishery and to add to the knowledge of the resource by the collection of data
to supplement that recorded aboaid Bureau vessels.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 599

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

present in waters off New England, but-heavy shark dam duri i
initiation of a tuna long-line fishery at that oe SES One aa pene aa aeeee

Commercial operations utilizing purse-seine gear have also been attempted several
times during the past 20 years (Murray 1952), but substantial production of tuna by this
means has been attained only recently. In the summer of 1958 the 62-foot converted shrimp
trawler Silver Mink of Provincetown, Mass., produced 179 tons of bluefin tuna in a 73-day
season (Squire 1959), and in 1959 the vessel set a new East Coast record for production of
purse-seine caught tuna when 750 tons were landed in a 56-day season. The accessibility
of the fishing areas to Provincetown was significant in the success of the Silver Mink. The
majority of the operations were carried out in the immediate vicinity of Cape Cod, within

a day's run to and from Provincetown. The fishing areas included Cape Cod Bay and Stell-
wagen Bank.

The Cape Cod Bay trap-net fishery, although not a large-scale segment of the tuna fish-
ery, has accounted for considerable numbers of school tuna each season, particularly during
the months of July and August. Three traps set for mackerel on August 5, 1948, impounded
336 tuna weighing a total of 75,000 pounds (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).

Although the presence of tuna schools on the surface has been evident to sports and
commercial fishermen for many years, the occurrence andmovements of subsurface-swim-
ming bluefin tuna have remained largely matters of conjecture. One of the best indications,
to date, of the continued occurrence of these subsurface fish has come from long-line op-
erations conducted recently on the 15- to 20-fathom northern edge of Stellwagen Bank
(Middle Bank). The long-line catches indicate that subsurface bluefin tuna schools occur in
the inshore area from mid-June to the end of October. .

Inshore long-line fishing originated shortly after the end of World War II when the
keg-line- and the halibut-line-trawl were combined and modified to form a prototype of the
tuna long-line gear now in use on Stellwagen Bank. Gear used since then has been similar
in principal, but has differed in construction with the ideas of the individual fishermen, the
number of men used to operate the gear, and the availability of material.

Small-boat long-lining operations on Stellwagen Bank, in contrast with trap fishing and
purse-seining, require only a fraction of the investment for vessels, gear, and crew. In
‘addition, the long-line vessels can be converted readily to other types of seasonal fishing
and can, thus, supplement the income of the own-
ers and operators. For example, long-lining
during June, July, and early August is hindered
by the presence of large numbers of dogfish
(Squalus acanthias) which often strip the long-
lime gear Of bait. The local small boats, there-
fore, conduct harpooning operations until the
dogfish move off the Bank in mid-August and the
commercial long-line fishery, which continues
through October, can be initiated. Estimated
daily operating costs, based on figures obtained
from 3 small Gloucester long-line boats, range
from 15 to 20 dollars each.

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

Typical of the small boats operating in the

inshore long-line fishery is the Julie Ann, a

Nova Scotia lobster boat, 40 feet in length with an
11-foot beam (fig. 2). Built in 1946, the Julie Ann
has been fishing tuna from mid-June to the end

of October since 1954. This raked eae oe poe

ishing toas e-man long-

Meme et the end ot eeettn an aver- Fig. 2 - The Gloucester tuna long-line boat Julie Ann.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

age day's fishing, within 30 miles from Gloucester, a single basket (box) of gear is set. In
a 4-hour fishing period the main line is under-run through a snatch block at the side of the
pilothouse from 1 to 3 times depending on the size of the catch, number of snags, or amount
Ta Re efor of bait loss. Hooked tuna are gaffed and hauled
sf L af aboard either by hand or with a double block.
Manila branch lines2/ are weighted with three 2-
ounce seine weights and attached to the steel-
cable leaders by 1¢-inch heavy-duty brass swiv-
els. Japanese-style tuna hooks are bent to the
leaders by crimped nico-press sleeves. Double-
mes size lobster-pot buoys, 5-gallon cans, kegs, and
groups of 2 trawl-net floats are used alterna-
tively for buoys on the drop lines; and a stand-
ard-size steel beer keg buoys each end of the
main line and the upper ends of the 25-fathom
anchor lines. An improvised 25-pound mush-
room anchor made from a truck wheel on one
end of the long-line, and a 30-pound kedge an-
chor on the other end, holds the long line in fish-
ing position. Depth recorder and portable RDF
' serve to locate fishing areas on the Bank.

ae itt The Gloucester boat Here We Go, also of

Higais alnaitinn val uremewling with butterfish aboard the Jue Nova Scotia design (36 feet in length with an 11-
Ann, Box contains 2 200-fathom main line with 40 hooks. foot beam), was built in 1950 (fig. 5). The vessel

FLAG BUOY —* pie CE CHEUOY

ANCHOR LINE — /

SECTION END

JULIE ANN Mainline: 200 fm.

Branch lines: 2fm.

Drop lines: 7 fm. Anchor lines: 25 fm.

‘ i v o
! v s J
j ’

Mainline: 320fm.— 20fm, sections Branch lines; 8ft.

HERE WE GO

Drop lines: 3-4 fm. Anchor lines: 75 fm.

Mainline: 750fm.— 5Ofm. sections Branch lines: 2'/o fm

Drop lines: 5fm. Anchor lines: 75fm.

Fig. 4 - Diagram of long-line gear used by three Gloucester boats fishing for bluefin tuna on Stellwagen Bank. (Not drawn to scale.)

2/The branch lines are referred to in the New England area as "gangings"--a term derived from the halibut line fishery. In some other
areas, this term apparently has been corrupted to "gangions."

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

The main line is tended with the

quipped with an open snatch block : i
Fish are hauled aboard over a side- E Snreh Se ae ae eee

rail roller. Long-line gear (table 1
and fig. 2) is set at 5 fathoms and
worked 4hours with 2to 3under-runs.
Chum is utilized, when available, with
reported success. Drop lines are
spliced into the main line every four
hooks and these are buoyed by seine-
‘cork bobber sets, supplemented every
sixteen hooks by a standard swordfish
keg. The leaders are crimped to the
gangings by nico-press sleeves, with
intermediate heavy-duty brass swiv-
els. Japanese-style 14/0 extra-heavy
giant tuna hooks are also attached to
the leader by nico-press sleeves. Fif-
teen-pound kedge anchors on 75-fath-
om anchor lines at each end of the set
stretch the main line in a fishing po-
sition. A 15~-gallon oil drum buoys
the anchor line on a 4-fathom drop
line attached 20 fathoms from the end
of the main line. A flag buoy, also on
a 4-fathom drop line, is placed onthe
anchor line 10 fathoms from eachend
of the main line. Supplementary equip-
ment consists of radiotelephone, depth-
recorder, and a 12-volt electric tuna

’

Table 1 - Small-Boat Tuna Long-Line Gear Used on Stellwagon Bank

Ge Vessel
a
14x18x40 inches 2-bushel capaci basket, 3 bushel
Number fished [Sa aera TS | 3 a | es) 5S
inline: Su ExT dln

Type 6-thd. synth. 16 nth 16 nth. 64 nth,

Length/basket
Seca eae | pd 1
[Drop Lines (float lines): ln

Type : ; 14 lb. ground trawl 6-thd. synth. 16 synth.

or 6-thd, synth
Number/basket cae Fae as ee Le een Pn (ee, Se ee lee |
: 5 fm _ 5 im.
Branch Lines (gangings): 3y f ‘Sn lin
Type 6-thd. manila 16 synth, gill 16 synth. 16 synth.
net maitre line a [—————
Number/basket ae irae a ee)
il fm. 3 3 fm.
Leaders 3i 2 3" 3 IT) 1
Type 32 galv. 32 galv. 32 galv. 32 stainless steel wire
steel cable steel cable steel cable
SSeS ee a Seed i1fm.
ng =

1

ae eae eel |
= i 6-thd. nth. 9-thd. nth. None

eon: aE ES Pe

1/Five baskets with 20 gangings and 10 baskets with 10 gangings.

i ith a 12 foot beam) was builtin
The ex-Coast Guard buoy tender Aries (38 feet in length wi uilt
1945 and has been used for Tenesinins tuna sinch 1947 (fig. 6.). On a 4-hour set the main line
is under-run through an open snatch block on a lobster davit 2 to 3 times by a 2-man crew,

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and fish are hauled aboard with a winch head and a block on the side of the pilothouse.

Vol. 22, No. 9

The

gangings are spliced into the main line 5 fathoms apart with leaders, swivels and Japanese-
style tuna hooks attached by crimped nico-press sleeves. Kedge anchors, weighing 25 pounds
each and located at the ends of 75-fathom anchor lines, are used to spread the set. Two 40-

fathom drop lines are attached to each anchor line.
2aR — a

Fig. 6 - Long-line gear aboard the Aries out of Gloucester, Mass.
Three baskets are fished tomake a750-fathom main line with
150 hooks. Note rubber mackerel lure on center basket.

Fig. 8 - A few of the 40 bluefin tuna taken in a 34-hour set made
from the Julie Ann. The catch rate for this set was 57.1 bluefin

tuna per 100 hooks baited.
3/See footnote 1.

The first, attached at a distance of 10

‘Sy \

\ : ae ee

Fig. 7 - Bureau of Commercial Fisheries! long-line tubs aboard
the small Gloucester trawler Marianna II.

feet from the end of the mainline, bears a flag
buoy; the second, positioned 20 feet from the
end of the main line, terminates in a 20-gal-
lon keg buoy.

Using long-line gear obtained on loan .
from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
(Bullis and Captiva, 1955), the small Glou-
cester trawler Marianna II (fig. 7) fished for
bluefin tuna on September 26, 27, and 28,
1959. A single 15-basket set was made each
day at 7 a.m. and gear was hauled aboard at
5 p.m. On two occasions the gear was under-
run from a skiff and the main line was pulled
by hand.

Bait used by the three vessels was not
restricted to any one fish. Bluebackherring,
menhaden, mackerel, whiting, and butterfish
are said to fish equally well, on the hook or
when used for chum. Daily bait requirements
on the Julie Annare approximately 50 pounds,
whereas the Here We Go and the Aries need
from 200 to 500 pounds each to chum. The
cost ranges from 1 to 3 cents a pound. A-
vailability of bait for these operations has
been dependent upon the catches of Glouces-

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

ter trap boats, draggers, and seiners Although availabilit it fi
5 , -rs. y of fresh bait fish has been no
problem, practical use of fresh bait has been prevented by the dogfish shark population on

Stellwagen Bank during the early part of the season. O i i
ber mackerel lure with success (fig. 6). - none occasion the Aries used a rub-

Catch records for small commercial craft are sketchy, but the annual catch (for the 3-
months fishing season) of three commercial boats fishing the inshore area is estimated
roughly to exceed 30 tons per boat. Catch rates varied with the individual boat, areas fished
and other factors. On September 30, 1959, the operator of the Julie Ann achieved a catch
rate of 57.1 fish per 100 hooks baited when 40 bluefin tuna were taken in the course of a33-
hour set consisting of 13 under-runs. Total weight of the catch was estimated at Dez)
pounds (fig. 8.). Throughout the season, catch rates for the other two boats fishing the same
area were estimated at between 30 and 40 fish per 100 hooks baited; and, in September, the
small trawler Marianna I, fishing in a nearby area, averaged 15.4 fish per 100 hooks baited
in the course of a 3-day fishing period. Total catch for the period was 139 bluefin weighing
14,000 pounds dressed.

Only 7 sharks were taken on the Marianna II's gear during this 3-day period. This rep-
resents a catch rate of only 0.78 sharks per 100 hooks, and no shark damage was noted. In-
formation from other boats indicated that few sharks were taken on long lines and no shark-
damaged tuna were recorded. This is in sharp contrast with the reports of shark damage in-
curred while long-lining in inshore waters during the 1952-53 seasons (Murray 1953, 1954).

CONCLUSIONS

The success of long-line tuna operations on Stellwagen Bank indicates the feasibility of
expanding the present small-boat tuna fishery within the Massachusetts Bay area, and the
possibility of establishing similar fisheries in other selected areas off northeastern United
States. The size of the vessels, low operating costs, small crews, and ability to convert
readily to other types of fishing, are positive advantages of these operations.

The present short season in the Stellwagen area might be extended by developing a
suitable artifical lure to overcome the dogfish problem.

Further evaluation of seasonal bluefin stocks and fishing methods on inshore waters
could contribute substantially to an expansion of this fishery in the New England area.

LITERATURE CITED

BULLIS, H. R., Jr. and CAPTIVA, F. J. 1953. Gulf of Maine Bluefin Tuna Explorations - 1952.
1955. Preliminary Report of Exploratory Long-Line Fishing Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 15, no. 7(Ju-
for Tuna in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. ly), pp- 1-17. (Also Sep. No. 353.)
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 17, no. 10 (Oc- aca P ETRY Peper rte rehere iets
tobi - 1-20. (Also Sep. No. 416. : °: e Bluefin Tuna Explorations -
abe ‘ ) Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 16, no. 7(Ju-
MURRAY, J. J. ly), pp- 10-19. (Also Sep. No. 374.)
1952. Report on 1951 Exploratory Bluefin-Tuna af ishing ante 55 Fe Then
Gulf of Maine. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. UIRE, J. Le, Jr. : ’
14, no. 3 (March), pp. 1-19. (Also Sep. No. 309.) 1959. New England Commercial Bluefin Tuna Purse Sein-

ing - 1958 Season. Commercial Fisheries Re-
view, vol. 21, no. 2 (February), pp. 1-5. (Also
Sep. No. 538.)

t

Rives

it Ae

American Fishery Advisory Committee

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT REAPPOINTS
SIX TO COMMITTEE:

Six members of the American Fisheries
Advisory Committee whose terms expired on
June 30, 1960, have been reappointed to 3-
year terms beginning July 1, Assistant Sec-
retary of the Interior Ross Leffler announced
July 6, 1960.

The appointees are: Ralph E. Carr, Pres-
ident, Mid-Central Fish Co., Kansas City,
Mo.; Chris Dahl, Kayler-Dahl Fish Co., Pe-
tersburg, Alaska; H. R. Humphreys, Jr.,
President, Standard Products Co., White
Stone Va.; Leon 8S. Kenney, President, Pinel-
las Geatood Co., St. Petersburg, Fla., James
McPhillips, Vice President, Southern Indus -
tries Corp., Mobile, Ala.; and Arthur H. Men-
donca, President, F. E. Booth Co., Inc., San
Francisco, Calif. Kenney and Mendonca have
served with the Committee since it was or-
ganized on February 14, 1955. There were
then 19 members; later, this number was
raised to 20.

Authority for the creation of the Commit-
tee is carried in the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act
of 1954. The purpose of the Saltonstall-Ken-
nedy Act is to promote the free flow of do-
mestically-produced fishery products in corm-
merce, to develop and extend markets, and to
assure necessary research,

The original Advisory Committee was con-
sidered to be temporary since the life of the
legislation was only three years. In 1956,
however, the Fish and Wildlife Act extended
the Saltonstall-Kennedy legislation indefi-
nitely. The committee acquired permanent
status effective July 1, 1957. The rules gov-
erning appointments provide for a basic 3-
year term for members and permit one 3-
year reappointment. One-third of the mem-
bership is changed each year.

The Committee will hold its next meet-
ing in the Olympic Hotel, Seattle, Wash.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

=!IREN DS =a

= AND

EDEVELO PMENTS:

Vol. 22, No. 9

August 10-12. Assistant Secretary Leffler is
the Chairman. Atthese meetings, itis custom-
ary for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

to review its activities and to outline its future
plans. The Committee advises the Secretary
and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in

the formulation of policy, rules, and regulations
pertaining to requests for assistance under the
terms of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, and
other matters.

Besides the six members reappointed,
the Committee consists of: William P.
Ballard, President, Ballard Fish and Oyster
Co., Inc., Norfolk, Va.; Lawrence Calvert,
President, San Juan Fishing and Packing
Co., Seattle, Wash.; Harold F. Cary, Van
Camp Seafood, Inc., Long Beach, Calif.;

Ray H. Full, Treasurer, Kishman Fish Com-
pany, Vermilion, Ohio; David H. Hart, fish-
erman and boatowner, Cape May, N. J.; J. W.
Lewis, President, Twin City Fishermen's
Cooperative Association, Inc., Morgan City,
La.; Donald P. Loker, Star-Kist Foods, Inc.,
Terminal Island, Calif.; J. Richard Nelson,
F. Mansfield and Sons Co., New Haven,
Conn.; Moses B. Pike, General Manager,
Holmes Packing Corp., Eastport, Maine;
Harry F. Sahlman, Sahlman Sea Foods,
Fernandina Beach, Florida; Arthur S. Siv-
ertson, Sivertson Bros. Fisheries, Duluth,
Minn., and Lawrence W. Strasburger, tech-
nological consultant, Metairie, La. There
are two vacancies on the Committee.

American Samoa

TUNA LANDINGS, JUNE 1960:

Landings of tuna by Japanese, South Kore-
an, and native long-line vessels at the United
States-owned tuna cannery in American Samoa
totaled 2,944,000 pounds in June 1960, an in-
crease of about 39.5 percent from the
2,111,000, pounds landed in June a year ago.
For the first six months of 1960 landings a-
mounted to 13,552,000 pounds as compared
with 12,196 pounds landed the same period of
1959.

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

American Samoa Tuna Landings,
June 1960 and January-June 1960

Species

At 22 of the 28 stations a blue lens was
used alternating with the standard 1, 500 watt
lamp. The blue lens attracted sardines on 2
of the 11 stations at which it was used, jack
ce le : mackerel on 2, and Pacific mackerel on 1.
The standard light attracted sardines on 5 of
the 11, jack mackerel on 2, Pacific mackerel

SHicwen ciel elec
gdaho poo og

Sood o oOo 1/ 10 1/ on 1 i i
= n 1, anchovies on 1, bonito on 1, and ather-
| Total ..-.-...- [2,944 [2,111 | 13,552 [12,196 || nids on 4,

T/ Less than 500 pounds.

In the remaining 6 tests, an underwater
amber lens attracted sardines on 1 of the 3
stations at which it was used. Sardines were
also attracted to 1 of the 3 alternate stan-

California dard light stations.
COLORED LIGHTS FOR To test the effectiveness in catching fish
ATTRACTING FISH AND under different colored lights, fish were at-
NEW METHOD OF SETTING tracted with a surface light, an underwater
SAMPLING NETS TESTED: light was then turned on and the surface light
M/V “Alaska” Cruise 60A5-Pelagic Fish: extinguished. Observations of fish behavior
The coastal waters off southern Caltfornia were then made. On each station the amber,
from San Pedro to Palos Verdes Point, and blue, clear, and red lenses were used. Fish
Santa Catalina Island were surveyed (May 16- | behavior was not noticeably altered by the

June 4, 1960) by the California Department of | amber, blue, or clear lenses. A milling
Fish and Game research vessel Alaska to test | school of sardines or anchoyies under the
the effectiveness of several types of lightsfor | surface light continued to mill in the same
attracting gish, and to experiment with new pattern when the underwater lamp was
methods of setting fish-sampling nets. lighted and the surface light extinguished.
When the red lamp was turned, sardines,
in each case, left the red light zone. Re-
action to the red-light may have been a
function of low light intensity rather than
a response to the red color. Sardines did
not avoid the red light zone when an over-
head incandescent lamp was turned on si-
multaneously.

None of the underwater lenses tested al-
tered fish behavior to the extent that it made
them more susceptible to capture. However,
when sardine or anchovy schools were given
a preference, invariably they were attracted
to the brightest light source.

A sampling gill net was set on 5 schools
ae of ''wild'' sardines which were extremely
Califomia Department of Fish Game's research vessel M/V | difficult to catch with the blanket net. Sar-
Alaska. dines were obtained in each set. The degree
of "wildness" in sardines varied between
Tests were conducted on 28 stations to de- schools. The presence of bonito, barracuda,

termine the relative effectiveness of fish at- | sharks, and other predators considerably in-
traction of underwater colored lights com- | creased the degree of ''wildness"' in a school.
pared with the regular 1500-watt incandescent

standard sampling light. A 500-watt under- ok ok KOK

water lamp with interchangeable colored fils

ters was used. The two lamp types were used
separately on alternate stations. Stations were
located in clear water where fish were known
to be present.

NEW MIDWATER TRAWL NET
TESTED ON SALMON FRY:

M/V "Nautilus" Cruise 60N4: An experiment
with a new midwater trawl net (15 feet square

16

SAN PABLO BAY

Legend:

_ Location and
number of salmon
captured.

'M/V Nautilus Cruise 60N4 (June 2-9, 1960).

opening by 65 feet long) for capturing salmon fry
was conducted (June 2-9, 1960) by the California
Department of Fish and Game research vessel Nau-
tilus in outer San Francisco Bay, from Bonito __
Point to Benicia in Carquinez Strait. Other ob-
jectives of the survey were to determine at what
depths salmon are located and in what areas, and
to recover as many marked salmon as possible.

The Nautilus completed 44 tows with the mid-
water trawl net. A total of 232 salmon fry was
captured. Of these, 6 were marked (salmon re-
leased in Sacramento River earlier this year)--4
dorsal right ventral fin-clipped fish released into
the River at Rio Vista and 2 dorsal left ventral
fin-clipped fish released into Battle Creek.

Trawling was done at various depths and dis-
tances from shore. Small salmon were found in
all areas tried. Largest numbers were taken
very near the surface. They were found to be
distributed at various distances from shore.

The trawl net was a small copy of a net devel-
oped in 1953. Its mouth was held:open by 4 doors
lz feet x 2 feet, acting as kites. Some trawls
were made with 2 small otter doors placed 75
feet forward of the quarter doors. This made the
net fish slower and deeper than it did without ot-
ter doors. Only 20 salmon were caught with this
method. All remaining salmon were caught with
quarter doors while fishing on the surface. Av-
erage towing speed was between 4 and 5 miles

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

per hour. At this speed the net's mouth was
forced together slightly by pressure. This re-
duced the effective fishing area of the net to about
9 square feet.

The 2 most common species taken were north-
ern anchovy, Engraulis mordax (about 900 pounds
of 1-5-inch fish) and herring, Clupea pallasii (a-
bout 200 pounds of 2-6 inch fish). Other fish tak-
en in small numbers were: striped bass, Roccus
saxatilis; jack smelt, Atherinopsis californiensis;
starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus; shad, Alosa
sapidissima; split-tail, Pogonichthys macrolepi-

lotus; California pompano, Palometa simillima;
a few species of family Embiotocidae; and a few
young fresh-water smelt and greenling sea trout.

OK ok kk

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION

SURVEY CONTINUED:

Fish: The inshore area from the California-
Mexican border north to Bodega Bay was sur-
veyed from the air (June 15-17, 1960), by the
Department's Cessna ''180'' 3632C to deter-
mine the distribution and abundance of pelagic
fish schools.

Low clouds and fog prevailed over most of
the California coast during the five days
scheduled. The ocean was visible in only two
areas north of Point Dume: from Carmel to
Cape San Martin, where no schools were seen;
and a small section at the south end of Bodega
Bay where about 25 anchovy schools were
found.

During one day when fair conditions of vis-
ibility prevailed, it was possible to scout the
extreme inshore area from Point Vicente to
the Mexican border; no schools were seen.

Red tide was observed in the San Pedro end
of Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor and along
the beach from Malibu to Ocean Park.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1960, p. 14.

Canned Sardines ©

MARKETING STUDIES SHOW
CONSUMER BUYS ON IMPULSE:

A sizable amount of canned sardines mar-
keted in the United States are purchased by
consumers on impulse. This is one of several
findings of a survey of consumer attitudes to-
ward canned sardines which are included ina
report entitled Who Buys Canned Sardines, and

Why.

September 1960

The new U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries report is based on a survey ofthe
factors that motivate consumer preferences
for canned sardines, conducted by a research
firm under a contract from the Bureau.

The survey found that among the users of
sardines, 12 percent in Boston, 21 percent
in Birmingham, Ala., and 31 percent in De-
troit bought sardines on impulse. Whenasked
what would induce them touse more sardines,
about one-fifth of the household consumers
said that they eat sardines often enough; in
addition, 46 percent in/Boston, 27 percent in
Birmingham, and 21 percent in Detroit stated
that nothing would induce them to use more
sardines, However, 17 percent in Birming-
ham and 15 percent in Detroit stated that a
lower price would increase their buying. Onl
4 percent in Boston mentioned price. Re-
moval of bones, and/or removal of skin were:
also mentioned as inducements for greater
use by about 20 percent of the consumers in-
terviewed in Detroit, 10 percent in Boston,
and 8 percent in Birmingham.

Cans--Shipment for Fishery Products,
January -May 1960

Total shipments of metal cans during Jan-
uary-May 1960 amounted to 49,682 short tons
of steel (based on the amount of steel con-
sumed in the manu-
facture of cans) as
compared with 43,046
tons in the same pe-
riod a year ago. The
increase of about 15.4
percent in the total
shipments of metal
cans January-May
this year as compared
with a similar period of 1959 was probably

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

17

due to early orders in anticipation of a sharp

increase in the Alaska canned salmon pack.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and capnye plants known
to be, producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod-
ucts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

Central Pacific
Fisheries Investigations

FLUCTUATIONS IN HAWAII'S SKIPJACK
TUNA CATCH MAY BE DUE TO

CHANGES IN OCEANIC CIRCULATION:

~ Biologists and oceanographers of the —
Honolulu Biological Laboratory of the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries are at-
tempting to learn the reasons for the wide
annual fluctuations in the skipjack catch from
Hawaiian waters. Briefly, they assume that
the changes in catch are related to changes
in the oceanic circulation or flow of water.
One aspect of this circulation which appears
to be important is the California Current Ex-
tension which flows toward Hawaii from off
the California coast. To better understand
this feature of the oceanic circulation, scien-
tists from the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Honolulu Biological Laboratory under-
took a series of five cruises during 1959
covering an area between 12° and 25° N.

lat. and 145° and 170° W. long., approx-
imately 1 million square miles of ocean.

The results of these cruises show that the
circulation changes substantially during the
year. In the winter, the flow of western North
Pacific water effectively bars the California
Current water from entering the island area.
As the year progresses, the strength of the
California Current increases and during
spring and early summer this water grad-
ually pushes into and beyond the Hawaiian
Islands. In mid-summer the western North
Pacific system increases in strength and
again gradually replaces the California Cur-
rent water around the islands. This process
of the advance and retreat of the California
Current Extension is apparently an annual
occurrence, although the extent and time of
the advance may vary from year to year.

Records of the bird flocks and fish schools
geen during the five cruises afford some ideas
as to the relation between the environment
and the distribution of tunas. Fish were also
caught by pole-and-line fishing and by long-

18

line gear. Skipjack were considerably more
abundant to the southwest of the Hawaiian
Islands than to the east. They also appeared
to be more abundant near the boundaries be-
tween the western North Pacific water and
the California Current Extension. Long-line
catches varied considerably among cruises,
with the best catches taken during the winter
months.

How the changes in circulation affect the
Hawaiian skipjack fishery is still unknown.
One hypothesis is that the fish use the Cali-
fornia Current Extension as a guide or sign-
post in their|migrations. These migrations
may be for the purpose of reaching feeding
areas or areas favorable for reproduction.
Plankton collections made during the 1959
cruises do not show that any of the areas sur--
veyed are especially rich in food. Because
of this it appears more likely that skipjack
may migrate in the Hawaiian area because
conditions are suitable for spawning and sur-
vival of young. Examination of the plankton
collections for skipjack larvae, a time-con-
suming and tedious task, is in progress. Re-
sults of these examinations should show
whether! more spawning takes place in certain
areas than in others.

Cruises to the east and southwest of the
Hawaiian Islands will be made during 1961.
On those cruises we hope to learn more about
the relation between skipjack and their en-
vironment in the central Pacific.

aot

Chesapeake Bay

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
TO ASSIST IN DEVELOPMENT
OF FISHERY RESOURCES:

A dual purpose survey of the Chesapeake
Bay, scheduled to start early in July 1960,
was announced by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey. That agency will undertake a 1,500-
mile shoreline survey in cooperation with the
Maryland Department of Tidewater Fisheries.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey Director
said that the project will provide 37 special
shoreline maps for Maryland to assist in their
study and development of fishery resources--
especially oyster cultivation. In addition, the
Survey will revise about 80 of its own large-
scale base maps of the Bay with the aerial
photography and field data thus acquired. Both
Maryland and the Federal Government will

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

share the expense of this project, which is
expected to cost about $120,000.

An aerial photographie mission started
flights during the first week of July near the
mouth of the Potomac River. The photogra-
phy will be accomplished/in two distinct
phases. Black-and-white film will be used
for the revision of land details on the maps,
and infrared film employed to emphasize
shoreline detail at a mean high stage of the
tide. Photogrammetrists know that infrared
rays are absorbed by water; thus using this
special film, water areas on infrared photo-
graphs become black, in sharp contrast to
land details. All shore-line photography will
be taken when the tide reaches a predeter-
mined level--that of mean high water, and
consequently, details can be interpreted from
the photography and mapped by rapid office
methods without the expense of extensive

| field surveys.

Two crews will work in the field, locating
existing triangulation stations and selecting
and identifying prominent objects and marks
to be mapped. These alongshore objects will
be used by the Department of Tidewater Fish-
eries as survey points from which they can
divide and study the offshore oyster bars and
other areas of interest to the seafood indus-
try of Maryland. Many of these "landmarks"
will also be included on future editions of
nautical charts of the Bay, because of their
special interest to the mariner.

Office phases of this project will include
"measurement" of the photographs in pre-
cision instruments, such as the stereoplani-
graph, to control the mapping operation; a
careful study of all photography and the re-
vision of existing maps; compilation, scribing
or engraving of new map copy; and printing
of special maps for the Department of Tide-
water Fisheries.

Cooperation between Maryland agencies
and the Coast and Geodetic Survey has been
commonplace for many years. In 1906, for
example, a joint survey was begun of the Ches-
apeake Bay under the direction of the now
defunct Maryland Shellfish Commission. The
Survey, between 1906 and 1912, produced 42
detailed oyster charts for the Commission.
The Maryland Oyster Survey used these charts
with considerable success through the years.

In the period from 1935 until 1945, the
Coast and Geodetic Survey completed a new
series of planimetric and topographic base

September 1960

maps of the Chesapeake Bay coastal areas.
Aerial photography and field surveys accom-
plished in 1960 will be used to revise the
base maps, and provide most of the source
material for the construction of the special
maps for the State of Maryland.

The result of this new cooperative survey
is expected to be of significant value to the
fishing industry.

if

Crabs

CHESAPEAKE BAY SHORTAGE ENDED:
The shortage of blue crabs which has
plagued Chesapeake Bay crab fishermen and
processors of crab meat since January 1960
will end by mid-summer, scientists at the
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester

Point, reported on July 11.

The biologist in charge of the crab re-
search project at the Laboratory reports that
at least three times as many soft and peeler
crabs were caught in June of this year as
were landed in the same period in 1959. ''This
verifies again our belief that a large supply
of crabs was produced from spawning in mid-
summer 1959," he stated. Numerous finger-
nail-sized crabs were caught in November
1959, during one of the Laboratory's regular
monthly surveys.

Blue Crab

"Soft and peeler crabs should remain a-
bundant through August," the biologist pre-
dicted, "and crab-potters will have above
average catches throughout August and this
fall: the winter dredge catches will be larger
than usual in 1960/61. Hard crab catches by
pots and peeler catches with scrapes and
fykes should remain high during the spring
and early summer of 1961, barring the un-
foreseen."

Predictions of catches a year in the future
are based on observations of the number of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

19

small crabs caught with an experimental trawl
by the Pathfinder, the Laboratory's research
vessel, and from reports of the hard and
peeler crabs caught by commercial crabbers.

Films

FISHING ON GREAT LAKES
SUBJECT OF NEW INTERIOR FILM:

The romance of "fishing on the lakes" will
be portrayed in a sound-color motion picture
now in production, the U. S. Department of
the Interior announced July 10, 1960. Fishery
activity on all the Great Lakes will be doc-
umented. Because so much of the material
in the film is of a seasonal nature, the actual
filming will require more than a year. The
picture will be ready for distribution on a
free-loan basis in about a year and a half.

The commercial fisheries picture, spon-
sored by the Outboard Marine Corporation,
is being produced and will distributed by
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish
and Wildlife Service.

This is the second commercial fisheries
film sponsored by the Outboard Marine Cor-
poration and produced by the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries as part of the Bureau's
policy of working cooperatively with the in-
dustry in the production of fishery educa-
tional films. The first, Outboard Fisherman
USA, received wide acclaim in this country
and won awards at the Edinburgh, Scotland,
Film Festival in 1956.

Two additional films more recently pro-
duced by the Bureau were exhibited at the
Columbus, Ohio, Film Festival and received
the Chris Awards from the Film Council
of Greater Columbus. These were Salmon--
Catch to Can sponsored by the Canned Salmon
Institute and Outdoor Fish Cookery, a Bureau-
financed production.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is
currently producing a picture for the natural
sponge industry. This picture is sponsored
by the Sponge and Chamois Institute and the
sponge industry of Tarpon Springs, Fla.

ea

20

Fisheries Loan Fund

FISHERIES LOANS
APPROVED FISCAL YEAR 1960:

During fiscal year 1960 (July 1, 1959 to
June 30, 1960), applications for fisheries
loans totaling 190 and valued at $5,328,956
were received by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. Of the total, 105 appli-
cations for $2,220,024 were approved and
65 applications for $1,927,302 were declined
or found ineligible. Funds are available
for additional loans, and new applications
will be processed promptly.

From the beginning of the program in
December 1956 through June 30, 1960, a
total of 777 applications for $24,231,119
have been received. Of these, 422 ($9,933,257)
have been approved, 267 ($7,369,502) have
been declined or found ineligible, 66
($4,231,122) have been withdrawn by appli-
cants before being processed, and 22
($1,622,687) are pending. Of the applications
approved, 157 were approved for amounts
less than applied for--the total reduction was
$1,074,551.

The following loans were approved during
April, May, and June of 1960:

New England Area: Archie M. Alley, Jr.,
Beals, Me., $3,500.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Edgar J.
Taylor, Ft. Myers, Fla., $12,500; Trawler
Austin, Inc., Tampa, Fla., $21,667; and Mike
Gianaras, Tarpon Springs, Fla., $3,000.

California; Walter T. Cramer, Eureka,
$17,742; Fern D. Henry, Lakeside, $6,425;
The Ambrose Co., Vessel Ronnie S, San Diego,
$120,000; The Ambrose Co., Vessel WileyV. A.,
San Diego, $110,000; Daniel A. Marks, et al,

M/V South Coast, San Diego, $80,000; Malcolm

S. Rice, et al, M/V American Enterprise, San
Diego, $80,000; and George Collins, Trinidad,
$6,500.

Pacific Northwest Area: Alex C. Prankard,
Olympia, Wash., $1,250; Ludvik M. Dahlberg,
Seattle, Wash., $23,000; Ola Hendricks, Seat-
tle, Wash., $14,489; Hans Hoddevik, Seattle,

Wash., $60,000; Ottar G. Larsen, Seattle, Wash.

$8,000; Commander, Inc., Tacoma, Wash.,
$75,475; and Seafarer, Inc., Tacoma, Wash.,
$61,971.

Alaska: George Hippert, Ketchikan, $4,900;
Emil Christoffersen, Kodiak, $7,000; William
F. Love, Petersburg, $1,500; Henry A. Nelson,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

Petersburg, $1,500; Dez Gunderson, Seldovia,
$12,000; Theodore Pederson, Seldovia,
$9,000; and Joseph E. Redington, Wasilla,
$3,000.

Hawaii: KHH Fishing Co., Hilo, $3,25u.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 26, May
1960 p. 20, March 1960 p. 21.

Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance

NEW PROGRAM STARTED:

A new program (Public Law 86-577) to
insure mortgages which are given to assist
in the construction, reconstruction, and re-
conditioning of fishing vessels has been
started, Assistant Secretary of the Interior
Ross Leffler announced on July 9, 1960. This
new program will operate similarly to the
mortgage insurance on houses which is pro-
vided by the Federal Housing Administration.

Under this plan the U. S. Department of the
Interior, through its Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, will insure the entire amount of
the mortgage, which may not exceed 75 per-
cent of the cost of vessel construction or
reconditioning. The mortgage cannot extend
more than 15 years nor can it bear interest
of more than six percent. The insurance
premium will be one percent a year when the
face amount of the mortgage represents more
than 50 percent of the cost of the work, and
3 of one percent when it is 50 percent or less

of the cost.

| Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration

and Gear Research

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF
COMMERCIAL FISH STOCKS IN
LAKE ERIE CONTINUED:

M/V “Active” Cruise 10: The second in
a series of cruises scheduled for Lake Erie
was conducted (June 6-16, 1960), by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
fishing vessel Active to obtain additional in-
formation on the seasonal distribution of fish
stocks. Erie will be the new permanent base
of operations for the eastern Great Lakes.

September 1960

Ashtabula

airport) LEGEND:

am Trawl Tows

M/V Active Cruise 10 (June 6-16, 1960).

Extensive echo-sounding operations con-
ducted from Vermilion, Ohio, to Erie, Pa.,
failed to locate any large concentrations of
smelt. These results were anticipated on
the basis of previous records during this
time of year in Lake Erie. Trawling was
only carried out in restricted areas where
echo-tracings gave sufficient indication that
commercial quantities could possibly be har-
vested. Half-hour drags generally caught
from 90-130 pounds of medium (15-20 per
pound) smelt. Thermal stratification with a
sharp thermocline was observed throughout
the area. Surface temperatures in the open

lake ranged from 55°-68° F.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1960 p. 23.

he Ss

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

HIGH WATER HAMPERS LAKE SUPERIOR
SEA LAMPREY CONTROL PROGRAM:
Electrical devices for control of the sea
lamprey were placed in operation in Lake
Superior tributaries on schedule this spring,
but extreme high water handicapped opera-
tions over a 6-week period. It was impossible
even to service traps at some installations
for periods in excess of 30 days. An attempt
was made to keep all devices functioning
throughout the flood even though lampreys
could bypass the structures. Sea lamprey
escapement past the barriers was possible
at all installations except Pendills Creek. The
most serious damage occurred to the Bad
River installation where destruction was so
extensive that repair is not planned. In ad-
dition to the Bad River, operation of the Big

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

Garlic River installation ceased on May 29,
1960, as a result of a change in the owner-
ship of the property. Damage at the remain-
ing installations was relatively light.

LAMPREY GROWTH AND FEEDING

DURING ITS LAKE LIFE —

1 LAMPREY

MAKES 87 ATTACKS ON FISH
FEEDS 2,383 HOURS

EATS

18.6 POUNDS OF FISH

AFTER 10 MONTHS
OF FEEDING IN
THE LAKE -
LENGTH 14.6 inches
WEIGHT 2.8 ounces

NEWLY TRANSFORMED
FEEDER LAMPREY
LENGTH 5.5 inches
WEIGHT 0.13 ounces

oa
we
x=
°
z
1
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w
x
o
=
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4
&
°
x
E
°
z
w
4

Nonporasitic Life in Rivers Parasitic Life in Lakes

Control barriers out of operation were re-
paired as soon as water levels receded or
access roads and bridges were passable and
35 control devices are now in operation. Cap-
tures of adult sea lampreys totaled 27,869 by
June 17. These same control devices caught
42.175 adults during the same period in 1959.

Although the captures to June 17 repre-
sent a reduction ofnearly 34 percentin the
number of adults as compared with the same
period of time in 1959, it cannot be considered
indicative of the actual population, since no
knowledge of the number of sea lampreys
that bypass the controlling devices during
periods of extensive high water is available.
Heavy but unmeasured mortality of adult
sea lampreys occurred at some devices dur-
ing high-water periods.

OK OK OK OK

LAKE MICHIGAN POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 3: The chub (Leu-
cichthys Sp.) population survey in southern
Lake Michigan was continued (June 7-21, 1960)
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Cisco. Trawlcatches during
this cruise were generally small. Thirty-
minute tows with a 52-foot ballon trawl at
5-fathom intervals from 15 to 35 fathoms, and
at 50 fathoms, west-southwest of Grand Haven,
Mich., yielded 36 to 272 pounds of chubs.
Similar tows at 5-fathom intervals from 15
to 35 fathoms west-northwest of St. Joseph,
Mich., took 35 to 235 pounds of chubs. The
best catches were at the shallower depths.

22

Practically all the chubs were bloaters (Leu-
cichthys hoyi). No species other than chubs
were taken in significant quantities. The
poor trawl catches, also reported by com-
mercial fishermen, suggest that many of the
smaller chubs, which usually make up the
bulk of these catches, were at midwater levels.

TroutPerch ¥ .
(Percopsis omiscumaycas)

A 39-foot whiting trawl witha small-mesh
(3-inch stretched) cod end was dragged in
5, 7, and 10 fathoms south of Grand Haven.
Catches were predominately alewives and
yellow perch at 5 and 7 fathoms and bloaters
and yellow perch at 10 fathoms. Also nu-
merous at 5 and 7 fathoms were smelt, trout-
perch, and spottail-minnows; less common
were whitefish (2), longnose suckers (1),
and log-perch (1). Yearling perch averaged
about 3.2 inches, and yearling smelt about
2.6 inches.

Gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet each of
14- and 14-inch mesh, and 300 feet each of
2-, wee 23-, 22-, 3-, 34-, and 4-inch
mesh) set overnight at 25 and 50 fathoms off
Grand Haven, made heavier catches than
_ during cruise 2, except in the smallest (14-
inch) mesh. Thus it appears that more of
the larger than of the smaller chubs have
remained near the bottom. The chubs in
the gill nets were about 99 and 95 percent
bloaters at 25 and 50 fathoms, respectively.
The remainder were L. reighardi, L. zeni-
thicus, L. alpenae, and, at 50 fathoms L. kiyi.
nee included also a few lake herring (L.
artedi). L. reighardi has practically com=_
pleted spawning, which began in late April.
Gangs of nylon gill nets set overnight at
25 and 50 fathoms off St. Joseph took fewer
chubs than did those off Grand Haven, but at
25 fathoms the percentage of fish other than
bloaters was higher. The catch at 25fathoms
was 324 L. hoyi, 6 L. zenithicus, 3 L. reig-
hardi, 2 L. alpenae, and 25 lake herring; at
50 fathoms it was 266 L. hoyi, 2 L. zenithicus,
8 L. reighardi, 2 L. alpenae, 1 L. kiyi, and
3lake herring. ~_ a

A gang of linen gill nets consisted of 255
feet each of 23-, 23-, 23-, 23-, and 3-inch
mesh and another gang of twice this a-
mount of each mesh size were set off Grand

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

Haven for 5 nights at 25 and 50 fathoms, re-
spectively. At 25 fathoms the catch consisted
of about the same number of bloaters but con-
sidenably less of the other chub species than
an identical set at the same time of yearin
1954. At50 fathoms the catch was higher for all
species than in 1954, Comparisons willhave
to be made throughout the year, however, be-
fore conclusions can be drawn regarding rel-

‘ative abundance in 1954 and 1960.

In order to study the differences in the
catches of gill nets set for different lengths
of time, and also to learn something of night-
to-night variations in catches, gangs ofnylon
gill nets were fished at 50 fathoms off Grand
Haven as follows: on the first day after 4
gangs had been set, one gang was lifted, and
reset; the second day the 1-night set anda
2-night set were lifted, and one of the gangs
was reset; on the third day no nets were
lifted, due to stormy weather; on the fourth
day all three remaining gangs were lifted.
Thus there were two each of 1-night, 2-night,
and 4-night sets. The 1-night set took 553
and 826 chubs, the Z-night sets 1,106 and
1,189, and the 4-night sets 2,002 and 2,000.
All mesh sizes except the 2-inch caught near-
ly twice as many fish in the 4-night sets as
in the 2-night sets, so that they apparently
were fishing well for the full 4 nights. The
2-inch mesh, which caught considerably more
than any other mesh, appeared to have ''loaded
up" after two nights, however. The catches
for this mesh were 325 and 402 in the 2-night
sets and 465 and 467 in the 4-night sets.

Complete hydrographic observations and
collections were made at 25-fathom stations
off Grand Haven and St. Joseph. Surface
temperatures were lower in anarrow band near
shore (mostly 6° to 8° C.--42.8° to46.4° F.)
than farther out (mostly 11° to 15° C.--
51.8° to 59.0° F.) except at the end of the cruise
when strong winds partially broke up the thin
epilimnion offshore and dropped surface tem-
peratures there to about 8° C., (46.49 F.). Ex-
treme open-lake surface temperatures recorded
were 5.4° C, (41.79 F.) and 17.2° C. (63.0°F.),

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

DEEP-SEA COMMERCIAL-TYPE
TRAWLING METHODS STUDIED
IN NORTH-CENTRAL GULF:

M/V Oregon” Cruise 68- Studies of deep-

sea trawling methods, which were initiated in

September 1960

1958, were continued by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries' exploratory fishing

vessel Oregon during a seven-day cruise
that ended on July 18, 1960.

LEGEND:

© —65'FLAT TRAWL,
e@ —40' 2SEAM BALLOON.
= —26' FLAT TRAWL.

M/V Oregon Cruise 68 (July 12-July 18, 1960.)

A total of 10 drags was attempted along
the 1,000-fathom depth contour, using 60-foot
and 40-foot shrimp trawls. The major trawl-
ing problem was bogging the gear in soft mud
bottom, which occurred on six of the drags.
Two drags resulted in catches of approxi-
mately 50 pounds of fish, crustaceans, and
miscellaneous invertebrates. Both catches
were heavily coated with lube-oil sludge. Two
drags were water hauls.

A series of five drags were made off Mo-

bile Bay between depths of 80 and 575 fathoms.

Of particular interest was a 58-pound catch

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

of unusually large royal-red shrimp from
240-245 fathoms which averaged about 16-18
count (heads-off) per pound.

A 40-bushel sample of calico scallops was
caught on the return leg of the cruise. These
were brought in whole for shucking tests at the
Bureau's Pascogoula Technological Labora-
tory.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1959 p. 38.

Maine Sardines

BOY SCOUTS SERVED SARDINES:

Almost 60,000 Boy Scouts ate 60,000 cans
of Maine sardines at their National Jamboree
at Colorado Springs during the latter part of
July. The Maine Sardine Council donated the
sardines to the scouts as a duplicate of asim-
ilar operation at the 1957 Jamboree at Val-
ley Forge, Pa.

The sardines were served as the main
item of a quick meal as the boys arrived at
the site from all sections of the country. The
second serving was a farewell snack as they
left for home. The cans had a specially-de-
signed cover commemorating the Jamboree.

Last year the Council served Maine sar-
dines to 20,000 Girl Scouts at their National
Campfire.

Me OK OK OK OK

CANNED STOCKS, JULY 1, 1960:
Distributors' stocks of Maine sardines
totaled 172,000 actual cases on July 1, 1960,
a drop of 2 percent from the 176,000 cases

Stocks held by dis-

on hand July 1, 1959.
tributors on Junel,
1960, amounted to
197,000 cases, and
on April 1, 1960,
totaled 252,000
cases, according
to estimates made
by the U. S. Bu-
reau of the Census.

Canners'! stocks on July 1, 1960, totaled
359,000 standard cases (100 3f-oz. cans),
a decrease of 63,000 cases (15 percent) as
compared with July 1, 1959. Stocks held by
canners on June 1, 1960, amounted to 235,000
cases andon April 1, 1960, amounted to 397,000

cases.

24

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

Table 1- Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors' and Canners' Stocks, July 1, 1960, With Comparisons_/

ais 1959/60 Season

Ue 11/1/58
Distributors... -..-- 1,000 actual cases| 172 [| 197 | 252 | 235 | 296 | i76 | 197 | 254 | 268 | 312
Cantiers0. (3 is tee oe 1,000 std. cases2/ | 359 | 235 | 397 | 843 |1,002 | 422 | 272 | 474 1, 037

1/Table represents marketing season from November 1-October 31.

2/100 3-07, cans equal one standard case.

The 1960 pack (from the season which o-
pened on April 15, 1960) as of July 23 was
about 677,000 standard cases as compared
with 673,000 cases packed in the same pe-
riod of 1959. The April 1, 1960, carryover
was about 335,000 cases, substantially lower
than the carryover of 420,000 cases on April
1, 1959.

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
MARKETING PROSPECTS,
SUMMER 1960:

United States civilian consumption of fish-
ery products in the summer and fall of 1960
was expected to continue close to that of a
year earlier. Supplies of the processed items
were expected to remain lower than a year
ago until marketings of the 1960 pack of the
canned commodities started in volume during
late summer. Retail prices of fish and shell-
fish may average a little lower this summer
and early fall than last.

Commercial landings of food fish and
shellfish are now at the season's peak. The
annual total for this group may be higher
than in 1959, when the catch of both salmon
and sardines was unusually small.

Supplies of fishery products were some-
what lower this January-June than last. Stocks
of the frozen commodities at the beginning of
1960 were well above those of a year earlier,
but canned fishery products were much lower.
The catch and imports of food fish and shell-
fish through midspring also were down. Ci-
vilian per capita consumption of these foods
was maintained at the year-earlier level by
drawing on stocks. Retail prices averaged a
little lower than in the first half of 1959 be-
cause of the lower prices this past winter.

This analysis appeared in a report pre-
pared by the Agricultural Marketing Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooper-
ation with the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and

published in the former agency's July 29,
1960, release of The National Food Situation
(NFS-93).

Michigan

COMMERCIAL FISHING REGULATIONS
TO BE LIBERALIZED:

Five liberal changes in Michigan's com-
mercial fishing regulations tentatively ap-
proved by the Conservation Commission were
due to come up for discussion on July 25, 1960,
at public hearings in Escanaba and Lansing.

The changes, slated for formal commis-
sion adoption in August 1960, would:

(1) Allow commercial fishermen under
special permit to use gill nets with less than
23-inch mesh for taking chubs, herring, ale-
wife, and smelt in those southern Lake Mich-
igan waters where trawling for those so-
called "industrial fish'' becamelegal June 12.

(2) Shorten the closed season on whitefish
in Lakes Huron and Michigan by 15 days to
begin October 15; lower the legal size on
catfish from 17 to 15 inches, except in Lake
Erie where it would be dropped from 15 to
14 inches, provided that these fish be sold
only at docks on or along the lake.

(3) Remove the closed season on black
crappies (calico bass) in Lake Huron; and

match the season on yellow perch in Green Bay
with the June 1-April 25 season in Lake

Michigan.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

OTTER-TRAWL PERFORMANCE OBSERVED
WITH UNDERWATER TELEVISION:

M/V Delaware Cruise 60-9: Obser-
vations of otter-trawl gear perform-
ance utilizing underwater televisionfrom the

September 1960

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-
ploratory fishing vessel Delaware were con-
ducted June 10-28, 1960. A photographic
record was made from the shipboard tele-
vision monitor showing otterboard action at
various speeds.

Operations were conducted in waters near
the southern portion of Stellwagen Bank and
near the Cape Cod Bay shore off North Truro,
Mass. A standard New England No. 41 trawl
net was used in all operations,

During the first portion of the cruise, at-
tempts were made to photograph sections of
the net utilizing a two-man underwater ve-
hicle towed in front of the net. The under-
water television camera unit was pivot-
mounted on the stern of the vehicle. Views
of the cod end and headrope were recorded
on film. Due to low water temperatures, the
divers! maximum ''vehicle time" could not
be safely extended beyond nine minutes. In
addition, poor visibility made it desirable to
terminate vehicle operations for the remain-
der of the cruise.

Excellent results were attained by lowering
the underwater television camera down the
towing warps to a position just ahead of the
otterboards. A series of trawl-door scenes
were film-recorded from the underwater tel-
evision monitor on board the Delaware, show-
ing the actions of the trawl doors at different
towing speeds. Over 3,000 feet of film were
taken during these operations.

Operations were conducted to test proce
dures for sending the television camera down
to the area between the trawl doors. By using
a bridle attached to each trawl wire, the area
forward of the mouth of the net was surveyed
by the television camera.

These studies were carried on as a part of
a program of research designed to better
understand the functioning of the otter-trawl

fishing gear. 4
SD y

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

INSHORE HADDOCK NURSERY
GROUNDS SURVEYED:

M/V “Delaware Cruise 60-10: The in-

WAY eee is
shore nursery grounds of haddock were sur

cial
veyed by the U. 5. Bureau of Commer ;
neunerics exploratory fishing vessel Dela

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

25

ware during a July 5-9 cruise. A scientific
crew of five, collected information from 32
inshore stations located in the Ipswich Bay
area, off Cape Cod, in the Nauset Beacharea,
and Stellwagen Bank in Massachusetts Bay.

Haddock were taken in each area, but the
area off Race Point, Provincetown, the tip
of Cape Cod, was found to have the largest
concentration of small haddock. These small
fish belonging to the 1958 year-class will, in
another year, become an important part of
the commerical catch. In addition to haddock,
22 other species of fish were taken in varying
quantities. Among these were cod, pollock,
hake, and dogfish.

North Pacific Exploratory
Fishery Program

GOOD TRAWLABLE BOTTOM FOUND
OFF STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 46: Commer-

cial quantities of groundfish were found in
four separate areas by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing
vessel John N. Cobb duringan 8-week (ended
June 24, 1960) exploratory fishing cruise in
the bad bottom "'spit area'' west of Cape Flat-
tery. The first area (see chart) produced
principally petrale sole. Each of two 60-min-
ute tows caught 1,200 pounds of this species
at depths from 61 to 79 fathoms. Three ad-
ditional trawl tows in the deeper water of
the same area produced moderate catches of
rockfish. The area covers approximately 15
square miles.

The second area produced principally dover
sole. Two 70-minute tows produced 4,000 and
3,800 pounds of rockfish at depths from 57
to 72 fathoms. The area measures approxi-
mately 10 square miles. A 90-minute tow
adjacent to that area in 72-80 fathoms took
1,500 pounds of dover sole.

The third area produced principally snap-
pers (rockfish). Catches ranged from ap-
proximately 500 pounds to 4,500 pounds per
hour in depths from 70 to 80 fathoms. The
area is approximately 10 miles long and 2 to
to 3 miles wide.

The fourth area located produced excellent
catches of Pacific ocean perch. Five tows
produced perch at rates from 500 to 4,000

26

pounds per hour in depths ranging from 75
to 92 fathoms. This was the largest clear

area found and measured approximately 10
miles by 6 miles.

VANCOUVER ISLAND

~
‘acific Ocean Perch — N
sD UK

Petrale
Sole

Fig. 1 - M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 46 (May-June 1960).

A fifth area of clear dragging bottom was
also discovered; however, tows produced only
large catches of dogfish. The area measured
approximately 23 by 4 miles and ranged in
depth from 75 to 98 fathoms.

The locations of the trawable areas and
catches obtained were communicated to the
commercial trawling fleet directly. The
commercial otter-trawl fleet was quick to
take advantage of the discovery of favorable
bottom in an area which had previously been
considered too rough for bottom trawls. The
commercial fleet landed over 300,000 pounds
from the petrale sole and dover sole areas
before the completion of the cruise by the
Bureau's vessel.

The procedure used to survey the area
was as follows: (1) Sounding transects, using
a high resolution research model echo-sound-
er, were made approximately two miles apart
and at right angles to each other over an
area of approximately 100 square miles. The
character of the bottom with respect to hard-
ness was plotted during the sounding tran-
sects as were the definitely untrawable
stretches. (2) The promising sections within
the soft bottom areas were then surveyed
using a snag cable 280 feet long between stand
ard 8-foot by 4-foot otter doors. (3) Onsnag
cable tows coming clear a standard 400-mesh
eastern otter trawl was towed to evaluate the
species and magnitude of fish populations
present.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

A total of 174 stations, including sounding
transects, snag cable tows, and otter trawl
tows, was made during the cruise.

Biologists from the Washington State De-
partment of Fisheries tagged and released
numbers of petrale sole and ling cod--as
part of their research program on the com-
mercial groundfish species.

M/V "John N. Cobb'' Cruise 47: The Cobb
was scheduled to depart on July 18, 1960, for
7 weeks of exploratory bottom trawling off
the north end of Vancouver Island (Quatsino
Sound to the Scott Islands). The primary

128930"

T
4) 129°00'

ooo
0 ap Les

VANCOUVER
ISLAND

Fig. 2 - M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 47 (July-September 1960).

purpose was to evaluate the commercial po-
tential of bottom fish in that area. Records
will be maintained on (1) the general topog-
raphy of the area and (2) oceanographic and
meteorological conditions. For the more
important commercial species that are en-
countered, lengths and average weights will
be measured. Otoliths ("ear bones") will
be removed from English and petrale sole
so that their approximate ages can bedeter-
mined.

Transects using sonic equipment will be
made over runs of approximately constant
depth. Transects showing trawlable bottom
will be surveyed with a standard otter trawl
to assess the commercial fishing potential.

ee
= Sy
Su ee

September 1960

Oysters

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS
ON SPAWNING AND SETTING:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.,
will again conduct systematic observations
in Long Island Sound on spawning and setting
of oysters and starfish, using the same 10
major stations as in previous years. In ad-
dition to the basic stations, at least 12 aux-
iliary ones will be used, principally in the
Milford and New Havenareas. These stations,
however, are primarily designed for studies'
dealing with development of mechanical and
chemical methods of control of shellfish en-
emies.

The bottom water tem-
perature recorded atthe
stations during the week
ending July 9 variedfrom
about 60.0° F. at the deep-
est stations to about
68.0° F. at the shallow
ones. Some oysters have
spawned but no larvae
have been found in the
planktonsamples collect7
ed on July 5, 1960.

Mature larvae just
before setting

Setting of starfish be-
ganon July 1 and young
stars were observed on
the collectors at most of
the stations excepttwo.
To date, however, the
setting has been light
with the heaviest amount-
ing to 9 starfish per 20 shells at one station
located in 30 feet of water inthe Milford area.
(Bulletin No. 1, July 11, 1960.)

Oyster spat 5 hours
after attachment

The bottom water temperature recorded
during the collecting trip on July 18 ranged
from 660° F, at the deepest stations to 71.0™ F.
at New Haven Stations #4, #5, and #6. The
water was extremely rich in phytoplankton;
numerous blooms covering areas of several
square miles each were observed. However,
oyster larvae were virtually absent in plankton
samples. These samples consist of material
retained from about 200 gallons of sea water
by a #20 net.

No oyster set has been recorded, but setting
of starfish is continuing and during July 14 to
July 18 it showeda great increase in intensity,
especially at Station #3, which is the deep-
water station at Milford, and Station #7, a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

deep-water station in the New Haven area.
(Bulletin No. 2, July 20, 1960.)

KKK KOK

NEW METHOD OF CONTROL
FOR COMMON MUSSEL:

A new method for control of the common
mussel, a competitor of oysters, has been
developed by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial

The characteristic position of sea mussel. The anterior end
buried in the sand and the posterior or syphon end projecting
well above the level of the bottom.

preliminary experiments, a l-percent solu-
tion of copper sulfate killed 99.3 percent of
the mussels, while an insignificant number of
oysters was injured. Further experiments
are now in progress, but all observations to
date show the same results, i.e. nearly all
mussels are killed by the treatment, while
few oysters areinjured. Several oyster com-
panies, which have beds that are now heavily
populated with mussels, plan to use the meth-
od this summer. The copper sulphate method
is much cheaper and more effective than Vic-
toria Blue. The latter, however, is stillvery
useful in combatting other competitors, such

as tunicates.

Oe

Scallops

AUGUST SCALLOP FESTIVAL
AND PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN:

Commercial fishing and allied food trade
industries cooperated in the publicity for the
"New Bedford Scallop Festival'’ in August
1960. Because of the large stocks and low
prices, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries cooperated with the New England scal-
lop industry in its effort to move scallops

into trade channels. At the request of the
Bureau, the U. 8. Department of Agriculture
listed scallops on the List of Foods in Plen-
tiful Supply for August and publicized scallops
in the material it distributes to the food

trade and food service industries.

To help the scallop industry market its
product, the Bureau's other efforts included:

Press Release and Special Marketing Bul-
letin consisting of story and three scallop
recipes, for distribution to the Bureau's mail-
ing list of some 2,300 food editors, nutrition-
ists, dietitians, and others in the food and
allied industries.

For use by restaurants, 25,000 Fisheries
Marketing Bulletins featuring scallop rec-
ipes for 25, 50, and 100 portions for distri -
bution to the major regional, state, and local
restraunt associations in the United States,
and by the Bureau's field staff.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

SCALLOP FEST IVA Lies
New Bedford, Mass. 19605

For use by institutions, 33,000 Fisheries
Marketing Bulletins prepared in cooperation
with Sun-Kist, featuring scallops and lemons
for distribution through the Sun-Kist nation-
wide mailing list, and by the Bureau's field
staff.

For food editors, nutritionists, dietitians,
and others in the food and allied industries,
7,000 fisheries marketing bulletins prepared
in cooperation with Sun-Kist featuring lemons
and scallops for distribution through the Sun-
Kist nationwide mailing list and the Bureau's
field staff.

In an effort to enlist the support of the im-
portant allied food trade industries, a tele-
gram, signed by Ross Leffler, Assistant Sec-
retary for Fish and Wildlife, Department of
the Interior, was sent toover 40 trade organ-
izations.

To carry this promotion into the fall sell-_
ing months a special flyer for School Lunch

September 1960

and the institutional trade was prepared for
use during Fish 'n Seafood Parade in Octo-

ber. In addition scallops are featured in a

Special Fishery Marketing Bulletin for food
editors, nutritionists, dietitians, and others
in the food and allied industries.

Supplementing the printed material, the
Bureau's Home Economists featured scallops
in their demonstrations before school-lunch
personnel, dietitians, restaurant operators,
chefs, extension agents and others.

Marine Park overlooking beautiful Buz-
zard's Bay in New Bedford, was the scene
of the 3rd Annual Scallop Festival, August
12, 13, and 14, 1960. Based on the popularity
of last year's Festival, approximately 20,000
people from all parts of the country were
present to sample this seafood.

ok ok kk

SHUCKING METHOD
DEVELOPED:

Before the calico scallop beds discovered
off the Florida coast by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries' chartered fishing
vessel Silver Bay could be exploited, an ec-
onomical means of shucking the small scal-
lops needed to be developed. The Bureau's
Technology Laboratory at Pascagoula, Miss.,
has come up with a simple shucking method
which may adequately cover this need. The
scallops are placed in warm water, which
relaxes the shellfish, and then the shell is
split. The viscera are pulled out by a vac-
uum pump, leaving the ''eye muscle" to be
cut by the workers. It appears that this
method is fast and economical.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Mar. 1960 p. 26.

Shrimp

ALASKA CANNED PRODUCT
YIELD INCREASED:

How to increase the product yield in Alas-
ka canned shrimp was revealed by recent
studies at the Ketchiakan, Alaska, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Technological Lab-
oratory. Hitherto automatic removal of the
shells of Alaska shrimp required that the
shrimp be held in ice or in refrigerated sea
water for two days to facilitate release of
the shrimp meats from the shells. Studies

on the holding process indicated that the prod-

uct yield decreased by 13 percent during the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

two-day holding period and that a further 2-
percent loss in yield occurred for each ad-
ditional day of holding beyond the two-day
minimum.

Preliminary processing studies have in-
dicated that briefly immersing the shrimp
immediately after receipt in a very weak
acidic solution may permit automatic shell
eee without the customary waiting pe-
riod.

Successful completion of these studies
will markedly improve product yield in Alas-
ka canned shrimp and probably also improve
the product quality.

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

COMMERCIAL SCALLOP DREDGE
DEMONSTRATED TO FISHERMEN:

M/V “Silver Bay” Cruise 24: During May
26 to June 14, the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries! chartered fishing vessel Sil-
ver Bay returned to the Florida east coast

Legend:
e - 54/74 fish trawl.

4 - 10' scallop dredge.

4- 8' scallop dredge.
2- Night light.
>| y- Scallop demonstration
area,

M/V Silver Bay Cruise 24 (May 26 - June 14, 1960).

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

for follow-up operations in the recently-dis-
covered calico exploratory trawling for red
snapper.

Because of extensive interest shown by
the industry, daily trips were scheduled out
of Fort Pierce for the purpose of demon-
strating scallop fishing gear and methods
and to provide samples for processing tests.
From May 30 to June 5, 86 observers par-
ticipated in the fishing demonstrations, which
were conducted in a limited buoyed area
(27953' N.-80°09' W.), approximately 9
miles north of Bethel Shoals buoy. At this
location, 25 drags with a single 8-foot mod-
ified New England-type scallop dredge pro-
duced 285 bushels of live scallops in 11.8
hours of fishing.

Limited exploration for red snapper (Lu-
tianus a oe with a 54'/74' roller-rigged, 2
seam, mesh nylon fish trawl, between
Daytona aml Jacksonville, resulted in the
location of suitable trawling bottom and small
catches of red Snapper.

Catches of mixed fish, up to 1,595 pounds
per 90-minute tow, consisted predominantly
of triggerfish (Balistes), grunts (Bathystoma),
angelfish (Angelichthys), porgies (Pagrus
and Stenotomus), and vermillion snappers
(Rhomboplites). Food fish captured included
63 pounds of red snappers, 82 pounds of lane
snappers (L. synagris), large (11"'-14") ver-
million snappers, dog snappers (L. jocu),
hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus), and 334
pounds of porgies.

Approximately 60 large surface schools of
fish, tentatively identified as thread herring
(Opisthonema), scad (Decapterus),and men-
haden (Brevoortia), were observed in the
vicinity of Bethel Shoal (27°44! N-80°10' W.)
on May 30. Numerous little tuna (Euthynnus
alletteratus), dolphin (Coryphaena), and king
mackerel (Gcombono mans cavalla) were
taken on trolling gear in this area.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960, p.41.
Standards

MEETINGS HELD ON PROPOSED
QUALITY STANDARDS FOR
FROZEN OCEAN PERCH FILLETS:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies announced on July 13, 1960, public meet-
ings to discuss standards for frozen ocean
perch and Pacific ocean perch fillets.

Vol. 22, No. 9

Developed by the Bureau at its new Glou-
cester, Mass., Technological Laboratory and
the Seattle, Wash., Laboratory, this standard
is another step in a continuing joint effort by
Government and industry to improve the
quality of fishery products. Similar quality
standards are already in use for eight other
frozen sea foods--fish sticks, fish blocks,
salmon and halibut steaks, cod and haddock
fillets, raw breaded fish portions, and shrimp.

The meetings were heldin Gloucester,
Chicago, and Seattle.

United States Fishing Fleet/Additions

APRIL 1960:

A total of 24 vessels of 5 net tons and over
were issued first documents as fishingcraft
during April 1960--a decrease of 21 vessels
as compared with the same month in 1959.
The Pacific area continued to lead with 14

Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing
Craft by <= — 1960

u | Total |
1959 1959 1959

Area

New England. .....
Middle Atlantic ... -
Chesapeake
South Atlantic.....

Raciticp wm cmcneiei-itell=

VAI 6 5 5 5 5 oo ao

: Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their
home ports.

The remaining 10 vessels wereis-
sued first documents in the Chesapeake, Gulf,
New England, and
South Atlantic areas.

vessels.

Table 2-U.S. Vessels Issued First
Documents as Fishing Craft
by Tonnage, April 1960

During the first
four months of 1960,
a total of 90 vessels
were issued first
documents as fish-
ing craft--40 below
the same period of
1959. Most of the decline occurred in the
Gulf area with a drop of 24 vessels as com-
pared with the 1959 four-months period.

kk kK

MAY 1960:

A total of 63 vessels, of 5 net tons and
over, were issued first documents as fishing
1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft.

September 1960

craft during May 1960--18 above May 1959,
The Alaska area represented the greatest

Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing
Craft by Areas, May 1960

New England
Middle Atlantic. .. . 3
Chesapeakelons 3) o1- 10
South Atlantic .... 5

rts.

increase with a gain of 10 vessels as com-

pared with the same month of 1959, followed
by the Chesapeake
area with a gain of
6 vessels.

(Table 2-U.S. Vessels Issued First
Documents as Fishing Craft
by Tonnage, May 1960

During the first
five months of 1960,
a total of 153 ves-
sels were issued
first documents as |140t0149.......
fishing craft--adrop /150to 159.......
of 22, compared with 320 to 358 Gok
the 1959 five-months
period. The Pacific area with 51 vessels
made up one-third of the total vessels docu-
mented--12 above the same period of 1959.

United States Fishery Landings,
January-June 1960

Landings of fish and shellfish in the United
States during the first half of 1960 dropped 11
percent as compared with the same period of
1959--from 1.6 billion pounds in 1959 tol.4
billion pounds in 1960.

The greatest decline was for menhaden--
156 million pounds less in 1960 than in the
first half of 1959. Menhaden landings on the
Atlantic Coast dropped sharply and only a
slight increase was reported in the Gulf
States. During January-June 1960, herring
landings in Alaska were down about 18 mil-
lion pounds and industrial fish landings in
Maine and Massachusetts were down about 30
million pounds as compared with the first
half of 1959.

On the Pacific Coast, landings of salmon
in Alaska for the first seven months this

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

Table 1 - United States Fishery Landings of Certain Species
for Periods Shown, 1960 and 19591/

Species Period 1960 poet
= eelisyei (15 OOOMLbss) lesctete
Anchovies, Calif, 1,600 1,800 7,173
Cod:
Maine vapeparetatetete 833
BOSOM eteteteheiens 9,171
Gloucester..... 1,607
=
Totalcod ....
=
Haddock:
IMaineveatetelete oie
BOStON sastaleielelaie 12,378
Gloucester..... 12,103
Total haddock. . | 48,700| 51,156
‘Halibut 2/:
INFOS 5G GR06
Wash, and Oreg, .
L Total halibut .. 54 40,445
Herring, Alaska .. ea ee
Industrial fish, Me,
@iMassya/esiels 44,525] 103,312
Mackerel:
Jacl ievetela tolerate 38,000 15,322 37,484

9,200
531,200

6,136 37,597

PAciti cunretsteterere
| 298,888

Menhaden,...2-.
——<
Ocean perchs

Maineiyes =< o/e/6
BOSton, «scccce
Gloucester.....

687,100

17,100
400
32,000

19,656
1,756
25,814

Salmon:

Alaska, ....... | | MOS,
Washington .... |4
Oxregonbeyeyeyeyerole Oe

Scallops, sea (meats),
New Bedford ... |6
Shrimp (heads~on):

South Atlantic &
Gulf States....
WEIL bhooadod
Oregon ..--2c-

Whiting:
Maine. ...+ee-
Boston, .
Gloucester....-

Total whiting ..

Total all above items. . . {1,167,657 }1,305,603 |3,574,562

Others (not listed) ..-.| 271,443 303,092 |1,525,438

Grand total. » « » » « » « |1,439,100 1,608,695 {5,100,000

Preliminary. 2/Dressed weight. 3, Exchiding menhaden,

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

year were 55 million pounds greater than in
the same period of 1959. Jack mackerel

Table 2 = United States Fishery Landings by States
for Periods Shown, 1960 and 1959 1/

Maine......220-

Massachusetts 2/:
Bostonwermnicenrs
Gloucester.....
New Bedford ...

Provincetown

ee

Rhode Island 3/. . . 100,591
New York 3/..... 38,656
New Jersey 3/ ... 56,929
Maryland 3/,.... 60,500
North Carolina 3/ . 62,724
South Carolina 3] 3 18,654
Georgia... «cee 21,513
Florida 3/.... . 142,860
Alabama ....ccee 14,022
Mississippi 3/.. . 80,944
Louisiana 37 .... 99,963
WEMIOY Soo boe 82,715

Ohio ws ++ eee

“Talib 4/.... 0
Herring, .....
Salmon ......-.

Certain species 5/| 6 mos,| 217,200} 203,476
Orhereee eels 26,100 | 29,496
Total Calif... . Be 243,300 | 232,972 | 512,201| 972
os.| 1,600 16,570

Rhode Island, Middle
Atlantic, Ciesapeate!
South Atlantic, and
Gulf States (men-
haden only). .| 6 mos.| 527,200 | 684,900 |2,158,423

Total all above ... «| 1,439 | 1,499,100 | 1,608,695 |4 4,712,378 378

Others not listed -. 2. ier ais 387,622
Bee Tee jaa 000

Prelin

9/ Landed TN

3/ Excludes menhaden,

‘4/ Dressed weight,

3/ Includes catch of anchovies, jack and Pacific mackerel,

squid, and tuna. Data on tuna are through July 23.

6/ Data not available,

Note: Data principally represent weight of fish and shell-
fish as landed except for mollusks which represent the
weight of meats only,

512,201

Vol. 22, No. 9

landings during the first half of 1960 wereup
23 million pounds and Pacific mackerel 3
million pounds.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
MAY 1960:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and pro-
cessed fish and shellfish into the United
States during May 1960 increased by 8.8per-
cent in quantity and 14.6 percent in value as
compared with April 1960. The increase was
due primarily to higher imports of frozen
tuna other than albacore (up 6.6 million
pounds) and to an increase of about 2.2 mil-
lion pounds each in the imports of shrimp,
lobster and spiny lobster, and fillets other
than groundfish. The increase was partly
offset by a 4.3-million pound decrease in the
imports of groundfish fillets.

United States Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Porducts,
May 1960 with Comparisons

Exports:

Fish & Shellfish:
Processed only1/
(excluding fresh
& frozen) . 5.2 :
1/ Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

Compared with May 1959, the imports in
May this year were lower by 1.0 percent in
quantity and 0.4 percent in value due mainly
to lower imports of groundfish fillets (down
6.2 million pounds). Compensating, in part,
for the decreases was an increase of about
5.2 million pounds in the imports of frozen
albacore and other tuna.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in May 1960 were lower by 49.0
percent in quantity and 53.8 percent in value
as compared with April 1960. Compared with
the same month in 1959, the exports this May
were lower by 65.7 percent in quantity and
50.0 percent in value. The lower exports in
May this year as compared with the same
month in 1959 were due mainly to sharply
lower exports of canned California sardines
and squid.

OK Ok ok ok

September 1960

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur -
ing the calendar year 1960 at the 123-per-
cent rate of duty is 53,448,330 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota will be duti-
able at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-July 2, 1960, a-
mounted to 22,698,066 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.
From January 1-July 4, 1959, a total of
21,992,914 pounds had been imported.

<=>
R TUNA
U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
April-June 1960

United States production of fish sticks in
the second quarter of 1960 was 12.8 million

Table 1 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months,
April-June 19601/

971

otal Ond quarter 1959... -

otal first 6 months 1960... .
Total first 6 months 1959... 2,537 | 31,880 |

| 11,828 | 929 | 12,757
12,710 13, 681

1/ Preliminary.

pounds and fish portions 10.4 million pounds.
This was a drop of 7 percent in fish sticks
but a gain of 21 percent in portions as com-
pared with the same quarter of 1959. Most
of the decline in fish sticks occurred in the
cooked sticks (down almost 1.0 million
pounds). The increase in portions was at-
tributed to a greater production of raw

Table 2 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
April-June 1959 and 1960

Atlantic Coast States
Inland and Gulf States
Pacific Coast States .

breaded portions (up 1.5 million pounds),
while the unbreaded portions dropped to
slightly over one-half the amount produced
during the same period of last year. Cooked

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

breaded portions production was up 600,000
pounds.

Table 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks
by Months, 1959-1960

| 196017] 195927 | 195827 | 1957 |
(@000/ibes) pees

5,471
5,925
5,526
4,855
4,229

se eee

November, ,

December, .
Total .[| | 60,265 | 61,011 | 53, 128] 52,562 |

1/Preliminary.

2/Revised.

Cooked fish sticks (11.8 million pounds)
made up 93 percent of the fish stick total. The
remaining 7 percent consisted of raw fish
sticks. A total of 10.0 million pounds of

ype, A }
[Breaded Ss
Breaded Wnbreaded

ked] Raw] Total

/Preliminary.

breaded fish portions (of which 8.4 million

pounds were raw) and 416,000 pounds of un-
breaded portions was processed during the

second quarter of 1960.

Table 5 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
April-June 1959 and 1960

Atlantic Coast States...
Inland and Gulf States . .
Pacific Coast States

2/Revised.

The Atlantic Coast was the principal area
for the production of fish sticks and portions~--
15.3 million pounds. The remaining 7.9 mil-
lion pounds of fish sticks and portions were
packed in the inland, Gulf, and Pacific Coast
states.

During the first six months of 1960, atotal
of 32.6 million pounds of fish sticks was pro-

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 6 - U. S. Production of Fish
Portions by Months, 1958-1960

(1, 000 Lbs.)
2, 692
3,025
3, 225
2, 634
2, 684
3, 247

September .
October.
November

3
a A ED)

ay Revised.

duced--an increase of 2 percent as compared
with the corresponding period of 1959; fish
portions (22.1 million pounds) production was

up 26 percent.
==)

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-MAY 1960:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, 2.1 million pounds
(value $1.1 million) of fresh and frozen fish-
ery products were purchased in May 1960
by the Military Subsistense Supply Agency.
This exceeded the quantity purchased in
April by 29.3 percent and was 6.6 percent
over the amount purchased in May 1959.
The value of the purchases in May 1960 was
up 15.1 percent as compared with April and
6.6 percent more than for May 1959.

During the first five months of 1960 pur-
chases totaled 9.0 million pounds (valued at
$4.8 million)--an increase of 1.2 percent in
quantity and 0.5 percent in value as com -
pared with the same period in 1959.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, May 1960
with Comparisons

Baas oe OOO ESTE eee (S1000)
2, 128 | 1,997 | 9,022| 9, 134 | 1, 103 [1,035 |'4,791 | 4, 817
Prices paid forfresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
May 1960 averaged 51.8 cents a pound, about
6.4 cents less than the 58.2 cents paid in

1955

Vol. 22, No. 9
April but exactly the same as paid in May
last year.

Canned Fishery Products: Very small
amounts of canned fishery products were

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
May 1960 with Comparisons

1/Less than $1,000.

purchased for the use of the Armed Forces
during May this year. In the first five months
of 1960, purchases of canned tuna, salmon,
and sardines were substantially lower than
in the same period in 1959.

Wholesale Prices, July 1960

The wholesale price index for edible fishery products
(fresh, frozen, and canned) for July 1960 at 129.9 percent of
the 1947-49 average was up 2.7 percent from the preceding
month. The increase was the result of higher ex-vessel
prices for haddock at Boston and higher wholesale prices for
fresh and frozen haddock fillets, Pacific Coast salmon, and
western halibut. Compared with July 1959, the fishery prod=
ucts wholesale price index this July was up 5.6 percent prin-
cipally because of higher prices for fresh and frozen shrimp,
fresh salmon, fresh haddock fillets, and canned fish.

The index for the drawn, dressed, and whole finfish sub-
group this July was sharply higher (10.3 percent) as com-
pared with the preceding month and also higher by 3.1 per-
cent from July a year ago. Responsible for the increase
from June to July were higher prices for large.drawn had-
dock (up 54.9 percent), fresh Pacific salmon (up 4.6 percent),
fresh Pacific halibut (up 2.4 percent), Lake Superior drawn
whitefish (up 10.5 percent), and yellow pike (up 1.5 percent).
A drop of 18.2 percent in the price of Great Lakes round
whitefish offset the increases to some extent. The July 1960
subgroup prices were higher than in the same month of 1959
because of the sharp increase in Pacific salmon prices (up
15.6 percent) and smaller increases for fresh halibut and
Lake Superior whitefish, offset somewhat by lower wholesale
prices for large haddock at Boston and Great Lakes round
whitefish and yellow pike at New York.

The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup index
this July increased slightly (0.8 percent) from the preceding
month. A 23.0-percent increase in the wholesale price for
fresh small haddock fillets was almost completely offset by
a 3.1-percent decline for fresh shrimp at New York City.
Shrimp prices seasonally drop in the summer and fall months,
The July 1960 subgroup wholesale price index was higher by
about 18.7 percent from July a year ago due to sharply higher
prices for all the subgroup items.

This July the wholesale price index for the frozen proc-
essed fish and shellfish subgroup declined slightly (0.5 per-
cent) from a month earlier. An increase of about 2 cents a
pound in the frozen haddock fillet price from the abnormally
low level of the past few months failed to offset fractionally
lower prices for frozen ocean perch and flounder fillets and
shrimp. From July a year ago to this July, the subgroup

September 1960

price index was down 2.6 percent due primarily to lower
prices for frozen haddock fillets (down 19.4 percent) and
other fillets, The decreases were partially offset by a 2.6-
percent increase in frozen shrimp prices at Chicago. :

There was no movement in the canned fish primary price
index, but it still was up 4.3 percent from July 1959. All
canned fish items were higher this July as compared with the
same month of 1959. In July 1959 the fish canneries were
active packing salmon, mackerel, Maine sardines, and Cali-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

35

fornia tuna, Although the reported July prices for cannd tuna
at the packers’ level were about unchanged from recent months,
heavy stocks of both domestic and imported canned tuna re-
sulted in reductions in the form of promotional or advertising
and other allowances. The excellent July pack of Bristol Bay

canned sockeye or red salmon was offset by a poor pack of the
less expensive pink salmon and other types of salmon in other
areas. After a poor start in June, the Maine sardine canned
pack picked up and at the end of July was at about the same
level as for the same period a year ago.

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products: ..... «-

Dra’ Dressed, or Whole Finfish: . . . . «. »
Haddock, lge., offshore, drawn, fresh. ....

Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz, |New Yo
Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd,, fresh or froz, |New Yo
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd, fres .
Yellow pike, L. Michigan &Huron, rnd,, fresh .

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. . ....-
Fillets, haddock, sml, skins on, 20-1b, tins . . | Boston
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh. , . |New Yo
Oysters, shucked, standards. ...... . ~ |Norfolk

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): . ...-.-
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb, pkg... .. -
Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg. . .
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb, pkg . . .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), 5-Ilb, pkg, . . » © «

Canned Fishery Products: . 2.» 22+ e+e e+ ese
Salmon, Binks No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs,. . . [Seattle
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.),

48 cans/CS,. » » + + =
Sardines, Calif., tom, pack,

(BEY o op oel aoe o0000OD
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn

(3-3/4 oz,), 100 cans/cs.

‘No. 1 oval a5 OZ.)

'1/Represent average prices for one day (Mo
prices are published as indicators of movement and not neces
Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, July 1960 With Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes
Pricing Unit (Se (194'7-49=100)

Chicago

ee oe 2 oe

Los Angeles
Los Angeles
New York

nday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs,

July

rk
rk

aes sss | 146,0 | 1448 | 145,8 | 129.0]
ib] 401 28 54.8] 195.91 91.9 | 139.
rk | ib] 179] 282 | 1248 | 1288 | 135.1 | 104.3
sail 7,00| 6.88 | 173,2 | 170M | 170.1 | 145.4
117,8 | 118,4 | 117,7 | 120,9
100.8

. These

sarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery

PROCESSING WHALE LIVERS TO PREVENT LOSS OF VITAMIN A

In a whale factoryship fitted out in Ea
ial equipment for the treatment of w

recovered by a special solvent extrac ti
uced in min

vitamin A. The livers are red

They are then
are extracte
the oils by di

in a coagulating chamber.
ture content. The dried livers
lene which is recovered from
in drums for further processing.
November 1956).

The residue is dried into a meal (

st Germany on Russian account, spec~

hale livers was included. The liver oils are

on process in order to prevent loss of
cers and produced in theform of flakes

dried under vacuum to reduce the mois-
d by a batch process with trichlorethy-

The solvent-free oilis stored
World Fishing,

stillation.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

International

EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO SHRIMP
CONSERVATION COMMISSION

FIRST MEETING HELD IN CUBA:

The United States-Cuba Commission for
the Conservation of Shrimp in the Eastern
Gulf of Mexico held its first meeting at Ha-
vana, Cuba, from June 30 to July 1, 1960.
Donald L. McKernan, Director of the U.S. Bu-
reau.of Commercial Fisheries, was elected
chairman and Dra. Isabel Perez Farfante of
Cuba was elected vice chairman.

The Commission agreed upon a coordinated

research program that would meet its obligation

under the Conventionto maintain the maximum
sustainable productivity of stocks of shrimp

of common concern to Cuba and the United States
in waters of the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of
Cuba andthe Florida coastof the United States.
The scientific program is designed to provide
information required for:

1. Identification of the stocks of common
concern and the area they occupy.

2, Determination of the necessity for any
conservation measures to assure the maxi-
mum sustainable yield, taking into account
particularly the growth and death rates of
shrimp in the area, the effect of the fishery
on the stock, and the type of measure which
would be most effective.

3. Determination of the effect of environ-
ment on the stocks.

It is expected that the program of the Com-
mission will be inauguratedinthe near future.

The next annual meeting of the Commission
will be heldin April 1961 at a placetobe later
determined.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1960, p. 45.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

TARIFFS ON FISHERY
PRODUCTS ANNOUNCED:

The European Economic Community (Common Market) re-
cently announced its Common Customs Tariff. This common

external tariff schedule is to supplant the individual national
import tariffs of the six member~countries (the Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg, West Germany, France, and Italy).
The tariff treatment proposed for fishery products is of par-
ticular concern because of the effect the changes in import
treatment may have upon international trade in fish and fish
products,

The duty rates proposed to be applied to imports of fish-
ery products into the Common Market area are shown in the
table. Duties on most fresh, frozen, or cured fish and shell-
fish will range between 10 and 20 percent ad valorem. Duties
on most canned fish and shellfish range from 20 to 30 percent.
Few items are less than 10 percent, or duty free. In addition
to the common external tariff, special provisions for import
control--the details of which are yet undetermined--will ap-
ply to fishery products.

Under the Treaty of Rome of March 27, 1957, the six Com-
mon Market countries agreed to establish a complete eco-
nomic union. The treaty provides, among other things, for
the gradual elimination of all tariffs and quotas on trade a~
mong the six countries and for the establishment of a single
common import tariff on products from outside the area,
This will impose common commercial policies; trade trea-
ties with other countries will be negotiated by the Communi-
ty as a unit.

Within the Common Market, customs duties and quantita-
tive import restrictions on fishery products are to be gradu-
ally reduced and finally abolished over a period of not more
than 12 years. The first reduction of duties was made on
January 1, 1959, amounting to 10 percent of the national tar-
iff rates in force on January 1, 1957. Any reductions in cus~
toms duties that were above the common tariff were extend-
ed to other countries. A second cut, of 20 percent, was
made on July 1, 1960. Also, bilateral import quotas are to
be opened to all members and increased by 20 percent each
year.

During the transitional period, any member country may,
on certain conditions, apply minimum prices below which im-
ports are to be temporarily suspended or reduced. A coun~
ceil of Ministers will determine objective criteria for the es~
tablishment of minimum price systems. Other special pro-
visions allow for establishment of long-term contracts and
for use of compensatory levies on imports.

By the end of the transitional period, a common fishery
policy will be established. The general rules of competition
provided for by the Rome Treaty are not automatically ap-
plicable to fisheries. Special rules may be determined by the
Council. To achieve aims of a common policy, the Communi-~
ty may adopt a basis for organization of fish marketing, set
rules of competition, and coordinate national market organi-
zations in their effort to unify markets, prices, and support
policies. The outcome will depend upon the policies followed
by the Council in working out the details. Arrangements for
implementing these provisions have not yet been worked out
by the Council.

The common external tariff was generally derived froma
simple arithmetic average of national duty rates but the cus=
toms duties for most fish products were negotiated by spe-
cial agreement among the six countries. For example, the
proposed common external duty for canned sardines is 25
percent ad valorem. Present rates in effect are 15 percent
in the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Lux-

September 1960
International (Contd.):

embourg), 31.5 percent in France, 14 percent in West Ger-
many, and 27 percent in Italy. Rates in effect for fresh and
frozen fillets of sea fish are free in Benelux countries, 35
percent in France, 5 percent in West Germany, and 20 per~
cent in Italy. The proposed external tariff is 18 percent
During the transition period, the rates of duty for the Bene-
lux and West Germany must be raised, and those for France
and Italy reduced,

Many of the present duties of the member countries are
subject to concessions made in previous trade agreement
negotiations, Changes in these duties to the common exter-
nal tariff will require renegotiation of concessions, Begin-
ning in early September 1960, the United States and other
members of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
(GATT)will meet in Geneva to confer with the Common Mar-
ket, under provisions of Article XXIV, paragraph 6, This
section, although noting that weight should be given to de~
creases in duties which may be made in arriving at a com-
mon external tariff, provides for the granting of compensa-
tory tariff concessions by the customs union to offset in-
creases in rates previously negotiated by its members. Fur-
thermore, it is still undetermined which, if any, of the duty
rates in the common external tariff will be considered
“‘bound.’’ Such items would require compensation to other
Sours if the Common Market should decide to raise the

luties,

Exceptions to the common external tariff have been re-
quested by several member countries, Italy has requested
duty-free quotas for fresh or frozen tuna and for stockfish
and klipfish. Several, including West Germany, have asked
for duty-free quotas on herring and fresh and frozen fish
(except fillets). The extent of these exceptions to the com-
mon tariff is not yet known.

In January 1961, the members of GATT, including the
Common Market, will negotiate new tariff concessions,
These negotiations may result in further reductions in tne
external tariff of the Common Market,

Duties for Selected Fishery Products in Common Customs
Tariff of the European Economic Community

Description of Goods

chilled or frozen (marine mammals
Other meat and edible meatoffals, salted,
dried, or smoked (marine mammals) _
Fish, fresh, chilled, or frozen:
A. Fresh-watert
I. Trout and other salmonidae
Tl. Other
B. Salt-water:
I. Whole, headless or in pieces:
a. Herrings, sprats and mackerel:
1. From Feb. 15 to June 15
2. From June 16 toFeb. 14
b. Tunny and sardines
c. Other
Il. Fillets
Cc. Livers and roes
ish, salted, in brine, dried or smoked
“A. Salted, in brine or dried:
I. Whole, headless or in piecesi
a. Herrings and pilchards
b. Cod, including stockfish and
Klipfish

02.04C

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

c. Sardines and other

Fillets:

a. Of cod, including stockfish
and klipfish

b. Other

37

Tariff
Heading

Nos.
03.02
(Contd. )
03.03

Ad valorem
Duty
Rates

Description of Goods

B. Smoked
C. Liver, roes; fish meal

dried; crustaceans, in shell, simply
boiled in water
A. Crustaceans:
I. Spiny lobsters and lobsters
Il. Crabs, shrimps and crayfish
Il. Other (Norway lobsters, etc.)
B. Molluscs:
I. Oysters:
a. European orflatoysters (Ostrea
edulis), weighing not more

05.05
05.11

Tortoise-shell (shells and scales), un-
worked or simply prepared but not cut to
pe; claws and waste of tortoise-shell
Coral andsimilarsubstances, unworked or
simply prepared but not otherwise worked;
shells, unworked orsimply prepared but
e; powder and waste of shells

05.14 Ambergris, castoreum, civet and musk;
cantharides; bile, whether or not dried;
animal products, fresh, chilled or
frozen, or otherwise provisionally pre-
served, of a kind used in the preparation
of pharmaceutical products

Animal products not elsewhere specified
or included; dead animals of Chapter 1
or Chapter 3, unfit for human consump~-
tion:

A. Fish of a length of 6 cm. or less
and shrimps, dried

B. Other

cL

Free

als, or not
I. Of halibut
ll. Other
B. Fish fats and oils, other than fish
liver oils
C. Marine mammal fats and oils:
I. Whale oil
I. Other
Animal and vegetable oils, boiled,
oxidized, dehydrated, sulphurized,
blown or polymerized by heat in vaccum
or in inert gas, or otherwise modified
acids; acid oils from refining; fatty
alcohols:
A. Stearic acid
B. Oleic Acid
C. Other fatty acids; acid oils from
refining
D. Fatty alcohols
Animal or yegetable fats and oils,
hydrogenated, whether or not refined,
but not further prepared:
A, Imported in immediate containers
of a net capacity of 1 kg. or less
B. Otherwise imported :
Spermaceti, crude, pressed or refined,
whether or not colored 7%

Listing of duties continued on next page.

15%

20%
17%

15.14

38

International (Contd.):

Duties for Selected Fishery Products in Common Customs
Tariff of the European Economic Community (Contd.)

Description of Goods

Prepared or preserved fish, includin
caviar and cayiar substitutes (cies

canned products):

A. Caviar and caviar substitutes

B. Salmonidae

C. Herrings

D. Sardines

E, Other

Crustaceans and molluscs, prepared or
preserved (includes canned products

Flours and meals, of meat, offals, fish,

crustaceans or molluscs, unfit for
human consumption; greavest

A. Of meat and offals; greaves 4%
B. Of fish, crustaceans or molluscs 5%

animal feeding:
A. Fish and whale solubles

FISHING LIMITS

SOME AGREEMENT REPORTED IN
NORWEGIAN-BRITISH TALKS:

Important progress was achieved and a
substantial measure of agreement reached in
the negotiations between Britain and Norway
on fishing limits and fishery relations, ac-
cording to the statement issued in Londonand
Oslo on July 1, 1960.

The negotiations took place in London from
June 23 to 28. The two delegations then indi-
cated they wished to obtain further instruc-
tions from their Governments before meeting
again.

The statement issued said: ''It is confi-
dently assumed by both parties that a final a-
greement will be reached within the next few
months well ahead of any change of the pres-
ent situation in regard to fishery limits."

Since the talks have been held in the light
of Norway's declaration in May 1960 of an in-
tention to extend fishing limits from the pres-
ent 4 miles to 12 miles, this statement would
mean that agreement is expected before Nor-
way puts her intention into practice.

Presumably good progress has been made
towards an agreement whereby British trawl-
ers would continue to fish in Norwegian wa-
ters during a phasing out period of 10 years
while Norwegian claims to exclusive fisheries
up to 12 miles would be respected after the
phasing out period.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 22, No. 9

Such an agreement would follow the lines
of the Canadian-United States proposal which
both Governments supported at the Law of the
Sea Conference at Geneva this spring, but which
failed by one vote to win general acceptance.

Any Anglo-Norwegian agreement must be
capable of being fitted into a wider multilat-
eral agreement, and must not prejudice the
present legal position of each side. (Fish
Trades Gazette, July 2, 1960.)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

SIXTEENTH SESSION OF CONTRACTING
PARTIES ENDED ON JUNE 4:

The 42 countries participating in the work
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) ended their Sixteenth Session
in June 4, 1960. This was after three weeks
of intensive work in Geneva on current prob-
lems of international trade. Noteworthy de-
velopments at the Session included announce-
ments by a number of countries on planned
reductions of import restrictions; an exami-
nation of the European Free Trade Associa-
tion and the Latin American Free Trade Area;
agreement to attack the problems involved in
"market disruption'' which may be caused by
sudden increases in imports of specific com-
modities; further progress in carrying out
the GATT ''program for the expansion of in-
ternational trade;'' and agreement on ar-
rangements looking towards the provisional
accession of Spain and Portugal to the Gen-
eral Agreement.

During the Session various delegations an-
nounced actions they are taking or plan to
take in the further removal of import re-
strictions. Accordirg to statements made by
representatives of the Netherlands, Belgium,
Germany, Malaya, and Italy, these countries
will announce new liberalization lists in the
near future. It is expected that import re-
strictions will be removed on a number of
products of particular interest in the United
States. Furthermore, the United Kingdom
and Australia stated that action will be taken
looking toward the easing of remaining re-
strictions. These announcements are partic-
ularly gratifying to the United States, which
has played a leading role in the drive for the
removal of import restrictions by countries
which have emerged from balance-of-pay-
ments difficulties.

The GATT Balance-of-Payments Commit-
tee held consultations before and during the

September 1960

International (Contd.):

Session with a number of countries (Austria,
Brazil, Greece, India, South Africa, and Uru-
guay) which still maintain import restrictions
for balance-of-payments reasons. The United
States took an active part in these consulta-
tions in order to encourage the maximum
possible degree of progress in the further
removal of restrictions that hamper the ex-
port of American goods.

The Contracting Parties discussed the
question of the best way to deal with the im-
port restrictions that may be retained after
a country renounces its resort to the balance-
of-payments exception in the agreement.
There was a consensus that the full influence
of the Contracting Parties should be used to
minimize the extent of such restrictions and
that the existing procedures of the Contract-
ing Parties should be applied effectively and
expeditiously to any restrictions that are re-
tained. To expedite action a Contracting
Party that emerges from balance-of-pay-
ments difficulties should promptly report
any residual restrictions to the Contracting
Parties, present its plans and policies for
dealing with them, and stand ready to consult
with other countries whose export interests
are affected by the restrictions.

Specific commodity problems were dis-
cussed by the United States delegation on a
bilateral and informal basis with other dele-
gations, including those of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Germany, and Italy. The discus-
sions included a number of agricultural and
industrial commodities for which American
producers and exporters had requested in-
formation andassistance regarding trade re-
strictions. It is hoped these conversations
willresult inthe relaxation ofrestrictions on
United States products in the near future.

The Convention for the Establishment of
the European Free Trade Association(EFTA),
which had recently been ratified by Austria,
Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switz-
erland, and the United Kingdom, was ex-
amined by the Contracting Parties in the light
of relevant provisions of the GATT. The
spokesman for the ''Seven'' emphasized that
the Stockholm Convention had been drawn up
with the intention of freeing their trade not
only with one another, but also with the rest
of the world. He stated that the signatories
to the Convention were agreed that their co-
operation in the EFTA should be firmly based
on the principles of the GATT. The Unite d
States representative expressed the belief

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

that, while certain aspects of the trade ar-
rangements provided for in the Convention
raised questions which might call for an ad-
justment on the part of the member states,
the Stockholm Convention on balance de-
served the support and approval of the Con-
tracting Parties to the General Agreement.
The provisions of the Convention were sub-
sequently examined and discussed in detail
by a Working Party, which submitted an in-
terim report. It was agreed that the consid-
eration of the Stockholm Convention should
be continued at the Seventeenth Session.

The Latin American Free Trade Area was
also discussed at the current Session. This
new free trade area was established by
the Treaty of Montevideo, signed on
February 18, 1960, by representa-
tives of four countries which participate in
the GATT (Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay)
and three which do not (Argentina, Mexico,
and Paraguay). The spokesman for the sign-
atory governments explained the purposes
and the general provisions of the Treaty,
emphasizing the ORGS ae it would con-
tribute to an expansion of world trade. The
United States delegation endorsed the Treaty
objectives of achieving higher standards of
living and accelerating economic develop-
ment through elimination of intraregional
trade barriers and the maximum utilization
of productive factors. The signatory gov-
ernments were assured that the United States
would give sympathetic and serious consid-
eration to the Treaty during the GATT re-
view. The Contracting Parties created a
Working Party to examine the Treaty in the
light of its conformity with the objectives
and provisions of the General Agreement.

The European Economic Community (EEC)
reported on the progress it has made during
the last six months in integrating the six
member states. The spokesman stated that
the more quickly integration is achieved, the
more dynamic, open, and liberal will be the
trade policy of the Common Market. In the
ensuing discussion the United States and
other contracting parties emphasized the
importance of liberal trade policies by the
Community. The United States and other
agricultural exporters expressed concern
about some of the agricultural proposals
now under consideration in the EEC and
stressed the need for assuring the highest
possible level of international trade in agri-
cultural products. In a separate statement
a Commission spokesman discussed the
Commission's preparations for participation

40

International (Contd.):

in the 1960-61 tariff negotiations, which, toa
large degree, will be concerned with the new
EEC common external tariff.

There is serious concern that sharp in-
creases in imports in a narrow range of com-
modities could have adverse economic, polit-
ical and social repercussions in some im-
porting countries. As a result, quantitative
restrictions on trade, particularly against
manufactured exports coming from Japanand
the less developed countries of Asia, continue
to be widespread.

To meet these two related problems the
Contracting Parties laid out a broad work
program with the view to finding practical
ways to facilitate an expansion of trade while
avoiding possible adverse effects stemming
from sharp increases.

The new program designed to deal with the
problem of "the avoidance of market disrup-
tion'' will be undertaken by a special Working
Party established at the Session. Its first
task will be to consider certain factual mate-
rial already compiled by the GATT Secretar-
iat on instances of possible market disrup-
tion, and to suggest multilaterally acceptable
solutions consistent with the GATT principles
for those problems which call for immediate
action. The Working Party will try to de-
velop suitable and temporary safeguards
which would prevent market disruption and
would permit further progress in eliminating
the restrictions which now limit exports from
Japan and the less-developed countries.

The second part of the Working Party's
program will consist of a study of the basic
factors involved in problems of market dis-
ruption.

The study will include an examination of
the relevance to international trade of differ-
ences in wages, social changes and produc-
tivity among countries. In making arrange-
ments for the study, the Working Party is ex-
pected to draw upon the services of experts
in the field and of the International Labor Of-
fice.

At the 16th Session, the Contracting Par-
ties reviewed the work of two special com-
mittees which had been set up to help promote
the expansion of international trade and which
had been meeting between sessions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

Committee II continued its consultations
with individual countries on their agricultur-
al policies as part of its work in carrying out
its mandate to explore ways of expanding ag-
ricultural trade. Since the consultations be-
gan last September, 29 countries have been
consulted, including the most important agri-
cultural exporters and importers. This
phase of the work is soon to be completed.
The data gathered on a country basis will
now be studied commodity by commodity to
focus attention on the specific obstacles to
expanding trade in particular products.

Committee III is seeking ways to expand
the export earnings of the less-developed
countries, thus accelerating their develop-
ment and enabling them to be less dependent
on foreign aid. The Contracting Parties ap-
proved the report of the Committee's March
meeting where principal obstacles to in-
creased exports of the less-developed coun-
tries had been identified. These consisted
of high levels of revenue duties and internal
fiscal charges, higher tariffs imposed on
imports of processed goods compared to raw
materials, tariff preferences, severe quan-
titative restrictions some of which discrimi-
nate against less-developed countries, state
monopolies, and price-support policies ofthe
industrialized countries. The Committee
will examine the progress the industrial
countries make in reducing these obstacles.

During the Session just ended, Portugal
and Spain announced their desire to accede to
the General Agreement. There was wide-
spread support for these applications. It is
anticipated that Portugal and Spain will en-
gage in the negotiation of tariff concessions
during the GATT Tariff Conference to be
held in Geneva beginning September 1, 1960.

In addition, the GATT Executive Secre-
tary was asked to begin consultations looking
towards the eventual accession to the GATT
of the newly-independent countries of Camer-
oon and Togo.

The Contracting Parties discussed the
meetings held in Paris in January and March
1960 on economic matters. These meetings,
attended by the 18 OEEC countries, the
United States, Canada, and the Commission
of the EEC, considered the reconstitution of
the OEEC and certain European trade mat-
ters. The discussion of this item at the 16th
Session centered mainly on the proposal for
a new Organization for Economic Coopera-

September 1960

International (Contd.):

tion and Development (OECD). Some concern
was expressed by the Contracting Parties
which would not be participating in the new
organization about the role of the OECD inthe
trade field. The United States delegation re-
affirmedits view that the GATT hada prima-
ry position in the field of international trade.
Other delegations whose governments are par-
ticipating in the Paris meetings also assured
the Contracting Parties that it was not the in-
tention to weaken in any way the position of
the GATT. It was also made clear that any
actions in the trade field would be in accord-
ance with the provisions of the GATT. As
evidence of their determination to observe
GATT principles, the participating govern-
ments pointed to the fact that the Executive
Secretary of the GATT took part in the dis-
cussions in Paris.

The Contracting Parties also dealt with
technical reports which had been prepared by
Groups of Experts regarding restrictive busi-
ness practices, subsidies, state trading enter-
prises, and anti-dumping and countervailing
duties.

Kk kK OK

ADDITIONS TO UNITED STATES
LIST OF ITEMS FOR TRADE
AGREEMENT NEGOTIATIONS:

The United States in June made public an ex-
tensive list of imported commodities, including
fishery products, on which it will offer to make
tariff concessions in international negotiations
at Geneva inSeptember 1960. The following
fishery items were not listed previously:

Tariff SCHEDULE A
Par. Stat. Class. (1959)

8420 270

1509

9724 000 Fresh water

Brief Description
Pearl essence

Pearl or shell buttons:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

proved a proposal for the establishment of a
Council.

Under the terms of a Decision, adopted in
plenary session, a''Council of the Represent-
atives of the Contracting Parties to the Gen-
eral Agreement'' has been established. It is
composed of representatives of all contract-
ing parties willing to accept the responsibili-
ties of membership in the Council.

In the course of the discussion in plenary
session a number of delegates gave whole-
hearted support to the proposal to establish
the Council. It was pointed out that this ex-
tension of the organization of the GATT would
undoubtedly result in a more efficient handling
of the business of the Contracting Parties.

The functions of the Council will be:

(1) To consider matters arising between
sessions of the Contracting Parties which
require urgent attention, and to report there-
on to the Contracting Parties with recom-
mendations as to any action which might ap-
propriately be taken by then.

(2) To supervise the work of committee,
working parties, and other subsidiary bodies
of the Contracting Parties operating inter-

| sessionally, providing guidance for them

when necessary, examining the reports of
such bodies, and making recommendations
thereon to the Contracting Parties.

(3) To undertake preparation for sessions
of the Contracting Parties.

U. S. Imports

Duty July 1, 1958

13¢ line per gross

plus 25%

9724 100 Ocean

9724 200
drilled.

eanrecireccenstes see a oe
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960, p- 39.

Butto

KOK KOK

COUNCIL ESTABLISHED TO
CONSIDER MATTERS ARISING
BETWEEN SESSIONS:
The Contracting Parties to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ap-

n blanks, not
turned, faced or

14¢ line per gross
plus 25%

14¢ line per gross
plus 25%

(4) To deal with such other matters with
which the Contracting Parties may deal at
their sessions, and to exercise such addition-
al functions with regard to matters referred
to above, as may be expressly delegated to
the Council by the Contracting Parties.

If a contracting party considers it is ad-
versely affected by the exerc ise by the

42

International (Contd.):

Council of any of its aforementioned functions
which involve recommendations to individual
contracting parties or the making of determi-
nations or taking of decisions, it may suspend
the operation of such action by the Council
through the submission of a written appeal

therefrom to the Contracting Parties.

Regarding procedural matters, the Council
will select its own officers. It will be per-
mitted to establish such subsidiary bodies as
it considers appropriate to carry out its func-
tions.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS

MEETING HELD IN HAMBURG, GERMANY:

Delegates from 10 countries attended
meetings of the executive and scientific com-
mittees of the International Association of
Fish Meal Manufacturers in Hamburg, Ger-
many.

A Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
observer attended the meeting of the scientif-
ic committee, and it was later announced
that arrangements had been made for coopera-
tion between FAO and the association on mat-
ters of mutual interest.

Other plans advanced were those for the
interchange of scientific information and the
provision of technicaladvice to manufacturers.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION

FISHWAY BUILT IN 1955 AIDS
FRASER RIVER TRIBUTARY
SALMON ESCAPEMENT:

The delay in this year's spring flood in the
Fraser River isthe sameas that which created
a serious obstruction to the Early Stuart run
of sockeye in 1933 and 1955 near Yale, British
Columbia. The immediate construction of a
fishway by the International Pacific Salmon
Fisheries Commission after the occurrence
of the obstruction in 1955 has more than paid
for itself during the first two weeks of July by
successfully passing the Early Stuart escape-
ment. If the Yale fishway had not been in op-
eration, a Serious decline in the returning run
in 1964 would be a foregone conclusion. The
unladdered obstruction in 1955 reduced a
spawning escapement of 35,000 fish to only
2,170 poor-quality spawners.

In spite of a complete closure to fishing
in 1959, only 2,663 sockeye returned from the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

1955 crop to spawn, thus necessitating an-
other complete fishing closure in 1963 toper-
mit full rehabilitation. The economic impor-
tance of having the Yale fishway in operation
is obvious, the Commission reported on July
14, 1960.

KK KK

SUCCESSFUL SOCKEYE SALMON
SPAWNING FROM 1958 RUN TO
ADAMS RIVER INDICATES

GOOD RETURN IN 1962:

Widespread interest has been expressed
throughout the salmon fishing and canning in-
dustry regarding the International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission's findings and
opinions in respect to the success of repro-
duction of the 1958 ''Adams River run" and
what may be expected as a return of adult
salmon in 1962.

The isolation and assessment of the fac-
tors controlling total survival of sockeye is
a relatively new study and while consider-
able progress has been made in the field by
the Commission, any conclusions must be
examined with caution.

Final estimates of the 1958 Fraser River
system run approximate 19 million sockeye
salmon, 15 million being produced in the
South Thompson watershed (''Adams River
run), Of the 15 million fish, 72.3 percent
or over was produced in Lower Adams River
proper while 27.7 percent or less was pro-
duced in Little River and the South Thomp-
son River below Little Shuswap Lake.

An examination of historical records in-
dicate that the 1958 ''Adams River run'' may
have exceeded an all-time record in produc-
tion. The timing and size of the 1954 es-
capement was very favorable and spawning,
incubation, and rearing conditions were ex-
cellent. In addition, sea survival probably
approached a maximum which has not been
equalled in the last ten years. With all fac-
tors favorable for the good survival of the
1958 run, it must be concluded that the pos-

September 1960

International (Contd.):

sibility of a similar Adams River run re-
occurring falls in the same category as the
50- or 100-year flood.

While the abundance of the 1958 Adams
River run cannot be expected to reoccur ex-
cept by chance, mistakes in regulation can
cause unnecessary and drastic declines in
survival. Data collected by the Commission
demonstrate that if emergency and timely ac-
tion had not been taken, the 1962 Adams Riv-
er run would be a Serious failure.

Unlike the parent 1954 run, the 1958 run
was 10 days late in their arrival in the fish-
ery. The run was extended and a large per-
centage of the escapement reaching the delay
area off the mouth of the Fraser River con-
sisted of fish of the latter part of the run.
Regulation in the river was controlled to per-
mit the first peak of escapement to reach the
spawning grounds. These were healthy fish
and were in top condition as many industry
observers can testify. After the proper num-
ber of fish had escaped, at least 1.5 million
fish of the latter part of the run remained to
be caught. These fish likewise escaped be-
cause of a price dispute inthefishery. Their
upstream migration was greatly extended with
several hundred thousand failing to reachtheir
spawning grounds. The late spawners arriving
at the spawning grounds, estimated at over 1
million sockeye, were prevented from enter-
ing Adams River by an electric fence. These
fish spawned on the shores of Shuswap Lake
and in Little River which had already been
fully seeded by good quality spawners.

Winter surveys revealed an excellent hatch
in Adams River--none on the shores of Shu-
swap Lake (exposed by winter low water) and
very few in Little River. It is quite apparent
to the investigators that the bulk of the re-
turn in 1962 may be attributed to the instal-
lation of the electric fence. Had the fence
not been installed, a failure in the 1962 run
would have been a foregone conclusion irre-
spective of the degree of sea survival.

Observations by the Commission staff dur-
ing the 1960 spring months have revealed a
very substantial seaward migration of year-
ling sockeye from Shuswap Lake. Due to the
volume of flow in the South Thompson, it is
not possible to devise an accurate enumera~
tion of the downstream migration. Indices

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

43

established in the spring of 1956, when the
1958 fish went to sea as yearlings, could not
be used this year because of very ad-
verse weather conditions and the re-
sulting change in the character of the down-
stream migration. It can only be concluded
from extensive field observations that this
spring's migration was substantial--the Com-
mission staff believes it to be less than that
which produced the 1958 run. The size of the
migrants for the two migrations compared
favorably, indicating that rearing conditions
in the lake were good.

If the sea survival of the two migrations
being compared were approximately equal, it
may be stated with confidence that a substan-
tial run will return in 1962 although it would
not equal that of 1958. Unfortunately, sea
survival cannot as yet be accurately pre-
dicted, but it should not approach the record
established by the 1958 run, thus causing a
further diminution in the comparable size of
the returning run.

Further estimates on the,eventual size of
the 1962 run will not be available until the
fall of 1961 when the 3-year-old jack sock-
eye have returned to the spawning grounds,
Whatever the size of the 1962 run, the Com-
mission staff firmly believes that the elec-
tric fence placed in the mouth of Adams Riv-
er forestalled a very serious failure in the
success of reproduction. This conclusion is
properly based on the excellent hatch in
Adams River where the escapement was con-
trolled by the fence and the very poor hatch
in Little River where spawning was not con-
trolled.

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION

WHALING CONVENTION
RATIFIED BY ARGENTINA:

The International Whaling Convention and
schedule of regulations, signed at Washington
December 2, 1946, and entered into force on
November 19, 1948, has been ratified (with a
reservation) by Argentina. Ratification was
deposited on May 18, 1960.

Argentina on the same date also deposited
its adherence (with a reservation) to the pro-
tocol amending the International Whaling Con-
vention of 1946, done at Washington November
19, 1956, and entered into force on May 4,
1959.

44

International (Contd.):
INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHING
ENDED IN MAJOR AREAS:

Areas 2 and 1B Closed: The closure of the
first fishing season in North Pacific halibut Areas
2 and 1B effective at 6 a.m. (P.S.T.) July 31,
1960, was announced by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission on July 22, 1960. The Com-
mission estimated that the 26. 5-million-pound
limit set for Area 2 would have been caught by the
closing date. Area 1B, which has no catch limit,
was also closed when the quota for Area 2 was
attained.

A typical Pacific Coast halibut schooner.

Areas 2 and 1B this year were open to halibut
fishing for 91 days, as compared with 68 days in
1959, 59 days in 1958, and 47 days inl1957. These
same areas were fished for 38 days in 1956 (fish-
ing started May 20), 24 days in 1955, 21 days in
1954, and 24 days in 1953.

The longer period required to catch the Area 2
catch limit this season is attributed to lighter
catches and fewer vessels fishing the area.

The second fishing season in Areas 2 and 1B
began at 6:00 a.m. (P.S.T.) September 11, for
a period of 7 days without a catch limit. After
6 a.m. (P.S.T.) September 18, the areas were
closed to halibut fishing until the commencement
of the halibut fishing season in 1961. Area 2 in-
cludes all convention waters between Willapa Bay,
Wash., and Cape Spencer, Alaska. Area 1B in-
cludes all convention waters between Willapa Bay,
Wash., and Heceta Head, Oreg.

Halibut landings from Area 2 as of July 19, 1960,
totaled 24.3 million pounds. In 1959 Area 2 closed
on July 8. This is the first year that Area 3A
closed before Area 2. Area 1B fishing seasons
are identical to those for Area 2.

Area 3A Closed: Fishing in Pacific Halibut
Area 3A ended at 6 a.m. (P.S.T.) on July 25,
1960. The Commission announced the closing of
that area on July 5, since it estimated that by July
25 the catch limit of 30 million pounds for Area

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

3A would be reached. As of July 19, 1960, the
landings of halibut from Area 3A were 25.6 million
pounds. The Area 3A closure this year is 7 days
earlier than in 1959 when fishing ended on August

1. In 1958 fishing in Area 3A stopped on August

31 and in 1957 on September 22.

Area 3A includes the waters off the coast of
Alaska between Cape Spencer and Shumagin Islands.
There will be no fishing in Area 3A until the sea-
son reopens in 1961.

This year Area 3A was open to fishing for 85
days as compared with 92 days in 1959. In1958
the area was open to fishing for 92 days and in
1957 for 144 days (the longest season for the area
since 1945 when the area was open to fishing for
147 days). Between 1945 and 1955 the trend had
been towards a shorter season, but then the trend
reversed itself and through 1957 the seasons were
longer. However, beginning in 1958 the trend was
reversed again andthe seasons have become short-
er. Area 3A was open for halibut fishing for 104

days in 1956, 81days in 1955, 58 days in 1954, 52
days (shortest on record) in 1953, 60 days in 1952,
56 days in 1951, 66 days in 1950, 73 days in 1949,
and 72 days in 1948.

Halibut
(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

The official opening date for all halibut fishing
in the North Pacific regulatory area this year was
May 1 at 6:00 a.m. (P.S.T.), except that fishing
in Area 3B commenced on April 1.

The fishing season in Areas 1Band 3B will con-
tinue until 6:00 a.m. (P.S.T.) October 16. Area
3B includes all waters west of Area 3A including
the Bering Sea. Area 1A is south of Heceta Head,
Oreg.

Under authority of the Convention between Can-
ada and the United States of America for the Pres-
ervation of the Halibut Fishery of the Northern
Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, this year's regula-
tions became effective March 24, 1960.

Aden Colony

FISH LANDINGS INCREASED IN 1959:
Landings of fish in the Aden Colony were
good in 1959, resulted in increased income
during the year, and contributed to a holding
down of the cost of living. Fish constitutes an

September 1960

Aden Colony (Contd.):

important item of diet in the Colony. Six ad-
ditional motorized fishing boats were added

to the Colony's fleet of those craft which num-

bered 60 as of late May 1960. The Fisheries

Department continued its policy of aiding fish-

ermen through loans to mechanize their boats.
Aden's Landings of Food Fish by Principal
Species, January-October 1958-59

; January-October

Nylon and synthetic fibres are being employed

to an increasing extent and financial assist-
ance is being given to fishermen to purchase
better equipment through the Cooperative
Fishing Gear Supply Society. (United States
Consulate, Aden, May 25, 1960.)

AQ

Argentina

FROZEN FISH NOW BEING
SOLD FOR FIRST TIME:

Frozen fish have been offered in Argen-
tine retail markets since about April 1, 1960,
for the first time. The fish are processed
by a Mar del Plata firm, an established pro-
ducer of canned fish and fishery byproducts.
Five varieties of fish are now frozen--fillets
of hake, ''cornalitos,'' anchovies, swordfish,
and squid. All are marketed in packages
containing 400 grams (about 14 ozs.) of fish.

The processing firm has installed afreez-
ing plant in one of its two factories located in
the fishing port of Mar del Plata. The deep-
freezing equipment was imported from the
United States, and a special filleting machine
was purchased in Germany. The fish are
quick-frozen at a temperature of -40° C,
(-40° F.). This firm does not maintain its
own fishing vessels but purchases fish from
the Mar del Plata fleet.

The company reports that the frozen fish
have been well received although the project
is still in the trial stages and the fish have
been offered only in Buenos Aires. Approxi-
mately 40,000 packages were sold during
April and May. Wholesale prices range from

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

11.90 pesos (about 14.3 U. S. cents at ex-
change rate of 83.2 pesos to US$1) for the
package of ''cornalitos'' to 27.50 pesos (about
33.0 U. S. cents) a package for the squid. In
order to promote this new product, the firm
has engaged in a newspaper advertising cam-
paign stressing the convenience and flavor
of frozen fish and offering suggested recipes.
Production is to be increased soon and addi-
tional varieties of fish will be offered.

Two serious problems must be overcome,
according to company representatives, before
large sales increases can be expected, In
order to sell frozen fish, grocers must have
freezer-display cases capable of maintaining
a constant temperature of at least -20° C.
(about -4° F.); very few stores now have such
freezers which cost approximately 30,000
pesos (about US$361) each. The fish-freezing
firm is encouraging grocers, delicatessens,
and fish markets to obtain these freezers.
Sales of frozen fish are now limited to about
180 stores which have deep freezer display
cases. An equally difficult problem is pre-
sented by the traditional reticence of the Ar-
gentine public to consume h, The firm
hopes to overcome this obstacle through ad-
vertising, according to a June 27, 1960, re-
port from the United States Embassy in Bue-
nos Aires.

Australia

BANS CANNED WHITING IMPORTS
FROM UNITED KINGDOM:

After October 1, 1960, Australia banned
imports of canned fish fillets labeled '' whit-
ing '' from Great Britain because the whiting
(Gadus merlangus) is different from the high-
priced quality fish known as whiting in Aus-
tralia. The technical names of the principal
varieties of Australian whiting are: Sillago
ciliata, Sillagi noides punctatus, and Sillago
bassensis. The total Australian whiting
catch in 1957/58 was three million pounds
round weight. (United States Embassy, Can-
berra, July 1, 1960.)

KKK KX

CLOSED SEASON FOR
FEMALE SPINY LOBSTERS:

From June 1 to October 31, inclusive,
the taking of female spiny lobsters (Jasus la-
landii) in the territorial waters of Victoria
and Tasmania, Australia, and in the adjacent

46

Australia (Contd.):

Commonwealth waters, is prohibited. The
closure will apply in future years as of the
same dates.

In 1959 the closure was from August 1 to
November 30 for that year only, but it was
announced that the future yearly closure
would be from June 1 to November 30. The
dates finally agreed upon are June 1 to Octo-
ber 31. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
June 1960.

KOK Kk Ok

PREPACKAGED FROZEN FISH
IMPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN:

Prepackaged frozen fish is being shipped
to Australia from England and Scotland.
Trade in Australia for prepackaged fish is
expanding rapidly.

The fish is imported in Australia by the
biggest food-processing organization in the
Southern Hemisphere, with headquarters at
Bathurst, New South Wales. The export man-
ager said: ''Our imports of fish from Britain
have increased by 500 percent in the last
three months, and we expect to buy about
£1,000,000 (US$2.8 million) worth within the
next 12 months."

‘The fish, whichare enjoying growing popu-
larity in Australia, include whiting, flounders,
and bream from Liverpool, Grimsby, Glas-
gow, and London. (Fish Trades Gazette,
May 21, 1960.)

Brazil

EXPORTS OF SPINY LOBSTERS
SET RECORD IN APRIL:

Exports of spiny lobsters from Recife,
Brazil, to the United States set a new record
of 50,236 pounds during April 1960. The
month of April is usually considered to be
part of the ''off season'' by Brazilian fisher-
men, the United States Consulate at Recife
reported on June 22, 1960.)

KOK OK Ok Ok

INSPECTOR TO BE PLACED ABOARD
JAPANESE TUNA FISHING VESSELS:

large Japanese fishing company present-
ly has a contract with the Brazilian Govern-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

ment which permits three of their vessels to
base in Recife and fish Brazilian waters in
exchange for selling their catches of tuna with-
in Brazil. There have been increasing com-
plaints about these refrigeration-equipped ves-
sels returning to Recife after several weeks
at sea with empty holds. The Commander of
the Third Brazilian Naval District suspects
that the Japanese land their catch of tuna in
Trinidad where it is sold on a ''free market"
basis.

The Commander now plans to place one of
his sailors aboard each such foreign-controlled
vessel as a passenger and inspector. The
Brazilian Navy also uses a total of six cor-
vettes to patrol the northeastern waters and
the fishing industry. (United States Consulate
at Recife reported on June 22, 1960.)

ae
British North Borneo

FISHERIES TRENDS, JUNE 1960:

There is very little information on the
landings of fish and shellfish in the British
Colony of North Borneo. However, some sta-
tistics are maintained on the export trade in
marine products. In 1959, North Borneo

British North Borneo Exports of Marine Products, 1959
Product

Fish, fresh or frozen
Fish, dried or salted
Shellfish (shrimp, clam meats, etc.)
Fish and shrimp meal
ey Saas and green snail shells

Other.

(Eee eee OA)

1/Includes turtle shell and eggs, fish roe, trepang, fish skin and
gills, and dried sea horse.

exported about 4.1 million pounds of marine
products valued at about US$491,000. As com-~
pared with 1958, the exports were higher by
about 1.3 million pounds in quantity and
US$88,500 in value.

2° + ¢ ¢ © ¢ © © © © © © © © ©

Marine fishing in British North Borneo

(in the past mainly confined to inshore waters
and estuaries), with an increase in use of pow-
er boats, has now been gradually extended to
offshore waters. Three different methods of
deep-sea fishing have been introduced and of
the three, otter trawling is firmly established
as catches have been and still are good. The
other methods, namely: beam trawl for shrimp
and rod-and-line fishing with use of live bait
for tuna, have only been tried out recently and

September 1960

British North Borneo (Contd.):

catches so far proved satisfactory. Trials
on the use of the Hong Kong-type beam trawl
for shrimp were carried out in the areas out-
side Sandakan Harbour. Results have been
found to be promising.

A 210-ton Japanese tuna vessel, complete
with live bait for bonito and tuna fishing with
pole and line, arrived about June 1960 to try
out fishing in the areas South of Si Amil Is-
land, Catches have proved extremely good.
Species of tuna caught were mainly skipjack
or striped tuna and a small percentage of
yellowfin tuna.

Fourteen fish ponds (covering a total of
4.03 acres) were constructed and stocked
during 1959. The majority were situated in
the Keningau and Tenom districts of the In-
terior Residency. Total number of fish ponds
in the Colony at the year's end was 660 cov-
ering an area of 44.1 acres.

Total production of pond fish in 1959 was
estimated at 18 tons. Retail prices for good
pond fish (sold alive), although varying be-
tween different districts, was generally high.
This, combined with a steady demand, did
much to encourage the industry.

Yield of tilapia in ''monosex'' culture in-
creased from 1,866 to 2,133 pounds per acre
per year by adjusting the stocking rate. More
and more fish farmers are adopting this meth
od; there were 43 acres of ponds in Keningan
and 22 acres in Tenom stocked with male
tilapia at the end of 1959. (United States
Consulate, Singapore, June 29, 1960.)

Canada

VALUE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
FISHERIES DOWN SHARPLY IN 1959:

During the height of British Columbia's
1959 summer fishing season the entire indus-
try was paralyzed as a result of a dispute be-
tween the fishermen and shoreworkers and
salmon industry management over the price
of salmon and wages for shoreworkers. Nev-
ertheless, during the off-cycle sockeye salm-
on year of 1959, British Columbia fishermen
caught more salmon than expected and ex-
ceeded the catch of the last cyclical year of
1955. It is estimated that the wholesale value
of fish products marketed in 1959 will be a-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

47

bove C$66.5 million as compared to $98 mil-
lion in 1958, which was a very good year.

During the last three months of 1959, fish-
ermen landed good catches of herring, which
is second to salmon in value. However, de-
pressed world oil and meal prices resulted
in the reduction plants refusing to purchase
any more herring after mid-December, ef-
fectively closing the season.

Halibut landings were up nearly one mil-
lion pounds in 1959 as compared to 1958
which had a slightly longer fishing season.
However landed values for halibut were down
in 1959 from the preceding year due to a de-
cline of about two cents a pound in average
prices.

The restoration of sterling convertibility
in the dollar area resulted in the United King-
dom becoming a ready buyer of British Co-
lumbian fishery products. British Columbia
now sells more fish products to the United
Kingdom than to the United States. In the
first nine months of 1959, United King-
dom imported $11,530,965 worth of fish prod-
ucts as compared to United States imports of
C$9,629,500. During the same period, ex-
ports to countries of the European Common
Market were good. (United States Consulate,
Vancouver, June 14, 1960.)

Chile

PRODUCTION, FOREIGN TRADE, AND
CONSUMPTION OF WHALE
AND SPERM OIL:

Chilean whale and sperm oil production
shows a steady increase for the period 1957-
60. Domestic consumption and exports also
show an upward trend since 1958, although ex-
ports are expected to drop 23.1 percent in
1960 as compared with 1959. Imports are
negligible.

Chile's Whale andSperm-Oil Production, Exports, and
Domestic Consumption, 1958-1960

: Domestic
Year | Production} Exports Consumption!/
ar ee (Metric Tons). .....
19602/ irae 8, 600 200 8, 400
19593) remem erica 8, 400 4/260 8, 140
19585 / ensue _7, 800 120 7,680

All shipped to Germany.
Revised. =

3/
4/
5

48

Chile (Contd.):

The number of whales caught in 1959 to-
taled 2,620--the largest catch on record, In
1958, a total of 2,280 whales were caught and
in 1957 a total of 2,512. Most of the whale

Table 2 - Products of Chilean Whale Catch, 1957-1959

3, 800 3

1/7, 300
5 210 220

1,020 1,050

1, 600 1, 800

0
1,900

1/Evidently the revised figure in table 1 is more accurate.
2/Includes a small amount from species other than marine
animals.

catch consists of sperm whales. (U.S. For-
eign Agricultural Service Report, Santiago,
April 25, 1960.)

Cuba

RESOLUTION RESTRICTS
OYSTER HARVESTING:

The Cuban National Fishery Institute ina
resolution published in the Official Gazette
(Annual No. 102), May 30, 1960, restricts as
of June 1, 1960, the exploitation of oysters
(Crassostrea rizophorae) on all Cubancoasts,
except in the Provinces of Camaguey and Or-
iente. Continued harvesting is permitted on
the coasts of those two latter provinces, but
the transport and marketing of oysters ob-
tained in those provinces must be covered by
a permit. The Resolution states that oysters
were being overexploited on commercial oys-
ter beds in the western part of Camaguey
Province, resulting in the reduction in the
average size. (United States Embassy in Ha-
bana, July 1, 1960.)

Egypt

REFRIGERATED TRUCKS
FOR FISH TRANSPORT:

The Egyptian General Authority for Stor-
age Affairs has received an appropriation of
#££35,000 (US$99,330) from the budget for the
purchase of five refrigerated trucks. The
new trucks will be used to transport fresh
fish from Suez to other parts of Egypt. The
trucks will be part of a larger program for
establishing cold-storage centers and other-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

wise expanding and improving the fisheries

industry. (United States Consulate, Port Said,

anuky B, LGBO,)) ———
Bh eorex rope

German Federal Republic

FISH PROCESSING WORKERS AT
HAMBURG GET WAGE INCREASE:
Negotiations between the West German
Food Workers Union and representatives of
the Hamburg fish processing industry re-
sulted in a wage increase of DM 0.11 (about
2.6 U. S. cents), or about 5 percent, per hour.
for workers in that industry retroactive to
June 1, 1960. The increase would raise the
hourly rate for those workers to about 55.4
U. S. cents an hour. (United States Consulate,
Hamburg, June 23, 1960.)

ek OK Ok OK

IMPORTS OF FISH OILS, 1953-1959:

In 1959 West Germany's imports of ma-
rine fats and oils remained practically on the
same level as in 1958. The share of edible
marine oils in total fat and oil imports con-
tinued to decline due to a decline in use of
marine fats and oils and a growing preference
for vegetable oils by the margarine industry.

West German Imports of Fish Oil, 1953-59

Total Imports
Imports from U, S.

Percent Imported
from U. S.

Source: West German Federal Statistical Office.

The United States share of West Germany's
imports of fish oils, except for a slight in-
crease in 1959 over 1958, has been declining
steadily since 1955.

ok OK OK OK

MORE ORDERS PLACED FOR
STERN-TYPE TRAWLERS:

The West German fisheries have during
the last two years put into operation a total
of four stern-type trawlers. In addition, five
West German deep-sea fishing companies
have placed orders in recent months for 12
more stern trawlers. These orders form
more than 50 percent of the 23 orders for
deep-sea fishing vessels on the books of West

September 1960

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

German shipyards as of late April 1960. The
remaining 11 trawlers, which are all conven-
tional, are the last of an earlier large-scale
building program. The West German fishing
companies for which these vessels are being
constructed have indicated that any future
orders will be for stern trawlers.

It would appear, therefore, that the West
German fishing trade has become convinced
that the stern trawler offers definite advan-
tages over the conventional side-trawler.
From experience gained from the operation
of stern-type trawlers, it is probable that the
West German fishing companies have found
them more profitable than the side-type
trawlers. (United States Consulate, Bremen,
April 27, 1960.)

Ghana

NEW FACILITIES FOR FISHING INDUSTRY:
The Government of Ghana is trying to in
crease fish production in several ways. A
cooperative fish marketing center with cold-
storage facilities was opened by the Agricul-
tural Development Corporation at Takoredi
on May 18. The new fishing harbor at Elmina
is now in operation and a large fish landing
area with complete facilities will be available
before the end of this year at the new port of
Tana. The Government is encouraging ca-
noe-fishermen to acquire outboard motors.
A National Fishing Industries Board is to be
established, presumably with Government
capital, to promote further development in
this important field. (United States Embassy,
Accra, July 11, 1960.)

Iceland

FISHERIES AIDED BY NEW LAWS:

Certain laws affecting the fishing indus-
try were passed by the Icenlandic Parlia-
ment (althing) before it adjourned June 3
until October 10, 1960.

The Price Control Act reorganizes price
administration, including the establishment
of a new price control committee made up of
two Independence Party members, one each

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

from the other three parties, and the Under
Secretary of the Ministry of Commerce.

A bill providing for limited and controlled
drag-net fishing for flounder within the 12-
mile limit was also passed. This aroused
considerable opposition from conservation
advocates.

A step toward additional fish-quality con-
trol was voted to set up an inspection system
for fresh and iced fish. This reflected strong
recent demands in and out of the Parliament
for measures to improve the quality of fish
for export.

Both the fisheries and the shipyards are
expected to benefit fron: another act which
for the first time will permit loans from the
Fisheries Fund direct to Icelandic shipyards
for fishing vessel construction. (United States
Embassy at Reykjavik, June 10, 1960.)

KOK KOK

NORTH COAST HERRING »&
FISHING SEASON UNDER WAY:

Early in June 1960, active preparations
were under way for the opening of the Iceland
north coast herring season.

The Coast Guard research vessel Aegir
completed a survey which indicated a plenti-
ful supply of plankton. Several herring plants
have chartered a Norwegian vessel to shuttle
the fish from fishing vessels to processing
plants ashore. About 40 percent of the her-
ring vessels have recently installed a new
type of net-retrieving gear, patented in the
United States.

Contracts for deliveries of north coast
salted herring approximate those of last year:
Soviet Union 80,000 bbls., Finland 51,000
bbls., West Germany 5,000 bbls., and Den-
mark 3,000 bbls. The Swedish contract for
85,000 bbls. was at a less favorable price,
but was for 25,000 bbls. more than the 1959
contract.

A Herring Production Board representa-
tive is also attempting to conclude sales con-
tracts in the United States. The 1959 Iceland-
ic export to the United States was unusually
small, amounting to only 94.5 metric tons.
(United States Embassy at Reykjavik, June 10,
1960.)

KOK KKK

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

FISHERIES TRENDS, JUNE 1960:

Total landings during the first four months
of 1960 by Icelandic fisheries amounted to
201,103 metric tons as compared with193,018
metric tons for the same four-months period
of 1959. More cod and haddock were landed
than ocean perch, which is a reversal of the
1959 trend.

The north coast Icelandic herring season
was well under way at the end of June with
landings up about fourfold from the same
period of 1959. The 1959 North Coast her-
ring fishery season was very good. On June
27, the Herring Production Board announced
that the salting of herring could commence.
Due to the low fat content of the earlier land-
ings, most went to fish meal and oil reduc~
tion plants.

The good news regarding the over-all fish
catch as well as the start of the herring sea-
son was clouded by the knowledge that fish
oil and meal prices are extremely poor.
Practically all storage facilities for both oil
and meal in Iceland are filled with unsold
stocks.

The Icelandic Freezing Plants Corpora-
tion announced on June 24, 1960, that it had
concluded a contract for the sale of 2,500
tons of frozen herring to West Germany. Al-
though the price was said to be somewhat
lower than that received in Eastern Europe,
the importance of gaining a foothold in that
new market was stressed.

On June 17, the Iceland Foreign Office an-
nounced that Iceland had signed a multilater-
al trade and payments arrangement with Fin-
land thus joining 13 other Western European
countries in becoming a member of the''Hel-
sinki Club.'' The agreement took effect on
December 29, 1959.

In January this year, Iceland and Finland
agreed to scrap the old bilateral barter trade
agreement between the two countries. Ice-
landic salted herring will now enter free from
Finnish import license requirements, the
United States Embassy in Reykjavik reported
on July 1, 1960.

Vol, 22, No. 9

India

UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL FUND
ALLOCATION TO INDIA FOR
FISHERIES TRAINING INSTITUTE:

The Governing Council of the United Na-
tions Special Fund on May 27 approved a
program of 30 new projects and included
among them was one of interest to fishery
interests.

On the recommendations of a committee
appointed to assess and review the training
of fisheries officers, the Government of India
has decided to establish a Fisheries Training
Institute to train district fisheries officers
for the Central and State governments and
managers for the fishing industry as well as
training instructors. There will thus be pro-
vided trained leaders in the techniques of de-
veloping and exploiting inland and marine
fisheries. Such training could also be offered
to applicants in other countries in southeast
Asia. The Institute will be equipped with lab-
oratories, a library and workshops, a fisher-
ies training vessel, andan auxiliary boat, ma-
chinery and gear.

The Special Fund allocation is $610,300
and the Indian Government's counterpart con-
tribution is the equivalent of $730,000. The
duration of the project is three years and the
executing agency is the Food and Agriculture
Organization. The Special Fund will assist
the Government of India in providing the
services of experts, equipment, and fishing
gear. The Indian Government contribution
will provide counterpart personnel, buildings,
fishing craft, and the payment of overhead
costs.

Indonesia

FISHERIES LANDINGS IN
NORTH SUMATRA HIGHER IN 1959:
According to the Fisheries Department of
the Indonesian Province of North Sumatra
(which is comprised of East Sumatra and
Tapanuli), landings of fishery products in
that area in 1959 totaled 62.3 million pounds,
valued at Rp.225.4 million (about US$7.1 mil-
lion), as compared to 53.3 million pounds in
1958. The comparatively favorable weather
conditions during 1959 were given as one rea-
son for the larger catch.

September 1960

Indonesia (Contd.):

During 1959, 40,456 fishermen (including
9,699 part-time fishermen) were engaged in
the fishing industries in North Sumatra, of
whom four-fifths were in East Sumatra alone.
A total of 8,931 fishing vessels were used in
North Sumatra of which 355 were motorized.

Most of the fishing enterprises (a total of
425) operating in East Sumatra are Chinese-
owned, with only 64 Indonesian-operated.
Of the 202 fishing enterprises in Tapanuli,
only 3 were Chinese-owned.

For the past years plans have been made
with United States help for the modernization |
of the fisheries of North Sumatra by using
trawlers and long-lines. However, the plans
have not been carried out because of the non-
availability of funds from the Indonesian
Government. The United States fisheries ad-
viser stationed in Medan has returned to the
United States and has not been replaced.
vee States Consulate in Medan, June 24,
1960.

Japan

CANNERS AND EXPORTERS AGREE ON
CANNED TUNA EXPORT PRICE:

Japanese tuna canners and traders inJuly
settled the export price for canned tuna-in-
brine. Canners agreed to cut the whitemeat
price $1 to US$9.15acase for the next sale (in
July), but asked that it be raised to $9.25 a
case for the August sale. They want the 1
lightmeat price held to the present $6.80 for
the next sale (in July), and then raised to $7
for the sale after that (in August). The trad-
ers accepted this plan. The July sale in-
cluded 200,000 cases of white meat and
100,000 cases of lightmeat--the total for this
year through July was 810,000 cases of white-
meat and 770,000 cases of lightmeat.

KOK KOK OK

MOTHERSHIPS TUNA FISHING OFF FIJI
ISLANDS REPORT GOOD CATCHES:

The two Japanese mothership fleets fish-
ing tuna off the Fiji Islands were continuing
to make good catches. As of mid-July the
No. 3 Tenyo Maru had taken aboard 3,340
tons, while the Nojima Maru had produced
3,800 tons.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

51

The Tenyo Maru ceased receiving fish
from July 12 to 16, in order to put 600 tons
of tuna aboard the carrier No. 31 Banshu
Maru, but was to begin taking fish from the
catcher boats again on July 17.

The catches of the two fleets were: Tenyo
Maru--albacore tuna 740 tons; spearfishes 274

tons; yellowfin tuna 1,905 tons; bluefin tuna 220

tons; sharks 174 tons. Nojima Maru--yellow-
fin tuna 2,660 tons; big-eyed tuna 342 tons;
albacore tuna 285 tons; spearfishes 266 tons;
skipjack tuna and sharks 159 tons. Bothfleets
had attained about 50 percent of their catch
goals. Towards the latter part of July they
were expected to move south and fish for al-
bacore tuna. (The Suisan Keizai, July 20,
1960.)

% OK OK OK

SUMMER ALBACORE FISHERY
FAILS TO LIVE UP TO
EXPECTATIONS:

The 1960 summer albacore tuna season this year began
amid predictions that a catch of 20, to 30,000 metric
tons was certain, because ocean conditions were of the
pattern found in years of good catches. The fishermen,
therefore, hoped to make up this year for the poor catches
of the past two years. However, due to two unexpected
typhoons, the good fishing areas of the early part of the
season failed, and the season ended badly late in June after
a promising beginning. From the Statistics assembled by
mid-June, it was estimated that the total catch for this
season will be approximately 20,000 tons, which is twice
as much as last year and about 10 percent more than the
year before last, but still less than the 25,000 to 30,000
tons of normal seasons,

This year the course of the warm Kuroshio Current was
blocked off Shizuoka Prefecture by a cold-water mass, and
the Kuroshio Current swung far out to the east, creating an
unusually large outer boundary zone of low water tempera~
tures as it moved northward. Consequently, there seemed
to be a strong probability that albacore fishing grounds
would be formed over a broad area extending from the
coast out to distant waters, and right from the start the
Season was marked as one in which a big catch could be ex~
pected. Because of this fact, about 300 tuna boats assem~
bled from all over the country at the ports of Yaizu and
Shimizu, the size of the fleet far exceeding that of lastyear.
Because of their poor catches of the past two years, the oper-
ators looked on this season as a crucial one, which would
foretell the fate of the live-bait tuna fishery, and they were
determined to make the most of it.

In mid-May, the fishery finally got under full swing.
One boat after another brought its catch into Shimizu and
Yaizu, and day after day tons of albacore were piled up in
the markets of those ports. High boats brought in around
60 metric tons, the average was 10 to 15 tons, and the fore-
casts appeared to have hit the mark. At Yaizu, on May 30,
landings reached 607 tons, breaking the previous record of
500 tons for the end of May set in 1957. However, although
the total deliveries to the markets reached high levels, the
catch per boat was unexpectedly poor. The majority of the
boats brought in only 14 or 15 tons, and big catches were
only about 30 tons. Top catches of about 56 tons were ex~
ceptional. A few years ago landings of 37 tons were nothing
unusual,

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

There were probably various reasons for this, but there
were three main ones: (1) The schools moved fast this
year and responded poorly to the bait. (2) The Chilean
tidal waves washed out bait stocks in many baiting areas
and created a shortage of live bait. Fishermen tried
using small mackerel as a substitute for sardines and an-
chovy, but it was unsuccessful. The poor response of the
schools to bait is considered to have been due to the fact
that the deep penetration of the cold Oyashio Current into
the warm Kuroshio Current had created an abundance of
food so that the fish were always full. (3) The presence
of a large fleet on limited fishing grounds caused the boats
to hold down each others catches by competition.

The result is that vessel owners are complaining that
they are barely able to keep their heads above water fi-
nancially. According to a survey at Yaizu, the boats be-
longing to that port made for the most part four trips and
grossed only about 4-6 million yen (about US$11,200 to
$16,800). It is said that trip expenses for a live-bait boat
of the 100-ton class run around 800,000 yen (US$2,240)
and for a vessel of the 150-ton class they are 1 million
yen (US$2,800). Therefore, the income picture for this
summer albacore season has been on the black ink side of
the ledger, but it does not represent much as this is the
fishermen’s best opportunity for making money during the
entire year. They feel that if they could land something
over 10 million yen (US$28,000) worth of albacore, that
would be a different story.

In 1959 at Yaizu alone more than 10 boats gave up
live~bait fishing and converted to long-lining, and the figure
for the whole country was over 50 converted boats. One
boat owner who has resolved to convert says that there is
a strong probability that there will be others who will give
up their traditional pole-and-line fishing. This trend also
shows in vessel construction, with a clearly apparent move
toward the building of purely long-line vessels. Last year
in the Yaizu area there were 7 new long-liners built, two
of them of 410 tons gross, but there was not a single live-
bait boat built. The result has been that in the member~-
ship of the Yaizu tuna fishermen’s cooperative association,
- the vessels are now evenly divided, 30 pure long-liners to
30 combination long liner-bait boats. If more boats are
converted to long-liners, the past makeup of the fleet will
be reversed.

At any rate, if the typhoons had come one month later,
as in normal years, the fishermen would have expected to
make as good a catch as in 1957. (The Suisan Keizai,
June 30, 1960.)

KK kk

SKIPJACK TUNA PORT LANDINGS LIGHT:

Normally in July Yaizu, the leading skip-
jack port in Japan, would be bustling with the
peak of the skipjack season, but it looks as if
this year the skipjack have passed by Yaizu.
June 1960 landings of all fishery products at
Yaizu were 13,029 metric tons, worth 1,218
million yen (US$3.4 million), 3,300 tons less
than in June of last year. Landings of most
tunas were above last year's, but skipjack,
which make up the bulk of Yaizu's summer
landings, were less than one-third of last
year.

Last summer skipjack were unusually a-
bundant, and in June landings were 10,000
tons, making up more than 60 percent of all

Vol. 22, No. 9

landings for that month. Every day there were
landings of 300 to 400 tons, with a record one
day of 890 tons of skipjack. This June skipjack
landings were only 3,240 tons. Fishery oper-
ators are worried because daily landings have
averaged only about 100 tons, and only a few
days over 200 tons, and this on top of a me-
diocre summer albacore season. Ex-vessel
prices are holding at a high level, with an
average skipjack price for June 1960 of 88

yen a kilogram (US$223 a short ton), just about
double last year's price. (The Suisan Keizai,
July 20, 1960.)

kk KK

SINGAPORE BASE FOR EXPORT
OF TUNA TO U. 8S. PLANNED:

On July 14, 1960, the Japanese Export
Tuna Freezers! Association expected to con-
fer with responsible officials of the Japanese
Fisheries Agency and the Ministry of Agri-
culture and Forestry on the question of es-
tablishing a base at Singapore. The main
object of the base will be for transshipments,
to facilitate exports to the United States.

The project has been under examination for
a ae time. (The Suisan Keizai, July 10,
1960.

%* OK KOK

JAPANESE BUILD MORE TUNA VESSELS:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency on July 19,
1960, announced granting of construction per-
mits for 28 new fishing vessels, including 8
tuna vessels. Gross tonnages of the tuna ves-
sels were 387, 279, 308, 299, 309, 339, re-
spectively, and two 99-tons. (The Suisan
Tsushin, July 21, 1960.)

Kk KOK

CANNED SALMON PACK
OUTLOOK FOR 1960:

The canned pack of pink salmon for export
by canners of Hokkaido and northeastern Hon-
shu, Japan, including land packs of the mother-
ship companies, is expected to be somewhat
more than 700,000 cases (full-case conversion
350,000 cases, probably 48 1-lb.-can cases).
However, pink and chum packs on the North
Pacific factoryships were reported in mid-
July to be unexpectedly low, and there are
strong indications that consignments to the
Japanese Canned Salmon Joint Sales Company
(which handles export sales) this year will be
only about 1.35 to 1.4 million cases (last year
they were about 2.31 million cases).

September 1960

Japan (Contd.):

Factoryship pack of chums was expected
at first to be about 270,000 cases (of which
about 150,000 cases would be for the domes-
tic market), but the price of fresh and salted
chums has been extremely high and canned
production has been given secondary consid-
eration. Furthermore, the fact that the ex-
port price is lower than the domestic price
has helped to hold the pack of chums for ex-
port to around 60,000 to 70,000 cases.

The fishing season for pinks was expected
to be at its peak in mid-July, but the catch
was unexpectedly poor. Around 250,000 to
300,000 cases (of which 50,000 cases will be
for the domestic market) will be all that will
be packed. If North Pacific mothership
salmon fishing is continued right up to the
end of the legal season, it is expected that
production of silvers may be higher than
last year, but even so informed sources be-
lieve that mothership packs of canned salm-
on for export may amount to only 1 million
to'1,050,000 cases. (The Suisan Tsushin,
July 20, 1960.)

% OK OK OK OK

HIGH PRICES FOR FROZEN
SALMON RESTRICT MARKETING:

Japanese salmon dealers (there are about
120) in the Tokyo Central Market say that
because of the drastic decline in salmon re-
ceipts and very high prices, fresh and frozen
salmon has completely lost its marketability.
There is a little fish coming into the market
from the salmon mothership fleets. As of
the end of June the price had not been set-
tled between the mothership operators and
the fishermen and, as a result, speculation
kept the price so high that middlemen could
not handle the fish. Prices for salmon from
the eastern Hokkaido land-based fishery
continue much higher than last year. (The
Suisan Tsushin, June 28, 1960.)

OK OK KOK

MOTHERSHIPS PAY HIGHER PRICES
FOR SALMON IN 1960:

The Japanese salmon mothership opera~
tors and the catcher boat operators came to
an agreement on salmon prices for this sea-
son. Agreement was reached on July 19, the
70th day since the beginning of their negotia-
tions. The agreement was for a 20-percent
increase in prices. In addition, the mother-
ship operators are to pay for each catcher

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

Prices Paid by Japanese Motherships for Salmon, 1958-60

boat cooperation money" in the amount of
120,000 yen (US$333.50). (The Suisan Keizai,
July 20, 1960.)

KK KK ok

NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP SALMON
FISHERY TRENDS, EARLY JULY 1960:

The Japanese North Pacific salmon mother-
ship fleets, which had poor fishing early in
the season because of stormy weather and a
scarcity of pink salmon, as of early July 1960
got into the peak of their season. Catches
picked up, and on the average the 12 fleets
had taken about 70 percent of their catch
quotas. It was considered almost certain
that the motherships which were doing best
would finish their quotas as @arly as July 25,
with the slowest fleets making their full quotas
and leaving the fishing grounds before Au-
gust 10, the closing date set by the Soviet-
Japanese fishery treaty.

Early in July the motherships Kizan, Kyoho,
Shinano, Chiyo, Koyo, Miyajima, Jinyo, Eijin,
Otsu, and Kyokuzan were fishing on grounds
near Kamchatka, while Shoei and Kashima
were fishing the more northerly grounds to-
ward the Olyutorski area. In general, fishing
was good for reds, chums, silvers, and chi-
nook, and poor for pinks.

The fact that some vessels would end their
fishing as much as 15 days ahead of the treaty
closing date is due in part to the reduction of
the total mothership catch quota from 100,000
metric tons in 1957 to about 54,000 tons this
year, with each fleet's quota reduced propor-
tionately.

The 33 salmon boats from the Ishinomaki
area of northeastern Japan which were par-
ticipating in mothership fleet operations in
the North Pacific were expected to stop fish-
ing early in August. According to reports to
the Ishinomaki radio station, when they en~
tered the Bering Sea fishing was poor and
they had to move around a great deal insearch
of fish and were unable to fish long in any one
area. Early in July they moved westward, fol-
lowing the red salmon, and almost all of the
fleets reported good fishing.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Export canners of the Ishinomaki district
of northeastern Japan early in July had be-
gun working on large shipments of North Pa-
cific salmon, but it looks as if their produc-
tion will be down from 20 to 40 percent, be-
cause of the cutback in the salmon catch re-
sulting from the Soviet-Japanese fisery ne-
gotiations. Therefore, canners in Ishinomaki
and Onnagawa are saying that they cannot
break even unless the Canned Salmon Joint
Sales Company's price for export to the
United States is 20 or 30 percent higher than
last year. Last year's price for a case of 96
No. 3 cans containing 110 grams (about 37
ozs.) was 7,800 yen (US$21.68), but this year
they are hoping for 8,200 to 8,500 yen
(US$22.80-$23.63). Also, since last year the
female cannery workers of the Ishinomaki
district have been covered under a minimum
wage system and are getting at least 165 yen
(US$0.46) a day. (The Suisan Keizai, July 10,
1960.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 56.

KK OK ok

NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP SALMON
FISHERY TRENDS AS OF JULY 25, 1960:

The Japanese North Pacific salmon moth-
ership Koyo Maru (7,658 tons gross), which
has been fishing in the Aleutian area, re-
ported to the Hakodate office of its owners
on July 24, 1960, that it had filled its catch
quota of approximately 4,200 metric tons
and ceased fishing operations. The mother-
ship departed the fishing grounds on July 23
and was expected to reach Hakodate around
July 30.

The number of days of fishing this year
for the North Pacific salmon motherships
was normal, but the catch quota allocations
were cut back, and there were severe limits
on areas of operation. Pink salmon fishing
was poor, because of limitations on net mesh
size, but red salmon fishing was reported to
have been good. It looked as if the mother-
ship fleets would complete their catch quotas
and leave the fishing grounds before the end
of July. As'of July 10, it was reported that
daily salmon catches were about 80 tons for
each fleet. As of July 16, the 12 salmon
mothership fleets had caught 44,262 metric
tons of fish (3,698.5 metric tons average per
fleet), leaving less than 10,000 tons to go in
their catch quota of 54,000 tons. By species,
the catch was (in tons): reds 17,168; chums
23,991; pinks 2,344; silvers 324; chinooks

Vol. 22, No. 9

435. (Suisan Tsushin, July 19, and Keizai
Shimbun, July 25, 1960.)

HOOK OK OK

CANNERS EAGER TO BUY
FROZEN ALASKA SALMON:

The drastic cut in the catch quota imposed
by this year's Japan-Soviet fisheries confer-
ence and the scarcity of salmon this season
in the waters on the Asian side of the North
Pacific have resulted in the Japanese salmon
packers being short of fish to keep their can-
neries busy and their foreign customers sup-
plied. In an unprecedented move to make up
this shortage, Japanese salmon packers are
attempting to import frozen red salmon from
Bristol Bay, Alaska, where the fish were ex-
pected to be considerably more abundant this
season than they have been in the past sever-
al years.

The first public reports of such projects
came on July 4, 1960, when the Tokyo fish-
eries trade press announced that one Japa-
nese food company had been granted by the
Ministry of International Trade and Indus-
try a foreign exchange allocation of
US$2,420,000 for the purchase of 3,000 tons
of frozen red salmon from the United States
to be processed in a Hokkaido cannery into
approximately 150,000 cases of canned salm-
on. On July 14, it was reported that the Japa-
nese company's example had been followed bya
large Japanese fishing company and a trading
firm, which had filed applications for approv-
al of imports of 1,000 tons and 1,500 tons,
respectively, of frozen Alaskan red salmon.
The trading firm reportedly expected to pay
about US$800 a ton c.i.f. for the salmon.

There is no indication that any of these
would be importers have located a firm
source of supply for the fish. With the fish-
ing season in Bristol Bay almost over, there
is little time for maneuvering, and the Japa-
nese industry does not appear to be particu-
larly hopeful about its chances of getting any
considerable amount of Alaska red salmon ta
process this year. (United States Embassy,
Tokyo, dispatch of July 14, 1960.)

% OK OK OK OK

FISH SCRAP PRODUCTION
ESTIMATED FOR 1960:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency estimates
that the production of fish-press scrap in Ja-
pan for 1960, excluding mothership fish meal
and whale meal, will total 113,500 metric tons.

September 1960

Japan (Contd.):

The breakdown is as follows (in metric tons):
body scrap--saury 38,400; sardine 5,000;
sand launce 3,300; yellowtail 2,000; macker-
el scad 6,000; larval anchovy 4,000; miscel-
laneous whole fish scrap 6,600; total whole
fishscrap 65,300. Fish waste scrap, 41,900.
Other fish scrap 6,300. Adding 45,000 tons
of fish meal produced on factoryships and
24,000 tons of whale meal, it is estimated
that the total Japanese production of fish
scrap and meal this year willamount to
182,500 metric tons. (The Suisan Tsushin,
July 12, 1960.)

HO FS KK

FISH-MEAL PRODUCTION IN
BERING SEA OVER 25,000 TONS:

As of July 18, 1960, the four Japanese
fish-meal factoryship fleets operating in the
Bering Sea had made a total of 23,716 metric
tons of fish meal. In addition, the Tenyo
Maru had produced 1,863 tons, making acom-
bined total of 25,579 tons of meal. Produc-
tion by each fleet as of July 18 was:

Gyokuei Maru: 5,519 tons of meal, 1,215
tons of solubles, 120 tons of fish oil, 1,962
tons of frozen products.

Soyo Maru: 4,693 tons of meal, 1,505 tons
of solubles, 166 tons of fishoil, 5,691 tons of
frozen products.

Kinyo Maru: 6,812 tons of meal, 835 tons
of solubles, 151 tons of fishoil, 63 tons of salt
cod, 121 tons of frozen products.

Renshin Maru: 6,692 tons of meal, 1,768
tons of solubles, 125 tons of fish oil, 2,432
tons of frozen products.

In addition, the Tenyo Maru has made1,863
tons of meal, 9.64 tons of liver oil, 300 tons
of fish oil, and 1,752 tons of frozen products.

Since there are 14,013 tons of meal avail-
able in Japan, and in view of the market con-
ditions and the high domestic demand, it ap-
pears that there will be no exports, and all
of the meal will be consumed within Japan.
(The Suisan Keizai, July 22, 1960.)

DISTANT-WATER TRAWLING PLANS OF

FIVE BIG FISHING COMPANIES: ;
The Japanese trawl fishery in distant waters 1s

marking a new development in the Japanese fish-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

ing industry. The five large Japanese fishing com-
panies are pushing construction of large trawlers.
During this year the first stage of their plans will
be completed, and they will be sending trawlers
of 1,500 tons, 1,800 tons, and 2,000 tons gross to
catch bottom fish off New Zealand, Australia, and
the east and west coasts of Africa.

Vessels capable of operating as of mid- July
1960 total 5. There are 7 big trawlers under con-
struction, This means that before this year is
over there will be 12 large trawlers heading for
the African and New Zealand grounds. It is an-
ticipated that they will land about 8,000 tons of red
bottom fish (probably snappers) for the Japanese
domestic market annually, and about 4,000 tons
abroad, Among the various kinds of ''snappers''
which these vessels will land, not all are in high
demand in foreign markets. In addition to about
six species of snapper-like fish, the boats will
catch tongue sole, gurnards, cuttlefish, groupers,
croakers, and other bottom fish. Some are suit-
able for export and some are not, and this will
have to be taken into consideration in planning op-
erations exclusively for foreign markets. Fortu-
nately, the demand for red bottom fish abroad is
strong and promises to develop further in the fu-
ture. However, snappers also enjoy a good demand
in Japan, and it may be more profitable to sell
them on the domestic market. Afany rate, the
Japanese Fisheries Agency, in its next year's
budget requests for distant-water trawling is talk-
ing in terms of licensing 25 such vessels in the
next fiscal year, and so this fishery is attracting
much attention as the ''wave of the future'' of the
Japanese fishing industry.

Of the five companies engaged in distant-water
trawling, the first has the No. 62 Taiyo Maru and
No. 63 Taiyo Maru (each of 1,570 tons gross) oper-
ating on the east and west coasts of Africa. The
No. 62 Taiyo Maru began fishing June 4 and was
scheduled to return to port September 15. The No.
63 Taiyo Maru began fishing June 22 and was ex-
pected to return to its base next year. This same
company has two 1,870-gross-ton trawlers build-
ing in the company's Hayashikane Shipyard, the
first of which was launched early in July. Both
vessels were expected to be completed before the
end of this year and are scheduled to sail to the
African coast late in November.

The two 1,570-ton boats were scheduled to re-
turn to port after one trip, with about 1,800 tons
of bottom fish, Depending on the demand for their
catch in Japan, both of them may fish exclusively
for the domestic market. For this reason they are
not equipped with filleting machines. The two
1,870-ton vessels will fish for export, landing a-
bout 5,000 tons of fish a year in Greece and other
European countries as fillets, fish-sticks, and in
the round.

The second of the five companies has two trawl-
ers, the Uji Maru and the Asama Maru, fishing off
Argentina and landing their catches to that country.
The company has a large trawler, the Tenjo Maru
(2,250 tons gross) under construction. The sched-

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

ule called for her launching July 23, completion in
September, and sailing for her maiden trip late in
October. The Tenjo Maru, built at a cost of 530
million yen (US$1,484,000), is the largest Japanese
trawler--78 meters long (256 feet), with a beam of
13.5 meters (43 feet), a cruising speed of 14 knots
from a 2,400-hp. Diesel engine, and a carrying
capacity of 2,150 metric tons. Her maiden voyage
was expected to be to the east coast of Africa. Op-
erating plans call for two trips a year, with 100
days of fishing producing 1,500 metric tons of
fish per trip for an annual total of 3,000 tons of
"'redfish'' or snappers, all of which will be sold on
the Japanese domestic market.

In view of the increasing demand in Argentina
and in European countries for snapper species,
some thought is being given to increasing the pro-
duction of the Uji Maru and the Asama Maru.

The third of the five companies is building a
1,500-ton trawler at the Niigata Iron Works, which
is slated for completion within the year. At first
it was planned to build two such vessels, but the
plan for the second has been changed to a 2,300-
ton vessel, which will operate as a frozen whale-
meat carrier in the Antarctic beginning next sea-
son. In the summer, the vessel will trawl off the
African coasts. The 1,500-ton trawler will fish
for export off New Zealand, and will export about
3,000 metric tons of fish annually to various Euro-
pean markets. The 2,300-ton vessel will fish off
Africa, but will bring back slightly less than 3,000
tons of fish for the domestic market when it re-
turns to Japan before the Antarctic whaling season.

The fourth of the five companies is building two
1,500-ton trawlers at Mitsubishi's Shimonoseki
yards. One will be built this year and the second
next year. Both vessels will fish off Africa, but
the company is also thinking of using them for cod,
halibut, and flounder in northern waters. The
first vessel to be completed will be sent to Africa
and its catch will all be exported to Europe.

The fifth company has chartered from a large
Japanese fishing company the 1,000-gross-ton tuna
long-liner Seiju Maru and is having her converted
to a trawler at a Shimonoseki yard. The vessel
was expected to sail from Tobata at the end of
June 1960 to engage in trawling off northwestern
Africa. Of the Seiju Maru's catch, 80 percent
will be exported inthe round to Europe and 20 per-
cent will be filleted and shipped to the United
States. The operators have been surveying the
European market for red bottom fish (snappers),
and have found acceptance very good.

This same company has been operating the trawl-
er Tatsuta Marie off Northwest Africa. Her re-
‘cent catches of "red fishes'' or snappers were
well received in Japan, showing that there is a
high demand for this type fish.

A sixth company also is reported having plans
to construct a 1,500-ton trawler in about a year.

Vol. 22, No. 9

(Suisan Keizai, July 17, July 12, and June 25,
1960.)

I kK ok ok

OYSTER-FREEZING PLANT BUILT WITH
U. S. TECHNICAL AID COMPLETED:

On June 6, 1960, a large Japanese fishing company held
ceremonies marking completion of the first plant in Japan
designed for production of fresh-frozen oysters for ex-
port. The Hiroshima plant was planned and equipped un-
der a technical agreement with a United States firm. Thus
it will be possible for the first time to export to the United
States raw Hiroshima oysters, which up to now have been
sold mostly in the Japanese market. In addition to the fro~
zen raw oysters, the Hiroshima plant will develop into a
general food processing factory with canning and sausage-
making departments.

The three main points about the freezing installations
that have resulted from the technical partnership with the
United States company are:

(1) Freon is used as a refrigerant in industrial quick-
freezing for the first time. Generally in Japan for large-
scale quick-freezing, ammonia is used as the refrigerating
agent,

(2) By using unit coolers, the air-blast system is em=
ployed throughout for freezing and cold storage. Tempera~
tures in the freezing rooms can be brought as low as -30°
F., and the oysters are frozen while still loaded onspecial
transporting buggies. The unit coolers and all the other
latest types of machinery, such as water coolers, the air
conditioning, and the all-automatic ice machine, can be
controlled and operated from a central control panel.

(3) Shucking of the oysters is done on a new type of
installation. For the first time in Japan oysters will be
shucked with knives on installations called ‘‘bunkers.’’

The shucking tables and the floors are all of terrazzo, and
the concrete that is used is of a type that will not crack and
produce crevices in which germs can grow. Containers for
the oysters are of stainless steel, washing is done with
chlorinated water, and sterilization is complete, so that
every effort has been expended on hygienic details.

The main parts of the plant are the oyster=processing
plant, the refrigeration plant, the cannery, the ice plant,
the boiler room, the sanitation control room, and the
offices. The total area is about 9,496 square yards. The
plant is able to (1) freeze 36 tons a day of oysters or
shrimp, (2) store 600 tons of frozen products, (3) make
20 tons of ice a day, (4) can 2,000 cases per day, and (5)
make 20,000 sausages a day. (Suisankai, June 1960.)

% OK OK OK OK

AUSTRALIAN RED SNAPPERS ON TOKYO
MARKET FOR FIRST TIME:

The Tokyo fish market received on July 20,
1960, about two carloads of tropical red snap-
pers, the first such shipment this year. The
fish were caught off Australia by the 500-
gross-ton trawler Shinano Maru. Up to now
such fish have been marketed mostly in west-
ern Japan, but the dealers expect to develop
a considerable market for them in Tokyo.
Another trawler from the Australian grounds,
the Ikoma Maru, was expected to return in
August. (The Suisan Keizai, July 20, 1960.)

feel ro

September 1960

Kuwait

DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSHORE
FISHERIES UNDER CONSIDERATION:

Within the past year there have been several
developments in the fishing industry of Kuwait.
The most important one seems to have been that
certain Kuwaiti merchants and shaykhs have been
able to convince the Ruler of Kuwait that modern
commercial fishing in the Persian Gulf will not be
detrimental to the native fishermen and the Ruler
has granted the merchants permission to engage
in modern commercial fishing.

In the fall of 1959 a New York City firm sold
fishing boats to a Kuwaiti merchant and supplied
him with United States captains and crews. The
Kuwaiti immediately embarked on an ambitious
shrimp-fishing enterprise. Shrimp are caught,
cleaned, and frozen on board the trawlers and then
are delivered to freight ships for delivery to the
New York City partner of the Kuwaiti for sale in
the United States. This arrangement has proved
profitable in the one-half season of operation.

The fish, which are caught incidental to the shrimp
operation, are sold on the local market at prevail-
ing prices. There has been no corresponding re-
duction in price as a result of this activity as the
Ruler himself has specified that native fishermen
are not to be undersold. However, Kuwaiti citizens
have benefited by a selection of fish generally larg-
er than previously and by more regular supplies.

Another potentially important development has
been the interest of one of the major Kuwaiti
shaykhs in organizing a large Kuwaiti fishing fleet
designed to operate not only in Kuwait waters but
throughout the Persian Gulf. The shaykh's inter-
est seems to have been inspired by a young Sudan-
ese entrepreneur, who has been sent by the shaykh
to investigate fishing opportunities throughout the
Gulf. The Sudanese has just presented a report
to the shaykh on his findings.

After reviewing the primitiveness of present-day
fishing and the relatively small catches, the Sudan-
ese points out that fishing nevertheless is quite
profitable in the Gulf. Indeed, fishermen along
the West coast of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of
Omah are able to export some quantities of dried
fish. His conclusion is that scientific fishing in
the Gulf, using local labor, could yield large quan-
tities of fish and be capable of supplying a substan-
tial export market.

The Sudanese in his report proposes setting up
a fishing company in Kuwait which would own a
fleet of trawlers and also buy the catch of local
fishermen. The fish would be cleaned, frozen,
and exported to other Arab countries or to Europe
or the United States via merchant ships or by trad-
ing trucks operating between Kuwait and the states
of eastern Mediterranean. He proposes furthermore
building a fish cannery in Kuwait, a fish meal plant
to use industrial fish and waste products from the
fish processing. He also would build a plant for
smoking fish and one for extracting oil from sar-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

dines and shark livers. The Kuwaiti Shaykh and
his Sudanese partner do not intend to operate the
fleet themselves, but wish to enter into partner-
ship with a foreign firm which would organize and
operate the fishing fleet, build and operate the
factories, and use its connections to dispose of the
products. The Kuwaiti would probably do little
more than supply the capital.

The shaykh also wishes to bring a professional
ichthyologist to the Persian Gulf to conduct a sci-
entific survey of the quantities and types of fish
available and the size of the maximum sustained
catch which would not deplete the fish supply. It
is hoped that a United States firm or educational
institution will be able to conduct this survey. It
would benefit not only Kuwait, but all the riparian
states.

An article ina Kuwait magazine claims that
there are about 400 kinds of fish found in the
Persian Gulf. It lists the primary edible fish as
follows: zubaidi, sheem, nuwaibi, nagrour, biah,
meed, sabiti, hamour, sha'am, hamman, shimahi,
tabaglazag, shabamba'a, sabour, and khafaf. It
also lists a number of fish which are found in the
Gulf but which cannot be eaten, as well as a num-
ber of poisonous or harmful fish. The article
states that one important aspect of Persian Gulf
fish is the fact that there aregyvery few brightly
colored types. Most are light or dark gray, white,
silver, light blue, or light red, whereas fish of the
Red Sea and the southern Arabian peninsula are
brightly colored.

In the section on present day fishing in Kuwait
the article states that most fish are caught in the
spring and the summer. It also says that the best
fishing is 'between the 11th and 18th of every lunar
month, i.e. when the tides are strongest.'' The
nets then are anchored and the tide sweeps the
fish into them. (United States Consul in Kuwait,
July 14, 1960.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960, p. 61.

Liberia

REGULATIONS ISSUED FOR MARINE
AND INLAND FISHERIES:

The Liberian Department of Agriculture
and Commerce has published the first de-
tailed maritime and inland fishing regulations
to go into effect in Liberia. These regula-
tions follow:

(1) Establish mandatory license fees for
commercial fishing vessels ranging from
$150 for trawlers to $5 for native canoes,
but exempt subsistence fishermen and per-
sons under sixteen ''who are not required to
have license to fish."

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Liberia (Contd.):

(2) Authorizes the Bureau of Fisheries to
prohibit fishing gear harmful to fishery re-
sources and particularly prohibits dyna-
miting.

(3) Authorizes the Bureau of Fisheries to
close any fishing zone because of overfishing
resulting from use of certain types of fishing
gear.

(4) Establishes mesh regulations.

(5) Requires monthly reports from com-
mercial fisheries, with respect to area of
catch, tonnage, gear used, value of catch,
and species of fish caught.

Although enforcement may prove to be a
problem, these regulations represent a use-
ful first step toward better management of
Liberia's fisheries resources. They should
also be helpful in developing, over a period
of time, more accurate information on the
extensive, but inaccurately charted coastal
fisheries resources of the country. (U.S.
Embassy in Monrovia, June 26, 1960.)

Malaya

TUNA VESSELS ASSIGNED TO MALAYA:

The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Com-
pany signed contracts for two 100-ton tuna
vessels from Kochi Prefecture to proceed to
Penang, Malaya, the latter part of July 1960.
Negotiations were being carried on for an-
other two vessels, which were scheduled to
sail in August. The company already has
under charter one vessel, which is being
used jointly with a Ceylonese company. (The
Suisan Tsushin, July 8, 1960.)

Wa ay
‘a
x

—S

CARMEN-CAMPECHE AREA SHRIMP
LANDINGS AND EXPORTS,
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1959

AND JANUARY-MARCH 1960:

Total landings (estimated from all avail-
able sources) of shrimp at Mexico's Gulf
Coast ports of Campeche and Carmen in the
fourth quarter of 1959 were about 2,535 short
tons. About 1,750 tons were landed at Car-

Mexico

Vol. 22, No. 9

men and 785 tons at Campeche. Estimated
percentages by species were 57 percent pink,
8 percent brown, and 35 percent white in the
Carmen area and 84 percent pink, 5 percent
brown, and 11 percent white in the Campeche
area.

Total landings of shrimp at those two ports
in the first quarter of 1960 were about1,479
short tons of which 1,071 tons were landed at
Carmen and 408 tons at Campeche. Esti-
mated percentages by species were 42 per-
cent pink, 13 percent brown, and 45 percent
white at Carmen and 80 percent pink, 6 per-
cent brown, and 14 percent white at Cam-
peche.

A small portion of the Campeche-Carmen
area landings is marketed domestically and
is made up principally of culls and small
shrimp. No figures by size or species are
available because it is not possible to deter-
mine the disposition made of the quantities
consumed locally or included in domestic
shipments. It is generally estimated that the
domestic consumption does not exceed 10
percent of the tonnage landed.

During the last quarter of 1959, a total of
2,191.7 short tons (statistics from the Fish-
ing Office--Oficina de Pesca) were shipped
to the United States--1,644.3 tons from Car-
men and 547.4 tons from Campeche.

. During the first quarter of 1960, a total of
1,344.9 short tons of frozen shrimp were
shipped to the United States--973.8 tons from
Carmen and 371.1 tons from Campeche. Ex-
cept for a few hundred pounds, all exports go
to the United States.

Other fishery products exported from the
Carmen-Campeche area to the United States
during the last quarter of 1959 included
206,000 pounds of frozen fish, 2,293 pounds
of shark fins, and 9,731 pounds of shark
skins. During the January-March 1960 quar-
ter other exports included 192,986 pounds of
frozen fish, 3,395 pounds of shark fins, and
14,204 pounds of shark skins. (United States
Consulate, Merida, June 22, 1960.)

ok KK OK

SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS,
JUNE 1960:

What in late May looked like the begin-
ning of an early rainy season fizzled out. As
a result, prospects for another record year
for Mexico's west coast shrimp fishery
are less promising.

September 1960

Mexico (Contd.):

The trend towards peeling and deveining of
shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico in the Carmen-
Campeche are is on the increase, Reports
from various industry sources indicate that
current shrimp exports from that area are
about 80 percent or more peeled and deveined.

The Carmen-Campeche "price war" over
independent boats continued into July, al-
though the only increase between May 19 and
July 5 was in the price of white shrimp which
was increased one cent a pound across the
board. To discourage landings of small
shrimp, prices on 66-and-over count shrimp
were dropped from 26 to 18 cents a pound. No
changes in Salina Cruz (west coast) ex-vessel
prices were reported recently.

Ex-vessel prices in U. S. cents a pound for
independent vessels at Carmen and Campeche
for white shrimp as of July 5 were as follows:
under 15 count, 81; 15-20 count, 76; 21-25
count, 71; 26-30 count, 66; 31-35 count, 59;
36-40 count, 49; 41-50 count, 44; 51-65 count,
37; and over 65 count, 18. Ex-vessel prices
for pink and brown shrimp were one cent a
pound under the white shrimp price except for
the over-65 count which was also 18 cents.

As expected at this time of year, landings
at Salina Cruz on Mexico's west coast dropped
off somewhat. Vessels were reported landing
one to two tows per trip of12to14 days. Land-
ings at Carmen and Campeche picked up during
June with vessels averaging around 1,300 to
1,500 pounds per trip in each place. At Car-
men during the first half of the month, land-
ings were mostly pinks and browns, but during
the last half whites predominated, followed by
pinks and a few browns. At Campeche landings
averaged about 80 percent pinks during June.
During the first half of June the remainder
was about equally divided between whites and
browns, but during the last half whites ac-
counted for about 20 percent with only a scat-
tering of browns.

Sizes at Carmen were fairly uniform
throughout the month, averaging about 35 per-
cent 30 count and under. Sizes at Campeche
tended to decrease as the month progressed,
During the first week landings were running
around 75 percent 30 count and under and dur-
ing the last week about 60 percent of the land-
ings were of those sizes. (United States Em-
bassy, Mexico, report of July 7, 1960.)

* OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

THIRD SHRIMP-BREADING
PLANT ESTABLISHED:

The third shrimp-breading plant for Mexi-
co was scheduled to start operating in the Pa-
cific Coast port of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, a-
bout mid-June 1960. But a July 5 report in-
dicates that although all equipment has been
installed, the plant was still operating only
on a trial basis and training workers. It is
reported that the plant will have a capacity
of about 5,000 pounds of breaded shrimp (fin-
ished product) per 8-hour shift. In addition
to breading, the plant will produce individual-
ly-frozen peeled and deveined raw shrimp.

When the plant is in full operation, Mexi-
co's daily capacity for producing breaded
shrimp in all three plants, will be about
15,000 pounds in 8 hours. Of the three plants
one is located in Puerto Mexico, Veracruz,
and two in Salina Cruz., according to a June
3, 1960, dispatch from the United States Em-
bassy in Mexico City.

% OK KK

ENSENADA FISHERIES TRENDS,
APRIL-JUNE 1960:

During the second quarter of 1960 land-
ings of fishand shellfish inthe Ensenada area
of Mexico's west coast were down and many
cannery workers were unemployed. Early
reports from the abalone fishery indicated
catches lower than anticipated, but with sev-
eral months remaining in the abalone fishing
season, catches could pick up.

There have been discussions between var-
ious groups of fishermenand a Federal Depu-
ty concerning the failure of fishing coopera-
tives and alleged exploitation of fishermen.
The Deputy promised to ask the Mexican
Chamber of Deputies to study the possibili-
ties of returning to free fishing, according to
a June 23, 1960, report from the United States
Consulate in Tijuana.

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

Mexico has 15 fish-meal plants and one plant producing
solubles. Of the meal plants only two are in more or less
constant operation. The remaining plants are either shut
down or are connected with canneries and only operate when
fish and fish waste are available. Only four plants can be
considered to have modern equipment. One of these pro-
duces only solubles and liquid fish. Another, designed for
producing fish flour by the azeotropic process, has never
been operated. One of the modern meal plants, located in
Ciudad del Carmen, has a capacity of 10 tons of raw fish an
hour and the other, in San Blas, Nayarit, can handle but one

ton.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Mexico (Contd.):

The other plants have old secondhand machinery, mostly
purchased from plants in California, and practically all use
direct-flame dryers. In this group only one plant is known
to have centrifuges for separating the oil. The others use
settling tanks.

If all plants were in operation, the total capacity would
be 110 to 115 tons of raw fish an hour or about 180 tons of
meal per 8~hour day, providing fish were available,

No new plants are being planned at this time. The pres~
ent world price of meal is a decided deterrent.

The Mexican plants produced an estimated 2,000 to
3,000 metric tons of meal in 1959. The 1960 production
should be considerably higher since the Carmen plant is
now producing around 600 tons a month. In addition to the
meal produced by the plants, there are 1,200 to 1,500 tons
produced by sun=drying trash fish and scrap, Along the
West Coast the fish are boiled and then laid out on the
ground in the sun to dry. In Yucatan the scrap from a fil-
leting plant is sun-dried without previous cooking. The
dried fish are then pulverized in small hammer mills to
make the meal,

The quality of the Mexican meal, as can be expected
from the varying sources of supply and processing tech
niques, varies considerably. The meal sources for the
Baja California plants come mostly from waste from Cali=
fornia sardines and Pacific and jack mackerel with some
waste from tuna and yellowtail. The West Coast sun-driers
use 50 or more different species of fishes taken by shrimp
trawlers and by weir fishermen. The San Blas plant uses
trash fish caught with shrimp trawls and it also processes
sharks and turtles, This is the only plant in Mexico that
introduces solubles from concentrated stickwater into the
meal, The Carmen plant uses mostly anchoveta (Ceten-
graulis edentulus), but some menhaden and other fish are
also processed,

The sun-dried meal is the poorest quality because the
protein content usually runs between 40 and 50 percent.

Table 1 - Analyses of Three Samples of Plant-Produced
Fish Meal

Sample 1] Sample 2 | Sample 3

po ooo WEG) Goat oo

(Product

Moisture......
Ieuohl Go gooo
Biber insitelst- ion ols!
Shiota iehoWonlon lela
PES Gogo odfoood
itrogen free extract
Chiorinevervalerelei ale
INitrogeni oy). ie le 6 «

ee
ee
ee
°

From various reports, oil recovery runs between 2 and
8 percent. The average is probably around 3.5 to 4.0 per-
cent. Mexican fish oil is all used locally. Most of it is
used in the paint and tanning industries. The oil from the
trawl-caught trash fish is reported to be quite high in
stearines,

Generally the producers sell their oil at a fixed price
and do not concern themselves with any analysis. One
sample of Mexican fish oil was reported to have the fol-
lowing characteristics: pounds per gallon, 7.71; specific
gravity, 0.925; color~-Gardner 1933, No. 10; iodine number,
160; acid number, 1.59; and refraction index, 1.481.

Only two plants produce fish solubles in Mexico. The
meal plant at San Blas concentrates the stickwater to about

Vol. 22, No. 9

40-percent solids and then adds it to the meal in the dryer.
The production of this plant is quite small since it can han-
dle only one ton of raw fish per hour.

In Ensenada one plant is dedicated solely to the production
of fish solubles. Its capacity is reported to be about 5,000
gallons of 50-percent solubles per day. The plant has modern
three-phase equipment for producing solubles, In addition
this plant has two retorts capable of liquifying about 5 tons of
fish waste per day. No additional enzymes are needed for liq=
uifying the fish. The liquified fish are mixed with stickwater
and processed to produce 50-percent solubles. The entire
production of solubles is exported to California,

The millers who buy sun=dried fish usually pay 1.00 peso
(8 U.S. cents) per kilo of dried fish, which after milling and
bagging or sacking they sell for 1.50 pesos (12 U.S. cents) a
kilo, Paper bags holding 25 kilos of meal cost 65 centavos
(US$0.052) and cloth sacks holding 50 kilos cost 2.80 pesos
(US$0,.224) each.

Around Ensenada, most canneries own their own boats and
reduction plants and the waste from the canneries is proc
essed for meal and oil as a byproduct of canning. One com-
pany figured that sardines and mackerels caught by company~
owned boats cost US$40 per metric ton, It was reported that
independent boats were receiving 400 pesos (US$32) per met=
ric ton of sardines and mackerel. If the fish are unsuited for
canning, only 65 percent of this price is paid.

The plant at Carmen pays 200 pesos (US$16) per metric
ton of fish. This plant estimates its cost for meal, delivered
in Mexico City, to be about 2,200 pesos ($176) per metric ton.

The boats at San Blas, Nayarit, are company-owned and no
separate accounting is kept of fish cost.

The Mexican Government, as an aid to feed producers,
has restricted the importation of manufactured feeds. This

‘has resulted in a considerable increase in the demand for

fish meal by the feed producers. This restriction caused an
upsurge of interest in fish-meal plants which quickly died
out owing to the low price of Peruvian meal, On July 8,
1960, Peruvian meal was being offered in Mexico City at
1,637.50 pesos (US$131) per metric ton. All Mexican meal
producers are complaining of their inability to compete at
those prices. y

The Ensenada meal producers, who normally sell most of
their product in the United States, are unable to compete with
Peruvian prices either in the United States or Mexico, Freight
and handling charges from Ensenada to the feed=producing
plants are reported to be between US$25.00 and $30.00 per
metric ton.

Import permits are not required on fish meal, but agricul-
tural sanitary permits are. Import duties amount to US$19.776
per metric ton.

In the production of meal, the Government as a severance
tax charges 40 pesos ($3.20) per metric ton of fish.

Import permits are required for fish oils. Import duties
vary with the size of the container.

In containers weighing 50 kilos or less, the duty is 25 cen-
tavos per gross kilo plus 20 percent ad valorem. ‘The official
price for determining the ad valorem duty is 8.80 pesos per
gross kilo,

In containers larger than 50 kilos, the specific duty is 25
centavos per gross kilo and the ad valorem is 7 percent. The
official price is 6.30 pesos per gross kilo.

In tankers or tank cars, the specific duty is 20 centavos
per net kilo and the ad valorem is 18 percent based on an of=
ficial price of 5 pesos per net kilo.

In addition there is a port tax of 3 percent of the value of
the import duties,

September 1960

Mexico (Contd.):

Other than import duties and restriction on the importa-
tion of manufactured feeds, the Government has given no as~
sistance to fish~meal producers, Something may be done in
the near future because of the complaints of the local fish
meal producers,

The Carmen plant does not now save the stickwater but
plans have been made to install a concentration plant so that
the condensed solubles can be added to the meal.

An organization in Mazatlan is consulting with an English
concern in an endeavor towards developing equipment that
will permit partial processing of trash fish aboard shrimp
trawlers. If such equipment can be developed satisfactorily,
the shrimp fleet should be able to supply most of Mexico’s
fish-meal needs,

Under present world prices for fish meal, it is highly im-
probable that there will be any expansion in fish~meal pro-
duction in Mexico in the immediate future unless the Govern-
ment does something to assist the local industry,

When and if the price situation becomes rectified, it is
probable that Mexico eventually will become self~sufficient
with respect to both meal and oil. This day, however, is not
in the immediate future. It seems very likely that some
technique will be developed before long which will permit par~
tial processing aboard shrimp boats, When this day arrives,
Mexico can become self-sufficient and perhaps even enter the
export market. Until then it is not likely that Mexico will
be in a position to supply her own demands, (United States
Embassy, Mexico, report of July 18, 1960.)

Netherlands

ANTARCTIC WHALE CATCH,
1959/60 SEASON:

The Netherlands Minister of Agriculture
reported on July 6, 1960, that the Netherlands
Antarctic whaling expedition caught slightly
less than 6.7 percent of the total blue~whale
units taken during the 1959/60 pelagic whaling
season. The Netherlands catch in the 1959/60
season was 1,037 out of the 15,512 blue~whale
units taken by all nations. In the 1958/59 sea-
son, the catch was 965 out of the total of
14,300 units, or slightly over 6.7 percent.
The Minister reported that the Netherlands
whaling expedition operated during 1959/60
season for 121 days, as compared to 102 days
fixed by the International Whaling Convention
for member countries. The Netherlands and
Norway were not parties to the Convention in
1959/60. (United States Embassy in The
Hague, July 12, 1960.)

D.,
if

New Hebrides

JAPANESE BASE TO EXPORT

FROZEN TUNA TO FRANCE: f
The Japanese trading company operating

the tuna base in the New Hebrides in July

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

61

1960, recently applied to the Japanese Fisher-
ies Agency to increase from 8 to 12 the num-
ber of tuna boats based at Espiritu Santo.
That base has been exporting to the United
States about 3,500 tons of frozen tuna a year,
and this year for the first time the French
Government granted the right to export an-
nually 1,000 tons of tuna (or tuna products) to
France. (The New Hebrides is a British-
French joint dominion, and the French Goy-
ernment has in the past prohibited the import
of tuna from other than French territories.)

Since there is little probability that the 8
boats operating out of the base could fill the
quota for export to France, the application
for an increase in the fleet was made. If the
increase is granted and the 1,000-ton quota
is filled this year, it is considered possible
that the quota may be increased in the near
future. Already this year about 300 tons of
tuna from the Espiritu Santo base has been
shipped to France, where the price is the
same as in Italy. (The Suisan Tsushin, July

21, 1960.)

New Zealand

EXPORTS OF FISH-LIVER AND
WHALE OIL, 1959:

In 1959, New Zealand exported 272,655
Imperial gallons of marine-animal oils--97.2
percent whale oil and 2.8 percent fish-liver
oils. The fish-liver oil exports accounted for
41 percent of the total value, however, due to
their relatively higher’value--US$16.03 per

.

New Zealand's Exports of Marine-Animal Oils, 1959

US$
Fish Liver ou:!/
United Kingdom .. .

ENZ
33, 494
10, 888

| 44, 382 | 124, 407]

39, 345 11,393] 31,936
57, 697 12,936 | 36,261

167, 850 39, 613 | 111,039

264, 892 63,942 | 179,236]

272,655 108, 324 | 303, 643
1/In containers of 1 gallon or over.

Note: Values computed at rate ofone New Zealand pound equals
US$2.8031.

Imperial gallon as compared with US$0.68 a
gallon for whale oil. (U. S. Foreign Agricul-
tural Service Report, Wellington, April 22,
1960.)

OK kk Ok

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

New Zealand (Contd.):

SWEDES ESTABLISH FACTORY FOR
SPORT FISHING EQUIPMENT:

Negotiations between a Swedish manufac -
turer of sport-fishing equipment and a rep-
sentative of a New Zealand firm for a joint-
ly-owned factory in New Zealand have been
completed, according to press reports from
Sweden.

The Swedish company will establish a fac-
tory at Rotoura on the northern island of New
Zealand for the manufacture of fishing rods,

trolling spoons, and other sport fishing equip-

ment. (U.S. Consul in Goteborg, Sweden,
June 23, 1960.)

Peru

FISH-MEAL INDUSTRY SEEKS TO LIMIT
PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS:

A deepening crisis in the Peruvian fish-meal industry,
due to overproduction, declining world demand, and prices
which have fallen to a point generally considered to be be-
low the cost of production in most if not all instances, has
caused Peruvian fish-meal producers to try to find a mu-
tually acceptable course of unified action to meet the pres-
ent critical situation. Some elements of the industry have
expressed doubt that these efforts will be successful, and
it has been suggested that the Peruvian Government may
have to take action to curtail fish-meal production if the
industry is unable to do so, Other elements believe that
the industry will tend to be somewhat chaotic for the next
year, during which a substantial percentage of existing
plants will be forced to close or to change ownership, but
that eventually, through the operation of economic factors,
the situation will normalize and that, as a result, Peru will
have a less spectacular but a sounder and stronger indus-
try.

The Sociedad Nacional de Pesqueria (The National Fish-
eries Society), the trade association of the Peruvian fish-
ery industry, has been endeavoring to help the fish-meal
industry achieve stability through its sponsorship of ef-
forts to counteract the present situation of overproduction
and plummeting prices. Representatives of the Society
have expressed the belief that the industry can achieve
stability by fixing maximum production at 400,000 to
450,000 metric tons, a production quota which probably
would give the Peruvian industry a fair and equitable
share of the world market, and would permit prices to re-
cover sufficiently to give producers a reasonable profit.

Under the auspices of the Society, meetings of repre~
sentatives of the Peruvian fish~meal industry were held
June 23 and June 30, 1960. The purpose of the meetings
was twofold: To consider reports of committees which
had been asked to recommend measures for limiting pro-
duction and exports as a means of bringing stability to the
Peruvian industry, and to consider a proposal that the
Government of Peru be asked to suspend the issuance of
licenses for new fish~meal plants while the problem of
overproduction in Peru continues, (In that connection, it
has been reported that the Ministry of Agriculture, Bu-
reau of Fisheries and Hunting, has been withholding li-
censes for 12 new fish-meal plants.) The proposals were
rejected by the large majority of those attending on the

Vol. 22, No. 9

ground that they were contrary to Peru’s traditional pol-
icy of freedom of commerce and industry.

The proposal advanced for consideration at the first
meeting was that the 74 existing fish-meal plants should
be assigned production quotas. That assigned to each
plant appears to have been its fullest possible production
capacity. The total of the fixed quotas for the 74 plants
was 1,021,400 tons. Plants in a second group, consisting
of new plants without production history for 1959 or the

. first 4 months of 1960, including those under construction,

were to be limited to 40 percent of their authorized capaci~
ty, as specified in their licenses. The proposal did not
come to a vote because of the strong opposition voiced at
the meeting. The proposal offered at the second meeting
is understood to have involved the establishment of four
categories of plants according to size, with the objective
that the production capacity of each group would be re-
duced by a specified percentage agreeable to the.plants in
each group. It also proved to be unacceptable.

A new committee, whose members consist of repre-
sentatives of large producers, of small producers, and of
new plants which have received licenses to operate but
which have not yet entered into production, has been asked
to seek new means of coordinated action acceptable to the
several groups involved. Among suggestions for measures
to be considered are the establishment of closed seasons
for anchovy fishing, which would automatically reduce pro-
duction, and a request to the Government for exemption of
the fish~meal industry from duties and taxes in order to re-
duce costs below the world price.

Following the first meeting, data appeared in the press
which pointed up the seriousness of the existing problem of
overproduction in the Peruvian fish-meal industry. World
consumption of fish-meal was estimated at 875,000 tons,
whereas the export potential of world=producing countries
(including Peru at 400,000 tons) was estimated at
1,070,000 tons, or nearly 200,000 more than world consump~
tion. Moreover, Peru must not only compete on the bases of
price and quality with other producing countries, including
Chile, for the available markets, but it must meet European
buyer resistance to offers of $60 per ton, increased freight
rates from Peruvian ports to Europe, and the threat of re=
strictions in United States, British, and other markets whose
domestic producers are seeking limitations on imports of
fish-meal from Peru. An especially serious consequence of
the present situation was stated to be the substantial reduc-
tion in revenues to the Government from taxes on fish=meal
exports, an important source of income during recent years
for the national budget.

The only official statistics for fish meal yet available for
1960 are those for exports during the first quarter of the
year. They show a total of 148,091 tons for the first three
months, or a monthly average of about 49,000 tons. Other
data based upon shipping manifests show total shipments for
January through May of approximately 250,000 tons, jor a
monthly average exceeding 51,000 tons. It is of interest
to note that more than 72 percent of the shipments for
the five-month period went to countries in Europe, princi-
pally the Netherlands and Germany; 10 percent went to the
United States. Projecting exports for the full year at the
same rate, the 1960 export total would be about 612,000
tons, compared with 277,600 tons exported in 1959 and
105,777 tons exported in 1958. Production in the latter
year, the latest for which actual production data are avail=
able, amounted to 126,900 tons. Considering that between
80 and 85 percent of Peru’s fish-meal production has been
exported, total production in 1959 may be estimated at about
335,000 tons, and that for 1960 (at January~May level of
production) at about 725,000 tons.

It has been suggested that Peru’s fish-meal production in
1960 could exceed a million tons, because of the number of
new plants coming into production and the expansion of exist-
ing plant and fishing facilities. However, some industry ex-
perts believe that a more realistic production figure for the
current year would be about half that amount. They cite the

September 1960

Peru (Contd.):

strike of anchovy fishermen in April and May, the seasonally
lighter supply of anchovy for six months beginning in May,
and above all the world price situation, as limiting factors
for Peru’s over-all fish-meal production in the current year.
Since present world prices are below cost of production in
Peru, it is considered likely that some plants may close for
the time being. Those with sufficient financial backing can
afford to wait out the crisis. Others may find themselves in
stringent circumstances and be forced to remain closed per-
manently.

The consensus at present is that no solution of Peru’s
problem of overproduction through concerted action of
Peruvian producers is in sight, due to the natural reluctance
of producers or prospective producers to agree to curtail
their output. The large established producers who under-
stand the seriousness of the situation probably could find a
mutually agreeable basis for limiting production in the cir-
cumstances. Newcomers to the industry, not appreciating
the world situation and the menace to the entire Peruvian in-
dustry, including themselves, are concerned only with prompt
returns on investments. In the end, some agreement ona
production quota may be reached, but it probably would be a
series of compromises without real value,

Some representatives of the industry have suggested that
the world can use much more fish meal than it is willing to
buy at present, and that the eventual solution of Peru's prob-
lem will come through wider use of the product, They be-
lieve such a trend could develop~~possibly beginning in four
months or so~-when all fish meal sold under forward con-
tracts at high prices has been absorbed, and all buyers have
had the advantage of the moderate~priced product. They be-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

lieve Peru can produce about half a million tons of fish meal
a year and that the industry itself, emerging from the pres-
ent crisis as a stronger and better developed segment of
Peru's economy, will maintain that rate of production, ac-
cording to the report dated July 7, 1960, from the United
States Embassy in Lima.

26
Portugal

CANNED FISH INDUSTRY, 1959:

In 1959, Portugal exported 76,986 metric
tons of canned fish, valued at 1,142 million
escudos (US$39.7 million) as compared with
68,102 tons in 1958, valued at 1,035 million
escudos (US$35.9 million). Exports in 1959
were at a record high and were substantially
higher than in 1958, another record year.
The United States, one of Portugal's leading
customers, purchased some 7,340 tons, valued
at nearly US$5 million, but not including a
small amount shipped to United States Terri-

tories.

Considerable competition among Portu-

guese exporters resulted in lower export
prices in 1959, despite ae.

roduction

Table 1 - Portugal's Exports of Canned Fish by Type, and Country of Destination, 19591/
i Metric} US$ | Metric | US$ | Metric] US$ | Metric US$
_Tons | 1,000 |_Tons_ | 1,000 | Tons | 1,000} Tons | 1,000
2,707 | 1,951 40 20 198 124| 7,340 | 4,967
- = - = 60 42 111 66
Pris te 19 13 4 3 - - 381 17
3 2 - - 152 55| 1,535 676
1 1 - - 28 11 380 172
50 35 - 2 44 17 250 123
'70 4g | - = 18 6 358 179
117 82 37 18 85 32| 2,508 1,201
10 7 51 25| 406 150| 1,286 561
90 63| 913 | 464 15 6| 5,026 | 2,449
183 127 32 17 5 i] Gp 314
18 12 2 1 161 41 311 114
- - 12 7 - - 118 56
2 BN = 2 1 342 156
1,040] 702] 213 106 135 55| 4,573 | 2,322
208 145 72 36 3 1| 16,899 | 8,507
2 15) | = - : 2,315 1,076
74 50 27 | N.A.| 1,168 | 232] 2,262 760
7 5 4 2 16 4| 1,140 540
995 | 887 | 1,562 | 783] 958| 377] 10,199 | 6,005
3 2 | = = 107 37 325 137
2 1 2 1 =|| <= 114 52
15 11 17 9 39 13 730 338)
Z 2 = = 70 25 139 57
10 7 - = 13 9 806 380
Aiprevince: 10 Al) = 57 29] 1,087 502
2 || = 360 | 312] 2,411 1, 207
<2 23 17 = = = = 540 256
3 Bala = 158 58 549 240
8 6 15 7 2 1 956 422
253 178 172 89 14 2] 1,831 1,019
= E = = - = 353 157
54 37 2 rh Be - 180 98
179 125 5 3 5 1] 7,688 | 3,582)
214 82 58 2 1 5 4 392 277
42 119 82 52 26 35 12| 1,030 521

Tot ae (59, 136 28,9

|1/Includes nations with shipments of lessthan 100 tons or not individually identified.

Note: Values converted at the rate of one Portuquese escudo eg

als US$0.03472.

64

Portugal (Contd.):

costs, especially for fillets of anchovies
which were sold at the prewar price. Bythe
end of the season, however, the prices for
stocks on hand increased--this in turn caused
prices to rise to a level which resulted in
buyer resistance.

Actually the canned fish pack in 1959 was
below that for 1958, and the record high ex-
ports were achieved by using the 1958 carry-
over stocks.

Exports of canned tuna to Italy suffered
due to competition from Japanese and Scan-
dinavian tuna which entered Italy duty free.

The drop in the 1959 pack was due princi-
pally to sardines--the 1959 landings were
16,000 tons less than in 1958. But mackerel
and tuna landings also dropped in 1959. It
was reported that the decline in the landings
of sardines was not due to a natural scarcity
but rather to the canners not buying to meet
their needs because ex-vessel prices were
considered too high.

able 2 - Portugal's Sardine Landings,
1958-59, and 1959 Utilization

1,000Escudos} US$1,000

123, 314
139, 339

341, 628
317,956

11, 820
11,001

Utilization, 1959:

Canning .... 62, 204 180, 369 6,240
Saltingme sae 1,053 1,923 67
Fresh fish 60,05 159, 336 5,513

123, 314 341, 628 11, 820

In addition, the industry was plagued by a
low selling price for its pack. At one point
the price was so low that French packers at-
tempted to keep the Portugese product out
of France. On the other hand, in the latter
part of the year an extremely high price pre-
vailed. Although the ex-vessel price for sar-
dines in1959 was higher than in 1958, the ex-
port price for canned sardines was much
lower in 1959.

In 1959, sardine landings declined to
123,314 metric tons from 139,339 tons in
1958 (table 2). Of the amount landed in1959,
62,204 tons were canned. (Conservas de
Peixe, April 1960.) or
Note: (1) Values converted at the rate of: 1958, 1 escudo equals

US$0.0346; 1959, 1 escudo equals US$0.0347.

(2) Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960
p- 60.

1K OK XK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,
FIRST QUARTER 1960:

' Portugal's exports of canned fish during
the first quarter of 1960 amounted to16,684
metric tons, or 924,000 cases. Sardines
comprised the bulk of the exports with 85.6
percent of the total, followed by anchovy fil-
lets (7.2 percent).

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-March, 1959 and 1960

During January-March 1960, Portugal's
most important canned fish buyers were
Germany with 3,732 tons, followed by the
United States with 2,114 tons, the United
Kingdom with 2,025 tons, and Italy with1,509
tons. The principal canned fish products
imported by the United States were sardines
(957 tons) and anchovy fillets (633 tens).
(Conservas de Peixe, May 1960.)

% Kk Ok ok

CANNED FISH PACK,
FIRST QUARTER 1960:

The total Portuguese pack of canned fish,
in oil or sauce, for the first quarter of 1960
amounted to 4,392 metric tons, or 287,000
cases. Sardines accounted for 51.8 percent
of the total pack. Anchovy fillets followed
with 31.6 percent. (May 1960 Conservas de
Peixe.)

Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1959 and 1960

Product

In oil or sauces

8

340 17
[ET Gta: es ssa [P4539 28 | 87a |e ae OGM

ok ok KOK

FISH CANNING INDUSTRY FAILS TO
IMPROVE EXPORT PRACTICES:

The important Portuguese sardine can-
ning industry in 1959 again failed to improve

September 1960

Portugal (Contd.):

inefficient export practices. Industry leaders
and government officials have continued to
point out that with about 250 canneries (in-
cludes 75 canneries with less than 21 work-
ers) and over 2,000 brands of sardines, Por-
tuguese sardine exports cannot be effectively
advertised or marketed. This has been a
disappointment to many in the industry who
believe Portugal could improve her exports
substantially through an agreed reduction of
the number of export brands, the adoption of
more standard packaging and, especially, an
advertising campaign abroad similar to that
carried out by Norwegian sardine canners,
the United States Embassy in Lisbon stated
in a June 21, 1960, dispatch.

Singapore

FISHERIES TRENDS, 1959:

Estimated commercial landings of fishery
products in Singapore during 1959 amounted
to about 11,300 metric tons. Total consump-
tion (landings plus imports) in 1959
was estimated at about 38,900 tons. The
number of fishing vessels licensed in 1959
included 1,904 without power, 639 vessels
with outboard motors, and 154 vessels with
inboard motors--a total of 2,697 craft.

There is very little processing of fish in
Singapore. During periods of good catches
some anchovies are boiled in brine and sold
as boiled fish. The boiled-in-brine anchovies
may also be sun-dried and sold locally as
dried "billis.'' In addition, some red snap-
pers are salt-cured. (United States Consu-
late, Singapore, report of June 23, 1960.)

South-West Africa

NEW TYPE SPINY LOBSTER
COLLAPSIBLE TRAP TESTED:

Research vessels of the South-West Africa
Administration are conducting tests on a new
type of spiny lobster trap which has been de-
signed and developed in South-West Africa
for use on the Union and South-West African
coasts.

Although the final report on the traps is
not yet available, the results of two tests al-
ready carried out were as follows:

COMMERCIAL FISHEREIES REVIEW 65

(1) One trap was lowered to the bottom for
30 minutes in 25 fathoms of water and ina
thinly populated area. Upon hauling, itwas
found to contain 15 fairly large spiny lobsters.

(2) Thirty spiny lobsters were caught and
left submerged in the trap, for 15 hours.
When the trap was hauled up the lobsters were
still in the trap, although there was every in-
dication that they were exhausted.

These results emphasize two of the claims
made for the new traps, namely that they are
successful in attracting spiny lobsters, and
that once in the trap they have little chance of
escape.

ANC

Top: Spiny lobster trap collapsed for storage.
Botton: Ready for use--trap is 42 inches across the base and when

opened is 9 inches high. Bait basket in center is rectangular,
although later models haye a triangular bait basket so that it can
be collapsed to form an integral part of the trap.

The trap is constructed in the form of a
metal framework of truncated pyramid shape
with a hexagonal base. The sides slope up-
wards and inwards to a long opening suffi-
ciently large to allow the lobster to enter the
trap. Inside the framework is a wire-mesh
bait basket of triangular shape.

In use, the lobsters crawl up the side of
the trap to reach the bait in the basket. They
cannot take the bait without actually entering
the trap, and, once they are inside, the possi-
bility of escape is remote.

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

South-West Africa (Contd.):

The trap measures 42 inches across the
base and is 9 inches high. It weighs less
than ten pounds and is estimated to hold be-
tween 40 and 50 average-size spiny lobsters.
For storage purposes, the traps collapse to
a thickness of one inch; enabling boats to
carry large numbers in a limited space. It
is expected that dinghies will be able to car-
ry more than eight traps.

As the spiny lobster cannot remove bait
from the traps, bait expenditure is expected
to be considerably reduced. The traps have
also been constructed so as not to hook on
the sea bottom. They will be manufactured
in South-West Africa under a Union patent.
(South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review April 1960.)

eee

Spain

LICENSES IMPORTS OF FROZEN TUNA:

The Spanish Government in July 1960 is-
sued import licenses for 10,000 metric tons
of frozen tuna. It is reported that there has
been a flood of offers from various countries
to sell frozen tuna, including some albacore
at the low price of US$180 (delivered in
Spain).

The Japanese Government, noting that
Spanish canned tuna in brine is at present
competing with the Japanese product in the
United States market, does not regard ex-
ports of frozen tuna to Spain as desirable.
Up through July it had not licensed any such
exports. However, Japanese trading compa-
nies which handle frozen tuna are trying to
get Government approval, feeling that other-
wise the Spanish market will be completely
taken over by other countries. (The Suisan
Tsushin, July 21, 1960.)

ok ok Ok ok

FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL-JUNE 1960:

Fish Exchange: A total of 13,923 metric
tons of fish were landed during the second
quarter of 1960, as compared with 11,968
tons for the previous quarter and 15,165 tons
for the second quarter of 1959.

Landings of the most important species
during the second quarter of 1960 were: 754
metric tons of albacore (665 tons for the

Vol. 22, No.9

second quarter of 1959); 1,694 tons of small
hake (2,498 tons for the first quarter and
2,571 tons for the second quarter of 1959);
and 2,457 tons of horse mackerel (1,198 tons
for the first quarter and 1,927 tons for the
second quarter of 1959). Second quarter 1960
sardine landings amounted to 1,482 tons
(1,083 tons for the first quarter and 962 tons
for the second quarter of 1959), Ex-vessel
prices for sardines averaged 7.07 pesetas
per kilo (5.3 U. S. cents a pound based on a
rate of 60 pesetas to US$1 in effect since
July 18, 1959)as compared with 6.52 pesetas
per kilo (7.0 U. S. cents a pound based on a
rate of 42 pesetas to US$1) in the same peri-
od of 1959.

The average price per kilo for all fish at
the Exchange for the total catch during the
second quarter of 1960 was 9.41 pesetas (7.1
U. S. cents a pound) as compared with 11.63
pesetas (8.8 U. S. cents a pound) in the first
quarter of 1960 and 11.32 pesetas (12.2 U.S.
cents a pound) in the second quarter of 1959.

Landings of large hake, which have a high
ex-vessel value, increased in the second
quarter of 1960 to 234 tons from 85 tons dur-
ing the previous quarter, but were down
sharply from the 538 tons landed in the first
quarter of 1959. The average price per kilo
for large hake during the quarter was 42.65
pesetas (32.2 U. S. cents a pound) as com-
pared with 56.11 pesetas (42.4 U. S. cents a
pound) for the previous quarter and 39.7
pesetas (42.9 U. S. cents a pound) for the
first quarter of 1959.

Canning: With the lifting of the ban on
sardine fishing in April 1960, and the initia-
tion of the albacore season, canning activity
in the Vigo area moved into full gear. An-
ticipation of another favorable export year
has increased demand for both albacore and
sardines both of which were in better supply
than in the second quarter of 1959. Canners
paid (based on peseta valuation) on the aver-
age about 44 percent more for albacore and
about 7 percent more for sardines than inthe
second quarter of 1959.

The amount of fish purchased (2,469 tons)
by the canners during the second quarter of
1960 exceeded that of the same period in1959
by 812 tons, another indication of the indus-
try's optimism as the new canning season
got under way.

In addition to the higher costs paid for
albacore and sardines, the canning industry
is currently paying more for olive oil.

September 1960

Spain (Contd.):

While the problem of tinplate supplies, a
perennial plague to the canning industry, was
resolved by the liberalization of imports of
this product, the new customs duties promul-
gated in June 1960 have raised the price of
imports and threaten to raise the cost of na-
tionally-manufactered tinplate. The new duty,
which is 30 percent ad valorem plus an ad-
ditional charge of 12 percent ad valorem, has
raised the price of imports approximately 11
percent. A 195-pound box of imported tin-
plate (from Western Europe) which was pre-
viously 1,677.21 pesetas ($27.95), now costs
1,856.70 pesetas ($30.95). At the present
time, because of the unavailability of ma-
chinery necessary for the initial lamination
process, the national tinplate industry has
not been able to supply the national market,
and it is doubted that the higher duties on
imported tinplate will in any way contribute
to the solution of the national producers!
problems. Canners are particularly resent-
ful of the new duties because in their view
they are pointless, and only serve to raise
their production costs and offer protection
to an industry which is not in a position to
make use of it.

Exports: In spite of increased costs for
olive oil and tinplate, Vigo fish canners an-
ticipate another exceptional year, particular-
ly in exports of canned albacore to the United
States. Forecasts run as high as double 1959
export levels, which in turn were well above

Authorized!/ Exports of Canned Fish from Vigo Area

1959 1958

1, 335 | 1,050, 407
15

9
T, 251, 384 | 382 | 329, 847

The actua! level of exports
will probably depend in large measure on the
supply of fresh albacore available for can-
ning. At the moment, the outlook is favor-

1958 exports.

able. One factor, however, which helped —
boost 1959 exports, which is not present this
year, was the surplus stocks unsold from the
1958 canning year, and which were exported
in the summer of 1959 when the devaluation
of the peseta stimulated the canned fish ex-
port boom. (United States Consulate report
from Vigo, July 15, 1960.)
x KOK KOK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

NORWEGIAN-TAGGED TUNA

CAUGHT OFF SPANISH MOROCCO:
In June of

1960, a Spanish

fishing boat

caught a large

tuna in the At-

lantic off the

coast of what

was formerly

Spanish Moroc-

co, near Lar-

ache. When

caught the tuna

had a harpoon

protruding from

the dorsal fin

area. A refer-

ence in Johan-

nes Hamre's

book '' Annales

Biologiques' in-

dicates that the

harpoon is of

the type used by

Norwegians in

the summer of .

1958 to tag 18 re

tuna in Norwe-

gian waters. At

the time of tag-

ging the largest

tuna weighed

roughly 263 he

pounds. The ‘

tuna caught off

Morocco weighed

397 pounds when

landed. So over a two-year period a probable

growth of at least 134 pounds took place.

Norwegian tagging harpoon removed
from tuna caught off Spanish Morocco.

--Francisco Vallecillo Pecino
Ramon de Carranza
Ceuta, Spain

Sweden

FEW VESSELS TO FISH HERRING
OFF ICELAND IN 1960:

Only 11 Swedish fishing vessels from the
Bohus area will take part this year in her-
ring fishing off Iceland. This is a reduction
by almost one-half of the number fishing that
area in 1959. In 1948, about 80 Swedish fish-
ing vessels (a record number) participated.
Since then and up to several years ago the
normal number was some 30 vessels. Most
of the boats making the journey this year left

68

Sweden (Contd.):

port on July 18, and were expected back late
in September.

Fishermen say that it is most uncertain
whether any vessels will make the journey in
1961. The reasons for the sharp drop in
Swedish vessels fishing for herring off Ice-
land are: (1) it has proved difficult to re-
eruit full crews for the boats; and (2) Iceland-
ic fishing has not been especially profitable
in late years. This year the financial pros-
pects are said to be poor because of the re-
duction in the price of herring by one crown
per barrel and the firm freight market which
has resulted in higher freight costs. Also, a
large number of the vessels which formerly
took part in Icelandic expeditions are said to
be either sold or discarded. Swedish fisher-
men when fishing for Icelandic herring op-
erate in waters 50-150 sea miles east or
northeast of Iceland. (United States Consu-
late report from Goteborg, July 11, 1960.)

Tunisia

TUNA INDUSTRY CONTINUES TO
USE FOREIGN LABOR:.

Despite the firm intention announced in
1959, by the Tunisian Government to use
only local labor at the Sidi Daoud tuna can-
nery on Cap Bon and the takeover of the can-
nery by the Tunisian National Fisheries Of-
fice, certain skilled jobs traditionally per-
formed by Portuguese women and Spanish
seamen are still held by nationals of those
countries.

The tuna fishing season in Tunisia runs
from early May to early July. This season
19 Portuguese women were employed to pack
tuna meat in cans, while 30 Tunisian women
were being trained. The Portuguese labor
will be eliminated as soon as possible, ac-
cording to Tunisian officials.

Captains of fishing boats traditionally
have been Spaniards who follow the tuna
across North Africa, working for a series
of canneries. This season, 1 Spanish cap-
tain and 7 other Spaniards were employed at
Sidi Daoud. The Director of the National
Fisheries Office said skills required by the
tasks and the seasonal nature of the em-
ployment make it unlikely they will be re-
placed by Tunisians in the near future, the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

United States Embassy in Tunis reported on
July 7, 1960.

Turkey

IKENDERUN FISHERY TRENDS,

JUNE 1960:

An Austrian citizen who resides in the United States
jand who-has been the leading figure in the Iskenderun
(on eastern edge of Mediterranean) fishing industry for
the past 6 or 7 years reports that the shrimp catch
(September 1959-May 1960) was below normal, amount-
ing to about 50 tons. Approximately 28 tons were export-
ed to Syria and Lebanon and the remainder consumed in
Turkey. There were no exports during the 1959/60 sea-
son to the United States due to price factors. The Austri-
an citizen explained that shrimp has been abundant in the
United States, and the prices in New York have been too
low. Turkish shrimp, although of excellent size and quali-
ty, cannot be sold profitably in the United States at less
than 75 cents a pound, On the other hand, the demand in
Syria and Lebanon has been strong and prices correspond-
ingly high. As to the future, the Austrian citizen believes
the prospects for shrimp exports to the United States may
improve due to higher prices at New York. Egypt and Le~
banon have recently signed a commercial agreement which
grants Egyptian shrimp duty-free entry into Lebanon, The
result has already been noted in reduced exports of Isken~
derun shrimp to Beirut, Lebanon, Syria, particularly Alep-
po, is now the main market for Iskenderun’s fish products.
This and other factors may favor the export of Iskenderun
shrimp to the United States, but the volume will not exceed
5-10 tons and will in all probability be less, according to
the Austrian citizen.

In June this year the Austrian was in Iskenderun await-
ing the turtle season which this year has failed to materia-
lize. Last year he slaughtered over 2,000 turtles and shipped
the frozen meat to West Germany. This year, for reasons
no one understands, there have been none. The eel catch
from Amik Lake near Ankara has also been far below normal
this year for equally mysterious reasons. The Austrian citi-
zen is turning his attention to the development of yellow pike
in Turkey. Last year he shipped a few sample packages of
yellow pike fillets, eaught in the lakes near Samsun and Izmir,
to a number of places including Philadelphia and Buffalo. The
results were excellent, and he believes the possibilities a-
bound to develop this fish in many areas of Turkey. He cites
the lakes that have been created behind dams such as the Sey-
han in Adana as excellent breeding grounds for yellow pike
or carp. He says the program to develop fresh-water fish in
Turkey would only require a little know-how and initiative and
very little capital and cites his experience in developing the
fish industry in Israel as supporting evidence. He is not op~
timistic that the Turks can or will supply any of these neces~
sary ingredients.

The manager of the Iskenderun Meat and Fish Office con-
firms that there have been no recent shrimp exports to the
United States and that the past season has been a poor one for
the local fishing industry. He attributes this in part to the
primitive methods and equipment used and the lack of any or-
ganized development program. The variation in the quantity
of shrimp from year to year cannot be explained. The man~
ager also mentioned a project to establish a canning plant for
eels and turtle meat in Iskenderun, which he believes an A-
merican firm in conjunction with local fishing firms is con-
sidering. He thinks such a venture would be successful and
would promote the local production of these items and possi=
bly others. It could also be an important foreign- exchange

| earner. (United States Consulate in Iskenderun, Turkey,

reported on June 24, 1960.)

September 1960

U. S. S. R.

POLAND AND EAST GERMANY EXPORT
FISHING VESSELS TO SOVIET UNION:
Poland and East Germany have become
important exporters of fishing craft to the
Soviet Union. By the end of 1965 Poland is
scheduled to deliver 19 vessels of the ''Les-
kow' type, combination trawlers and fac-
toryships of 1,250 tons, according to the

June 7 issue of Vodnyj Transport,

During the last two years Poland has de-
livered 4 motherships and in 1960 will de-
liver 3 more of the same type. Each ofthese
has the capacity to receive and process the
catch of 4 trawlers.

East Germany delivers to the Soviet Un-
ion annually up to 75 medium trawlers with
cold-storage facilities. At present East
German shipyards are building vessels of
the ''Tropik'' type which are designed to fish
for sardines and tuna. A number of these
vessels will be delivered next year. (Fisk-
ets Gang, July 7, 1960.)

United Kingdom

DIELECTRIC METHOD FOR
THAWING FISH DEVELOPED:

The industrial thawing of frozen fish
which normally takes up to 24 hours in air,
can now be done in about 15 minutes by di-
electric heating. This new development is
the result of work at the Torry Research
Station in Aberdeen, Scotland.

It is of economic importance, especially
in view of the steadily increasing large-scale
utilization of frozen fish.

The method, known as dielectric thawing,
depends on the fact that if any material is
placed between, but without touching, two
metal plates which are charged with an al-
ternating voltage of many thousands of volts
at a frequency of about 40 million cycles per
second, energy is produced in the material
in the form of heat.

Under well defined conditions, fish may
be uniformly thawed throughout a block of
the frozen material--either as whole fish
as in the case of herrings, or as fillets. It
is possible to control conditions far more
accurately than in existing methods, for ex-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

ample, So that individual fish in a block may
be separated while remaining partially fro-
zen.

Laboratory-scale experiments at the Re-
search Station have shown that it is possible
to use dielectric heating successfully ontiny
pieces of frozen fish. Pilot-scale apparatus,
using slightly modified equipment which is
commercially available, was therefore set
UP. Initially, the problem of ''runaway heat-
ing was encountered; small portions of
blocks of fish absorbed the major part of the
available energy and became cooked, while
the rest of the block remained hard-frozen.

This problem has now been solved, and
fish may be fed into the machine on an end-
less belt and thawed in 15 minutes.

The implications of this work are very
wide. At present fish is thawed by laying it
out in the air; it is sometimes, in addition,
sprayed with water. Under these conditions,
fish on the outside of a block thaws quickly
and begins to deteriorate, while that in the
middle remains frozen. Apart from possible
deterioration, however, existing methods are
slow, require much labor and factory space,
and are unsuitable for fish factories with
production lines.

The new method requires no handling dur-
ing thawing, is quick, and therefore keeps
deterioration to a minimum, and the equip-
ment occupies only a few square yards of
floor space.

The capital cost--about £10,000 (US$28,000)
for equipment to thaw one ton of fish per
hour--is comparable to that for freezing e-
quipment of similar capacity.

Running and depreciation costs appear to
compare fayorably with the costs of existing
methods of thawing.

The potential results of this development,
which is the subject of a patent application,
are such that they could revolutionize cer-
tain sections of the fish handling and proc-
essing industry in a relatively short space
of time. (Fishing News, July 8, 1960.)

% OI OK OK OK

JAPANESE NEGOTIATE FOR
PURCHASE OF WHALING FLEET:

A British whaling company announced on
July 12, 1960, that conditional agreement

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

(subject to approval by the Japanese Govern-
ment) had been reached with a Japanese
whaling company for the sale of the British
fleet consisting of the factoryship Balaena,
the refrigerated vessel Enderby, and 7 whale
catchers. The total book value of the British
fleet as of July 31, 1959, was £1,711,858
(US$4,793,000). Net proceeds from the sale
are estimated to be about £2.5 million (US$7
million).

Although the British firm gave no reason
for disposing of their whaling fleet, it is be-
lieved to be due to dwindling profits from
Antarctic whaling. The British firm hada
net profit of £71,333 ($200,000) in 1958, but
showed a net loss of $490,471 ($1,373,000)
in 1959,

Additions to Japanese and Russian whal-
ing fleets and a limited resource, plus de-
clining world whale-oil prices may be con-
tributing factors to the British firm's deci-
sion to dispose of its fleet. Whale oil that
sold in London in 1950 for £127.10.0 ($357)
a long ton had dropped to #£:77.10.0 ($217) in
1958 and sold for only 1:72.10.0 ($203) along

Vol. 22, No.9

ton in 1959 and 1960. The Japanese, with a
good market for whale meat, are not so de-
pendent on the world price for whale oil in
order to operate at a profit. (U. S. Embassy
in London, July 14, 1960.)

% OK KK

TRADERS DISTURBED THAT
U.S. FISH MEAL DEMAND
HAS DROPPED OFF:

United Kingdom traders in protein meals
are disturbed by reports that the United States
demand for fish meal this year would be less
than a year ago. It is pointed out in Britain
that fish meal prices have dropped some 40
percent since Christmas and that with Peru
producing large quantities, only the United
States can relieve the distressed market
situation. Imports of fish meal have been
increased by most European countries dur-
ing the past six months, but demand is nor-
mally more unelastic in Europe than in the
United States.

It is claimed that for the first time, ani-
mal protein meal is selling at less than veg-
etable meal. (United States Embassy, Lon-
don, report of July 18.)

—

vegetation.

and/or FAO was to be sought.

Some information on the control of aquatic weeds (especially with 2, 4-D) and in-
cluding the available data on manatees and nutria was sent to the Transport Division
of ECAFE at its request by FAO's Regional Fisheries Officer in Bangkok. However,

[ees constituted FAO's only contribution to the study.

MANATEE FOR AQUATIC VEGETATION CONTROL?

The Review, vol. 22, no. 4 (April 1960), on page 5, reported that the Food and Ag-
riculture Organization and the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council are exploring the possi-
bility of introducing manatees (sea cows) into Ceylon and Thailand to control aquatic

The Director of the Fisheries Division, FAO, wrote on August 23, 1960, that the
report is substantially incorrectand misleading since neither FAO nor the IPFC are
studying the practicability of suchan introduction nor are they backing such a project.

The Director in his letter points out that the genesis of the statement may lie in
the fact that a project for water-weed clearance in navigable waterways, including a
study of several methods, including the use of "herbivorous water animals,
ed in the Report of the Inland Transport Committee (7th Session) to the Economic Com-
mission for Asia and the Far East 14thSession, Malaya, 1958. The cooperation of TAA

" was list-

September 1960

4

Federal Trade Commission

SHRIMP-PROCESSING MACHINERY
FIRM DENIES CHARGES OF
UNFAIR COMPETITION:

A New Orleans shrimp- processing machin-
ery firm has denied Federal Trade Commis-
sion charges of using unfair methods of com-
petition which have unlawfully hindered its
competitors in the shrimp-processing ma-
chinery business (answer 7887, Shrimp).
Joining in the firm's answer are the firm's
6 active partners, who were cited in the May
13, 1960, complaint of the Commission as the
firm's active partners and as representative
of approximately 26 limited partners.

A separate answer was filed by the Houma,
La., packing company, which is a silent part-
ner and also is owned and controlled by mem-
bers of the family owning the New Orleans
shrimp-processing machinery firm. The
Houma company processes and cans raw
shrimp which is taken primarily from the
Gulf Coast fishing area; and the New Orleans
firm leases, licenses, and sells shrimp-pro-
cessing machinery, suchascleaners, graders,
deveiners, and separators.

Both companies deny Commission allega-
tions that they have combined in carrying out
various unfair practices engaged in by the
New Orleans firm, and that these practices
have given the New Orleans firm a virtual
monopoly in the domestic shrimp-processing
machinery industry and otherwise lessened
competition.

For example, the complaint alleged, the
New Orleans firm has obtained exclusive rights
to processing machinery through agreements
with patentees and prospective patentees but
in most instances never attempted to manu-
facture, develop, or commercially exploit the
machinery; also, the firm has acquired from
inventors rights to all their future inventions
in this field.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ACTIONS

71

To this, the company refers to the agree-
ments ''for a full and complete statement of
the terms thereof."

The complaint also charged that the New
Orleans firm unfairly filed patent infringe-
ment suits against manufactures and users
of a competitive peeler developed by a New
Orleans inventor and patented by him in 1957.

Defending its actions, the New Orleans com-
pany declared that this peeling machine was
a full infringement of, and has been judicially
held to be a full infringemengof its valid and
existing patent rights. The answer adds that
the company "intends to assert and will as-
sert its patent rights against any other pur-
chaser or user or manufacturer" of such
machines.

The respondents ask dismissal of the com-
plaint. The New Orleans firm's answer to
Commissioncharges was released by the Com-
mission on July 26, 1960.

* KOK KK

TWO MARYLAND CLAM-DIGGER
ASSOCIATIONS CONSENT TO
ORDER FORBIDDING PRICE-FIXING:

Two Maryland clam-digger associations
have consented to a Federal Trade Commis-
sion order (Consent Order 7578, Seafood)
forbidding them to fix and enforce prices and
selling conditions for seafood and to boycott
dealers seeking better prices.

The Commission affirmed Hearing Exam-
iner Edward Creel's order filed May 23, 1960,
which had been agreed to both by the respond-
ents and the Commission's Bureau of Litiga-
tion.

In its complaint of September 2, 1959, the
Commission charged that since 1958 the re-
spondents had conspired to suppress com~—
petition among themselves and between them-

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

selves and others in the purchase or sale of
soft-shell clams harvested in the Chesapeake
Bay region.

Under this conspiracy, the complaint al-
leged, they (1) established and maintained
uniform and noncompetitive prices and terms
for the purchase or sale of their clams; (2)
boycotted dealers who purchased or sought
to purchase at less than the fixed prices; and
(3) used threats of reprisals, intimidation,
and physical violence and other means toen-
force adherence to their prices and terms.

The Commission's order halting these
practices provides, however, that any asso-
ciation of bona fide clam fishermen acting
pursuant to the Fisherman's Cooperative
Marketing Act is not prevented from perform-
ing any acts permitted by that statute.

The agreement is for settlement purposes
only and does not constitute an admission by
the respondents that they have violated the
law.

2 ok ok ok

TWO FISHERIES FIRMS
FORBIDDEN TO PAY
ILLEGAL BROKERAGE:

Two Seattle, Wash., fishery firms are for-
bidden to pay illegal brokerage to their cus-
tomers under the terms of a consent order
announced July 18, 1960, by the Federal
Trade Commission (Consent Order 7652, Sea-
food). ;

The Commission affirmed its hearing Ex-
aminer's initial decision based on an order
agreed to by the Commission's Bureau of
Litigation, the two companies, and their pres-
ident and sales manager.

The concerns were charged in the com-
plaint of August 6, 1959, with giving certain
purchasers of their seafood pack allowances
in lieu of brokerage or price concessions
reflecting brokerage, in violation of Sec. 2 (c)
of the amended Clayton Act. According to
the complaint, a typical method used was to
give these customers or their agents price
reductions which were coupled with or offset
wholly or partly by reducing the broker's
fee earned on the sales.

The respondent's agreement to discontinue
the challenged practices is for settlement
purposes only and does not constitute an ad-

mission that they have violated the law.
ooo0o0qgo0o00g0n0

Vol. 22, No. 9

Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

NEW TRAINING PROGRAM
FOR KEY EXECUTIVES INITIATED:

A new program designed to broaden the
experience of key executives both in the Wash-
ington and field offices of the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries willbe initiated this month,
Commissioner of U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Arnie J. Suomela announced on August 10.

The first step in the program involves the
exchange of headquarters--and homes--for
most of next year by a Division Chief in the
Washington, D.C., office and the Area Direc-
tor of California.

H. E. Crowther, Chief of the Division of
Industrial Research in Washington, D. C.,
went to California in mid-August to take over
the duties of Area Director in charge of the
Bureau's Area Office at Terminal Island,
Calif.

Donald R. Johnson, now Area Director for
California, reported to Washington late in
August for approximately a year.

Inhis new capacity, Crowther is responsible
for line supervision of all phases of the Bu-
reau's activities in California where the tuna,
sardine, and oceanographic research programs
are of major importance. In his Washington
office position, Crowther has had staff super-
vision of industrial research programs for
the country as a whole.

Crowther's duties in Washington are de-
ing handled by Charles Butler, Saltonstall-
Kennedy Program Coordinator. This gives
Johnson the opportunity to gain experience
in all the fields in which the Bureau functions
since he will serve several months ina staff
capacity in the four Divisions--Administration,
Biological Research, Industrial Research, and
Resource Development--and in the Office of
the Director of the Bureau.

Other similiar exchanges of personnelare
planned for the future.

3k OK ok ok
PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR FISHING
VESSEL CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY:

A notice of Proposed Rule Making covering
procedures for the Fishing Vessel Construct-

September 1960

tion Differential Subsidy Program was pub-
lished in the Federal Register of August 10,
1960. Interested parties had until September
9, 1960, to present suggestions or comments.

This program cannot take effect until the
final regulations are promulgated and funds
are appropriated. There is a possibility that
funds will be appropriated during the present
session of Congress.

The proposed regulations as published
cover the basis and purpose of the program,
difinitions, eligibility requirements, appli-
cants, subsidy, contract, inspection of vessels,
and payment of subsidy.

The Act of June 12, 1960 (Public Law 86-
516) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior
to pay a subsidy for the construction of fish-
ing vessels in shipyards of the United States.

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION

COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO
INVESTIGATE AND RECOMMEND
MINIMUM WAGES IN PUERTO RICO
FOR FOOD AND FISHERY INDUSTRY:

The appointments to, convening, andnotice

of hearings of committees to investigate and
recommend minimum wages in various in-
dustries in Puerto Rico were announced in the
Federal Register of July 29,1960. Among the
committees appointed was one for the food and
related products industry (Industry Commit-
tee No. 49-A), which was to concern itself with
the phases of the food industry which had to
do with canning, preserving (including freez-
ing, drying, dehydrating, curing, pickling, and
similar processes), and packaging of foods,
including meat animals, poultry, milk, and
fish and seafood products, etc.

To the committee was referred the ques-
tion of the minimum wage rates to be fixed
under the provisions of cection 6(c) of Fair
Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended.
The committee was asked to investigate con-
ditions in its industry, hear witnesses, and
receive evidence. The committee convened
on August 15, 1960, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
After the public hearings, the committee was
instructed to recommend to the Wage and

Hour Administrator the highest minimum wage

rates for the industry covered by the commit-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

tee. Therefore, the committee, among its
recommendations, will include recommended
wage rates for the canning and processing of
fishery products in Puerto Rico.

Eighty -Sixth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly affect fisheries
and allied industries are
reported. Introduction,
referral to Committees,
pertinent legislative ac-
tions, hearings, and oth-
er actions by the House
and Senate, as well as
Signature into law or
other final disposition are covered.

BUY AMERICAN ACT: H. R. 13025 (Van Pelt)
on August 17, 1960, introduced a bill to amend title
III of the Act of March 3, 1933, co only referred
to as the Buy American Act, so as to provide that,
to the maximum extent practicable, the procure-
ment of articles, materials, and supplies by the
Federal Government shall be limited to articles,
materials, and supplies domestically produced or
manufactured; referred to the Committee on Public
Works. Provides for purchase of other than United
States-produced goods by Federal Government if
quantity produced in United States is not sufficient
or available in reasonable commercial quantities.

CHEMICAL PESTICIDES COORDINATION ACT:
Regarding a request in the House to consider H. R.
12419, a bill to provide for advance consultation
with the Fish and Wildlife Service and with State
wildlife agencies before the beginning of any Fed-
eral program involving the use of pesticides or
other chemicals designed for mass biological con-
trols, one objection was voiced on August 23 and
the bill was passed over.

COLD SPRING HARBOR MARINE BIOLOGICAL

1960, introduced a joint resolution to authorize the
Secretary of the Interior to establish the Cold
Spring Harbor Marine Biological Reserve; referred
to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
Would preserve in perpetuity the inner harbor of
Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., because
it is an unusual confluence of fresh and salt water
in a protected area containing particularly rich
marine flora and fauna. Since it has been the sub-
ject of marine research for 70 years and since the
town of Oyster Bay plans to dredge the inner harbor,
this bill was introduced to preserve the area's u-
nique features.

COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN FISHERY RESOURCES

(Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, 86th
Congress, 1st Session, on S. Con. Res. 35, a con-
current resolution to make an investigation con-
cerning anadromous fish and S. 2586, a bill to pro-

vide for the conservation of anadromous fish spawn-

ing areas in the Salmon River, Idaho, and S. 1420,
a bill to promote the conservation of migratory
fish and game by requiring certain approval by the
Secretary of the Interior of licenses issued under
the Federal Power Act, November 10 and 12,1959),
Part 2, Astoria, Oreg., and Lewiston, Idaho; 430 pp.,
printed. Contains letters, statements, and resolu-
tions from the public and local government agen-
cies.

FEDERAL FISHING STAMP (Hearings before
the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Con-
servation of the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, House of Representatives, 86th
Congress, 2nd Session, on H. R. 11410, May 31
and June 1, 1960), 58 pp., printed. Contains testi-
mony presented by Government representatives;
certain Departmental and Commission reports;
and information, letters, and statements on the
use of a Federal-State fishing stamp in connection
with noncommercial fishing licenses for nonresi-
dents of states.

FISH & WILDLIFE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH
TRAINING UNITS: On August 23, 1960, the House
passed S. 1781, a bill to establish cooperative unit
programs of research, education, and demonstra-
tion between the Federal Government, colleges,
and universities, the states and territories, and
private organizations in the field of fish and wild-
life resources. The Senate passed this bill May 4,
1960. The bill would continue a program which is
already in progress. Senate on August 27 present-
ed the bill to the President for signature.

FISHING VESSELS AND FREIGHTING OF FISH:
H. R. 13052 (Kilgore) introduced in the House on
August 19, 1960, a bill relating to documentation
and inspection of vessels of the United States; re-
ferred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries. Regarding United States laws relating
to documentation and inspection of vessels of the
United States, the bill reads as follows: ''a vessel
enrolled and licensed, or licensed, as a vessel of
the United States to engage in the fishery, shall
not be deemed to be used in employment for which
not licensed, and shall not be subject to inspection,
solely because such vessel takes on board on the
high seas and transports without charge to a port
of the United States the catch of another fishing
vessel of the United States."

ICA GRANTS FOR FISHERIES; On August 24,
1960, Senator Gruening ordered to be printed in
the Congressional Record, ICA grants to foreign
countries for fishery projects for the past 5 fiscal
years. Grants for 1955 totaled $1,431,561: 1956,
$2,355,503; 1957, $3,415,000; 1958, $1,526,000;
and 1959, $2,201,000.

Vol. 22, No.9

IMPORTED COMMODITY LABELING: Pre-
sented to the President for signature August 26
by the House was H. R. 5054, an act to amend the
Tariff Act of 1930 with respect to the marking of
imported articles and containers. Provides that
when articles, imported in containers required to
be marked, are repackaged in the United States
and offered for sale, the new package shall be
marked with the name of the country of origin.
Imported items which are processed in this
country sufficiently to become an American man-
ufacture are not included in the purview of the
legislation and would not be affected. Passed
House February 2; passed Senate July 2.

INSURANCE INDUSTRY: S. Rept. 1834, The
Insurance Industry--Aviation, Ocean Marine, and
State Regulation (August 10, 1960, 86th Congress,
Second Session, Report of the Committee on the
Judiciary Together with Individual Views made by
its Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly pur-
suant to S, Res. 238), 343 pp., printed. The March
9, 1945, McCarran-Ferguson Act of Public Law15,
established that the Federal antitrust laws ''were
applicable to the business of insurance to the ex-
tent that such business is not regulated by State
law.'' This report is the first comprehensive ef-
fort by Congress to reexamine the insurance in-
dustry in the light of the McCarran-Ferguson Act
and to measure the effectiveness of state regula-
tion. This report deals essentially with the hear-
ings relating to aviation insurance and ocean ma-
rine insurance, and the additional study by the
subcommittee of the structure of state regulation.
With regard to ocean marine insurance, the re-
port deals with the industry structure, exemption
from antitrust laws, the Federal Trade Commis-
sion investigation (discusses marine extension
clause, agreements as to hull forms, protection
and indemnity coverage, rating formula), and the
nature and operation of American Hull Insurance
Syndicate.

INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND RAW MATERI-
ALS RESERVE: 5S. Res. 357 (Humphrey) intro-
duced in the Senate August 9; referred to the Com-
mittee on Foreign Relations: Resolved, That it is
the sense of the Senate that the President should
explore with other nations the establishment of an
International Food and Raw Materials Reserve
under the auspices of the United Nations and re-
lated international organizations for the purpose
of acquiring and storing in appropriate countries
raw or processed farm products and other raw
materials, exclusive of minerals, with a view to
their use in (1) preventing extreme price fluctua-
tions in the international market in these commod-
ities; (2) preventing famine and starvation; (3) help-
ing absorb temporary market surpluses of farm
products and other raw materials (exclusive of
minerals); (4) economic and social development
programs formulated in cooperation with other
appropriate international agencies. Participation
by the United States in such an International Food

September 1960

and Raw Materials Reserve shall be contingent
upon Statutory authorization or treaty approval, as
may be appropriate.

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on
August 29 ordered favorably reported its original
S. Con. Res. 116, expressing the sense of the Con-
gress that the President should explore the creation
of an International Food Program (S. Rept. 1922).
Resolution provides for an international food pro-
gram for furnishing food to less-favorably situated
peoples with a view to its use in --(1) combating
extreme price fluctuations in the international
market; (2) alleviating famine; (3) helping absorb
temporary market surpluses of farm products;

(4) economic and social development programs.

H. Con.Res. 729 (Wolf), favoring further explan-
ation for the establishment of an international food
program for relief purposes, was introduced in the
House August 29; referred to the Committee of
Foreign Affairs.

S. Con. Res. 116 was recieved by the House and
referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

IRRADIATION OF FOOD: National Food Irra-
diation Research Program (Hearing before the Sub-
committee on Research and Development of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of
the United States, 86th Congress, second session,
on national food irradiation research program,
March 31,1960), Part 2,229pp., printed. Contains
statements from Atomic Energy Commission and
Defense Department, and Department of Army
witnesses; additional material submitted for the
record by various Federal officials involved in the
program. Appendixes include reports of various
tests and studies made on acceptability of irradia-
ted food products. Also included is a short bibli-
ography on food preservation by irradiation.

OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF AREA RESTRIC-
TIONS IN GULF OF MEXICO: 8. 3847 (Murray by
request) introduced August 15, 1960, a bill to pro-
vide for the restriction of certain areas in the out-
er Continental Shelf for defense purposes, and for
other purposes (Matagorda Water Range); referred
to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
Similar to S. 3866 (Murray) introduced in the
Senate August 18, 1960.

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATION BILL, 1961:
By unanimous vote, the Senate on August 10, 1960,
passed with amendments H. R. 12326, making ap-
propriations for civil functions administered by
the Department of the Army, certain agencies of
the Department of the Interior, the Atomic Energy
Commission, the Tennessee Vally Authority and
certain study commissions, for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1961. The Senate insisted on its
amendments and asked for a conference and ap-
pointed conferees. H. R, 12326 was passed by the
House May 25, 1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41
uo

On August 22, 1960, the House disagreed to Sen-
ate amendments to H. R. 12326, agreed to a con-
ference, and appointed conferees.

Conference report was submitted to House Au-
gust 26 on H. R. 12326 (H. Rept. 2181). Includes
funds to permit detailed studies by the Fish and
Wildlife Service of numerous Corps of Engineers
and Bureau of Reclamation projects in the United
States. These studies are provided for in the Fish
and Wildlife Coordination Act which require that
the Fish and Wildlife Service determine the prob-
able affects on fish and wildlife resources of wa-
ter control projects under the jurisdiction or con-
trol of the Federal Government and to insure that
fish and wildlife conservation shall receive equal
consideration and be coordinated with other fea-
tures of water-resource development programs.
Measures are recommended to protect and, where
possible, to develop and improve fish and wildlife.
Also includes funds for Lower Columbia River
Fisheries Development, and Lower Columbia River
fish sanctuary program for operation and mainte-
nance by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. .

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMISSION:
S. 1851, for the establishment of a commission on
a Department of Science and Technology was pas-
sed over on August 19. Reported in Senate June
18, 1959, by the Committee on Gov@enment Oper-
ations (Senate Report No. 408). A similar bill,

S. 3887 (Humphrey), was introduced in the Senate
on August 25; referred to the Committee on Gov-
ernment Operations.

SHRIMP IMPORTS: On August 24, 1960, the
Senate Committee on Finance adopted a committee
resolution directing the Tariff Commission to make
a thorough study of the shrimp industry and report
to the Finance Committee early in the next session
of Congress.

SMALL BUSINESS: Small Business Adminis-
tration, 1960 (Annual Review of Programs and _
Activities of the Small Business Administration--
Hearings before the Select Committee on Small
Business, United States Senate, 86th Congress,
Second Session, July 1, 1960. Part 2--Review of
Lending Policies of the Small Business Adminis-
tration), 59 pp., printed. Contains testimony,
memorandums, tables, and charts concerned with
a general review of the Small Business Adminis-
tration's lending policies from July 1, 1958, to
June 30, 1960.

SMALL BUSINESS ACT AMENDMENTS: On
August 25, 1960, the Senate insisted on its amend-
ments to H. R. 11207, to amend the Small Bus-
iness Act so as to authorize an additional $150
million for loans to small business, agreed to
conference requested by House, and appointed
conferees. On the same day, the House disagreed
to Senate amendments to H. R. 11207, requested
a conference with the Senate, and appointed con-
ferees.

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SMALL BUSINESS ADVISORY SERVICES: H. R.
13039 (Schwengel) introduced in the House on Au-
gust 18, 1960, a bill to amend the Small Business
Act to improve and promote the development of a
sound United States economy through the establish-
ment of a program of advisory services to small
business and other concerns, referred to the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency. Provides for as-
sistance to local communities by appointing ad-
visory specialists to aid, advise, and inform small
business concerns.

SMALL BUSINESS AND IMPORTS: The Select
Committee on Small Business submitted on Au-
gust 23, 1960, a report to the Senate entitled 'Im-
pact of Imports on Small Business" (S. Rept. 1908).
The Small Business Committee's report briefly re-
views existing and proposed legislation regarding
tariffs and trade. "Our desire,'' said Senator Ran-
dolph on releasing the report, ''was to provide for
small businessmen an introduction to the aids that
are now available to them, as well as to some of
the ideas that have been advanced for improving
the aids, when import competition becomes a ser-
ious problem.''’ The Committee in its report makes
six recommendations to ease the adverse effects of
imports on small business.

Impact of Imports on American Small Business
(Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Select Com-
mittee on Small Business, United States Senate,
86th Congress, 2nd session, on the impact of im-
ports on American small business, June 16, 1960),
321 pp., printed. Contains statements from Con-
gressmen, Federal officials, and the public.

Senate Report No. 1908, Impact of Imports on Small
Business (August 23, 1960, 86th Congress, Second
Session, Report of the Select Committee on Small
Business), 21 pp., 1 graph, printed. Discusses the
history of import controls, impact of imports on
small business, Federal help available to small busi-
ness, legislative proposals before Congress, and
recommendations of the committee.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: The
House on August 22, 1960, disagreed to Senate
amendments to H. R. 11666, the State, Justice, and
Judiciary appropriation bill for 1961, agreed to a
conference, and appointed conferees. The bill,
which passed the House April 13, 1960, and the
Senate June 30, 1960, provides funds for the United
States to meet its obligations in connection with
participation in nine international fisheries com-
missions.

On August 23, 1960, a conference report on H. R.
11666 was submitted to the House (H. Rept. 2136).

House Report No. 2136, Departments of State
and Justice, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies
Appropriation Bill, 1961 (August 23, 1960, 86th
Congress, Second Session, Report from the Com-
mittee of Conference, to accompany H. R. 11666),
8 pp., printed. Contains the recommendations of
the Conference Committee regarding this appro-
priation bill, which includes funds for nine inter-

Vol. 22, No.9

national fisheries commissions. But none of the
commisssions are mentioned in this report since
there was no disagreement between the House and
Senate on the amount of funds to be provided for
the commissions.

On August 24, 1960, the House considered and a-
dopted conference report onH.R.11666. The Senate
onthe same date also considered and adopted the con-
ference report and cleared the bill for the President.
Conference action provided $1,875,000 for Interna-
tional Fisheries Commissions. This amount is the
same as inthe Senate and House bills. Itisa littleun-
der the 1961 estimate of $1,925,000 anda little over
the 1960 appropriation of $1,725,000. H.R. 11666 was
passed by the House April 13, 1960, andby the Senate
June 30,1960. House presented bill on August 26 to
the President for signature.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FY 1961:
The Senate Committee on Appropriations held hear -
ings on August 14 on proposed supplemental items
to be included in Second Supplemental Appropri-
ations Bill for Fiscal Year1961. Among thetesti-
mony presented was that by Andrew W. Anderson,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, onfunds for
fishing vessel subsidies and Pacific Coast tuna
research program.

H. R. 13161 (Thomas), a bill making supplemen-
tal appropriations for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1961, and for other purposes; introduced in the
House August 26; House Committee on Appropri-
ations on August 26 reported the bill to the House
without amendment (H. Rept. No. 2166). Referred
to the Committee of fhe Whole House on the State
of the Union. Passed the House on August 26, 1960.
This bill contains $100,000 for tuna research pro-
gram and $500,000 to initiate the fishing vessel
differential construction subsidy program. By a
voice vote the House August 26 passed H. R. 13161.
House-passed bill on August 27 was reported to the
Senate (S. Rept. 1925).

House Report No. 2166, Second Supplemental
Appropriation Bill, 1961 (August 26, 1960, 86th
Congress, Second Session, Report from the Com-
mittee on Appropriations, to accompany H. R.
13161), 18 pp., printed. Contains summary of bill
and Committee recommendations. Includes addi-
tional funds for a number of agencies and depart-
ments. For the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
the Committee allowed $100,000 (a reduction of
$200,000 in the budget request) to expand tuna
research in the Eastern Pacific. The Committee
pointed out, "A total of $1,076,000 was recently
made available for tuna research in the regular
1961 Appropriation Act, including $322,600 to con-
tinue special research on Eastern Pacific tunas
which has been conducted over the past three years
at a cost of $760,000. Effective use of the addition-
al amount provided together with available funds
should provide an adequate program during the
remainder of the current fiscal year." The Com-
mittee also approved $500,000 of the $1,000,000
requested to initiate the program for payment
of cost differential subsidies for construction of

September 1960

fishing vessels in United States shipyards as au-
thorized by Public Law 86-516, approved June 12,
1960. "The amount provided should be adequate for
requirements during the remainder of the current
fiscal year,'' states the Committee. Also provided
$100,000 for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife for emergency repair of flood damage at
three national wildlife refuges, and $150,000 for
emergency dredging of the Oxbow Channel at the
De Soto National Wildlife Refuge.

Senate on August 29 passed H. R. 13161, after
adopting by voice vote most committee amendments.

TERRITORIAL WATERS EXTENSION FOR ALA.,
MISS., AND LA.: S. 3851 (Hill for himself and _
Sparkman), introduced in the Senate on August 15,
1960, a bill to amend the Submerged Lands Act to
establish the seaward boundaries of the States of
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as extending
three marine leagues into the Gulf of Mexico and
providing for the ownership and use of the sub-
merged lands, improvements, minerals and natural
resources within said boundaries; referred to the
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Gives
the three states the same seaward boundaries
(3 marine leagues, almost 103 statute miles) as the,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Supreme Court awarded to Florida and Texas.
Similar bills were introduced in the House on the
same day: H. R. 12964 (Roberts); H. R. 12966
(Boykin); and H. R. 12972 (Huddleston). Also H. R.
12994 (Elliot), H R. 12996 (Mc Sween), and H. R.
12997 (Selden) were introduced August 16, 1960,

in the House; and H. R. 13199 (Brooks of La.) in-
troduced in House August 29, 1960.

WAGES--MINIMUM HOURLY RATE INCREASE:
On August 10, 1960, the Senate debated S. 3758, pro-
posing amendments to the Fair Labor Standards
Act, and raising the minimum hourly wage to $1.15
effective January 1, 1961, to $1.20 in 1962, and to
$1.25 in 1963. The present law provides a com-
plete exemption from both the minimum wage
and overtime requirements for fishing operations
and for the processing of seafood. Seafood canning,
however, is now covered by the minimum wage un-
der the existing law and has an exemption only from
the overtime requirements. The Senate bill changes
the exemption with respect to the processing (fre-
ezing, preserving, packing) of seafood. Employees
engaged in fish-processing activities are brought
under the minimum wage provisions on the same
scale as newly-covered employees in retail and
service enterprises, but they will contunue to be
exempt from the overtime requirements. However,
fishing and activities at sea will continue to be ex-
empt from minimum-wage coverage. The compan-
ion bill, H. R. 12677, passeuthe House June 30, 1960.
The bill as passed by the House, would raise the
$1-an-hour-minimum to $1.15 for workers now
covered by the law effective January 1, 1961. It
would also bring another 1.4 million retail workers
under the law's protection but their minimum would
be $1 an hour and they would not receive overtime
payments. Section 13 of the Fair Labor Standards
Act of 1938 is amended so that the exemption for

1H

the fishing industry in (a)(5) reads: "any employee
employed inor necessary to the conduct of catching,
taking, harvesting, cultivating, or farming of any
kind of fish, shellfish, crustacea, sponges, seaweeds
or other aquatic forms of animal and vegetable ;
life, including the going to and returning from work
and including employment in or necessary to the
conduct of the loading, unloading, or packing of
such products for shipment or in propagating, pro-
cessing (other than canning), marketing, freezing,
curing, storing, or distributing the above products
or byproducts thereof;"' and the exemption for the
fish canning industry in (b)(4) reads: "any employee
employed inthe canning of any kind of fish, shellfish,
or other aquatic forms of animal or vegetable life,
or any byproduct thereof.'"' But the fish canning ex-
emption is still limited to those employees "em-
ployed in the canning of any kind of fish." Present
overtime exemption for fish canners and processors
is not changed by the bill as passed by the House.
While the Senate bill does not add to the fish-can-
ning section the broader language added to the fish-
processing part of the house bill, the Senate Com-
mittee on Labor and Public Welfare on June 27
stated: ''The present exemptions in sections 13 (a)
(5) and 13 (b)(4) have been judicially interpreted to
apply to all employees employed in the seafood in-
dustry including any employee who participates in
activities which are necessary tp the conduct of the
operations specifically described in the exemptions
(McComb v. Consolidated Fisheries Company, 174 F.
2d 74, C. A. 3, 1949). These interpretations are
consistent with the congressional purpose of treat-
ing all employees of one establishment in the same
manner under the act and of avoiding segmentation
as between different employees of the same employ-
er engaged in the named operations."

Senator Stennis on August 12, 1960, submitted an
amendment to be proposed by him to S. 3758, to re-
tain the fisheries exemption and strengthen it by
adding the words, "or necessary to the conduct of,"
both in the fresh and frozen fish and canned fish
provision. The amendment submitted reads: On
page 19, beginning with line 8, strike out through
line 16, and insert the following: ''(5) Any employ-
ee employed in or necessary to the conduct of the
catching, taking, harvesting, cultivating, or farm-
ing of any kind of fish, shellfish, crustacea, sponges,
seaweeds, or other aquatic forms of animal and
vegetable life, including the going to and return-
ing from work and including employment in or
necessary to the conduct of the loading, unloading
or packing of such products for shipment or in
propagating, processing (other than canning), mar-
keting, freezing, curing, storing, or distributing
the above products or byproducts thereof;or... ;
On page 22, line 1, after the words ''employed in! ie
insert the words ''or necessary tothe conductof...
The amendment was ordered to lie on the table and
be printed.

On August 18, 1960, the Senate passed with a-
mendment H. R. 12677, after substituting for its
text the amended language of S. 3758, companion
bill. Prior to this action, the Senate considered

78

severalamendments toS. 3758, some of which were
accepted. The Senate insisted on its amendments,
asked for conference, and appointed conferees. S.
3758 was indefinitely postponed. The general fish-
ery exemption for processing in the present law
has not been retained in the Senate version of H.R.
12677. But the House version does retain the fish-
ery exemption, for both fishing and processing ac-
tivities. No action was taken on the Stennis amend-
ment submitted on August 12, 1960.

Regarding a request in the House to send to con-
ference H. R. 12677, one objection was voiced and
the bill was passed over on August 23, 1960. On
August 24 the House Committee on Rules deferred
action on a rule to send the bill to conference.

On August 25, 1960, the House Committee on
Rules granted a ‘rule to take H. R. 12677 from the
Speaker! s table and send it to conference. The
same day Smith from the Committee on Rules re-
ported to the House H. Res. 624, providing for send-
ing to conference H. R. 12677 7 (H. Rept. No. 2156).
The resolution was adopted by the House by a voice
vote, and the Speaker appointedconferees. The con-
ferees then met in executive session to resolve the
differences between the Senate- and House-passed
versions of H. R. 12677, but did not reach agree-
ment. H.R. . 12677 passed the House June 30, 1960,
and the Senate August 18, 1960.

WATER RESOURCES: The Senate Select Com-
mittee on National Resources met in executive ses-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.9

sion August 12, 1960, and approved an outline on
the basis of which the staff will prepare a draft of
the committee's report on problems of national wa-
ter resources. This report will be acted on by a
subcommittee after the sine die adjournment of
Congress.

National Water Resources (Hearings before the
Select Committee on National Water Resources,
United States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Ses-
sion, pursuant to S. Res. 48, May 24, 25, and 26,
1960. Part 22), 332 pp., Tymap! printed. Contains
statements, resolutions, letters, and reports of
various cooperators, organizations, and Federal
Government and state officials in favor of a un-
ified national water policy.

National Water Resources (Hearings before the
Select Committee on National Water Resources,
United States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Ses-
sion, pursuant to S. Res. 48, May 26, 1960. Part
23), 240 pp., 1 map, printed. Contains statements
and reprints of articles in favor of the Federal
Government assisting in the development of our na-
tional water resources.

National Water Resources (Index to Hearings be-
fore the Select Committee on National Water Re-
sources, United States Senate, 86th Congress, Sec-
ond Session, pursuant to S. Res. 48. Index to Parts
1-23), 48 pp., printed. Contains analphabetical list
of people who appeared before the hearings, as well
as lists of charts, graphs, maps, and tables that were
presented.

FOOD ADDITIVES AMENDMENT DEALS WITH PROBLEM OF
UNTESTED CHEMICALS IN FOODS

"The problem of untested or questionable chemicals in food is one of extreme impor -
tance, and the Food Additives Amendment is designed to deal squarely with this problem,"
said Dr. K. L. Milstead on May 3, 1960, in discussing the new amendment to the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act at the National Fisheries Institute convention at Miami Beach,

Fla.

Milstead is Director of the Division of Regulatory Management, Bureau of Enforce-

ment, Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

Under the Food Additive Amendment, which became fully effective on March 6, 1960,

only those substances

"senerally recognized to be safe"

and appearing on the so-called

"white lists’ may be an acceptable ingredient, Milstead told over 800 fishery executives.

"We have refused all entries into this country of fish that contain nitrites and several
seizures have been made of products that were originally exported from Canada or Nova

Scotia,"

said Milstead, in citingan example of action taken under the amendment.

"However,

there apparently has been very little use of sodium nitrite in this country for preservation

of fresh or frozen fish.'

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

FISHERY

INDICATORS
CHART I FISH

HERY LANDINGS for SE

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 MQS. 1960 - 187.7

5 4, 1959 - 240.6 mgs. 1960 - 134.7
12 1959 - 883.2 «1959 - 159
1959 - 453

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs. 1960 -
7 4 1959 - 13
12 1959 - 38

CUMULATIVE DATA

0 aererro
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NO

v_DEC

GUMMLATIVE DATA
83.7

CUMULATIVE DATA

© mgs. 1960 - 12.9
6 | 1959 - 13.1
12 1959 - 18.6

« 1960
1959
1959

v0)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
- LY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

is
JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JU

cALirornia 1/

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MgS. 1960 - 209.9
6 , 1959 - 191.5
12 1959 - 471.7,

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1960 - 20.6
6, 1959 - 19.8
12 1959 - 51.5

TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_DEC

V/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

OCT NOV DEC

FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT

80

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

IS. 1960 - 54.8
mt 1959 - 58.6
1959 - 99.1

1/ SHRIMP
(Gulf States—’ including Florida West Coast)
CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MGS. 1960 - 93.5

7 ,, 1959 - 80.9

12 * 1959 - 193.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

PLETE.

MENHADEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 35.0
1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL = 102.5

LEGEND:

= 1959/60
——— 1958/59

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC’ JAN FEB MAR _APR MAY JUNE JULY

LEGEND:

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
© Ws. 1960 - 69.0

a 1959 - 63.2
12 1959 - 136.7

poet

Vol. 22, No. 9

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
6 MOS. 1960 -
* 1959 -
12 1959 - 104.1

Sa

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)
CUMULATIVE DATA
- 1960 - 23.6

1959 - 10.7
1959 - 35.8

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULATIVE DATA

JS. 1960 - 73.0
a 1959 - 69.0
1959 - 139.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
U/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGs2/

|

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT _OCT_NOV.
B/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN,, IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS.

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS
56

48

40

32

24

SEPT OCT NOV DEC

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

+ Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

1/
RECEIPTS — AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 2/

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 -MQS. 1960 - 98.1 CITY

7, 1959 - 95.5

12 1959 - 153.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.
RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs. 1960 - 50.0
s 1959 - 52.9
12 1959 - 92.5

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

38
3: Seu

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG -SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

7 gS. 1960 - 56.6
7 , 1959 - 61.3
12 1959 - 106.7

FISH OIL
In_ Millions of Gallons)

CUMULATIVE DATA Ce ULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1960 - 6.9
6 , 1959 - 8.3
12 1959 - 24.9

6 mgs. 1960 - 74.0 |_
6 , 1959 - 92.5
1959 - 262.2

FEB

JAN

MAR_APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

September 1960

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATLVE DATA

6 . 1960 - 5,54
6 ae 1959 - 5353
12 1959 - 10,735.8

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA
6 IS. 1960 - 11.4
6 ~ 1959 - 1.9
12 1959 - 4,3

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES?! (Estimated) - MAINE
COMDLATIVE DATA
1960 - 703.4

7 QS.
Zl me 1959 - 598.9
12 1959 - 1,753.1

o UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING.

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE J

rt) “1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

LEGEND:

1960
eee 1959

LEGEND:
eee | 1959/60
m= 1958/59

83

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

MACKEREL a. CALIFORNIA
CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1960
1959

ots
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL ANO JACK MACKEREL,

SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 MAS. 1960 - 1,967.6
2 , 1959 - 1,256.8
12 1959 - 1,778.3

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

No. Cans

Net Wet.

32 oz.

Designation

¢ drawn

Variety
SARDINES.....

100

48

oz.

48 oz.

48 # 1 oval

SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall

ANCHOVIES... 48 $-lb.

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

1958/59 SEASON,
ToTAC

- 812.5

- 864.0

JUNE JULY

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

CHART 7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (Hiei: Ocean Perch) FILLETS y LEGEND: FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)

| 1960
1959 - 81. ‘6 = 1959 - 30
1959 - 184.8 1959 - 67.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COH-

PARABLE WITH 1958.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO LOBSTER END SHINY, LOpSTER
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
6 MQS. 1960 - 32.4

1959 - 29.3
1959 - 68.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UANEE ERIM AREAL REMAVAO ON EFUURVEAU GES EETaO GiMmNOWADEG

2
= TUNA , SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
resh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
MgS. 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA
6,HgS. 1960
6 f
ie »5§ >
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY:AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH CANNED SARDINES

(in Oil and in Brine) (in Oil and not _in Oil)
CUMULATIVE DAT,

DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
Ss. 1960
1959
1959,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ea: =

= ei

SF a ST CS

ad ee ES PS Me ae

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE FL-46 (Revised March 1960)-Dealers in Trout and

PUBLICATIONS ie ames
FL-132 - Structure and Senses of Fishes, by Ralph
THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. FREE FROM Hile, 13 pp., illus., March 1960.

THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-

ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- 2 =

LE eet onae? FL-191 - Wholesale Dealers and Producers of
Bait Fish, 27 pp., March 1960.

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES

thé EANDEATASKAS rss FL-195 (Revised October 1959) - Partial List of
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO- Manufacturers of Fishing Gear and Accesso-
DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. ries and Vessel Equipment, 27 pp.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
poe FL~366 (Revised December 1958) - Recognizing
Important Shrimp of the South, by William W.
Number Title Anderson, 7 pp., illus.
CFS-2260 - Massachusetts Landings, 1959 Annual
Summary, 13 pp. ; FL-403 (Revised January 1960) : Fish and Wild-
CFS-2291 - ebtime Landings, 1959 Annual Summa- life Regulations for District of Columbia, 4 pp.
ry, Pp.
CFS-2315 - Massachusetts Landings, February FL-489 - Haddock, by Albert C. Jensen, 9 pp.,
1960, 5 pp. illus., March 1960. Describes the habits, growth,
CFS-2319 - Maryland Landings, April 1960, 3 pp: age determination, commercial fishery, utili-
CFS-2327 - New York Landings, April 1960, 4 pp. zation, and research on the haddock (Melano-
CFS-2328 - Florida Landings, April 1960, 7 pp. grammus aeglefinus). The haddock is one of
CFS-2329 - Maine Landings, April 1960, 3 pp. the most important food fishes in the North At-
CFS-2330 - Shrimp Landings, February 1960 6 pp. lantic, where they are caught principally by
CFS-2332 - Rhode Island Landings, April 1960, otter trawlers and long-liners. In 1958, haddock
3 pp. ranked second in volume and value in the New
CFS-2333 - Mississippi Landings, March 1960, England fishery.
2 pp.

CFS-2334 - California Landings, February 1960, FL-490 - Sponges, by Paul S. Galtsoff, 18 pp.,

4 pp. illus., March 1960. Discusses the widespread
CFS-2337 - California Landings, March 1960, 4 pp. occurrence of sponges, their reproduction and
CFS-2335 - Texas Landings, April 1960, 3 pp. regeneration, sponges of commerce, sponge
CFS-2338 - Frozen Fish Report, May 1960, 8 pp. cultivation, preparation for market, sale of
CFS-2339 - Alaska Fisheries, 1959 Annual Summa- sponges, fungus disease, and artificial sponges.

ry, 8 pp. A variety of photos and sketches add interest to
CFS-2340 - Ohio Landings, April 1960, 2 pp. the leaflet.

CFS-2341 - New Jersey Landings, May 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2342 - Massachusetts Landings, March 1960, |FL-491 - Sea Lamprey, by Lola T. Dees, 8 pp.,

5 pp. illus., March 1960. Discusses the effects of
CFS-2343 - South Carolina Landings, May 1960, lamprey attacks on the Great Lakes trout fish-

2 pp. ery; cooperative research on its control; natu-
CFS-2344 - Shrimp Landings, March 1960, 6 pp. ral history--spawning, larval and adult forms.
CFS-2345 - Virginia Landings, May 1960, 4 pp. Also discusses efforts to find commercial uses
CFS-2346 - North Carolina Landings, May 1960, ~ for the lampreys to compensate for the destruc-

3 pp. tion they cause; mechanical, electrical, and
CFS-2347 - Mississippi Landings, April 1960, 2 pp. chemical controls; and restoration of the lake
CFS-2349 - Florida Landings, May 1960, 7 pp. trout resources.

FS-2350 - ia Landings, May 1960, 2 pp.
a genre = y FL-493 - The Bluefin Tuna-Trap Fishery of the

FL-28 (Revised January. 1960)-Fish Baits, Their Western Mediterranean Sea, by J. R. Thomp-
Collection, Care, Preparation, and Propagation, son, 13 pp., illus., January 1960. Discusses
27 pp., illus. the natural history of the bluefin tuna (Thunnus

86

thynnus); size and composition of trap catches;
rap gear--placement, discription, and con-

struction details; and trap operation. Included
are a map of the area and diagrams of the trap.

FL-495 - Sea Horses, by Lola T. Dees, 9 pp.,
illus., April 1960. Describes the sea horse,
the most unfishlike fish; its appearance, habits,
reproduction, young, enemies, self-protection,
culture, and value. The most unique character-
istic of the sea horse is its manner of repro-
duction; the male bears the young. Of no com-
mercial value as food, the sea horse is highly-
prized as a curio.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised):

L- 2- New Hampshire, 1959.
SL- 6 - New York Coastal Area, 1959.
SL- 9 - Delaware, 1959.
SL- 12 - Virginia, 1959.
SL- 16 - Florida, 1959.
SL- 19 - Louisiana (Coastal Area), 1959.
SL- 20 - Texas (Coastal Area), 1959.
SL- 22 - Oregon, 1959.

SL- 23 - Washington, 1959.
SL- 30 - Pennsylvania (Great Lakes Area), 1959.

Firms Canning, 1959 (Revised):
L- - Tuna,

SL-103A- Tunalike Fishes.

SL-105 - Alewives.

SL-106 - Shad.

SL-109 - Caviar and Fish Roe.
SL-110 - Oysters.

SL-112 - Shrimp.

SL-113 - Crab Meat.

SL-119 - Squid.

SL-120 - Anchovies.

Firms Manufacturing, 1959 (Revised):
SL-151 - Fish Meal, Scrap, and Body Oil.
SL-151A-Fish Solubles and Homogenized Condensed

Fish.
SL-153 - Fish Glue.
SL-156 - Pearl Essence.
SL-157 - Liver and Viscera Oil.
SL-159 - Fresh-Water Mussel-Shell Products.

SSR-Fish. No. 313 - Physical Oceanographic, Bio-
logical, and Chemical Data--South Atlantic Coast

of the United States, Gill Cruise 9, by William W.

Anderson and Jack W. Gehringer, 231 pp., illus,,
September 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 320 - Development and Operation of
Television for Studying Fish Behavior in Otter
Trawls, by John R. Clark, Robert Livingstone, Jr.,
and James M. Crossen, 25 pp., illus., December
1959,

SSR-Fish, No, 321 - Herring Spawning Surveys in
Southeastern Alaska, by Bernard Finer Skud,
20 pp., illus., December 1959.

SSR-Fish, No. 323 - Indices of Mean Monthly Geo-
strophic Wind Over the North Pacific Ocean, by
Laurence E. Eber and Oscar E. Sette, 112 pp.,
illus., September 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

SSR-Fish. No. 326 - Zooplankton Volumes off the
Pacific Coast, 1957, by James R. Thrailkill,
60 pp., illus., November 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 331 - The Eastern Hokkaido Land-
Based Salmon Fishery of Japan, by Lorry M.
Nakatsu, 13 pp., illus., March 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 335 - Fish Marketing and Consump-
tion in the Pacific Coast States, by S. Kent Chris-
tensen and Russell M. Boshell, 188 pp., Decem-
ber 1959. A comprehensive survey of the mar-
keting and consumption of fresh, frozen pack-
aged, and smoked fish and shellfish in California
Oregon, and Washington. Consumer purchases
and preferences for salmon, halibut, sole, rock-
fish, and crab in these forms are examined in
detail. For example, household purchases of
fresh fish and shellfish of these species are an-
alyzed by areas within the states, by income and
factors associated with income such as occupa-
tion, and education, by region of prior residence
and duration of residence onthe Pacific coast, by
religious groups, and by retail outlet where
these products were last purchased. Similar
analyses are made of the household purchases
of frozen packaged and smoked fish and shell-
fish. The retail distribution of fresh fish and
shellfish in the Pacific Coast States is examined
with special emphasis on the major problems
confronting the retailers handling these pro-
ducts. The selling practices of retailers who
stock frozen packaged fish are presented in
some detail because of the large percentage of
retail stores involved. A limited analysis is
made of the retail distribution of smoked fish-
ery products. The examination of the wholesale
distribution of the fishery products included in
the study is concerned with the type of whole-
salers and type of product, the services offered
to retailers, the storage facilities used by whole-
salers, and their suggestions and opinions in
connection with product improvement and pro-
motion. A series of recommendations based on
the study are presented. The important areas
covered include: consumer education; retailer
and wholesaler education; service improvement;
and products improvement.

SSR-Fish. No. 337 - The Application of Paper Chro-
matography in Identifying Tuna Larvae, by
Walter M. Matsumoto, 13 pp., illus., January
1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 342 - A Census of the California
Gray Whale, by Raymond M. Gilmore, edited by
Dale W. Rice, 34 pp., illus., May 1960. There
are two distinct populations of living gray whales:
one known as the California population, in the
eastern North Pacific; the other, known as the
Korean population, in the western North Pacific.
A third population, now extinct, occupied the
eastern North Atlantic. The present study con-
cerns only the California population. The main
objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the’
size of the total population and its present rate
of increase, (2) determine the extent of the
breeding grounds and their relative importance,

x

September 1960

(3) determine the time and nature of the south-
ward migration past California, and (4) establish
a basis for detecting, in the future, any unusual
changes in population size.

Sep. No. 596 - Control of Iron Sulfide Discoloration
in Canned Shrimp (Xiphopeneus sp.) - Part I.

Sep. No. 597 - Construction and Operation of an
Inexpensive Fish Smokehouse.

Frozen Processed Fish and Shellfish Consumption
in Institutions and Public Eating Places. A se-
ries of reports on a survey of frozen processed
fish and shellfish consumption in institutions and
public eating places in ten cities, were issued in

November 1959. This study was conducted inorder

to obtain information which could be used by the
fishing industry to increase consumer demand
for fishery products. The data collected should
be useful in helping processors of frozenfish,
shellfish, and portions to adjust their operations
and services in order to reduce costs, provide
better services, and develop new or expanded
markets. Circular 66 explains the purpose of
the study, survey methods and procedures, and
reliability of study results. Circulars 67-76
contain data obtained for each city as a resultof
this survey. All of these circulars are available
under the series title of '"Frozen Processed Fish
and Shellfish Consumption in Institutions and
Eating Places."

Cir. 66 - Survey Methods and Procedures, 24 pp.
Cir. 67 - Atlanta, Georgia, 56 pp.

Cir. 68 - Chicago, Illinois, 64 pp.

Cir. 69 - Cleveland, Ohio, 52 pp.

Cir. 70 - Denver, Colorado, 54 pp.

Cir. 71 - Houston, Texas, 51 pp.

Cir. 72 - Los Angeles, California, 66 pp.
Cir. 73 - New York, New York, 61 pp.

Cir. 74 - Omaha, Nebraska, 52 pp.

Cir. 75 - Portland, Oregon, 53 pp.

Cir. 76 - Springfield, Massachusetts, 50 pp.

Bureau Of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Pesticide-
Wildlife Review, 1959, by James B. DeWitt and
John L.. George, Circular No. 84, 41 pp., illus.,
January 1960. Discusses the scope of the pesti-
cide-wildlife problem; reviews the current ac-
tivities and findings of the Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife, cooperators, and others in
this field; summarizes the legislative develop-
ments of the past few years; and gives the Bu-
reau's recommendations for use of pesticides
with minimum harm to wildlife.

Progress in Sport Fisher Research, 1959, Fish
and Wildlife Circular ha: 83 pp., illus., 1960.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title ‘
MNL-6a - Mexico's Fish and Shellfish Canning In-

dustry, 1959.
MNL-7a - Mexican Fisheries, 1959.

MNL-8a - Portuguese Fishing Industry, 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

MNL-20 - Angola's Fishing Industry, 1959.

MNL-21 - South West Africa's Fisheries, 1959.
MNL-22 - Union of South Africa's Fisheries, 1959.
MNL-23 - Fisheries of Chile.

MNL-24 - Mexican Fish Meal Plants.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products,
February 1960, 10 pp. (Market News Service,

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lombard
St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts at Baltimore by
species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; total receipts
by species and comparisons with previous years;
and wholesale prices on the Baltimore market;
for the month indicated.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, May
1960; 13 pp.each. (Market News Service, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg. San
Pedro Calif.) California Cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies; pack
of canned tuna, mackerel, and anchovies; mar-
ket fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and
Eureka areas; California imports; canned fish
and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for
cannery fish; for the month indicated.

.

(Chicago) Monthly SERRE of Chicago's Fresh
and Frozen Fishery Pro ucts Receipts and
Wholesale Market Prices, May and June 1960,
I3 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washington St.,
Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species
and by states and provinces forfresh- and salt-
water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices
for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
months indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of
Fishery Products, May 1960, 8 pp. (Market News

Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611
Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) GulfStates
shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab
meat production; LCL express shipments from New
Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfishon
the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and
imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex., from
Mexico; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summar of Fishery Products Production
in Selected Areas of Vir inia, North Carolina,
and Maryland, June 1960, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and
production for the Virginia areas of Hampton
Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore;
the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge,
and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas
of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; to-
gether with comulative and comparative data;
for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly ST
1960, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U.S.
and Wildlife Service,

May
Fish
10 Commonwealth Pier,

UNL WIIVO Lf Phorm NID NOV it VV VOL. 4a, INO. J

Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews tne principal New | George Kudo from the Bulletin of the Japanese
England fishery ports, and presents food fish Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 5,
landings by ports and species; industrial fish 1957, pp. 278-281.)

landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-
storage stocks of fishery products in New Eng- | Using Results of Calculating the Growth Rate of

land warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel Atlantic and Scandinavian Herrings for Distin-
prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston, guishing Schools andfor Studying Migration
Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Routes, by N. P. Biriukov, 8 pp. (Translated by
Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Leda V. Sagan from Voprosy Ikhtiologii, no. 6,
Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut 1956, pp. 47-54.)

(Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to

primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and | THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices | ARTICLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and SERVICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BIOLOGICAL LABORA-

sold through the New England Fish Exchange;

gona the spon thbinddc ated. Data on Salmon Predation:

(1)-On Predation on Salmon by Fur Seals, by Hokuyo
Bosen Kyogi Kai (North Pacific Mothership As-
sociation), 5 pp., in Japanese, March 15, 1959.
(Complete Translation by Hack Chin Kim.)

(2)-Predation on Salmon by Harbor Seal and Sea
Lions, by Kozo Ikeyama, 7 pp. (Translated by
Hack Chin Kim from Suisankai--Journal of the
Fisheries Society of Japan--February 1935.)

(3)-Predation on Salmon Bye Beluees: Dolly Varden

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts oud) Mackerel Sharks, yj Hokuyo)Bosrer Kyogi

cud] Weenie) Gu Leen Sele Se Gu HtEPeniLs, Ines. Coie aaeeaee
Areas and Fisheries, Month ygsunina Eye vay, translations in Japanese of Russian articles:
ane ake eae ane eT es "The Belugas Whose Main Food is Salmon,"
et News Service, U.S. Fish an ildlife Serv- ana fil oa
ice, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) Includes Mga oe Gein EUS pee
landings and local receipts, with ex-vessel and Mie yparailllraxriS i rattorrencyiGrn an Predation on
wholesale prices in some instances, as report- Various Far Eastern Salmon Species," by G.V.
ed by Seattle and Astoria (Ore.), wholesale deal- Nikolsky. Also contains 'Notes on the Salmon
ers; also Hermes. Pace eevee: landings; and Shark as a Predator of Salmon (Oncorhynchus
Weetingicn shrimp landings; for the months in- sp.) in the North Pacific Ocean," by Osamu
2 Sano. (Summary translations in English by
Hack Chin Kim.)
(4)-On Predation on Salmon by Fur Seals and Har-

Water on Eggs and Larvae of the Clam, VENUS Tare Sienill

on ges eS ed s, by Hokuyo Bosen Kyogi Kai (North
(MERCENARIA) MERCENARIA, by Harry C. Pacific Mothership Association), 6 pp., illus.
Davis, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from (Summary translation by Hack Chin Kim.)
Biological Bulletin, vol. 118, no. 1, February y :
1960, pp. 48-54.) U.S. Bureau of Commercial

Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn, THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND
ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS,

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Month-
ly Summary for May 1960, pp. (Market News |
Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N.Y.) In-
cludes summaries and analyses of receipts and
prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, im-
ports entered at New York City, primary whole-
saler prices for frozen products, and marketing
trends; for the month indicated.

Effects of Turbidity-Producing Materials in Sea

Use of Chemicals to Control Shellfish Predators,
2 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Science, vol. 131, Definition of Haddock Stocks of the Northwestern

se Seen me ao gueus BP aL De TD Eee) U.S. |~~“Atlantic, by John R. Clark and Vadim D. Vlad-
fea ee u er eee foraiee ape ykov, Fishery Bulletin 169 (from Fishery Bul-
cial Hisheries, Biological Laboratory, Ore, letin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60),
Conn. pp. 283-296, illus., printed, 20 cents, 1960.
Vertebrae of haddock from 16 fishing grounds
THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE in the northwestern Atlantic were counted to
ARTICLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM MARINE MAMMAL RESEARCH, U.S. determine whether such counts could be used to

identify population units. Comparison of aver-
age numbers of vertebrae from the different

Aguarial Observations on Feeding of Kamchatka
Crab, by D. N. Logvinovich, 19 pp. (Translated
by Leda V. Sagan from Vladivostok, Izvestiia

Tikhookeanskogo N.-I. Instituta Rybongo Khoz-
iaistva 1 Okeanografii, vol. 19, 1945, pp. 79-97.)

Ordinary Muscles, by Hisanao Igarashi, Koicha
Zama, and Muneo Katada, 4 pp. (Translated by

areas showed significant differences, which
could be related to surface water temperatures
on the grounds during the spawning time. The
relationship is consistent with that developed

for northeastern Atlantic haddock from publish-
ed European data. Age data which were avail-
able for the samples from Georges and Browns
Banks demonstrated that the differences in aver-
age vertebral numbers among the individual
year classes on each bank could be attributed

September 1960

to differences in temperatures in the spawning
period in different years. Consideration of
average vertebral numbers of the various pop-
ulation units suggests the following as major
haddock stocks of the northwestern Atlantic:
Newfoundland; eastern, central, and western
Nova Scotia, and New England.

"Techniques for Studying Herring Scales and Oto-
liths,'' by Charles M. Larsen and Bernard E.
Skud, article, Progressive Fish-Cuiturist, vol.
22, no. 2, April 1960, pp. 85-86, illus., printed,
25 cents. This paper describes (1) a technique
for mounting and photographing Atlantic herring
(Clupea harengus) scales and (2) a technique for
clearing and photographing herring otoliths. By
using these methods of handling and mounting
scales and otoliths, clear large prints may be
obtained directly with a photographic enlarger.
This provides a rapid, efficient, and inexpensive
procedure for the examination of scales and oto-

liths for racial as well as age and growth studies.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND

GANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READ-
ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

ADVERTISING:

Advertising for Profit and Prestige, by D. Peter
Bowles, Small Marketers Aids No. 56, 4 pp.,
printed. Small Business Administration, Wash-
ington 25, D.C., June 1960.

ALASKA:

Regulations of the Alaska Board of Fish and Game
for Commercial Fishing in Alaska, 95 pp., print-
ed. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 229
Alaska Office Bldg., Juneau, Alaska, 1960. Con-

. tains definitions of terms used in the regulations,
and outlines provisions for commercial fishing
in Alaska and international waters. The general
provisions section discusses regulations such as
license requirements for fishermen, vessels, and
gear; reports from operators; inspection of fish-
ery establishments; prohibition of explosives,
chemicals, and poisons; salmon, bottom fish,
smelt, herring, shellfish, whitefish, sheefish, and
char fisheries requirements; subsistence fishery
provisions; and emergency regulations.

ALGAE:
"Chemical Studies on Marine Algae. XII--The
Free Amino Acids in Several Species of Marine

versity, Hokodate, Japan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

89

"Pourquoi Garder le Silence sur les Algues Ma-
rines et Leurs Mille Emplois?'' (Why Keep Si-
lent About the Marine Algae and Its Thousand
Uses?), article, France Peche, vol. 50, no.
40, May 1960, pp. 17-21, illus., printedin French.
France Peche, 84 Rue Carnot, Lorient, France.

ANTIBIOTICS:

Antioxidant for Fish, by Eitaro Tsuboi and Takay-
uki Tsuboi, Japanese Patent Number 2832, April
22, 1959, printed in Japanese. Japanese Patent
Office, Tokyo, Japan.

"Antioxidant Treatment of Rainbow Trout," by F.
Bramsnaes, H. Brennum, and H. Sorensen, ar-
ticle, Bulletin de L'Institut International du
Froid, vol. 39, 1959, p. 894, printed. Interna-
tional Institute of Refrigeration, 177 Boulevard
Malesherbes, Paris 17, France.

"Comparative Effectiveness of Various Chlortet-
racycline (CTC)-Treatments in Keeping Quality
of Trawled Fish and CTC Residue on Treated
Fish,"' by Yasuo Yone, Tetuo Tomiyama and
Shichiro Hamada, article, Bulletin of the Japan-
ese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, June
1959, pp. 156-162, printed in Japanese with Eng-
lish abstracts. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, c/o Tokaiku Suisan Kenkyujo, Tsuk-
ishima, Koyobashi, Tokyo, §apan.

"Plant-Scale Applications cf Chlortetracycline for
Fish Preservation,'' by Lionel Farber and Peter

49, Fla.

ANTIOXIDANTS:

"The Application of Antioxidants to Fish Oils to
Increase their Stability,"’ by Yu S. Davydova and
V. 1. Treshcheva, aritcle, Rybnoe Khaziaistvo,
vol. 34, 1958, pp. 70-74, printed. Souizpechati
Otdelu ''Zhurnal-Pochtoi,'' Moscow Zh-240,

Wi Ss Ss

BACTERIOLOGY:

"Nutrition and Metabolism of Marine Bacteria.
VllI--Growth Response of a Marine Flavobac-
terium to Surface Active Agents and Nucleo-
tides,'' by Robert A. MacLeod, H. Hogenkamp,
and E. Onofrey, article, Journal of Bacteriol-
ogy, vol. 75, April 1958, pp. 460-466, printed.
Journal of Bacteriology, Williams & Wilkins Co.,
428 E. Preston St., Baltimore 2, Md.

BEHAVIOR OF FISH:

"Studies on the Shoaling Behavior of Fish. I--Re-
sponses of Two Species to Changes in Illumina-
tion and to Olfactory Stimuli," by D. M. Steven,
article, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.
36, 1959, pp. 261-280, printed. Journal of Ex-
perimental Biology, Cambridge University Press,
200 Euston Rd., London N.W. 1, England.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Biochemistry of Fishes," by H. L. A. Tarr, ar-
ticle, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 27,
1958, pp. 223-244, printed. Annual Review of
Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford,
Calif.

"Fat Hydrolysis in Frozen Fish. 2--Relation to
Protein Stability,"' by Doris I. Fraser and W. J.
Dyer, article, Progress Reports of the Atlantic
Coast Stations, no. 72, September 1959, pp. 37-
39, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

"Protein Value and Amino-Acid Balance of Con-
densed Herring Solubles and Spontaneously
Heated Herring Meal Chick Experiments," by
B. Lakevela. Herring Oil and Meal Ind. Re-
search Inst., Straumsgrend, Norway.

CALIFORNIA:

California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 3, July
1960, 140 pp., illus., printed. Department of
Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento
14, Calif. Includes, among others, these arti-
cles: "The Age and Growth of Striped Bass
(Roccus saxatilis) in California," by John B.
Robinson; "The Importance of the Ocean Sport
Fishery to the Ocean Catch of Salmon in the
States of Washington, Oregon and California,"
by Henry O. Wendler; and ''Tuna Tagging in the
Eastern Tropical Pacific, 1952-1959," by C. E.
Blunt, Jr. and James D. Messersmith.

fornia, by A. L. Kroeber and S. A. Barrett, An-
throplogical Records, vol. 21, no. 1, 210 pp.,
illus., printed, $4.50. University of California,
Berkeley, Calif., 1960.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (British Co-
Tumbia), 20 pp., illus., printed in French and
English, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada,
April 1960. Contains tables giving the quantity
and value of fishery products landed in British
Columbia in 1939-58, by species and by fisher-
ies districts; quantity and value of manufactur-
ed fishery products for 1957-58; capital equip-
ment in the primary fisheries operations, 1957-
58; and number of persons engaged in primary
fisheries operations, 1957-58.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (Newfound-
land), 30 pp., illus., printed in French and Eng-
lish, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, April
1960. This report consists of tables giving the
value of fishery products by species, 1955-58;
quantity and value of fishery products by species,
fisheries areas, and major ports, 1957-58; cap-

ital equipment employed in primary operation by |

Wolk, 24, IN©s 8)

areas, 1957-58; and number of persons engaged
in, the fisheries by areas, 1957-58.

"New Fisheries for Newfoundland,"' by Michael F.
Harrington, article, C-I-L Oval, vol. 29, no 1
February 1960, pp. 2-6, illus., printed. C-I-L
Oval, P. O. Box10, Montreal, Canada. Describes
the efforts of the Newfoundland provincial gov-
ernment at revitalizing the fishing industry in the
La Scie section of the northeastern coast. De-
pendency on the time-honored dried cod has been
discarded; modernization and centralization are
the theme. Accomplishments include the use of
larger, powered fishing vessels; increased ex-
ploratory fishing; new stations for biological and
technical research; an educational program for
fishermen; provision of marine railways; and
facilities for holding and freezing bait. Fishing
port facilities have been developed; a process-
ing plant expected to handle 6 million pounds of
fish annually, has been constructed; and a fish
meal plant is in operation. All of these repre-
sent progress in area development and the eco-
nomic rehabilitation of Newfoundland.

"Conservas, La Industria Noruega en el Ano UIti-
mo" (Canning, The Norwegian Industry During
the Past Year), article, Industrias Pesqueras,
vol, 34, no. 792, April 15, 1960, pp. 131-132,
printed in Spanish, Industrias Pesqueras, Poli-
carpo Sanz, 21-2, Vigo, Spain.

"Prevention of Adhesion of Canned Salmon Meat,"
by Toyo-o Takahashi, and Makoto Takei, article,
Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 24, June 1959, pp. 57-65, print-
ed in Japanese with English abstracts. Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsuk-
ishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

COD:

"Browning Reactions and the Loss of Free Amino
Acid and Sugar from Lyophilized Muscle Ex-
tractives of Fresh and Chill-Stored Codling (Gad-
us Callarias), by N. R. Jones, article, Food Re-
search, vol. 24, November-December 1959, pp.
704-710, printed. Department of Food Technol-
ogy, University of California, Davis, Calif.

"The Effect of Sodium Chloride on Proteolysis
and on the Fate of Amino Acids Present in the
Muscle of Codfish (Gadus Callarias),"' by E.
Bilinski and H. Fougere, article, Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 16,
October 1959, pp. 747-753, printed. Journal of
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Queen's
Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

COMMON MARKET:
"Tues Pays du Marche Commun" (The Common
Market Countries and Their Fisheries), article,
La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 987, June 1960,

September 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

pp. 344-349, illus., printed in French. La Peche
Maritime, 190 Blvd. Haussmann, Paris, France.

CRAB:

"The Pacific Crab Canning Industry of British
Columbia," by Elliot B. Dewberry, article, Food
Manufacture, part-1, vol. 34, November 1959,
pp. 425-429; part 2, vol. 34, December 1959, pp.
474-477, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard
Hill, Ltd., Stratford House, 9 Eden St., London
N.W. 1, England.

CUBA:

Gorgonias del Litoral de la Costa Norte de Cuba
(Anthozoans of the Shores of Northern Cuba),
no. 1, 24 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Acuario
Nacional Sibarimar, Centro Experimental, Ave.
12 #6002, Miramar, Marianao, Havana, Cuba,
1959.

>< Salinidad, Temperatura y Plancton de las Aguas

; Costeras de Isla de Pinos (Salinity, Temperature,
and Plankton of the Waters of the Isle of Pines
Area), by Jose A. Suarez-Caabro, Monograph
7, 26 pp., illus., printed in Spanish with English
summary. Laboratorio de Biologia Marina,
Universidad Catolica de Santo Tomas de Villan-

ueva, Marianao, Cuba, May 1959.

DECOMPOSITION:
"Chemical Indices of Decomposition in Haddock,"

DEHYDRATION:
"Commercial Applications of the Freeze-Drying
Process for Dehydration of Food Products," ar-
ticle, Le Revue de la Conserve, no 7, September
1957, p. 67, printed in French. Le Revue de la

Conserve, 1 Rue dela Reale, Paris 1, France.

"Design of Freeze-Drying Equipment for the De-
hydration of Foodstuffs,’ by W.R. Smithies and
T. S. Blakley, article, Food Technology, vol. 13,
November 1959, pp. 610-613, printed. Food
Technology, The Garrard Press, 510 North
Hickory, Champaign, Ill.

DENMARK:

GALATHEA Reports (Scientific Results of the
Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World,
1950-1952), vols. 1-3; vol. 1, 1957-59, 260 pp.;
vol. 2, 1956, 253 pp.; and vol. 3, 1959, 88 pp. +
plates, illus., printed. Danish Science Press,
Copenhagen, Denmark.

ELECTRICAL FISHING:
"Experience in Measuring the Conductivity and
Determining the Hardness of Water in Connec-
tion with Electrofishing and Evaluation of Wa-

ter,'' by G. Buhse, article, Der Fischwirt, vol.
8, no. 6, June 1958, p. 160, printed in German.
Der Fischwirt, Deutscher Fischerei-Verband,
Neuerwall 72, Hamburg 36, Germany.

"New Type of Tuna Hook in Electrofishing,"' by
K. Schultz, Schiff und Hafen, vol. 10, no. 9, Sep-
tember 1958, p. 752, printed in German. Schiff
und Hafen, Schiffbau-Technische Gesellschaft,
Neuerwall 32, Hamburg 36, Germany.

FATTY ACIDS:

"The Origin of the Marine Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids Composition of Some Marine Plankton,"
by P. B. Kelly, R. Reiser, and D. W. Hood,
Society, vol. 36, no. 3, March 1959, pp. 104-106,
printed. Journal of the American Oil Chemists!
Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.

"The Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Menhaden Body
Oil: The Cyg, C29, and C 22 Series," by W.
Stoffel and E. H. Ahrens, Jr., article, Journal
of Lipid Research, vol. 1, January 1960, pp.
139-146, printed. Journal of Lipid Research,
University Publishers, Inc., 59 East 54th St.,
New York 22, N. Y. .

FATTY OILS:

"Fatty Oils of Aquatic Invertebrates, XIX--Non-
conjugated Sterols and Other Unsaponifiable
Components in the Fatty Oil from Tonna Luteo-
stoma,'' by Tatsuo Tanaka and Toyama Yoshi-
yuki article, Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineer-
ing, Nagoya University, vol. 10, 1958, pp. 77-83,
printed. Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chiku-
saku, Nagoya, Japan.

FISH FINDER:

"Electronic Sector-Scanning Asdic: An Improved
Fish-Locator and Navigational Instrument," by
D. G. Tucker and V. G. Welsby, article, Nature,
vol. 185, January 30, 1960, pp. 277-279, printed.
Nature, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave.,
New York 10, N. Y.

FISH FLOUR:

"Ta Harina de Pescado como Alimento Humano"
(Fish Flour for Human Consumption), by Fidel
de Varona C., article, Mar y Pesca, vol. 3 nos.

7 and 8, April-May 1960, pp. 20-21, 41-42, illus.,
printed in Spanish. Mar y Pesca, Edificio
I.N.R.A., Noveno Piso, Plaza Civica, Havana,
Cuba.

FISH MEAL:

"Comparative Values of Different Fish Meals
and Fish Factors in Broiler Feeds," by E. L.
Stephenson and Lionel Barton, article, Arkan-
sas Farm Research, vol. 8, no. 4, July-August
1959, printed. Arkansas Farm Research, Ar-
kansas Agricultural Station, University of Ar-
kansas, Fayetteville, Ark.

FISH OILS: *
"igh Oils in the Painting Industry. Part 1, by

J. Huesa Lope, article, Grasas y Aceites, vol.

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

8, no. 5, 1957, p. 226, printed in Spanish. Gra-
sas y Aceites, Instituto Especial de la Grasa y
Sus Derivados, Seville, Spain.

FISH SOLUBLES:

"The Effect of Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal, Dried
Brewers Yeast, Condensed Fish Solubles and
Fermentation Residue on the Reproductive Per-
formance of Turkeys," by C. H. Whiteside and
others, article, Poultry Science, vol. 39, Jan-
uary 1960, pp. 77-81, printed. Poultry Science
Publishers, Kansas State College, Manhattan,
Kans.

FISH STICKS:

"Permits Deep-Fat Browning Without Deep-Fat
Methods," article, Food Processing, vol. 20,
April 1959, p. 81, printed. Food Processing,
Putnam Publishing Company, 111 E. Delaware

Pl., Chicago, Ill. Infrared cooking of fish sticks

permits deep-fat browning without deep-fat cook-

Vol. 22, No. 9

23-24, illus., printed in French. France Peche,
84 Rue Carnot, Lorient, France.

FLORIDA:

Hydrographic Data from the Inshore Bays and
Estuaries of Everglades National Park, Florida,
1957-1959, by Durbin Tabb, David Dubrow, and
Raymond Manning, 26 pp., illus., processed.
Florida State Board of Conservation, W. V. Knott
Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla.

Hydrography of the St. Lucie Estuary and Ad-
jacent Indian River, Florida, by Ronald C. Phil-

lips and Robert M. Ingle, Special Scientific Re-
port No. 4, 79 pp., processed. Florida State
Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory,
Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St. Petersburg,
Fla., March 1960.

ing methods. Onlysmallamounts of oil are spray- FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

ed on fish sticks during cooking operation. A 7-
foot long infrared oven is turning out approxi-
mately 400 pounds of processed fish sticks are

properly browned and cooked before being frozen.

FISH TRANSPORTATION:
The Control of pH by Buffers in Fish Transport,

by William N. McFarland and Kenneth S. Norris,

20 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Cali-
fornia Fish and Game, October 1958, pp. 291-
310). California Department of Fish and Game,
722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. The
heavy fishing pressure on our Nation's streams
and lakes requires large-scale propagation and
planting of fish, and has led to the development
of the complex modern fish tanks. One of the
major problems confronting the fisheries bio-
logist has been the development of better means
of transporting live fish. This study has been
separated into two parts: first, the practical
aspects of buffer application to live fish trans-
port in water; and second, the theoretical and
experimental background underlying the prac-
tical methods. In summary, the authors state
that ''Chemical buffers are of importance in
the control of acidity changes during fish trans-
port, resulting from respiration and accumula-
tion of waste products. A biochemical buffer,
tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane, has been
found valuable for pH control, both in closed
and open-system fish transport. Inorganic
buffers either caused heavy precipitation of
salts in sea water or buffered outside the opti-
mum pH range for marine fish.'' Methods of
aplication in transport are discussed.

FISHING TECHNIQUES:

"Les Developpements des Techniques de Peche
de Differents Pays dont 1'U. R. S. S."" (The De-
velopments of Fishing Techniques in Different
Countries Including the U. S. S, R.), article,
France Peche, vol. 50, no. 40, May 1960, pp.

Financial Assistance Schemes for the Acquisition
of Improvement of Fishing Craft, by C. Beever
and K. Ruud, FAO Fisheries Studies No. 9, 121
pp., printed, US$ 1. Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,
1960.

Proceedings and Technical Papers, No. 5, 539
pp., illus., printed in French and English, $5.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome, Italy, 1959. (For Sale by Inter-
national Documents Service, Columbia Univer-
sity Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.)
This volume is divided into two parts. The first
part covers the proceedings of the fifth meeting
held at FAO headquarters, Rome, October 13-18,
1958--including a list of participants, a summa-
ry record of the plenary sessions, and a general
report on the Council's activities in marine re-
sources, fishery production, utilization of fish-
ery products, inland waters, and economics and
statistics. The second part contains the 75 tech-
nical papers presented at the meeting.

FRANCE:

"Ta Conserve du Maquereau a Boulogne" (Mack-
erel Canning at Boulogne), article, La Peche
Maritime, vol. 39, no. 986, May 1960, pp. 266-
267, illus., printed in French. La Peche Mari-
time, 190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris, France.

"T.!Evolution de Notre Industrie Thoniere'' (The
Development of Our Tuna Industry), by L. Plo-
uas, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no.
986, May 1960, pp. 268-269, printed in French.
La Peche Maritime, 190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris,
France.

"Rapport sur la Production de l1'Industrie des
Peches Maritimes en 1959" (Report on the Pro-
duction of the Fishing Industry in 1959), article,
France Peche, vol. 50, no. 40, May 1960, pp. 37-

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

GENERAL:

39, 41, 43, 45-47, 49-54, illus., printed in
French, France Peche, 84 Rue Carnot, Lorient,
France.

FREEZING:

"Congelacion del Pescado Entero--Las Experi-
encias Americanas a Bordo del 'Delaware'"'
(Freezing Whole Fish--American Methods
Aboard the Delaware), article, Industrias Pes-
queras, vol. 34, no. 792, April 15, 1960, pp. _
128-130, printed in Spanish. Industrias Pesqu-
eres, Policarpo Sanz, 21-2, Vigo, Spain.

"Freezing of Meat and Fish in Liquid Nitrogen,"
by N. Moiseeva and A. Piskareva, article,
Kholodil'haia Tekhnika, no. 1, 1959, pp. 52~55,
printed in Russian. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika,
c/o Four Continent Book Corporation, 822,
Broadway, New York 3, N. Y.

"Handling, Chilling and Freezing Fish. Part 2--
Freezing Fish,'' by C. H. Castell, J. S. M. Har-
rison, and O. C. Young, article, Canadian Fish-
erman, vol. 47, February 1960, pp. 19-25, print-
ed. Canadian Fisherman, Gardenvale, Quebec,
Canada.

"Some Experiments on the Freezing and Thaw-
ing of Live Fish," by W. H. Martin, article,
Contributions to Canadian Biology (Supplement
to the 47th Annual Report of the Department of
Marine and Fisheries, Fisheries Branch), Ses-
sional Paper no. 39b, 1915, pp. 73-75, printed.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ontario,
Canada.

FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES:

A Guide to Fresh-Water Invertebrate Animals,

py T. T. Macan, 128 pp., Mlus., printed, Ils.
6d. (US$1.61). Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd.,
London, England, 1959.

FROZEN FISH:

"Thawing of Frozen Fish," article, Food Manu-
facture, vol. 34, September 1, 1959, p. 364,
printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Lid.,
Stratford House, 9 Eden St., London N.W. 1,
England.

FROZEN STORAGE:

"Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals, XXXVIII--
The Influence of Frozen Storage on Muscle
Protein of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata),
by Wataru Simidu, Usio Simidu and Hiroyoshi
Terasima, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Soc-

iety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. 11, 1958,

pp. 700-703, printed. Japanese Society of Sci-
entific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Fisheries (Fish Farming, : :
vol. Tl --Conservation-Propagation-Regulation,
by Milo Moore, Ken McLeod, and Don Reed,

Fisheries Manage:nent),

345 pp., illus., printed. Washington State De-
partment of Fisheries, Seattle, Wash., February
1960. Comprises revised editions of volumes

I and II, plus several new chapters. An excellent
text for fisheries students, this volume is also
of vital interest to members of the fisheries

and allied industries. Covers, with the aid of
many fine photos, charts, and drawings, every
aspect of development and conservation of fish
and shellfish resources in the State of Washing-
ton. Its 22 chapters include material on fisher-
ies of the Columbia River Basin, oyster andclam
farming, pollution and predator control, the salm-
on fisheries, international fisheries, and many
other pertinent topics.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

Berichte der Deutschen Wissenchaftlichen Kom-
mission fur Meeresforschung, Neue Folge, Band
XV, Heft 3, 1959, 117 pp., illus., printed inGer-
man with English summaries. Contains these ar-
ticles: ''Biologisch-Statistische Untersuchungen
uber die Deutsche Hochseefischerei. IV--Die
Entwicklung der Hochseefischerei in Fangtech-
nischer, Raumlicher und Biologischer Hinsicht.
4--Leistungsfahigkeit und Fangertrage der Deut-
schen Fischdampferflotte 1885-1955"' (Biolog-
ical-Statistical Investigations of the German
High Seas Fishery in Catching, Exploratory, and
Biological Aspects. 4--Effort and Catch of Ger-
man Trawlers 1885-1955), by Johannes Lundbeck;
"Die Trubungsverhaltnisse in der Irminger See
im Juni 1955 und Ihre Hydrographischen Urschen''
(Turbidity Conditions in the Irminger Sea (Ice-
land-Greenland) in June 1955 and their Hydro-
graphic Consequences), by Joachim Joseph; and
"Die Planktonverteilung in der Irminger See im
Juni 1955"' (Plankton Distribution in the Irminger
Sea in June 1955), by Max Gillbricht.

and Caribbean, vol. 10, no. 1, 1960, pp. 125-128,
printed. Marine Laboratory, University of Mi-
ami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

Fishing on the Gulf Coast, by Howard Mitcham,
103 pp., illus., printed, $2.00. Hermit Crab
Press, 3333 Elysian Fields Ave., New Orleans
22 asl IOs

HARPOONS:
"A Proposito di un Arpione Rinvenuto su un Tonno

Pescato in Tunisia e Descritto de Heldt nel
1932--Arpioni in Uso Nello Stretto di Messina"
‘About a Harpoon Found in a Tuna Caught in Tuni-
sia and Described by Heldt in 1932--Harpoons
Used in the Messina Strait), by Pasquale Arena,
article, Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idro-
biologia, vol. 35, no. 14, January-June 1959,

pp. 95-99, illus., printed in Italian with English
summary. Instituto Poligrafico Dello Stato,

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Rome, Italy. About a Harpoon found in a tuna
caught in Tunisia and described by Heldt in 1932.
In comparison with this recovery, the author de-
scribes the harpoons used in the Messina Strait
in Swordfish and tuna fishing, in order to estab-
lish the tuna's identity and place of origin.

IERRING:

"T,!Avenir de la Peche du Hareng" (The Future of
the Herring Fishery), article, La Peche Mari-
time, vol. 39, no. 987, June 1960, pp. 335-336,
illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime,
190 Blvd. Haussmann, Paris 8©, France.

"Chemical Studies on the Herring (Clupea
harengus), II--The Free Amino-Acids of Her-
ring Flesh and Their Behavior During Post-
Mortem Spoilage,'' by R. B. Hughes, article,
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
vol. 10, October 1959, pp. 558-564, printed.
Journal of the Science os Food and Agriculture,
Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave
Square, London, S.W. 1, England.

"Chemical Studies on the Herring (Clupea haren-
gus). IlIl--The Lower Fatty Acids, by R. B.
Hughes, article, Journal of the Science of Food
and Agriculture, vol. 11, January 1960, pp. 47-
53, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, Society of Chemical Industry, 14

Belgrave Square, London, S.W. 1, England.

"Drift-Netting for Herring Along the South Coast
of Newfoundland," by S. N. Tibbo, article, Pro-

Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Atlantic
Fisheries Experimental Station, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada.

ruary 1940, pp. 461-471, printed. Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

ICE:

Fish Needs Plenty of Ice, 6 pp., illus., printed.
Department of Scientific and Industrial Re-
search, Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London,
S.W. 1, England. A practical booklet for whole-
salers and dealers in fresh fish explaining the
causes of deterioration, the length of storage
life, maintaining freshness between landing and
selling, and the need for using ice at all times.

INDONESIA:

"Indonesia,'' by Soepanto Koesoemowinoto, arti-
cle, Pacific Fisherman, vol. 58, January 25,
1960, pp. 153-154, printed. Pacific Fisherman,
500 Howard St., San Francisco 5, Calif. Build-
ing the industry, providing credit for fishermen,
improving marketing, and carrying out research
are the topics discussed.

Vol. 22 No. 9

IRRADIATION PRESERVATION:

Food Preservation by Irradiation (Supplement to
CTR-357), OTS Selective Bibliography, 5 pp.,
processed, 10 cents. Office of Technical Serv-
ices, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton 25, D. C., March 1960. A bibliography of
reports listed in the two OTS monthly abstract
journals: U.S. Government Research Reports
and Technical Translations. Includes publica-
tions on various aspects of irradiation preser-
vation of food by the Atomic Energy Commission,
other research organizations, and various for-
eign agencies.

ITALY:

printed in Italian. Instituto Centrale di Statis-
tica, Rome Italy, 1959.

LATIN AMERICA COMMON MARKET:
Progress Report by the Secretariat on the Com-

mon Market Programme, E/CN. 12/7AC. 4573,

45 pp., processed. Distribution and Sales Sec-
tion, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy, March 15, 1960, limited distribution.
A report presented at the Seventh Session, Com-
mittee of the Whole, Economic Commission for
Latin America, at Santiago, Chile, March 28,
1960. Discusses plans and accomplishments of
this UNESCO Commission to establish the Latin
American Common Market and the Latin Amer-
ican Free-Trade Association. Reports on the
Montevideo Treaty February 18, 1960, establish-
ing the Latin American Free-Trade Association,
signed by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Par-
aguary, Peru, and Urugray. The textofthe Trea-
ty is included as an annex to the report.

LEMON SOLE:

"The Relation of Stock Density to 'Milkinese' of
Lemon Sole in Union Bay, B. C.,'"' by C. R.
Forrester, article, Progress Reports of the Pa-
cific Coast Stations, no. 105, February 1956, p.
11, printed. Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Pacific Fisheries Experimental Station,
898 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C., Canada.

MARINE ALGAE:

"New Records of Marine Algae from Pacific Mex-
ico and Central America," by E. Yale Dawson,
article, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 1, no. 20, June
6, 1960, pp. 31-52, illus., printed. Beaudette
Foundation tor Biological Research, Box 482,
R.F.D. 1, Solvang, Calif.

Potential Productivity of the Sea,'' by John H.
Ryther, article, Science, vol. 130, September
11, 1959, pp. 602-608, printed. American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science, 1515
Massachusetts Ave., N. W., Washington 5, D. C.

September 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

E SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

MARINE PLANTS: general information; and Federal navigation reg-

"New Records of Sublittoral Marine Plants from
Pacific Baja California,'' by E. Yale Dawson,
Michael Neushul, and Robert D. Wildman, arti-
cle, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 1, no. 19, June 6,
1960, pp. 3-30, illus., printed. Beaudette Foun-
dation for Biological Research, Box 482, R.F.D.
1, Solvang, Calif.

MARKETING:

Economic Inquiry into Food Marketing. Part 1--
Concentration and Integration in Retailing, 354 pp,
printed, $1.25. Federal Trade Commission,
Washington, D. C., January 1960. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.).

A staff report on economic concentration and
integration in the retail sale of food, which com-
pletes the first phase of the Commission's eco-
nomic study of food marketing. The report em-
phasizes the growing influence of the corporate
chains and the decline of the independent grocer.
It concludes, however, that retailer-owned
cooperatives and wholesaler-sponsored ''volun-
tary groups" of retailers "have shown a capac-
ity for effective competition with the corporate
chains.'' Almost 70,000 food retailers were
members of either cooperatives or voluntary
groups in 1958, and their combined share of to-
tal national food sales was estimated at about

33 percent, compared with 38 percent for cor-
porate chains. The chains increased their share
of total food sales in 15 metropolitan areas from
29 percent in 1948 to 44 percent in 1958. Re-
tailer-owned cooperative member stores in-
creased their share from 8 to 19 percent; the
voluntary group stores from 5 to 12 percent;
but the unaffiliated retailers dropped from 58

to 25 percent during this period. The report
also deals with other important changes which
have occured in food retailing and distribution.
These changes include (1) a higher degree of
processing by food manufactures, which has
materially lightened the homemaker's job; (2)
improvements in transportation, handling, food
preserving, and distribution methods generally;
(3) a continuing shift from separate meat, pro-
duce, and grocery stores to one-stop food stores;
(4) replacement of smaller stores by supermar-
kets, expansion in size, equipment, and number
of items carried by supermarkets, and location
of supermarkets in new shopping centers; and
(5) the spread of self-service throughout food
retailing. Included are a number of statistical
tables showing various aspects of retail store
operation.

NAVIGATION:

United States Coast Pilot 4--Atlantic Coast, Cape
Henry to Key West, Sixth (1959) Edition, 181 pp.,
printed, $2.50. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C.,
1960. This edition contains chart, diagrams,
describing charts available for various areas;

ulations of most importance to these areas. Also
included are chapters describing the geograph-
ical features, aids to navigation, and other infor-
mation pertaining to the coast from Cape Henry
to Key West; the charts pertaining to eight areas
in this region; and features and facilities of the
Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.

NUTRITION:
| "The Effect on Human Serum-Lipids of a Dietary

Fat Highly Unsaturated But Poor in Essential
Fatty Acids,'' by E. H. Ahrens, Jr., and others,
article, The Lancet, January 17, 1958, pp. 115-
119, printed. The Lancet, 7 Adams St., Adelphi,
London W.C. 2, England

"Nahriverttabelle fur Fische und Fischwaren"
(Table of Nutritive Values of Fish and Fisher-
ies Products), article, Allgemeine Fischwirt-
schaftszeitung, no. 10, March 7, 1959, p. 12,
printed in German. Verlag Carl Th. Gorg, Post-
fach 269, Bremerhaven-F, W. Germany.

"Studies on the Distribution of Lipides in Hyper-
cholesteremic Rats..1--The Effect of Feeding
Palmitate, Oleate, Linoleateg Linolenate, Men-
haden and Tuna Oils," by James J. Peifer and
others, article, Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, vol. 86, February 1960, pp. 302-308,
printed. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophys-
ics, Academic Press, Inc., 125 East 23rd St.,
New York 10, N. Y.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

"El Congreso Internacional de Oceanografia'' (The
International Oceanographic Congress), article,
El Agricultor Venezolano, vol. 23, no. 216, Jan-
uary-February 1960, pp. 18-19, illus., printed.
Ninisterio de Agricultura y Cria, Caracas, Ven-
ezuela.

Frontiers of the Sea: The Story of Oceanographic
01 307 pp., illus.,

Exploration, by Robert C. Cowen,

printed, $4.95. Doubleday & Co., 575 Madison
Ave., New York 22, N. Y., 1960. About past,
present, and future of oceans and oceanographic
research.

A Plastic Envelope Substitute for Drift Bottles, by
—¥F, GC. W. Olson, contribution no 44, 4 pp., print-
ed. (Reprinted from Sears Foundation Journal

of Marine Research, vol. 10, no. 2, 1951, pp.
T90-193.) Oceanographic Institute, Florida State
University, Gainesville, Fla.

OVERFISHING:

"I.a Huitieme Session Pleniere de la Commission
Permanente de 1 'Overfishing'"' (The Eighth
Complete Session of the Permanent Commission
on Overfishing), article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 39, no. 987, June 1960, pp. 337-336, printed
in French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Blvd. Haus-
smann, Paris, France.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

OYSTERS:

An Evaluation of the Indole and Trimethylamine
Tests for Oyster Quality," by Donald Lartigue,
Arthur F. Novak and Ernest A. Fieger, article,
Food Technology, vol. 22, February 1960, pp.
109-112, printed. Institute of Food Technolog-
ists, The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory,
Champaign, Il.

On Oysters and Sulfite Waste Liquor, by Gordon
Gunter and Jack McKee, 99 pp., illus., processed.
Pollution Control Commission, 224 Old Capitol
Bldg., Olympia, Wash., February 25, 1960. The
purpose of this report is to recommend a course
of action and appropriate water quality standards
to protect oysters from any probable adverse and
unreasonable effects of sulfite waste liquor in
the estuarial environment. It covers the two
principal species of oysters commercially im-
portant in the State of Washington, viz. Ostrea
lurida, the Olympia oyster, and Crassostrea
gigas, the Japanese or Pacific oyster. ther
oysters, such as the varieties found on the East
and Gulf Coast are covered by reference only.
The report also embraces ecological factors
that may influence oyster productivity and qual-
ity, with special attention to the microorganisms
believed to constitute the principal food of oys-
ters. The impacts of natural forces, as well as
man-made influences are considered in relation
to oyster culture. Toxicity data, both acute and
long-term, are evaluated with respect to oys-
ters and other organisms. The nature of sulfite
waste liquors is described and their occurrence
in the tidal estuaries of Washington is analyzed.
Finally, historical background and trends in
oyster production are reviewed.

PACIFIC ISLANDS:

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands--12th
Annual Report, July 1, 1958-June 30, 1959,
Department of State Publication 6945, 272

pp., printed, $1.00. Department of State, Wash-
ington 25, D.C., April 1960, (For sale by Super-
intendant of Documents, U. 8. Government Print-
ing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Includes a
chapter on fisheries.

PERU:

Estadistica Economica de la Industria Pesquera

(Economic Statistics of the Fishing Industry),
161 pp., printed in Spanish. Ministerio de
Agricultura, Direccion de Pesqueria y Caza,
Lima, Peru, 1959.

PLAICE:

"Jellied Condition in the American Plaice Hi -
glossoides platessoides (Fabricius),'' by Wilfred
Templeman and Gertrude L. Andrews, article,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Can-
Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, Ot-
tawa, Canada.

POLLUTION:

Pulp Mill Pollution in British Columbia, by Mi-
chael Waldichuk, Circular No. 57, 18 pp., illus.,
processed. Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada,
June 1960.

PORTUGAL:

Gremio dos Armadores de Navios da Pesca do
1959 e Orcamento para 1960 (Cod Fishing Ves-
sel Owners! Guild, Statment of Operations for
1959 and Budget for 1960), 32 pp., printed in
Portuguese. Comissao Revisora de Contas,
Lisbon, Portugal, February 17, 1960.

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca de Arrasto,
Relatorio e Contas do Exercicio de 1959 e
Orcamento para 1960 (Trawler Owners! Guild,
Statement of Operations for 1959 and Budget for
1960), 52 pp., printed in Portuguese. Comissao
Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal, March
7, 1960.

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca da Baleia, Re-
mento para 1960 (Whaling Vessel Owners! Guild,
Report of Operations in 1959 and Budget for
1960), 35 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese.
Comissao Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal,
February 15, 1960.

POULTRY NUTRITION:

"A Bioassay for Determining the Nutritional
adequacy of Protein Supplements for Chick
Growth,'' by Scott W. Hinner and H. M. Scott,
article, Poultry Science, vol. 39, January 1960
pp. 176-183, printed. Poultry Science Publish-
ers, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans.

"Interrelationships Among Dietary Energy, Pro-
tein, and Amino Acids for Chickens," by K. C.
Leong and others, article, Poultry Science, vol.
38, November 1959, pp. 1267-1285, printed.
Poultry Science Publishers, Kansas State Col-
lege, Manhattan, Kans.

PRESERVATION:
"Preservation of Shrimps,'' by R. T. Roskam,
Conserva, vol. 6, no. 11, May 1958, p. 278, parts
1 and 2, printed in Dutch. Conserva, Maanbald
voor de Voedlings-en Genotmiddelen-Industrie,
Moormans Periodiek, Pers N. V., The Hague,
Netherlands.

PROTEINS:

"Biological Value of Herring-Meal Protein. Urin-
ary Nitrogen Excretion in Relation to Protein
Content of Diet and Food Intake,"' by L. R. Njaa.
Norwegian Fisheries Research Inst., Bergen,
Norway.

"Studies on the Muscle Proteins of the Squid," by
Juichiro J. Matsumoto, article, Bulletin of the

September 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGAN | ZAT1ON ISSUING THE

Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laborator ;
no. 23, February 1960, pp. 51-63, printed. Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsu-
kishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on Protein Concentrates for Animal Feed-
ing,'' by J. BunyanandS. A. Price, article, Journal
of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 11, Jan-
uary 1960, pp. 25-37, printed. Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, Society of Chem-
ical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London, S.W.
1, England.

RESEARCH:

Research in Fisheries--1959, edited by Ted S. Y.
Koo, Contribution no. 77, 45 pp., illus., printed.
Fisheries Research Institute, College of Fish-
eries, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.,
March 1960. Research projects of the Fisheries
Research Institute and the teaching faculty of the
College of Fisheries are described. The author
states that ''While the Institute's research is
primarily concerned with Pacific salmon in A-
laska, the research effort of the College faculty
is directed into a multitude of facets--from bac-
teria to oysters, from fish behavior to radiation
biology. Some problems are entirely within the
realm of basic research; others have immediate
applied value."

RHODE ISLAND:

~L. Gordon, 135 pp., illus. with 80 photographs,
printed, $4. Book and Tackle Shop, 7 Bay St.,
Watch Hill, R. I., 1960. To my knowledge this is
the first comprehensive list of the 215 salt-wa-
ter fish species in Rhode Island coastal waters--
salt marshes, estuaries salt-water ponds, rocky
shoals, and open sea. The black-and-white pho-
tographs by the author are excellent and add to the
book's attraction and interest. It is the result
of a five-year survey of Rhode Island coastal
waters. Fishermen, fishery businessmen, ves-
sel owners, researchers, biologists, and many
others willbe interested and find much valuable
information in the book. According to the au-
thor, ''Rhode Island has more than 400 miles
of shoreline, and its waters contain many spe-
cies of fish.'' Since colonial times, fish and
shellfish have played an important part in the
Rhode Island economy. After discussing the
history of Rhode Island ichthyology, the author
describes the survey made from 1954 to 1959
while he was a student at the University of
Rhode Island and biology instructor at Rhode
Island College. Also covered by the author are
abundance, distribution, seasonal importance,
and economic importance of the Rhode Island
fish. Three major classes of fish are covercdas
Agnatha (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (carti
laginous fishes), and Osteichthyes (bony fishes).
Described are some of the unusual types like

barn door skate, cow-nosed ray, mermaids purse,

filefish,
John Dory, snipefish, pipefish, orange
Burtish sete. but also the more commonly-known

such as sharks, herring, shad, smelts, haddock,
cod, pollock, hake, flounder, mackerel, etc. One
chapter dwells on trends in fish populations. The
book has an extensive and up-to-date bibliography
as well as an index and map showing the area —
covered by the author's survey.

--J. Pileggi

ROUGH FISH:

Rough Fish Control, by Nicholas J. Miller, Clifford
L. Brynildson, and C. W. Threinen, Publication
No. 229, 13 Pp., illus., printed. Wisconsin Con-
servation Department, Madison 1, Wis., 1959.
An informative handbook covering the history
of and need for rough fish control in Wisconsin,
the species included in the definition, their hab-
itats, methods of control, disposition of rough
fish after capture, effects of their removal on
the fishery, and the future of the rough-fish
control program.

SALMON:

Salmon of the Pacific Northwest (Fish vs. Dams),
by Anthony Netboy, 135 pp. illus., $3.00. Bin-
fords & Mort, Publishers, 124 N.W. 9th Ave.,
Portland 9, Ore., 1958. A gmeat North American
fishery resource--the salmon--is the subject
of this book. A readable and fairly comprehen-
sive discussion of the Pacific Northwest salmon,
the fishery, and the problems. This is a book
for the commercial fisherman, the businessman
interested in the fishing industry, the researcher,
the conservationist, the economist, and even the
sportsman. Not a big book, but packed witha
great deal of useful information. It presents
the struggle of the salmon of the Pacific North-
west to live side by side with the inroads of
civilization. After successfully living in its
natural habitat for thousands of years, there is
the danger that civilization will completely des-
troy the salmon. The author in his preface points
out: 'In short, one cannot live in the Pacific
Northwest very long before becoming aware that
salmon, prince of Pacific game fishes, is an
exceedingly valuable animal not only to the con-
sumers who enjoy its succulent meat but sport
and commercial fishermen and thousands of
people who make their living in canneries, gear
manufacture, etc.'' But I feel sure that members
of the fishing industry will not agree with the
author that, ''Now, we can say that the fish are
blocking the dams." The author does say: "In
writing this book I have endeavored to place the
complex issues in focus and in terms the layman
can understand, to set down the facts without
bias, and to appraise the fish vs. dams problem
without prejudice."

Senator Richard L. Neuberger, in his fore-
ward to the book, sums up the question of fish
versus dams quite succinctly when he states:

"T think the Pacific Northwest needs low-cost
power--compellingly so. But I feel this energy
should first be obtained at those sites where
little or no damage will be done to our fisheries

resources."

98

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

ae ee eee ed

The book describes the life history and mi-
grations of the salmon, the Indian fishery, and
the commercial fisheries. Then it goes on to
discuss the encroachment of civilization, the
Federal dams, the Lower Columbia River fish-
ery program, and controversial dams (McNary,
Ice Harbor, Cowlitz, Pelton, Middle Snake, Nez
Perce). The next to the last chapter asks: ''Can
the salmon be saved?" In the last chapter the
author discusses ''Fish--and Power Too." This
book provides a quick look at the problem of fish
versus dams. It also contains a selected biblio-
graphy and an index.

--J. Pileggi

The Atlantic Salmon, by Lee Wulff, 217 pp., illus.,
“printed. A. S. Barnes and Company, Inc., 232
Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y., 1958. A
facinating book about the "paradoxical fish,"
written bya man obviously bewitched by his sub-
ject. With single-hearted devotion, he describes
this fish without appetite which can still be lured
by afly; past and present salmon fishing methods;
the behavior of salmon during the spawning sea-
son; types of tackle, types of wet and dry flies;
where to fish for salmon; casting; where to go
for salmon; and miscellaneous notes on salmon
fishing. The many excellent photos, both black-
and-white and in color, add to the interest of
this book for both commercial and sports fish-
ermen.
"British Columbia Salmon Reports," article,
Trade News, vol. 12, no. 10, April 1960, pp. 3-
4, illus., printed. Department of Fisheries of
Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Discusses two recent
reports released by the Canadian Department
of Fisheries in the Pacific Area. These deal
with the 1959 salmon catch and spawning encamp-
ment and the significance of the sharply increas-
ing catch of salmon by sport fishermen. For the
past seven years the Department has compiled
estimates of the catch of salmon by sport fish-
ermen in tidal waters of British Columbia. Dur-
ing this period the anglers' catches have grown
steadily larger. Spawning escapements were
good for chum, coho, and spring salmon during
1959.

"Two Haemoglobins in Chum Salmon," by K. Has-
himoto and F, Matsuura, article, Nature, vol. 184,
October 31, 1959, p. 1418, printed. Nature, St.
Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York
LOM INE Ye

SARDINES:

"Aspects Biologiques et Biométriques de la Sardine
(Sardina pilchardus Walb.) des Environs de Lisbon-
ne, Pendant Les Années, 1952-1957" (Biological
and Biometric Aspects of the Sardine (Sardina pil-
chardus Walb.) in the Lisbon Area, 1952-1957), by
Jaime Dos Santos Pinto and Ivone Ferreira Bar-
raca, article, Notas e Estudos do Instituto de Bio-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

logia Maritima; no. 19, September 1958, 97 pp.,
illus., printedin French . Instituto de Biologia
Maritima, Cais doSodré, Lisboa, Portugal.

"Biochemical Studies on the Fat of the Sardine
Body. I--Seasonal Variation in the Fat, Un-
saponifiable Matter, and Cholesterol Contents
of Several Tissues of the Sardine Body," by
Masahuto Wada, article, Nippon Nogei-Kagaku
Kaishi, vol. 29, 1955, pp. 339-342, printed.
Agricultural Chemical Society, Faculty of Agri-
culture, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

"Experimental Study on Frozen Sardines," by M.
Boury, article, Revue Generale de Froid, vol.
35, September 1958, pp. 845-849, printed in
French. Revue Generale de Froid, Association
Francaise du Froid, 29 Boulevard Saint Ger-
main, Paris France.

"Regards sur Notre Production Sardiniere" (Re-
garding Our Sardine Production), by L. Plouas;
"A Quiberon, Premier Port Sardinier Francais
se Pose le Probleme de 1'Equipement" (At
Quiberon, the Leading French Sardine Port,
There is an Equipment Problem; and"'Perspectives
Actuelles de la Peche a la Sardine en Espagne"
(Actual Expectations for the Sardine Fishery
in Spain, by V. Paz-Andrade, article, La Peche
Maritime, vol. 39, no. 987, June 1960, pp. 338-
343, illus., printed in French. La Peche Mari-
time, 190 Blvd. Haussmann, Paris 8, France.

SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM:
neth E. Anderson and William S. Hoofnagle,
Marketing Research Report No. 377, 62 pp.,
printed, 40 cents. U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Market-
ing Research Division, Washington D. C., Jan-
uary 1960. (For sale by Superintendent of Doc-
uments, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) This study was undertaken
as part of a broad program of research to ex-
pand markets for farm products. Results of
the study indicated that the school market is
primarily a local one; and that the role of Gov-
ernment is relatively small in supplying most
commodities to the school outlet. About $505
million or 85 percent of the total value of food
used in schools was acquired through commer-
cial channels innearby markets. Findings showed
that during the period July 1957 through June
1958, the total wholesale value of food, both pur-
chased and donated, delivered to approximately
60,000 public schools having a food service,
amounted to $597 million or $28 per capita based
on an average daily attendance of slightly over
21 million pupils. Meat, poultry, and fish which
moved into the school outlet during this period,
had a value of almost $108 million or $5 per cap-
ita. Of this amount, $12.8 million was the value

September 1960

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE

of fish and shellfish consumed, accounting for
2.1 percent of the total value of food. There
were 28 million pounds of fish delivered to the
school lunch outlet during the period under
study. The quantity of fresh and frozen fish
utilized in public schools was only slightly larg-
er than that of canned fish items. Tuna was

by far the most important canned fish item,
accounting for almost 8 million pounds, follow-
ed by salmon which represented slightly over

4 million pounds. Extensive and detailed statis-
tical tables showing results of the survey are
included.

SEAWEED:

Annual Report for 1959, 20 pp., printed. Insti-
tute of Seaweed Research, Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland. Discusses development in the Scot-
tish and foreign seaweed byproducts industry
during 1959, the development of pharmaceutical
products from seaweed, work of the Instutute,
its technical assistance services, sponsorship
of seaweed research by other organizations, and
a list of publications on seaweed.

"Seaweed for Food--South Wales Laverbread In-
dustry," article, Food Manufacture, vol. 34,
November 1, 1959, pp. 443-444, printed. Food
Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., Stratford House,
9, Eden St., London N.W. 1, England.

SHARKS:

"The Nurse Shark and the Nurse Shark Fishery,"
by Levy Carlson, article, Fiskeridirekt. Skr-
ifter Ser. Fisk., vol. 4, no. 1, 1958, pp. 1-35,
printed in Norwegian. Fiskeridirekt. Skrifter
Ser. Fisk., Director of Fisheries, Bergen,
Norway.

"La Pesca del Tiburon en Cuba" (The Shark Fish-
ery in Cuba), by Armando Perez Gattini, arti-
cle, Mar y Pesca, vol. 3, nos. 7 and 8, April-
May 1960, pp. 31, 36, illus., printed in Spanish.
Mar y Pesca, Edificio LN.R.A., Noveno Piso,
Plaza Civica, Havana, Cuba.

SMELT:

"Smelt Fishing in Wisconsin, by Donald Euers,
article, Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, vol. 25,
no. 4, April 1960, pp. 24-27, illus., printed. Wis-
consin Conservation Dept., Box 450, Madison 1,
Wis. Describes the abundant harvests of smelt
in Lakes Michigan and Superior, particularly dur-
ing the spring. Smelt may be landed legally by
dip nets or seines and residents of Wisconsin are
permitted to market them commercially.

SMOKING:

"A New Smoke Producer Makes Its Bow," article,
Seafood Merchandising, vol. 19, no. 1, January
1959, p. 27, printed. Seafood Merchandising,
624 Gravier St., New Orleans 12, La.

SOUTH AFRICA:
The South African Pilchard (SARDINOPS OCEL-

LATA) and Maasbanker (TRACHURUS TRACH-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

99

SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

the Union of South Africa, July 1954-June 1955,
by A. E. F. Heydorn, Investigational Report No.
36, 55 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from ''Com-
merce & Industry," February 1959.) Division of
Fisheries, Beach Road, Sea Point, Cape Town,
Union of South Africa, 1959.

SPAIN:

Maquinaria para Conservas de Pescado Aparecida
Ultimamente en Espana (Fish Canning Machinery
Recently Introduced in Spain), by F. Lopez Capont,
9 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. (Reprinted from
Informacion Conservera, vol. 7,no. 66, June 1959,
pp. 4-12.) Informacion Conservera, Colon, no. 62,

Valencia, Spain.

"La Produccion Conservera Espanola en 1958"
(Sapnish Canning Production in 1958), article
Boletin de Informacion del Sindicato Nacional
de la Pesca, no. 17, February 1960, pp. 11-13,
printedin Spanish. Sindicato Nacional de la pesca,

Paseo del Prado, 18-20, 64 Planta, Madrid, Spain.

SPOILAGE: .

"Bacteria Concerned in the Spoilage of Haddock:
Preliminary Paper," by A. H. Gee, article, Con-
tributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries
(new series) vol. 3, no. 14, 1927, pp. 347-364,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada,

"Studies of Fish Spoilage. Il--The Origin of Trim-
ethylamine Produced During the Spoilage of Cod
Muscle Press Juice," by S. A. Beatty, article,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, vol. 4, no. 2, May-July 1938, pp. 63-68,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada.

"Studies of Fish Spoilage, VIII--Volatile Acid of
Cod Muscle Press Juice,'' by V. K. Collins, ar-
of Canada, vol. 5, no. 3, July 1941, pp. 197-202,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada.

STANDARDS:

Microscopic-Analytical Methods in Food and
Drug Control, Food and Drug Technical Bulletin
No. 1, 255 pp., illus., printed, $2. U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, Washington 25, D. Cs
May 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) Discusses the latest meth-
ods for microscopic identification of contami-
nants in foods and drugs and is designed to help
analysts trace adulterants to their sources.
Covers product control and sanitation; sources
and types of contamination; isolation and detec-
tion of contamination; microscopes, photomicro-
graphy, and exhibits; fungi associated with food
decomposition; and entomology in food and drug
analysis. Also covers parasites and related
forms; rodent and other animal filth in foods

100

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

and drugs; applied histology of food and drug
materials; crystallography and chemical micro-
copy; and identification of drug tablets and cap-
sules. This bulletin will be particularly help-
ful to the control departments of food process-
ing plants. It replaces and enlarges the earlier
Microanalysis of Food and Drug Products, first
published in 1944 as Food and Drug Circular
No. 1. It was prepared by the Administration's
Division of Microbiology to show the scope of
microscopic~analytical work, the approach used,
and the application of such techniques to indus-
try and regulatory problems.

"Ta Question des Eaux Territoriales et Ses Con-
sequences" (The Question of Territorial Waters
and Its Consequences), by Jules Molard, arti-
cle, France Péche, vol. 5, no. 38, March 1960,
pp. 13-14, printed in French. France Péche,
Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

TEXAS:

Gunter, 8 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from

Institute of Marine Science, vol. 5, December

1958.) Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean
Springs, Miss.

STATISTICS:

Report on the Expert Meeting on Fishery Statistics TIDES:

in the North Atlantic Area (Edinburgh, Scotland,
September 22-30, 1959),68 pp., processed. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Viale delle Terme diCaracalla, Rome, Italy, Feb-
ruary 4,1960. Includes proceedings, papers pre-
sented, and discussions held under three of the
agenda items covered during the meeting of ex-
perts in fishery statistics. The items included
fishery statistics requirements, dificulties in
meeting high priority requirements and their
solution, and further improvement in fishery
statistics. Topics discussed at the meeting in-
cluded definitions and classifications of statis-
tical items; simplification of statistical report-
ing to international organizations; conversion
factors and allied topics; statistics on fish dis-
carded at sea; statistical treatment of direct
foreign landings; subsistence and sports fish-
eries; statistics of fishing effort; statistics on
disposition, processing, distribution, and con-
sumption; and price and value statistics. Re-
commendations included the establishment of

a continuous Working Party on Fishery Statis-
tics in the North Atlantic Area. Annexes con-
tain the texts of papers presented and other
pertinent information.

STORAGE:

"Keeping Quality of Pacific Coast Dogfish," by
R. H. Moyer and others, article, Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 16,

December 1959, pp. 791-794, printed. Fisher-
ies Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

SURINAM:

"Hoe Vissen We Met Een Bank-Net'' (How do We
Fish with a Bank-Net?) by F. F. van Dijk, arti-
cle, Landbouwnieuws, vol. 12, no. 3, March 1960,
p. 36, illus., printed in Dutch. Department
L.V:V., Paramaribo, Surinam.

TERRITORIAL WATERS:

"Ta Deuxieme Conference sur le Droit de la
Mer" (The Second Conference on the Law of
the Sea), by Robert Lenier, article, France
Péche, vol. 5, no. 39, April 1960, p. 13, print-
ed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est,
Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

Tide Tables--East Coast, North and South Amer-
ica (including Greenland), 1961, 279 pp., print-
ed, $1. U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast
and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C., Jan-
uary 1960. This handbook contains tables on
daily tide predictions for 46 reference stations
and differences for about 1,600 stations in
North and South America, approximate height
of tide at any time, local mean time of sunrise
and sunset, reduction of local mean time to
standard time, moonrise and moonset for eight
places, and astronomical data. Explanatory
notes to facilitate usage of each table are in-
cluded. Also contains a list of Coast and Geo-
detic Survey publications relating to tides and
tidal currents.

Tide Tables--West Coast, North and South Amer-
ica (including the Hawaiian Islands), 1961, 223
pp., printed, $1. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C.,
November 1959. This handbook contains tables
on daily tide predictions for 38 reference ports,
tidal differences and other constants for about
1,000 stations, approximate height of tide at
any time, local mean time of sunrise and sunset,
reduction of local mean time to standard time,
moonrise and moonset, and astronomical data.
Explanatory notes to facilitate usage of each
table are included. Also, contains a list of
Coast and Geodetic Survey publications relating
to tides and tidal currents.

TRANSPORTATION:
A Survey of Fish Transportation Methods and

Equipment, by Kenneth S. Norris and others,
Contribution no. 5, 31 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from California Fish and Game, vol.

46, no. 1, January 1960, pp. 6-33). California
Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave.,
Sacramento 14, Calif. Because of the need for
large-scale propagation and planting of fish in
streams and rivers, the transport of live fish

is becoming an increasingly important problem.
This article reviews available information on
present live-fish transportation practices. Nine-
ty-six state, Federal Government, and private
agencies, and individuals have been polled for

September 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

transport data. This review has been limited
primarily to principles and methods. Construc-
tion methods are not reviewed in detail, except
where they have a direct bearing upon the wel-
fare of the fish being transported. Discussions
are included on tank construction and materials,
use of drugs in the transportation of fish, osmo-
tic problems, loads and distances, pretreatment
of fish, and history of live-fish transportation.

TRANSPORTING FISH:

"From Milk Cans to Plastic Bags," by Ludwig
Frankenberger, article, Wisconsin Conservation
Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 4, April 1960, pp. 17-19,
illus., printed. Wisconsin Conservation Dept.,
Box 450, Madison 1, Wis. Discusses new meth-
ods of transporting fish from hatcheries to lakes
and streams. The handy plastic bags and card-
board boxes are economical for moving fry and
fingerlings; when larger fish are transported,
tank trucks are most satisfactory.

TRAWLERS:

"Construction of Aluminum Fish Rooms: Stanch-
ions, Pound Boards and Light Alloy Fittings,"
article, The Shipping World and World Shipbuild-
ing, vol. 140, no. 3436, May 1959, pp. 449-450,

printed. The Shipping World and World Shipbuild-

ing, 1 Arundel St., London W.C. 2, England.

"The Universal Star--Her Practicability Demon-
strated, article, World Fishing, vol. 9, no. 6,
June 1960, pp. 26-29, illus., printed. World
Fishing, John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St.
Richard's House, Eversholt St., London, N.W.
1, England. Describes the construction and
operation of a new 104-foot experimental stern
trawler, powered by Diesel ingines and equipped

- with hydraulic gear. Details of the technique
employed in the ''Unigan'' system of Trawling
and the reasons for this revolutionary type of
design are included.

TRAWLING:

’ "Prediction of Selection Factors in a Tropical
Trawl Fishery," by Alan R. Longhurst, article,
Nature, vol. 184, p. 1170, printed. Nature, St.
Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York
10, N. Y. October 10, 1959,

TROPICAL FISH:

All about Tropical Fish, by Derek McInerny and

- Geoffrey Gerard, 480 pp., illus., printed. The
Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Ave., New York
Til, Io Weg UES

TROUT:

"Keeping Rainbows in Cold Storage,'' by Richard
W. Nelson, article, U.S. Trout News, vol. 4, Nov:
ember-December 1959, pp. 11-12, printed. U.S.
Trout News, Sport Fishery Institute, Bond Bldg.,
Washington, D. C.

TUNA:

"La Cloture de la Campagne a Dakar'' (The Clos-
ing of the Tuna Season at Dakar), article, La
Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 986, May 1960, p.
276, printed in French. La Peche Maritime,

190 Haussman Blvd., Paris, France,

"A Concarneau, les Pecheurs et Conserveurs
Font le Point" (At Concarneau, the Tuna Fisher-
men and Canners give their Status), article, La
Peche Maritime, vol, 39, no. 986, May 1960, pp.
271-272, printed in French. La Peche Maritime,
190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris, France.

"Aux Etats-Unis, la Conversiondes Thoniers-Clip-
pers en Senneurs S'Etend" (In the United States,
Conversion of Tuna Clippers to Purse-Seiners
Expands), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39,
no. 986, May 1960, pp. 293-295, illus., printed.
La Peche Maritime, 190 Haussman Blvd., Paris,
France.

"Les Pecheurs Luziens Dressent le Bilan de la
Campagne 1959-1960" (The Luzien Fishermen
Review the 1959-1960 Tunageason), article,
La Peche Maritime, vol. 39%no. 986, May 1960,
p. 270, printed in French. La Peche Maritime,
190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris, France.

"Le Programme du Senegal en Matiere d'Arme-
ment Thonier'' (The Program of Senegal Re-
garding Tuna Vessels and Gear, article, La
Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 986, May 1960, pp.
273-275, illus., printed in French. La Peche
Maritime, 190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris, France.

"Quelques Personnalites Nous Parlent de la
Peche au.Thon en Afrique Occidentale" (Several
People Tell Us About the Tuna Fishery in West
Africa), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39,
no. 986, May 1960, pp. 269-270, printed in
French, La Pache Maritime, Blvd. Haussman,
Paris, France.

"Treatment and Use of Albacore Caught off French
Western Africa Coasts," by J. R. Crepey, arti-

vol. 39, 1959, pp. 1524, 1526, printed. Institute
of Refrigeration, 177 Blvd. Malesherbes, Paris
17, France.

TURKEY:

"Balikcilik Kooperatiflerimizin Kredi Finansmani
ve Organizasyon" (Financing and Organization
of Our Fishing Cooperatives), by Suleyman
Arisoy, article, Karinca, Kooperatif Postasi,
vol. 25, no. 269, May 1959, pp. 7-9, printed in
Turkish. Turk Kooperatifcilik Kurumu, Mithat
Pasa Cad. 36, Ankara, Turkey.

"tT CG, Ziraat Bankasinin Balikcilik Kooperatifle-
rine Kredi Tatbikati'' (Credit Applications of

102

the Turkish Fishing Cooperatives of Agricultural
Bank of the Turkish Republic), by Suleyman
Arisoy, article, T. C. Ziraat Bankasinin Haber
ve Fikir Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 2, March 1959, pp.
14-16, printed in Turkish. T. C. Ziraat Bank-
asi Matbaasi, Ankara, Turkey.

"Turkiye Su Mahsullerinin Kredilendirilmesi"
(Turkish Water Products), by Suleyman Arisoy,
article, Karinca, Kooperatif Postasi, vol. 22,
no. 224, August 1959, pp. 22-24, printed in
Turkish. Turk Kooperatifcilik Kurumu, Mithat
Pasa Cad. 36, Ankara, Turkey.

"Turkiyedeki Balikci Kooperatifleri" (Fishing
Cooperatives in Turkey), by Suleyman Arisoy,
article, Deniz, vol. 5, no. 59, February 1960,

pp. 22-23, printed in Turkish. Yuksek Denizcilik
Okulu Mezunlari Cemiyeti, Ankara, Turkey.

"Turkiye Balikcilik Kooperatifleri Hukukuna Bakis"

(A Brief Look at the Law of Fishing Cooperatives),

by Suleyman Arisoy, article, Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
Ziraat Bankasi, Kooperatifler Teftis Dergisi,
vol. I, no. 2, March 1959, pp. 6-10, printed in
Turkish. T. C. Ziraat Bankasi, Genel Mudurluk,
Musavir Mudur Muavini, Ankara, Turkey.

--Listings under Turkey supplied by Suleyman

Arizoy, Fisheries Advisor Agricultural Bank
of the Turkish Republic, Ankara, Turkey.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

Fisheries Development Corporation of South Afri-
ca--Fifteenth Annual Report (Covering Period
1st October, 1958 to 30th September 1959), 16
pp., printed in English and Dutch. Fisheries
Development Corporation of South Africa, Ltd.,
Sea-fare House, 68 Orange St., Cape Town, Union
of South Africa. Presents brief reports on the
state of the fisheries industry; pilchard-maas-
banker research program and general activities
of the Corporation.

UNITED KINGDOM:

"The Torry Research Station, Aberdeen,"' by
G. H. O. Burgess, article, Nature, vol. 184,
September 19, 1959, pp. 863-865, printed.
Nature, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave.,
New York 10, N. Y.

52 pp., printed, 3s. (about 42 U. S. cents). Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kings-
way, London W.C. 2, England. Covers the ac-
tivities and functions of the White Fish Author-
ity for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1960,
its income, expenditures, and fishery loans.
Also includes sections on production of fishery
products, marketing and distribution, research
and experiments, training courses, and investi-
gations.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 9

U.S.S.R.
Poliarnyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Mor-

skogo Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanologii, Trudy,
no. 10, 1957, printed in Russian. Poliarnyi
Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo
Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanologii, Trudy, Mur—
mansk, U.S.S.R. Contains, among others, these
articles: ''Prognosis of Fish Stocks and Trawl-
ing Conditions," by N. A. Maslov; ''Improving
the Method Used in Long Range Forecasts of the
State of Cod and Haddock Stocks}' by N. A. Maslov;
"Quantitative Relation Between Year Classes of
Cod and Haddockinthe Barents Sea Based on
Numerical Estimates of Young Fish and Fish-
ery Data,"' by A. S. Baranenkova; ''Results of
Tagging Fishes in the Barents Sea during 1946-.
1955,"' by K. G. Konstantinov; ''Annual Variations
in the Feeding of Cod in the Barents Sea," by
N. S. Grinkevich; ''Distribution and Growth of
Larvae and the Young of Coalfish (Pollachius
Virens (L.),'' by A. S. Baranenkova; 'Rosefish
Fisheries in the Southern Part of the Barents
Sea andthe Kopytov Area," by V. I. Travin;
"Sex and Age Groups of the Rosefish Sebastes
mentella Travin in the Kopytov Area," by E. I.
Surkova; and "Chart of Fishing Grounds of the
Barents Sea."

Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 7, 1959, printed
in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, Kotel 'niches-
kaia Naberezhiaia D 1/15, Souizpechati Otdelu
"Zhurnal-Pochtoi,'' Moscow Zh-240, U.S,S.R.
Includes, among others, these articles; ''Im-
prove the Quality and Assortment of Fishery
Products;" "Scientific Expeditions of the Sub-
marine Boat Severianka,'' by V. P. Zaitsev and
V. G. Azhazha; "First Experiment in Observing
the Behavior of Herring from a Submarine Boat,’
by D. V. Radakov and B. S. Solov'ev; ''Types of
Pond Carp Culture with Reference to Its Pro-
spective Development," by K. A. Sadlaev; ''Pro-
spective Tuna Fisheries off the Western Coast
of Africa," by V. K. Korotkov; ''Measures for
Increasing the Effectiveness of a Trawler Fleet,"
by I. R. Matrosov; "Catching Sprats with Fish
Pumps Under Conditions of Underwater Light-
ing and the Use of Impulse Current," by I. V.
Nikonorov and A. Kh. Pateev;''Results of Elec-
tric Fishing in Rybinsk Reservoir," by V. A.
Shentiakov and V. A. Strakhov; ''Development
of the Fishing Industry in Latvia," by M. A.
Kozokovy; and 'ThirdSession of the Soviet-Jap-
anese Fishery Commission," by P. A. Moiseev.

Rybovodstvo i Rybolovstvo, vol. 2, no. 4, 1959,
printed inRussian. Rybovodstvo i Rybolovstvo,
Ministerstvo Sel'skogo Khoziaistva SSR, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R. Includes, among others, these
articles: "Utilizing the Lesser Rivers of the
Ukraine for Commercial Fishing," by V. Mov-
chan; ''Marketable Carp on the Fish Spawning
and Rearing Farm," by G. Zhukovskii, and" Fish
Catching and Sorting Device," by T. Kondrat'ev.

September 1960

VENEZUELA:

"Ia Pesca de Arrastre, Esperanza de Venezuela"
(The Trawl Fishery, Venezuela's Hope), by C. R.
Chavez, article, Hl Agricultor Venezolano, vol.
23, no. 216, January-February 1960, pp. 29-31,

illus., printed. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria,

Caracas, Venezuela.

VESSELS:

Atlantic Merchant Vessel Report System (SMVER)
4pp., illus., printed. United States Coast Guard,
Treasury Department, Washington 25, D. C., re-
vised January 1960. The Atlantic Merchant Ves-
sel Report System was established to improve
search and rescue coordination efforts at sea.

Fishing Boats of the World: 2, edited by Jan-Olov
Traung, 831 pp., illus., printed in English with
French and Spanish summaries, L7 7s. (about
US$20.65). Fishing News (Books) Ltd., Ludgate
House, 110 Fleet St., London, E.C. 4, England,
1960. A report which will be highly valuable to
world fishing interests, based on papers and
discussions at the Second FAO World Fishing
Boat Congress held at Rome, April 1959. In-
cludes also a contribution on purse seining, in-
formation on stern trawling with designs of re-
cent applications, andother supplementary con-
tributions from fishery experts. Contains, in
its 170 contributions, 800 illustrations, and 200
tables, the most up-to-date, valid information
available on fishing boat design and-operation.
The book is divided into four major parts; Part
I--tactics, deals with the use of varying fishing
methods, deck arrangements and other features
for different types of boats; Part II--deals with
materials, new and old assessments, fish holds,
installation of machinery, and costs; Part Ti
covers sea behavior and gives model tests and
actual experiences--is particularly valuable to
the naval architect, owner, and skipper; and
Part IV--productivity, gives a symposium on
types of boats suitable for various classes of
fishing. This book is highly technical, but at
the same time intensely practical in its aim of
improving the worldwide standard of fishing
boat design and thus contributing to larger and
more economical catches. The function of the
FAO is to increase the world's food supply;
some success is being achieved in fishery pro-
ducts. Since 1953, when the first Congress was
held, the world catch has grown from 25 to 33
million tons in 1958. Scientists believe it can
be raised to 60 million tons without detriment
to stocks. For Fishery administrators, tech-
nicians, naval architects, boat builders, and fish-
ing craft operators, this book will prove invalu-
able not only for its basic knowledge but for the
inspiration it gives for the future development.

VITAMINS:
"The Constituents of Cod Liver with Vitamin Bio
Activity for Lactobacillus Leichmannii, by
Beryl Truscott and P. L. Hoogland, article, Ca-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

nadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,
vol. 34, 1956, pp. 191-196, printed. Canadian
Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, Divi-
sion of Administration, The National Research
Council, Sussex St., Ottawa, Canada.

"Biochemical Studies on the Vitamin A in Fish
Viscera. III--The oxidation of Vitamin A in
Fish Liver Oils," by Toyoki Ono and Fumio
Nagayama, article, Journal of the Tokyo Univ-
sity of Fisheries, vol. 41, 1955, pp. 153-162,
printed in Japanese. Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-Kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-ku
Tokyo, Japan.

"Marine Edible Fishes. I--Distribution of Oil and
Vitamin A in the Skin, Flesh, and Liver of Edi-
ble Fishes of Karachi Waters," by A. Hameed
Khan and S. Abdul Haq, article Pakistan Journal
of Scientific and Industrial Research, vol. 1,
1958, pp. 309-311, printed. Pakistan Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, 3/4/D/VI,
Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.

"Studies on the Economical Manufacture of Vitamin
A Concentrate from Fish Liver Oil. X--Adsorp-
tion by Weakened Acid Clay,"' by Hideo Higashi
and others, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, July 1959,
pp. 196-203, printed in Japanese with English
abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokaiku Suisan Kenkyujo, Tsukishima,
Koyobashi, Tokyo, Japan.

WALRUS:

Preliminary Investigation of the Atlantic Walrus,
by Alan G. Loughrey, Wildlife Management Bul-
letin, Series 1, No. 14, printed. Department of
Northern Affairs and Nationéi Resources, Otta-
wa, Canada.

WHALES:

"Effect of Difference of Initial and Final Temper-
ature of Whalemeat When it is Taken Into and
Out of Freezer on Drip,'' by Kazuo Tanaka and
Takeo Tanada, article, Journal of the Tokyo Un-
iversity of Fisheries, vol. 43, no. I, 1957, pp.
13-17, printed in Japanese. Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-
ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"On the Mass Strandings of Sperm Whales," by
Raymond M. Gilmore, article, Pacific Natural-
ist, vol. 1, no. 10, August 6, 1959, pp. 9-16,
illus., printed. The Beaudette Foundation for
Biological Research, Box 482, R.F.D., Solvang,
Calif.

"Whales Without Flukes,'"' by Raymond M. Gilmore,
article, Pacific Naturalist, vol. 1, no. 9, August6,
1959, pp. 3-9, ilfus., printed. The Beaudette
Foundation for Biological Research, Box 482,
R.F.D. 1, Solvang, Calif.

Vol. 22, No. 9

104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW
THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM. : TSaTREL, TT RES
WHALING:

ternational Whaling Convention Signed at Wash-
ington on December 2, 1946, Treaties and Other
International Act Series 4404, 6 pp., printed, 5

cents. Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.

1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Presents the amendments
adopted at the Eleventh Meeting of the Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, London, June 22-
July 1, 1959.

YELLOW PERCH:

mons, Md., January 1959.

YUGOSLAVIA:

tock Breeding and Fisheries 1958, 43 pp., printed
in Serbo-Croatian with English abstract. Fed-
eral Statistical Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia,
October 1959. Contains statistical data on stock
breeding, veterinary services, andfisheries in
Yugoslavia during 1958. The section on fish-
eries includes information on fishing craft for
salt- and fresh-water fisheries; the catch of
salt- and fresh-water fish and shellfish by spe-
cies and by months; and the catch of salt- and
fresh-water fish by fishing enterprises and
cooperatives and its distribution during 1958.
Most of the tables include data for the years
1954-1958.

Morsko Ribarstvo, (Marine Fisheries), printed in
Yugoslavian with an English Summary of prin-
cipal articles, no. 11, November 1959, 24 pp.
Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata3, P.O. B. 185,
Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others, the
following articles: ''Fisheries and Shipbuilding,"
by Ivo Tilic; ''Expertimental Tuna Fishing with
Clipper," by Dinko Marelic; and ''Trawling in the
Neretva-Channel,'' by S. Zupanovic.

, no. 12, December 1959, 24 pp.
Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P. O. B. 185,
Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains among others, the
following articles: ''The World Scientific Con-
gress of the Biology of the Sardine and Its Re-
latives,'' by R. Muzinic; and ''On the Occasion
of the Article Entitled--New Fishery Experts
Study the Fishing of Clupeonella delicatula

Caspia on the Caspian Sea,"' by M. Zei and J.
Skrk.

» no. 1. January 1960, 26 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata3, P. O. B. 185,

Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others,
the following articles: 'Relations Between Cli-
matic Changes and Fish Abundance in Adriatic,"
by A. Obuljen; ''Small Blue-Fish Fishing Along
Yugoslav Coast," by A. Domancic; and "Quality
Control of Fishery Products," by D. Milos.

,» no. 2, February 1960, 18 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P.O. B. 185, Ri-

jeka, Yugoslavia, Contains, among others, the
following articles: ''The Problem of Profession-
al Cadres in Marine Fisheries," by I. Blagaic;

The Resultsof the Fertilization of the Lim-Chan-
nel in 1959," by M. Buljan; and ''Some Details on
Biology of Tuna,"' by D. Morovic.

, no. 3, March 1960, 18 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P.O. B. 185,

Rijeka, Yugoslavia. The major part of thisnum-
ber is dedicated to problems connected with
shellfish breeding.

, no. 4, April 1960, 22 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P. O. B. 185,

Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others,
the following articles: ''Advisory Meeting on
Problems of the Fisheries Economy," by N.
Cuculic; and ''Tuna and Its Life,'' by D. Morovic.

, no. 5, May 1960, 24 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P. O. B. 185,

Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others,

the following articles: ''Minutes from the Year-
ly assembly of the Professional Association of
the Marine Fisheries of Yugoslavia;"" ''The Five-
Year Plan of the Exploration Work in the Ad-
vancement of Marine Fisheries," by N. Cuculic:
and "A Talk With the Pioneer in Purse-Seines,
M. Mezic."

, no. 6, June 1960, 20 pp.

Morsko Ribarstvo, V. Bagata 3, P. O. B. 185,

Rijeka, Yugoslavia. Contains, among others,
the following articles: ''Working Time and
Fishing,'' by M. Grubelic; ''On Fishing Experi-
ments by Submarine Light in Tunisia," by R.
Muzinic; and ''A Few Observations on the Whit-
ing in the Mid-Adratic,'' by S. Zupanovic.

--Listings under Yugoslavia sup-
plied by K. Sepic, Engineer.

Y

HOW FAST CAN A FISH SWIM?

At what speeds can cod and herring swim? Experi- MACKEREL--One of the fastest.
ments onproblems of animal locomotion carried outat the
Cambridge School of Zoology have produced some interest-
ing information onthe speed at which fish swim, and their
powers of endurance. Similarly, since 1955 the Marine
Laboratory of the Scottish Home Department, Aberdeen,
has been conducting experiments from the point of view of
interest of the fishing industry.

The Cambridge experiments dealing mainly with small
fish, show that a small fish can move in a short burst ata
speed equivalent to traveling 10 times its own length in a
second although this varies with different species. It ap-
pears that with fish up to one foot in length, the top speed
of the fish is proportionate to its length. Beyond this length,
the top speed increases byaless amount than indirect pro-
portion to length. It is even suggested that the top speed
of any fish can be calculated by means of a formula, given
only its length and the frequency of its tail movements.

Of far greater interest are the measurements of endur-
ance which have for the first time been made--in other
words the number of times its own length that a fish can
swim before becoming exhausted when stimulated contin-
uously during its swim. The work at Aberdeen is being
done mainly on marine fish, as it was felt that this infor-
mation would be valuable when designing fishing gear and
calculating the best speed for towing trawls.

Due to the difficulty of obtaining live healthy fish of all
sizes of a particular species, only a very limited range of
sizes hasbeen measured. The most complete information
is available for herring.

It appears that sea trout, brown trout, and mackerel Average Average
are the fastest swimmers, with herring, haddock, and whit- fe Distance Swum Som ‘Beton
: : G es in Inches coming austed
ing next, while cod and saithe are the slowest. No speeds Hemings
higher than 7-8 m.p.h. have been recorded so far. Al- Sea trout |

thoughcareful check was kept of the temperature, thereis no eee

evidence of this affecting the maximum speed to any extent. Rane z

It is likely, however, to affect the cruising speed. Haddock. .
In order to relate the maximum swimming speed to ening Hay

chance of fish escaping from nets, it is necessary to know
how long they can sustain a near maximum speed.

The number of body lengths swum before becoming exhausted can be called the endurance of the fish.
Thus the endurance of herring is highest; nextcome small and large seatrout. All white fish have a much
lower endurance, one-quarter or less than that of herring. An interesting fact is that small individuals
of a particular species have greater endurance than large individuals.

ALZE IX
Fishes

COMMERCIAL
SISHERIES

Vol. 22, No. 10 OCTOBER 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior
Washington DG

sani
The eeiahe

ai

ef
ae

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED a. SEATON, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests

to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureav of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington 25, D. Cc. 5

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau’is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the

Budget, May 10, 1960.

Page
1

5/31/63

CONTENTS °

COVER: The first--and oldest--Woods Hole marine research laboratory has been replaced by a
modern three-story brick and glass building. It has ichthyological, biological, physiological,
microbiological, shellfishery, chemical, and electronic laboratories, as well as a large number
of tanks and tables supplied with tempered sea water, drafting shop rooms equipped for mathe-
matical computations, library, conference hall, and offices. A vital part of the new laboratory
will be the aquarium, with auxiliary facilities and shops, which is now under construction. This
is one of several biological laboratories of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

.Development and Use of Otter-Trawling Gear for Red Snapper Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, June 1957-May 1959,

by Francis J. Captiva and Joaquim B. Rivers

15 Structure of the Fishing Industry in the European Common Market, by P. Hovart
Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
American Samoa: Oceanography:
27... Tuna Landings, July 1960 35 .. Charts of Eastern Pacific Ocean Floor
California: 36 .. Survey of Pacific Ocean Area off San Francisco Under
27... Physiological Study of Pacific $almon (M/V Nautilus Way
Cruise 60N6) Oysters:
27 . Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 37... Mortalities in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
January-June 1960 38 .. #MSX Oyster Killer Identified as Animal Parasite
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: 38 .. Maryland Observations, 1960 Season
28 . Studies Initiated on Genetic Definition of Tuna Stocks 39 .. Virginia's Yield Per Acre Almost Treble That for
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Maryland
28 . Department of Defense Purchases, January-June 1960 40 . Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning and Setting
Fish Farming: aller. Underwater Harrow May Aid Starfish Control on
28 . Director Appointed for New Experimental Station Oyster Beds
29 _ Contract Let for New Experimental Station in Arkansas Portion-Control Fishery Products:
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research: 41. Use in Institutional and Public Eating Places
29 . Exploratory Fishing with Otter Trawl Started in Lake North Atlantic Fishery Investigations:
Michigan (M/V Art Swaer II Cruise 1) 42. Underwater Television Aids Biologists in Fish Behavior
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Studies
i for Sea Lamprey on South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
ae i Gacneane tT ae veaamtenages paid 42 .. Savannah River-Cape Hatteras Offshore Areas Surveyed
30 . Experimental Trawling Reveals Spawning Success of for Fish and Shellfish Resources (M/V Silver Bay
Sean Sian 1 Ss (M/V George L ae naee aah Telegraph Cables:
“ eee Ose saly 1 960) ai 43 .. Charts Show Cables in Northwest Atlantic
30 Lake Mic! n Fish Population Survey Continued Tuna:
(M/V Gime Cruises 4 and 5) 43 .. Composition Studies
32 Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Continued 43 .. Trolling Program Aids Pacific Coast Albacore Fleet
2 (M/V Siscowet Cruises 3 and 4) 44 .,. United States Fishing Fleet Additions
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: 44 .. "J. S, Fish Meal and Solubles Production and Imports,
33 . Trawl Fishing Gear Studied with Underwater Camera pe ae ue8e
‘ruise 28 . S. Fore :
we eeerge M Bowers : azo, 45 .. Imports of Fish Meal and Scrap, 1959
33 Addition of Eastern Pacific Fishing Information to 45 .. Edible Fishery Products, June 1960
; California Monthly Summary’ 46 .. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
Maryland: 46 .. Export Expansion Program Aided by Export-Import
34 . Biological Laboratory Receives Grant for Research on = reat re
Early Life History of Fish as. * ake Hatchert Den et econ
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:) 46 .. ne zlaute y cheries Expect to Se cory
Dela-
35 . Annual Overhaul of Fisheries Research Vessel Dela- Ae +. Swslunela Prices yAugastia960

ware Held Upby Freak Accident

Contents Continued page I.

IT

Page

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN:
International:
Bering Sea:
U. S. Naval Observations on Soviet Fishing Fleets
Fish Oils:
6 World Fish Oil Exports Set New Record in 1959
Food and Agriculture Organization:
O Fish Farming Studies in Uganda May Increage Yield
International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers:

O90 More Information on Hamburg Meeting

International Commission for Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries:
Progress on Studies of Effect of Net Mesh Sizes on
Fish Stocks
Nordic Fisheries Conference:
O Conference Met in Mid-August 1960
Angola:
. Fishing Industry Faces Crisis Due to Low Fish Meal
Prices
Argentina:
. Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Australia:
. Three-Year Shrimp Survey Ends
British North Borneo:
. Japanese Reviving Fishing Industry
Canada:
Trawlers to be Permitted to Fish in 3-12 Mile Zone
off East Coast
. Lake Erie Smelt Trawl May be Adaptable to Sardine
Fishery
. Mechanical Digger Developed for Soft Clams
Cuba:
. Closed Seasons for Certain Shellfish Revised
Denmark:
. Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter, 1960
. Expansion of Greenland's Fisheries Under
Consideration
El Salvador:

.. Shrimp Fishery Trends, July 1960

Fiji Islands:
. Tuna Cannery with Japanese Interests
France:
. Fish Meal and Oil Industry and Markets
French West Indies:
. United States Tuna Canner Interested in Building
Cold-Storage Plant in Martinique
German Federal Republic:

. Technologist Develops New Method for Preserving

Fish at Sea
Greece:
. Freezer-Type Trawlers Report Good Catches in June
. Sardine and Anchovy Landings Good in June
Greenland:
. Shrimp Industry Expands
Guatemala:
Japanese Company Granted Permit to Fish off Coasts
of Guatemala
Hong Kong:
Government Aids Fishing Industry
Iceland:
. Fisheries Trends, Mid-July 1960
. Herring Fishery Trends, July 1960
India;
. New Five-Year Plan Provides for Rapid Expansion of
Fisheries
Italy:

.. Fish Meal and Oil Market

. Subsidies for Fishing Industry as of June 30, 1959
Japan:
. August Price for Frozen Yellowfin Tuna Exports
to United States Lower
. Base Price for Tuna Exports to Italy to be Reexamined
. Italy Buys Frozen Tuna only in Small Lots
. Canners Having Trouble Meeting Contracts for
Lightmeat Tuna in Oil
Editorial Highlights Canned Tuna Export Problems
Fisheries Agency to Reexamine Tuna Fishery Policies
Frozen Tuna Exports Lag
Market for Tuna Vessels Weakens
New Canned Tuna Product on Market
Purse-Seiners Demand Licenses for Tuna Fishing
Skipjack Tuna Landings Light in Kochi Prefecture
Super Tuna Long-Liner Launched
Tuna Fishing Vessel Sent to Okinawa in July

0-0 0 0-0 G 050.0

Page

see

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Two More Tuna Motherships to Fish Fijian Waters
Frozen Salmon Shark Exported to Italy
Earnings by Catcher Vessels in North Pacific Mother-
ship Salmon Fishery
North Pacific Mothership Salmon Fishery Season Ends
. Increased Allocations for Salmon Roe Imports Proposed
. Salmon Shark Exploratory Fishing Operation in North
Pacific
- Bristol Bay Fish-Meal Factoryship Production as of
July 31
Fish Meal Prices
Factoryship Fish Meal to be Sold on Domestic Market
Fishing Companies Plan to Raise Poultry and Livestock
King Crab Mothership Returns from Bristol Bay after
Filling Quota
. Herring-Crab Factoryship Reports Good Catches in
Bering Sea
. Six Factoryships to Freeze Flatfish in North Pacific

O06

.. Sardine Canners May Have Trouble Meeting Contracts

. Fish Consumption Survey Shows Trends of Food Preferences
Mackerel Fishermen Change to ''Porgy’' Long-Lining in
Marshall Islands
Overseas Fishery Operations as of July 1960
Soviets Observe Japanese Fisheries Closely
Trawlers Find Good Fishing off Foreign Coasts
North Pacific Whaling Operations, July 1960
Whaling Industry Fails to Agree on Use of Former
British Fleet
Liberia:

.. Maritime and Inland Fishing Regulations Published

Mexico:
. Shrimp Fishery Trends, Early Augist 1960
. Fishery Products Requiring Import Licenses
. Import Permit for Fish Meal Required
Morocco:
. Fisheries Trends, April-June 1960
Netherlands:
. Withdrawal from Whaling Convention Approved by
Parliament
. Two Bills on Whaling Passed by Second Chamber of
Parliament
Norway:
. Fish Meal and Oil Industry
. Exports and Imports of Marine Oils and Their Products;
Exports of Herring Meal, 1959
. Fisheries Trends, April-June 1960

. Whaling Industry Trends, July 1960

. Norwegian Company Sells Land-Based Whaling Station
Panama:

. Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Portugal:

. Fishery Trends, July 1960

. Fishing Industry Renovation and Reequipment Bond

Issue Authorized

. Fish Meal and Oil Industry

Sierra Leone:

. Fishing Industry Developing Rapidly

Turkey:
Territorial Waters Limit Set for Navigation and Fishing
Union of South Africa:

. Imports and Exports of Fishery Products, 1959
. Landings of Pilchard-Maasbanker as of June 30

Exceeded 1959 Season Total
Union of South Africa and South-West Africa:
Fish Meal and Oil Industry Trends, January-May 1960
U.S. S. R.:

. Fishery Conference in Riga
. Fishing Fleet on Newfoundland Banks

United Kingdom:

. New Interest Rates on Fisheries Loans Effective June 20

Three Freezer-Type Trawlers to be Added to Fleet
Venezuela:
Fish Meal Industry
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:

3 Effective Date of Food Additives Statute is Extended for

Additional Items

5 Proposal to Add Certain Synthetic Flavorings to

Substances Recognized as Safe

Q Effective Date of Food Additives Statute Extended for

Synthetic Flavorings

Contents Continued page III (following page 117).

“nD

October 1960

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF OTTER-TRAWLING GEAR FOR
RED SNAPPER FISHING IN THE GULF OF MEXICO,
JUNE 1957 -MAY 1959
By Francis J. Captiva* and Joaquim B. Rivers*
SUMMARY
The snapper fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, traditionally a hand-line fishery, recently has

been faced with severe economic problems and has been seeking a solution through the devel-
opment of more effective fishing gear and methods.

Fig. 1 - The M/V Silver Bay--96. 4-foot North Atlantic dragger used in the snapper-trawl studies.

i i i d vessel Silver Bay, a 96.4-foot
The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartere y Bes E
North Atlantic trawler, was used, therefore, to carry out a study designed primarily to de
velop otter-trawling gear and methods and to introduce these to the snapper fishery. The
study was conducted intermittently from June 1957 through May 1959. be wi Analy
% Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialists, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Comm

i i Brunswick, Ga.
a ee eo nee a i: U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 600

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Bottom-trawling gear, consisting of nylon netting, wooden rollers, and Vigneron-Dahl
(V-D) rigging, was developed that successfully permitted trawling on rough and broken bot-
tom and that could be used with vessels now existing in the Gulf of Mexico.

Commercial quantities of marketable snapper and grouper were taken with the gear de-
veloped. Two simulated-commercial cruises to the Campeche Banks area yielded catches
totaling 44,504 pounds of marketable snapper and grouper from depths of 20 to 50 fathoms.
Daily catches ran as high as 2,400 pounds and the maximum single drag yielded 1,775 pounds.
On several occasions, trawl catches exceeded the catches of hand-line vessels working the
same area,

Use of electronic devices (loran, radar, and especially depth-recorders) proved to be of
great practical value.

Results suggest that the otter trawl can be a profitable commercial gear for snapper and
grouper in the Gulf of Mexico fishery.

BACKGROUND

The commercial fishery for red snapper and grouper of the Gulf of Mexico has been car-
ried out almost exclusively with hand lines for the past century. The hand-line method has
proved unprofitable in many cases despite the willingness of the industry to adopt new acces-
sory equipment, including mechanical reels (Siebenaler and Brady 1952), depth recorders,
and electronic navigational aids (Rathjen 1958). Recently, a substantial decrease in produc-
tion per unit of effort on the part of the hand-line vessels (Camber 1955), coupled with high
production costs and a shortage of competent personnel, placed the industry in a position so
unfavorable economically that some operators ceased snapper fishing activities entirely.

One approach to the solution of the industry's problem lies in the development and intro-
duction of more efficient fishing gear and methods. The industry, alone and in cooperation
with research agencies, had experimented in the past with gill nets (Stearns 1885), fish traps
(Jarvis 1935; Bullis 1951; Springer 1951), hoop nets (Smith 1948a&b), long lines (Stearns
1885; Jarvis 1935; Whiteleather and Brown, 1945), and bottom trawls in attempts to increase
the effectiveness of the fishing operation; but at the time of the experiments all of those meth-
ods and gear were found deficient in some respect and none was adopted.

Notwithstanding deficiencies noted in early trawling experiments conducted by the indus-
try, additional experiments conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research
vessel Oregon, and occasional reports of large catches of snapper by shrimp trawlers, con-
tinued to suggest the possibility of bottom trawls as practical commercial gear for red snap-
per in the Gulf of Mexico, if trawl gear capable of performing on rough and broken bottom
could be found.

The M/V Silver Bay, which was acquired by the Bureau through charter in May 1957 to
supplement exploratory work already in progress in the Gulf of Mexico and off the Atlantic
coast of the Southeastern States, was used largely, therefore, to conduct snapper-trawling
experiments. The objective of the experiments was the design and development of bottom-
trawling gear suitable for use in the commercial snapper fishery by fishing vessels available
in the Gulf of Mexico.

VESSEL AND EQUIPMENT

The M/V Silver Bay, a conventional North Atlantic dragger of welded-steel construction,
was built in 1946. The vessel has an over-all length of 96.4 feet, a beam of 22.6 feet, anda
draft of 12 feet. Insulated hold space is available for approximately 200,000 pounds of iced
fish. Accommodations are provided for17 men. The main propulsion plant develops 562 brake-
horsepower at 350 r.p.m., providing a cruising speed of nine knots, and fuel and water capac-
ity are sufficient for 20 days of continuous operation. A heavy-duty double-drum trawling
winch is driven by the main engine through a front power take-off and chain-and-sprocket
drive. Capacity of each winch drum is approximately 650 fathoms of }-inch-diameter cable.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vessel design and deck arrangement permit trawlin
board side. This arrangement, and the identical
time to a minimum for, when gear dama
was ready to be used immediately.

g from either the port or the star-
gear carried on each side, kept lost fishing
ge occurred on one side, the gear on the other side

&fair lead

Bollards).
Warp Port bates aie ~
Warp Starboard — =
Fair lead
Bollards

Fair leads
Trawl Winch

wo
=
°
=
=

a
3
=
°
So
=
\

@</ ~ Fair leads op

Fig 2 - Deck plan of M/V Silver Bay
the vessel.

--the bollard-fairlead arrangement allows trawling from either the port or the starboard side of
Electronic equipment aboard the Silver Bay included: Two loran receivers, radar, deep-
water depth-recorder (0- to 2,200-fathom range), ''white-line'' depth-recorder (0-to 480-fathom

range), shallow-water depth-recorder (0- to 450-fathom range), and a magneétic-compass au-
tomatic pilot.

o 3

2x1zX8 Angle back to back
Bracket anchors OUTSIDE ONLY TRAWL DOOR Backstrap U-bolts Iya" X oe
eli 8 Ft. iron es
ame
ST

u

5
Té

Steel plate

Bracket seat
inside only

a) 2 2 ° ° ° e = ~ 2 *
MMI “TLL LEY) ddd did 3'x 2 =
! |

LO 530 | \ \ \(3/e"Backstrap plate SHOE
32X @ Stiffener di il z + through bolted
both sides,through bolted’ * 8

BRACKETS TO SET |-INCH BELOW
nee: CENTER LinE— €

ie)
Scale Hanah inches BRACKETS SHOULD CENTER FORWARD OF 1|/8 VERTICAL LINE
I" TO 3" DEPENDING UPON DESIRED ANGLE OF ATTACK

Fig. 3 - Bracket doors, 4 by 8 feet and reinforced with steel plate, were used to spread the snapper trawling gear.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Cut Seam All Siders

202m. acress

SQUARE

140 m. across

BOTTOM

NET COMPLETELY FABRICATED WITH 4 1/2 in.
ey ALO GIO Cre 3/16in. DIA, BRAIDED NYLON
WEBBING =

%
% BELLY

CUTTING DIAGRAM
FOR A
547 74’ TWO-SEAM FISH TRAWL

Headrope: 54 ft;3/4in;dia;combination wire
Top Wings: 20 ft;ea.

Top Bosom: 14 ft.

Sweeprope: 74 ft;15/ 16in;dia;nylon
Bottom Wings:30ft;ea.
Bottom Bosom: 14 ft.

Extension:60m.wide x 50m. deep

Cod End: GOm. x GOm. of 5 1/2in;nylon

Ss
=

BOTTOM
EXTENSION

BOTTOM

Fig. 4 - Construction diagram of the 54-foot-74-foot snapper trawl.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

GEAR AND METHODS

Conventional North Atlantic gear, constructed from manila and cotton twine, was used at
the beginning of the trawl studies. This gear was fished with bracket doors and Vigneron-
Dahl (V-D) rigging and has been described in detail by Knake (1956). Results obtained were
not satisfactory, but served to point out where modifications were needed.

Modified gear was then developed, tested, and found suitable for fishing rough- and bro-
ken-bottom areas. Its reasonable cost, simplicity of design, and relatively small size make
the modified gear suitable for many fishing vessels in the Gulf of Mexico.

OTTER BOARDS: Rectangular boards measuring 4 by 8 feet and weighing approximately
900 pounds each were used to spread the trawl (figs. 3 and 6). The doors were constructed
from 22- by 8-inch lumber and were heavily reinforced with steel angle and flat bar. The
brackets, constructed from 14-inch round bar were attached to the doors in the conventional
manner (fig. 4). The doors proved rugged enough to resist the sudden shocks received in

hang-ups and required only minor repairs during the two-year period of use.

TRAWL: The high-opening, 2-seam fish trawl, hung 54 feet on the headrope and 74 feet
on the footrope (fig. 4), was constructed from 53-inch-mesh braided nylon twine. Braided-
nylon twine with a tensile strength of approximately 400 pounds was preferred to other types
f nylon twine because its superior knot strength enabled the meshes to hold their shape even
when the twine was subjected to great stress. The increased strength of the braided twine--
2 to 4 times that of cotton twine of equivalent weight--enabled the gear to be fished on rough
bottom with minimum gear loss or damage. >

Wooden rollers, 20 to 24 inches in di-
ameter, were strung on 3-inch-diameter
steel roller wire. Roller separation was
accomplished with 6-inch wooden spacers
used in pairs on the bottom bosom section
(separating the rollers by 12 inches) and
in groups of three on the wings (providing
a spacing of 18 inches). The rollers were
used along the full length of the footrope
and were attached to the trawl by 20-inch
roller chains stopped onto the footrope--
one chain at each large roller. Details of
attachment are shown in figure 5.

The trawl was "hung in'' 20 percent
on the top and bottom wings (i.e., 20 per-
cent more stretched netting was usedthan
hanging line) and 37 percent on the topand
bottom bosoms. This modification in
hanging materially reduced a common type
of damage in which the hanging selvage is _ Fig. 5 - Bosom section of trawl showing method of attaching rollers
torn from the hanging line. to footrope.

Forty 7-inch standard spherical floats were first used to raise the headline. These gave
satisfactory results at dragging speeds up to 3 knots, but were apparently completely inef-
fective at 4 to 5 knots. Substitution of a patented ' rising-panel device for the floats in the
bosom section provided a solution to problems encountered in high-speed trawling, andcatch-
es at higher speeds increased following the substitution.

ila | i qi in ci ference, were attached to the 4
Manila "helpers" or "belly lines," 24 inches in circum ;
corners of the trawl and sewn full lengthtothe cod end. The helpers were sewn down the
square mesh from the corner rather than on the bar, as is the custom with standard gear
(fig. 6). Additional pieces, approximately 3 to 4 fathoms in length, were attached at inter-

vals along the bottom wings and belly.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

BOLCH LINE

Ni

XS
99: 9,
INA oeesce eho, WAC i
b Fj )
i { %, (XX)
KY XM 5.

es

y Ma
Yas ) ,

AXRAXYS

’
XXX)
Nts

XK

Fig. 6 - Detail of trawl quarter showing attachment of modified
"helper" or "belly line."

The headrope was 2-inch-diameter ma-
nila-clad wire rope. Doubled #-inch-diam-
eter braided nylon twine was used to hangthe
webbing to the headrope and bolch line. Ap-
proximately 3 inches of slack was allowed in
hanging. The bolch or hanging line (fig. 6)
was approximately 20 percent longer than the
nylon footrope and was stopped onto the latter
in bights with single braided nylon twine. To
prevent chafing by coral and rock, a heavy
bull hide was attached full length to the bot-
tom of the cod end.

FISHING METHODS: The roller gear,
and associated Vigneron-Dahl rig, was han-
dled by the side-trawl method described by
Knake (1958). Although not mandatory, this
method greatly facilitates handling heavy
gear with minimum manpower (figs. 7 and 8).

The trawl was normally fished with two
10-fathom legs that were connected directly

Vol. 22, No. 10

Fig. 7 - "Shooting" the trawl in the side trawling operation.

to the boards through a kelly-eye and stop-
per arrangement. In general it was found
that the greater the distance between boards
and trawl, the greater the catch; but the num-
ber of hang-ups increased proportionately with
the length of the ground cables onbad bottom.

A total of 15 fathoms of ground cable was
added between legs and doors when bottom
conditions were suitable. A 3:1 ration of tow-
ing-wire length to water depth was used nor-
mally, but on extremely rough bottom the

‘ratio was reduced to 2:1.

Fig. 8 - Bosom rollers being brought on deck with the "gilson"
(whip). Wing rollers remain overboard.

FISHING RESULTS

Operations during the first year (June 1957-May 1958) were concerned primarily with
gear design and modification and were confined to the known bad-bottom red snapper grounds

of the north and northwestern Gulf of Mexico.

Trawl catches in those areas were generally

small, but were of sufficient magnitude to permit tentative evaluation of the effective-

October 1960

ness of the gear.
(1958).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Results during this period have been reviewed by Rathjen

Trawling operations were extended to Cam i i
é peche Bank in the spring of 1958 so that the
trawl gear could be tested in areas being fished by hand-line vessels. A total of 5 cruises

were completed on the Bank from

Tablel -S SatchihviSens a
May 1958 to May 1959, At least 9 |__ Cuigen 8,12, 14.15, and 16, Campecte Ares |
limited e lora an Season and No. Trawl ~__Trawl Catch Iz
d Al xp Oo tory coverage was ex Depth Drags SES fee Total
tended to all the areas of the Bank of Seatac ee enlace peas ; Tear [Snapper] BB) jsvstave tickalal ste ounrelals
known productivity. Good catches Proto 0 0 0 o| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00
. 11-20 1 9 0 9 9.00 0.0 | 9.06
were confined to the areas south and | 21-30 122 13,329 | 3,209 | 16,538) 109.25 26.30 | 115.58 |
west of Cayos Arcas. Two simulated gro a ee 800 | 10,716] 241.85 | 19.51 | 261.36 |
commercial production cruises (Nos, | °!-$° 3 ir dh aaa leerseryltarseryellaaonh
. t 5 0 0 0 |
12 and 16) completed in those areas [Totals SE er wee ast eae end Core | =
resulted in a total catch of 44,504 es Dongen = 186.35
all:
pounds of marketable snapper and abso 0 0 0 0} 0.00 | 0.00 | 0,00
=! 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 A
grouper. Catch data by depth and | 21-30 74 | 22,330 | 1,109 |23,439| 301.75 14/98 316.73
season are summarized in table 1, mesa A ToS 25 le anlhe sareoll| ic osaor'\ tatoo
and results of cruises 12 and 16 are | 51-6 0 0 0 0| 0:00 | 0:00 | 0.00
: . 0 it) 0 -00 2 A
summarized in table 2. ==Totals tht sae soe 9.00 | _ 0.00 0.00 |
7 Averages L = 7 ea =| 303,72 | 15.13 | 318.85 |
H inter:

Daylight trawl catches on Cam- ew 0 0 0 o| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.90
peche Bank ranged as high as 2,400 21-30 58 9,53 | 1,209 10,792 | 162142 20-49 | 182.91 |
pounds of snapper and grouper per | {1-4} Pe ae eee een ees
day. The best individual drag re- eee 1 150 0 150| 150,00 | 0.00 | 150.00

: . ° 0 0 4 H A
sulted in 1,775 pounds of fish in 90 Totals T $3] 12,731 vgenlanae am — ; =|
2 e e i : % verages = - = -| 153.38 | 15.71 [169.09
moive of fishing time. Nighttime All-Season Totals 344 60,563 | 6,651 | 67,214 = = =
trawling consistently yielded much ‘All-Season Averages = : = [176.05 [19.33 195.38]

smaller catches.

ne
P|
2

Ae Ok
a

Fig. 9 - Large red snapper and jewfish taken in a trawl drag south
of Cayos Arcas by the M/V Silver Bay.

A total of 11 species of snapper were
represented in trawl catches (table 2), of
which 3 species (red snapper, mutton snap-
per, and lane snapper) were taken in com-
mercial quantities. Red snapper accounted
for the largest part of the total catch, and
that species was taken in all areas of opera-
tion--most commonly between 20 and 50
fathoms. Most of the snapper taken in water
shallower than 30 fathoms weighed more than
1 pound, although smaller snapper were more
abundant in deeper water. Lane snapper and
mutton snapper were taken in quantities on
Campeche Bank between 20 and 30 fathoms,
but were absent from catches in other areas.

A total of 9 species of grouper were rep-~
resented in the trawl catches. The species
occurring commonly are listed in table 2.
Red grouper, black grouper, and scamp ac-
counted for the bulk of the grouper catch in
all areas fished. On Campeche Bank, grouper
catches made up as much as 10 percent of
the total catch, but in other areas the per-
centage due to grouper was smaller. Group-
er were present at all depths fished.

On several occasions, daily trawl catches
greatly exceeded the hand-line catches of in-
dividual vessels fishing the same area. This

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.10

Table 2 - Catch Data--Simulated Commercial Trawling Operations of M/V Silver Bay Cruises 12 & 16, Campeche Bank
Catch
+ meats Cruise 12, November-December Cruise 16, April-Ma
S
Average Weight | Total Weight [Average Welht

Lutianus aya Red snapper

Tutianus synagqris Lane or SB bow snapper
Lutianus analis Mutton or king snapper
Lutianus griseus Gray snapper

Lutianus apodus Schoolmaster snapper

h|-

NAwWOrWM

Ocyurus chrysurus Yellowtail snapper
Rhomboplites auroroaberco | Vermilion snapper
Lachnolaimus maximus Hog snapper
Epinephelus morio Red grouper
Mycteroperca (2 sp.) Scamp
Mycteroperca bonaci Black grouper
Lutianus vivanus Yelloweye or silk snapper
Gazrupa nigrita Warsaw grouper
Epinephelus (2 sp.) Rock hind
Promicrops itaira i

Totals

occurred most often when rough seas prevailed, but at other times trawl catches were larger
owing, perhaps, to the fish not being attracted to the hand-line bait.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

October 1960

‘pus poo at jo ysaur qput-¥s amp Aq pauyejer ysty aBrey (5)

19A09 sau your-z at Aq peureqar aiaMm yng ‘Yyseut pus-poo em ySnony padeosa yoryM
USIy [Tews (q) “12A09 ay} aprsut ysnf waas aq ueo pula poo Ysa abrey em YOnorp paris
BART TPTYM YSZ [TBUIs ey, “teAod pua-poo burseajay (yw) 1189} ueuredeosy - ty “bry

(VY)

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

A number of experiments were conducted to determine the escapement rate of undersize
snappers through the 53-inch-mesh cod end. These experiments, which consisted of inter-
mittent use of 2-inch cod-
end covers, indicated that
approximately 95 percent
of all snapper under one
pound in round weight suc-
cessfully escaped through
the 53-inch mesh of the

cod oad (fig. 11).

USE OF ELECTRONIC
FISHING AND
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

The electronic equip-
ment carried by the M/V
Silver Bay has been listed
previously. Use of this
equipment greatly facili-
tated snapper fishing op-
erations.

RADAR: Radar was
especially valuable when
the vessel was fishing
small grounds at night or
ee a during other periods of

nr tee a WAS restricted visibility. When
iss used in conjunction with
oe small anchored radar
: buoys, the radar enabled
the vessel to stay within
the limits of known grounds,
thereby increasing the
catch and minimizing gear
losses.

LORAN: Loran pro-
vided a means of pinpoint-
ing productive grounds
and provided a means of
easily relocating areas of
high potential.

Fig. 12 - Weighing the catch aboard the M/V Silver Bay prior to icing the fish.

DEPTH RECORDERS:
Each of the three depth-recorders carried aboard the vessel served a specific function.
In combination, or singly, they were used to provide constant assessment of the sea bed
and fish concentrations. The shallow-water depth-recorder, although not designed for
fish finding, was used to delineate bottom conditions owing to the finely detailed
bottom tracings that could be obtained with this machine (fig. 13). It was in use al-
most continuously while trawling. The deep-water depth-recorder was used more
extensively for navigational purposes and for locating the banks and grounds.

The ''white-line'' recorder was used extensively, while trawling and before, owing
to its ability to portray concentrations of demersal fish and to separate those
concentrations from the sea bottom (fig. 14). Although complete evaluation of the
effectiveness of this recorder in detecting fish schools cannot be accomplished at pres-

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

DEPTH RECORDER TRACINGS

<a STATION No. 1128
=n Scale= 0-180 ft__ =
i NO NET DAMAGE =.

STATION No.1169 ™=
Scale = 180 to 360 ft. ">

le
B 955 lbs. of Snapper wa
and Grouper
Seem; fe i) MRM eet ae ae a
ST pt

STATION No. 1157 m
Scale = 180 to 360 ft. w=
—
a

57 lbs. of Grouper

STATION No. 975 HAUL BACK —-NOWET pa ae
Scale=0-I80 ft. MAGE awe
SSE.of Cay Arcas —s

= ae
a=
STATION No. 1132 ts
Scale=0-180 ft.
a —
NO NET DAMAGE
me

, Se gg a a tore ee

STATION No.1I30
STATION No. lI29 Scale= 0-180 ft.

Scale= 0-180 ft. NO NET DAMAGE
NO NET DAMAGE

Cleared this "lump" without a hook-up. :
Using 75 fms. of towing warp. me

Fig. 13 - Depth-recorder tracings of sea bed on the red snapper grounds south and west of Cayos Arcas. The shallow-water recorder
was not designed for, and did not pick up, fish concentrations.

ent--owing to the passage of small species of fish and squid through the 54-inch meshes
of the cod end--on several occasions some correlation between catch and echo-tracings
was possible. More experience with the machine is necessary before interpretations of

the tracings can be completed.

12

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

"“WHITE-LINE" FISH FINDER TRACINGS

STATION No.883
B Scale, 0-60 fms.
12,000 Iba. of Sponge

STATION No. 685
B Scale, O-6Ofms.

‘ 170 Ibs. of Snoppers:

STATION Wo. 90!
B Scale, 0-60fms.

930 bbs. of Snappers.

‘STATION No. 689

a B Scale, 0-60 fms.

times of small shrimp catches as well as for year-round snapper fishing.

‘967 Ibe. of Snappers ond Groupers.

Ss

STATION No.884
B Scale, 0-60 fma.

STATION No. 666

305 Ibs. of Snoppers.

STATION No. 1049
B Scole, 0-60 fra

1/250 Ibe. of Red Snapper
Sst AN 225 ibe of Grouper

STATION No. 890
B Scale, 0-60 fms.
575 Bbs. of Snappers ond Groupers.

Vol. 22, No. 10

Fig. 14 - Recordings of demersal fish concentrations south of Cayos Arcas on the "white-line" depth-recorder.

CONVERSION OF GULF OF MEXICO SHRIMP TRAWLERS TO SNAPPER TRAWLING

Only minor modifications and the installation of relatively inexpensive deck equipment are
necessary to convert existing shrimp vessels to snapper-trawling gear and techniques (fig. 15).
Owing to the relatively small cost of conversion, vessels canbe riggedfor snapper fishing in

Fig. 15 - Deck plan of typical shrimp vessel, showing proposed location of gallows frames and fairlead blocks for side-trawl operations.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

The modifications and approximate costs of conversion, a

: t 1959 pri i-
cal shrimp vessel are summarized as follows: page Levels, Zor "acryPs

il, Gallows frames, bollards (deck blocks), and other permanent
deck fittings; including installation .......... -.... Approx. cost $1,500

2. Dou Des craven trawl winchl/ ~-capacity 150 to 200 fathoms
of % inch-diameter CADE “iyorcutewecs okel ca evlowtn ae Peale ae . Approx. cost 2,500

3. Heavy-duty bracket doors (63 feet by 44 inches, weight
500 to 600 pounds each), per pair ................ Approx. cost 300

4, Braided nylon trawl Ca foot) rollers, floats, cod end,
ENG! ACCONIOMES. oo. 6.5 doo ooo dbo Odo bls 010d 6 56 05 6 ANojortop<d (oxoyst: 900

5. Vigneron-Dahl gear, legs, ground cable, towing chains,

EnCl ACCEHIOMOIES 5665605500000 SCT iergetessier loncoomeuted Xeno .. Approx. cost 200
6. Accessory gear--quarter ropes, lazylines,

messenger, and shackles ..... se ietbanedt wba siiGuse: Slacives @ Syme sme Approx. cost 150
7. Towing warp S-inch-diameter2!, SOO) ater oH ooaoac . Approx. cost 500

CONCLUSIONS

1. Modified otter trawls can be used as effective commercial means o catching red
“snapper, grouper, and other species in the Gulf of Mexico.

2. Broken and rough bottom areas, previously considered untrawlable, can be worked
economically with gear properly designed and constructed.

3. Additional species of marketable snapper, not generally caught with hand lines, are
available to trawl gear.

4, Release of undersize snapper is accomplished effectively by large-mesh trawls and
cod ends.

5. Daily trawl catches often surpass those of hand-line vessels when the two methods
are used simultaneously in one area~-especially when the fish are apparently not feeding or
during periods of heavy seas.

6. Trawl gear, suitable for use by present Gulf of Mexico shrimp vessels, can be —
adopted by the industry either on a full scale or as a supplementary operation during periods
of low shrimp catches.

APPENDIX

A detailed fishing log, showing geographic position, depth, date, catch, and related data
for each drag, is available as an appendix to the reprint of this article. Write for Separate
600, which shows "Table 3 - Fishing Log--Trawl Stations-~1 957-59--M/V Silver Bay.

LITERATURE CITED

Banks. Florida State Board of Conservation, Tech.

BULLIS, HARVEY R., Jr. Ser. No. 12, pp. 1-63.

1951. The Gear Development Program of the M/V Oregon.
Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries

. 101-103. | JARVIS, N. D.
Institute, Fourth Annual Session, 1951, pp JARNO35. Fishery for Red Snappers and Groupers in the Gulf of

Mexico. U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Investiga-
CAMBER, C. ISAAC
Ee A Survey of the Red Snapper Fishery of the Gulf of tional Report No. 26, pp. 1-29.
Mexico with Special Reference to the Campeche

Se EP a ey : . : ch
T/Most large shrimp vessels are equipped with a suitable winch.
BieNEe aes aiaineven wire may be used on vessels of under 40 gross tons.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

KNAKE, BORIS O. and BULLIS, H. R. Jr.
1956. Assembly Methods for Otter-Trawl Nets. U. S. Fish 1952. Exploratory Shrimp Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico,
and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet No. 437, 1950-51. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery
29 pp- Leaflet No. 406.
1958. Operation of North Atlantic Type Otter Trawl Gear. 1954. Exploratory Shrimp Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet Summary Report for 1952-54. Commercial Fisher-
No. 445, 16 pp. ies Review, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1-16. (Also —

Separate No. 380.)
RATHJEN, WARREN F.

1959. Experimental Trawling for Red Snapper. Proceedings SIEBENALER, J. B. and BRADY, W.

of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 11th | 1952. A High Speed Manual Commercial Fishing Reel.
Annual Session, 1958, pp. 128-132. Florida State Board of Conservation, Technical
Series No. 4, pp. 1-11.
SMITH, R. O.
1948a. Experimental Fisning for Red Snapper. PartI. The STEARNS, SILAS
Use of Hoop Nets. Commercial Fisheries Review, 1885a. The Fisheries of Pensacola, Florida. Bulletin U. S.
vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-10. (Also Separate No. 195.) Fish Commission, vol. 5, pp. 245-247.
1948b. Experimental Fishing for Red Snapper. Part Il. The 1885b. Notes on Red Snappers. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commis~
Use of Mechanical Reels. Commercial Fisheries sion, vol. 5, pp. 92-95.
Review, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 6-7. (Also Separate
No. 198.) WHITELEATHER, R. T. and BROWN, H. H.
1945. An Experimental Fishery Survey in Trinidad and
SPRINGER, STEWART Tobago and British Guiana. Anglo-American Carib-
1951. The Oregon's Fishing Exploration in the Gulf of Mexi- bean Commission. U. S. Government Printing Of-
co 1950. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 13, fice, Washington, D. C., 130 pp.

no. 4, pp. 1-8. (Also Separate No. 277.)

KELP AND HERRING SPAWN

Twocommercialoperatorsat Craig, Alaska, harvested 46 tons
of kelp andherring eggsthis spring. The procedureisto place kelp
on herring spawning grounds to collect a layer of herring eggs on
the kelp. A light covering of eggs on the kelp is sought; however,
this spring approximately two-thirds of the total weight of the har-
vested product consisted of herring eggs.

The product is packed in barrels and shipped to the oriental
market on the West Coast. The oriental trade there considers it
a delicacy. U.S. BureauofCommercial Fisheries biologists claim
the number of eggs removed in this operation will have no meas-
urable effect on herring production.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

STRUCTURE OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY
IN THE EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET

By P. Hovart*
BACKGROUND

Since the end of World War II, an effort has been mad i

2 e to integrate the western European
economies at an accelerated rate. Several plans have been worked out for that SORE
some remain theoretical speculation, but others have been put into practice.

By the Treaty of Rome six western European nations-~Belgi

gium, France, Italy, Luxem-
burg, the Netherlands, and West Germany--agreed to establish a Firopean Goninon Market
on January1, 1958. The first important agreements of the Treaty namely, the reduction

’

of import duties and the extension of quota restrictions became effective on January 1, 1959.

Fig. 1 - A moder Belgium distant-water trawler operating out of Ostend.

The Common Market plans the gradual removal of international tariffs and quotas and
the development of a aele tariff system between the Six, or Common Market Countries, and
the rest of the world2/.

The Treaty also provides for the free movement of persons, services, and capital; for
common policies with respect to agriculture (and fishing industry), transport, and competi-
tion; and for coordination of national policies on many aspects of economic development.

A number of common institutions have been set up in order to implement the principles
and the general provisions of the Treaty.

The establishment of the European Common Market is tied to a timetable. This means
that at certain stages measures will be taken, so that after a transition period of 12 to 15
years the Common Market will become a complete reality.

The consequences of the Common Market for western European trade and industry are
not fully foreseeable as yet. This also applies to the fishing industry of Western Europe.

The evolution of fisheries in the Common Market, however, can be visualized by ex-
amining its Sy MOSSE elements, such as catching capacity, production, consumption and
foreign trade3/,

OOD St
* Secretary of the Professional Fisheries Council, Ostend, Belgium.
1/Asticles 14 and 33.
area ey the author has drawn certain data from "Introductory Report about the Fishing Industry in the European Common Mar-
ket." The author wrote the report for the Professional Fisheries Council in Belgium. The statistical data, however, were revised
and regrouped.
i U, S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 601

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10
The fishing capacity in the Common Market Countries4/ can be determined to a limited
extent by examining their statistics on fishing fleets and the number of fishermen.
FISHING FLEET
Generally speaking, the Common Market Countries exploit the same fishing grounds.
The North Sea is the main source of supply, but more distant fishing grounds are also ex-

ploited.

But the fishing fleets of the Common Market Countries vary widely, and not all craft or
all categories of vessels are of the same importance.

Fig. 2 - The fish auction, Ijmuiden, Netherlands.

The Belgian fishing fleet consists of motor vessels (440 with 67,243 hp. {nd 25,446 gross
registered tons) and steam vessels (6 with 6,420 hp. and 3,783 GRT). According to the en-
eile Fewer. which limits also the field of operation, the fleet is divided into seven catego-
ries2/: from cutters (15 hp. and 5 GRT each) to deep-sea trawlers (1,450 hp. and 768 GRT
each). On January 1, 1958, the Belgian fleet numbered 446 units--29,229 gross registered
tons and 73,663 hp.6/

During the past few years, the Belgian fishing fleet has increased in number, tonnage,
and horsepower. It is striking, however, that the number of vessels of the smaller types has
4/As Luxemburg has no fishing industry, it has been left out of the study, except for its foreign trade which is included with Belgium
since a Belgium-Luxemburg Customs Union has existed for many years.
5/Namely, cutters (less than 80 hp.), coastal motor trawlers (80-119 hp.), medium trawlers (120-239 hp.), deep-sea motor trawlers
(240-349 hp.), deep-sea medium motor trawlers(350-499 hp.), deep-sea large motor trawlers (over 500 hp.), and large deep-
sea steam trawlers (over 439 hp.)
6/Source: Bestuur van het Zeewezen.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

decreased. The increase in the number of units, tonnage, and horsepower is the result of
adding larger and more powerful vessels to the fleet. Since World War II no new small ves-
sels have been built, and this explains the unfavorable average age (24 years) of the smaller
vessels.

In France, the fishing fleet consists of steam, motor, and sailing vessels. At the begin-
ning of 1958 the French fleet consisted of 15,912 units with 250,011 gross registered tenable
28 steam trawlers with 11,471 GRT, 13,500 motor trawlers with 234,831 GRT, and 2,384 sail-
ing vessels with 3,709 GRT.

Since the last war the number of steam trawlers and sailing boats has greatly decreased
in France. The motor trawlers, on the other hand, have increased in tonnage as well as in
horsepower. Recently the building of larger vessels has been strongly stimulated in France.

Fig. 3 - Unloading and boxing of fish at Boulogne, France.

ith a tonnage of 147,913 gross
In Italy there were 43,948 vessels as of January 1, 1958, wi
Beater ditone == 1,126 motor vessels and small motor boats (total 102,032 GRT) and 32,822
sailing boats (total 45,881 GRT)8/. The number of sailing vessels are decreasing, but motor
vessels have been partly modernized during the last few years.

The Netherlands fishing fleet includes a great variety of eae eerie 1
i i ili tor trawlers 0 p. ;
which varies from row boats to sailing vessels to mo p
i d for sea fisheries with a total ton
i leet consisted of 669 vessels registere
nage 66,887 gross registered tons2/. Included are steam trawlers, steam luggers, ator
7 ane geria—— © number of vessels in Algeria totaled 1, 123 units of which 1,068 were motor vessels and 65 sailing vessels.
Source: Ministere de la Marine Marchande.
8/Source: "Il Giomale della Pesca" (September 5, 1958).
9/Source: Directie van de Visserijen.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

trawlers, motor luggers, and motor cutters. A number of the vessels--mostly the smaller
ones--are also registered for inshore fisheries and fisheries in Lake Ijssel. Also, there
are motor boats, sailing boats, and row boats which almost exclusively operate in the inshore

fisheries.

4
e

Fig. 4 - German distant-water trawler tied up at dock, Hamburg. Note overhead ice conveyor for icing-up vessels.

Since 1950, the number of steam vessels has decreased. On the other Hand, motor trawl-
ers and motor luggers increased. The motor cutters also grew in numbers and fishing ca-

pacity.

In West Germany the fishing fleet consists of trawlers, luggers, cutters, and open boats
without motors. At the beginning of 1958, the German fishing fleet numbered 3,429 units, of

Fig. 5 - Lugger-type trawler, engaged principally in fishing for North Sea herring docked at Hamburg.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

which 29 were motor trawlers with a total of 18,209 gross registered tons, 177 steam trawl-

ers (total 94,303 eee) 104 luggers (total 24,063 GRT), 1,443 cutters, and 1,676 open boats
without motorsl0 ,

After World War II the German trawler fleet had to be almost completely rebuilt. At
first it was prohibited to build vessels of more than 400 gross registered tons. Later this
restriction was removed and larger and more profitable vessels could be built (to about 800
GRT). At the same time the development was characterized by a conversion of coal-burning
vessels into oil-burning vessels. Since 1950, steam luggers have disappeared. The motor
luggers increased in number, but the new vessels generally had to replace the obsolete ones.
In the cutter fleet, the vessels became larger and the engine power was increased.

CATCHING CAPACITY

Generally speaking, the catching capacity of the fishing fleet in the Common Market
Countries is now greater then before the war and continues to increase, Larger and faster
vessels are built, not only for distant-water fisheries, but also for near- and middle-water
fisheries. At the same time, the vessels are equipped with modern navigational aids.

Fig. 6 - Fish auction at Cuxhaven, Germany

GOVERNMENT AID TO FISHING INDUSTRY

This development of the fishing fleets is largely a result of government policy to en-
courage the expansion of fishery production.

he value of the vessel (or the motor) can, in

ishi 11/
principle, be obtained for the building or purchase of a fishing vessel (en SRS ee an
Government allows a reduction in interest up to half of the normal rate of in te V Bae as
maximum of 3 percent, but demands a first mortgage on tne vessel or motor. The
10/Source: Jahresbericht uber die Deutsche Fischerei, 1957, pp- 105-111.

T1/Law of August 23, 1948.

In Belgium a loan of up to 70 percent of t

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

generally repayable in 12 or 10 years, respectively, for vessels and motors built or bought
in Belgium or abroad.

Further, four Royal Warrants12/ grant certain financial concessions to vessel owners:
(1) financial aid for improving fishing equipment, (2) a subsidy to encourage research on
fishing methods, (3) a premium to encourage the collection of data concerning costs and earn-
ings, and (4) a premium to vessel owners and boys for each day spent at sea.

In France, three plans have affected the fishing industry: the first is a program for re-
construction, and the second and third are plans for modernization and development which in-
clude aid from the Government.

First, the shipyards are granted subsidies for the construction of vessels of more than
50 gross registered tonsl3/; and second, a reduction in interest is granted to vessel owners
obtaining a loan for the construction in France of a vessel of more than 20 gross registered
tons, which reduces the rate of interest to 4.5 percentl4/ . Finally, the Government made
available additional funds to the ''Credit Maritime Mutuel,''so as to permit that organization
to grant cheap loans to small fishing enterprises. The second and third plans for moderniza-
tion and development include aid for processing and distribution as well as production.

In Italy loans for the development of
fisheries may be granted from a special
fund ("Fondo di rotazione'')15/, The loans
are partly or completely guaranteed by
the Government. In Italy there is also
special assistance for the phere yo of
the fishing industry in the SouthlS/,

In the Netherlands Government aid to
the fishing fleet is integrated in the Law
on Material War Damage and the Special
Finance Program for the Fishing Indastry.
The Law on Material War Damagel!/
grants financial aid for repair or rebuild-
ing of fishing craft. As postwar costs have
: é ‘ risen considerably, provision is made in

: : the law for special interventions, namely:
eee Fee a re rs a a (1) loans guaranteed by the Government
and (2) "supplementary'' financial aid. A
further provision applicable to the fishing inaustry is ''facility credit," that is, credit with
certain concessions as to interest rates and repaymentl8/,

The Netherlands' Special Finance Program for the Fishing Industryl9/ provides for
financial aid on the basis of a fleet plan. Under this program the building of vessels can be
financed by paying 25 percent in cash; obtaining another 25 percent on a mortgage; and sup-
plying the balance of 50 percent as a loan from the Bank for Reconstruction. The latter loan
is partially guaranteed by the Government.

In West Germany the Government grants loans for the building of fishing craft, allows a
reduction in interest to 2 percent, grants subsidies for fuel, and subsidies for exploring new
fishing grounds. From 1949 to 1951 the Government granted a coal subsidy and from 1951 to
1954 some reduction of taxes for firms and individuals who had interest-free loans for ship-

building. Special aid is given deep-sea cutter and coastal fisheries.

12/Royal Warrants of M 1, 1958.

13/Law of May 24, 1951, and decree of November 25, 1951.

14/Decree of 18, 1954,

15/Law of December 27, 1957.

16/Law of July 29, 1957.

17/This law dates from February 9, 1950, and took effect on February 24, 1950.

18/This arrangement only applies to cases (rebuilding or repair) where credit is requested; it dates from August 9, 1954.

19/The Program was in force on November 30, 1955, and is based on the report of the Commission for the Development of the Fishing
Industry (Commission Tinbergen), which was submitted to the Government in May 1952.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

NUMBER OF FISHERMEN

Because statistical data are lacking, the exact number of fisherm i z
ket countries cannot be ascertained. Estimates indicate the BLSa nie HELE ee CERNE
mais ocela 54,500; Italy about 123,000; Netherlands about 10,000; and West Germany about

Table 1 - Productivity Per Fisherman and Per One-Gross Tonnage

In connection with the number of fisher- |_—___2# Vessel in Common Market Countries in 1958
men, it is interesting to mention the produc-
tivity per fisherman and per gross tonnage
of vessel (table 1). No real significance,
however, can be accorded these oes they
only indicate the general trend21/,

West Germany ranks first for produc-
tivity per fisherman as well as for produc-
tivity per one gross tonnage of vessel. With
regard to fisherman productivity, Belgium is second. For productivity per one gross tonnage
of vessel, the Netherlands is second.

LANDINGS

In 1958, the total landings of fish and shellfish (including crustaceans and molluscs) of
the Common Market Countries amounted to1.6 million metric tons, landed weight. West
Germany was the main producing country with
about 631,300 tons, or 39. percent of the
total landings; followed by France (28.8 per-
cent), the Netherlands (16.3 percent), Italy
(12.2 percent), and Belgium (3.6 percent).

Table 2 - Landings in Most Important Fishing Countries of the
World Compared with the Combined Landings for the on
Market Countries (Anmual Average for 1953-57 1

Landing

1,000 Metric Tons

goocgouoodn gOS OOOO 4,826

comoogspoucODS 2,716

Ce eae Fe 2, 460

Soocopoogn pon S50G00 2, 380

oooocooaco be oGS 1, 878

su oOo dS 1,709

United Kingdom _. euistiell gti ette 1,070
1/Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958, vol. IX, Food and Agri
culture Organization.

Table 2 compares the combined fishery
landings of the Common Market Countries
with those of the most important fishing coun-
tries of the world.

On the basis of the average landings for
1953-57, the combined landings of the Com-
mon Market Countries are sixth in importance as compared with the other leading fishing
countries of the world.

CATCH TRENDS: During the five years of 1954-1958, the total fishery landings of the
Common Market Countries decreased from 1,641,800 metric tons in 1954 to 1,614,800 tons
in 1958, a decrease of 1.6 percent

(table 3). The landings in that pe- Table 3 - Fishery Landings in the Common Market Countries, 1954-58
riod reached the highest point in ot aoe i ~ chase
5 Srna on (i etric Tons--Lande e wee. a
1955 (1,733,100 tons). 57.6 | 56.4 62.2 72.9 66.
; 465.1 478.1 458.6 444,
The trend in fishery landings 196.5 204.7 aan pe : é
for each individual country is not eek cae eB oh
WRG PELMOV OS WIEN Reye ya ey i, 668.5
tries combined. 1/Excluding fresh-water fish and salmons, trouts, smelts, etc.
2/Including Algeria. Aa .
In Belgium the landings were Source: Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958, vol. IX, Food and Agriculture

highest in 1955, namely about Srgeuiseons
73,000 tons. After 1955 the land- . 50
ings dropped, but in 1958, they were slightly higher than in 1957. The French landings in

creased 7.6 percent from 1954 to 1956; after 1956 they remained at the same level. In Italy

-20/S D: the Ministry of Agriculture, Brussels. ; oe
Ai ae to ee Beeston of Dr. GuiMercck in "Jahresbericht uber die Deutsche Fishcherei" 1957, p. 7.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

there were no important changes in landings from 1954 to 1956; in 1957 and especially in1958,
however, landings dropped off considerably. In the Netherlands the landings reached their
lowest level in 1956; for 1957 and 1958 landings were higher, namely about 252,800 tons and
263,600 tons, respectively. In West Germany the peak yedr was 1955 (729,400 tons). After
that year the German landings dropped off heavily--in 1958 the landings totaled about 631,000
tons, a decrease of 13.5 percent as compared to 1955.

COMPOSITION OF CATCH: In the Common Market, particularly roundfish and fresh
herring are landed. “Between 1954 and 1958, 43.7 percent and 19.5 percent of the total land-
ings consisted of roundfish and fresh herring, respectively. The fact that roundfish and her-
ring predominate in catches is in a way the crux of the productivity problem of the Common
Market Countries. For, generally speaking, these species are, to say the least, not very
popular with the consumer. Herring, moreover, is extremely seasonal in occurrence and
much of the roundfish is caught far away from the main consumer centers22/,

The composition of the catches in the member countries by species groups is shown in
table 4.

__—iable 4 - 4- ——— of Fishery Landings in Common Market Countries, Annual Average 1954-58

i ey i a=...
Flatfish sot Mackerel | Sardines} Shrim
Ee Salted Fresh

Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958, vol. IX.

Of the Common Market Countries, the two most important producing countries of round-
fish are West Germany and France. For the years 1954-58, Germany supplied 48.3 percent
of the large roundfish and 44.1 percent of
the small roundfish landed in Common
Market Countries. France supplied 35.7
percent of the large roundfish and 31.2 per-
cent of the the small roundfish. Fresh her-
ring is mainly landed by West Germany; be-
tween 1954 and 1958 the West German land-
ings accounted for 68.0 percent of the total
landings of herring in Common Market
Countries, followed by France and the Neth-
erlands.

For the supply of salted herring, the
Netherlands are of paramount importance
(account for 62.8 percent of the total land-
ings). Sardines are supplied-by Italy and
France only. For flatfish the Netherlands
accounts for 36.5 percent of the total land-

Fig. 8 - Co: d for unloading herring from fishing ves-
ele eer aasbary SAucie fish ee eae ge pees ings, while the landings by France and Bel-

gium are at about the same level (12,000 to
13,000 tons). The Netherlands and West Germany take an important place in the Common
Market for the production of shrimp while mussel fisheries are mainly carried on in the
Netherlands.
22/Sourcet "OEEC-Fish Marketing in Western Europe Since 1950;" Paris, p. 23.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

EX-VESSEL PRICES

French ex-vessel or landed prices for fisher i i
> ‘ y products from the sea are very high in
comparison with those in the other Common Market Countries. For salted hereine ad mack-

erel, the Netherlands reports the lowest prices. For flatfish, lar dfi i
and shrimp, German prices are the lowest. bib tieenee

At the coastal fish markets, ex-vessel prices are determined at auction sales. But as
the prices at the point of landing depend on many factors, wide fluctuations are characteristic.

In order to obtain a certain stability of prices, Belgium, France23/, the Netherlands, and
West Germany have established a system of minimum ex-vessel or landed prices for certain
sea products. The system only aims at giving a ''bottom'' to the market and works rather
simply. The products which do not obtain the minimum price by auction sales are not sold
for human consumption, but are disposed of at a much lower price to fish-meal factories.
The difference between the minimum price and the price obtained from fish-meal factories
is paid from a special fund (equalization fund). The fund is financed by a special levy on the
value of the fish sold at auctions. In Belgium the minimum prices are fixed by a shipowners!
union in deliberation with the Ministry of Agriculture. In the Netherlands they are fixed by
the Marketing Board for Fishery Products; there are however also minimum prices (e.g. for
sprat and for salted herring) which are fixed by the owners' associations. In West Germany
the Government fixes the prices on the basis of the Fisheries Law of August 31, 1955.

INTERNAL TRADE, UTILIZATION, AND CONSUMPTION

The landings of fishery production in the Common Market Countries ame supplemented
by imports, while a part are destined for export. The organization and the supply of the
domestic markets in each country varies widely from one country to another. Generally
speaking, the fishery products reach the consumer through a chain of wholesalers, importers,
or exporters; and retailers or hawkers.

In West Germany much attention is given to the vertical structure of the fishing industry;
this is estimated of essential importance for the profitability of the industry. A vertical
structure means that shipowners have financial interests in catching activities, in the whole-
sale trade, in the processing
industries, and even in the re-
tail trade. In other Common
Market Countries (the Nether-
lands and France, e.g.) efforts
for a similar organization are
continued,

Table 5 - Percentage of Utilization of the Fishery Landings in
Common Market Countries, 19581/
‘ke

Mar Curing | Canning | Reduction| Purposes
3 . 1.6

SEA

« German

1/Source: FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958, vol.

The processing industries
are more developed in one
country than in another of the
Common Market Countries,
but generally the same indus-

tries are found in all the
countries. In the Common Market the processing industries can still be further developed.
This is clear from the enormous amount of fish which is sold fresh. Table 5 shows the utili-

zation of the landings.

Includes Algeria.
‘Not available.
‘Marketed fresh and for freezing.

3

In the Common Market about 60 percent of the landings are marketed fresh and not even
2 percent are frozen. In Italy and Belgium fish is mostly sold fresh--86.7 percent and 75.2
percent of the landings, respectively. The Netherlands leads all the other countries in the
utilization of fishery landings for dried, smoked, or salted fish, and also for fish meal and
oil. France leads in the amount used for canning.
23/In France there is an arrangement on landed prices in a limited number of ports.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

able 6 - Per Capita Consumption of Fishery Products in
Common Market Countries, 1955-561/

Country

The consumption of fishis ata lowlevel in the
Common Market Countries (table 6).

Italy has the lowest per capita consumption
while West Germany has the highest. In Belgium
the consumption is practically as high as in West
Germany.

1 Soiree ; Fish Marketing in Wester Europe Since Since a
54. anization of European Economic Coo Cai era- 7

ne os P a In the future the consumption of fish can in-
crease in the Common Market. The chief factors
which can contribute to an increase are: good quality, ready-to-cook products, regular sup-

ply of reasonably-priced fish, and well-planned advertising.
FOREIGN TRADE

The Common Market's trade balance for fishery products shows a considerable import
surplus--for the years 1956-58, the Common Market had an annual average import surplus
of 189,200 tons. Table 7 shows the average Table 7 = The Common Manat Fishy nipouts ancEaRoTeS
imports and exports of fishery products per by Country, Annual Averages 1956-581/
country for the years 1956-58.

The two main fish-importing countries in
the Common Market are West Germany and
Italy--during the years 1956-58, those countries
imported onthe average 122,900 tons and
123,500 tons, respectively. France also im- :
ports large quantities of sea products (91,000 ee Ee
tons). In West Germany the annual average ex- pce hate Cee ea
ports were about 41,700 tons. Italy, on the con-
trary, only exported 1,600 tons, so that she has the largest import surplus of the Common
Market (-121,900 tons).

The Netherlands is the most important exporter of marine products in the Common Mar-
' ket--for the years 1956-58, 151,100 tons on the average. Her imports only amounted to
21,100 tons. The Netherlands is the only country in the Common Market to report an export
surplus on the trade balance for marine products.

During the last five years, from 1954 to 1958, the fishery products imports in the Com-
mon Market increased from 376,976 tons to 455,049 tons; an increase of 20.7 percent. The

peak year for imports
Table 8 - Common Market Fishery Imports and Exports by (ey Groups and by Country, was 1958
Annual Ayerages 1956-582/ B

Commodity Groups ——— Mgnelnae West Semany Total In 1958, the Com-
7

mon Market fishery ex-

: . ports were equal to those
Eee Bem . -8! of 1954 (about 257,600
pes a ; f 4| tons); in 1955, 1956, and
Other processed fish . : : ° : 1957 they were ata
Canned fish 5 c m1 5 . lower level.

COMPOSITION OF
IMPORTS AND EX-
PORTS: The composi-

Salted, dried ked : z
herring peter f ; F tion of imports and ex-

ports in the Common
Market as a whole is
not the same; imports

T/Source: National statistics. _ ; and exports vary also
2/l.e. fresh and frozen fish, excluding fresh herring. widely from one country

3/Included with fresh fish.
3/ pete to another.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

About 24.3 percent of the imports of the Common Mar
herring), followed by canned fish, fresh herring,
and salted, dried or smoked herring.

ket consist of fresh fish (excluding
molluscs and crustaceans, processed fish

About 24.5 percent of the exports of the Common Market consist of molluses and crusta-

ceans, followed by salted, dried or smoked herring, fresh fish, processed fish, canned fish
and fresh herring.

SOURCE OF IMPORTS--DESTINATION OF EXPORTS: The source of imports and the

destination of exports of the Common Market as a whole and for each country separately vary
considerably.

‘able 9 - Common Market Fishery Imports by Country of Origin As shown in table 9, 35 percent of
by Country of Destination, Annual Averages 1956-581

the imports come from member coun-
tries and 65 percent from other coun-
tries. Belgium imports 72.1 percent
of her imports from member coun-
tries. The Netherlands is the main
supplier, followed by West Germany
and France. The most important sea
products imported from the Nether-
lands are molluscs and crustaceans,
salted herring, and fresh fish. France
imports 43.4 percent from member
countries. Again the largest quanti-
ties, especially molluscs and crustaceans, are supplied by the Netherlandg, In Italy and the
Netherlands, respectively, 17.5 percent and 37.9 percent of the imports come from the Com-
mon Market countries. For Italy, France (processed fish) and West Germany are the im-
portant suppliers. For the Netherlands, West Germany (fresh fish) and Belgium are the
principal suppliers. West Germany imports 22.6 percent of her imports from member coun-
tries, especially from the Netherlands (fresh and salted herring) and Belgium. Nonmember
countries mainly supply Italy (82.5 percent of her total imports), the Netherlands (62.1 per-
cent of her imports), and West Germany (77.4 percent of her imports).

About 60 percent of the exports of the
Common Market Countries are destined for
member countries andabout 40 percent to
other countries. Belgium sells 64.1 per-
cent of her exports to the Common Market.
France is the most important market for
Belgium (especially for freshfish). France
exports 32.7 percent to member countries,
with Italy her best customer. Italy is not
important as anexporter. The Netherlands,
on the contrary, sells more than71 .0 per-
cent of her exports to member countries.
Her principal markets are Belgium, France,
West Germany, and Italy. West Germany
has an outlet in the Common Market for
about 49.2 percent of her exports, and her
best customers are Italy and France. As
an outlet for sea products, nonmember
countries are important to Italy, France,
and West Germany.

Fig. 9 - Trawl doors and other vessel supplies on dock at Hamburg.

TRADE BARRIERS

i i icti i he national fishing industries in
The import duties and quota restrictions still protect t 1

the Genchon Market. Import duties on fishery products are still rather high in the Common
Market, except for Belgium and the Netherlands2#. Moreover, they include many products.
24/In Belgian and the Netherlands there are only duties on canned goods and on certain species of molluscs and crustaceans.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

In France the import duties vary between 9 (certain species of molluses and crustaceans) and
31.5 percent (fillets); in Italy between 0 and 27 percent (canned fish); in West Germany be-
tween 0 and 27 percent (certain species of molluscs and crustaceans). The imports are also
subject to other duties, e.g. fiscal taxes (Belgium and the Netherlands); sales taxes (West
Germany); taxes for sanitary control and inspections (in France); statistical levy (in Italy).

The Common Market countries have agreed to establish a common external tariff. For
most of the fishery products there was an agreement on the external tariff by the signing of
the Treaty; for other Oe ous aca eisia and salted, dried or smoked fish--the level of the
tariff would be fixed by negotiations29/,

Recently an agreement was reached on the level of the external tariff for those products.
For the Benelux-countries the external tariff includes a stronger protection, while for other
countries, France in particular, the protection will be weaker.

On January 1, 1959, the quota restrictions were extended, but the imports are at the
moment more liberalized in one member country than in another. The intra-Benelux fish
trade is liberalized, but the Benelux-countries still have quota restrictions for fresh fish _
(excluding sprat), fresh herring, salted, dried or smoked herring, and shrimp. West Ger-
many has import quotas for salted herring and herring fillets, dried fish, and shrimp; France
has restrictions for fresh fish, canned fish, and certain species of dried fish.

CONCLUSION

In order to establish a Common Market for the fishing industry, certain adjustments
inevitably will be necessary. The development of the fishing industry in the Common Mar-
ket can, however, hardly be foreseen for the moment; many factors will have an influence,
while uncertainty still prevails about the interpretation of many provisions of the Treaty of
Rome. This is especially so for the provisions about the common policy for the fishing in-
dustry. The Treaty provides for three possibilities of a common policy: (1) common rules
concerning competition; (2) coordination of the national market organizations; (3) a European
market organization. Whichever possibility will be chosen, the aims of common policy will
be tied to it. The aims are: (1) increase of productivity; (2) reasonable standard of living
for those engaged in the fishing industry; (3) stabilization of the market; (4) a regular sup-
ply; and (5) reasonable prices to the consumers.

The extension of the Common Market for the fishing industry will further depend on the
coordination of all regulations in the industry. Up till now the governmental and private
regulations differ from each other. Moreover, numerous practices are not fully understood
nor easily determined.

Uniform regulations together with an over-all European policy, however, will make pos-

sible complete understanding between the member countries, and at the same time allow fish-
eries to develop.

25/Article 20. rr

FIRST OYSTERS IMPORTED FROM JAPAN FOR CULTIVATION

Professor Mitsukari of the Imperial University of Tokyo suggested in 1899
that oysters from Akkeshi Hokkaido, a northern island, would be best adapted for
transportation to America. In 1902, four carloads of Japanese oysters were
planted in Puget Sound on the west coast of the United States. The following year 12
carloads were planted, and the practice has continued, with success, on a much
larger scale.

--''Sea Secrets,'' The Marine Laboratory,
University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.

October 1960

= DEVELO
|

American Samoa

TUNA LANDINGS, JULY 1960:

Tuna landings by Japanese long-line fishing
vessels for the United States-owned tuna can-
nery in American Samoa amounted to 1.8 mil-
lion pounds in July 1960 as compared with a-
bout 2.7 million pounds in July1959. The Jan-

uary-July 1960 total of 15.4 million pounds was
up 3.5 percent from the same period of 1959.

American Samoa Tuna Landings, July 1960

an, —

1/Less than 500 pounds.
ote: All of the tuna landed in July 1960 was by Japanese long-
line vessels.

California

PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY
OF PACIFIC SALMON:

M/v “Nautilus” Cruise 60N6: The area
off San Francisco (Muir Beach to Pedro Point)
was surveyed from July 12-14, 1960, by the
California Department of Fish and Game's
research vessel Nautilus to obtain and keep
alive, for physiological experiments, imma-
ture, ocean-caught chinook salmon. The fish
were to be brought aboard without sustaining
an obviously damaging injury and with mini-
mum exertion on their part, to be held under
conditions which would facilitiate their re-
turn to a state of physical rest. Another ob-
jective was to examine chinook salmon in
the 20-22 inch size range to determine their
sex and stage of maturity.

In the course of three days' fishing, more
than 100 chinook salmon were caught; 31_
were successfully held in a large live-bait
tank for varying lengths of time, up to 56
hours, and 22 others were examined for stage

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

= = AND

PMENTS

of maturity and sex. Most of the latter had
sustained serious injuries while being caught
or landed. All other fish were released with-
out being brought aboard orhandled. This was
accomplished by use of the so-called button-
hook fish releaser.

Of the 22 fish examined, 17 were males
(77 percent), and every fish was immature
(would not spawn in 1960).

One marked salmon was captured. It had
been one of about 250,000 fingerlings trucked
to, and released in, lower San Francisco Bay
early in1959. Whencaptured, it was 23 inches
long, weighed 4.5 pounds and was in its sec-
ond year of life. :

During the last day, a team of scientists
conducted physiological studies of fish which
had been held for this purpose in the live-bait
tank. The objective of the studies is to ob-
tain knowledge about the cause of aging and
death of an organism with particular refer-
ence to Pacific salmon.

MEE

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-June 1960

Total shipments of metal cans during Jan-
uary-June 1960 amounted to 60,560 shorttons
of steel (based on the
amount of steel consumed
in the manufacture of
cans) as compared with
53,815 tons in the same
> period a year ago. The
increase of about 12.5
percent in the total ship
ments of metal cans January-June this year
as compared with the same period of 1959
was probable due to orders in anticipation of
a sharp increase in the Alaska canned salmon
pack.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans Reported in base boxes of steel con-
sumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products
=re converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base

boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.
el

28

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

STUDIES INITIATED ON GENETIC
DEFINITION OF TUNA STOCKS:

An intensive study of Pacific tuna species
with reference to the hereditary composition
of tuna stocks was started recently bythe U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Geneticists in the recently-implemented
program at the Bureau's Honolulu Biological
Laboratory report a major advance in the
study of skipjack tuna populations with the
development of a battery of serological test
fluids which will detect complex patterns of
individual differences between the red blood
cells of different skipjack. These antigenic
differences analogous to those found in man
(A-B-O, etc.) and other vertebrates are the
products of the units of inheritance (genes).

Laboratory scientists report that a study
of the frequency with which the various char-
acters occur in tuna populations will lead to
a genetic definition of tuna stocks. Sucha
definition may allow a more sophisticated
study to be made of growth, recruitment, and
mortality rates which may be unique for dif-
ferent racial or genetic stocks within the
same species.

The antigenic characters themselves which
are in a sense analogous to ''natural'' tags on
the population level may also yield important
information regarding the geographic distri-
bution and migration of the tunas.

Preliminary studies have been carried
out by the Honolulu Laboratory and visiting
university scientists on a small scale since
1955 and more recently with the La Jolla,
Calif., Biological Laboratory of the Bureau.

ee
AG

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-JUNE 1960:

~ Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, June 1960

ra GOOIEbss) eee
11,740 | 11, 346 |1, 195

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

partment of Defense, 2.8 million pounds (val-
ue $1.2 million) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in June 1960 by the
Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This ex-
ceeded the quantity purchased in May by 27.7
percent, and was 22.9 percent greater than
the amount purchased in June last year. The
value of the purchases this June was 8.3per-
cent greater than the previous month and 2.1
percent more than for June 1959.

During the first six months of 1960 pur-
chases totaled 11.7 million pounds (valued at
almost $6.0 million)--an increase.of 3.5 per-
cent in quantity and no change in value as
compared with the same period in 1959.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
June 1960 averaged 44.0 cents a pound, 7.8
cents less than the 51.8 cents paid in May and
8.9 cents less than the 52.9 cents paid during
June 1960.

In June, the Agency also bought 2,000 pounds
(valued at $15,000) of dehydrated fish for ex-
perimental purposes.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military
Subsistence Supply as enex June 1960 with Comparisons

Dre 2 a eS

ae Os oe Teel |___June __| Jan. -June_|
eee 19551 1960] 1959 | 1960 | 1959 oo
"868

28] 35] 100

for the use of the Armed Forces during June
this year. In the first six months of 1960,
purchases of canned tuna, salmon, and sar-
dines were substantially lower than in the
same period in 1959.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur-

chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable.

Fish Farming

DIRECTOR APPOINTED FOR NEW
EXPERIMENTAL STATION:

- Appointment of Dr. James H. Stevenson of
Little Rock, Ark., to direct the new fishfarm-
ing research program of the U. S. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of

October 1960

the Interior, was announced on August 3, 1960,
by Bureau Director Daniel H. Jansen.

Stevenson will bein charge of the Bureau's
research program into many of the problems
of raising fish in conjunction with the growing
of rice and other agriculture crops. Some of
the problems to be worked out include effects
of water quality and levels; control of aquatic
vegetation; overpopulation; predation; in-
trusion of unwanted species of wild fish; dis-
ease and parasite infestations; proper stock-
ing levels; nutritional requirements along
with feeding materials and methods; spawning
requirements and methods of controlling or
inducing spawning; and brood stock selection.

The two tracts of land acquired by the Bu-
reau for the fish farming experiments total
296 acres. One of the purchased tracts com-
prises 85 acres immediately adjacent to the
University of Arkansas' Rice Branch Exper-
iment Station near Stuttgart. The secondtract,
which is of a different soil type, is 211 acres
‘adjoining the University's Southeast Branch
Experiment Station at Kelso.

The Stuttgart property will have a modern
laboratory; fish-holding facilities; a building
for shop, garage and storage; a reservoir of
about 30 acres; and experimental ponds rang-
ing from one-tenth acre to one acre in sur-
face area. The Kelso land has a high produc-
ing well and an adequate surface water supply.
Levees have been constructed on three sides
of 160 acres of the plot. Five, ten, andtwen-
ty-acre reservoirs are planned for the site.

Stevenson, who was formerly head of the
Department of Zoology at Little Rock Uni-
versity and biologist for the Arkansas Game
and Fish Commission, recently returned from
a five-month assignment with the International
Cooperation Administration to advise the gov-
ernment of Pakistan on development of its in-
land fisheries.

KOK KOK

CONTRACT LET FOR NEW
EXPERIMENTAL STATION IN ARKANSAS:

A contract was executed on June 10, 1960, for
first-phase construction for the new Fish Farm-
ing Experimental Station near Stuttgart, Arkan-
sas. Specifications call for completion of the
two headquarters buildings. One will contain
offices and laboratories for biology, chemistry,
and disease and parasite research; the other a
combination building, will house a small shop,
garage, storage, and fish-holding tanks.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

Second-phase construction, for which bids
will be solicited in the near future, will in-
clude a 30-acre reservoir, and three series
of one-tenth, one-quarter, and one-acre ex-
perimental ponds, complete with water-sup-
ply system.

a

on XN

Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

EXPLORATORY FISHING WITH OTTER
TRAWL STARTED IN LAKE MICHIGAN:
M/V Art Swaer II’ Cruise 1: The U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries inaugurated

the Lake Michigan Exploratory Fishing and
Gear Research Program with the cruise of

a chartered Lake Michigan commercial gill-
net tug that has recently been adapted to the
newly-introduced otter-trawl method of fish-
ing. On August 10, 1960, the chartered vessel,
Art Swaer II, was scheduled to start aseven-
day trawl fish exploratory cM™uise.

Exploratory fishing operations were car-
ried out in eastern Lake Michigan at depths
from 10 to 50 fathoms. The operational area
was confined to waters between Ludington and
South Haven.

The objectives of the cruise were to de-
termine the distribution and abundance of the
various species of fish that can be taken with
otter trawls in that area at this time of year.
Special effort was made to assess the poten-
tial yield of fish stocks that are presently
only slightly exploited on a commercial basis.
The characteristics of the lake bottom was
analyzed and charted to show the location and
extent of areas suitable for otter trawling.

Standard commercial Gulf of Mexico-type
semiballoon fish trawls with 70-foot footropes
were used. Electronic depth-recorders were
employed to determine lake-bottom charac-
teristics and the vertical distribution of fish.

- a

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

CHEMICAL CONTROL PROGRAM FOR
SEA LAMPREY ON SCHEDULE:

Progress in the Great Lakes chemical-control pro-
gram for sea lamprey makes it apparent that the goal
of treating all known lamprey-spawning streams trib-
utary to the United States shore of Lake Superior in

30

1960 will be reached. Two of the most difficult treat-
ments were completed in July-1960--the Bad River-
White River system in Wisconsin and the Ontonagon
River in Michigan. Two smaller streams were also
treated.

Ok Ok Ok

EXPERIMENTAL TRAWLING
REVEALS SPAWNING SUCCESS
OF CERTAIN SPECIES:

Experimental trawling in Green Bay, Lake Michi-
gan, and in Lake Erie has given some indication of
the success of the 1960 spawning of certain Great Lakes
species. As of August, no 1960 yellow pike had been
taken in Green Bay even on grounds that yielded many
young-of-the-year in 1959. Young yellow perch had
been caught but in very small numbers. Juvenile smelt
were extremely plentiful. Yellow pike of the 1960 year-
class were taken at a number of localities in western
Lake Erie, but in such small numbers as to indicate
spawning success far below that of 1959. Reproduction
seems to have been poor also in the spottail shiner and
possibly the sheepshead. Young yellow perch had been
caught in good numbers but were less plentiful than in
1959. Catches of the young-of-the-year white bass and
smelt were very large.

Kok kk OK

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V "George L.'' May-June 1960: Extensive trawl-
ing Operations were conducted by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessel George L. and
commercial fish catches were examined in May and
June. United States commercial catches of yellow
perch, sheepshead, carp, channel catfish, and white
bass have been good. Yellow pike catches were about
one-half of those last spring and catches of blue pike,
cisco, and whitefish have been very light.

Yearling yellow pike (hatched in 1959) continue to
appear in large numbers in commercial trap nets in
the western basin. Great variations in catch from week
to week in the same areas indicate that the yellow pike
move about continuously in loosely-formed groups. The
average length of yearling yellow pike taken in trap
nets in late June was about 113 inches. Several 13-inch
yearling fish have been landed by commercial fisher-
men. At the present rate of growth (3 inch per month),
most of those fish should exceed 13 inches by Septem-
ber 1.

Trawl catches continue to demonstrate the great a-
bundance of yellow perch hatched in 1959. These fish
now average about 5 inches long and should enter the
commercial catch in late 1961. Trawl catches of large
numbers of white bass hatched in both 1958 and 1959
indicate that a commercial production of this species
should continue to be good in 1960 and 1961. The catch
of 5- to 8-inch smelt in May and early June in western
Lake Erie far exceeded catches during the same per -
iod in 1958-59.

Catches of fry and small fish by tow nets in May and
by trawls in June revealed an exceptional hatch of smelt
in the western basin this spring compared to last year.
Yellow perch fry are appearing in goodly numbers
but young yellow pike are relatively scarce compared
to last year. Sheepshead eggs, which float on the wa-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

ter's surface, have been taken earlier, inlarger num-
bers, and over a wider area than last year. White bass,
gizzard shad, and spottail shiner fry were also taken
in late June.

Most yellow perch were in poor condition in May
but since have fed heavily on animal plankton and now
appear relatively plump. Yearling white bass (4-7
inches long) are feeding heavily on newly-hatched smelt
and yellow perch. Yearling yellow pike have fed prin-
cipally upon emerald and spottail shiners.

Trawling was to be continued during the summer to
determine semi-monthly changes in relative abundance,
growth, and food of important fish species.

M/V "George L." July 1960: Surface water temper-
atures were nearly constant at 75° F. in western Lake
Erie during July. Average July air temperatures at
Sandusky were coolest since 1947. Winds during the
month were light. Low oxygen concentrations (lowest
0.5 p.p.m.) were observed in the Central and Western
basins.

Commercial catches of most fish were light. Year-
ling yellow pike averaging 12 inches long were common
in the trap-net catches in the Island Region. Thelarg-
est yearling yellow pike observed was 13.7 inches long.
Yearling yellow pike taken in Eastern waters (Cleve-
land to Dunkirk) range from about 9-11 inches long.

Ninety-two (2.3 percent) of the 4,000 yearling yel-
low pike tagged in April have been recovered. One
fish was taken in Lake St. Clair--another taken from.
Lorain was the most easterly tag recovery reported.

Yearling yellow perch and white bass are very abun-
dant in all waters of Western Lake Erie. Up to 9,000
yearling yellow perch averaging about six inches long
have been observed in single trap-net catches.

Large numbers of white bass and smelt young-of-
the-year were taken by trawl in July. Trawl catches
of young-of-the-year yellow pike were much lower than
in 1959 but appeared in somewhat greater numbers than
in 1957 and 1958. The 1960 hatch averaged about 5 inch-
es long by July 31--equal to the growth of the 1959
hatch a year ago.

The lowest total commercial catch of yellow pike on
record in Lake Erie was previously reported to be
422,000 pounds in 1913, but the records for that year
were incomplete. Ohio reported only the fall catches
that year. Further examination of the records shows
that total yellow pike commercial production in 1959
(about 1,500,000 pounds) was greater than in seven prior
years (1918-21 and 1928-30). Lowest production was
744,416 pounds in 1919. Low production of yellow pike
in Lake Erie, then,is not new.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 28.

Hk kK OK

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "'Cisco" Cruise 4: The fish population survey
in southern Lake Michigan was continued (June 28-Ju-

ly 12, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries research vessel Cisco.

October 1960

Gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet each of 1}- and 1}-
inch mesh, and 300 feet each of 2-, 2¢-, 24-, 23-, 3-,
32-, and 4-inch mesh) were set overnight at 25 and
50 fathoms off Grand Haven, Mich., and at the same
depths off Racine, Wis. Off Grand Haven the catch at
25 fathoms was light (314 Leucichthys hoyi, 2-L. al-
penae, 1 L. zenithicus, 2 lake herr ng), but at 50 fath-
oms the catch was rather large (1,089 L. hoyi, 13 L.
reighardi, 17 L. alpenae, 7 L. zenithicus, 9 lake herr-
aa Off Racine the catches were very light (about
200 L. 8 i at each depth, 4 smelt at 25 fathoms, and

e "

2) iter: ardi, 3 L. alpenae, 2 L. kiyi, and 7 lake
herring at 50 fathoms). ee

Gangs of linen nets were set for 4 nights at 25 and
50 fathoms off Grand Haven (255 feet each of 23-, 23-,
23-, 23-, and 3-inch mesh at the former depth and
twice that amount of each mesh size at the latter), The
25-fathom net took 151 L. hoyi and L. alpenae. An i-
dentical set at the same time of year in 1954 took 426
L. hoyi, 7 L. alpenae, 11 L. reighardi, and 1 L. kiyi.
The set at 50 fathoms, with which no 1954 comparison
is possible, caught 758 L. hoyi, 21 L. zenithicus, 12 L.
alpenae, 8 L. reighardi, and 1 lake herring. iv

A 52-foot commercial-type balloon trawl was towed
at 5-fathom intervals from 15 to 35 fathoms west-
southwest of Grand Haven, at 30 and 40 fathoms north-
east of Racine, at 25, 30, 35, 40, and 50 fathoms west
of Milwaukee, and at 12, 15, and 20 fathoms near shore
north of Milwaukee. All tows were for 30 minutes.
The chub catches from 20 fathoms and deeper were
mostly small, ranging from 60 to 250 pounds. At 15
fathoms off Grand Haven 367 pounds were caught, and
at 12 and 15 fathoms north of Milwaukee, 446 and 524
pounds, respectively, were taken. The larger catches
in the shallower water ate accounted for by appreci-
ably greater numbers of small (7 to 8 inches) fish
than were present in the catches from deeper water.
Apparently in depths greater than about 15 fathoms,

a large portion of the small chubs were midwater,
thus not vulnerable to the bottom trawl. The chub
catches were more than 95 percent bloaters (L. hoyi)
in all catches and were almost pure bloaters in the
shallower tows. The commercial-trawl catches were
practically devoid of species other than chubs, except
in the 50-fathom tow off Milwaukee where 20 pounds of
deep-water sculpins were caught, and in 12 and 15
fathoms north of Milwaukee, where 12and
30 pounds, respectively, of smelt were taken.

An experimental 39-foot semi-balloon trawl with a
small-mesh ($-inch) cod end was towed in shallow wa-
ter south of Grand Haven. At 15 fathoms, a 30-minute
tow netted 285 pounds of chubs; at 10 fathoms a 10-
minute tow produced small numbers of perch and about
15 pounds of very small chubs, more thanhalfof which
were less than 7 inches long. At 5 and 7 fathoms the
catches were predominately yellow perch, smelt, and
alewives, together with a few spottail shiners, trout-
perch, and log-perch.

Complete hydrographic collections and observa-
tions were made at 25-fathom stations off Grand Ha-
ven and Racine, and at 70 fathoms in midlake between
these ports. Pronounced thermal stratification existed
in all areas visited, but in many cases the epilimnion
was quite thin. At the end of the cruise surface tem-
peratures were mostly 16° to 17° C. (average about
62° F.) on the west side of southern Lake Michigan and
19° to 20° C. (average about 67° F.) on the east side.

Sampling of the bottom fauna off Grand Haven was
made with a Peterson dredge and a Smith-MclIntyre

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

dredge at 5-fathom-depth intervals from 5 to 30 fath-
oms and at 3 and 50 fathoms. The Smith-MclIntyre
dredge was borrowed from the Bureau Laboratory at
Woods Hole, Mass., to ascertain its suitability for use
in the Great Lakes. This sampler undoubtedly oper-
ates more effectively in rough seas than does the Pe-
tersen dredge, but it is too heavy and bulky for prac-
tical use and storage aboard the Cisco.

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 5: The survey continued dur-
ing July 19-August 2, 1960. Gangs of nylon gill nets
(50 feet each of 14- and 14-inch, 200 feet of 2-inch, and
300 feet each of 23-, 23-, 23-, 3-, 33-, and4-inch
mesh) were set at 25 and 50 fathoms off Grand
Haven, Mich., and off St. Joseph, Mich. Chub catches
were heavier in the 25-fathom sets. Bloaters (Leuci-
chthys hoyi) made up more than 95 percent of the catch-
es, except in the 25-fathom set off St. Joseph, where
about 75 percent of the chubs were bloaters. The re-
mainder of the chubs in this latter set were rather dif-
ficult to identify, but were mostly L. zenithicus; there
were also a few L. alpenae and L. reighardi, and a
considerable number of lake herring. A few smelt and
deep-water sculpins also were taken.

Linen gill nets of several mesh sizes from 2#- to
3-inch, set for 5 nights off Grand Haven, took about
15 to 50 percent more bloaters at 25 and 50 fathoms,
respectively, than did identical gangs set in 1954 at
the same time of year. For other,species of chubs the
following comparisons were obtained: at 25 fathoms,
all were much more common in the 1954 set; at 50
fathoms, all non-bloater species except L. kiyi were
somewhat more numerous in the 1960 set. L. kiyi was
more common in 1954 (172 vs. 10 in 1960). ~

In order to study differences in gill-net catches with
differences in lengths of time set, and also todetermine
variations in identical 1-night sets on successive nights,
nylon gill nets were fished as follows: on the first day
4 gangs were set at 25 fathoms off Grand Haven; on the
second day, 1 gang was lifted and reset; on the third
day the 1-night set and a 2-night set were lifted, and
1 was reset; on the fourth day the 1-night set and a 3-
night set were lifted, and 1 reset; on the fifth day the
remaining gangs, a 1-night and a 4-night set, were
lifted. Chub catches in the 1-night sets were 432,
429, 437, and 339, respectively. The 2-night set took
756 chubs; the 3-night set 1,000; and the 4-night set
1,140. The 13- and 2-inch meshes (especially the
latter) appeared to have lost fishing efficiency entirely
after the third night, but the other larger meshes took
appreciably more fish in the 4-night set than in the 3-
night one.

A 52-foot commercial-type balloon trawl was towed
at 5-fathom intervals from 15 to 35 fathoms northwest
of St. Joseph and from 10 to 50 fathoms southwest of
Grand Haven. All tows were for 30 minutes. Bloaters
made up more than 95 percent of all chub catches. The
chub catches off St. Joseph ranged from 110 pounds at
20 fathoms to 460 pounds at 35 fathoms. Other species
taken in the trawls off St. Joseph were lake herring (27
pounds at 35 fathoms), smelt (about 5 pounds per tow
at 15 and 25 fathoms), and a few perch, deep-water
sculpins, and slimy sculpins. Chub catches off Grand
Haven were generally light, ranging from 24 to 64
pounds at 50 and 45 fathoms, respectively, and from
296 to 256 pounds at 25 and 20 fathoms, respectively.
Some 48 pounds of deep-water sculpins were taken at
50 fathoms, and 28 pounds at 45 fathoms; otherwise,
there was little other than chubs in the catches.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A half-meter, large-mesh (No. 32 grit gauze) plank-
ton net was towed for fish fry at various depths from
the surface to 20 meters near shore south of Grand
Haven. Very tiny fry were quite numerous at depths
from 1 to 5 meters, but none were obtained in repeated
tows at the surface and at depths greater than 5 me-
ters.

Hydrographic observations and collections were
made at regular 25-fathom stations off Grand Haven
and St. Joseph. Phytoplankton was considerably less
abundant than during previous cruises. Surface water
was rather warm; temperatures were mostly between
19° and 21° C. (66.2° and 69.8° F.).

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1960 pp. 21-22.

S. * sles she
SK SKI oki ski ic

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR
FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "'Siscowet"' Cruise 3:
and areal distribution of fish by systematically fishing
standard gangs of experimental gill nets (1- to 5-inch
mesh by 3-inch intervals) at various locations and
depths in western Lake Superior was the objective of
the second of three cruises scheduled by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Sis-
cowet June 28-14, 1960. FIT

The work was performed at four stations near On-
tonagon, Mich., and at three stations in the Apostle
Island region. The work also included fishing with
trawls from the Siscowet and the outboard-powered
skiff, and tests of an electrical boom-shocker for sam-
pling fish in shallow areas adjacent to shore.

The ''bloaters'' (LLeucichthys hoyi) takenin the 17-
fathom set were very similiar to those takenin Pike's
Bay near Bayfield. This shallow-water variety has
larger eyes (nearly as large as in L. kiyi), less pig-
ment on the head, and is a heavier, more solid fish
than the deep-water variety. The ''bloaters'' taken in
the Ontonagon area also appeared to be late-winter or
spring spawners. Large numbers of "'bloaters"' in the
Apostle Island area have been observed spawning with
the lake herring in the late fall.

Comparisons were made of the catch from a 1- and
2-night set at the station located at 52 fathoms and
from 2 successive 1-night sets at the stations located
at 25 and 72 fathoms. In each test the nets were set
in exactly the same location and depth. Changing
weather conditions, however, during the period may
have had some effect on the results of the experiment.
Only three varieties of chubs are used for the com -
parison that follows because of the very small num-
bers of other species taken.

The 2-night catch at 52 fathoms took over twice as
many fish as the 1-night set. The second of two 1-night
sets at 25 fathoms took 14 percent more fish than the
preceding night and the second 1-night set at 72 fath-
oms took 26 percent more fish than the preceding night.

A 30-foot semiballoon'trawl (1-inch-mesh body and
a z-inch-mesh cod end) fished just west of Outer Is-
land at 9 to 25 fathoms took one 2-inch whitefish but
no lake trout. The catch consisted mainly of slimy
muddlers, trout-perch, and ninespine sticklebacks.

To study the bathymetric:

Vol. 22, No. 10

Through the cooperation of the Wisconsin Conser-
vation Department, an electrical boom-shocker was
operated at the mouth of the Bad River and in the shal-
low waters adjacent to Stockton Island in an attempt to
locate young-of-the-year of several species. Although
the shocker took no young-of-the-year, it did turn up
a considerable variety of fish.

River species mainly were taken at the mouth of
the Bad River--smallmouth bass, northern pike, yel-
low pike (yearlings), black crappie, and spot-tail shin-
ers. No fish were taken in the lake proper off the
mouth of the Bad River. f

Shocking operations at Stockton Island were con-
ducted after dark in water 3 to 8 feet deep over rock
and sand bottoms. Over the rock bottom the shocker
took trout-perch, 6- to 8-inch round whitefish, 6- to
10-inch burbot, and 1- to 8-inch longnose suckers.
Over the sand bottom the shocker uncovered thousands
of small (3 to 6 inches) smelt and 3 large browntrout,
apparently in shallow water feeding on the smelt. Oth-
er species taken over the sand bottom were ninespine
sticklebacks, lake northern chub, and trout-perch.

Shocking operations off Stockton Island the fol-
lowing morning (during daylight hours) took very few
fish (slimy muddlers, ninespine sticklebacks, and
burbot). No smelt were caught during the daylight
fishing.

Trawl tows with the outboard skiff at 15 and 20feet
yielded only a very few ninespine stickleback and sli-
my muddlers.

Surface water temperatures varied from 39.6° F.
northwest of Ontonagon to 59.8° F. south of Stockton
Island. Bottom temperatures remained about 40° F.
in all areas.

M/V "'Siscowet'' Cruise 4: Midsummer environ-
mental conditions were studied July 18-25, 1960, at
three index stations located southeast of Stockton Is-
land, northeast of Bear Island, and east of Pike's Bay.
These studies included fishing with standard gill-net
gangs and a 30-foot semiballoon trawl. Limnological
data and materials were collected including: records
on water temperatures, water samples for chemical
analyses, plankton and bottom samples, and Secchi-
disc readings.

Secchi-disc readings were comparatively low at
each station, undoubtedly due to a heavy plankton con-
centration in the upper layers of the water. Dissolved
oxygen was found to be lowest at the surface at all
stations (about 10.4 p.p.m.). The oxygen content of
samples taken at or near the bottom was about 12.7

p.p.m.

In addition to the sets made at each index station,
standard gangs were fished north of Devil's Island at
87 and 58 fathoms, and east of Gull Island at 15, 25,
45, and 55 fathoms.

The lake herring caught east of Gull Island at 15 fath-
oms averaged +-pound each. One herring measured
17.9 inches and weighed 1.8 pounds. The Leucichthys
zenithicus caught east of Gull Island were found to e
in all stages of sexual development. Several ripe or
nearly ripe specimens were observed as well as re-
cently spent and early recovered individuals.

October 1960

Trawl tows were made at each index station but
catches were small in all cases. The principal spe-
cies taken in the trawl were slimy muddlers, nine-
spine sticklebacks, smelt, and L. hoyi. A 4-meter
plankton net (32 grit cloth) was towed at the surface,
18 feet and 30 feet below the surface in 35 fathoms
northeast of Bear Island. Only 1 unidentified fish
larva was captured, in the tow 18 feet below the sur-
face.

Surface water temperatures have warmed con-
siderably since the previous cruise, ranging from
56.9° north of Devil's Island to 70.49 F. at Pike's
Bay. Bottom temperatures, however, still remained
at about 40° F.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

TRAWL FISHING GEAR STUDIED
WITH UNDERWATER CAMERA:
M/V "George M. Bowers" Cruise 28 (July

14-29): Motion picture studies of shrimp trawls|

while being towed were continued by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research

The Service's exploratory fishing vessel George M. Bowes.

vessel George M. Bowers during the first
week of a cruise made in the Gulf of Mexico
off Panama City, Fla. Motion picture film of
the operation of a model experimental fish
trawl was made in that area.

Due to heavy algae concentrations on the
bottom, only 800 feet of underwater motion
pictures were taken of a 40-foot shrimp trawl
and 10-foot try net. Thealgae concentrations

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

33

in the trawl resulted in reducing the spread of
the doors and on one occasion of tearing the net

After reports were received of ideal con-
ditions for photographing shrimp in the Flor-
ida Keys, the vessel proceeded to that area;
however, no suitable area with shrimp and
favorable clean water conditions was found.
Notet Also see Commercial Fisheries Review August 1960p. 26.

Market News Service

ADDITION OF EASTERN PACIFIC
FISHING INFORMATION TO
CALIFORNIA ''MONTHLY SUMMARY":

The California Fishery Market News
Monthly Summary, published by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries is now issued
|| in two parts:
| Part I - Fishery Products Production and
Market Data'' will continue to provide in-
formation on receipts offmajor California
Fisheries at leading ports, packs of major
canned products and byproducts, and whole—
sale prices. This part is issued by the

a =

UNTTED STATES DEPARTUEer OF TEE TeTERICE
BUREAU OF COMERCIAL FISHERIES
ee
CALIFORNIA FISHERY MARKET KE MONTHLY SuAUST
JULY 1960
Fart 1 - Fishery Prodccts Prodaptics ent Market Dnte®

fornia recel; of the wr fisheries (incloding tuna, sariice, wackerel, anchovies,
Soesees Treny'as Talleg portal — of sajer canned products} ee =i
prodacts} anf wholesale prices for frosen ent canned products} with comparative

Beoes;

falifornis
ore)

‘an Inporte)s
California Pack of Canned Tune, Meckerel, and Anebavietesscsresseenee

California Cannery Beceipts of Usbe~Caught (Desestic) Tene 4 Tusalike Fi:

Washington Receipts (Domestic & Isports) ef Fresh ant
Cats ood Tunslike Pisa. Penne eee ee eeeeenenenneeneeenee

Californie sports of Fresh and Frosen Tune, by Castens Districts.

Inported Frosen Tuas Frices, Joly 1960ssesssssesseesnennenrsersees
California’ Imports of Frosen Tons (By Coustry of Origis)+«

Te-Vessel Prices for Cannery Fishs+++
Callfernis Canned Tish Prices++.+
Taported Canned Tune Pricessssssssssssessssnsesnanseensssssscsssassessees

aioe fare charts, ste., Le
* Fart Il ~ "Fishing latemna sles ery Lathe, pa Dislogical’ cians

Label leased free
Fouetst ita" Fes Lone Btation, San Diege 6, Californian

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bureau's Fishery Market News Service
at San Pedro. (Requests for this part
should be made to the Market News Ser-
vice, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, Post Office Building, San Pedro,
Calif.)

Part II - ''Fishing Information" (the first is-
sue of which was issued in July 1960) in-
cludes monthly sea-surface temperature
charts for the eastern Pacific, and fish-
ing and research information of interest
to the tuna fishing industry and marine
scientists. Part Il is released by the Bu-
reau's San Diego Biological Laboratory.
(Requests for this part should be made to
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Biological Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121,
Pt. Loma Station, San Diego 6, Calif.)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

CALIFORNIA FISHERY MARKET NEWS MONTHLY SUMMARY

JULY 1960

PART I! — FISHING INFORMATION

Sea-surfoce temperatures, fishing and research information
of Interest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and
marine scientists

CONTENTS

Addition of Part II to ''Callfornia Fishery Market News
Monthly Summary"

Topographic Charts of the Eastern Pacific

Sea-surface Temperature Charts, Eastern Paclfic
Ocean July 1960

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Blological Laboratory .

P.O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station
San Diego 6, California

The Bureau established the San Diego Bio-
logical Laboratory in 1959 as its center for
scientific studies concerned with tuna of the
eastern Pacific. Its prime purpose is topro-
vide for the specific application of oceano-
graphic and biological findings to the prob-
lems of the West Coast tuna fishing industry.
The laboratory is concerned alike with trop-
ical tunas, albacore, and bluefin. This pub-

Vol. 22, No. 10

lication will be the principal medium used to
disseminate information to the industry.

The monthly publication will routinely in-
clude sea-surface temperature charts. It
will not always contain research and fishing
information. Such will be included when there
is something of significance to report.

The temperature charts cover that area
of the Pacific from the Aleutians in the north
to Peru and Chile in the south and offshore
to 180° W. longitude. They show for, each
month the average sea-surface temperature
and the deviations from the 30-year average
and from the previous year. Between May
and November, single-page supplements are
issued twice monthly to show, for the im-
mediate region off the West Coast (25° to
52° N. and offshore to 135° W.), the average
sea-surface temperature for the first and
last 15 days of the month. Research and
fishing information indicates that the dis-
tribution of tunas and many other commer-
cial species is directly affected by sea-sur-
face temperatures. The charts are being
prepared promptly and are expected to be
most useful to fishermen in their operations.
They will also benefit research scientists
and meteorologists studying the oceanic en-
vironment of the eastern Pacific.

The one-page supplements will be of in-
terest primarily to fishermen operating a-
long the United States west coast, particular-
ly albacore fishermen, and research agencies
concerned with the coastal environment.

f
Peay

i

Maryland

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY RECEIVES
GRANT FOR RESEARCH ON EARLY
LIFE HISTORY OF FISH:

Maryland's Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory has received a National Science
Foundation grant of $34,700 for work on the
early life stages of fish in the Chesapeake
Bay and Middle Atlantic Ocean areas.

The Director of the Maryland Department
of Research and Education reported on Au-
gust 17 that the grant had been made for a
project directed by the senior fisheries sci-
entist at the Laboratory.

The project, to run three years, is divided
into two phases. The first consists of field
and laboratory work in identifying and illus-

October 1960

trating the eggs, larvae, and young of var-
ious species of fishes, many of whichcannot
now be completely identified. The work will
make it possible to locate the spawning areas
of Chesapeake Bay fishes, assess their spawn--
ing survival, and determine what natural fac-
tors affect the different stages of develop-
ment. When identification is definitely es-
tablished, the results will be published for
the benefit of other workers.

"The period shortly after eggs hatch is
greatly affected by such natural conditions
as temperature, salinity, and food supply.
Extremes of these factors may decide wheth-
er a hatch will provide a good harvest or a
poor One several years later when the fishes
reach keeper size," the scientist pointed out.
"Yet, we know very little about this period."

As a second phase, an atlas of drawings
of fish eggs and young of those species found
in the region will be compiled from published
and original sources. This will be printed
in a book to serve as a research tool for the
identification purposes, to show where gaps
of knowledge are found, and to stimulate fur-
ther work in this important field. This infor-
mation, unfortunately, is now scattered in
many different locations and is unavailable to
most individual workers.

The project proposal, which won the ap-
proval of the Foundation, noted that ''Russia
probably has the largest, most intensive pro-
gram dealing with basic and applied studies
on all phases of the biology and ecology of
early fish development. Japan, India, and
Italy are also much further ahead of the United
States in such valuable and much-needed re-
search."' All of these countries regard their
fisheries of prime importance to their eco-
nomy.

The Maryland Laboratory project will go
far toward plugging holes in the knowledge of
younger forms, at least in this part of the na-
tion.

The scientist and his assistants were the
first to rear striped bass successfully in 1955
from the egg to the young fish, a report of
which was published in 1958.

In the new activity, the scientist will be
assisted by a scientific illustrator and a full-
time biologist under terms of the grant. In
addition, the Laboratory will provide consid-
erable aid with other personnel and equipment.

ag SR eh

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

ANNUAL OVERHAUL OF FISHERIES
RESEARCH VESSEL "DELAWARE"
HELD UP BY FREAK ACCIDENT:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies research vessel Delaware is stranded
half way up a marine railway in New London,
Conn., where she was being dry-docked for
annual overhaul and for the installation of a
new underwater searching device on her hull.
The 147-foot vessel was stuck by the derail-
ment of the cradle that hauls large vessels
out of the water. Her predicament is chal-
lenging marine engineers and salvage ex-
perts.

The Delaware's overhaul schedule called
for the installation of a new device for loca-
ting and tracking schools of fish and to spot
the presence of underwater obstacles such as
sandbars, shoals, sunken wrecks, etc.

' —
Oceanography

CHARTS OF EASTERN
PACIFIC OCEAN FLOOR:

Detailed maps of the ocean floor from south-
ern California to northern Chile and several
hundred miles seaward are being compiled for
the benefit of the tuna fleet bythe U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, San Diego, and the University of Cali-
fornia's Institute of Marine Resources.

The maps are based upon millions of echo-
soundings made in the region by researchves-
sels, mostly during the past 10 years. Much
of the data have not been generally available.
The topographic charts will be useful in lo-
cating tuna and also for navigation.

Frequently tuna are found in greater abun-
dance around seamounts and deeper protuber-
ances rising above the sea floor than in the
surrounding waters. The accidental discovery
of Shimada bank, off the west coast of Mexico
(16° 52' N., 1179 31' W.), andthe ensuing large
catches of yellowfin tuna was largely respon-
sible for the initiation of the project to analyze
and plot the large amount of sounding datacol-
lected during the past decade by researchves-
sels of Scripps Institution of Oceanography and
other agencies.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A series of 24 charts covering the area
from 35° N. latitude (just north of Pt. Arguel-
lo) to 24° S., and 600 to 700 miles offshore
will be issued. Two charts (Nos. 1 and 3)
have been distributed and the remainder will
be issued on the average of once each month
until completion of the series. The charts
issued cover an area from the coast offshore
to 12° W. longitude between 23° and 35° N.
latitude. It will be determined whether there
are sufficient new sounding data to warrant
preparation of charts between Pt. Arguello
and the Columbia River.

OK OK OK OK

SURVEY OF PACIFIC OCEAN AREA
OFF SAN FRANCISCO UNDER WAY:

The familiar parachute--which has for so
many years used air currents to lower ob-
jects safely through the atmosphere--will
take to the water to aid oceanographers in
observing ocean currents in a new project
announced by the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey, U. S. Department of Commerce, on
July 31, 1960.

In mid-August the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey ship Pioneer was scheduled to explore an
8,000 square-mile section of ocean northwest
of San Francisco. The project blends hydro-
graphic and oceanographic activities into one
. operation.

Deep-sea soundings will be recorded
while a study is made of bottom sediments,
sea water temperatures, salinities, mag-
netic disturbances, and meandering coastal
currents.

Vol. 22, No. 10

The parachutes--which are being used by
the Survey on a large scale for the first time
and have been used by other oceanographic
scientists before--will be submerged in sev-
eral areas about 50 miles offshore. Sus -

pended at depths of approximately 16 and
1,000 feet, the big 'chutes are secured byline
to surface floats and allowed to drift with

AREA:
8,000 sq. nautical miles

‘Legend:

Ww Radio current
A\ ~ station.

ES - Parachute drogue.

Bottom sediment
GQ ~ samples.

Fig. 1- Area of oceangraphic survey, season 1960 by the U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey ship Pioneer.

Fig. 2- The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ship Pioneer.

October 1960

the current. Careful tracking of the floats
for a period of 48 hours will provide signifi-
cant data on direction and speed of deep sub-
marine currents.

In addition, radio current meters also will
be suspended 15 feet below the surface from
bright yellow buoys anchored near Pt. Reyes,
Bodega Head (Calif.), Salt Point, Point Arena,
Point Cabrillo, Cape Vizcaino, and Point Del-
gada. Information will be transmitted from
the buoys to a ship recorder by radio signals.

One of the problems the Marine scientists
want to solve is the varying characteristics
of the coastal currents. There is a current
flowing southward and parallel to the Pacific
Coast with a velocity which averages about
% nautical mile per hour. Prevailing winds,
upwelling, and other physical forces can
greatly alter this flow in many areas. The
Pioneer will concentrate on probing in an
area between Point Reyes and Point Delgada
and within 60 miles of shore.

The ship will make detailed investigations
near the mouths of the Vizcaino and Noyo sea-
valleys. Located about 50 miles offshore and
in 7,800 feet of water, these sea-valleys are
great submarine "channels" carrying vast
quantities of sediment out to sea. Sediment
samples will be brought to the surface and
analyzed. They may give indication as to
what processes are taking place along the
ocean floor.

The 311-foot Pioneer is one of the largest
ships in the Coast and Geodetic Survey fleet.
This reassignment follows 5 years of special
oceanic surveys for the U. S. Navy. Upon
arrival at San Francisco on July 26, 1960,
the ship terminated a 5,000-mile trackline
across the Pacific Ocean from Kwajalein
Atoll in the Marshall Islands to Point Buchon
in California. The resulting profile of the
peaks and deeps of the ocean bottom took
the ship by way of Wake Island, Midway, and
Oahu. Thirteen Coast and Geodetic Survey
officers are assigned to the big ship.

The ocean survey near San Francisco may
provide science with important new knowledge
of our marginal seas. Coastal currents af-
fect the fishing industry of California and
have an influence on the weather and climate
in the area.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

37

Oysters

MORTALITIES IN CHESAPEAKE
AND DELAWARE BAYS:

Disastrous mortalities have virtually wiped out the oyster
industry in Delaware Bay and some nearby waters since 1957.
Serious losses, although not as destructive, have also dam=
aged the industry in the Chincoteague Bay area, Most recent-
ly, very heavy death rates are threatening large areas of Ches~

| apeake Bay. In a paper presented at the Fifty-Second Joint

Annual Convention of the Oyster Growers and Dealers Associ-
ation of North America, Inc., with the National Shellfisheries
Association and the Oyster Institute of North America, Balti-
more, Md., July 31-August 3, 1960, the President of the Na-
tional Shellfisheries Association summarized the status of
oyster mortalities. The paper presented what is now known
about the oyster mortalities:

(1) A parasite of oysters, called ‘‘MSX,’’ is present in
many sick, dying, and dead oysters, and is now consid=
ered to be a major cause of deaths in Delaware and per-
haps in lower Chesapeake Bay and Chincoteague Bay.

(2)

(3)

(4

‘*MSX"’ apparently is not a fungus.

The complete life cycle is not yet known.

=

Even in the areas of heaviest kill, a small percentage
has survived. These will be of special importance for
the future.

(5) The presence of ‘‘MSX’’ and other microparasites can
be detected only by careful laboratory methods.

(6) Deaths can occur within one or two months after oys~
ters are exposed, and can spread rapidly. We do not
know the method of transmission from oyster to oyster.
(7) Deaths have been greater in high salinity areas than in
low salinities, but no sharp dividing line is known, We
do not know the effects of moving infected oysters into
fresher waters.

The heaviest losses have involved ‘‘MSX’’ and other
factors, for example Dermocystidium, at the same
time. One parasite or unfavorable condition may make
oysters more susceptible to another. The sequence is
complex,

(8)

In Delaware Bay, spring-planted seed has high death
rates in late summer. Summer and fall seed shows
heavy loss the following spring. Some loss occurs
throughout the year.

(10) Oysters imported into Delaware Bay from many
sources haye all shown susceptibility. Best survival
there has been by local seed from parents which lived
through one or more years of exposure.

(11) In Chincoteague Bay and the seaside area, losses
have been low among oysters held for a few months,
but have increased in all oysters held for a second
year. Total losses have not been as heavy as in Dela~
ware Bay.

(12) Dermocystidium, drill loss, low oxygen, and other
causes of death in various areas are still a major
part of the picture and must not be overlooked.

(13) Seaside oysters contain a micro-organism which may
be a stage of ‘‘MSX”’ or a different parasite.

The paper then summarized future prospects as fol-
lows:

Scientists are extremely reluctant to make predictions
and general statements when evidence is incomplete. This
is wise and proper. At the same time, state management
agencies and members of the industry are entitled to know
the present thinking of biologists. They urgently need the

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

strongest possible basis for important decisions which can-
not be deferred, If these users are willing to recognize
clearly that ideas must change as new facts emerge, the re-
search biologists are willing to try to estimate some of the
future developments in the mortality problems.

(1) Only natural control offers promise. It is probably
impossible to control microparasites by chemicals
_or other artificial means.

(2) Thorough basic study is essential for understanding
of the parasite or parasites and methods of com-
bating it.

(3) Parasites will spread by natural means and by ac-
cidental transportation, and they will reach most of
the areas where conditions permit them to survive.
They may not yet have reached full spread,

(4) If the Chesapeake follows the Delaware patterns,
(a) the mortality will continue to spread to new a-
reas. The rate of spread might be rapid. (b) High
salinity areas will probably have heaviest losses.
Note, however, that the seaside area has shown a
distinctly different pattern.

(5) Dense oyster populations are more likely to have
serious mortalities than are scattered ones.

(6) Transplants into areas of high mortality are prob-
ably futile and may be destructive to oysters al-
ready present.

(7) Transplanting from infected areas is likely to speed
up spread of the parasite.

(8

~—

Possibilities of spread north and south are not
predictable.

(9) Some constructive measures are possible. These
include: (a) control of import and export of shells,
seed, and oysters; (b) perhaps use of low salinity
waters to protect stocks; (c) planting and harvest-
ing at the most advantageous time; (d) protection
of brood stock in unaffected areas from excessive
depletion; and (e) maximum development of stocks
in affected areas, Research and practical experi-
ence may reveal other techniques.

(10) Selection and development of resistant stocks is
probably the only way to achieve recovery in areas
of high mortality. This can be greatly assisted by
careful management based on sound research. It
is, however, slow and expensive.

OK OK Ok OK

MSX OYSTER KILLER IDENTIFIED
AS ANIMAL PARASITE:

MSX, the suspected killer of oysters which has decimated
beds in Delaware Bay and some areas in Virginia, and which
poses a threat to Maryland, is now tentatively identified as
an animal parasite, the Maryland Chesapeake Biological Labo-
ratory at Solomons announced on August 24, 1960. MSX pre-
viously had not been placed definitely in either the plant or
animal kingdom. This statement was made after examination
of hundreds of slides from infected oysters by two parasitol-
ogists. Their work at the Laboratory is part of Maryland’s
contribution in an all-out cooperative effort to learn as much
as possible about the parasite.

One of the parasitologists has found that MSX cannot be
identified as one of the plant-like pathogens and does not have
the characteristics of any known plant-like organism. By
elimination, this places the organism as an animal parasite,
and the matter of identification a problem for animal para-
sitologists.

Vol. 22, No. 10

The term MSX is scientific shorthand for ‘‘Multinucleate
Sphere X.’’ When the name was coined some time ago at
Rutgers University, all that was known about the suspected
oyster killer was that it was spherical, had several nuclei,
and could be seen only through a microscope. Little else
was known about its identity--hence the ‘‘X’’ factor. About
5,000 of the tiny spheres lined up in a row would extend a~
bout one inch. However, one further thing is certain: MSX
is not harmful to humans~~only to oysters.

A staff member who recently joined the Chesapeake Bio-
logical Laboratory is especially interested in the Sporozoa, —
a group of minute animal parasites to which it is now thought
MSX may belong. He cautioned that much more must be
learned about the identity of the organism, and that little is
known about how MSX operates as the suspected killer of
oysters. Certain information is on hand, however, to show
how similar animal parasites cause harm to their hosts.

Teams of scientists at Rutgers University, the Virginia
Fisheries Laboratory, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries in Annapolis, and the University of Delaware have
for some time been making a vigorous attack on the prob=
lems relating to MSX.

The Chesapeake Biological Laboratory has instituted
a similar research program, conducted in cooperation with
the other institutions. This combined approach is the
largest ever mounted against a threat to coastal shellfish.

The Laboratory’s shellfish program is attacking a num=
ber of other phases of the MSX problem, Fourteen outposts
have been established in the Maryland Chesapeake area and
in the Chincoteague area where oyster bars and test trays
provide oysters which are examined under microscopes.
These will give warning in case MSX advances northward
from Virginia.

The assembled scientific talent, though concentrating on
MSX, is taking advantage of the opportunity to study more
fully other oyster predators such as mud worms, oyster
drilis, crabs, Dermocystidium (a fungus which functions
similarly though not so devastatingly as MSX), and the so-
called SSO (Seaside Organism) found in Virginia. SSO may,
it is felt, be simply one stage in the life cycle of MSX.

Steps in combating a harmful organism about which little
is known were described by the Laboratory Director as fol-
lows:

“First, the killer must be identified. Its life cycle must
be learned~--its appearance in various stages of develop-
ment, how it is transmitted from one oyster to another, how
it spends the-winter. Perhaps we can interrupt the life
cycle at some point~-or perhaps not.

‘Failure to interrupt the life cycle would leave us de=
pendent upon the locating and encouraging of the few survi-
vors, the mortality-resistant oysters. In any kind of living
organism there are nearly always certain individuals which,
like the flies that resist DDT and the human bacteria that
resist penicillin, can form the nucleus of a new population.

“While our research in Maryland will be of value else-
where, we are Still hopeful that it won’t be needed here. We
are fortunate in that MSX appears to prefer saltier waters;
however, it may adapt to the upper Chesapeake Bay’s fresh-
er water in time. We are therefore bound to learn all we
can as soon as we can. We must maintain constant watch.’’

HOOK OK OK OK

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS, 1960 SEASON:
Maryland oyster setting this season has
been later than usual and has been sparse,
according to the July 27, 1960, Special Oys-
ter Bulletin of the Maryland Chesapeake Bi-
ological Laboratory. Salinity during late

October 1960

spring and early summer averaged about 20
percent less than normal. Temperatures
were much lower than normal in early spring
but were near the normal during early sum-
mer. Temperature and salinity of the water
in the Holland Straits area for the first three
weeks in July averaged about 79° F, and 12.7
o/oo, respectively.

The continued high oyster mortalities in
Delaware Bay and in certain portions of the
lower Chesapeake are of major concern.

At the tray stations and during a spring
survey, oysters appeared to be normal in
the Maryland portions of the Chesapeake ex-
cept for some losses at Cinder Hill where a
number of known adverse causes affected
survival. The organism termed ''MSX," that
is associated with Delaware Bay mortalities,
has not yet been found in Maryland Chesa-
peake Bay oysters although it has been found
on the seaside. However, preparation and
examination of material for detection of this
parasite are very time-consuming and a
large backlog of collections remains that has
not yet been checked.

The Virginia Department of Tidewater
Fisheries, the Maryland Department of Re-
search and Education, and the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries cooperate in mak-
ing counts of commercial oyster set in the
fall and succeeding months in the Chesapeake
Bay area.

Maryland oyster setting has remained
light at most stations where observations
are made, according to the August 19, 1960,

Special Oyster Bulletin.

Water temperatures probably reached
their peak (79° to 86.59 F. during the first
three weeks in August) and salinities re-
mained lower than normal.

The combination of high temperature and
copious rainfall caused a strong stratifica-
tion of the water with oxygen-poor (stagnant)
water conditions in deep water reaching up
nearer to the surface than normal.

Steady winds crossways of the Bay can
cause the pool of stagnant water to tilt over
towards either side of the Bay. When itover-
lies oyster beds for a sufficiently long pe-
riod it may cause anaerobic conditions to
develop at the bottom, accompanied by the
generation of hydrogen sulphide, a gas smell-
ing like rotten eggs. This gas is poisonous

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

and adds further to bad environmental con-
ditions that may kill oysters, crabs confined
in pots, and bottom-feeding fish. Heavy
blooms of certain minute organisms some-
times cause patches of discolored water or
"red tides" that add to the unfavorable con-
ditions. No reports of damage have been
made this season and it is probable that bet-
ter mixing soon will restore oxygen levels-to
normal.

Heavy mats of a foreign species of sea-
weed, a water milfoil, are causing an increas-
ing problem tooyster growers in certain trib-
utaries of the Potomac. This problem is ex-
pected to increase with spread of the pest.

Oysters held on trays have shown no un-
usual mortality thus far except in Holland
Straits, where oyster losses have continued
higher than at other stations. Preparation
and examination of material to determine the
presence of ''MSX,'' the parasite associated
with the Delaware Bay mortalities, are in
progress and are being rapidly stepped up
as new equipment has been put into use.

The fungus parasite, Dermocystidium, has
shown a rather high incidence on Cinder Hill
during the past few weeks and undoubtedly is
causing some of the oyster mortality ob -
served there.

KOK OK OK OK

VIRGINIA'S YIELD PER ACRE ALMOST
TREBLE THAT FOR MARYLAND:

ee —————————————————
At the August meeting of shellfish scien-

tists and oyster growers in Baltimore, Md.,
a speaker from Crisfield, Md., stated that
the Japanese are harvesting 80,000 pounds
of oysters per water acre as compared to
50 pounds per acre in Maryland.

In contrast to the very low yield per acre
in Maryland, the Information Officer for the
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory points out
that production on leased and planted oyster
bottoms in Virginia is usually much higher
than the estimates for Maryland. According
to statistics compiled by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, the average produc-
tion in Virginia for oyster planters is about
163 pounds per acre. This does not take in-
to account the many acres of oyster grounds
leased, but not cultivated. If the actual a-
mount of uncultivated grounds were known,
Virginia oyster production would probably
be shown much higher

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Approximately 128,216 acres of oyster
grounds are rented to oyster farmers in Vir-
ginia. Although these oyster-growing bottoms
are admittedly inferior to the public rocks
and might be compared to submarginal farm
land, they produce nearly five times as many
oysters as are harvested from the 200,000
acres of public grounds.

Research conducted by the Virginia Fish-
eries Laboratory has benefited planters in
helping them make the best use of the ground
they rent. The Laboratory has prepared for
distribution a booklet, Let's Be ster Farm~-
ers, to make information available to oyster
farmers throughout Virginia.

KOK OK OK OK

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS

ON SPAWNING AND SETTING:

As of August 10, 1960: Since the latter
part of July, the bottom water temperature
has increased several degrees in Long Island
Sound and now ranges between 70.5° F'. and
73.0° F. Examination of U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries plankton samples, each re-
taining material screened from 200 gallons

of water, again showed that oyster larvae are
extremely uncommon. No mature oyster lar-
vae were found in the Milford and New Haven
areas from August 1 through August 8. In

the Bridgeport area, one mature oyster lar-
va was found on August 4, and three larvae
were observed on August 8. The latter sam-
ple also included a large number of larvae

of the wood-boring bivalve, Teredo, a condi-
tion indicating that the water mass probably
came from the Housatonic River.

The absence, or near absence, of bivalve
larvae, in general, and especially oyster lar-
vae, is correlated with the plankton blooms
that have been apparent in our water this
summer, according to the biologists. As
mentioned before, these blooms are respon-
sible for large patches of "red water" that
are caused by microscopic organisms, most
of which belong to three groups, namely,
Prorocentrum, Gymnodinium, and Gyrodinium.

Oyster setting continues to be extremely
light. Between August 4 and August 8 it oc-
curred only at four stations at the rate of 2
to 3 spat per 20 shells.

Starfish setting continues. However, it
has shown a very sharp decrease since July
24, At present it is light and irregular, and

has occurred during the last four days at
only approximately half of the Bureau's sta-
tions. (Bulletin No. 4, August 10, 1960, U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory, Milford, Conn.)

As of August 23, 1960: The bottom water
temperature of the oyster-producing section
of Long Island Sound remained quite steady
during the two weeks preceding August 23,
1960, and, as of that date, it ranged between
71.0° F. and 74.09 F. During the same pe-
riod the water conditions gradually improved
because fewer dinoflagellates that are re-
sponsible for ''red water'’' were present. On
August 22, no conspicuous patches of "red
water'' were observed within the entire New
Haven-Bridgeport area, where the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries stations are
located.

Parallel with the improvement in the wa-
ter conditions, the numbers of bivalve lar-
vae, including those of oysters, began to
increase. Plankton samples collected about
August 15 showed oyster larvae present in
all three areaz, i.e., New Haven, Milford,
and Bridgeport. Although found at all sta-
tions, they were present in small numbers
and were of different sizes, thus indicating
that this was not a large, single brood that
would give a heavy setting of short duration
but a mixture of many broods that will re-
sult in a continuous but light setting.

Bivalve larvae continued to be present in
fair numbers on August 22. They weremost
numerous at one station located at a 30-foot
depth in the Bridgeport area, where a total
of 23 mature oyster larvae were found in a
200-gallon sample. This is rather a sub-
stantial number of old larvae, probably in-
dicating that a considerable increase in the
intensity of setting may be expected atleast
in the Bridgeport area.

Oyster setting continued at most of the
stations but remained light, although during
the week preceding August 23 its intensity
somewhat increased, especially at one sta-
tion in the New Haven area and one station
located in comparatively shallow water on
the Bridgeport natural bed. Upon examina-
tion of the collectors brought in on August
22 the most promising aspect was that the
majority of the recently-set oysters were
only a day old or younger. This circum-
stance also indicated that an increase in in-
tensity of oyster setting should be expected.

October 1960

Contrary to the increase observed for oys-
ter setting, setting of starfish showed a de-
cline. For example, between August 18 and
August 22, the last collecting period, only a
single starfish spat was found per 40 shells
at two stations, while the collectors from
other stations were entirely free of young
starfish. (Bulletin No. 5, August 23, 1960,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bi-
ological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.)

OK OK KK

UNDERWATER HARROW MAY AID
STARFISH CONTROL ON OYSTER BEDS:

In connection with the development of the
underwater harrow by the Milford Biological
Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries as a mechanical method of

Fig. 1 - A type of underwater harrow used as a mechanical meth-
od of control of oyster enemies.

control of oyster enemies, experiments are in

progress to determine what happens to starfish

covered by mud. Three types of substratum

were used: mud, shells and mud, and sand. In

mud, starfish buriedinone inch could not emerge|

and diedin3to4 days ata temperature of about
10° to 12° C. (500-53.6° F.), andin 2 or 3 days
at a somewhat higher temperature. When
starfish were covered with mud so that only one
or two of their rays protruded inthe open, only
approximately 20 percent could emerge. The
others died.

More or less similar results were ob-
served using shells and mud and sand. In
general, however, starfish die faster inmud.

(539

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Portion-Control Fishery Products

USE IN INSTITUTIONAL
AND PUBLIC EATING PLACES:

Use of portion-controlled fish products by
institutional and public eating places is def-
initely increasing. This was one of the find-
ings of a survey conducted in ten selected
cities by Crossley, S-D Surveys, Inc., for the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to de-
termine how much frozen fish, shellfish, and
portions were purchased and served in res-
taurants and institutions.

In each of the ten cities surveyed, more
than 10 percent of establishments using por-
tions reported greater purchases of portions
compared to the previous year. More than
half of the purchasers in Springfield, Mass.,
said they were buying more. In Denver 47
percent of the users reported buying more.

"Convenience and ease of preparation" of
‘portions was the most often cited advantage
over other types of frozen®processed fish.
User establishments ranked "convenience"
first in six of the 10 cities and second in the
other four. "Uniformity and size" of portion
held first place in three cities--Atlanta,
‘Cleveland, and New York City; 'fast and
time-saving features'' were most often cited
by Los Angeles eating places.

Cost of using portions, as compared to
other frozen processed fish, was considered
less expensive or about the same by a wide
majority of establishments in all cities ex-
cept Springfield. About 51 percent of the
Springfield users said they were more ex-

| pensive compared with the 22 percent re-

porting them to be less expensive. In four
cities--Chicago, Cleveland, Houston and
Omaha--90 percent of the establishments us-
ing portions considered them no more ex-
pensive than other forms of frozen processed
fish.

Omaha ranked first among the ten cities
in terms of percentage of all establishments
buying frozen processed seafood. Atlanta
was second and New York City was last. O-
maha and Atlanta also ranked at the top by
percentage of establishments purchasing por-
tion-controlled fish products, with 27 percent
of users in each city buying portions.

Frying was the leading method of prepar-
ing all types of frozen processed fish prod-

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ucts in the ten survey cities. It was also the
leading method for preparing portions in all
of the cities except Springfield, where baking
was more popular.

In all cities, a majority of establishments
using portions cooked them while frozen.
This ranged from highs of 59 percent in Chi-
cago to 92 percent in Omaha. Breaded por-
tions were the most popular portion items.

Uncooked-breaded portions were the leading
type of portion-controlled fish product in 8
of the 10 cities in terms of the percentage
of establishments using them. The two ex-
ceptions were New York City and Spring-
field, where portions were most frequently
bought cooked-breaded.

Uncooked-plain portions ranked high in
Chicago and Cleveland and the quantity pur-
chased was greater than that of any other
type. Quality of portions was generally con-
sidered satisfactory by nearly all establish-
ments in all cities.

There were a variety of disadvantages to
using portions cited by users in each city,
although a majority specified no disadvan-
tage.

The size of portions in a package was con-
sidered satisfactory by almost all establish-
ments in the 10 cities.

The majority of the portion users said
they specified the kind of fish when ordering
portions. A very small percentage of the
portion users suggested new portion items,
not available, which they would like tohave.

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

UNDERWATER TELEVISION AIDS
BIOLOGISTS IN FISH BEHAVIOR STUDIES:
Biologists at the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries! Woods Hole Biological
Laboratory now are able to extend their
studies with the help of underwater television

Vol. 22, No. 10

to include observations of fish as they are
caught in otter trawls. The specially-design-
ed television camera is suspended within the
cod end of the trawl and the image transmit-

f
4 i
So
Z a
ZZ Ze:

ted over a coaxial cable to a receiver on board
the vessel. Continuous observations or motion-
picture recordings of the fish in the submerged
net can be made by biologists in the comparative
comfort of a shipboard laboratory.

A major problem in large mesh or savings-
gear studies has been the behavior of fish in
the trawl. The questions raised by the bi-
ologists are (1) do the small haddock or oth-
er commercially valuable species actuallytry
to escape through the meshes; or (2) do non-
commercial varieties clog the meshes, thus
blocking the escape of immature food fish.
Underwater television will now help to sup-
ply answers to these and other questions.

Careful analysis of motion picture record-
ings of the television screen has uncovered
some interesting facets of species differ-
ences in behavior. For example, haddock
seem to explore the confined area within the
cod end, crossing from one side of the trawl
to the other. In contrast, sand launce, an
important marine forage species, seem in
a hurry to escape through the meshes and
usually do so in very rapid fashion.

Many future underwater television studies
are planned by the Laboratory. One such
study will examine the relationship between
the swimming ability of fishes and the speed
of the trawl moving over the ocean floor.

South Atlantic.
Exploratory Fishery Program
SAVANNAH RIVER-CAPE HATTERAS

OFFSHORE AREAS SURVEYED FOR

FISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES:
M/V “Silver Bay" (Cruise 25)! The offshore-

area (5-100 fathoms) from the Savannah Riv-

October 1960

er,Ga., to Cape Hatteras, N.C., was surveyed

for stocks of clams, scallops, shrim i

p ; p, and fish
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
chartered exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay, July 13-30, 1960.

In 29 drags with a 14-tooth Fall River
clam dredge, scattered individual live clams
(Venus mercenaria) and dead shells were
taken in the vicinity of Bogue Inlet and Cape
Fear. No live shells were taken in the vi-
cinity of Cape Romain.

* - 2-seam fish trawl net
* - 2-seam shrimp trawl net
4 - 14-tooth clam dredge

+ - 8-foot scallop dredge

we - Night light station.

eo"

M/V Silver Bay Cruise 25 (July 13-30, 1960).

A total of 18 drags with an 8-foot modi-
fied Georges Bank scallop dredge, with a
13-inch mesh liner (to determine the sea-
sonal availability of calico scallops in known
areas), east of Core Banks, produced catches
up to 19 bushels per half-hour drag. The
best catches were made in the 20- to 21-fath-
om depth range. The scallops were large
(about 2.4 inches average), but the yield per
bushel was only 25 pints as compared with
about 5 pints in September.

Inside the 10-fathom curve, 27 drags pro-
duced only scattered individual brown shrimp,
Penaeus aztecus, and pink shrimp, Penaeus
duorarum, except for one 40-pound catch of
26 to 30-count per pound headless brown
shrimp in a one-hour drag.

Surface trolling at intervals between trawl-
ing stations resulted in the capture of king
mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), dolphin,
(Coryphaena hippurus), and white skipjack
(Katsuwomus pelamis).

TONGS

BULL }
RAKE }

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Telephone and Telegraph Cables
CHARTS SHOW CABLES

IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC:

Charts showing the exact routes of tele-
phone and telegraph cables in the Northwest
Atlantic Ocean area are now being made a-
vailable for the first time to fishermen.

The cable companies hope the release of
the detailed charts will help to prevent trawl-
ing damage to the cables--the mainstay of
telephone and telegraph communications be- -
tween North America and Europe.

as

Eon]

Tuna

COMPOSITION STUDIES:

Research on the composition of tuna has
been under way in the Seattle Technological
Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries for more than a year. It has
been determined that compared to some oth-
er salt-water species of fish, the tuna and
tuna-like fish are low in moisture and sodium,
and high in protein. Oil content is variable,
ranging from 1-15 percent. The study in-
volves the collection of two series of 10 fish
each, taken each season over a period of
three years. Samples are prepared from the
light and dark meat of nape, center, and tail
steak sections taken from each fish.

The investigationof albacore tuna is in
its second year, skipjack tuna in the first
year. Exploratory composition work has
also been done on both bluefin and yellowfin
tuna.

OK OK OK OK

TROLLING PROGRAM AIDS
PACIFIC COAST ALBACORE FLEET:

The cooperative program arranged by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and
the U. S. Navy at the five picket stations a-
long the West Coast, whereby trolling gear
was fished almost daily from the vessels
occupying those stations, proved effective in
helping to locate the first incoming albacore
tuna schools this season and in relaying the
information to the United States albacore
fleet. Whencatches were heavy or large
schools were sighted, the Bureau was notified

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

by a radio message through Fleet Weather Fa-
cility, San Diego.

In addition to the Navy trolling program,
the Bureau's research vessel Black Douglas
of the La Jolla Biological Laboratory and
research vessels of the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography undertook a similar trolling
program while on marine life research
cruises. Invaluable information was obtained
regarding the early season distribution of al-
bacore this year.

Albacore fishermen's groups were alerted
continually concerning catch and distribution

information received as a result of the troll-
ing program.

United States Fishing Fleet“ Additions

During June 1960, 68 vessels of 5 net tons
and over were issued first documents as
fishing craft--a decline of 19 vessels as com-
pared with the same month of last year. The

|Table 1-U. S. Vessels pred First Documents As Fishing Craft

Total
1959 | 1959

INote: Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their
home ports.

Pacific led with 20 vessels, followed by the
Gulf with 16, andthe Chesapeake with 15. The
South Atlantic, New < :
England, Great |" Dec coum as Fishing Craft
Lakes, and the Mid- By Tonnage, June 1960
dle Atlantic areas

represented the re-
maining 17 vessels.

During the first
six months of 1960,
a total of 221 ves-
sels were issued
first documents as
fishing craft--41 less than were reported dur-

Vol. 22, No. 10

_ing the same period of 1959. Most of the de-

cline occurred inthe Gulf area where 33 few-

er vessels were documented in the first six

months of 1960 as compared withthe same
eriod of 1959.

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft.

Re

U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production
and Imports, January-June 1960

During the first six months of 1960, the
United States production of fish meal a-
mounted to 74,024 tons, compared with 92,471:
tons for the same period in 1959. An even
greater decline occurred in imports, from
100,701 tons for the first half of 1959 to
66,375 tons for the first half of 1960.

Similar declines occurred in the produc-
tion and imports of fish solubles. The Jan-
uary-June 1960 production of 33,722 tons of
solubles was 25,166 toms less than for the

| Table 1 - U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Seen 1960 and 1959

Total
i 1959

Union of So. Africa .
Other countries ....

| 66,375 | 375 100, | 100,701 | | 132,925] 925

Ayailable fish meal

140, 399 193,172 | 439,476
Figh Solubles (wet welsh)
Domestic Se ae, 2 33,722 58, 888 165, 359
Imports:

Available fish
solubles supply . . . 68,713
1/Based on reports from firms which accounted for 92 percent of
the 1959 production.
2/Includes production of homogenized-condensed fish.

October 1960

same period the previous year. Imports of
solubles the first half of 1960 amounted to
2,518 tons, compared with 9,825 tons for the
first half of 1959.

U. S. Foreign Trade

IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP, 1959:
Total imports of fish meal and scrap enter-
ing into the United States during 1959 amounted
to 132,925 short tons, valued at $15.9 million--
an increase of 32 percent in quantity over 1958.

THOUSAND
TONS

IMPORTS OF FISH MEAL AND SCRAP, 1937-1959

1937 1939 1941 1953 1955 1957 1959

1943 1945- 1947 1949 1951

Fish meal and scrap imported into the
United States from Peru during 1959 led in
volume with 49,923 tons. Canada was sec~
ond with 39,033 tons, followed by Angola with
20,738 tons. Those countries provided 83 per-
cent of total United States imports.

IMPORTS OF FISH SOLUBLES, 1954-1959

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

The year 1952 was a record year both in
volume and value when 203,539 tons of fish
meal and scrap, valued at $24.3 million, were
imported into the United States. In that year
Norway led all other countries in meal and
scrap shipped to the United States with a
total of 50,181 tons. Canada was second with
40,152 tons, followed by the Union of South
Africa with 37,523 tons.

United States imports of fish solubles in
1959 amounted to 26,630 tons, valued at $2.2
million. Compared with 1958 this was an in-
crease of 12,063 tons and $900,800.

OK OK OK OK

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JUNE 1960:
Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and pro-
cessed fish and shellfish into the United States
during June 1960 increased by 5.6 percent in
quantity and 5.0 percent in value as compared

with May 1960. The increase was due pri-
marily to higher imports of groundfish fillets
(up 1.3 million pounds) and fresh and frozen
lobster (up 1.4 million poufids), and toa less-
er degree, an increase in the imports of can-
ned tuna in brine, frozen tuna other than al-
bacore, and fresh and frozen salmon. The
increase was partly offset by a 1.6-million-
pound decrease in the imports of frozen al-
pacore tuna, and frozen shrimp (down 1.0
million pounds).

Compared with June 1959, the imports in
June this year were up by 7.8 percent in
quantity and unchanged in value due to higher
imports of frozen albacore and other tuna
(up 4.0 million pounds), groundfish fillets
(up 1.5 million pounds), and fresh and frozen
lobster (up 1.1 million pounds). Compensa-
ting, in part, for the increases was a drop of
about 0.9 million pounds in the imports of
fresh and frozen salmon and canned salmon
(down 0.6 million pounds).

U. S. Imports of Edible Fishery Products, June 1960
with Comparisons

Fresh, frozen, &
sewed

Fish and shellfish:
Processed only1/

Includes. pastes, sauces,
specialties.

46

United States exports of processed fish and.

shellfish in June 1960 were lower by 16.3 per-
cent in quantity and 33.3 percent in value as
compared with May 1960. Compared with the
Same month in 1959, the exports this June
were down by 66.3 percent in quantity and
38.5 percent in value. The drop in exports

in June this year as compared with the same
month in 1959 was due to sharply lower ex-
ports of California sardines and squid and
miscellaneous fresh and frozen fish to Canada.

kkk KOK

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1960 at the 123-per-
cent rate of duty is 53,448,330 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota will bedutiable
at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-July 30, 1960, a-
mounted to 26,754,852 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.
From January-August 1, 1959, a total of
26,535,173 pounds had been imported.

ok kk OK

EXPORT EXPANSION PROGRAM AIDED
BY EXPORT-IMPORT BANK:

In implementation of the National export
Expansion Program, officials of the Export-
Import Bank of Washington have provided a
description of progress in the operation of
medium-term export financing. An innovation
in this field was devised by the Bank to give
assistance to the United States exporter
through flexibility in Bank procedure. Here,
the Bank will place sole reliance upon the
eredit judgment of the participating commer-
cial bank if the commercial bank will finance
as much as 10 percent of the invoice value of
the sale without recourse on the exporter.
The innovation acts as a time saver, since
the exporter may deal only with his commer-
cial bank. To date, 43 of these transactions
have been approved by the Bank for export
sales invoice values of $5.4 million.

Another point described was the new Export-
Import Bank short-term political risk pro-
gram. In this, the Bank covers short-term
transactions which are not in excess of 180
days against non-commercial risks such as
inconvertibility of funds, war and civil com-
motion, cancellation of import license, im-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

position of foreign laws, and the expropriation
of goods. Services of United States commer-
cial banks and commercial export credit in-
surance companies have been enlisted by the
Bank to act as issuing agents for the guaran-
tees. To date 68 political risk guarantees
have been issued under the program for an
export volume of $38 million, and 142 issuing
agents have been authorized.

Washington

SALMON PLANTED BY HATCHERIES
EXPECT TO SET RECORD IN 1960:

The state of Washington's stepped-up pro-

gram to aid its salmon fisheries through ex-
pansion of salmon rearing in hatcheries and
fish farms is showing steady progress, the
Director of State's Department of Fisheries
announced on August 15. Salmon plants the
first half of this year totaled more than 73
million fish--the largest number ever released,
in the state during a similar period, the
Director said.

Hatchery ponds still hold a total of
17,216,112 young salmon, therefore with re-
leases the balance of the year there is a
strong possibility that salmon plants this
year will surpass the all-time record of
77,491,127 set in 1959.

Releases so far this year have been made
in virtually all salmon streams in the State,
as well as in a number of fish farms. The
great majority of the fish had been reared for

varying lengths of time in the State's 22 salm-
on hatcheries. This rearing before release
results in larger, hardier fish, that have a
much better chance of survival than if planted
immediately after catching.

October 1960

Most of the fish-farm plants have been of
fingerling-sized salmon, the Director said,
reared about 90 days in hatchery ponds. Many
of the fish-farm plants have shown phenomenal
growth in the predator-free, naturally-en-
riched areas, resulting in seaward-bound mi-
grants much larger than ''wild'' salmon mi-
grating to sea.

Of the 73,607,804 young salmon planted so
far in 1960, fall chinook was the largest single
species, with 50,080,933 fingerlings, 24,768
yearlings, and4,640,130fry of that species re-
leased. Past experience has shown that plants
of fall chinook bring the greatest returns, both
in numbers of fish and in poundage, along with
being one of the most desired species by both
sport and commercial fishermen.

Next largest group was silver salmon,
1,936,907 fingerlings and 8,383,881 yearlings

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. ....
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz,
Salmon, king, lge. & med,, drsd., fresh or froz,
Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd, fresh,
Yellow pike, L. Michigan &Huron, rnd., fresh .

Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-Ib. tins . .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . .
Oysters, shucked, standards ......-+-..

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ....
Fille:s: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg... . .
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-lb, pkg. .
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb, pkg. . .
Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), 5-lb, pkg. ... ~

Canned Fishery Products: ......++2-+e-s
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, . .
Tuna, it, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6=1/2 0z.),

43} GRY 55006200
Sardines, Calif., tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.),
Agicans/(CSs een nen Ca cMimencr=ni mt
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
(3-3/4 02z.), 100 cans/es.

1/Represent average prices for one day

Table 1 = Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, August 1960 With Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices 1/
Pricing [Unit ($)

ALL HSH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) . doo OrolGcoluo OLe.bl peo. O05 124.4 | 129.9

BRESHICpEVOZeNVHISHEY~ETOCUCES? Wawa Wallleltolls) cfiaiicitstalalloilcieitell ell lidramsuicelie 138.5 | 147.7 | 142.0 | 132.8

Boston
New York
New York
Chicago

New York
New York

(Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
ecessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

planted. More than 7 million chum salmon
were released--1,036,064 fry and 6,069,566
fingerlings. Pink salmon plants totaled
832,086--8,190 fry and 832,896 fingerlings.
Spring chinook plants totaled 603,469--
466,500 fingerlings and 136,969 yearlings.

Poundage total for the first six months of
this year reached 384,202 pounds, compared
to a total of 446,963 pounds of salmon planted
during the entire year of 1959.

Wholesale Prices, August 1960

The mid-August 1960 wholesale price index for edible
fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 124.4 percent
of the 1947-49 average was down 4.2 percent from the pre-
ceding month, but was higher by 3.8 percent as compared
with the same month in 1959. The decrease from July to Au-

Indexes
(19%@7-49=100)

Aug. | July Aug. | July
1960 1960 1960 1960

158.1_| 165.1 | 149.7 | 152.2

104.8 | 104.8

prices are published as indicators of movement and not ny
Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices.

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

gust this year was due primarily to sharply lower ex-vessel
prices for haddock at Boston and lower fresh and frozen
shrimp prices. Prices this August were higher than a year
earlier because of higher prices for fresh and frozen halibut,
fresh salmon, shucked oysters, fresh and frozen shrimp, and
canned fish.

Boxed fish ready for loading and shipping at Fulton Fish Market,
New York City. Open box in front is ready to be filled with
ice before lid is nailed on.

The wholesale price index for the drawn, dressed, and
whole finfish subgroup this August declined 4.2 percent as
compared with the preceding month--the sharply lower
(down 35.0 percent) mid-August 1960 large haddock prices
at Boston were responsible for the drop. All other subgroup
items were priced higher. However, the August 1960 sub-
group price index was up about 3.9 percent as compared with

Vol. 22, No.10

the same month in 1959, due to higher fresh salmon prices
(up 12.5 percent) and a 1.9=percent increase in fresh halibut
prices. Substantially lower prices for fresh large drawn
haddock (down 18.5 percent) and fresh-water round white-
fish (down 7.5 percent) and yellow pike (down 12.1 percent)
at New York City failed to offset the increases.

The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup whole-
sale price index this August declined 9.9 percent from the
preceding month. Due to good supplies of small haddock at
Boston, the index for fresh small haddock fillets dropped
41.7 percent. This plus a seasonal decline (14.6 percent)
in fresh shrimp prices at New York City were responsible
for the decline from July to August in this subgroup. From
August 1959 to August this year, the subgroup index rose
8.3 percent due to higher (16.6 percent) shucked oyster
prices and higher (5.4 percent) fresh shrimp prices. These
increases more than offset the sharply lower (down 28.4
percent) prices for fresh small haddock fillets at Boston
in mid-August this year.

The wholesale price index for the frozen processed fish
and shellfish subgroup dropped 4.4 percent this August
from the preceding month. Lower frozen shrimp prices
(down 8.2 percent) at Chicago more than offset increases of
about 1/2 cent a pound for flounder and ocean perch fillets.
Frozen haddock fillet prices were unchanged. From Au~
gust a year ago to this August, the subgroup price index was
almost unchanged (up 0.3 percent). Lower prices for frozen
small haddock fillets (down 16.9 percent) were just about
balanced out by an increase of 4.7 percent in frozen shrimp
prices and a 3.4-percent increase for frozen flounder
fillets.

The canned fish subgroup price index in August 1960
remained unchanged from the preceding month and has shown
little change over the past 12 months, Prices for all canned
fish items (except for Maine sardines) were higher this Au-
gust as compared with August a year ago. At the end of Au-
gust 1960, the pack of Maine sardines was trending slightly
higher than at the same time in 1959, but the prospects for
a fair pack of pink salmon remained very poor. The pack=
ing season for California sardines, which opened on August 1
in Central California, started off poorly but picked up some
by the end of the month. The major packing season for that
species began on September 1 when the Southern California
fishing season opened. Raw material for the tuna canning in-
dustry remained plentiful with the market, both in the United
States and worldwide, somewhat oversupplied.

NOISES MADE BY SHRIMP

Some species of shrimp, notably the snapping shrimp,

make very loud noises. These are sufficiently common to
cause considerable difficulty to people operating underwater
instruments. Thecommercial shrimp ofthe species Penaeus
caught in Gulf of Mexico waters do not appear to make any
sounds other than very faint rustling caused by their move-
ments. Attempts have been made todiscover some distinctive
sounds made by these animals to assist their capture, but with-
out success. The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries is
engaged in further research in this field.

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

International

BERING SEA

U. S. NAVAL OBSERVATIONS ON
SOVIET FISHING FLEETS:

United States Navy planes from Kodiak or
Adak, in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska, regular-
ly observe fishing fleets in the Bering Sea
while on routine flights. Planes have re-
ported a large number of U.S.S.R. vessels
conducting fishing operations in the North
Pacific.

All during the winter, the Russian fishing
fleets hug the ice pack in the Bering Sea.
They have factoryships and reefers (refrig-
erator ships) coming and leaving the year-
round.

There are maybe 4 or 5 motherships,
with perhaps ten trawlers each, spaced a-
cross the Bering Sea.

Soviet whalers worked both sides of the
Aleutians.

FISH OILS

WORLD FISH OIL EXPORTS SET NEW

RECORD IN 1959:

World exports of fish oils (including fish-liver oils)
reached a record 265,000 short tons in 1959, reflecting re~
surging United States exports, record shipments from West
Germany, Denmark, and the Union of South Africa, and the
emergence of Peru as an important world exporter. Exports
in 1959 were one-third above 1958 and were almost double
the 1935-39 average.

Following two years of sharply declining exports, ship-
ments of fish oil from the United States in 1959 rose toa
new peak of 72,200 tons, exceeding the previous record of
71,300 tons shipped in both 1955 and 1956. United States
exports to Europe were up 74 percent from 1958 and ac~
counted for virtually all of those exports. The larger Eu-
ropean imports of fish oil stem from an increased demand
for all fats and oils following general stock depletion dur-
ing 1958. Canadian exports were also up sharply in 1959
as a result of a return-to-normal output late in 1958 and
throughout most of 1959.

Although several European countries export sizable
quantities of fish oil, the area is a net importer-~in fact,

the market for a large share of world exports. Most of the
oil exported from European countries goes to other coun-
tries in the same region.

The record quantities shipped from Denmark and West
Germany reflect larger imports for processing and reex-
porting, since domestic production in both countries
changed little from the previous year. Norwegian exports
last year were down slightly from 1958. Most of the fish
oil included in Norway’s share of world exports is fish-
liver oil, However, Norway exports around 60,000 tons of
hardened marine oils each year, These exports include
both fish and whale oil, but are not identified by kind in
trade statistics. Thus, Norway’s exports of fish oil prob-
ably are much larger than indicated,

Peru became an important supplier of fish oil in 1959,
and the large volume shipped last year may be exceeded
in 1960, Although Peru had facilitie® to produce large
quantities of fish oil prior to 1959, restrictive regulations
prevented the industry from any rapid expansion of output.
These regulations were relaxed in 1959 and production of
fish oil rose to 27,500 tons, an increase of 17,200 tons
from 1958, An even larger output is forecast for 1960.

Fish-Oil (Including Liver-Oil) Exports from Specified
(Countries and Estimated World Total, Averages 1935-39 and
1950-54, Annual 1956~59

Continent and
Country 4/1959 | 1/1958] 1957 ] 1950-54]1935-39

North America:
Canada.....
United States .

Europe:
Denmark ...
West Germany
Iceland.....
Netherlands 3/
Norway ...
Portugal ...
United Kingdom

Others:
Angola .....
Japan
EM 5656.0 oo
Union of South

INGE 5055 26.2 18.1

sna [i
World totais/ |265.0 | 200.9

2/Prewar Germany.

[3/May include some whale oil.
'4/Does not include sizable|quantities of hardened marine oils.
S/Includes estimates for minor exporting countries.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

A record volume of fish oil was exported from the Union
of South Africa in 1959, mainly because of a larger catch of
maasbanker and pilchard. To help preserve stocks, an an-
nual quota is imposed on the catch of those fish, and in 1959
the quota was increased to allow fish~meal producers to
step up production and compensate for declining world
prices. Since fish oil is largely a byproduct of the fish
meal industry, oil production also increased. Another fac-
tor responsible for the larger output was a planned 25-per-
cent reduction in canned pilchard production, which re-
leased further quantities of fish for oil and meal produc
tion. Exports probably will be large in 1960 because the
higher catch limit again will be in effect. (Foreign Crops
and Markets, U. S. Department of Agriculture, June 30,
1960.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

FISH FARMING STUDIES IN
UGANDA MAY INCREASE YIELD:

The mixed cultivation of tilapia, carp, and
Nile perch in fish pounds in Uganda, Africa,
has the promise of quadrupling fish produc-
tion from ponds in that country in a few
years, according to an inland fisheries biol-
ogist of the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion (FAO), who has just returned from a
year's assignment in Uganda. The fisheries
biologist said, that the experimental work
which he had undertaken during the past year
at the Kajansi fish farm, Uganda, showed that
the 5,000 ponds in Uganda could support more
and other varieties of fish than their current
occupants --tilapia.

"Uganda now produces roughly 500 metric
tons of fish from her ponds each year," said
the biologist. ''With a mixed fish population,
improved management, the right gear, and
fertilization, the yield from the ponds might
reach 2,000 tons yearly in 4 or 5 years."

Fish farming began in Uganda in 1953,
when the government found that, although
Uganda had many lakes, the lack of transpor-
tation and processing of fish in the hot Afri-
can country tended to keep fish out of the
diet of Uganda people. Fish could not be
found for sale 25 miles north of Lake Vic-
toria--a lake with an area of 26,928 square
miles and the world's second largest body
of fresh water.

Since fish, a relatively cheap source of
animal protein, could not be brought to the
people, the Government decided to bring peo-
ple to the fish, by means of ponds. Tilapia,
a small, rapidly multiplying and hardy fish
was selected, the ponds were built and then
stocked with three varieties of tilapia--
Tilapia zillii, T. nilotica, and T. leucosticta.

Vol. 22, No. 10

Farming the fish ponds developed rapidly
in Uganda but, as the program went on, it be-
came necessary to obtain more information
on scientific fish production and its allied
physical and biological research. At the re-
quest of the Ugandan Government, the FAO's
Fisheries Division supplied technical aid.
The FAO biologist began his work at the
Kajansi experimental fish farm, aided by
British and African fishery officers. A build-
ing was outfitted as a laboratory. There, the
biologist began to do chemical analyses of the
composition of pond water. Once he knew the
ingredients of the water, including the amount
of algae it contained, he could predict how
much fish could be supported under given
conditions, In all, he analyzed about 2,000
samples of water.

He then ran through some 500 samples of
water containing plankton, to see how much
food for the fish was available. Next was an-
alyzing the stomach contents of 300 fish to
find out the relation between the food avail-
able for the fish, the food eaten, and the food
actually digested.

Then came the question of optimum densi-
ty in a pond--just how many fish the pond
could support. Eleven of the fish farm's 30
ponds, ranging in size from mo of a hectare
to two hectares (about a to 4.94 acres), were
set aside and stocked with the three species
of tilapia, and with carp and Nile perch fry
of various sizes.

The biologist then turned his attention to
the three species of tilapia already inhabit-
ing the ponds. Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia
leucosticta live on the ponds' natural produc-
tion of small aquatic organisms. On the oth-
er hand, Tilapia zillii needs to be fed artifi-
cially on foods such as elephant grass, sweet
potatoes, etc., in addition to the natural re-
sources of the pond.

If the African forgets to feed his
fish, then why bother with Tilapia zillil
when Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia leucosticta
can feed themselves ?

"Tilapia nilotica and Tilapia leucosticta
now yield only 300 kilos (661 pounds) of fish
per hectare (2.471 acres) a year, just using
the ponds! natural resources," said the biol-
ogist. ''However, by feeding these fish, the
production could be boosted to 2,000 kilos
(4,409 pounds) of fish per hectare per year.
Under experimental conditions in small ponds,
the production of fish may be extremely high.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

International (Contd.):

For example, a maximum of 3,500 kilos (7,716
pounds) of fishper hectare per year has been
produced in one small pond. However, such
high production can in no way be expected by
the average fish farmer of today."

Why were carp and Nile perch selected to
be put into the ponds?

The average carp attains a weight of
1.500 grams (3.3 pounds) in the first year,"
the biologist stated. ''The idea of mixing in
carp with the tilapia was first broached in
Uganda in 1958, when fingerlings were brought
to the fish farm from Israel. Some of these
carp now weigh 4.500 grams (9.9 pounds)."

The predatory Nile perch was introduced
to the ponds! population of carp and tilapia
to keep down the number of small tilapia.
The Nile perch, which is also excellent eat-
ing, averages about 50 kilos (110 pounds) in
lakes when fully grown and has reached a
record weight of 175 kilos (386 pounds) in
Lake Albert. This gives the ponds a mixed
population of the quickly-multiplying tilapia,
the rapidly-growing carp, and the Nile perch
as a control.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS

MORE INFORMATION ON
HAMBURG MEETING:

The International Association of Fish
Meal Manufacturers met in Hamburg during
the second week of June 1960, to discuss fu-
ture cooperation on scientific research.
Participants included delegates from the
United Kingdom, West Germany, Norway,
South Africa, Spain, Iceland, Portuguese An-
gola, France, and Belgium. Holland, which
is not yet a member, sent an observer. INI=
so an observer from the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization (FAO) and the Federal Re-~
search Institute for Fishery in Hamburg took
part in the meeting. This meeting estab-
lished a Scientific Subcommittee to work out
chemical and physical examination methods
with the view in mind of making it possible
to eliminate fish meal of poor quality. Ef-
forts shall be made to have included uniform
quality requirements for fish meal in the
feed legislation of the member countries.

The delegate of FAO read a paper sug”
gesting a plan of organization to carry out a
study of the present and the prospective fu-
ture trends on the international fish meal

markets. The study shall also deal with the
future importance of fish meal in animal
feeding and in human consumption. FAO so-
licited the support of the International Asso-
ciation for this work. The participants wel-
comed the plans of FAO and pointed out that
in the long run the carrying out of these plans
could be of great benefit.

The Executive Committee discussed or-
ganizational problems. The submitted draft
statutes of the Association were approved by
the members.

The first regular annual meeting of the
International Association was expected to
take place in Paris by the end of September
this year.

Three United States companies have ap-
plied for membership to the Association.
(United States Embassy, Bonn, August 6, 1960.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1960,
p. 42.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR .
NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES

PROGRESS ON STUDIES OF EFFECT OF
NET MESH SIZES ON FISH STOCKS:

The International Commission for North-
west Atlantic Fisheries reports considerable
progress on a study ofthe
immediate and long-term
effects that otter-trawl
mesh sizes have on vari-
ous stocks of fish in the
northwest Atlantic.

The progress of the
study was reported at the
10th annual meeting of the
of the Commission which was held in early
June 1960, in Bergen, Norway. Represent-
ing the United States as Commissioners at
the Bergen meeting were Thomas G. Fulham
of Boston, Mass., and Arnie J. Suomela,
Commissioner of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Suomela is the present chairman
of the Commission.

The Commission is composed of members
from 12 nations whose fishermen operate off
New England, Nova Scotia, Labrador, the
west coast of Greenland, and in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. It is primarily concerned with
groundfish including cod, haddock, hake, hali-
but, flounders, whiting, and ocean perch.
Member nations are Canada, Denmark,
France, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal,
Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, West

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

Germany, and the United States. Delegates
from Poland were present as observers at
the Bergen meeting.

The mesh-size study was decided on at
the ninth annual meeting of the Commission
in Montreal, Canada, June 1959. Mesh-size
regulations for a part of the area with which
the Commission is concerned have been in
effect for several years, but the present
study is more directed toward determining
the effects of various mesh sizes if applied
to the entire area, or to all of the north At-
lantic fishing grounds. The objective of the
study is to see if one mesh size can be ap-
plied to all fishing activities in that area.

The technical work of the Commission is
done by the fishery biological research units
of the member nations. Recommendations
for conservation measures, such as mesh-
size limitations, when adopted by the Com-
mission are passed on to the member na-
tions. It is the responsibility of each mem-
ber nation to effect the necessary measures
for the guidance of its own fishermen.

The next annual meeting of the Commis-
sion will be held in Washington, D. C., in
June 1961.

NORDIC FISHERIES CONFERENCE

CONFERENCE MET IN
MID-AUGUST 1960:

Representatives of the Scandinavian fish-
ery organizations and Ministries of Fisher-
ies met in Karlskrona, Sweden, August 16-
18, 1960, to discuss current problems. Den-
mark was represented by a 35-man delega-
tion, including members from the Faroe Is-
lands.

All the delegations--from Norway, Swe-
den, Iceland, Finland, and Denmark--were
led by their respective Ministers of Fisher-
ies, who, following the Karlskrona session,
held a separate meeting at Kristianstad.

Among the topics discussed at the Karls-
krona meeting were fish protection, effects
of radioactivity on life in the sea, and mar-
keting problems posed by development of the
European Economic Community and the Eu-
ropean Free Trade Association. In addition,
the Ministers discussed fishery problems
connected with the territorial waters issue.

Vol. 22, No.10

(United States Embassy, Copenhagen, Au-
gust 15, 1960.)

Angola

FISHING INDUSTRY FACES CRISIS
DUE TO LOW FISH MEAL PRICES:

The crisis in the Angolan fishing industry
is becoming more and more serious and is
having grave effects on the economies of the
fishing centers. Mocamedes is particularly
hard hit because most of the industry, com-
merce, and agriculture of thatareais related
directly or indirectly to fishing. Representa-
tives and members of the various business as-
sociations in Mocamedes met there on July 21,
1960, todiscuss the depression in the industry.
The associations passed a motion in the form
of a letter which was presented to the District
Governor, who was to deliver it to the Gover-
nor-General of Angola.

The letter points out that the present crisis
has lasted almost two years. The drop in the
quantity of the fish catch, the inefficient or-
ganization of the industry, the total paralysis
of sales, and the catastrophic decline in fish-
meal prices threaten the industry with a com-
plete breakdown and endanger the related sec-
tors of the district's economy. While finan-
cial and technical assistance will be needed
from the Goyernment to solve the long-term
problems, the associations declare, it is first
necessary to attack the short-term problem--
that of preserving what remains of the fishing
industry. The assistance given until now by
the Government--suspending taxes, cutting
export duties, and reducing the price of fuel
to the industry--has been helpful but it has
not been sufficient to solve the difficulties.

The letter states that 22,000 metric tons
of fish meal (43 percent of the amount of fish
meal exported by all of Angola in 1959) are
stocked at Mocamedes. Exportation has been
held back because of the low prices on the in-
ternational market. Also, the Bank of Angola
holds part of these stocks as collateral for
loans, the collateral being based on fish-meal
prices above the present market prices. The
associations declare that it is a primary ne-
cessity to export these stocks at least ata
price which covers the cost of production.

The motion passed by the meeting also
states that the fishing industry owes its fish-

October 1960

Angola (Contd.):

ermen about 12,000 contos (US$419,520) in
back wages. These should be paid immedi-
ately, and the payment of wages coming due
in the future should be assured until such
time as the industry can be reorganized.

To avoid the complete collapse of the
Mocamedes fishing industry and the break-
down of the economy in that district, the mo-
tion states that a loan from the Government
of 50,000 contos ($1,748,000) is indispensable.
A committee would oversee the expenditure
of the money. The Government would be re-
paid at a convenient time in the future by the
levy of a 1- or 1}-percent tax on goods passing
through the port of Mocamedes.

In his reply to a telegram from the asso-
ciations, the Governor-General reviewed ac-
tions taken by the Government to aid and
solve the problems of the fishing industry,
including a recently-allowed subsidy of US$10
a metric ton on fish meal exported after
July 1, 1960, the United States Consul in
Luanda reported on August 2, 1960.

&

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

There are four reduction plants in Argen-
tina--two in Mar del Plata, one in Bahia
Bustamante, and a new one in Puerto Desea-
do. While the capacity of the two plants in
Mar del Plata is unknown, their combined an-
nual production has averaged 3,000 metric
tons of fish meal during recent years. The
plant in Bahia Bustamante (not in operation
at the present time) is known to have a very
small capacity. The Puerto Deseado plant
(due to open in August 1960) expects to have
a capacity of 6,000 tons of fish meal annually.

Argentina

Production of fish meal in Argentina a-
mounted to 3,000 metric tons in 1959. No
fish oil was produced in commercial quanti-
ties and no exports of fish meal or fish oil
were made in 1959.

Fish used for reduction in Argentina are
not differentiated by species; reduction plants
pay one peso a kilogram (about US$11 a short
ton) for hake and sardines, which are the
principal species used for reduction. How-
ever, the two Mar del Plata plants rarely

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

purchase whole fish, but use cannery waste
for which they pay 30 centavos a kilogram
(about $3.30 a short ton). Officials of the
Puerto Deseado plant estimate that their pro-
duction costs for fish meal will be $80 a met-
ric ton (about $72.58 a short ton).

GUBA

co sony

HAITI
DOM. REPUBLIC

BR. GUIANA

remo

There has been no recent development or
plans for the development of the reduction in-
dustry in Argentina other than the new Puerto
Deseado plant. Neither the Argentine federal
nor provincial governments offer any form of
aid to the reduction industry, according to a
July 25, 1960, dispatch from the United States
Embassy in Buenos Aires.

ek

fi
= Nt

—<? 5
ie

Australia
THREE-YEAR SHRIMP SURVEY ENDS:

Australian survey of shrimp resources off the east~
ern Australian coast, which began in July 1957, ended ac~
cording to plan in June 1960. The survey was carried out
by the Fisheries Division, Department of Primary Industry,
with the 85-foot chartered vessel Challenge, and was fi-
nanced by the Fisheries Development Trust Account.

The survey got off to a good start with the discovery, in
July 1957, of a new shrimp ground near Fraser or Great
Sandy Island, in southern Queensland, covering some 750
square miles and extending from Double Point Light to In-
dian Head. King prawns were predominant, with tiger
prawns the second species.

In November 1959, another new ground was found, ex~
tending for at least 15 miles from NE. to NW. of Cape
Moreton, also in southern Queensland. This also was a
king prawn ground,

The best catches elsewhere were taken in May 1959,
off Lakes Entrance, in eastern Victoria, where 100 pounds
of king prawns were obtained in 8-9 fathoms. Trawling in
deep water was discouraging.

04

Australia (Contd.):

During the three years of the survey the Challenge
covered over 2,000 miles along the coast from Princess
Charlotte Bay in northern Queensland to Wilson’s Pro=
montory in Victoria. Up to May 2, 1960, a total of 1,942
drags had been carried out, the majority in 20-100 fath~
oms but some over the ‘‘Shelf’’ in up to 160 fathoms.

The work on the Queensland coast has shown that ba~
nana prawns may be found from Indian Head northwards.
This is the species favored by the United States market.

Westerly weather towards the end of April 1960 made
it necessary for the Challenge, which was then on the New
South Wales south coast, to work inshore waters.

Areas searched included Cape St. George to Beecroft
Head in 6-30 fathoms, Crookhaven Bight, northern end of
Shoalhaven Bight, Black Point to Bass Point (from Kiama),
Bass Point to Big Island, Windang Island, NE. of Bellambi
Reef. On April 25, the vessel was at Wollongong.

A few school prawns were taken at the northern entrance
to the Shoalhaven River and in the vicinity of Windang Is-
land where seven juvenile king prawns were also obtained.

During the last week of April and into May, the Chal-
lenge worked inshore waters in the vicinity of Lake
Illawarra, Shell Harbor, and Bate Bay, and trawlable ground
in 50-120 fathoms from Bass Point.to Botany Bay and from
South Head to Broken Bay.

Following a report by Dr, Racek of Sydney University
that royal red prawns had been taken in quantity in New
Zealand in 80 fathoms, it was decided to trawl to 120 fath-
oms but no results were obtained. Working over the edge
of the ‘‘Shelf’’ east of Sydney to Broken Bay, one king
prawn was obtained in a night drag in 120 fathoms, but
eight day drags yielded nothing.

During the last three weeks of the survey, in May1960,
the Challenge worked northwards from Sydney without ob-
taining any commercially-significant results. (Australian
_ Fisheries Newsletter, June 1960.)

British North Borneo

JAPANESE REVIVING
FISHING INDUSTRY:

The first consignment of frozen fish from
North Borneo to the United States was shipped
in June by a North Borneo trading company,
according to British North Borneo newspa-
pers. A Japanese firm has revived the pre-
war Japanese fishing operations on Si Amil
Island off the Semporna Peninsula in the
Celebes Sea area of North Borneo. Pending
reconstruction of the canning and processing
factory onthe Island, a factoryship, the Ginyo
Maru, which has cold-storage facilities, has
anchored off the Island for processing
operations. Reportedly, 300 Japanese fish-
ermen and technicians are operating 30- to
40-ton trawlers in deep-sea areas in the sur-
rounding waters.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

A 1959 Japanese economic mission to Brit-
ish North Borneo seems to have been success-
ful in reviving the fishing industry, states a
July 7, 1960, dispatch from the United States
Consul in Singapore.

Canada

TRAWLERS TO BE PERMITTED TO FISH
IN 3-12 MILE ZONE OFF EAST COAST:
Canadian newspapers announced on Au-
gust 7, 1960, that Canada's Fisheries Act will
be amended at the next session of Parliament
to permit large otter trawlers to fish in the
3-12 mile zone off Canada's Maritime Prov-
inces on the east coast. The vessels now by
law confine their fishing in the area outside
the 12-mile limit, while foreign fishing ves-
sels are permitted to fish off Canada's east
coast up to the 3-mile limit. The amendment
would give large Canadian fishing vessels e-
qual fishing rights with foreign fishing fleets
off the coasts of Prince Edward Island, Nova
Scotia, andNew Brunswick. The present law
does not apply to the coast of Newfoundland.

The Canadian Minister of Fisheries in
reply to a question raised in Parliament on
August 9 as to whether the Government was
contemplating a change in present Canadian
law which prohibits the larger Canadian trawl
ers from fishing within 12 miles of the coast
of the Maritime Provinces noted that the Goy-
ernment was concerned with the matter and
"is studying possible means of remedying this
anomalous situation.’ (United States Embas-
sy report from Ottawa, August 9, 1960.)

KK OK

October 1960

Canada (Contd.):

LAKE ERIE SMELT TRAWL MAY BE
ADAPTABLE TO SARDINE FISHERY:

Catches of up to 5,000 pounds of smelt in
10-minute tows have been achieved with an
improved combination bottom, midwater, and
surface trawl designed by the Industrial De-
velopment Service, Department of Fisheries
of Canada, and operated in Lake Erie. This
development led to the idea of modifying this
trawl for the catching of sardines in the Bay
of Fundy. Stretched-mesh sizes rangedfrom
4 inches in the wings and fore section of the
body, 3 inches in the second section, and 2
inches in the third section of the body, then
one inch in the tapered lengthening piece and
z inch in the cod end. The net has a square
section and the dimensions of the mouth are
30 feet square. The first trials with the sar-
dine trawl were carried out by a 50-foot
dragger in the Bay of Fundy near Beaver
Harbor, New Brunswick.

The results of the preliminary trials in-
dicate that the trawl has a potential applica-
tionto this particular fishery. The dragger's
captain feels confident that a winter trawl-
ing operation on scattered schools of her-
ring when using this gear will create a new
source of income for draggers which, other-
wise, would be idle.

MECHANICAL DIGGER DEVELOPED
FOR SOFT CLAMS:

Considerable success has already been
achieved by the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada in the development of a mechani-
cal shellfish harvester to replace manual
digging operations which are both inefficient
and destructive to the small clams which the
fishermen leave behind.

It is reasonable to expect that the use of
more efficient and less destructive harvest-
ing tools will bring about a long-term in-
crease in clam production.

In order to provide a manually-operated
machine within the means of the average
fisherman which will operate in places that
are inaccessible to the mechanical harvest-
er, a new piece of equipment is being devel-
oped. The design and development of the
machine are being undertaken by the Fish-
eries Research Board at its St. Andrews
Biological Station in cooperation with the
Department of Fisheries! Industrial Devel-

opment Service.
en =a <—

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Cuba

CLOSED SEASONS FOR CERTAIN
SHELLFISH REVISED:

By a resolution dated July 11, 1960 (pub-
lished in the Official Gazette, July 14, 1960),
the Cuban National Fishery Institute decreed
that the closed season on tortoise and turtle
species previously ordered to be in effect
from June 15 through August 30, 1960, would
be lifted on August 10, 1960, in consideration
of the precarious economic situation of the
fishermen. A closed season on river shrimp
or prawns announced in the Official Gazette of
June 30, 1960, is effective from June 15 to Au-
gust 30, 1960, andonthe same date the closed
season on spiny lobster (Panulirus argus lang-
osta) was lifted effective June 15, 1960.

In another resolution published inthe Of-
ficial Gazette of June 30, 1960, the Institute
ordereda closed season from July through Oc-
tober 15, 1960, onmorocrabs (Menippe mer-
cenaria), (U.S. Embassy, Habana, July 25, 1960)

Denmark

FISHERIES TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER, 1960:

Although statistics on the landings of fish
and shellfish in Denmark for the second quarter
of 1960, are not complete, itis estimated that
landings improved somewhat over the first
quarter, but still lagged behind the record set
in 1959. Decreased landings of fishfor reduc~
tion into fish meal and oil were responsible for
the drop this year as compared with last year.
Low ex-vessel prices for fish for reduction
have forced the Danish vessels to turn to fish-
ing for ediblefish. A fewof the modern steel
vessels, which were designed for industrial
fishing, have been leased to foreign countries.

peg a

Beached Danish fishing boats.

56

Denmark (Contd.):

The sharp drop in world fish meal prices
is attributed partly to Peruvian competition,
and the low price for solubles to the poor
market in the United States which is Den-
mark's principal customer for that product.

During April-June 1960, attempts by rain-
bow trout exporters to stablize the market
were unsuccessful. The Association of Trout
Producers disbanded after failing to reach a
workable agreement on price controls.

In Greenland a new shrimp-canning fac-
tory was opened at Christianshaab in mid-
June. This new factory will double Green-
land's capacity for packing canned shrimp.
Shrimp-peeling machines from the United
States are being used in the new cannery.
(United States Embassy, Copenhagen, report
of July 12, 1960.)

OK KK

EXPANSION OF GREENLAND'S FISHERIES
UNDER CONSIDERATION:

A project for joint Danish-Faroese-Green-
lander exploitation of the Greenland fishing
banks is currently under consideration, ac-
cording to a July 31, 1960, press statement
by the Director of Royal Danish Greenland
Trade. Should the plans materialize, God-
thaab would become the base for a fleet of
larger fishing boats and trawlers, with the
catch to be landed and processed at that port.
Only through the development of greater
processing facilities, said the Director,
could the Greenlanders themselves benefit
economically from any extension of their ter-
ritorial waters, since they lack vessels large
enough to exploit the farther reaches of those
waters. And inasmuch as the cod, Green-
land's principal commercial fish, appears
periodically to forsake the coastal waters
for the banks, it is feared that without ves-
sels to follow any such move the fishing in-
dustry, so vital to Greenland's economy,
would be subject to sudden collapse.

The Director estimated that Greenlanders
take less than 10 percent of the current catch
in Greenland waters, and stated that at pres-
ent not a single Danish-based fishing vessel
is operating there. Faroese fishermen ap-
pear to be fairly active there, however.
Fragmentary figures cited in the press state-
ment indicate that this season the Faroese
and Greenlanders have already taken up-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

wards of 2,500 metric tons of fish in the Suk-
kertoppen and Egedesminde districts, cur-
rently the best Greenland waters for cod.

When the Minister for Greenland recently
visited Greenland, he promised that the im-
provement of fishing facilities would receive
top priority in plans for Greenland's economic
development, states an August 3, 1960, dis-
patch from the United States Embassy in Co-

penhagen.
fa]
El Salvador

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1960:
Shrimp is El Salvador's third major export

(after coffee and cotton), and the bulk of the

catch is flown frozen to United States markets.

Despite intermittent talk of possible con-
servation measures, a new firm with subtan-
tial capital is planning to enter the fishing in-
dustry and will probably lead to further de-
velopment of fishery resources. In another
development, the major firm now fishing in
El Salvadoran waters is building its own pier
and handling facilities at La Union on the Gulf
of Fonseca (U. S. Embassy in San Salvador,
July 15, 1960.)

Fiji Islands

TUNA CANNERY WITH
JAPANESE INTERESTS:

An important planter on Ovalau, Fiji Is-
lands, has reportedly with Fiji Government
approval entered into an agreement with Jap-
anese interests to establish a tuna cannery at
Lovuka and utilizing the existing wharf and
sheds. In this connection, a partner in a Jap-
anese firm recently visited Fiji. It is be-
lieved that Japanese personnel would be
brought in to operate the cannery and that the
fish (mostly tuna) would be provided by one
or more of the Japanese fishing companies
now operating in South Pacific waters. (U-
nited States Consulate, Suva, July 28, 1960.)

October 1960

France

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY
AND MARKETS:

French imports of fish meal from the United States and
other General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
countries are theoretically subject toa 15-percent duty;
however, in practice, the duty since 1955 has been 10 per-
cent. The theoretical duty could be reverted to at any time
The duty for fish meal of Common Market origin (German ;
Italian, or Benalux) was reduced to 8 percent on July 1, 1960
and is due to disappear gradually. From November 5, 1959 :
to February 29, 1960, the duty on fish meal regardless of its.
origin was completely suspended. There are no quantitative
restrictions on the import of fish meal,

Table 1 - French Imports of Fish Meal
Quantity Average
import Egice
1st Half 1st half
1960 1959 1960 1959
. - (Metric Tons). -

(US$ Per Metric Ton1/)

Country
of Origin

hiler

ecee
ecee
eeee
°

a mes ele

ee
ee
ee
oe
ere ceee
cece cece
°

ortuguese terri-

Unisiagewementetctel siete
nion of South Africa
nited Kingdom....

1/Values converted at rate of US$1.00 equals 4.93 new francs.

Halibut oils coming from the United States and other
GATT countries are theoretically subject to a 30-percent
duty; however, this duty has been completely suspended
since 1955. Halibut oils of Common Market origin are exempt
from duty. There are no quantitative restrictions on the im-
port of halibut oils.

Oils and fats of other fish coming from the United States
and other GATT countries are theoretically subject to an 18=
percent duty, but this duty has also been suspended since 1955.
Imports from Common Market countries are exempt from
duty. Crude herring oils, alimentary fluid oils, and refined
oils are still subject to quota restrictions, but other fish oils
and fats are free of quantitative controls,

French production of fish meal increased from 6,000 met~
ric tons in 1952, to 8,500 tons in 1955, to 14,000 in 1958, and
to 18,000 in 1959. This increase is primarily attributable to a
larger supply of raw materials, particularly waste from can
ning, filleting, etc. Nevertheless, the supply of waste prod-
ucts is limited (less than 20 percent of France’s fish produc
tion is canned and less than 10 percent is filleted), and fur-
ther expansion of fish~meal production will depend to a large
extent on better methods of collecting and preserving the
waste, the level of production activity in the canning and fil-
leting industry, and the possibility of using more whole fish.

While the fish meal produced in France is of an acceptable
grade, the principal raw material (waste products) is poor
in quality and low in protein content compared with whole

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

fish, The industry has been trying to improve the quality of
its fish meal by using a greater quantity of whole fish, and
efforts were made in recent years to persuade fishermen to
fish for the reductionindustry. These efforts resulted in anin-
crease in the amount of whole fish supplied to the industry,
but the total quantity remained small compared with the a~
Mount of waste products used. Damaged and unsold fish

are also used in the production of meal.

The price of whole fish, of course, is much higher than that
of fish waste--2.0 U.S, cents to 3.2 cents per kilo (US$18-29
a short ton) for whole fish as compared with 1 cent a kilo for
waste ($9 a short ton), and the use of whole fish depends on
the price that can be charged for fish meal. The trend to-
ward greater use of whole fish came to an abrupt end in No-
vember 1959, when the suspension of the fish~meal duty
lowered the price of imported fish meal. In spite of the
restoration of the duty in February 1960, competition from
low=priced Peruvian fish meal has prevented the industry
from renewing its effort to use more whole fish,

Fish oil, a byproduct of the fish~meal industry, is pro-
duced in very limited quantities in France, and some of the
fish~meal plants discard the oils derived from the produc-
tion of fish meal, Fish-oil production in 1956 was estimated
to be 2,000 to 2,500 metric tons and may have risen to 3,000
tons in 1959.

Table 2 - French Imports of Fish Oils

Quantity Imported

ist Half
19608 1959

syelenetenea Metrics Lons))epetarere

Type. and Country
of Origin

Belgium=Luxembourg
Japan.....
Madagascar .
Morocco ...
Norway....
EN olG9000
Portugal
Spain. .....
United States
Viet Nam...
Othe rereneiene

°

.

°
°
°
°
°

other fish oils. In addition to the two categories of fish oils, the customs statistics also
show imports of "oils from sea mammals" and "cod-liver oil," whichare not included

Fish meal and fish oils are produced in France by about
20 plants located on the North and Atlantic coasts and in
the Paris area. None are situated along the Mediterranean
coast, A trend toward concentration has been taking place in
recent years, particularly in the port areas where the sup-
ply of raw materials can generally support a single plant and
no more. However, most French fishery reduction plants
are overequipped, and can cope with an irregular supply of
raw materials; it is believed that total capacity of the indus~
try is several times actual production.

French consumption of fish meal (about 2.2 pounds per
capita) is relatively low compared with such countries as
Great Britain (11.0 lbs.), the Netherlands (22.0 lbs.), and
Denmark (40.0 lbs.); however, consumption is increasing
and it is expected to continue to increase because of the
growing demand of cattle breeders, dairy and poultry
farmers.

While the industry is probably capable of satisfying the
domestic demand for fish meal and fish oil, it is unlikely
that production will increase significantly in the foresee
able future because of the lack of further supplies of low-

58

France (Contd.):

cost raw materials, Imports can therefore be expected to
continue and purchases will be made where the most favor-
able price can be obtained. (United States Embassy, Paris,
August 3, 1960.)

French West Indies

UNITED STATES TUNA CANNER
INTERESTED IN BUILDING COLD-
STORAGE PLANT IN MARTINIQUE:

The Prefet of Martinique in August 1960,
had a visit from a group of United States and
French industrialists interested in building
a cold-storage plant for fish in Martinique,
French West Indies. The Americans repre-
sented a large California tuna canner and
the French represented the French subsidi-
ary of the California firm. The visitors ex-
plained that they wish to ship to the United
States French-caught tuna coming from off
the west coast of Africa, However, in order
to avoid the reportedly high costs which would
result from shipments in French vessels,
they plan to transship in United States ves-
sels. For this, cold-storage facilities at
the point of transshipment are necessary.
The Prefet said that other United States fish-
packing interests had similar arrangements
at Trinidad and Haiti.

The Prefet expressed his complete sup-
port of the proposal and said that he has re-
quested 100 million old francs (US$203,000)
from the French Government to enable the
Department of Martinique to put into usable
condition a pier and to dredge the approaches
in the area where the industrialists plan to
build the cold-storage plant, at the eastern
edge of the Fort-de-France port area. Next
year, he said, as construction on the cold-
storage plant gets under way, he will request
an additional sum of from 500 million to 700
million old francs ($1.0 to $1.4 million) in
order for the Department to build much bet-
ter dock facilities.

He added that the industrialists were
particularly interested in plans now under
way for the construction of a new pineapple
packing plant in the area where they intend
to put up the cold-storage plant. It seems
as if it recently has been discovered that
fish meal used in animal or poultry feeding
is enhanced if mixed with the waste from

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

pineapple packing. (United States Consulate,
Martinique, August 13, 1960.)

ba
ot
German Federal Republic

TECHNOLOGIST DEVELOPS NEW
METHOD FOR PRESERVING FISH AT SEA:

A technologist of Hamburg, West Germany,
has announced the development of a new meth-
odof preserving fish aboard vessels. The
method would entail the storage of freshly-
caught fish in airtight tanks. The air would
then be evacuated from the tanks and temper-
atures reduced quickly to about 1° C. below
the freezing point ina vacuum. This process
would not only remove gases from the body of
the fish but also, through the evaporation of
moisture, freeze the surface of the fish to
prevent it from drying out and to keepitfresh.
In the absence of oxygen, the development of
aerobic bacteria wouldbe virtually eliminated.

The cost of a vacuum plant for installation
aboard West German trawlers is estimated
at about DM600,000 (about US$142,900). A
trawler thus equipped would save present ex-
penses for ice and possibly improve the value
of its catch by as much as 10 percent.

The Federal Fisheries Research Institute
of Hamburg has tested the new preservation
method in a shore installation with very good
results. The Institute recommends the ex-
perimental installation of such a vacuum plant
aboard a commercial trawler or aboard a
West German fisheries research vessel.
nited States Consul in Bremen, August 3,
1960.)

(U-

Greece

FREEZER-TYPE TRAWLERS REPORT
GOOD CATCHES IN JUNE:

The four freezer-type trawlers fishing
off the coast of Northwest Africa (Maure-
tania), in June 1960,caught and froze 1,300
metric tons of fish. The freezer-trawlers
were expected to exceed this amount in July.

The new freezer-trawler Zephyros II re-
turned to Piraeus from the Northwest African
fishing grounds about June 1 with 352 tons of
frozen fish. (Alieia, July 1960.)

KOK OK OK OK

October 1960

Greece (Contd.):

SARDINE AND ANCHOVY
LANDINGS GOOD IN JUNE:

During June, landings of anchovies and
sardines in Greece were very good, accord-
ing to the July 1960 Greek fisheries period-
ical Alieia. The fish canneries and salting
plants were busy processing the catches.

As a result of the plentiful supplies, ex-
vessel prices dropped to 13 drachmas per
kilo (about 5.9 U. S. cents a pound) for large
anchovies (about 6 inches).

Greenland

SHRIMP INDUSTRY EXPANDS:

Shrimp production in Greenland is ex-
pected to double this year with the operation
of a new shrimp-processing plant in Chris-
tianshaab as part of a large investment.

Later a shrimp plant will be built in Ja-
cobshavn, and there is 4 proposal to give a
private Danish company permission to build
a shrimp plant in Godhayn on Disko Island.
Fishermen receive 50 to 80 dre per kilo
(3.3 to 5.3 U. S. cents a pound) for heads-
on shrimp. The shrimp grounds in Disko
Fjord are considered to be the world's rich-
est by biologists. They are considered to be
inexhaustible because they are steadily replen-
ished by the addition of young shrimp from
the ocean. (Fiskeritidende, July 13, 1960.)

sy

pel ad

Guatemala

JAPANESE COMPANY GRANTED PERMIT
TO FISH OFF COASTS OF GUATEMALA:

A Japanese fishing company has been
granted a commercial fishing permit for
both coasts of Guatemala up to the 12-mile
limit for a period of 10 years. The permit
includes the following provisions: (1) Fish-
ing operations may be subcontracted with
approval of the Ministry of Agriculture. (2)
Foreign fishing boats may operate in Guate-
malan waters for 6 months before having to
secure Guatemalan registration. (3) Refrig-
erator boats of the company must be Guate-
malan-registered. (4) The company must
sell to the Guatemalan Government all that
the latter may require at prices fixed by the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Ministry of Agriculture (but in no case at
less than production costs). The company
must start operations by August 5, 1961. The
company may rent national land for 5 years
for warehouses, housing, refrigerator space,
etc., and its installations and boats may en-
joy concessions under the Industrial Develop-
ment Law. (United States Embassy, Guate-
mala, August 11, 1960.)

PS

Hong Kong

GOVERNMENT AIDS FISHING INDUSTRY:

Typhoon Mary which hit Hong Kong in
June, damaged 123 fishing craft beyond re-
covery or repair and washed out the oyster
beds north of Castle Peak, Rehabilitation
loans and grants were quickly made avail-
able to the fishermen affected for the pur-
chase of new boats and gear, and in general,
fishing operations were soon resumed. Fresh
marine fish landings declined successively
during the April-June 1960 quarter from
March levels.

The Fisheries Development Loan Fund
Advisory Committee held its first meeting
in April to establish the principles under

| which’fishermen will be enabled to buy

through the HK$2-million (about US$350,000)
fund Diesel engines, navigational aids, motor
winches, and other modern fishing gear.
(United States Consulate, Hong Kong, July 18,
1960.)

Fe er

Iceland

FISHERIES TRENDS, MID-JULY 1960:

The Icelandic north coast herring season
by July 9, 1960, had far exceeded even the
high levels of the 1959 season. The over-all
quality of the herring catch has been com-
parable to last year's. As of July 9, 1960,
48,033 metric tons had been delivered for
processing as compared to 21,235 tons for
the same period last year. Most of this
year's catch (43,861 tons) went to the reduc-
tion plants and most of the balance went for
salting, except 83 tons exported directly to
Denmark on ice. The lean herring was still
being processed for meal and oil despite the
decline of world market prices for those
products, and large stocks stored in Ice-
land.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No..10

Iceland (Contd.): HERRING FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1960:
During the latter half of July 1960, the
The controversial new small trawler Icelandic north coast herring landings began
flounder fishing arrangements within Ice- to lag behind the very good landings made
land's 12-mile fishing limits now permit during the same period of 1959. As of July
small vessels to bring this catch in to the 24, about 68,220 metric tons of herring had
Westman Islands. been landed compared with 77,522 tons by the

same date in1959. A far smaller amount was
of good enough quality to deliver for salting--
10,090 metric tons as compared with 16,933
metric tons by July 24 last year. Most of the
remainder was used for meal and oil.

India

NEW FIVE-YEAR PLAN PROVIDES FOR
RAPID EXPANSION OF FISHERIES:

Landings of fishery products in India, esti-
mated at 1.0 million metric tons at the end of
the First Plan, is expected to increase to 1.4
million tons by 1960/61 and to 1.8 million
tons by 1965/66, according to the Third Plan
Draft Outline. Nearly two-thirds of the in-
creased production during the Third Plan is
expected from marine fisheries. :

Westman Island, Iceland, fishing harbor, showing vessels at dock
and processing plant.

Various plans are being tried in selling
‘this product, including flounder shipments
on ice directly to Denmark. This type of
landing was protested on July 12 by Danish
fishermen. One enterprising Icelandic ex-
porter is shipping the flounder by air in
plastic bags to Amsterdam for the Dutch
market. The planes also carry other fishery
products.

Municipal authorities on the Westman Is-
lands insist that the shipments not take place
unless there can be a guarantee of high quali-
ty. Flounder shipments, it is understood,
must arrive at the market within 36 hours
after being caught. Shipment by air in alu-
minum boxes has been advocated.

Icelandic whalin rations, which are
2 CEE A view of the quay~side, Cochin, India, where the fish catch is

based on & single shore plant, have been auctioned. Dugouts shown are traditional small fishing Ves-
progressing quite satisfactorily this season. sels of the region.

By July 7, 153 whales had been landed, com-

pared with 128 for the same period of 1959. The mechanization of fishing craft and de-
(United States Embassy, Reykjavik, July 15, velopment of designs for fishing craft suitable
1960.) for different sections of the coast were taken

Py ely on ty up in the First Plan. By the endof First

October 1960

India (Contd.):

Plan, about 650 boats had been mechanized,
mostly in Bombay. Another 850 boats have
been mechanized since the beginning of the
Second Plan in Bombay, Kerala, Mysore,
Madras, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa. Train-
ing in the use and maintenance of mechanized
boats is being provided at 9 centers in dif-
ferent states.

During the Third Plan, the program of
mechanization of fishing craft will be ex-
panded to effect mechanization of about 4,000
boats. Special emphasis is to be given to the
exploration of new fishing grounds and to the
exploitation of marine resources through co-
operatives as well as through private fishing
companies.

Development of fishing harbors and berth-
ing facilities will also be taken up. The pro-
vision of refrigerated rail cars and insulated
trucks for the transport of fish over long
distances has been included in the program.
As regards inland fisheries, about 300,000
acres of inland waters have been surveyed,
about 13,000 acres have beer reclaimed, and
over 600,000 acres have been stocked through
1958/59. A training course in inland fisher-
ies and management has also been organized.
The program for the Third Plan will include
survey of about 300,000 acres, reclamation
of 6,500 acres, and stocking of another
200,000 acres, states a July 21, 1960, report
of the U. S. Foreign Agricultural Service in
New Delhi.

Italy

FISH MEAL AND OIL MARKET:

The domestic production of both fishmeal
and fish-body oil in Italy is limited and the
annual requirements of those products must
be met largely by imports. The annual re-
quirements for fish meal are estimated to
be 13,500-14,500 metric tons and for fish-
body oil about 7,500 tons. Imports of fish
meal in 1959 amounted to 13,258 tons valued
at US$2,248,000. Of this amount 6,321 tons
(47.7 percent) was imported from Angola.
Other suppliers were Norway, Denmark,
Portugal, and to a limited extent, Commun-
ist China. Imports of fish-body oil totaled
7,780 tons valued at $1,599,000 in 1959. A-
mong the principal suppliers were the United
States (1,215 tons) and Norway (965 tons).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

Prices c.i.f. Italian port for imported fish
meal quoted by the National Association of
Feed Producers and the Cooperative Organi-
zation of the Agricultural Farmers in July of
this year were: Angola fish meal, mechani-
cally-dried, 65-percent protein, $85-87 a met-
ric ton; naturally-dried, 60-65 percent pro-
tein, $82-83 a ton; and Peruvian fish meal, 65-
percent protein, $84 a metric ton.

Average prices for marine oils (all taxes
and fees paid) as of early August this year
were as follows: whale oil, 165 lire a kilo
(about 12.05 U. S. cents a pound); shark-liver
oil, 160 lire a kilo (about 11.68 U. S. cents a
pound); sardine oil, 135 lire a kilo (about 9.86
U. S. cents a pound); and cod-liver oil, 160-
220 lire a kilo (about 11.68-16.07 U. S. cents
a pound).

Imports of fish-meal and fish-body oil into
Italy aré unrestricted. Duties as of June 30,
1960, applied to the c.i.f. value are 8.1 per-
cent ad valorem for fish meal from European
Common Market countries and 9 percent for
fish meal from other countries. Other charges
or taxes include an administrative fee of 0.5
percent on the c.i.f. value and an Italian Gov-
ernment exchange tax of 3.3 percent on the
c.i.f. value. These latter charges are also
applied to the c.i.f. value of fish oil imports
which are otherwise free of duty. (United
States Embassy, Rome, July 22, 1960.)

2K KK OK OK

SUBSIDIES FOR FISHING INDUSTRY
AS OF JUNE 30, 1959:

Italian legislation passed in 1957 authorizes
subsidies for fishermen, fishing cooperatives,
and fishing concerns up to 40 percent of the
cost of new or improved craft, fishing equip-
ment, works and installations for preserving
or processing, and transporting products for
coastal fishing operations only. As of June
30, 1959, 460 subsidies were granted totaling
786 million lire (US$1,267,000) for invest-
ments of 2.2 billion lire (US$3,545,000). Of
these, 132 had received actual payment of
176 million lire (US$284,000) for total invest-
ments of 459 million lire (US$740,000). (U-
nited States Embassy, Rome, July 11, 1960.)

62

Japan

AUGUST PRICE FOR FROZEN
YELLOWFIN TUNA EXPORTS
TO UNITED STATES LOWER:

The Japanese Export Tuna Freezers! As-
sociation held a meeting of its Directors on
July 29, 1960, to discuss the basic export
price for shipments of frozen yellowfin tuna
to the United States for August. This meet-
ing followed a meeting held on July 25, be-
tween this association and the Frozen Foods
Export Association which ended in disagree-
ment on the August export price. At the
July 29 meeting, the producers voted to
make an across-the-board cut of $20 a ton
from the US$260-a-ton base price which
had prevailed from April to July. The new
base price will be US$240 f.0.b. Japan for
20-80 pound gilled and gutted clipper-frozen
yellowfin tuna.

The meeting also decided to add the port
of Willemstad on the Island of Curacao inthe
Caribbean to the list of approved ports for
transshipment of tuna to the United States.
One Japanese fishing company had asked for
approval of this transshipment port some
time ago.

The $260-a-ton price for yellowfin for the
the United States market held up strongly
during April and May, but thereafter, as the
American purse-seiners continued to make
good catches of yellowfin, and the United
States canned tuna market softened, the price
gradually fell. At present, deals at $235 are
considered the usual thing, and for this rea-
son the exporters! association had asked that
the price be brought down to $230. Since the
producers have agreed to the price of $240,
it looks as if the exporters will compromise
at that figure. (The Suisan Tsushin, July 30,
1960.)

%* OK OOK OK OK

BASE PRICE FOR TUNA EXPORTS
TO ITALY TO BE REEXAMINED:

The Japan Frozen Foods Export Associa-
tion's agreed price for export of tuna to Italy
is at present US$270 per metric tonc. & f.,
but it is reported that the actual market has
already fallen below $220. Since the spread
from the agreed price is so great, sentiment
is rising for doing away with the agreed price
or establishing a new agreed price consist-
ent with the actual situation. The Associa-
tion's committee on Italian exports is ex-
pected to produce a decision shortly.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.10

At present there is in Italy about 8,000 met-
ric tons of frozen tuna in storage, of whichthe
packers are holding 3,000 tons and the Japa-
nese 5,000 tons, so that there is no prospect
at present of the market's recovering. How-
ever, there are prospects for Yugoslavia to
resume import licensing in September, and in
the autumn all of the boats fishing the Atlantic
will switch over to albacore and stop catching
yellowfin, so the trading companies are hoping
that the situation will recover considerably by
the end of the year. (The Suisan Tsushin,

July 30, 1960.)

kk KOK

ITALY BUYS FROZEN TUNA
ONLY IN SMALL LOTS:

The attitude of the Italian fish-canning in-
dustry on purchases of Japanese frozen tuna
is showing a big change since the recent sharp
drop in the world tuna market. Up through
July 1960, they bought entire vessel trips, but
in August there were no such purchases. Italy
is reported buying in small lots of 5, 10, or
30 metric tons, or as they need the fish. This
is because of the accumulation of frozen tuna
stocks in Japanese hands, which makes it pos-
sible for the Italian packers to buy whenever
they need tuna. This accumulation of stocks
and the fact that future market prospects are
completely unstable have brought about this
situation.

Furthermore, at present quality claims
are being filed on 50 to 60 percent of the tuna
sold to Italy. Second-grade tuna is not, as in
the United States, completely discarded, but
is used as raw material for second-grade
canned tuna. However, the second-grade
product is retailed much cheaper than first-
grade tuna, 300 lire as compared with 500
lire (48 U. S. cents as compared with about
80 cents) a can. With the increase in second-
grade raw tuna, the price for frozen tuna is
tending to drop even lower. The discount in
price on fish against which quality claims
are made has recently been more than 40
percent. (The Suisan Tsushin, August 8, 1960.)

The Vice-President of the Japanese Tuna
Fishery Federation stated recently in the Nip-
pon Suisan Shimbun that all of the salmon and
mackerel fishermen who want to get into tuna
fishing do not realize the real situation in
tuna. They all think tuna fishing is profitable,
but the fact is that of the 1,800 tuna operators,
half are in business difficulties.

ke Ok Ok OK

October 1960

Japan (Contd.):

CANNERS HAVING TROUBLE MEETING
CONTRACTS FOR LIGHTMEAT
TUNA IN OIL:

According to a Japanese fisheries peri-
odical, the Japanese fishermen are experi-
encing the worst skipjack season in10 years
or more, and the packers are short on can-
ned lightmeat tuna contracts for Europe.
They had hoped that the July 1960 big-eyed
tuna landings would help, but that species is
not coming in either. It was estimated that
for June and July there would be about
100,000 to 150,000 cases that were contracted
for but could not be delivered.

Traders are seeking extensions of con-
tracts, but it is thought penalties will have to
be paid on most of the contracts as future
production prospects are poor.

With an export price of US$6.20 to $6.30
a case f.o.b. for lightmeat tuna in oil, anda
domestic price of $6.11-$6.39 a case, the
market is somewhat above normal, but as the
ex-vessel price of skipjack is staying above
70 yen a kilogram (about $176.00 a short ton),
the canners are losing more than 300 yen
(about $0.83) a case.

ek KK OK

EDITORIAL HIGHLIGHTS CANNED
TUNA EXPORT PROBLEMS:

An editorial ("On Solutions to Canned
Tuna Export Problems’) in the Japanese
periodical Suisan Keizai highlights Japanese
canned tuna export problems. The editorial
points out that it has been decided to cut the
price of canned white meat tuna for export
to the United States by $1 a case. There was
an earlier cut of $1 at the end of February
1960, which means that within only one year
the price of white meat tuna, which was $11
a case last summer, has been cut by $2.
This softening of the United States market
is reported to reflect the effects of an in-
crease in imports into the United States of
third-country merchandise and good tuna
catches by the United States tuna fleet. In
particular, the invasion of the United States
market by third countries was beyond ex-
pectations, and it has forced Japanese goods
into a stiff competitive struggle. Concerned
industry circles appear to consider that by
the end of the export year the quantity of
third-country goods will be double that of
last year.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

It has to be admitted, continues the edito-
rial, that this is a depressing development for
the Japanese canning industry, which has as-
siduously cultivated the United States market.
The Japanese canned tuna production quota
for this year is 2.28 million cases, and with a
hold-over of 120,000 cases from last year,
this makes a total of 2.4 million cases to be
disposed of this year. However, the amount
offered for sale as of July 1960, was 1.58 mil-
lion cases, and a considerable quantity of that
is still not contracted for, the amount actual-
ly having been disposed of being reported as
about 1 million cases. At this time of the
year, if things had been going smoothly, 1.7
or 1.8 million cases would have been sold,
but the movement of merchandise has been
unexpectedly slow and there has been no ex-
pansion of sales at all. Consequently, the
joint sales company's inventories are just
increasing, and appear to have reached about
1 million cases.

The industry is trying to figure out what
to do to remedy the situation, according to
the editorial. However, in the present buyer's
market, with the Japanese industry not ina
position to take the initiative in the United
States market, there does not seem to be any
brilliant solution in sight, and that has led to
the $1 cut in the white meat price in an at-
tempt to.step up sales. This has been a real
headache for the industry, for this year ex-
vessel prices for both albacore and skipjack
are unusually high, and the canned tuna price
cut is making it more and more a situation of
"buy high and sell low.'' Since the price of
skipjack is more than twice that of last year,
it has brought packing of light meat in oil to
a complete stop. It is calculated that with the
ex-vessel price of albacore at 120 to 140 yen
per kilogram (approximately US$302 to $353
a short ton), $10 a case is barely breaking
even. Consequently the recent price cut
means that most of the packers are operating
in the red.

There is no possibility, as there was last
year, of covering the loss with skipjack pack-
ing, says the editorial. The tuna canning in-
dustry, which has been carefully fostered
since the mid-1920's, now has problems. Of
course, the industry should get together, and
with the trading companies and financial agen-
cies, should get itself into a firm position for
the long haul, in order to overcome its diffi-
culties. But may it not be necessary at this
juncture to forget about prestige as the big-
gest canned tuna exporting country in the

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

world, and cut back production temporarily in
order to put the industry's house inorder?, asks
the editorial. (Suisan Keizai, July 22, 1960.)

HOOK A OK OK

FISHERIES AGENCY TO REEXAMINE
TUNA FISHERY POLICIES:

Tuna fishing is so much a feature of Jap-
anese overseas fishery developments that it
is the first thing the Japanese think of when
such developments are mentioned. Recently
countries of Southeast Asia, such as New
Guinea and Ceylon, have been trying to de-
velop their own tuna fishing industries, and
within Japan, too, there is a growing desire to
change from coastal fishing to tuna fishing
brought on by the recent transfer of vessels
from the salmon fishery to the tuna fishery.
It appears that the Japanese Fisheries A-
gency, taking this situation into considera-
tion, is getting set for a fundamental exami-~
nation of the tuna fisheries and a revision of
the present licensing policy. When this is
undertaken, it is expected that there will be
pressure from the Federation of Tuna Fish-
ing Associations.

The moves being made by New Guinea and
Ceylon are natural for countries which are
backward in fishery technology. Recently the

_Ceylonese have asked to buy 20 tuna vessels,
and the large number of vessels involved has
given the Japanese industry pause. At this
rate the South Pacific and Indian Ocean tuna
fisheries may in the near future cease to be
a Japanese monopoly, and the real wish of
the Japanese industry is that insofar as pos-
sible such requests should be met by des-
patching Japanese tuna boats.

In Japan, since the authorities permitted
the changeover of some salmon boats to tuna
fishing, the coastal fishermen have repeated-
ly made representations to the Fisheries A-
gency to permit depressed coastal fishermen
to also enter the tuna fishery. In short, the
tuna fishing industry is facing an important
period of change, both at home and abroad,
and the situation can no longer be dealt with
under the present licensing policy, which has
been repeatedly patched up with partial rem-
edies.

At present the Fisheries Agency sections
concerned are thinking in terms of the fish-
ermen who have been squeezed out of their
fishing grounds by the ''Rhee Line'' (between

Vol. 22, No.10

Korea and Japan) and those who have lost
their coastal fishing grounds because of the
mysterious ''Minamata'' disease. They are
also examining new licensing policies which
would apply to public fishery corporations
which are having business difficulties in vari-
ous parts of the country. These probably can
not, however, be solidified into a plan without
considerable dissension. (The Fishing Indus-

try Weekly, July 15.)

mK OK OK OK OK

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS LAG:

Japanese exports of frozen albacore and
yellowfin tuna to the United States are almost
at a complete standstill. This is attributed to
the excellent landings by the California con-
verted clipper-Seiners, according to the Au-
gust 8, 1960, issue of The Suisan Tsushin.
Due to the good California yellowfin fishery,
it is probable that all United States tuna pack-
ers have ample raw material on hand. For
this reason Japan's export market for yellow-
fin in the United States, despite the new ex-
port price of $240 a short ton established
early in August, is so poor that the agreed
price is not being observed. It is reported
that offers are already being made at $230,
but even at that price there are no sales con-
tracts being made.

The article also points out that because of
the good catch, the price of California alba-
core was recently lowered from $375 to $325
a short ton, but according to advice received
by Japanese trading companies, the big Cali-
fornia packers have announced that after Au-
gust 8, they are reducing the price to $300.

7% Sk OK 3K

MARKET FOR TUNA VESSELS WEAKENS:

The recent moves in the direction of a re-
vision of tuna vessel licensing policies have
produced unexpected repercussions in the
Japanese tuna fishing industry, and the prog-
ress of events is being watched. Particular
attention is being paid to the activities of the
subcommittee of the Fisheries Regime Sur-
vey Council, which is gathering concrete data
for its meeting in September 1960.

The extension of the tuna fishing grounds
to greater distances has stimulated construc-
tion of larger vessels, and has given rise to
excessive competition in the process. This
phenomenon has produced various problems,
particularly: (1) the cost per ton for larger

October 1960

Japan (Contd.):

tuna vessels has risen very high, about
270,600 yen (about US$750) per ton for 70
gross ton vessels, 250,000 yen (US$694) per
ton for 100-ton vessels, and 230,000 yen
(US$639) per ton for 180-ton vessels; (2)
under the Special Exemption Law, medium
and small vessels were replaced with larger
ones, and the total number of operators was
reduced, but despite this there was an in-
crease in the catch, though at the same time
domestic processors began to suffer a short-
age of raw material; (3) in connection with
mothership-type tuna operations, there was
a tendency for tuna fishing rights to become
concentrated in the hands of large enter-
prises; (4) a rise in costs brought about by
construction of larger vessels and changes
in working conditions has had a bad effect on
distribution and consumption; and (5) a ques-
tion had arisen with regard to the suitable
size of the tuna fleet, and there is great con-
cern over what measures the subcommittee
will work out to meet these problems.

Because of these developments, the trade
in tuna vessel construction rights, which has
been a seller's market, has shown a slow
down of buying, and there are some reports
that trading in tonnage rights has stopped.
(The Suisan Tsushin, August 3, 1960.)

kk Kk KOK

NEW CANNED TUNA PRODUCT
ON MARKET:

A new canned tuna product, "Tender Tuna,’
which a Japanese processing firm put on the
Japanese market late in June 1960, is enjoy-
ing good acceptance. Consumption has been
about twice as high as expected.

Characteristics which have made the new
product a hit with the consumers are: (1)
the flavored oil and water sauce in which it
is packed can be used in cooking as aflavor-
ing agent; (2) it has a distinctive flavor and
a tender texture; (3) it is processed so as to
resemble chicken; (4) the tuna meat is packed
in the form of blocks; (5) no fish design is
used on the label; and (6) it is comparatively
cheap.

At present the product is put up in flat
No. 2 and No. 3 cans in four different fla-
vored sauces: soy, tomato, stew, and curry.
The No. 2 can sells at retail for 55 yen and
the No. 3 can for 35 yen (approximately 15

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

cents and 10 cents, respectively). The Suisan
Tsushin, July 20, 1960.)

HK OK OK OK OK

PURSE-SEINERS DEMAND
LICENSES FOR TUNA FISHING:

A big deputation of seiners from western
Japan called on the Japanese Fisheries Agen-
cy on August 1, 1960, to demand that operators
of about 40 seiners be granted tuna-boat li-
censes totaling 4,000 gross tons to compensate
them for being squeezed off their fishing
grounds by the Rhee Line. (The Suisan Keizai,
August 2, 1960.)

SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS LIGHT
IN KOCHI PREFECTURE:

Skipjack tuna fishing by Japanese vessels
from Kochi Prefecture in July 1960 should have
beenat its seasonal peak, but the catch was
very poor. Ifit continues at this rate, this may
be the poorest season ever experienced.

BONIN IS,

SEA -
Okinawa 2

VOLCANO IS.

+ COCOS''S.

AUSTRALIA

66

Japan (Contd.):

According to a survey by the Kochi Pre-
fecture Fisheries Department, there are
about 400 skipjack vessels in the Prefecture,
including part-time skipjack vessels of less
than 5 gross tons, and they are principally
based at Tosa Shimizu, Usa, and Suzaki. They
fish off the Kochi coast, making trips of at
most 2 days, and produce from 3,800 to 5,600
metric tons of skipjack each year.

However, this year the vessels of the Tosa
Shimizu Fisheries Association landed from
January through May only 78 tons of skipjack,
less than one-fourth of the 358 tons landed in
the same period lastyear. Other associations,
suchas those of Usa and Suzaki, also reported
landings of 7 to+ last year's.

The Experiment Station blames the poor
fishing on unfavorable oceanographic condi-
tions, among them lower than average water
temperatures and a displacement southward
of the Kuroshio Current away from the Japa-

nese Islands. (The Fishing Industry Weekly,
July 15, 1960.)

* OK OK KT

SUPER TUNA LONG-LINER LAUNCHED:
The Japanese super tuna long-liner No. 1

_Seiju Maru was launched on August 10, 1960,
at a Shimizu shipyard. The vessel, built at
a cost of about 260 million yen (US$723,000),
was started May 21, 1960, and was scheduled
to be completed in mid-September. She has
1,680 cubic meters (59,327 cubic feet) of re-
frigerated hold space and can carry about
1,000 metric tons of tuna. The No. 1 Seiju
Maruis 1,175 tons gross, 67.5 meters (221
feet) long, 11.5-meter (37.7-foot) beam, 5.3
meters (17.4 feet) deep. There is one 150-
hp. refrigeration machine and two 100-hp.
machines. The main engine is 1,700 hp.,
giving a speed of 14 knots, and fuel tanks are
510 cubic meters (18,010 cubic feet). (The
Suisan Keizai, August 10, 1960.)

kK Kk OK

TUNA FISHING VESSEL SENT
TO OKINAWA IN JULY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency, which
some time ago received a request from the
Government of the Ryukyus for Japanese
tuna vessels, decided as of July 1, 1960, to
send on charter to Okinawa three vessels,
the No. 13 Kaiko Maru (352 tons gross), the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.10

No. 28 Yusei Maru (194 tons gross), and the
Maguroyama Maru (110 tons gross), the lat-
ter vessel to be built in Okinawa.

The Ryukyu Government had asked for the
chartering of 3,200 gross tons of deep-sea
tuna vessels over a 5-year period, as a
means of promoting the fisheries of the
Ryukyus. After considering the matter, the
Japanese Government decided to permit the
supplying of vessels up to a limit of 2,250
tons over a 5-year period, and further de-
cided to send 650 tons by the end of the 1960
Japanese fiscal year. The three vessels are
the first part of this tonnage to be sent.

The No. 13 Kaiko Maru sailed for Okina-
wa late in July, and will be taken over by a
local company. Tuna caught in the Ryukyus
will be imported into Japan up to a limit of
500 metric tons annually. (The Fishing In-
dustry Weekly, July 15, 1960.)

2K OOK OK OK ok
TWO MORE TUNA MOTHERSHIPS
TO FISH FIJIAN WATERS:

At present two tuna motherships, the No.
3 Tenyo Maru and the Nojima Maru, are op-
erating in the Fiji Islands area. After the
wind-up of North Pacific salmon mothership
fleet operations, two more ships, the Jinyo
Maru and the Koyo Maru were expected to
Sail for the Fiji area to operate as tuna moth-
erships.

The Jinyo Maru was expected to return to
Hakodate on August 5, and arrive at Tokyo
before August 10. After unloading salmon,
the vessel was to sail for the tuna grounds
about August 20. Her fleet will consist of
about 50 fishing vessels scheduled to sail
from Misaki, and also more than half of the
catchers of the Nojima Maru and No. 3 Tenyo
Maru fleets will transfer over to this fleet.
Planned production is 5,600 metric tons, and
the fleet will return to Japan the latter part
of November 1960.

The Koyo Maru also was expected to re-
turn from salmon fishing about August 5 and
to sail for the tuna grounds on August 18.
Her fleet of about 60 fishing vessels was ex-
pected to arrive on the tuna grounds late in
September to take over for the Tenyo Maru,
which will return to Japan. The Koyo Maru
fleet will fish until next January, when it will
again be replaced by the No. 3 Tenyo Maru

October 1960

Japan (Contd.):

fleet. The production plan is for 5,600 tons.
(The Suisan Keizai, August 4, 1960.)

se ES ES ES

FROZEN SALMON SHARK
EXPORTED TO ITALY:

Large quantities of frozen salmon shark
are being exported to Italy as a special prod-
uct of the Kesennuma area of northeastern
Japan. The first inquiries about shark came
from Italy to Kesennuma in 1957. At that
time the shark was tied in with barter trade
for rice and mercury, so the quantity ex-
ported to Italy was only 50 metric tons a year,
but the product was well received and orders
increased rapidly, until this year exports a-
mount to 300 tons. The price of US$245 per
metric ton is as good as that for Atlantic yel-
lowfin tuna.

As a result of this development, the so-
called ‘summer salmon shark,'' which used
to be sold cheap for fish cakes, is now bring-
ing 57 to 58 yen per kilogram (about 7 U.S.
cents a pound), twice the usual price in the
past, and there are even signs of a shortage
in the supply. Kesennuma produces 50 per-
cent of the salmon shark caught off north-
eastern Japan. (The Suisan Keizai, August 4,
1960.)

Kk KK

EARNINGS BY CATCHER VESSELS IN
NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP
SALMON FISHERY:

The last of the Japanese North Pacific
mothership salmon fleets was expected to
finish operations August 5 or 6, 1960. De-
spite the reduction in catch quotas this year,
the fishing boats have good earnings because
of 20-percent higher salmon prices this year
over last year, and because the proportion of
reds and chums in the catch was higher than
normal. It looks as if the catcher vessels
will average 18 million yen (US$50,040) for
the season. In fleets which had a particular-
ly high proportion of red salmon, some ves~
sels have earnings of 21 million yen
(US$58,380). Considering that expenses for
outfitting for the season averaged 15 million
yen, each catcher vessel is assured a net
profit of about 3 million yen (US$8, 340).
(The Suisan Tsushin, July 29.)

KOK OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP
SALMON FISHERY SEASON ENDS:

This year's Japanese mothership-type
North Pacific salmon fishing has ended.
During this year's Japan-Soviet fishery ne-
gotiations, the Japanese salmon catch quota
was Cut by the Soviets from last year's
85,000 metric tons to 67,500 tons. Further-
more, closed areas were enlarged and final-
ly a special area was closed for this year
only. The mothership fishery was allocated
54,000 tons of the catch quota as compared
with 70,830 tons in 1959, and each fleet's
quota was about 4,600 tons.

In addition to this being a year of low
abundance of pink salmon, the beginning of the
fishing season was delayed by the negotia-
tions. The fleets did not leave Hakodate
until May 19 and fishing did not start until
May 25. Although the catch quota had been
cut, the closing date of the season was set
as August 10, and there was some fear that
the quota could not be filled by that date be-
cause of the expected scarcity of pink salm-
on. However, fishing was bétter than ex-
pected, and although pinks were certainly
scarce, red and chum salmon were abundant.
The Japanese salmon fishermen, while ad-

| mitting that the abundance of Asian pink

salmon was at a low level this year, ascribe
their poor catches of the species in part to
the action of the Japan-Soviet Fisheries Com-
mission in closing some of the best salmon
grounds to high-seas fishing and in requiring
the use of large-meshed nets, which allow the
pink salmon to escape.

According to preliminary estimates by the
fisheries trade journals, the total Japanese
salmon catch, including that south of the Ja-
pan-Soviet treaty area, willbe about 120,000
tons as compared with about 154,000 tons in
1959.

The price of salmon was 20 percent over
last year's and the boats appear to have done
well financially because of their good catches
of high-priced red and chum salmon. Even
the mothership operators appear to have come
through in reasonably good shape, in what was
anticipated to be a money-losing season, be-
cause of the shorter fishing period.

A total of 12 mothership fleets with 410
catcher boats participated in this year's off-
shore salmon fishing--4 mothership and 50
catcher boats less than in 1959.

68

Japan (Contd.):

According to the accounts of the returning
fleet personnel, inspection by the Soviets was
rather severe. But the Japanese Fishery
Agency's patrol boats were also active in
citing violators. Seven boats were caught
violating regulations. The Soviets had 13 or
14 patrol craft out, and three 500-ton naval
vessels. Most fleets seem to have been in-
spected about seven times. It is reported
that especially thorough inspections were
made toward the end of the season. (Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, August 10, 1960.)

kk KOK

INCREASED ALLOCATIONS FOR
SALMON ROE IMPORTS PROPOSED:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry has requested the opin-
ion of the Japanese Fisheries Agency on in-
creasing the foreign exchange allocation for
imports of salmon roe in the Japanese 1960
fiscal year. The Fisheries Agency was of
the opinion that the increase would have no
bad effects on Japanese producers. Up to
the present, the allocation has been
US$100,000, but if 227 metric tons are tobe
imported in the 1960 fiscal year, $165,000
would be required, so the Agency will ap-
prove the Ministry's scheduled increase of
$70,000.

For the 1959 fiscal year Japanese coastal
production of salmon roe is not known (it
was 220 tons in 1958), but the salmon mother-
ships produced 726 tons. (The Suisan Tsu-
shin, August 2, 1960.)

HK OK OK OK

SALMON SHARK EXPLORATORY
FISHING OPERATION IN NORTH PACIFIC:
According to word received by the Japa-
nese North Pacific Salmon Predator Re-
search Headquarters, the salmon shark fleet
(2 long-liners and 4 gill-netters) operating
in the Aleutians area had taken a total of
765 shark as of August 9. Examination of
the stomach contents showed that 217 shark,
or about 30 percent, had eaten salmon. Some
of the sharks examined contained 7 or 8 ju-
venile salmon. The analysis of the stomach
contents is being done by an investigator
from the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Lab-
oratory.

The objective of the predator survey fleet
is to provide data for the Japanese delega-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

tion in the next fisheries conference with the
U.S. S. R. However, Japanese fishing indus -
try circles doubt that the expedition will pro-
duce results commensurate with its cost of
60 million yen (US$167,000), which is equiva-
lent to the operating costs of a salmon moth-
ership fleet.

According to the North Pacific Mothership
Association, in spite of the number of shark
taken, there seems to be little likelihood of
the survey's producing important data to show
how much salmon is being consumed by pred-
ators and what the effect of this is on the salm-
on resources. In this view, the only real re-
sult of the investigation is to show where salm-
on shark occur most abundantly. (The Suisan
Keizai, August 12, 1960.)

KK OK OK

BRISTOL BAY FISH-MEAL FACTORYSHIP
PRODUCTION AS OF JULY 31:

As of July 31, 1960, the Japanese fish-
meal factoryship fleets in Bristol Bay had
produced a total of 30,346 metric tons of fish
meal. It is expected that they will meet their
total production goal of 50,000 tons in the lat-
ter part of October. In addition, the fleets
have produced solubles, fish oil, salt cod, and
a reported total of 13,816 tons of ''frozen
products.'’ (The Suisan Keizai, August 2, 1960))

OK kK OK

FISH MEAL PRICES:

The production cost of Japanese factory-
ship fish meal during the period when loans
are being paid off is about US$157 a metric
ton. After the loans are paid off, it will be
$132 aton. The 1958 production was all ex-
ported at $171, but only about 40 percent of
the 1959 production was exported at $172 a ton.

These data were revealed in a studyof the
world fish-meal situation from the Japanese
point of view. The study, made by the Japa-
nese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
pointed to the low price of Peruvian fish meal.
The study apparently concludes that, while con-
tinuing efforts to develop export markets,
the meal will have to be sold domestically in
some way that will not hurt too badly the
small producers of crude meal in Japan.

The study also contains some projections
to 1969, when it is estimated that Japan's re-
quirements will be equivalent to 882,000 tons
of raw fish.

kk KOK

October 1960

Japan (Contd.):

FACTORYSHIP FISH MEAL TO BE
SOLD ON DOMESTIC MARKET:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency has for
some time been considering the advisability
of permitting fish meal produced on Japanese
factoryships to be sold on the domestic mar-
ket in Japan. The Agency in mid-August was
expected to announce that such meal may be
sold domestically under limitations as to
quantity and price. On August 9 the authori-
ties called in a representative of the Saury
Council and the Fisheries Agency's Produc-
tion Division tried to persuade him to accept
this decision. The chief of the Agency's
Products Section stated that release of the
factoryship meal on the domestic market
would be permitted as soon as the under-
standing of the various groups concerned
was obtained.

It is certain that the factoryship fish meal
cannot be exported because of the softening
of the world market, and it is clear that there
is no way to overcome the situation but to
sell the meal domestically at a price that
will not be below cost. The domestic groups
concerned, although opposed to domestic sale
of the meal, are asking that if it must be sold
domestically, it be released at such time as
to avoid conflict with the saury season. It is
expected that the Fisheries Agency will re-
lease about 15,000 metric tons, at an esti-
mated price of 53,000 or 54,000 yen (about
US$150 a ton).

During the budgeting of foreign exchange
allocations for the second half of the year,
the Animal Husbandry Bureau strongly urged
the Ministry of International Trade to make
an allocation for the import of Peruvian fish
meal, but the Fisheries Agency has opposed
this, claiming that emergency imports can
be made if necessary. The matter is still
under negotiation. (The Suisan Tsushin, Au-
gust 10, 1960.)

KKK KK

FISHING COMPANIES PLAN TO
RAISE POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK:

Three of the largest Japanese fishing
companies are planning to establish live~
stock and poultry farms in Kanagawa IPG
fecture. One of the companies has already
begun construction of a large livestock farm
at Atsugi City where some 350,000 chickens,
hogs, and cows will be raised. At the same

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

time, the company is planning a feed factory
at the newly-reclaimed Daikoku-cho section
of Yokohama. Following this example, the
other two fishing companies are bothplanning
to build poultry farms at Sagamihara and feed
factories at Daikoku-cho. The primary rea-
son, is the steadily decreasing amount of fish
being caught by mainland Japanese fishermen.
Also, there is an acute fear among the Japa-
nese companies that the restrictions placed
upon Japanese fishermen by other countries,
principally Russia and Korea, will become
greater, thus further decreasing the annual
fish catch.

Chicken-raising on a modest scale has
proved successful in Japan previously and the
fishing companies are apparently planning to
have a portion of their stock raised by inde-
pendent farmers as well as maintaining their
own large farms. These announcements have
stirred an interest among the present feed-
producing companies in the Yokohama-Ka-
wasaki area. One of the largest feed compa-
nies in the district has already announced
plans to increase its capacit¥ by expanding
its present plant in August and five smaller
firms in the area are studying similar expan-
sion programs. This development should ex-
pand the market for fish meal in Japan as
large quantities are used in poultry and hog
rations. (United States Consulate in Yokoha-
ma, July 14, 1960.)

KING CRAB MOTHERSHIP RETURNS FROM
BRISTOL BAY AFTER FILLING QUOTA:

The Japanese king crab mothership Tokei
Maru (5,385 gross tons), which is jointly op-
erated in Bristol Bay by three large Japanese
fishing companies, returned to Hakodate on
July 19, 1960, with three of her catcher ves-
sels. The fleet operated with good success
for a period of 79 days, and the 80,000-case
canned crab meat quota was filled in two days
less than last year. The fleet commander
stated that the catch rate averaged 17.3 crabs
per unit of tangle net, 0.9 crab higher than
last year.

The United States fleet appeared to have
completed 80 to 90 percent of its fishing be-
fore the Tokei Maru fleet reached the grounds.
The Soviet fleet was operating onthe grounds
before the Tokei Maru arrived, and is thought
tobe still fishingthere. Asfor the prospects
for the resource, the fleet commander thought
it would be all right with the present single

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Japanese fleet operating, but that two fleets
would be too much. (Hokkai Suisan, July 25,
1960.)

Kk ok

HERRING-CRAB FACTORYSHIP
REPORTS GOOD CATCHES
IN BERING SEA:

The Shinyo Maru, operated by a Japanese
firm this year as the first Bering Sea com-
bination herring and frozen crab factoryship,
had as of July 20, 1960, produced about 900
tons of frozen herring. At first the herring
were small, but in July large 6- and 7-year
old fish were taken at the rate of about 25
tons a day.

As of July 18, the fleet had also produced
6,179 cases of frozen king crab. In addition,
the operation had produced 309 metric tons
of flounder, 57 tons of cod, 11 tons of arrow-
toothed halibut, 252 tons of rockfish, and 29
tons of other species. (The Suisan Keizai,
July 21 and July 22, 1960.)

SIX FACTORYSHIPS TO FREEZE
FLATFISH IN NORTH PACIFIC:

The 1960 season for the Japanese factory-
ship flatfish fishery in North Pacific waters
began in August, and it was decided that this
year six freezerships will participate--Kyo-
kuzan Maru, Otsu Maru, Miyajima Maru, Ka-
shima Maru, Chiyo Maru, and Hijin Maru.
Three of these fleets completed operating
plans, and applications for fishing permits.
were nade to the Japanese Fisheries Agency.
The plans are as follows: Kyokuzan Maru
will employ 8 trawlers from the ports of Ku-
shiro and Nagasaki. The factoryship ex-
pected to sail from Yokohama on August 20,
and planned production is 4,450 metric tons.

The Miyajima Maru fleet, with 5 trawlers,
expected to sail at the end of August and
planned to produce 4,500 metric tons. The
Kashima Maru, with 10 trawlers, expected to
sail early in September to fill a production
plan of 5,000 tons. The Otsu Maru fleet,
with 10 to 12 catcher boats, will produce a-
bout 7,000 tons. The Chiyo Maru, sailed
about August 20 with 8 fishing boats, and will
produce 5,000 tons. The Eijin Maru fleet's
plan is similar to that of the Chiyo Maru.

Vol. 22, No.10

There is some uneasiness about the ability
of some of the fleets to fill their production
plans, as they will be fishing the same grounds
exploited by the fish-meal factorship fleets.
The fish-meal fleets are taking about 300,000
tons of fish to produce their 50,000 tons of
meal, and the frozen flatfish fleets will be
taking about 30,000 tons of fish. Even if they
fill their production quotas, there is some
concern about the effect on the market. This
year 3 of the fleets will fish the Bering Sea
and 3 the Sea of Okhotsk. It is considered
that 6 fleets is about the limit from the point
of view of what the resource will support.
(The Suisan Keizai, August 5, 1960.)

KK A

SARDINE CANNERS MAY HAVE
TROUBLE MEETING CONTRACTS:

Japanese sardine canners have been a-
warded bids for 23,250 cases by the Philip-
pine National Sales Company (NAMARCO),
and an additional 26,750 cases conditioned
on ability to produce. Shipment must be made
within 45 days after credit is established.
But as of late July, the Japan Sea coast was
not producing sardines at all, and if this con-
dition continues into September, the contracts
cannot be honored.

The four trading companies had to give
NAMARCO 20-percent security money, and
if they cannot fill the contracts, this will be
forfeited. If none of the contract can be filled,
the canners will have to pay about 13 million
yen (about US$36,100) in penalties. However,
if the canners don't care what price they pay
for raw material, they can pack about 10,000
cases.

HOOK OK KR

FISH CONSUMPTION SURVEY SHOWS
TRENDS OF FOOD PREFERENCES:

Some interesting trends in Japanese food
preferences are pointed up in a study ("A
Survey of the Consumption of Fishery Prod-
ucts'') published by the National People's
Livelihood Research Association.

In five cities of Japan, 1,910 high-school
girls were asked whether they preferred to
eat meat and fowl, fish, or whale meat. Of
those surveyed, 84.7 percent preferred meat
and fowl, and only 22 percent said they liked
fish. Only 2.2 percent of the girls expressed
a liking for whale meat, and 1.8 percent re-

October 1960

Japan (Contd.):

plied that they liked neither meat, fish, nor
whale.

The study pointed out that the retail price
of fresh fish in Japan is by no means low,
being higher on the average than in such
western European countries as Norway, the
Netherlands, and West Germany. Although
the Japanese consume more fish per capita

than any other people in the world, their con- |

sumption of animal protein is the lowest of
26 leading countries. It was found that the
high-school girls covered by the survey show-
ed a trend in preference away from tradition-
al Japanese cooking methods in favor of
European-style cuisine. (Nippon Keizai
Shimbun, July 31, 1960.)

4K Ok
MACKEREL FISHERMEN CHANGE TO
"PORGY'" LONG-LINING IN
MARSHALL ISLANDS:

There are 24 mackerel pole-and-line fish-
ing vessels in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan,
which have given up fishing in the peak of the
season because the distance to the fishing
grounds has become too great, and because
the heavy catches made by seiners lately
have pushed the price of mackerel down to
where a pole-and-line vessel cannot make
money. These vessels are working as car-
riers for the seiner fleet or are switching
over to long-lining for ''porgy' (yellow sea
bream).

The owners of the pole-and-line vessels
have asked the Fisheries Agency for licenses
for lift-net fishing, when the time comes for
issuance of new licenses in September 1960,
but the hopes for getting these licenses are
not bright. Therefore, they are resolving to
outfit four vessels of 70 to 80 tons gross as
"porgy' long-liners around October 1960
and begin fishing around the Marshall Is-
lands. In this area fish resembling Japanese
sea bream and weighing 4 to 63 pounds each
can be caught. An exploratory fishing ves-—
sel from Oita Prefecture has already tried
this once and had good success. (Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, August 1, 1960.)

sk ok Ok Ok OK

OVERSEAS FISHERY

OPERATIONS AS OF JULY 1960:
According to a summary of information

on Japanese overseas fishery operations by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ql

the Japanese Fisheries Agency, there are a
total of 57 ventures, using 102 fishing vessels
and 2,438 men. In Central and South America
there are 16 operations, mainly trawling and
tuna fishing, employing 39 vessels and 821
men. In Southeast Asia there are two ven-
tures, using 24 vessels and 487 men. In the
Mediterranean, Australia, and elsewhere
there are 20 operations with 39 vessels and
1,130 men.

By type of fishery, the largest category is
trawling, with 21 ventures employing 34 ves-
sels. Tuna fishing operations, in Central and
South America, Samoa, and elsewhere, total
18, with 47 vessels. There are 11 pearl-cul-
turing and shell-gathering ventures in Burma
and Australia, one whaling operation in Brazil,
one mackerel fishing venture, one bottom gill-
net operation, and three programs for techni-
cal assistance to coastal fisheries. The ven-
tures in Central and South America are main-
ly by large-capital enterprises, while those in
Southeast Asia and other areas are principal-
ly by medium and small operators, with some
participation by big companies. (The Suisan
Tsushin, July 30).

Ok Kk OK

SOVIETS OBSERVE JAPANESE
FISHERIES CLOSELY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency inspector
who recently returned from the west Kamchat-
ka crab fishing grounds aboard the mothership
Yoko Maru has reported that the Russians are
diligently studying the fishery situation and
are most assiduous in their efforts to find out
about the Japanese situation. According to
his report, the Soviets do not change inspec-
tion personnel every year, as the Japanese
do. They assign the same specialists per-
manently, and these inspectors study their
subject very hard and have a detailed knowl-
edge of the situation, appearing to be much
concerned about the future. They are not
only interested in Japanese fishing, but show
a strong interest in the political side andask
many questions on every subject from per-
sonnel to policies.

The Russians use cotton nets and are back-
ward in technique, so they want to know every-
thing about Japanese fishing technology. The
Soviet fishermen, seeing the difference be-
tween their catches and the Japanese, accuse
the Japanese of violating regulations. When
the Japanese assert that they have stayed on
the prescribed grounds, the Russians say the
Japanese charts are incorrect. As a matter

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

of fact, it appears that the Soviet charts are
more accurate, because they are plotting the
ships' position by radar, while the Japanese,
who use celestial navigation, apparently do

make mistakes.

not show them. The only way to persuade
them that the Japanese ships are not off
limits is to take celestial observations to-
gether. (The Suisan Keizai, July 27, 1960.)

Kk KK X

TRAWLERS FIND GOOD FISHING
OFF FOREIGN COASTS:

The trawling operations conducted off
Africa, New Zealand, and Australia by a
large Japanese fishing company from its
Shimonoseki base are going well in allareas.
Off northwest Africa nearly 1,000 cases of
snapper are caught per day's fishing. Ofthe
company's two 1,500-ton trawlers which are
working off Africa, the No. 62 Taiyo Maru is
scheduled to return to Shimonoseki Septem-
ber 15, 1960, with about 1,000 tons of frozen
fish. The No. 63 Taiyo Maru will remain
longer in the area, returning to Japan at the
end of next January. Therefore the No. 63
Taiyo Maru's catch will be shipped to Japan
by freighter, the first shipment being ex-
pected at Yokohama in mid-September.

The No. 3 Taiyo Maru (500 tons gross),
which has been operating off northern Aus-
tralia, has completed fishing on her 5th
voyage, and was expected to return to Shi-
monoseki on August 13 with 16,000 cases
of fish. Ever since the first trawler sailed
to that area in August 1959, landings have
been good on every trip. At present it has
become a regular routine to take 32 days for
the round trip to and from the grounds, and
to fill the ship in 30 days of fishing.

The New Zealand grounds also continue to
offer good fishing, and the company's three
trawlers which operate there, the 750 gross
tons Nos. 56 and 57 Taiyo Maru and the 1,490
gross ton No. 61, “Taiyo Maru Maru, are continuing
profitable operations, taking catches which
run steadily about 60 percent snappers. In
August, the No. 61 Taiyo Maru was expected
to return to its base with about 1,000 metric
tons of fish, having completed a total of 8
trips.

With most of the company's trawlers
either working distant grounds or acting as

However, when the Japanese
ask to see the Soviet plotting charts, they will

Vol. 22, No. 10

carriers for the North Pacific fisheries, the
company now has only three trawlers still as-
signed to the East China Sea, and as two of
those were in dock during July, there was
only one fishing the nearby Japanese grounds.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, July 25, 1960.)

7K OK OK OK AK

NORTH PACIFIC WHALING
OPERATIONS, JULY 1960:

The Japanese North Pacific sperm whaling
fleet (No. 2 Zunan Maru) completed its catch
quota of 1,600 whales on August 1, 1960, after
a 2-months voyage. As of that date the baleen
whale fleet (Kyokuyo Maru) had taken 689.83
blue-whale units, out of a quota of 800. Pro-
duction as of August 1 for the No. 2 Zunan
Maru was 12,924 metric tons of sperm oil,
4,384 tons of frozen meat, 1,989 tons of salted
meat, and 109,511 pounds of liver oil. For the

Kyokuyo Maru it was 9,108 tons of baleen

whale oil, 16,489 tons of frozen meat, 537 tons
of salted meat, and 93,735 pounds of liver oil.
The meat is expected to sell for about the
same as last season's Antarctic production,
85,000 yen (US$236) a metric ton.

OK OK OK OK

WHALING INDUSTRY FAILS TO AGREE
ON USE OF FORMER BRITISH FLEET:

On August 1, 1960, Japanese Fishery Agen-
cy officials met with representatives of the
three Japanese Antarctic whaling companies
and the Whaling Association to try to work
out an acceptable arrangement for the addi-
tion of the recently-purchased British Ba-
laena whaling fleet. The conference ended in
failure as the Japanese purchasers of the Ba-
laena fleet will accept no special conditions
limiting operations, and the other two whaling
companies refuse to accept her on the Antare-
tic grounds on an equal basis with the present

six fleets. (The Suisan Keizai, August 2,
1960.)

aa
Liberia

MARITIME AND INLAND FISHING
REGULATIONS PUBLISHED:

The Liberian Department of Agriculture
and Commerce has published the first de-
tailed Maritime and Inland Fishing Regula-
tions to go into effect in Liberia. These reg-
ulations establish mandatory license fees,
authorize the Bureau of Fisheries to prohibit

October 1960

Liberia (Contd.):

fishing gear harmful to fishing resources, to
close any fishing zone because of overfishing,
establish mesh regulations, and require
monthly reports from the commercial fish-
ing industry. (United States Embassy in
Monrovia, August 5, 1960.)

Mexico

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
EARLY AUGUST 1960:

A sudden drop in ex-vessel shrimp prices, reopening of
negotiations between boat owners and cooperative fishermen,
and a late rainy season were among the noteworthy develop-
ments in Mexico’s shrimp fishing industry during late July
and early August 1960.

On August 4, following lower prices in the United States
shrimp market (reportedly due to heavy shrimp landings in
Texas), Mexican ex-vessel prices at Carmen-Campeche
dropped from 11 to 19 U. S. cents a pound. The sizes most
heavily hit were 21-35 count, which dropped 16 cents for 21-
25 count, 19 cents for 26-30, and 18 cents for 31-35. The
smallest drop (11 cents) was for 51-65 count. The remain-
ing size categories dropped 13 cents a pound. The drop in
ex-vessel prices was not so sharp on the Mexican west
coast. Prior to August 4, ex-vessel prices at Salina Cruz
had averaged 10-26 cents a pound lower than those quoted
at Carmen-Campeche.

Ex-Vessel Shrimp Prices at Carmen-Campeche and
Salina Cruz, August 4, 1960

(All Species)
Nonindependent
Vessels

Salina Cruz
(Brown Only)

The shrimp fishery out of Salina Cruz in early August
was in the slack season, The vessels were reported to be
averaging around 3,300 pounds for a 12-day trip.

Since the beginning of the closed season on July 16 a-
long the west coast areas of Sonora-Sinaloa, the Guaymas
and Mazatlan boats that are still operating have switched to
the west coast of Baja California. The trawling season in
the Sonora-Sinaloa area was expected to reopen in mid=
September.

Carmen-Campeche landings in July improved slightly
over those for June. Carmen landings averaged around
1,700 pounds per trip while those for Campeche were about
1,500. The run of white shrimp in this area which started
in mid-June passed its peak during the first week in July.
Landings at Carmen during the first week of July averaged
over 50 percent whites. For the remainder of the month

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

whites accounted for about 30 percent of the landings. At
Campeche whites dropped from about 10 percent during the
first week to less than 5 percent for the rest of the month.
For the month Carmen landings averaged about 50 percent
pink and those for Campeche were about 90 percent pink.

Carmen shrimp landings, as usual, were of smaller size
than those for Campeche, About 40 percent of the shrimp
landed at Carmen were 30 count and under, whereas about 70
percent of the Campeche landings were in this size group.

Negotiations between boat owners and cooperative fish-
ermen on the price of shrimp for the 1960/61 season were
resumed late in July. The deadline was August 13 and un-
less an agreement was reached or another extension ar~
rived at by that date, a tie-up on the part of the fishermen
was probable.

The late rainy season along the coasts of Sinaloa and
Sonora is likely to produce a smaller crop of shrimp than
that of the previous two years--which were record ones
for that‘area, As late as July 15 great expanses of nurs~
ery-ground areas were still not covered by water. (U~
nited States Embassy in Mexico City, August 15, 1960.)

FISHERY PRODUCTS REQUIRING
IMPORT LICENSES:

Effective June 4, 1960, Mexico has added
certain fishery products to the list of prod-
ucts requiring a prior import license from
the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. The
fishery products included in the list are: (1)
crustaceans and mollusks, fresh, chilled, or
frozen not specified; (2) preserved tuna, her-
ring, shrimp, crayfish, mackerel, and oysters
in airtight containers; and (3) preserved salm-
on and sardines in airtight containers, weigh-
ing with the immediate container up to 5 kilo-
grams (about 11 pounds), provided containers
are labeled to indicate contents.

The list of fishery products requiring prior
import licenses now includes canned shrimp
and other canned fish and shellfish. Smoked,
dried, cooked, or salted shrimp were listed
prior to the additions made effective by the
June 2 regulation.

KOK KK OK

IMPORT PERMIT FOR
FISH MEAL REQUIRED:

Effective July 15, 1960, fish meal importec
into Mexico was placed on the list of articles
subject to prior import permits from the
Ministry of Industry and Commerce. This
restriction includes the free zones and per-
imeters of the country.

The purpose of this action is to assure
that Mexican-produced meal will be utilized
before permits will be granted to import —
foreign meal. It is reported that before this

74

Mexico (Contd.):

order was issued sanitary permits had been
granted for the importation of about 15,000
tons of fish meal (mostly from Peru) since
the first of the year. (United States Embas-
sy in Mexico City, August 5, 1960.)

Morocco

FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL-JUNE 1960:
The Moroccan Central Committee for Ma-
rine Fishing met in April of this year to
study the problems of fishing in Morocco
and to draw up recommendations for presen-
tation to the Government. The subcommit-
tee which examined the status of coastal fish-
ing recommended that construction be begun
on trawlers with more powerful motors so
that the fishing fleet could keep abreast of
the demands of the market. The committee
also recommended that studies be begun of
the eventual construction of a Moroccan deep-
sea fishing fleet. The subcommittee also
recommended that the port of Mehdia (Keni-
tra) be rebuilt because of its location near
the most productive fishing banks.

Export figures for canned sardines were
announced during the second quarter. The
fish-canning industry, which was pessimistic

-at the beginning of 1960, is now optimistic.
The final export total of canned sardines for

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

1959 was 29,906 metric tons as compared
with 26,468 tons in 1958. France was the
largest importer of Moroccan canned sar-
dines (12,475 tons, an increase of 60 percent
over 1958). Other large importers were
West Germany (5,399 tons, up from 2,500 in
1958); British territories in Africa, 1,839
tons; and French territories in Africa, 2,050
tons. The United States imported 885 tons of
canned sardines from Morocco in 1959.

Exports of canned fish for the first four
months of 1960 showed an increase over the
same period of 1959. La Vie Economique of
May 20, 1960, without giving specific figures,
stated that France remained the principal im-
porter, the devaluation of the ''Morocean franc
in October 1959 having enabled Morocco to
place its canned fish products on the French
market at an advantageous price.’ Following
are comparative export figures for the first
four months of 1958, 1959, and 1960:

6,900 | 7,000

The Federation des Industries de la Con-
serve au Maroc (the Moroccan Canner's As-
sociation) signed a contract during the April-
June 1960 quarter with the Soviet Union to
deliver 65,000 cases of sardines from this
year's catch. In 1959, the canner's associa-
tion agreed to send 35,000 cases to the Soviet
Union, but it was unable to deliver more than
15,000 cases since the contract was notsigned
until too late in the year.

The fish-canning industry is satisfied with
the progress of the 1960 fishing season. The
supply of fish has been more than adequate,
and, there being no serious labor difficulties,
no difficulty is foreseen in meeting the de-
mands of the market. In this connection it
has been noted that the earthquake at Agadir
in February has not affected the supply of
fish in Moroccan waters. It was feared that
the earthquake might in some way have upset
the natural balance of marine life in that area.
The good run of fish this year and studies of
the ocean floor, which revealed no major
changes, have laid these fearsto rest. (United
States Embassy, Rabat, July 15, 1960.)

Ball

October 1960

Netherlands

WITHDRAWAL FROM WHALING
CONVENTION APPROVED
BY PARLIAMENT:

The Netherlands Second Chamber of Par-
liament on July 13, 1960, passed a bill en-
dorsing Dutch withdrawal from the Interna-
tional Whaling Convention. The actual with-
drawal took place in the summer of 1959
after the Whaling Commission had refused
to grant the Dutch whaling fleet 8 percent of
the 15,000 blue-whale units set as the sea-
son's maximum total Antarctic pelagic catch.
The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
stated that in fact the Dutch whaling fleet had
caught only 6.7 percent of the total number of
blue-whale units in the 1959/60 season, while
in the previous season it had caught slightly
over 6.7 percent of the quota for that Season.
(United States Embassy in the Hague, July 15,
1960.)

kk Kk

TWO BILLS ON WHALING PASSED BY
SECOND CHAMBER OF PARLIAMENT:

On July 13, 1960, the Second Chamber of
the Netherlands Parliament approved two
bills concerning whaling. The First Cham-
ber, however, adjourned on July 26 without
considering them, so their enactment could
not take place until after the First Chamber
reconvened on September 13.

The first bill, consisting of only two arti-
cles, ratifies the Netherlands! withdrawal
from the International Whaling Convention,
1946. (Netherlands withdrew from the Con-
vention effective June 30, 1959.) The second
bill prohibits the taking of whales by Dutch
vessels without a permit from the Ministry
of Agriculture and Fisheries and provides
that the issuance of permits shall be subject
to regulations designed to protect whale
stocks and to further scientific research in
this field, The regulations are to be issued
by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
and may be repealed or amended by Inulin, JAN
procedure for appealing against the Minister's
decision is also provided.

The bill concerning Netherlands! with-
drawal from the International Whaling Con-
vention is intended merely to ratify action
already taken by the Netherlands Govern-
ment. Should the Government decide in the
future to re-adhere to the Convention, it —
could presumably do so on its own initiative

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

and then subsequently seek Parliamentary ap-
proval, just as it is now seeking such approval
for its withdrawal.

The intention of the second bill is to give
the Government legal competence to regulate
whaling by Dutch vessels, since Dutch whaling
is no longer subject to the provisions of the
International Whaling Convention or to the
regulations of the International Whaling Com-
mission. In explaining the provisions of the
bill to the Chamber, Minister of Agriculture
Marijnen stated that the Government considers
it its duty to cooperate in conserving whale
stocks, but he indicated that for the time being
there would be no regulations limiting the size
of catches or fixing the opening and closing
dates of the whaling season.

Debate on the two bills was largely limited
to statements by a Socialist member of Par-
liament known for his interest in conservation.
He strongly attacked the Government's with-
drawal from the Convention as a coercive
measure which did not refleet to the Nether-
lands! credit in international affairs and char-
acterized the regulations proposed by the Gov-
ernment under the second bill as inadequate
for the conservation of whale stocks. (United
States Embassy in the Hague, August 1, 1960.)

Che

Norway

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

Production of fish meal in Norway is based mainly on her~
ring and waste from the fish~filleting plants. As the demand
from the rapidly expanding mink farms for filleting plant
waste has been increasing, less waste has been available for
fish meal. The prices paid by the mink farms for fish waste
are substantially higher than those which the fish~meal indus-

Table 1 - Norwegian Production of Fish Meal and Oil,
=1959

100,000

Herring meal...-.--eeeese- 5
7 18,900

Other fish meal1/

Fish Oil:
‘old-cleared cod-liver oil ..
Other fish-liver oill.....--- °
Herring of] ..--.-2++++++: 5

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

try can afford to pay. Norwegian winter herring are there-
fore the principal raw material for reduction into fish meal.
The average ex-vessel price for herring in 1959 was 25.75

Table 2 - Norwegian Exports Bs Hae oe 1958= Hee

Product and Destinations

Czechoslovakia .....
East Germany ...
evil soado00 a
Grease snoocooc
Italy ...... ages
Switzerland ......
West Germany ...
Austria yes 6 jsyeves<
WEA? BOG oOCaG .
Belgium and Luxembourg .
IMEMOS oooceoancooOS
Netherlands ..........
(CEMEGR Gonos cocco0o5 5
United’States\i-)<)s ee ees ele
WEEE) scocnscoccKCoOD OS
IyeWal soe eo sooescn es
Colombiatererenerelenenetenstoncieie
FEM G GoooodoGeGOoOb OD

Veterinary Fish-Liver Oil:
Kinlandeyeeeeceiereioen:

Austria ........ dete .
Belgium and Luxembourg 5
GreatiBritainin-pateisuenoieterete
Denmarkerepstenctonsisreionenoncne

°
°
e
°
e
.

Netherlands ...........
WMexicokpereieichencietoneiienerere
Braziliegeietovenseetaieraeneneners
PEM osococecagccc0cn$
New Zealand ........2.
1G CNS GS oo cCaDoCOdDS
(OUMNH Go coacccacconaccas

Other Fish=Liver Oil:
Poland 2G smiickass cee
Czechoslovakia .......
SP Gono caooocoUGs
WERK? Gogoccodooccas
SWedenreetetsiorslenioicieneis
West Germany........
LEGGE, Go aos6nceGo0o
Belgium and Luxembourg
Denmark irs cleleicteletecsla
IEEE gocooosdccas
Netherlands ... °
Great Britain .. .
United States .. .
Mexicoyseis cic ciovereterenc

Brazil leererateiateteteters

sree liveveroiers
ONGHeaseohagés

.
°
.
.
.

Vol. 22, No. 10

kroner per hectoliter (1.8 U.S. cents a pound) compared with
21.78 kroner. per hectoliter (1.5 cents a pound) in 1958.

During 1957 production of fish solubles was slightly above
2,000 metric tons. Production has been declining since 1957
and it is now negligible. The reason is that the market price
for solubles has been low. The reduction plants have found it
more advantageous to mix the solubles with the meal, thereby
raising the meal’s protein content.

The average prices to the principal export markets as of
March 1960 were as follows:

US$ a
Product Metric Ton
Rishi (herring) imecl trey lolitas 131

Fish (herring) oil... ............-.

There are approximately 70 reduction plants in Norway
with a capacity of approximately 37,200 metric tons per
day of raw material,

Imports of raw herring oil amounted to 39,478 tons in
1959 as compared with 6,632 tons in 1958. No other fish
body oils were imported.

With a few exceptions, marine oils may be imported free
of duty. There is no duty on the following: crude whale oil,
crude sperm and bottlenose oil, crude herring oil, crude
seal oil, shark-liver oil, and all fish-liver oils. The rate
of duty on marine fats, including spermaceti, is 0.16 kroner
per kilogram (1 cent a pound).

All types of marine oils are free of import restrictions
except refined fats and refined oils which are subject to
import licensing by the Ministry of Commerce. (United
States Embassy, Oslo, July 12, 1960.)

% KE KOK OK

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF
MARINE OILS AND THEIR PRODUCTS;
EXPORTS OF HERRING MEAL, 1959:

In 1959, Norwegian imports of all types
of marine oils and byproducts amounted to
56.548 metric tons, valued at almost US$11.0
million. Imports of marine oils exclusively,
amounted to 56,547 tons--12,333 tons, or
21.9 percent, of the total was imported from
the United States (table 1).

The same year, Norwegian exports of all
types of marine oils and byproducts amounted
to 186,265 tons, valued at US$40.9 million, of
which 757.3 tons, or 0.5 percent were ex-
ported to the United States (table 2). The
amount of marine-oil exports to the United
States may have been greater, but the exact
amount cannot be ascertained because cer-
tain categories of exports do not show coun-
try -of-destination detail.

The United States was the principal buyer
of medicinal cod-liver oils, and also bought
some residual fish-liver oils.

Norwegian exports of herring meal in
1959 amounted to 71,101 tons, valued

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

Metric 1,000 1,000

Origin st
United Kingdom 5,429.5 8,565.4 1,200.0
Japan 2 13.9 19

7
5,432.2 :

Denmark
| Sweden
United Kingdom
West Germany
Iceland
Portugal
Morocco
Portugese W. Africa

High Potency (Vitamin A
Fish-Liver Oil:

United States
Netherlands
Union of 8. Africa
Japan

Canada

Others

edicinal Cod-Liver Oil:

‘ish-Liver Oil: Denmar
West Germany

United Kingdom
Iceland
Peru

1
1
0
5
3
oil
of)
aaawea ott me OPES AIOE A120
au
0
A
1
5
0
9

Fish-Liver Oil, Pale:

Others 0.8
Industrial and Mixed Iceland be 2,188.4
Fish-Liver Oils, Red Peru 1258 126.3
Others 0.4 0.9
[lee wee ey eee
United States vio} 98.6
Sweden 1,446. 736.1
West German Sitios 304.2
er eaeoteliimmaeninten Eman hOon4al MalISEEaa
Iceland cD 0.0m CORE
Total ROOF Ol |iammNEG OR
Denmark 26.3
West Germany 1,105.6
Union of South Arfica 107.4
Japan 190.0
Peru 480.5
(a a EO
[Total Marine Oils [56,547.1 | 78,406.4 |
Refined Marine Fats: Swe er ROO TO
pets ecrotalc oO |
Olen Marine Fats; {West Gpbmmeny ar
(PRa eee worl i neeaeial bare Ris gel Nakee Wis el
permaceti, Crude, i
Pressed or Refined: West Germany sed :
Total (Rec toweees SOE Dane ET

ie)
es)

Grand Total 78,40 ,

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Table 2 - Norwegian Exports of Marine Oils, and Their Products, 1959

T Country of Metric 1,000
ype Destination Tons Kr ,

hale Oil, Crude 92,719 131,421
Sperm and Bottlenose Oil, Crude[ Total = 13,408 14,890
Seal Oil, Crude: Finland 1

3
Sweden 4
France
Italy

Netherlands

West Germany 4,069
Others 12 22
3,248 4,434
erring Oil, Crude: Italy 18 22
Czechoslovakia 94 94

West Germany
Austria
Australia

United States
Finland
Netherlands
Czechoslovakia

edicinal Cod-Liver Oil:

United Kingdom
Switzerland

United States
Denmark
France

Italy

Spain

United Kingdom
West Germany

Residual Fish-Liver Oils:

Marine Oils, Refined, Edible:

1,026 1,868

(Continued on the following page.)

October 1960

Norway (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

18)

Table 2 ~ Norwegian Exports of Marine Oils, and Their Products, 1959 (Continued

Type
Marine Oils, Refined, Inedible:

Other Fish-Liver Oil,
Except Residual and
Brown Oil:

Marine Oils of All Kinds,
Boiled, Oxidized,
Sulphurated, Blown or
Polymerized by Heat in
Vacuum or in Inert Gas:

Edible Marine Fats and Oils,
Hydrogenated:

Other Marine Fats and Oils,
Hydrogenated:

Spermaceti, Crude, Pressed
or Refined:

Country of 1,000 US$
Destination Tons 1.000

Sweden 41 76 :
France
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
West Germany
Austria
Brazil
India
Israel
Pakistan
Others

Total 2,359 3,621 506
Sweden 133 387 54
France 13}7/ 382 54
Italy 490 720 101
The Netherlands 226 1,016 142
Poland 503 708 99
Spain 594 1,069 150
United Kingdom 72 1,296 182
Czechoslovakia 1,947 2,921 409
West Germany 2,158 2,920 409
Israel 75 317 44
Mexico 260 372 52
Brazil 465 697 98
Others eeele2) 2,764 387
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Belgium & Luxembourg iG
West Germany 111
Netherlands 76
Greece 16
Algiers 114
Indonesia 14
Pakistan 2
Others

Total
Total Marine Oils 133,210

[1,223 |
[192,219 |
[tee ____ sit a
42
27
26
10
31
PSEC

i

Italy
Czechoslovakia
Poland

7
/

ie

11

6

6

Rumania 2

Others 7

erie eee erie

(oe)
NI
aN
NI

Spermaceti, Other Total

Other Marine Oils and Fats, ime ater

' Crude or Refined Total iLil
Grand Total i 186,265

Less than 1,000 tons and US$1,000.

er
i

6
4
4
1
4
19
6
2

40,85

291,659

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Norway (Contd.):

Table 3 - Norwegian Exports of Herring Meal, 1959.

Belgium & Luxembourg
France

ltaly

Netherlands

United Kingdom
Switzerland

at US$12.4 million or close to US$174.36 a
metric ton. None was shipped to the United
States (table 3). (United States Foreign
Agricultural Service Report, Copenhagen,
April 12, 1960 and July 27, 1960.)

Note: Values converted at rate of 1 Norwegian krone equals
US$0. 1401.

FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL-JUNE 1960:
Total landings from the Norwegian cod
fisheries during the second quarter of 1960,

declined to 40,475 metric tons from about
63,638 tons for the same period of 1959.
Total cod landings January 1-June 18, 1960,
were only 111,059 tons as compared with
139,649 tons during the same period of 1959.
The five-year average for 1955-1959 was
136,482 tons.

The Parliament on June 2, appropriated
20 million kroner (US$2.8 million) to aid
fishing vessel owners who have encountered
financial difficulties as a result of the failure
of the winter herring fisheries during the
last three years. The money is to be used
for low-interest loans to the owners for
maintenance, repair, and purchase of fishing
equipment.

North Norway fishermen have persisted
in their demand that the Government should
extend the fishing limit to 12 miles. Follow-
ing the breakdown of the Law of the Sea Con-
ference at Geneva, the Norwegian Foreign
Minister stated in the Storting that Norway
would in time move to extend its territorial
waters for fisheries purposes. West Coast
fishermen have objected to this announced
delay by the Government. The Minister of
Fisheries subsequently indicated in a press
statement that it was not likely any exten-

sion would occur before 1961. Meanwhile,
the Norwegian Government has undertaken
bilateral discussions with the United Kingdom
on fishing limits. (United States Embassy in
Oslo, report of July 19, 1960.)

kK KX

WHALING INDUSTRY TRENDS, JULY 1960:

The Norwegian whaling expeditions par-
ticipating in the 1959/60 Antarctic pelagic
whaling season ended operations on April 7,
1960, with production sharply below that of
the preceding season. Total whale-oil pro-
duction dropped from 118,800 long tons in the
1958/59 season to 98,000 tons in 1959/60, and
sperm-oil production dropped from 14,000
tons to about 10,600 tons. The drop in pro-
duction is reported to be due to stormy weath-
er and to declining whale stocks.

No official statement as of mid-July had
been made on Norway's participation in the
1960/61 whaling season in the Antarctic. How-
ever, newspaper articles have pointed to the
possibility of a reduction in the number of
Norwegian expeditions because of the gener-
ally unfavorable results of the past season.
These articles appeared after it had been an-
nounced that the International Whaling Com-
mission at its London meeting in June had
recommended the suspension of the over-all
whaling quota for the next two years, subject
to the retention of national quotas.

Although Norway is no longer a member
of the International Whaling Convention, the
Government nevertheless sent an official ob-
server to the London meeting. As of the end
of June the Norwegian Government had given
no public indication of its reaction to the
Commission's recommendation. (U. S. Em-
bassy in Oslo, July 19, 1960.)

kK kk

NORWEGIAN COMPANY SELLS
LAND-BASED WHALING STATION:
According to recent press reports, a Nor-
wegian firm of Ténsberg, Norway, has sold
its land-based whaling station, Husvik Har-
bour, in South Georgia, together with the sup-
ply ship Teie and two catcher boats. (United
States Embassy, Oslo, August 19, 1960.)

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

Panama

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

There are two fish-meal plants in Panama, one on Taboga
Island and the other at Puerto de Caimito, about 15 miles
west of Panama City. Each plant has a capacity of 8 to 10
short tons of raw fish per hour. Both have unloading pumps.
The Taboga plant dries by hot air through a cyclone dryer,
reputedly the only one in Latin America. The Caimito plant
uses indirect heat from steam to dry the fish meal. The cook-
er and press of the Taboga plant are used equipment from
the United States, and the dryer was constructed locally. The
machinery of the Caimito plant was all used previously in the
United States. Both plants now use settling tanks for separa-
ting the oil but expect to install centrifuges to improve the
quality of the oil in the near future. The two plants have no
plans at present to utilize the stickwater or for the produc-
tion of fish solubles.

The Taboga plant started with the idea of using the fish
caught by the shrimp trawlers, but soon abandoned this as
impractical and turned to purse seines for catching ancho-

veta or ‘‘sardina agallona’’ (Cetengraulis mysticetus) and
thread herring or ‘‘arenque’’ (Opisthonema libertate).

In 1959 about 9,500 short tons of fish were processed
which yielded an estimated 2,000 tons of fish meal, The
composition of the catch used for reduction was about 62.5
percent anchoveta and 37.5 percent thread herring. The
processors much prefer the thread herring to the anchoveta
as it is easier to work and yields a greater percentage of oil.
If the anchoveta is not strictly fresh, it is difficult to press
and the resultant meal contains a very high oil content. At
times it is impossible to press at all unless mixed with

thread herring or very fresh anchoveta, This same complaint
against anchoveta was encountered in Venezuela. Neither in
Venezuela nor in Panama do the plants use formalin and/or
sodium nitrite. It is likely, however, that these preservatives
will be used in Panama in the near future.

The fish oil produced by the two reduction plants is sold
locally, reportedly for soap making. The producing plants do
not analyze the oil. Oil yield varies considerably depending
upon the species and condition of the fish. The thread herring,
it is claimed, produces more oil than the anchoveta. Recov-
ery of as much as 6 percent, ona raw-fish weight basis, has
been reported for thread herring. At times no oil is recov
ered from anchoveta.

Generally a higher protein percentage is yielded by thread
herring meal than by anchoveta meal. Anchoveta meal usu-
ally runs between 60 and 65 percent protein and thread her-
ring between 65 and 70 percent.

Table 1 - Analyses of Three Samples of Panamanian
Fish Meal

Ep ern (Percent) Weyatsotere) Nekoney< onel

67.10
2,75
6.07
0.13
0.30

The vessels used in the fish-meal industry are factory~
owned. Only two vessels were operating in late June as the
Taboga plant was shut down for repairs. The Caimito plant
has only one purse~seiner, but is purchasing the catch from
another vessel at a reported US$10 a short ton. The SNES
price is paid for thread herring as for anchoveta. Paper
lined burlap bags holding 100 pounds of fish meal are
made locally and cost 30 cents each.

The price of local fish meal depends upon whether it is
sold in small amounts or in quantity lots, and whether it
is picked up at the plant or delivered to the buyer’s ware-~
house, One firm quoted a price of 7 U.S. cents per pound
for fish oil.

Table 2 - July 1960 Prices Quoted for Fish Meal by
Panamanian Reduction Plant

, Delivered Delivered to
Quantity at Plant Customer's Warehouse

135.00

130.00

The Panamanian fish-meal producers are well protected
by tariff. Import duty on fish meal is US$0.20 per gross
kilo plus one percent of the f.o.b. valuation at port of em-
barkation. On fish meal valued at $100 a short ton at port
os Syst eer the per-ton duty would amount to over

182.

No severance tax is charged for catching fish for re-
duction purposes. There are no export duties or restric-
tions on exports. Although one government source stated
that there were no restrictions on imports of fish meal other
than duties, the producers claimed that imports are not al-
lowed if local fish meal is available.

In spite of heavy import duties, duming 1959 Panama im-
ported about 1,700 metric tons of fish meal and exported a-
bout 1,400 metric tons. The producers operated only during
part of 1959 and for about five months no local fish meal was
available; consequently, imports were permitted. It was re-
ported that supplies of this imported meal were still on hand
in late July 1960 and sales of local meal were moving slowly.
According to official records, no fish meal was imported dur-
ing 1958.

The Caimito plant recently installed a pump for unloading
fish, but the problem still remains that only 2 or 3 hours at
each high tide are available for unloading. The plant is under
new management and plans are being considered for pro-
viding longer unloading periods and at least two additional
vessels for its fleet.

The Toboga plant, during the height of the 1959 season
had five seiners working. Three of these have been recon-
verted to shrimp trawling because of the amount of fish
meal on hand and world marketing conditions.

Panama fish-meal producers claim that the local market
absorbs less than 1,000 tons of meal a year. Local con~
sumption probably will increase since it is understood that
the government is sponsoring programs for increasing poul-
try and livestock raising.

There appears to be sufficient raw material available for
the two Panama plants to supply the country’s present and
future fish meal needs for some time to come. With the cur-
rent world price of meal, Panama producers claim they can-
not now export at a profit. When marketing conditions im-
prove, Panama should be in a position to export several
thousand tons of fish meal a year. It does not seem likely
that Panama will ever be able to export large quantities of
fish meal since the supplies of raw material appear to be
limited, according to a July 29, 1960, dispatch from the We
nited States Embassy in Mexico City.

82

Portugal

FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1960:

As of mid-July 1960, the Portuguese fishing season was
not sufficiently advanced for accurate assessment of the
prospects for 1960. However, the catch on the Greenland
Banks, where the cod-fishing fleet was fishing in July, was
much more favorable this year. This is welcome news after
the poor catches of 1958 and 1959. According to reliable i
sources, the cod-fishing fleet caught fish at a rate of 50 per-
cent higher than that of the 1959 season, in which the catch
was 53,344 metric tons of wet-salted cod. Dried cod was
in adequate supply for consumers during the second quarter
of 1960 and the press has not reported further incidents of
hoarding and sales at prices above those fixed by the gov-
ernment,

Reports from the sardine fishing areas indicated that
the catch promises to be a large one again this year, but
this will remain uncertain until after the important months
of August and September. Preliminary figures on the sar-
dine catch for January-May provided by the Fisheries Com
mission show a total of 15,314 tons as compared with
11,586 tons for the same period of 1959.

Prices paid for sardines have been higher this year.
During the first quarter, the value per ton of the respective
catches was about 3,652 escudos (US$127.69) a ton for 1960
as against 2,619 escudos (US$91.57) a ton during the first
quarter of 1959. One factor in the higher prices paid this
year is the substantial reduction of stocks of canned sar-
dines which had affected the market, particularly in the
northern part of the country, ever since the high production
years of 1957 and 1958. The reduction of those stocks is a
healthy development which should make for a more orderly
market.

Canned fish production in the first quarter of 1960 ex-
ceeded that of 1959. According to official statistics, 2,295
tons of sardines and 504 tons of tuna were produced as com-
pared with 1,907 tons and 126 tons, respectively, in 1959.
Canned anchovy production, however, is less so far this year.
Production is thought to be affected by the large volume of
1959 production and exports (6,210.4 tons), and the relatively
low prices obtained recently for anchovies. Exports of canned
fish declined during the first quarter of 1960, and canned sar-
dine exports were 11 percent less than in the first quarter of
T9595

The Portuguese Government by Decree No. 43056 of July 8,
1960, authorized the Fund for the Renovation and Reequipment
of the Fishing Industry to issue its third series of bonds to fi-
nance projects under the Second Six-Year Development Plan,
The new financing is in the amount of 24 million escudos
(US$840,000) and is not earmarked for specific projects, but
will assist in the financing of any projects which may have
been included in the development plan, (United States Em-
bassy report from Lisbon, July 22, 1960.)

ok ok kk

FISHING INDUSTRY RENOVATION AND
REEQUIPMENT BOND
ISSUE AUTHORIZED: its
The Portuguese Ministries of Finance
and Navy have published a joint decree (No.
43056 published in the Diario do Governo of
July 8, 1960), authorizing the issuance of
bonds to a total of 24 million escudos
(US$840,000) bearing an interest rate of 4
percent for the use of the special Govern-
ment Fund for the Renovation and Reequip-
ment of the Fishing Industry. The Fund au-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

thority is also authorized to make appropriate
arrangements with the Caixa Geral de Deposi-
tos, Credito e Previdencia or any other na-
tional credit institution for the sale of these
bonds either to said institutions or to the
public. (United States Embassy, Lisbon,

July 21, 1960.)

% OK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

Production of fish meal in Portugal is
small. In 1958, the most recent year for
which statistics are available, 230 metric
tons of fish meal and 150 tons of fish oil
were produced. Both meal and oil are pro-
duced almost exclusively from waste of sar-
dine canneries.

The fish meal and oil industry in continen-
tal Portugal is an adjunct to the sardine can-
ning industry rather than an industry in its
own right. There is no fishing of any impor-
tance directly for the reduction plants.

There are no special government aids to
the industry and no special taxes or restric-
tions on foreign trade. As might be expected
from the type of production, there are prac-
tically no exports. On the contrary, some
imported Angolan fish meal is consumed in
continental Portugal. There is also a sub-
stantial transit trade in fish meal from the
Portuguese African provinces through met-
ropolitan Portugal to European countries,
chiefly Germany.

It may be of interest to mention the prices
currently quoted in Lisbon for Angolan fish
meal and oil. Angolan fish meal with a pro-
tein content of 60 percent or more, and with-
out a guarantee as to the absence of salmonel-
la, is quoted at about $70 per metric ton
f.o.b. Angola. Fish oil is currently quoted at
10.5 to 11.2 U. S. cents (3.00 to 3.20 escudos)
per kilo f.o.b. Angola.

Two of Portugal's cod trawlers and four
high-seas trawlers have pilot.installations
on board for the production of fish meal. An-
nual production of these vessels is estimated
by a trade source at about 10 metric tons.
(United States Embassy, Lisbon, August 5,
1960.)

4 Faso

October 1960

Sierra Leone

FISHING INDUSTRY
DEVELOPING RAPIDLY:

Tuna: In recent months large schools of
tuna have been found in the Atlantic Ocean
well outside the territorial waters of Sierra
Leone (in West Africa next to Liberia), but
within easy reachof Freetown, the capital,
states an information release by the Sierra
Leone Department of Information.

United States and Japanese tuna fishing
vessels have undertaken exploratory surveys
in the coastal waters with the result that a
large United States tuna canning firm has
started buying tuna from Japanese and Span-
ish clippers in Freetown. The landing and
storage are carried out by an Italian firm at
Kissy, near Freetown, for ultimate shipment
to the United States.

Between January 20 and May 24 this year,
30 tuna vessels arrived in Freetown. At
present 29 Africans are permanently em-
ployed by the Italian firm for handling tuna.

According to the news release, this could
be the beginning of a new industry. If a can-
nery can be set up in Freetown (which has
the best natural harbor in West Africa) and
worked with local labor, Sierra Leone can-
ned tuna might one day bring a valuable in-
come from the markets of the world.

The officer-in-charge of the Sierra Leone
Government Fisheries Development and Re-
search Unit states that, ''the future of the
fishing industry in Sierra Leone is tuna; iWs
a big earning crop and it is highly valuable."

Other Fishery Developments: From an
undeveloped industry which mainly consisted
of indigenous fishermen going out to fish in
small canoes, Sierra Leone's incustry has
developed into an organized industry. This
progress is reflected in the increase in the
tonnage and value of fish landings; the tech-
niques, the encouragement by Government
of foreign firms, and the benefits accrued
from research carried out by the Govern
ment Fisheries Development and Research
Unit at Kissy, which replaced the West Afri-
can Fisheries Research Institute in October
Oo Die

In 1959, landings by ten trawlers were
about 273,301 cases of demersal fish, weigh-
ing about 2,375 metric tons and having a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

83

landed value of £146,796 (US$411,000). The
species landed included skate, shark, ladyfish,
whiting, gwangwa, sheephead, crocus, snapper,
catfish, and sole.

Total fishery landings in Sierra Leone for
1959 are estimated at 23,750 metric tons,
compared with an estimate of 5,000 tons in
1945.

In Sierra Leone there has been an enormous
increase in the number of fishermen--there
are now about 3,000 bonga canoes, where there
were only 300 in1945. Yeligungu nets arenow
used for bonga fishing as well as the original
ae oe aaer the latest novelty is the Ghanaian

ali-net.

At Lumley Beach and at Murray Town
(about 4 miles from Freetown) trawlers land
their catch. In 1945 there were no trawlers
in Sierra Leone; now there are 10, some
owned by European companies, others by
Africans.

The Government encourages foreign in-
vestors, especially those who welcome Sierra
Leonean participation and provide training
facilities for Sierra Leoneans. This policy
has yielded good results.

One of the fishing companies participating
in Sierra Leone's fishing industry was orig-
inally formed in Liberia seven years ago.
The company started operating in Sierra Leone
in December 1959 when it bought up an Italian
firm. Its headquarters are at Murray Town.
It owns 3 large trawlers which go out fishing
every other day and 2 small ones which fish
daily. They go as far as 60 miles down the
coast. This company has a staff of 14 Ital-
ians and 100 Sierra Leoneans who are em-
ployed as fishermen, net menders, carpen-
ters, machinists, mechanics, salesmen, and
clerks. It has two stores in Murray Town.

There are other fishing enterprises in
Sierra Leone run jointly by foreign and local
capital. One example of this is one in Saw-
pit, Freetown.

Sierra Leone is the only country on the
West Coast of Africa which has passed legis-
lation to conserve its fisheries. The Fisher-
ies Development and Research Unit has im-
plemented protective measures to prevent
overfishing. Big trawlers are not allowed to
fish within one mile of the coast and in any of
of the estuaries. The Unit has introduced

84

Sierra Leone (Contd.):

set nets to charter boats and it conducts fish
preservation experiments. In addition, it
carries out biological work to assist in the
implementation of mesh-size regulations.

Fishing boats 28 feet long built in Ghana
are made available to local fishermen by the
Unit. Applications are received from local
fishermen, and successful applicants are
given a loan which they repay under a re-
volving loan scheme. Local fishermen are
also trained by the Unit. The fishing boats
are for the development of inshore fisheries.
The Unit helps indigenous fishermen with
set nets. Those with money buy the charter
boats which cost £1,700 ($4,800) each.

Sierra Leone's fishing industry falls into
two categories: (1) inshore fishing which
consists of the charter boats and the large
Italian-type trawlers; and (2) the offshore
pelagic fishery for tuna.

A recent successful introduction has been
the set net which is now in great demand by
Sierra Leone canoe fishermen and promises
to be a useful means of increasing their catch
rate. (United States Consulate, Freetown,
July 27, 1960.)

Turkey

TERRITORIAL WATERS LIMIT SET
FOR NAVIGATION AND FISHING:

According to a report published in the
Greek fisheries periodical Alieia (July 1960),
the Turkish Committee of the he National Salva-

SG

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 22, No. 10

tion of the General Gioursel Government has
voted a new law for Turkish territorial wa-

ters. The law fixes Turkish territorial wa-
ters at six nautical miles for navigation and
12 nautical miles for fishing.

al
Union of South Africa

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1959:

In 1959, the Union of South Africa imported
almost 11.9 million pounds of fish and shell-
fish products valued at US$4.1 million. The
same year the Union of South Africa exported
132.9 million pounds of edible fish and shell-
fish products, valued at $28.7 million; 5.8
million Imperial gallons of fish-body and liver
oils, valued at $3.9 million; and 219.2 million
pounds of fish meal, valued at $13.0 million.

Table 1 - Union of South Africa Imports of Fish
and Shellfish Products, 1959

112,226 313, 672
910 a 543

Hr 8 66, 285 | 15,298 an
66

3, Us 9 HE 22 || dy soos 648
1,303.3 164,980 461, 119
ee 8 ee 902 33, 266

From United States
Sardines in Oil, Canned
(Includes Sild, Brisling,
and Sildines):

TO: i ate:
Other Preserved, Canned
Etc.
Total
From United States
Salmon, Canned:

Total 1, | 2064 4 | 25,00 | 607 583, 057
From United States 1, 137 3, 178

Fish, Fresh,

South African- aught:
Total
Fish, Fresh, not South
TNs San-Caugyt:
Total

From United States

Fish, Dried
“Salted and Cured:
Total
From United States

532.1 131,909 | 368, 686
39,665 | 110, 864
3, 384.9 191, on 535,751
3.1 1, 482

Fish, Preserved,
not Canned:
Total Bee 2 77,524 216, 680
From United States ie 757 4,911

Grand Total 11,8 = z 1,475, 607

ra, 2a, 322
Grand Total from
United States 41.6 16, 392 45, 816

- A. - Not Available.

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Union of South Africa (Contd.):

Table 2 - Union of South Africa Exports of Edible Fish
and Shellfish Products, by Country of Destination, 1959

Product
and Destination

Fish, fresh and frozen:
~ United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Nigeria
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Mozambique
Angola
Ships' Stores
Mauritius
Others
eel 5 6 pH Oo oO GO
Pilchards, canned:
United States
United Kingdom
Ceylon
Malaya
Ghana
Nigeria
Pacific Islands
ngo

Philippine Islands
Burm

Fish, dried, salted
and cured:
United States
Australia
Ghana
Mauritius
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Belgian Congo
Reunion
Fr. Equatorial Africa
Others

Spiny Lobster Tails,
frozen:
United States
United Kingdom
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
France

Spiny Lobster, canned:
United States
United Kingdom
Canada
Belgium
Congo
France
Western Germany
Others.
Total...
Fish Fry and Ova:
Total _.

Total

Fish, other--canned,

other than canned, etc.:

United States

United Kingdom

Ceylon

New Zealand

Malaya (Singapore)

Ghana

Nigeria

Mauritius

Quantity i Value

1,000 Lbs.

361.3
1, 351.2
10, 175.3
238.9

6, 207.6
868.5
619.5
608.0
536.0
414.7

458.5
23, 679.6
1,621.2
8,465.7
12, 125.7
1,246.2
1,202.0
1, 392.7
24, 200.0
4,152.0

plus U1

z US$
19,554
82,421

608, 676
6, 866

289, 131
26, 629
16, 651
49, 395
24,510
18, 853

54, 654
230, 367
1,701, 249
19, 190
808, 121
74, 428
46,540
138,060
68, 505
52,694

2,729,979 | 7, 630, 291
61, 490

65.9 20, 343
38.1 9,766
67.5 21,891
9,639.0 |2, 803,979 |
185.41 72,912
Uo 2,925
8.3 3, 250
29.8 11,701
9.3 3, 707
124.4 49,043
105.7 41,538
13.7 5,064
[___ 483.8 | 190,140 | 531,441]
anes,
2,719.2 | 123,402| 344,909
591.0 28, 307 79, 118
148.6 7,506 20,979
566.1 51,451 | 143,806
402.5 46,542 | 130,085
5,300.1 | 288,315} 805, 840
115.4 5, 390 15,065
431.9 23,741 66, 356

(Continued)

85

Table 2 - Union of South Africa Exports of Edible Fish and
Shellfish Products, by Country of Destination, 1959 (Contd.) |

Product
and Destination

Value

Br. West Indies
Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Pacific Island

Congo

Philippines

Venemela

Liberia

Burma

Others

Grand Total, Edible

1, 808.8 997,286| 2,787,414
132,940. 2] 10, 258,992] 28, 673, 88

South African imports of fishery products
from the United States amounted to US$45,800
or 1.1 percent of the total value of fishery
products imported. Exports of edible fishand
shellfish products to the United States totaled
US$8.3 million. Frozen spiny lobster tails was
the principal fishery product exported to the
United States; in fact, the United States bought
97.4 percent of those exports.

Table 3 - Union of South Africa Exports of Fishery Byproducts,
by Country of Destination, 1959

Product
and Destination

Fishery Byproducts:
Fish Meal:

1,000 Lbs.

United States 23,510.4
United Kingdom 79,580. 4
Canada 660.0

9, 391.0

y 829.4
Rhodesia and Nyasaland 11,052.8
Congo 514.0

France
Westem Germany
‘The Netherlands

6, 346.6
32, 664.7
8,403.2

Italy 1,521.0
Yugoslavia 12, 462.8
Philippines 534.5

29, 491.8

Isr:
Oo 2,204.9

DeETS

Total fish meal... .

Imp. Gals.

Fish-Liver Oil:
“United States
United Kingdom

29, 276
3,047
149, 303

Fish-Liver Oil,
concentrated--Total . .
ish -Body Oil:
“United States
United Kingdom

Australia
The Netherlands

Others

8
Total fish-body oil ..|5, 628, 617 1,282, 394| 3,584,291

vand Total fish oils . . . [5,817,964 | 1,388,046] 3, 879,589

The most important customer for all South
African fishery products and byproducts in
1959 was the United Kingdom, which dollar-
wise imported US$11.9 million, followed by

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Union of South Africa (Contd.):

the United States which imported US$9.7 mil-
lion. (U. S. Consulate dispatch, Cape Town,
June 29, 1960.)

Note: Values converted at rate of L1 equals US$2.795.

7 KK Ok 2k

LANDINGS OF PILCHARD-MAASBANKER
AS OF JUNE 30 EXCEEDED
1959 SEASON TOTAL:

The Union of South Africa's commercial
fishing industry has had exceptionally good

landings of pilchards, maasbanker, and mack-

erel during the current fishing season. Up
to the end of June 1960, about 150 vessels
landed 300,000 short tons of pilchards and
maasbanker, and 27,000 tons of mackerel.
The landings through June exceeded the en-
tire landings for the 1959 season which
ended on July 31.

The landings by the Union of South African

vessels as of the end of June do not include
the South-West African landings, usually
equal to the Union's. The next pilchard sea-
son will begin in Union waters on January 1,
1961, and the maasbanker and mackerel sea-
son on November 1, 1960. (United States
Embassy, Pretoria, August 11, 1960.)

Union of South Africa

and South-West Africa

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY TRENDS,
JANUARY-MAY 1960:

The production capacity of fish meal and oil reduction
plants in the Union of South Africa and South-West Africa is
limited by annual quotas on the pilchard-maasbanker catch.
The limit in effect this year in South-West Africa is 310,000
short tons for the combined catch of pilchards and maas~-
banker, The annual quota limit for pilchards and maas-
banker in the Union of South Africa still remains at 250,000
tons. In the event that the landings have not reached the
quota limit by September 1, it has been the policy of the
South African Division of Fisheries to permit the season
to remain open until such time as the limit is reached, or
to December 31, the close of the quota year. In theory,
fishing vessels may continue catching pilchards and maas~
banker until September 1 even though the quota has been
exceeded before that date. Actually the 1959 season was
declared closed on August 14, due to the high proportion of
immature fish being landed and it was voluntarily agreed
between industry and the Division of Fisheries that the 1960
season closeon July 31 because of heavy landings.

Fishing vessels until June 1960 were paid a uniform
price of #4.12.6d, per short ton (about US$12.95) in the
Union of South Africa for pilchards, maasbanker, and

Vol. 22, No. 10

mackerel. Because of the sharp drop in fish-meal prices,
fishermen accepted a voluntary 123 -percent reduction for
the months of June and July.

Available information indicates that reduction plants in
South-West Africa (Walvis Bay) are paying the vessels
#4.10.0. ($12.60) a short ton for pilchards and maasbanker
this year.

Fish-meal production by the Union of South Africa
for the first five months of 1960 amounted to 61,287 short
tons as compared with 39,167 tons produced in January-
May 1959. Production of fish meal by South-West Africa
January-~May 1960 totaled 20,381 short tons, an increase
of 27.8 percent from the 15,949 tons produced in the same
5-months period of 1959. The production of fish meal
during January-May 1960 by both South Africa and South-
West Africa totaled 81,668 tons or an increase of 48.2 per~
cent from the 55,116 tons produced in the same period of
1959. Export prices for fish meal c.i.f. United Kingdom as
of mid-1960 were about £35.00 per long ton or US$87.50 a
short ton.

Estimated production of fish oil from January=May
1960 in the Union is 20,000 long tons and 5,000 long tons
in South-West Africa. This compares with 11,159 long
tons in the Union and 4,201 long tons in South-West Africa
for the same period of 1959. Export prices for fish oil
c.i.f. United Kingdom in mid-1960 were about £55.00 a
long ton or about US$137.50 a short ton.

Fish-solubles production statistics are not available.
A considerable portion of this production is mixed with
fish meal. Actual exports of solubles are estimated to be
between 2,500 and 3,000 tons per year. The last sale of
this item from the Union was made in May 1960 ata
price of £45.0.0d. per long ton (about US$126.00 a long
ton or $110.50 a short ton) c.i.f. Europe.

Aside from the exceptionally large landings of pil-
chard-maasbanker made in South African and South-West
African waters, another feature of the present season
is the good oil yield. It is estimated that the total fish-
oil production for the Union and South-West Africa will
amount to approximately 75,000 long tons in 1960.

U.S.S.R.

FISHERY CONFERENCE IN RIGA:

During January 7-9, this year, there was
a conference in Riga of fishery people from
the northwestern part of the Soviet Union and
of scientists from all over Russia. The trade
paper Rybnoe Hozjaistvo, issue no. 4, 1960,
reported that there was good fishing in the
Atlantic Ocean in 1959. The catch was 13
percent greater than in 1958 despite smaller
herring catches. The average yield, both for
herring trawlers and bottom trawlers in-
creased in 1959--""Murmanseld" in Murmansk
especially showed good results.

In 1959, 36 medium trawlers each caught
over 10,000 hectoliters (930 metric tons) of
herring. A trawler from Karelen had the
largest catch--12,750 hectoliters (1,186 tons).

The fishing area was enlarged, especially
for the medium trawlers, which, in addition

October 1960

WaSe seeker (Contds):

to gill-net fishing for herring in the Norwe-
gian Sea also did well fishing with bottom
trawls for groundfish and herring in the
Western Atlantic, North Sea, and Barents
Sea.

Good catches were obtained in the sar-
dine fishery in the central Atlantic. Vessels
from Kalingrad and Kherson took part in that
fishery.

There were deficiencies and weaknesses
in many areas--especially in the utilization
and disposition of vessels and raw material.
Also organization and experience were lack-
ing in important areas.

The planned U.S. S. R. goals for 1959
were not met. During the first 9 months
barely two-thirds of the active portion of
the fleet fulfilled the planned quota. The
catch of the remaining vessels was, in part,
well under the average for the fleet as a
whole.

Personnel, especially in the fleet from
Kalingrad and Latvia, were unstable and
there was considerable replacement. For
example, 80 percent of the captains in Kali-
ingrad's fleet were replaced in 1958/59, and
for Latvia there was even greater turnover.

The fishing fleet lost considerable time
waiting for the floating factoryships and the
motherships as well as when going to and
from the fishing grounds. Some of the ves-
sel groups used up to 16 percent of their
time in unproductive cruising.

The use of mechanical equipment and
fishing gear was not efficient. Expenses
were heavy, which led to a significant in-
crease in the cost of fish, especially her-
ring.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

The effort to find and utilize new fishing
grounds was not given adequate attention.
Therefore, too great a concentration of fish-
ing vessels occurred in the Norwegian Sea
which led to poorer yields and reduced ef-
fectiveness.

The lack of research vessels in the fish-
ery research service hindered, to a great de-
gree, the Kalingrad area in increasing its
fishing operations in the central and western
parts of the Atlantic.

For 1960, there is foreseen a significant
intensification of effort to discover new fish-
ing areas in the northwesterly and central
parts of the Atlantic. The scientific institu-
tions--Vairo, Baltniro and Pinro--were given
the task of developing a concrete plan, by
March 10, 1960, for expanding the herring
fishery in the northwestern Atlantic areas to-
gether with working out a cooperative method
for research. To carry out the work the Mur-
mansk and Kalingrad areas are being allotted
four vessels of the ''Ocean" ype.

To meet the increasing demand for re-
search and to discover new fishing grounds,
it is considered necessary to build a series
of exploratory vessels and fishery research
vessels of the "Orlik" trawler-type which
was built in East Germany.

It is also considered necessary to expand
international cooperation in the fields of fish-
ery research and regulations for the fisher-
ies--especially an intimate cooperation with
Poland and East Germany which are said to
have greater experience than the Russians
about fishing in the North Atlantic and the
North Sea.

A further curtailment of the spring her-
ring fishery is considered worthwhile. In its
place a maximum number of medium trawlers
will fish in the spring and summer seasons
for groundfish and herring in the northwest-
ern part of the Atlantic, North Sea, and Bar-
ents Sea. A concrete plan has been developed
for organizing the 1960 fishing of the medium
trawlers for the ocean perch and herring fisher-
ies in those areas. (Fiskets Gang, July 14, 1960)

KOK KOK

FISHING FLEET ON
NEWFOUNDLAND BANKS:

The biggest fishing fleet ever sent by the
Soviet Union to the Newfoundland banks is re-

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. S. R. (Contd.):

ported to have arrived this season, putting in
the shade the "traditional" fleets of Portu-
guese, Spanish, and French vessels fishing
there.

A total of 160 Russian vessels with total
erews of 25,000 are reported to be fishing in
the area.

The result is a renewed appeal from the
Newfoundlanders themselves that fleet
strength should be limited by the Interna-
tional Commission for Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries.

As the Russian vessels bring their own
supplies, even the advantage of stocking up
in Newfoundland has been denied to the is-
landers. (The Fishing News, July 29, 1960.)

United Kingdom

NEW INTEREST RATES ON FISHERIES
LOANS EFFECTIVE JUNE 20:

The British White Fish Authority announced
that, as a result of a recent increase in the
rates of interest charged to them by H. M.
Treasury, some of their own rates were
changed as from June 20, 1960.

The new rates are:--

On loans for not more than 5 years, 53
percent: no change.

On loans for more than 5 years but not
more than 10 years, 6 percent: increase =
percent.

On loans for more than 10 years but not
more than 15 years, 63 percent: increase +
percent.

On loans for more than 15 years, 6% per-
cent: no change.

ok OK Kk

THREE FREEZER-TYPE TRAWLERS
TO BE ADDED TO FLEET:

British distant-water trawler owners, faced by the dual
menace of dwindling catches and narrowing fishing limits,

are building what promises to be the world’s finest fishing
fleet of trawlers for freezing fish at sea.

Vol. 22, No. 10

The latest, largest, and most up to date of the vessels
has been ordered by a Hull company. She will be the first
British side-trawler to freeze the whole of her catch at sea,
This means that she will sail farther and can stay out long-
er, yet her catch will be landed in good condition.

The first all-freeze vessel will be 230 feet in length
(214 feet between perpendiculars)=--nearly 30 feet longer
than the largest British trawlers at present in commission,
She will be Diesel-electric powered, and have a hold capac
ity of 560,000 pounds per trip.

An Aberdeen firm has been given the contract to build
the revolutionary new vessel. The vessel will have a
freezing capacity of about 49,000 pounds a day. The trawler
will be capable of making trips of about four weeks’ duration,
but it is not certain yet how many men will be carried. The
vessel is expected to have a speed of about 14} knots, and de-
livery is expected towards the end of 1961.

Two other British companies are already engaged in
building freezerships. In September 1959 a Hull firm an-
nounced its plan to build a super-trawler of 220 feet in
length, which will be named the Lord Nelson. She will be
launched from a German shipyard this autumn,

The Lord Nelson will freeze only part of her catch.
She will be Britain’s first distant-water stern-fishing vessel,
as distinguished from the Fairtry factoryship-type vessel.

————

The Fairtry I, a British factoryship trawler.

A third Hull firm has now entered the field, and has also
placed an order for a freezer-trawler. This vessel may
freeze all or part of her catch, but details of her size and
equipment still remain tobe decided. Like the first freezer=
trawler, she will be built in Britain.

The three Fairtry vessels also freeze their catch at
sea, but they are factoryships of more than 2,000 tons.
Double the size of an average trawler, they process and fil-
let their catch on board. They carry a crew of 50 or more,
and stay at sea for three months at a time against the con~
ventional trawlers’ average of three weeks per trip, (Fish
Trades Gazette, July 9, 1960.)

Venezuela

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY:

Venezuela has five fish-meal plants in operation and two
under construction. The operating plants are all located on
the Gulf of Cariaco and were installed to handle the waste

from the sardine (Clupanadon pseudohispanicos) canning

October 1960

Venezuela (Contd.):

operations. Four of these plants are located in or near
Cumana and one is on the Isla Mariquitar. The total capac=
ity of the 5 plants is about 22 tons of raw fish or fish waste_
per hour. One of the new plants will be located on the Isla
Mariquitar and will have a capacity of 5 tons of raw fish per
hour. The second new plant will be a floating reduction plant
with a capacity of 73 tons of raw fish per hour,

Four of the active fish-meal plants have used equipment
from the United States. The plant with the smallest capacity
was purchased new from Denmark. Three of the plants use
steam as a source of heat for drying the fish meal and two
use a direct flame process.

The operating plants produce fish meal only and no oil or
stickwater is saved. Of the plants under construction, one--
being mounted on a barge~~is planned for producing both oil
and solubles. The solubles will be put back into the fish meal.
The other will produce fish meal and oil but no solubles, Both
will use indirect heat for drying the fish meal.

Total consumption of fish meal in Venezuela in 1959 is es-
timated to have been about 7,000 metric tons. Of this amount,
2,300 tons were produced locally and the remainder imported.
The production of fish meal in 1959 was up about 10 percent
from the 2,100 tons produced in 1958. No fish oil was pro-
duced locally.

Imports of fish body oil during the first 11 months of 1959
amounted to 3.5 tons, valued at US$2,460. Of this total the
United States supplied 1.1 tons, valued at $1,832 and Norway
2.4 tons valued at $630.

The bulk of the fish meal is from sardine waste from the
fish canneries, but some fish meal is produced from tuna
waste. In August 1959, the Government permitted the use of
whole ‘‘rabo amarillo’’ (Centengraulis edentulus) for making
meal. About 1,500 tons of ‘‘rabo amarillo’’ were taken dur-
ing 1959, but owing to processing difficulties, only about
180 tons of fish meal were produced.

Of the three types of fish meal, that produced from tuna
waste yields the highest protein content and that from sardine
waste the lowest. Tuna-waste meal generally has 65-70 per-
cent protein. ‘‘Rabo amarillo’’ runs 60-65 percent, and sar~
dine waste from 50-60 percent.

Most of the fishermen in the sardine fishery are ona
straight salary basis during the fishing season, the height of

Table 1 - Venezuela’s Fish Meal Production, 1955-59

| 1/Approximation.

which is between November or December through July or Au-
gust. The fishermen are provided with nets (now nylon) and
are paid a daily wage of about US$2.25 a day plus 15 U.S.
cents for each trip of fish. The fishermen usually average
one or two trips a day and consequently their wage runs be-
tween $2.40 and $2.55 a day. The factory supplies the fish-
ing gear and picks up the fish. The fishermen provide the

labor and their -own food.

The nets are beach seines from about 136.7 yards to 328.1
yards long and 19.7 to 26.2 yards deep. The mesh of the body
is 4-inch square and that of the wings 1-inch square. From
10 to 20 or more men are employed for each beach seine.

All fishing is during the day. A lookout is maintained on
a hilltop and as a school of sardines approaches shore the
fishermen, using non-motored skiffs, are directed from the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

hilltop on the setting of the seine. The catch, which may run
as much as 400 tons but usually between 15 and 30 tons, is
towed to the beach and maintained there alive either in the
seine in which it was caught or ina smaller net. If addition-
al fish are caught before the first catch has gone to the can-
nery the later arrivals are incorporated with the earlier by
bringing the net and catch around the first impounded fish

and removing the inner net. By this means, if fishing is good,
some fish may be in the impoundment for two or three months.
The fish are transported to the cannery at night either in mo-
tor launches or in barges towed by motor launches.

The ‘‘rabo amarillo’”’ is captured in the same fashion as
the sardine. It is not taken in the Gulf of Cariaco but along
the north shore of the Peninsula de Araya and around the Is-
lands of Coche and Margarita, For '’rabo amarillo’’ the fish-
ermen are paid 25 to 30 bolivars (US$7.51-9.01) a metric ton.
The nets are furnished by the plant.

If a cannery does not have reduction equipment or if its e-
quipment is not operating, the usual practice is to send the
cannery waste to another plant where the processing is done
for 50 percent of the meal produced.

The Venezuelan Government does not permit the use of
whole sardines for making fish meal. Until 1959 (with the ex-
ception of a few months in 1957) the use of any whole fish for
making fish meal was prohibited. In 1959, after the sardine
season was about over, the Government, in attempting to en-
courage greater fish~meal production, allowed the use of
whole ‘‘rabo amarillo,”’ ‘‘machuelo’’ (Opisthonema oglinum)
and bagre (marine catfishes) for meal production.

Table 2 - Venezuelan FishyMeal Analyses

Sardine
Waste

Sardine
Waste

Tuna |Amarillo’’
Waste | (Whole)

[Product

Import duty on fish meal is high. It is 0.15 bolivars per
gross kilogram, which amounts to over US$41 per gross
short ton, Import duty on fish oil (not including cod-liver
oil) is also high at 1.20 bolivars per gross kilogram which
is over US$0.16 per gross pound,

Meal in large amounts sells for 500 bolivars a metric
ton and in small amounts for 560 bolivars. These prices
are f.o.b.)plant and amount to about US$132 and $152, re-
spectively, a short ton. It is understood that locally~pro-
duced meal must first be used before meal can be import-
ed.

Although no fish meal is exported from Venezuela, there
are no export duties or restrictions on the export of fish
meal or fish oil. No severance taxes are charged for catch-
ing fish for meal or for canning.

One of the two plants under construction will be mounted
on a barge and based at Isla Coche. The equipment for this
plant is used machinery of conventional design purchased in
the United States. Plans call for producing oil and concen=
trating the stickwater and putting it back into the fish meal.
The fish meal will be dried by indirect heat produced by
steam, The principal source of raw material will be ‘‘rabo
amarillo.”’

The prccessing machinery for the Punta de Piedras plant
is locally designed and is being constructed locally. The de~
sign is somewhat revolutionary in concept in that it is under-
stood that the fish, chiefly ‘‘rabo amarillo,’’ will be cut by
hand, cooked, drained, pressed under cloth and dried ona

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Venezuela (Contd.):

Vol. 22, No.10

Table 3 = Venezuelan Fish Meal Imports, 1955-58 and First 11 Months of 1959

United States ..«seccccccccecscccn
ANAC AY. erele\ ots lelctelale)oleleietelel=\elslsieltele

ReriteperctenelciedeiciatctalsieleKokeVslelial kerala)
Portugalyy cyojsielele)e)siels) (s\la)els\llsllelelelas)0

CXICO . sec ec cer vecces eeeseene

Other 1/

conveyor mechanism under indirect heat. Half way through
the conveyor the drying product will be given one turn. On
completion of drying, which will take about one hour, the
product will be double milled and sacked.

According to the designer the drying mechanism will serve
a dual purpose. In addition to drying meal it will be used to
precook sardines prior to canning. The immediate use, how-
ever, will be for drying fish for meal from ‘‘rabo amarillo”’
and machuelo, The canning machinery will be installed at a
later date.

The local Venezuelan market now consumes about 7,000
metric tons of fish meal a year. At present fish meal is sold
at a fixed price per ton irrespective of protein content. The

_ game price is paid for 50 percent protein fish meal as for 70
percent. It is expected, however, that this procedure will
change in the near future and prices will be based on actual
protein value. Current annual production of meal is 4,000 to
5,000 tons below annual consumption. Government policy is
protectionist and is encouraging meal production.

The Government is sponsoring programs for increased
egg, hog, and cattle production which should, as these pro-
grams develop, stimulate increased fish-meal consumption.

Waste from sardine and tuna canneries has been able to
produce less than half the fish-meal requirements of the
country, There is little likelihood that there will be any
great increase in fish-meal production from these sources
in the immediate future, and it is unlikely that the use of
whole sardines for making fish meal will be permitted.

However, there appear to be relatively large resources
of ‘‘rabo amarillo’’ and ‘‘machuelo’’ which probably can sup
ply the local fish-meal demand for the immediate future. The
plants, in their initial experiments with ‘‘rabo amarillo,’’ en~
countered technical difficulties in processing this fish when
it was not extremely fresh. It is believed, with proper tech-
nical direction, that these difficulties can be overcome. Con-
sequently it is anticipated that within the next few years Ven-
ezuela probably will be self sufficient with respect to fish
meal,

It is unlikely, owing to fishing methods and production
costs, that Venezuela will be in a position to export fish meal
in the foreseeable future. (American Embassy, Mexico, D.F.,
July 29, 1960.)

ALGAE BANK GETS FUNDS FOR NEXT FIVE YEARS

An algae "bank" of more than 800 strains, studied as a possible
food to meet the threat of overpopulation, will be supported by a grant

of $34,600 forthe nextfive years fromthe National Science Founda-
tion. The research is being carried on at Indiana University.

The algae are grown in glass tubes in a constant temperature
under continuous fluorescent lighting. They are studied as a food
and used in genetics research. They may possibly be grown on fu-
ture space flights as food for space travelers. Science News Let-

ter, April 2, 1960.

October 1960

Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

EFFECTIVE DATE OF FOOD
ADDITIVES STATUTE IS EXTENDED
FOR ADDITIONAL ITEMS:

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act, has designated (Federal Register, Au-
gust 4, 1960) additional food additives which
can be used in foods either directly or indi-
rectly under certain specified conditions for
a period of 1 year from March 6, 1960, or
until regulations have been issued establish-
ing or denying tolerances or exemptions. On

the basis of data supplied, the Commissioner

has found that no undue risk to the public
health is involved and that conditions exist
that make necessary the prescribing of an
additional period of time for obtaining toler-
ances or denials of tolerances or for grant-
ing exemption from tolerances.

One list contains 18 and a second list an
additional 18 items (including sodium nitrate
or a combination of sodium nitrate and sodi-
um nitrite) as direct additives to food; a
third list contains about 125 items as indi-
rect additives to food. In many instances the
tolerance limit is given, where applicable,
and the specified uses or restrictions are
specified.

Also, the Commissioner proposes to add
about 39 nutrients incorporated in dietary
food supplements.

Kk KOK OK

PROPOSAL TO ADD CERTAIN
SYNTHETIC FLAVORINGS TO
SUBSTANCES RECOGNIZED AS SAFE:

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act, proposed to amend the food additives
regulations to exempt certain synthetic fla-

ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

voring substances used as additives from the
requirement of tolerances by adding them to
the list of substances generally recognized

as safe (Federal Register, August 12, 1960.)

The list of synthetic flavorings contains
about 27 items.

OK OK KOK

EFFECTIVE DATE OF FOOD ADDITIVES
STATUTE EXTENDED FOR
SYNTHETIC FLAVORINGS:

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act, has designated (Federal Register, Au-
gust 13, 1960) synthetic flavoring substances
and adjuncts which can be used in foods either
directly or indirectly under certain specified
conditions for a period of 1 year from March
1, 1960, or until regulations have been issued
establishing or denying tolerances or exemp-
tions. On the basis of data supplied, the Com-
missioner has found that no undue risk to the
public health is involved and that conditions
exist that make necessary the prescribing
of an additional period of time for obtaining
tolerances or denials of tolerances or for
granting exemption from tolerances.

The list contains hundreds of synthetic
flavoring substances and adjuncts used as
direct additives to food.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

FEDERAL CODE OF REGULATIONS FOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE REVISED:

A revision of Title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations, which contains all regulations
pertaining to fish and wildlife as adminis-
tered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
and its two bureaus--Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife--appeared in the September 1,
1960, Part II issue of the Federal Register.

92

Chapter I covers the regulations of the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and
includes the following subchapters: general
provisions; hunting and possession of wild-
life; the National Wildlife Refuge System;
management of Wildlife Research Areas;
management of Fisheries Conservation
Areas; and Federal Aid to States in fish and
wildlife restoration.

Chapter II covers the regulations of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and includes
the following subchapters: general provisions;
North Pacific commercial fisheries; aquatic
mammals other than whales; whaling; North-
west Atlantic commercial fisheries; aid to
fisheries; processed fishery products, pro-
cessed products thereof, and certain other
processed food products.

Chapter III covers international regula-
tory agencies (fishing and whaling) and in-
cludes the following subchapters: Interna-
tional Pacific Halibut Commission; Interna-
tional Whaling Commission.

KK OK OK

UNITED STATES WHALING
REGULATIONS BROUGHT UP TO DATE:
The provisions of the whaling regulations,
as originally embodied in the schedule an-
nexed to the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling signed at Washington,
December 2, 1946, by the United States and
certain other Governments have been amend-
ed several times by the International Whaling
Commission. The last amendments were
made in October 1959 and January 1960.
Therefore, the United States whaling regula-
tions, as last amended on October 5, 1959,
and January 3, 1960, have been edited to con-
form in numbering, internal references, and
similar items to regulations of the Admin-
istrative Committee of the Federal Register,
but no changes have been made in the sub-
stantive provisions. The regulations are ap-
plicable to nationals and whaling enterprises
of the United States.

The regulations as amended and republish-
ed appeared in the August 17, 1960, Federal
Register. The regulations cover inspection;
killing of gray or white whales prohibited;
killing of calves or suckling whales prohibi-
ted; operationof factoryships limited; closed
area for factoryshipsin Antarctic; limitations
on the taking of humpback whales; closed sea-
sons for pelagic whaling for baleen and sperm
whales; minimum size limits; closed seasons
for land stations; use of factoryships in waters
other than south of 40° §S. latitude; limitations

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

on processing of whales; prompt processing
required; remuneration of employees; sub-
mission of laws and regulations; submission
of statistical data; factoryship operations
within territorial waters; and definitions.

N ] Fisheries Reyiew, June 1960 p. 68,

lote: See
May (1960) p. 71.

KOK OK KK

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

QUALITY STANDARDS ESTABLISHED
FOR FROZEN SHRIMP:

Voluntary standards for the production of
high-quality, frozen, raw, headless shrimp
have been approved, the Department of the
Interior announced August 11, 1960. The stand-
ards were published in the Federal Register
of August 11, 1960, and became effective
September 10, 1960. The notice of intention
to establish standards was carried in the
Federal Register on May 7, 1960.

The standards were developed by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries after months
of research. Well-advertised public meetings
in Los Angeles, New Orleans, Chicago, Jack-
sonville, and Corpus Christi, were attended
by interested industry groups, consumer rep-
resentatives, and representatives of the Na-
tional Fisheries Institute. Suggestions made
as a result of these and other contacts were
all given full consideration and many of them
were adopted.

Shrimp is the most valuable fishery re-
source of the United States. In 1959, the
United States catch amounted to about 142
million pounds, with the heads removed.
More than 80 percent of the catch was landed

| at Gulf of Mexico ports from Texas to Florida,

about 11 percent at South Atlantic ports, and
about eight percent at Pacific Coast ports.
Texas was the biggest producing state, follow-
ed by Louisiana and Florida. The shrimp
catch in 1959 was valued at nearly 60 million
dollars to the fishermen.

Acceptance of the quality standards by in-
dividual firms is entirely volunary. Firms
with USDI continuous inspection service will

| have the right to so inform the consumer by

appropriate markings on the product package.

Quality standards have already been es-
tablished for frozen fish sticks, raw frozen
breaded shrimp, frozen raw halibut steaks,
frozen haddock fillets, cod fillets, rawbreaded
fish portions, frozen fish blocks, and frozen
salmon steaks.

October 1960

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies also announces that 34 processing firms

Title 50-—WILDLIFE

Chapter I—Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER K—PROCESSED FISHERY PROD-
UCTS, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND
CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS

PART 182—UNITED STATES STAND-
ARDS FOR GRADES OF FROZEN
RAW HEADLESS SHRIMP *

On page 4114 of the FEDERAL REGISTER
of May 7, 1960, there was published a
notice and text of a proposed new Part
182 of Title 50, Code of Federal Regula-
tions. The purpose of the new part is
to issue United States Standards for
Grades of Frozen Raw Headless Shrimp
under the authority transferred to the
Department of the Interior by section
6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of Au-
gust 8, 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e).

Interested persons were given until
June 6, 1960, to submit written comments,
suggestions or objections with respect
to the proposed new part. Comments
were received and considered and the
Proposed new part is hereby adopted
with minor changes and is set forth
below. This amendment shall become
effective at the beginning of the 30th
calendar day following the date of this
publieation in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

Dated: August 5, 1960.

FRED G. AANDAHL,
Acting Secretary of the Interior.

Propuct DESCRIPTION, GRADES AND SIZES

Sec.

182.1 Product description.

182.2 Grades of frozen raw headless shrimp,
182.3 Sizes of frozen raw headless shrimp.

FACTORS OF QUALITY AND GRADE
182.11 Ascertaining the grade.
DEFINITIONS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS
182.21 Definitions and methods of analysis.
Lot CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES
182.25 Tolerances for certification of offi-
cially drawn samples.
Score SHEET
182.31 Score sheet for frozen raw headless
shrimp.
AvuTHORITY: §§ 182.1 to 182.31 issued under
sec. 6(a), Fish and Wildlife Act of August 8,
1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e), and sec. 205(b), Agri-

cultural Marketing Act of August 14, 1946, as
amended (7 U.S.C. 1624(b)).

Propuct DESCRIPTION, GRADES AND SIZES
§ 182.1 Product description.

Frozen raw headless shrimp are clean,
wholesome, headless, shell-on shrimp of
the regular commercial species. They
are sorted for size, packed, and frozen in
accordance with good commercial prac-
tice and are maintained at temperatures
necessary for the preservation of the
product.

§ 182.2 Grades of frozen raw headless
shrimp.

(a) “U.S. Grade A” or “U.S. Fancy” is
the quality of frozen raw headless shrimp

21Compliance with the provisions of these
standards shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of a single commercial count that pos-
Sess a good flavor and odor, that are of a
reasonably uniform color, and that for
those factors which are rated in accord-
ance with the scoring system outlined in
the following sections, the total score is
not less than 90 points.

(b) “U.S. Grade B” or “U.S. Good” is
the quality of frozen raw headless shrimp
of a single commercial count that pos-
sess at least reasonably good flavor and
odor, and that for those factors which
are rated in accordance with the scoring
system outlined in the following sections,
the total score is not less than 80 points.

(c) “U.S. Grade C” or “U.S. Commer-
cial” is the quality of frozen raw headless
shrimp of a single commercial count that
possess at least reasonably good flavor
and odor, and that for those factors
which are rated in accordance with the
Scoring system outlined in the following
sections, the total score is not less than
70 points.

(d) “Substandard” is the quality of
frozen raw headless shrimp that fail to
meet the requirements of “U.S. Grade
C” or “U.S. Commercial.”

§ 182.3 Sizes of frozen raw headless
shrimp.

The average weight and number of
shrimp per pound (count) of frozen raw
headless shrimp are not factors of quale
ity in determining the grade of the prod-
uct. However the degree of conformity
of the weights of the individual shrimp
to the average weight of shrimp in the
sample is rated since it is a factor affect-
ing the utility of the product. Descrip-
tive size names are not recommended.
The commercial count (number per
pound) and descriptive size names, if
used, shall conform to one of the follow-
ing categories:

Number of

shrimp per
Commercial count—|pound (average)| Descriptive

Number of ae imp size name
er poun
Pore Over—| Not
over—

WUniderl0seseeccene=|-eeen=—=| 9.9 | Extra colossal.
10-15_- 9.9 15.0 | Colossal.
16-20... 15.0 20.0 | Extra jumbo.
21-25... 20.0 25.0 bo.
26-30. 25.0 30.0 | Extra large.
31-35. 30.0 35.0 ne
36-42. 35.0 42.0 | Medium large.
43-50... 42.0 50.0 edium.
51-60... 50.0 60.0 5
61-70... 60.0} 70.0 | Extra small,
Over 70... 70h) |bepaonc} ‘iny.

—
FAcTORS OF QUALITY AND GRADE

§ 182.11 Ascertaining the grade.

(a) General. In addition to consid-
ering other requirements outlined in the
standards, the grade is ascertained by
observing the product in the frozen,
thawed, and cooked states and is evalu-
ated by considering the following:

(1) Factors rated by score points.
The quality of the product with respect
to factors scored is expressed numeri-
cally. Factors rated by score points are:
dehydration; deterioration; black spot
on shell or loose membrane only; black
spot on meat; broken, damaged and
pieces of shrimp; legs, loose shell, and
flippers; heads an unacceptable shrimp;
extraneous materiais; uniformity of size;
and the texture of the cooked product.

93

now have the right to use the Department of
the Interior shields of quality.

Cumulative point deductions from the
maximum possible score of 100 are as-
sessed for variations of quality for each
factor in accordance with the schedule
in Table I. The minimum score is 0.

(2) Factor not rated by score points.
The factor of “flavor and odor” is evalu-
ated organolepticaliy after the product
has been cooked in a suitable manner,
and is defined as follows:

(i) Good flavor and odor. “Good
flavor and odor” (essential requirement
for a Grade A product) means that the
product has the good flavor and odor
characteristic of freshly caught, chilled
shrimp and is free from off-flavors and
off-odors of any kind. The presence of
iodoform-like flavor and odor is not to
be construed as off-flavor and off-odor.

(ii) Reasonably good flavor and odor.
“Reasonably good flavor and odor”
(minimum requirement of Grade B and
Grade C products) means that the prod-
uct may be somewhat lacking in the good
flavor and odor characteristic of freshly
caught, chilled shrimp but is free from
objectionable off-flavors and objection-
able off-odors of any kind.

DEFINITIONS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS
§ 182.21 Definitions and methods of

analysis.

(a) “Count,” or number of shrimp per
pound, is determined by dividing the
number of shrimp in the package by the
actual net weight in pounds of the
shrimp.

(b) “Net weight” of the shrimp is de-
termined as follows:

(1) Equipment needed. (i) Container,
4-gallon or more capacity;

(ii) Source of running water that can
be maintained at 75°-85° F; with hose of
sufficient length to reach the bottom of
the container;

ii) Balance accurate to 0.01 ounce,
or 0.1 gram;

(iv) U.S. standard wire sieve, ASTM
No. 20, 12-inch diameter.

(2) Procedure. Place the frozen
shrimp in the 4-gallon container into
which fresh water of a temperature from
15° to 85° F. is introduced from the bot-
tom at a flow of approximately six gal-
lons per minute. After any glaze has
been removed and the shrimp separate
easily, empty the contents of the con-
tainer through the tared sieve, spreading
the shrimp out-evenly. Tilt the sieve at
approximately a 45-degree angle to facil-
itate drainage; drain the shrimp for 2
minutes; and then weigh the sieve and
contents. The net weight is the weight
of the sieve and contents minus the
weight of the sieve.

(c) “Cooked in:a suitable manner”
means that a thawed sample of the prod-
uct has been cooked by the following
method:

Place 2 to 4 ounces of peeled deveined and
rinsed shrimp in a boilable plastic bag with
¥%-cup of salt solution (1 teaspoon salt dis-
solved in 1 pint or 2 cups of water). Adda
2-ounce stainless steel weight or snap a
large clip on bottom of bag. Suspend the
bag in a kettle of boiling water and return
the water to @ boil as rapidly as possible.
(More than one sample may be cooked at a
time, as long as the water will return to a
boil within 2 minutes). After the water is
boiling, cook according to the following
timetable:

94

Remove from bag, drain, and cool to approxi-
mately room temperature (do not refrigerate)
for evaluation of flavor and odor.

(d) “Dehydration” refers to the oc-
currence of a whitish area on the ex-
posed ends of the shrimp, due to the
drying of the affected area, and to a
generally desiccated appearance of the
meat after the shell is removed.

(e) “Deterioration” refers to any de-
tectable change from the normal good
quality of freshly caught shrimp. It is
evaluated by noting deviations of the
odor of the thawed product from the
normal odor of freshly caught shrimp.

(1) “Slight deterioration” means that
the shrimp lack the pleasant odor char-
acteristic of freshly caught shrimp.

(2) “Moderate deterioration” means
that the shrimp have slight off-odors.

(3) “Marked deterioration” means
that the shrimp have definite off-odors,
but are not spoiled.

(4) “Excessive deterioration” means
that the shrimp have a definite odor of
spoilage. Deductions in this category are
made for individual shrimp which are
affected.

(f) “Black spot on the shell or loose
membrane only” refers to blackened
areas at least moderately affecting the
appearance of the shrimp.

(1) “Moderately affecting” means that
the black spot which occurs at the shell
joints extends at least one-third of the
circumference of the shrimp at the par-
ticular location at which it occurs, and
black spot which occurs as a circular area
exceeds one-eighth inch in diameter for
31/35 count shrimp or is proportionately
larger or smaller for respectively larger
or smaller shrimp.

(g) “Black spot on the meat” refers
to any darkened area that is present on
the shrimp flesh.

(h) “Broken” refers to a shrimp hay-
ing a break in the flesh greater than one=
third of the thickness of the shrimp at
the particular location at which it occurs.

(i) “Damaged” refers to a shrimp that
is crushed or mutilated so as to materi-
ally affect its appearance.

(j) “Piece” refers to any portion of
shrimp that contains less than five
segments.

(k) “Legs” refers to walking legs only,
not swimmerets, or to portions of the
head (cephalothorax) with legs and
which may be either loose or attached to
@ shrimp.

(1) “Loose shell” refers to any piece of
shell which is completely detached from
the shrimp except paper-thin shell
from soft-shelled shrimp.

(m) “Flipper” refers to a tail fin, some-
times including the last shell segment but
containing no meat.

(n) “Head” means any portion of
head (cephalothorax) large enough to
contain an eye and which may be either
loose or attached to a shrimp.

(o) “Unacceptable shrimp” refers to
abnormal or diseased shrimp.

~ (p) “Extraneous material” means any
material in the package which is not
shrimp material.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(q) “Uniformity of size” is evaluated
by computing the actual count per pound
of the shrimp in the sample, and then
determining, by weighing individual
shrimp, the number of shrimp that are
slightly large, slightly small, exceedingly
large, or exceedingly small for that par-
ticular count per pound.

(1) “Slightly large’ means that a
shrimp is more than 25 percent, but not
more than 35 percent larger, by weight,
than a shrimp of the actual count per
pound.

(2) “Exceedingly large’ means that a
shrimp is more than 35 percent larger,
by weight, than a shrimp of the actual
count per pound.

(3) “Slightly small” means that a
shrimp is more than 25 percent, but not
more than 35 percent smaller, by weight,
than a shrimp of the actual count per
pound,

‘(4) “Exceedingly small” means that a
shrimp is more than 35 percent smaller,
by weight, than a shrimp of the actual
count per pound. For use in computing
the uniformity of size factor, weights of
individual shrimp are given in Table 1.

(r) “Texture” defect refers to an un-
desirable toughness and/or dryness
and/or mushiness of the shrimp exam-
ined in the cooked state.

Lor CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES

§ 182.25 Tolerances for certification of
officially drawn samples.

The sample rate and grades of spe-
cific lots shall be certified in accord-
ance with Part 170 of this chapter (reg-
ulations governing processed fishery
products, 23 F.R. 5064, July 3, 1958).

Vol. 22, No. 10

With respect to conformance with
the declared commercial count, the lot
shall be considered to be of the declared
count if the number of deviant units in
the sample does not exceed the accept-
ance number prescribed for the sample
size in Part 170 of this chapter. If a lot
fails to meet the requirements of any
specific commercial count, it shall be
marked a mixed lot and shall not be
graded.

ScorE SHEET

§ 182.31 Score sheet for frozen raw
‘headless shrimp.

GENERAL

Declared count per pound_
Actual net weight (ounces)...
Actual count per pound.
Descriptive size name.

Scored factors (table 1) Deductions
Frozen and thawed:
1 28 ay CA ee ee sereereeecescnnses| br ceacias aces
Thaw
PH Deterioration SSC Re came ers eScOO=pe esas |aecssorecs
3. Black S093 n shell or loose membrane

Rating for scored factors (100 minus total
deductlons) Sosa se nee eee nena pees

TABLE I—ScCHEDULE OF DEDUCTIONS FOR FactoRS RATED By SCORE Pornts!

Dehydrated—exposed onds

Dehydration.

Frozen and thawed

Frozen state

Description of quality variation

Desiccation of meat

Thawed state Thawed state

(Percent by count of otal sample.)
Apply the one highest deduction only.

Deterioration.

Black spot on shell or | Shell affected, but not meat:
‘loose membrane only. Not over 5 percent.
Each additional 5 percent, or fraction (percent by count)

Black spot on meat.

Broken, damaged, and | Not Oe 1 percent
Pieces.

1.1-3.0 p

Legs, loose shell, and | Not over 3 percent.
flippers. Each additional 3 percent, or fraction (percent by count)_

Heads and unacceptable | Not over 1 percent.

shrimp, Each additional 1 percent, or fraction (percent by count

Extraneous material

Uniformity of size. Slightl. ayaaree and slightly small: Each 3 percent, or fraction___
large and exceeding small: Each 3 percent, or fraction

Excee

(cereen yy count—based on actual count per pound of sample).

1 This schedule of point deductions ts based on the examination of sample units composed of: (a) the contents of
8n entire package or (b) sufficlent packages to provide a sample unit of 2 pounds or more, declared net weight,

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

95

RULES AND REGULATIONS

TABLE II—WEIGuTS oF Non-UnirorM SHRIMP

[Ounces]
Soo
Count per | Exceed- Slightly | Slight:
ly | Exceed-
pound ingly large small ingly
large small
—<—___

Over— Over— | Under—| Under—
2.70 2. 50 1.50 1.30
2.40 2.22 1.33 1.16
2.16 2.00 1.20 1.04
1.96 1,82 1.09 0. 94
1.80 1.67 1.00 -87
1. 66 1.54 0.92 -80
1.54 1.43 86 «74
1.44 1.33 +80 69
1.35 1,25 275 65
1.27 1.18 71 61
1.19 1.11 ~67 58
1.14 1.05 +63 65
1.08 1.00 - 60 52
1.03 0.95 57 ~50
0.98 91 oF «47

94 87 52, AB
= 90 283 +50 43
86 -80 48 42
«83 277 46 40
-80 74 44 38
77 71 +43 37
«74 «69 41 36
272 67 -40- 35
-70 64 39 34
67 ~62 38 32
65 61 +36 -32
64 59 «35 -30
62 57 «34 30
60 25 «33 29
.58 54 «32 2B
.57 +53 +32 27
55 51 31 -27
4 «50 +30 +26
53 49 29 225
+51 +48 29 +25
50 47 28 24
49 46 227 24
48 4 227 -23
47 44 26 +23
46 42 26 23
45 42 «25 22
44 41 24 21
43 40 224 21
42 39 24 -20
42 38 +23 +20
41 238 +23 +20
40 ~37 22 19
39 36 «22 19
39 +36 21 +18
38 35 221 18
37 34 +21 +18
37 -34 +20 +18
36 33 -20 17
.35 33 -20 17
85 232 19 17
34 32 19 -16
134 <31 19 +16
33 31 +18 +16
33 -30 +18 +16
32 +30 +18 26
B32) 29 +18 +15
+31 +29 17 215
+31 +28 17 +15
30 28 17 215

ALTERNATE TABLE II—WetcHTS oF Non-Untroru
SHRIMP

ee
Count per | Exceed- Slightly | Slightly | Exceed-
pound ingly Ee smi ingly
large small
Over— Under— | Under—
hessoetesses 76.5 42.5 38.2
68.0. 37.7 32.9
= 61.2 34.0 29.5
= 6 30.9 26.6
| 0 28.4 24.7
= 1 26.1 22.7
= 7 24.4 21.0
a 8 22.7 19.6
| 21.3 18.4
| 20.1 17.3
= 19.0 16.4
2 17.9 15.6
o| 17.0 14.7
= 16.2 14.2
| 15.3 13.3
| 14.7 12.8
14.2 12.2
13.6 11.9
11.3
10.8
10.5
10,2
9

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7.7

7.6

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7.1

6.9

L. 6.8

11. 6.8

il. 6.5

11. 6.5

il. 6.2

11. 6.2

11. 6.0
10. 6.0 1
10. 6.0 1
10. 5.7 1
10. 6.7 8
9. 5.7 8
9. 5.4 8
9. 5.4 5
9, 6.4 5
9. 6.1 5
9. 6.1 5
9. 6.1 5
9. 5.1 3
8. 4.8 3
8. 48 8
8 4.8 43

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July (1960) p. 82.
Ok OK Ok OK

PROHIBITION EXTENDED ON
HIGH-SEAS NET FISHING FOR
SALMON IN NORTH PACIFIC:

Salmon fishing with nets will be prohibited
to United States nationals on the high seas of
the entire North Pacific Ocean and the Ber-
ing Sea north of 48° 30' N. latitude as the re-
sult of regulations issued in the Federal Re-
gister of August 16, 1960.

The notice of intention was carried in the
Federal Register of June 9, 1960. Although

interested persons were given 30 days in
which to submit their written comments, sug-
gestions, or objections, none were received.

This revision of prior regulations extends
the prohibited salmon net-fishing area to the
west of longitude 175° W. where it has not
previously been in effect.

The new regulation, which continues a
similar exception in the previous regulation,
does not apply to fishing for sockeye salmon

96

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

or pink salmon south of latitude 49° N. be-
cause control of those species is covered
from latitude 49° to 48° by the International
Sockeye Salmon Commission.

The revised regulation conforms with a
request of Alaska's legislature which, in
its Second Session, asked for the stoppage

of all salmon fishing by nets on the high seas

of the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering

Sea.

The regulation as it appeared in the Fed-
eral Register of August 16, 1960, follows:

SUBCHAPTER F—NORTH PACIFIC COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES

PART 130—NORTH PACIFIC AREA

Salmon

On page 5153 of the FEDERAL REGISTER
of June 9, 1960, there was published a
notice of intention to amend Part 130 of
Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations.
The purpose of the amendment is to ex-
tend the boundaries of the area on the
high seas of the North Pacific Ocean
where it is prohibited to fish for, or take,
salmon with any net; to define the term
North Pacific Area; and to retitle Sub-
chapter F.

Interested persons were given 30 days
within which to submit their written
comments, suggestions or objections with
respect to the proposed amendment. No
written comments, suggestions or ob-
jections have been received and the pro-
posed amendment is hereby adopted
without change and is set forth below.

This amendment shall become effective
at the beginning of the 30th calendar
day following the date of this publica-
tion in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

The heading for Subchapter F of Title
50, Code of Federal Regulations, is
amended to read: Subchapter F—North
Pacific Commercial Fisheries.

Part 130 is amended to read as follows:
Sec,

130.1 Definition.
130.10 Salmon fishing prohibited; exception.

Noter Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960 p. 77.

KOK OK

Fisheries

AvuTHORITY: §§130.1 and 130.10 issued
under sec. 1, 68 Stat. 698, as amended; 16
U.S.C, 1021 et seq.

§ 130.1 Definition.

For the purpose of the regulations of
this part the North Pacific area is de-
fined to include all waters of the North
Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea north of
48 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, ex-
clusive of waters adjacent to Alaska,
north and west of the International
Boundary at Dixon Entrance which ex-
tend three miles seaward (a) from the
coast, (b) from lines extending from
headland to headland across all bays,
inlets, straits, passes, sounds and en-
trances, and (c) from any island or
groups of islands, including the islands
of the Alexander Archipelago, and the
waters between such groups of islands
and the mainland.

§ 130.10 Salmon fishing prohibited, ex-
ception.

No person or fishing vessel subject to
the jurisdiction of the United States
shall fish for or take salmon with any
net in the North Pacific area, as defined
in this part: Provided, That this shall
not apply to fishing for sockeye salmon
or pink salmon south of latitude 49
degrees north.

Dated: August 9, 1960.

FRED A, SEATON,
Secretary of the Interior.

*% OK

UNITED STATES AID IN FISHING
VESSEL CONSTRUCTION NOT
INCLUDED UNDER MORTGAGE

INSURANCE PLAN:

Federal financial assistance given toward
the construction of a fishing vessel will not
be included in arriving at the "actual cost"
of the vessel for mortgage insurance pur-
poses if an amended regulation proposed by
the Department of the Interior becomes ef-

fective.

The proposed amendment was car-

ried in the Federal Register of August 31,
1960. Final action was expected to follow

the usual 30-day period granted for comment,

suggestions, and objections.

Vol. 22, No. 10

Two laws relative to fishing vessels, re-
cently passed by the Congress and signed by
the President, are being activated by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. One of
these provides a program of financial assis-
tance to vessels of American registry being
constructed in this country. This is to off-
set the cheaper construction costs abroad
and to provide auxiliary vessels in times of
national emergency. United States fisher-
men are not permitted by law to avail them-
selves of the lower foreign construction costs.
The act permits a Federal grant of not more
than one-third of the construction cost under
certain restricted conditions. An annual au-
thorization of $2,500,000 is provided, but for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, only
$750,000 was appropriated by Congress.

The other law provides for a mortgage
insurance program for fishing vessels. Un-
der this legislation, the Department, through
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
may guarantee a mortgage up to 75 percent
of the "actual cost" of the vessel. The amended
regulation specifies that any Federal finan-
cial aid given toward the construction of a
vessel shall not be included in determining
the ''actual cost" of the vessel as far as
mortgage insurance is concerned.

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

COMMERCIAL FISHING
REGULATIONS FOR RED LAKE
INDIAN RESERVATION REVISED:

A revision of the commercial fishing reg-
ulations for the Red Lake Indian Reservation,
Minnesota, appeared in the Federal Registey
of August 16, 1960. The principal revisions

Walleye pike (Stizostedion
vitreum vitreum),

VA i EN SPL: ists
Wet = hed eG Ins len Os

in the regulations include application of a
maximum annual quota to yellow or walleye
pike, the main species, rather than to all
game fish; and prohibits the taking of yellow
and northern pike (pickerel) during their
spawning season except for propagation pur-
poses. The remaining revisions are pri-

October 1960

marily for clarification and to eliminate func-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tions of the Red Lake Fisheries Association

from the regulations. The regulations as they

appeared in the Federal Register follow:
Title 25—INDIANS

Chapter I—Bureau of Indian Affairs,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER H—ECONOMIC ENTERPRISES.

PART 89—COMMERCIAL FISHING ON
RED LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION

On page 4750 of the FepERAL REGISTER

of May 28, 1960, there was published a-

Notice of Intention to amend Part 89
of Title 25, Code of Federal Regulations.
The purpose of this amendment is to
revise the regulations in regard to com-
mercial fishing on the Red Lake Indian
Reservation, Minnesota. The principal
revisions in the regulations include ap-
plication of a maximum annual quota to
walleye pike, the main species, rather
than to all game fish; and prohibits the
taking of walleye and northern pike dur=
ing their spawning season except for
Propagation purposes. The remaining
revisions are primarily for the purpose
of clarification and to eliminate func-
tions of the Red Lake Fsheries Associa-
tion from the regulations.

Interested persons were given 30 days
within which to submit written com-
ments, suggestions or objections with
Tespect to the proposed amendment. No
comments, suggestions or objections have
been received and the proposed amend-
ment is hereby adopted without change
as set forth below. This amendment
shall become effective at the beginning
of the 30th calendar day following the
date of this publication in the FEpEraL
REGISTER.

89.1 Definitions.
Authority to engage in commercial

89.3 Authority to operate.
Fishing.
89.5 Disposition of unmarketable fish.

Fishing equipment limitations.

ty.
Authority to lease.

AvrHoriTY: §§ 89.1 to 89.12 issued under
25 U.S.C. 2,5 U.S.C. 22.

§ 89.1 Definitions.

As used in this part:

(a) “Secretary” means the Secretary
of the Interior or his authorized repre-
sentative.

(b) “Council” means the General
Council of the Red Lake Band of the
Chippewa Indians as recognized by the
Secretary of the Interior.

(c) “Association” means the Red Lake
Fisheries Association, incorporated under
the laws of the State of Minnesota, and
whose articles of incorporation and by-
laws and any amendments thereto have
been approved by the Council and the
Secretary of the Interior.

(qd) “Member of Association” means
4s defined in the Association By-Laws.

(e) “Commercial Fishing” means the
catching of any fish for sale directly or
indirectly to others than Indians on the
reservations or licensed traders on the
reservation for resale to Indians.

§ 89.2 Authority to engage in com-
mercial fishing.

No person shall engage in commercial
fishing in the waters of the Red Lakes
on the Red Lake Indian Reseryation in
the State of Minnesota except the Red
Lake Fisheries Association, a corporation
organized and incorporated under the
laws of Minnesota, and its members, and
then only in accordance with the regula-
tions in this part. The authority hereby
granted to the Association and its mem-
bers to engage in commercial fishing
may, at any time, be cancelled and with-
drawn and these regulations may be
modified and amended.

§ 89.3 Authority to operate.

The association may conduct commer-
cial fishing operations on the reservation

, under authority of its articles of incor-

Poration and by-laws only in accordance
with the regulations in this part.

§ 89.4 Fishing.

(a) Enrolled members of the Red
Lake Band of Chippewa Indians may
take fish at any time except as prohibited
by § 89.6 from waters of the Red Lakes

on the Red Lake Indian Reservation for

their own use and for sale to: (1) Other
Indians on the reservation and (2) li-
censed traders on the reservation for re-
sale to Indians.

(b) Fish may be taken for commer-
cial purposes only by the Association
through members of the Association in
residence on the reservation during the
fishing season which shall be May 15 to
November 15 inclusive. All fish taken
for such purposes shall be marketed
through the Association.

(c) In connection with commercial
fishing, Association member fishermen
may be assisted only by Indians who are
members of the Red Lake Band.

§ 89.5 Disposition of unmarketable fish.

All unmarketable live fish taken under
authority of these regulations must be
returned to the water, and all unmarket-
able dead fish taken must be buried by
the person taking the same.

§ 89.6 Spawning season.

Walleye and northern pike (or pick-
erel) shall not be taken during their
spawning season except for propagation
purposes,

§ 89.7 Suspension.

All commercial fishing operations may
be suspended by order of the Secretary
at any time.

§ 89.8 Penalty.

Any Indian violating the provisions of
§§ 89.4 and 89.6 shall forfeit his right
to take fish for any purpose for a period
of three months,

§ 89.9 Quotas.

‘The Secretary may set such commer-
cial quotas as he may find desirable,
based on available biological and other
information, on the amount of fish which
may be taken under authority of the
regulations in this part in any one
season. Until otherwise determined by
the Secretary, not more than 650,000
pounds of walleyes may be taken in any
one fishing season.

§ 89.10 Fishing equipment limitauons.

(a) Any variety of fish may be taken
by enrolled members of the Band from
any waters on the reservation by hook
and line, and from Upper and Lower Red
Lakes by gill net or entrapment gear for
noncommercial use only.

(b) For commercial fishing each mem-
ber of the Association shall be limited to
eight gill nets of 300 feet in length and
six feet in depth, of which not to exceed
six of such nets Mavi re of nylon and
other synthetic materi:

(c) Gill nets for taking pike shall
have a mesh of not less than 342 inches
extension measure.

(d) Gill nets for taking white fish shall
have a mesh of not less than 514 inches
extension measure.

(e) Entrapment gear may. only be
used by members of the Association for

taking fish of any variety for commercial
Purposes or propagation, in accordance
with such specifications and directions
as the manager of the Association may
Provide,

(f) All nets used in Red Lake Reser-
vation waters must be marked with ap-
Propriate tags to be furnished by the
Association.

§ 89.11 Royalty.

The Association shall pay five Percent
of the gross receipts from the sale of fish
by the Association to the designated col-

97

lection officer of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, which shall be deposited to the
credit of the Band in the Treasury of the
United States,

§ 89.12 Authority to lease.

The Band, with the approval of the
Secretary, may execute a lease or permit
on its fisheries plant and hatchery at
Redby, Minnesota, to the Association,

FreD A. SEATON,
Secretary of the Interior.

AucusT 9, 1960.

eee Se
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960 p. 78.

—|

Department| of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION

EEE EEUU ETE

INDUSTRY COMMITTEE TO REVIEW
WAGE RATES IN PUERTO RICO FOR
FISH CANNING INDUSTRY:

The U. 5S. Department of Labor appointed
Industry Committee No. 49-A to recommend

hourly wage rates for
the Food and Related

Industry in Puerto Rico.

The tuna-canning in-
dustry in Puerto Rico

has a minimum rate of
85 cents an hour. This
rate has been in effect

since November 17,
1958. The Fair Labor

ae Met

Standards Act authorizes special industry
committees to recommend minimum hourly
wage rates for Puerto Rican industries oper-
ating at or below the $1.00 an hour statutory
minimum that applies on the mainland.

In order to attain the prescribed statutory
minimum wage as rapidly as is economically
feasible, the industry committee will recom-
mend to the Administrator the highest mini-
mum wage rate or rates which it determines
will not substantially curtail employment in
the industry, and will not give the industry in
Puerto Rico a competitive advantage over the
industry in the United States.

Industry Committee No. 49-A held its pub-
lic hearing on August 15, in the offices of the
U. S. Labor Department's Wage and Hour Di-
vision, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

Department of State Treasury Department
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION COAST GUARD
FISHERIES GRANTS FISHING VESSELS EXEMPTED FROM
TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES: ADVANCE ARRIVAL TIME NOTICE:
A list of financial grants by the Interna- The exemption of certain vessels from ad-

tional Cooperation Administration to aid and | vancenotice of time of arrival was announced
rehabilitate the fisheries of a number of for- | bythe U. S. Coast Guardin the Federal Reg-
eign countries appeared inthe August 24,1960 | isterof July29, 1960. Among those exempted

Congressional Record. Senator Gruening are vessels engaged in the fisheries.
presented the list in the Senate for publica-

tion. The fishing projects financed for the 5 The master or agents of every foreign ves-
fiscal years since fiscal year 1955 follow: seland every documented vessel of the United

peur States except (1) United States vessels en-
‘TABLE 4.—Aoriculture and natural resources

i Biter Ubeberanwae trie 7 ies | gaged in the coastwise trade, (2) United States
YAR EAS? a : Bberies de cw | vessels engaged in the fisheries, or (3) United

States yachts shall give at least 24 hours' ad-
vance notice of arrival to the Coast Guard Cap-
tain of the Port at every port or place where
oe eas the vessel is to arrive.

jam:
Development of inland fisheries...
Development of marine fisherles_..

NEAR EAST, AFRICA, AND SOUTH ASIA

peotopied Fisheries survey--.--....---------=

India; Project for modernization and and or
ston of marine and inland fisheries

ey)

Turkey: Purse soine fishing 5;
Peru: SOIPA project fisheries.

”, © 160,
tnam: General 000 ° e
a aE ae res Bude Lis ronea io Eighty -Sixth Congress
Fiscal year 1958 India: E: onfand ee m
seas VAR EAST ee inland fish = 34, 000 y

EE wens —— tg | etanigem tae. ga | (Second Session)
Indonesian ipabllest LD ees AFRICA

iati on of marine and inland fisheries....--. 160,498 | iberia: Fresh water fisheries. --_-------e-. a 19, 000 a
Hed ind Gh altwereenecccee eS | ame Public bills and resolutions which may di-
ae en of inland er. ; ii ina v.50 Overseas teriterigs: aw rectly or indirectly affect fisheries and allied

Inland Ssheriea—---=---~ ; :
4 pment of marie SOUTH ASIA Yugoslavia: iar ialeetooe sete — 8,000 industries are reported. In- i pp sate ;

Aaa epson onl acdermleatan lol ea ag, ean LATIN ANIERICA troduction, referral to com- | \° A ts oll
Pakistan: Peru: penewatiel resources development a . Th

Fisheries development: West Pakistan... 371,875 | (forestry and fisheries) —-_--------------.--- 30, 000 mittees pertinent le isla- hy aif

Fisherlos development: Eas Pakistan... 129,705 eee eee eas ’ g 8
Boe Sree? aterine research tn South Chins Be and eg tive actions, hearings, and Se
Titers Marine and teak water Series “—- 28,28 mao | Other actions by the House Seed eS

UROPE = ie

Tosland ae team for tho fish and Senate, as well as sig- Pros Sel

wocls 3 nature into law or other fi- ‘

nal disposition are covered.
Korea: Fisheries development...

Vietnam: Fisherles development ------- 898,000
ata DER DE ADJOURNMENT: The Highty-Sixth Con-
ppinttine and inland fisheries .----c-----ooe- 00 | gress adjourned “sine die" or finally on Sep-
esters: 25) | temberdte 1960, and a considerable number of
bern: Bhar a sates uo | bills of interest to fisheries ended up as "
000 | Oversea Tertores: Somalia: Faber --- 1800 | finished business."' These bills will have to
1000 | ooland: Fish control survey..---eeee-v=-n= 20 | be re-introduced in the 87th Congress next
eee Oras ttre: ish Glee: Saapper year if they are to receive consideration, —
eg ee ae oe rm ay since all bills not completed during the Second
natey Pune ttiaenedaie-—-= “Rte gee eIVEIaY 3 & WERT — Session of this Congress are ''dead'' and do

not carry over to the Eighty-Seventh Congress
which will convene in January 1961. Also,
this means that bills if and when re-intro-
duced must go through the entire process of
committee consideration, hearings, etc.

The Senate re-opened the short session of
the 86th Congress on August 8 and the House
reconvened on August 15, 1960. Both Houses
had adjourned on July 3, 1960, for a recess
of several weeks.

October 1960

ALASKA FISHERIES TRANSPORT ACT EXTENSION:

S. 2669 (Bartlett and Gruening), a bill to extend the _
period of exemption from inspection under the provi-
sions of section 4426 of the Revised Statutes granted
certain small vessels carrying freight to and from
places on the inland waters of southeastern Alaska, was
introduced in the House on September 9, 1959; referred
to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.
Reported to the Senate March 11, 1960 (S. Rept. No.
1160). Passed Senate March 28, 1960. Referred to the
House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee
qeeen 29, 1960. perested to the House June 16, 1960
H. Rept. No. 1886). Rules suspended and passed House
on Union Calender, amended, June 24, 1960. Senate
asked for a conference June 29, 1960. House agreed to
conference June 30, 1960. Conference report filed
July 2, 1960 (S. Rept. 2086). House agreed to confer-
ence report August 24, 1960. Senate agreed to confer-
ence report August 24, 1960. Signed by the President
September 2, 1960 (Public Law 86-688, 74 Stat. 735).
Extends Act to December 31, 1962, and it permits cer-
tain small vessels (many of them fishing vessels) op-
erated by cooperatives or associations to transport
merchandise of members on a nonprofit basis to or
from places within the inland waters of southeastern
Alaska and Prince Rupert, B. C., or to or from places
within said inland waters of the State of Washington.
The Act originally was approved August 23, 1958

(72 Stat. 833).

FISH & WILDLIFE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH
TRAINING UNITS: On September 2, 1960, the Presi-
dent signed S. 1781, a bill to facilitate cooperation be-
tween the Federal Government, colleges and univer-
sities, the states, and private organizations for cooper-
ative unit programs of research and education relating
to fish and wildlife, and for other purposes (Public
Law 86-686, 74 Stat. 733). Authorizes the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service to continue to enter into coopera-
tive agreements for conducting research, training, and
demonstrational fish and wildlife resources programs.

FOREIGN TRADE EFFECTS ON AMERICAN ECON -
OMY: H. Res. 629 (Levering), resolution authorizing
investigation of effects of foreign trade on American
economy, was introduced in the House on August 26;
referred to the Committee on Rules. Because of a
continuing and growing ur est in certain United States
industries because of GATT, because administration
of Buy American Act has been detrimental to the Amer-
ican economy, and because there is a continuing and
chronic unemployment of about 5 million workers in
the United States, the resolution authorizes the chair-
man of the House Committee on Education and Labor
to appoint a committee to start a full investigation of
the operations of reciprocal trade agreements, the
economic developments under the foreign and mutual
aid programs, the rulings and operations of the Buy
American Act and the Small Business Administration
Act, to determine the effect on the economics of this
country; also on the direct or indirect relationship of
foreign trade on domestic employment.

H, J. Res. 808 (Robinson), joint resolution to pro-
vide for a commission to study and report on the influ-
ence of foreign trade upon business and industrial ex-
pansion in the United States; introduced in the House
August 31, 1960, and referred to the Committee on
Ways and Means. Similar to H. Res. 629 in purpose
except that H. J. Res. 808 would provide a commis-
gion to make the study while H. Res. 629 authorizes
the chairman of the House Committee on Education and
Labor to appoint a committee to make the investigation.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

99

H. J. Res. 807 (Riehlman) also introduced on
August 31 is identical to H. J. Res. 808.

IMPORTED COMMODITY LABELING: H. R.
5054, a bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 with
respect to the marking of imported articles and
containers, on August 26, 1960, was sent to the
President for signature. On September 8 the
President vetoed the bill. In explanation of the
veto, the President asserted that the bill would
conflict with the reduction of unnecessary trade
barriers, a major objective of United States
foreign policy; also that the bill is unnecessary
since the Federal Trade Commission now has
the authority to require the disclosure of the
country of origin of repackaged imported articles
whenever the "public interest'’ is involved. House -
passed version provided that imported articles re-
moved from their original containers (which are
required to be labeled with the country of origin), re-
packaged, and offered for sale in a new container,
shall be marked to show the country of origin. The
Senate-passed version amended the bill by providing
that it would not apply in cases where the Secretary
of the Treasury finds that compliance with the mark-
ing requirements would necessitate such substantial
changes in customary trade practices as to cause un-
due hardship and that repackaging of the article in
question is otherwise than for the purpose of conceal-
ing the origin of such article.

INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND RAW MATERIALS
RESERVE: S, Rept. No. 1922, International Food for
Peace Resolution (August 26, 1960, 86th Congress,
Second Session, Report from the Committee on Foreign
Relations to accompany S. Con res, i16), 4 pp., print-
ed. The Committee, after considering S. Con, Res.
114, S. Res. 357, S. Res. 340, ind S, Res, 8, which
deal with using United States surplus agricultural com-
modities in food for peace programs, reported S. Con,
Res. 116, and original resolution, and recommended
passage. Report explains purpose and background of
the legislation, The appendix contains a statement
from the Acting Secretary of State.

PUBLIC WORKS APPROPRIATIONS, 1961: H. Rept.
No. 2181, Public Works Appropriation Bill, 1961 (Au-
gust 26, 1960, 86th Congress, Second Session, Report
from Conference Committee to accompany H. R. 12326),
30 pp., printed. Recommendations of the Conference
Committee on the disagreements between the House
and Senate versions of the legislation. Includes funds
for Fish and Wildlife Service studies of effect of water
projects on fish and wildlife and Columbia River fish-

ery programs.

House on August 30 adopted the conference report
on H, R. 12325, and sent the legislation to the Senate.

H, R. 12326 on August 30 was cleared for President's
‘signature when Senate adopted conference report.

House on September 1 presented to the President
for signature H. R. 12326. President signed the bill
September 2, 1969 (Public Law 86-700, 74 Stat. 743).
Includes funds to permit detailed studies by Fish and
Wildlife Service of numerous Corps of Engineers and
Bureau of Reclamation projects in the United States
as to their effect on fish and wildlife; funds for oper-
ation and maintenance by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service of the lower Columbia River fisheries develop-
ment and fish sanctuary program.

100

SHRIMP IMPORTS: A resolution was adopted by the
Senate Committee on Finance in August 1960 directing
the United States Tariff Commission to make a thorough’
investigation of the domestic shrimp industry (includ-
ing fishing, processing, and other related operations)
and of imports of shrimp and shrimp products provided
for in paragraph 1761 of the Tariff Act of 1930, and
report to the Committee on Finance not later than Marc
1, 19612

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: H, R.
11666, fiscal 1961 appropriations for the Departments
of State and Justice, and the Judiciary. Signed by the
President August 31, 1969 (Public Law 86-678, 74Stat.
555). Includes funds ($1, 875,000) for the | United States
to meet its obligations in connection with participation
in nine international fisheries commissions.

STERN RAMP TRAWLER: H, J. Res. 804 (West-
land), joint - resolution to Se “the e Secretary of
Commerce to construct a modern stern-ramp trawler
to be used for research purposes and authorizing the
appropriation of funds; introduced in the House August
30, 1960, and referred to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries. Similar toS. J, Res. 216 intro-
duced in the Senate on June 30, 1960. Provides for use
of the vessel in the eastern Bering Sea and other North
Pacific Ocean areas and includes certain authorities
for the Secretary of the Interior.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FY 1961:
Second Supplemental Appropriation Bill for or 1961 (Hear-
ings before the Committee on Appropriations, s, United
States Senate, 86th Congress, Second Session, on H. R.
13161), 644 pp., printed, Contains statements of var-
ious agencies on requests for additional funds for fiscal |
year 1961, and included are statements by officials of
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for addition-
al Bureau of Commercial Fisheries funds for fishing
vessel differential construction subsidy and Eastern
Pacific tuna research program; and Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife funds for emergency repairs to
two wildlife refuges.

S, Rept No, 1925, Second Supplemental Appropriationj
Bill, 1961 (August 27, 1960, 86th Congress, Second
Session, Report from Committee on Appropriations to
accompany H, R, 13161), 29 pp., printed. Contains
amendments and changes to supplemental appropria-
tions for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, for sev-
eral Federal agencies as recommended by the Senate
Committee. With reference to additional funds for the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Committee re-
commended $300,009 for an expansion of the tuna re-
search programs in the Eastern Pacific instead of the
House allowance of $100, 000; for the fishing vessel
differential construction subsidy program, the Senate
Committee recommended $1, 000,000 instead of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

| Federal agencies.

Volk. 22, No. 10

House allowance of $500,000. For the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, the Committee recommended
$250,000for emergency repairs to two wildlife refuges,
the same as allowed by the House, The Committee
also recommended the inclusion of a provision that the
Fish and Wildlife Service be authorized to acquire 20
police-type vehicles.

Rept. No. 2211, Second Supplemental Appropria-
en n Bill, 1961 (August 30, 1960, 86th Congress, Second

Session, Conference Report to accompany H. R. 13161),
7 pp., printed. Contains recommendations of the Com-
mittee of Conference on the amendments of the Senate
to H. R, 13161, making supplemental appropriations
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1961, for several
Includes additional funds for the

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: The Com-
mittee agreed to appropriate $100,000 for the East-
ern Pacific tuna research program as proposed by the
House instead of $300,000 as proposed by the Senate;
$750, 000 for the fishing vessel construction differential
subsidy instead of $500,000 as proposed by the House
and the $1,000, 000 as proposed by the Senate.

House disagreed on August 30 to Senate amendments
to H, R. 13161, agreed to conference requested by
Senate on August 29, and appointed conferees. Confer-
ees on August 30, in executive session, agreed to file
a conference report on the differences between the
Senate- and House-passed versions of H, R. 13161.
Committee of Conference reported to House on August
30 H. R, 13161 (H. Rept. No. 2211).

House August 31 adopted conference report on H. R.
13161, and sent the legislation to the Senate. Senate
August 31 adopted conference report and cleared the
bill for the President. As finally agreed upon in con-
ference, bill includes for the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries $100,000 for Eastern Pacific tuna re-
search and $ 750,000 for the fishing vessel differential
construction subsidy program, For the U. S, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries $250,000 for emergency repair work
on two wildlife refuges.

Signed by the President September 8, 1960 (Public
Law 86-722, 74 Stat. 821).

WAGES--MINIMUM HOURLY RATE INCREASE:
30 to resolve the differences between the Senate- and
House-passed versions of H. R, 12677, proposing a-
mendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which
would raise the minimum wage and cover additional
workers, The two versions affect the fishery exemption
under the Act differently. Conferees did not reach

final agreement, and recessed subject to call, but Con-
gress adjourned and no further action was taken on the
bill.

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

FISHERY
INDICATORS

CHART 1 - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND k
CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1960

6 , 1959 - 367.
1959 - 883.2

LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MgS, 1960 - 134.7
6 , 1959 - 159.0
12 1959 - 453.4

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs. 1960 -
ea
12

CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1960 - 615.4
1959 - 537.4
1959 - 924.6

FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1960 - 100.6
us 1959 - 126.4
12 1959 - 207.1

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 Mgs. 1960 - 13.9
7 1959 - 14.4
12 1959 - 18.6

Y AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JUL
CALIFORNIA 2/

CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1960 - 2:
v5 1959 - 231
1959 - 47

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV_DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

102 COMMERCIAT FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK LEGEND: a ag
(Maine and Massachusetts) CED S55) CEAN RCH

ves (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA prore CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1960 - 64.0 mgs. 1960 - 95.5] "°°"
n 1959 - 66.7 1959 - 78.4 |
12 1959 - 99.1 "1959 - 136.7} 5

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Millions of Pounds

SHRIMP
I. i t WHITING
including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 -MQS. 1960 - 36.0
z/ is 1959 - 57.8 |
12 1959 - 104.1

(Gulf States!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
4/tA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM= =

ie In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)

CUMULATIVE DATA
1960 - 24.3

1959
1959

5 959 -
1959 - 1,099.1

=

N FEB) MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 35.0
1958/59 SEASON,

TOTAL - 102.5

LEGEND:

————"_ 1959/60
eee = «1958/59

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 103

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U.S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS c U. S, & ALASKA FREEZINGS

8 mgs. 1960
8 | 1959
12 1959

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS !/

=

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT

4/

! GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS—

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS=

teu seene!

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
3/OH\0, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS,

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

56

48

40

32

24

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

UAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

and smoked products.

* Excludes salted, cured,

104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In. Millions of Pounds

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGs=/

1/ Page rea
RECEIPTS —’ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen) ‘ NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 QS. 1960 - 113.0 CITY

8 , 1959 - 109.3
12 1959 - 163.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/\NCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS '2/kS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 QS. 1960 - 57.8
8 , 1959 - 60.4
12 1959 - 92.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

8 -» 1960 - 67.2
8 me 1959 - 73.4
12 1959 - 106.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

x
7 4 1959 - 12.6
12", 1959 - 24.9

+ 1960 - 12.6

7 MQS. 1960 - 130.4
7 , 1959 - 144.8
12 1959 - 282.2

JAN FEB MAR AP. Kk -Y_JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN. FEB MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL 2h. CALIFORNIA

=» 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA eee 1959

7 MgS. 1960 - 6,567.0
7, 1959 - 6,71
1959 - 10,78:

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1960 - 12.1
1959 - 1.9
1959 - 4.3

SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES_/ (Estimated) - MAINE

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MgS. 1960 - 1,379.8
8 me 1959 - 1)309.7
12 1959 = 1,753.1

ot

CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL

1958/59 SEASON,
TOTAL

Ore SEPT OCT NOV DEC. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY.

1960 - 375.9
1959 - 159.1
1959 - 586.8

JAN FEB MAR_APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

2/ INCLUDES PACIFIC MACKEREL AND JACK MACKEREL.

SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 1960 - 2,484.7
“as 1959 - 1)663.4
1959 - 1378.3

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.
SARDINES..... 100 4 drawn 32 oz.

48 =e 5 9z.

48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz.

48 # 1 oval 15

48 1-lb. tall 16
ANCHOVIES... 48 8

‘HRIMP - GULF STATES
“CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON

auc. -' - 163.8
1959/60 SEASON,

AUG. - - 84.2
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL =~ 812.5

=
o MUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 10

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH

LEGEND:
Fresh and Frozen)

GROUNDFISH eae Ocean Bere) FILLETS VY

CUMULATIVE DATA

MgS. 1960 - 37.4
1959 - 36.7
1959 - 67.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM-

PARABLE WITH 1958.
SEGA TON WEA) "LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
1960 - 36.6

1959 - 33.4
1959 - 68.7

JAN FEB MAR APR_MAY_ JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC UANEEEBRSHARBABREMAYAOUN Et URYaAUGESEEIMOCIMNOVEDECE

2
Tuna ¥ SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1960 - 26.9
1959 - 8.1
1959 - 64.7

1960 - 130.8
1959 - 138.2
1959 - 235.9

2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil anc in Brine)
CUMULATIVE DATA
z Mags. 1960 - 17.0

n 1959 - 11.5
2 1959 ~ 22.2

CUMULATIVE DATA

ry ms. 1960 - 33.9
1959 - 36.4
2 1959 - 69

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1960

a vf 4
Ys

<>. ~-—

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO-
DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
WL - WILDLIFE LEAFLETS.
SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITE: DISTRIBUTION).
SSR.- WILDLIFE - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS --WILDLIFE
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).
SEP.- SEPRATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REVIEW.
Number Title
FS-2336 - Hawaii Landings, 1959 Annual Summary,
6 pp.
CFS-2348 - Fish Meal and Oil, May 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2351 - Massachusetts Landings, April 1960, 5 pp.
CFS-2352 - New York Landings, May 1960, 4 pp.
CFS-2353 - California Landings, April 1960, 4 pp.

CFS-2354 - North Carolina Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2355 - South Carolina Landings, June 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2356 - Texas Landings, May 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2357 - Fish Sticks and Portions, April-June 1960,
3 pp.

CFS-2358 - Frozen Fish Report, June 1960, 8 pp.

CFS-2359 - Maryland Landings, May 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2360 - Shrimp Landings, April 1960, 6 pp.

CFS-2361 - Rhode Island Landings, May 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2362 - Fish Meal and Oil, June 1960, 4 pp.

CFS-2362 - (Supplement) - Imports of Fish Meal and
Scrap, 1937-1959, 4 pp.

CFS-2364 - New Jersey Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2366 - Alabama Landings, April 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2367 - Ohio Landings, May 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2368 - Georgia Landings, June 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2369 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1959 Annual Sum-
mary, 6 pp.

CFS-2371 - Florida Landings, June 1960, 7 pp.

CFS-2374 - Maryland Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.

FL-248 - Japanese Whaling in the Bonin Island Area
(A Preliminary Report), 16 pp., illus., June 1947.

FL-293 - (Revised September 1959) - List of Fisher-
men's and Fish Shore Workers' Unions in the U-
nited States, 8 pp.

FL-498 - Culture, Handling and processing of Pacific
Coast Oysters, by Lynn G. McKee and Richard W.
Nelson, 22 pp., illus., April 1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Z FISHERY PUBLICATI

ze SOOM I a A Sa Oa BSS IF. 9 * 2 0p commie Se bas es DIE

107

wy.

= =

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products (Revised):
SL- 21 - California, 1959.
SL- 39 - Tennessee (Mississippi River and Tributar-

ies), 1959.

SL- 40 - Oklahoma (Mississippi River and Tributar-
ies), 1959.

SL- 41 - Arkansas (Mississippi River and Tributar-
ies), 1959.

SL- 43 - Alabama (Mississippi River and Tributaries),
1959.

SL- 45 - Mississippi (Mississippi River and Tributar-
ies), 1959.

SL- 46 - Texas (Mississippi River and Tributaries),
1959.

Firms Manufacturing, 1959 (Revised):

SL- 152 - Oyster Shell Products, 1959.

SL- 155 - Marine Pearl Shell Buttons, 1959.
SL- 161 - Producers of Packaged Fish, 1959.

SSR-Fish. No. 283 - Marquesas Area Fishery and
Enviromental Data, October 1957-June 1958, by
Robert C. Wilson, Eugene L. Nakamura, and How -
ard O. Yoshida, 110 pp., November 1958.

SSR-Fish. No. 329 - Use of Fish Pituitaries to Induce
Spawning in Channel Catfish, by Kermit E. Sneed
and Howard P. Clemens, 14 pp., illus., April 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 336 - Age and Size Composition of the
Menhaden Catch Along the Atlantic Coast of the
United States, 1956 (With a Brief Review of the
Commercial Fishery), by Fred C. June and John W.
Reinjes, 42 pp., illus., April 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 339 - Fishes Taken in the Menhaden
Fishery of Alabama, Mississippi, and Eastern Lou-
isiana, by J. Y. Christmas, Gordon Gunter, and Ed-
ward C. Whatley, 12, pp., illus., April 1960.

Sep. No. 598 - Lobster Explorations on Continental
Shelf and Slope off Northeast Coast of the United
States.

Sep. No. 599 - A Small-Boat Tuna Long-Line Fishery.

Organization and Management of Fishery Cooperative
Associations in the United States, by Leslie D. Mc-

Mullin, 11 pp., processed. 1959. This paper was
presented at the Food and Agriculture Organization
Technical Meeting on Fishery Cooperatives, May
12-21, 1959, at Naples.

processed, June 1960.

108 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM
THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL- 6 - Mexico's Fish and Shellfish Canning Indus-
try, 1959.

MNL- 7 - Mexican Fisheries, 1959.

MNL- 8 - Portuguese Fishing Industry, 1959.

MNL-23 - Fisheries of Chile.

MNL-25 - Canadian Reduction Plants.

MNL-26 - Taiwan Fisheries in 1959.

MNL-27 - French Reduction Plants.

MNL-28 - Portuguese Reduction Plants.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPE-
CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part
I--Fishery Products Production and Market Data,
June 1960; 14 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro,

Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna andtuna-
like fish; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and anchov-
ies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica,
and Eureka Areas; California imports; canned fish
and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for can-
nery fish; and Mexican frozen shrimp prices for the
month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part Il--Fishing Information, July 1960, 11 pp., illus.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Lab-
oratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San Diego
6, Calif.) The first issue of a new publication which
includes monthly sea-surface temperature charts
for the eastern Pacific, and fishing and research in-
formation of interest to the west coast tuna fishing
industry and marine scientists. The temperature
charts cover that area of the Pacific from the Aleu-
tians in the north to Peru and Chile in the south and
offshore to 180° W. longitude. They show for each
month the average sea-surface temperature and the
deviations from the 30-year average and from the
previous year. Research and fishing information
indicates that the distribution of tunas and many
other commercial species is directly affected by
sea-surface temperatures.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, July 1960, 13 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6 Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
month indicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of
Fishery Products, July 1960, 6 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611
Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States
shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab
meat production; LCL express shipments from New
Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on
the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and
imports at Port Isabeland Brownsville, Texas, from
Mexico; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, Worth Carolina, and

Maryland, July 1960, 4 pp. (Market News Service,

Vol. 22, No. 10

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas
of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the
North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and
Morehead City; together with cumulative and com-
parative data; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, June and

uly 1960, 22 pp. ea. (Market News Service, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier,
Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New Eng-
land fishery ports, and presents food fish landings
by ports and species; industrial fish landings and
ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of
fishery products in New England warehouses; fish-
ery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Mass-
achusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prov-
incetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and
Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecti-
cut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to
primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New
Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares
landed at the Boston Fish Pier ana sold through the
New England Fish Exchange; for the months indica-
ted.

Receipts of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products at New

York City's Fulton Fish Market, 1959 (Includes Sta-
tistics and Marketing Trends), by T. J. Risoli, 48 pp.,
processed. (Market News Service, U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 155 John St., New York 38,
N. Y.) The first part of this annual summary discus-
ses fishery products receipts and marketing trends
in the salt-water section of New York's wholesale
Fulton Fish Market during 1959. The second part
covers marketing trends and receipts in the whole-
sale fresh-water fish market for 1959. The third
part consists of a series of statistical tables giving
the receipts of finfish and shellfish on the salt-water
section of Fulton Fish Market, 1959; receipts by
months and methods of transportation; receipts by
species, methods of transportation, states and prov-
inces; prices of selected frozen fishery products,
1959, in New York Metropolitan Area; finfish re-
ceipts by points of origin and methods of transporta-
tion; shellfish receipts by points of origin and meth-
ods of transportation; and imports of selected fresh
and frozen fishery products, 1959 compared with
1958.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly

Summary for June 1960, 18 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes sum-
maries and analyses of receipts and prices on whole-
gale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New
Yorx City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen
products, and marketing trends; for the month indi-
cated. ;

ings and local receipts, with ex-vessel and whole-
sale prices in some instances, as reported by Seat-
tle and Astoria (Ore.) wholesale dealers; also North-
west Pacific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp
landings; for the month indicated.

October 1960

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE A-
VAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS , WASHINGTON.

2osDEGS

Distribution and Abundance of Eggs of the Pacific Sar-
_ dine, 1952-1956, by Elbert H. Ahistrom, Fishery Bul-
letin 165 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wild-
life Service, vol. 60, pp. 185-213), 32 pp., illus., print-
ed, 30 cents, 1959.

tee on Science and Astronautics, U. S. House of Rep-
resentatives, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Session,
on H. R. 6298), no. 43, 39 pp., printed, August 25,

1 0

Power, Statistical Digest 49, 424 pp., illus., printed,
$2, 1960. The latest in a series of annual statistical
reports on the fisheries of the United States, Alaska,
and Hawaii, which contains data on the catch and ex-
vessel value of fishery products, employment in the
fisheries, quantity of gear operated, the number of
fishing craft employed in the capture of fishery pro-
ducts, and certain information on the production and
value of manufactured fishery products and bypro-
ducts. Special features are data on the relative vol-
ume and value of the domestic catch on the United
States catch taken on the high seas off foreign coasts.
Historical fishery statistics in the report include
data on the United States Atlantic cod catch from
1893 to 1958, inclusive. The statistical surveys, con-

Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1958, by E. A.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

The pack of canned fishery products in the United
States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and American
Samoa in 1958 amounted to over 1.1 billion pounds
valued at nearly $389 million to the packers. Indus-
trial fishery products amounted to 248 thousand tons
of fish meal and scrap, 22 million gallons of fish oils,
and 260 million pounds of fish solubles and homogen-
ized condensed fish. Production of fresh and frozen
packaged fish fillets and steaks totaled 155.9 million
pounds valued at $51.2 million to the processors.
This represented an increase of 1.4 million pounds
in volume and nearly $4.5 million in value over the
1957 production. United States foreign trade in fish-
ery products in 1958 was valued at over $358 million
of which $327 million represented the value of im-
ports and $31 million the value of exports. The value
of imported fishery products in 1958 was 10 percent
greater than in the previous year. Among the more
important imports during 1958 were frozen tuna,
shrimp, and fresh and frozen groundfish fillets and
steaks. The value of exports of domestic fishery
products was 14 percent less than in 1957.

The economic data presented in this report are
essential for use by persons engaged in the commer-
cial fisheries and by governmental agencies concern-
ed with the regulation, protection, and development
of commercial fisheries. Biological information in-
cluded, which is important to sound fishery manage-
ment, provides detailed information of fluctuations in
the commercial catch by species, locality, gear, and
type of craft operated.

ducted during 1959 for 1958 data, covered all sections
of the United States. The catch of fishery products

in all sections of the United States and Alaska during
1958 totaled approximately 4.7 billion pounds, valued
at $371 million ex-vessel--a decrease of one percent
in quantity but an increase of 6 percent in value as
compared with 1957.

Menhaden ranked first in quantity among the species
taken by United States fishermen, yielding a catch of

Oceanography in the United States (Hearings Before the
Special Subcommittee on Oceanography of the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of
Representatives, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Ses-
sion), 399 pp., illus., printed, 1959.

Propagation and Distribution of Food Fishes for the
Calendar Years 1957-1958, Statistical Digest 46, 48
pp., printed, 20 cents, 1960.

1.5 billion pounds--33 percent of the total landings.
Although landings of menhaden were up in all areas
except New England and Middle Atlantic States as
compared with those in 1957, the total production in
all areas declined.

Shrimp was again the most valuable single item
taken by domestic fishermen, amounting to 214 mil-
lion pounds, valued at nearly $73 million ex-vessel.
The Gulf of Mexico is the major shrimp- producing
area, and accounted for 81 percent of the volume and
88 percent of the value of the total 1958 shrimp
catch. The increase in total shrimp landings of 10
millicn pounds in 1958 as compared with 1957 was
due to the development of the fishery for small
shrimp off Washington, Oregon, and Alaska.

Several of the major food fish recorded noteworthy
increases during the year: salmon (up 42 million
pounds); North Pacific halibut (up 3 million pounds);
and New England groundfish (up 17 million pounds).
The return of sardines to California waters, after
a partial absence since 1951, resulted in a catch of
207 million pounds--four-and-a-half times the 1957
production. A decline in the landings of Pacific and
jack mackerel, anchovy, sea herring, and oysters
were primarily responsible for the 1958 decline in
the total landings as compared with the previous
year.

Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Movements of Plank-

tonic Crustacea in Lake Michigan, by LaRue Wells,
Fishery Bulletin 172 (from Fishery Bulletin of the
Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 31 pp., illus.,
printed, 25 cents, 1960.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

PUBLISHER MENTIONED.
SHOWN.

ALABAMA:

"Sporadic Mass Shoreward Migrations of Demersal
Fish and Crustaceans in Mobile, Bay, Alabama," by
Harold Loesch, article, Ecology, vol. 41, no. 2; April
1960, pp. 292-298, illus., printed. Duke University
Press, Box 6697, College Station, Durham, Wha Go

ALGAE:
ae Annotated List of the Marine Algae of British Co-
—Tumbia and Northern Washington (Including Keys to
Genera), by Robert F. Scagel, National Museum of
Canada Bulletin No. 150, 289 pp., illus., printed,
C$2.00. Department of Northern Affairs and National

Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 1957.

110

ARGENTINA:
La Merluza del Mar Argentino--Biologia y Taxonomia
"(The Hake of Argentine Waters--Biology and Taxon-
omy), by Victor Angelescu, Francisco S. Gneri, and
Alberto Nani, no. H. 1004, 246 pp., illus., printed in
Spanish. Secretaria de Marina, Servicio de Hidro-
grafia Naval, Burenos Aires, Argentina, 1958

AUSTRALIA:

ization, Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Annual
Report, 1958-1959, 24 pp., processed. C.S.I. R.O.,
Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, New South
Wales. An annual report of the Division of Fisheries
and Oceanography which is concerned with the study
of the aquatic resources of Australia, including whales,
the more important fish, crustacea, and shellfish.
Fundamental to this study is an examination of the
environment to ascertain the variations in oceano-
graphic conditions which affect biological production
and which are to a large extent responsible for fluc-
tuations in fish occurrences.

Fisheries Research Vessel "Derwent Hunter,"

‘Report
21, 31 pp., illus., processed. Commonwealth Scien-
tific and Industrial Research Organization, Division
of Fisheries and Oceanography, Marine Biological

Laboratory, Sydney, Australia, 1959.

Know Your Fishes (An Dlustrated Guide to the Princi-
pal Commercial Fishes and Crustaceans of Queens-
land), by T. C. Marshall, E. M. Grant and N. M. Haysom,
Ichthyological Notes, vol. 1, no. 4, 146 pp., illus.,
printed. Department of Harbours and Marine, Bris-
bane, Queensland, Australia, May 1959.

BALEARIC ISLANDS:
Carta de Pesca de las Baleares. I--Este y sur de
Menorca (Chart of the Balearic Islands' Fishery. ©
J-- East and South of Minorca), by Miguel Oliver, no.

26, 1959, illus., printed in Spanish. Instituto Espanol, |

de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain.

BOATING:

Recreational Boating Guide, CG-340, 79 pp., illus.,
printed, 40 cents. U.S. Coast Guard, Washington 25,
D. C., June 1, 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Although this handbook is intended
primarily for boating enthusiasts, it will also be of
interest to those in commercial fisheries as well as
related fields. Discusses in some detail the number-
ing of boats propelled by engines of more than 10 hp;
the legal minimum equipment requirements; other
desirable equipment; rules for proper operation; aids
to navigation; hints on safety afloat; rules for un-
powered boats; emergency procedures; and U.S.
Coast Guard Auxiliary instructions. The appendixes
contain the Federal Boating Act of 1958, the amended
Motorboat Act of April 25, 1940, lists of Coast Guard
districts; and Government publications of interest to
boatmen.

CALIFORNIA:
Statistical Report of Fresh, Canned, Cured, and Man-
ufactured Fishery Products, 1959, Circular No. 34,
18 pp., illus., printed. Department of Fish andGame,
Biostatistical Section, Marine Resources Operation,
Sacramento, Calif., 1960. This report, the latest in
a series of annual reports on commercial fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

i

Vol. 22, No. 10

production in California, includes statistical tables
on landings by area and by species, tuna imports,
fish processing plants, and pack of canned fish.
Data are also included on volume of other types of
processed fish, canned sardines, sardine meal and
oil production, and the annual pack of anchovies,
tuna, bonito, and yellowtail.

CAMBODIA:

Etude sur la Peche au Cambodge (Study of the Fish-
eries of Cambodia), by John E. Bardach, 82 pp.,
processed in French, June 1959. USOM, Phnom-
Penh, Cambodia.

CANADA:

"Cruise No. 20 of the A. T. Cameron," by G. J. Gil-
lespie, article, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 11, May
1960, pp. 3-5, illus., printed. Trade News, Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Covers a cruise
of the Canadian Government fisheries research ves-
sel A. T. Cameron, centered mainly around West-
ern and Emerald Banks lying in the Atlantic south-
east of Nova Scotia, to study comparative fishing
between the larger vessel and smaller craft, Har-
engus. Both vessels had been used for survey work
on the same populations of groundfish at different
times of the year. To be able to compare data ob-
tained by the two vessels, the cruise was designed
to test their fishing abilities by having them work
side by side on the same populations of fish at the
same time.

lumbia, 1953 (Interim Report--Based on Records
Obtained from 266 Salmon Fishermen), by Blake A.
Campbell and D. R. Buchanan, 57 pp., illus., proces-
sed. Department of Fisheries of Canada, Markets
and Economic Service, Vancouver, B. C., Canada,
January 1955.

Economic Survey of Salmon Fishermen in British Co-

enko, 387 pp., illus., printed. Kiev Printers, 686
Richmond St. W., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1958.

The Freshwater Fishes of New Brunswick: A Check-
list with Distributional Notes, by W. B. Scott and
E. J. Crossman, No. 51, 45 pp., printed. The Royal
Ontario Museum, Division of Zoology and Palaeon-
tology, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada, June 20,
1959.

\

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol. 17, no. 3, May 1960, 157 pp., illus., printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ot-
tawa, Canada. Includes, among others, these arti-
cles: "Salinity Preference, Thyroid Activity and
the Seaward Migration of Four Species of Pacific
Salmon (Oncorhynchus),"' by Bertha Baggerman;
"Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During
Spawning Migration. XI--The Free Histidine Con-
tent of the Tissues," by J. D. Wood, D. W. Duncan,
and M. Jackson; ''The Phosphorus-Containing Frac-
tions of Sterile Lingcod Muscle During Storage at
0° C.,"" by Neil Tomlinson, Vera M. Creelman, and
K. G. Reid; "A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of
the Plankton of the Quoddy Region in 1957 and 1958
with Special Reference to the Food of Herring," by
J. E. Henri Legare and Delphine C. MacLellan; and
"Tosine in the Muscle of Pacific Salmon Stored in
Ice," by Vera M. Creelman and Neil Tomlinson.

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

CANNED FISH:
Le Conserve di Scombridi con Particolari Riguardi
ai tonni" (Canned Scombroid Fishes with gpenial Re-
soreness te pune) by. A. Piegal, article, Monografie

ecnologia della Stazione Sperimentale per l'In-

dustria dette Conserve Alimentari, vol. 4, 1958, 141
pp., illus., printed in Italian. Stazione Sperimentale

ber 1Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, Parma,
y-

CAPELIN:

On the Migrations and Spawning of the Barents Sea
Capelin in 1953 and 1954, by V. S. Prokhorov, 8 pp.,
processed. (Translated from Trudy Pinro, vol. 10,
1957, pp. 230-243.) Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft,
England, 1959.

CARP:

Die Karpfenteichwirtschaft in der Deutschen Demokra-
tischen Republik und Ihre Wissenschaftlichen Haupt-
probleme (Carp Fish-Pond Farming in the German
Democratic Republic and its Principal Scientific
Problems), edited by William Schaperclaus, Sitzung-
sberichte, vol. 7, no. 7, 33 pp., illus., printed inGer-
man. Deutsche Akademie, Landwirtschaftswissen-
‘schaften, Berlin, Germany, 1958.

CEYLON:

Fischer auf Ceylon--Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschafts- und
Bevolkerungs- Geographie des Indischen Subkontin-_
ents (Fisheries of Ceylon--A Study of the Economics
and Community-Life of the Indian Subcontinent), by
Fritz Bartz, vol. 27, 121 pp., illus., printed in Ger-
man. Bonner Geographische Abhandlungen, Institut
der Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 1959.

COD:

"Aspectos de Industria Nacional do Bacalhau" (Outlook
of the National Cod Industry), by A. Torres Botelho,
article, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 15, no. 169, April
1960, pp. 47-48, illus., printed in Portuguese. Con-
servas de Peixe, Sociedade Astoria, Lda., Requeirao
dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

COLD STORAGE:

"Typical Designs of Cold Stores for Fish," by L. M.
Kazanskij, article, Rybone Khoziaistvo, no. 7, July
1959, pp. 65-72, illus., printed in Russian. Rybone
Khoziaistvo, Kotel 'nicheskaia Naberezhiaia D 1/15,
Souizpechati Otdelu '"Zhurnal-Pochtoi," Moscow Zh-
240, U.S.S. R.

Improving the Stock of Demersal Fish in the Baltic),
vol. 147, 96 pp., illus., printed, Kr. 20 (US$2.90).
Conseil Permanent International pour 1'Exploration
de la Mer (International Council for Exploration of
the Sea), Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark, August 1959.

FISH COOKERY:
The Art of Fish Cookery, by Milo Miloradovich, 471
pp., illus., printed. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Garden City, N. Y., 1949.

FISH PONDS:
How To Look After a Fishpond, by L. Davambez, 31 pp.,
—printed, A. is. Od. (11 U.S. cents). South Pacific Com-
mission, Literature Bureau, Box 5254, G.P.O., Sydney,
Australia.

AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

FISHWAYS:

The Size and Location of Escape Ports for Bypassin
Saimonid Fish at a Screened Diversion Canal (The-
sis of Harry Henry Wagner for the Master of Sci-
ence Degree in Fisheries), 85 pp., illus., processed.
Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg., April 1959.

FLORIDA:

Apalachicola Watershed, Fish Management Bulletin
No. 4, 15 ee printed. Florida Game and VA
Fresh Water Fish Commission, Fisheries Division,
Tallahassee, Fla., July 1959.

FROZEN FISH:
"Frozen Fish in Cabinets Has Limited Storage Life,"
article, Frozen Foods, vol. 12, no. 6, June 1959,
p. 386, printed. Frozen Foods, Refrigeration House,
Victoria Rd., Woking, England.

FUR SEALS:

"Blood Types in Fur Seals," by Kazuo Fujino and
John E. Cushing, article, Science, vol. 131, no.
3409, April 29, 1960, p. 1310, printed. American
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1515
Massachusetts Ave. NW., Washington 5, D. C.

GEAR:

"En Ny Synthetisk Fiber til Figkeredskap" (Cour-
lene--A New Synthetic Fiber for Fishing Gear), ar-
ticle, Fangst og Fiske, vol. 11, no. 1, 1959, printed
in Norwegian. Fangst og Fiske, Landaslien 19,
Bergen, Norway.

How to Look After Fishnets, by L. Devambez, 15 pp.,

“printed, A. Is. |0d. (11 U.S. cents). South Pacific
Commission, Literature Bureau, Box 5254, G.P.O.,
Sydney, Australia.

Net Repair Manual, by Stacy V. Gebhards, 23 pp.,
illus., processed. Department of Fish and Game,
Boise, Idaho, 1960. Although most fishing nets
today are machine tied and are purchased ready-
made from various firms, net repairs must still
be done by hand. The purpose of this manual is
merely to acquaint the beginner with the proper
procedure in net mending. Proficiency in mend-
ing, according to the author, can come only through
practice. The techniques described are essentially
those which are used by commercial fishermen in
the Illinois River Valley with some modifications
by the author.

GENERAL: :

"The Buoyancy of Marine Animals," by Eric Denton,
article, Scientific American, vol. 203, no. 1, July
1960, pp. 118-128, illus., printed. Scientific A-
merican, Inc., 415 Madison Ave., New York Ut,

N. Y. Most fishes are equipped with swim bladders
which give them neutral buoyancy and save them
the effort of continuous swimming. The cuttlefish
and the cranchid squid have developed quite differ-
ent kinds of flotation organs. They anticipated
man in using the working principles of the sub-
marine and the bathyscaph, the one endowing the
cuttlefish with active control of its buoyancy, the
other permitting the squid to live at great depths.

Journal du Conseil, vol. 25, no. 2, March 1960, 124
pp-, wlus.; printed. Conseil Permanent Interna-
tional pour 1'Exploration de la Mer, Charlotten-

112

lund Slot, Denmark. Includes, among others, these
articles: "Upper Lethal Temperatures for Larval
Salmonids,"' by H. M. Bishai; "The Effect of Water
Currents on the Survival and Distribution of Fish
Larvae," by H. M. Bishai; 'Food Habits of Larval
Cod, Haddock, and Coalfish in the Gulf of Maine and
Georges Bank Area," by Robert R. Marak; "New
Implements for Fish Tagging," by Arni Frioriksson,
Olav Aasen and Arne Revheim; "Mesh Selection and
Apparent Growth of Haddock," by Rodney Jones; "A
Note on the Dependence of Catches on Temperature
and Wind in the Buchan Pre-Spawning Herring Fish-
ery," by R. E. Craig; "Some Observations on the
Body Proportions of North Sea Autumn Spawning
Herring," by R. Muzinic and B. B. Parrish (with an
appendix by J. A. Pope); and ''Observations on the
Size and Numbers of Herring Taken by the Herring
Trawl," by I. D. Richardson.

Turn to the Sea, by Athelstan Spilhaus, 50 pp., illus.,
printed. National Academy of Sciences, National
Research Council, Washington D. C., 1959.

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE:

Negotiations Under the Trade Agreements Act of 1934
as Amended and Extended (List of Products on which
the U. S. May Seek Concessions from Other Coun-
tries; Notice of Public Hearings), Department of
State Publication 6987, 69 pp., processed, 30 cents.
The Interdepartmental Trade Agreements Organi-
zation, Washington, D.C., May 1960. (For sale by
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Fish and
fishery products are included among the products
listed.

Negotiations Under the Trade Agreements Act of 1934
as Amended and Extended (Notice of U. S. Intention

to Negotiate; List of Products to be Considered for
Possible U. S. Concessions; Notice of Public Hear-
ings), Department of State Publication 6986, 118pp.,
processed, 40 cents. Interdepartmental Trade A-
greements Organization, Washington, D. C,, May
1960. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents,

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25,
D. C.) Fish and fishery products are among the
products listed.

HAWATI:

Handbook of Hawaiian Fishes, by William A. Gosline
and Vernon E. Brock, 381 pp., illus., printed, $11.00.
University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 14, Hawaii,
1960. This is the first handbook for the identifica-
tion of fishes of the Hawaiian Islands know to the re-
viewer since Jordan and Gilbert's two-volume study
published in 1905, now out of print. The authors
have simplified as much ag possible the process of
determining correctly the species of Hawaiian fishes.
The nontechnical person as well as the trained
ichthyologist will find much of interest in this book.
The secondary purpose of the handbook--to provide
definitive common names for the more important
commercial fishes in order to achieve uniformity
of names for catch statistics and law enforcement--
will be of interest to commercial fisheries interests.
The preferred common name is identified easily
since it is placed immediately under the scientific
name. But less desirable common names are also
given. Every native inshore fish that has been val-
idly recorded from Hawaiian waters is included.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.10

Intentionally-introduced fresh-water and marine
species are also described although the section on
the latter ig a short one. Except for scientific
names, scientific terms have been generally avoided.
Llustrations consist of 279 figures which are aids to
identification. Also included are five beautiful color
plates which portray the beauty of Hawaiian fishes.
Keys are provided for all Hawaiian fish families and
for all inshore species. The authors point out in
their preface that the book is the result of widespread
cooperation and credits are widely subdivided. A-
mong the chapters in the book are the following:
Ecology of Hawaiian Fishes; the Nature and Deriv-
ation of Hawaiian Fishes and Keys to Families; and
Accounts of Families and Species of Hawaiian Fishes.
There are two appendixes: Intentionally Introduced
Marine Species; and Check List of Native Hawaiian
Fishes. The book is indexed.

--Joseph Pileggi

HERRING:

Fat Herring from North Norway), by Mahhargo Soe-
prapto, vol. 12, no. 5, 16 pp., illus., printed. A.S.
John Griegs Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway, 1959.

Vintersild (Winter Herring Fishery), by Magne Flem

and Bjarne Skarbovik, 36 pp., illus., printed in Nor-
wegian and English. Sunnmorsposten, Aalesund,
Norway, 1959. An unusual booklet of photographs de-
picting many aspects of the winter herring fishery
and the hardy fishermen who work it. The text ac-
companying the photos describes the preparations
for the season in early January, the location of the
fishing grounds just outside the coastal fringe of
islands, the purse-seiners and drifters which catch
the herring, locating the herring, methods of catch-
ing, the fishing villages, and plants for processing
the herring.

INDIA:

"Observations on the Trawl Fisheries of the Bombay
and Saurashtra Waters, 1949/50 to 1954/55," by R.
Jayaraman and others, article, Indian Journal of
Fisheries, vol. 6, no. 1, April 1959, pp. 58-144,
illus., printed. Ministry of Food and Agriculture,
Government of India, New Delhi, India.

JAPAN:
Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University,

vol. 10, no. 3, November 1959, 112 pp., illus., printed

in Japanese with Englishabstracts. Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University;.Hakodate, Japan. Contains,
among others, the following articles: "Studies‘on Air
Screen in Water. 1--Preliminary Observation of Be-
havior of Fish School in Relation to an Air Screen,''by
Kiichiro Kobayashiandothers; ''Chemical Studies on
Marine Algae. XIII--Isolation of Crystal L-Citrulline
from Chondrus ocellatus and Rhodoglossum pulchrum,"
by Mitsuo Kuriyama, Mitsuzo Takagi, and Kiichi Mur-
ata; "Quality of Flatfishfrom Hakodate. Part 2--The
Factors Deciding the Quality. 3--Relations Between
the Quality and the Amount of Connective Tissue. 4--
Relations Between the Quality and the Amount of Acid
Soluble Phosphorus. 5--Relations Between the Qual-
ity and the Extractive Nitrogen," by Keiichi Oishi;
and "The Territorial Waters in the U. S. S. R.,"' by
Akira Suzuki.

Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. 10, no. 4, February 1960, 90 pp., illus.,

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Faculty
of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate Japan.
Includes, among others, the following articles: "Qual-
ity of Flatfish from Hakodate. Part 3--The Factors
Deciding the Quality. 6--Relations Between the Qual-
ity and the Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle
Extractives," by Keiichi Oishi; "Observations on the
Ship's Drifting due to Wind Action," by Shoji Saito,
and "Studies on the Heat Sterilization of Fish Sau-
sage," by Hiichi Tanikawa and others.

On the Fishes of the Family Chlorophthalmidae, by
Toshiji Kamohara, Research Report of the Kochi
University, vol. 5, no. 15, 17 pp., illus., printed in
Japanese with English summary. The Kochi Univer-
sity, Kochi, Japan, 1959.

Dlustration of Japanese Fishing Boat and Fishing Gear,

following articles: ''The Marine Algae of Southern
Se by 3s Tokida; "Studies on the Proteins
fo) e Meat of Sea-Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus
Selenka),'' by E. Tanikawa; "Studies on ie Manufac-
ture of Algin from Brown Algae," by N. Suzuki; ''Stud-
ies on the Tropomyosin of Squid," by K. Yoshimura;
Studies on Fishing Ground, Fishing Gears, and
Fishing Technique in One-Boat Medium Trawl Fish-
ery,'' by I. Saito; 'Physico-Chemical Studies on the
Activation and Fertilization of Fish Eggs," by S.
Hamono; ''The Species of Gracilaria and Gracilari-
opsis from Japan and Adjacent Water," by H. Ohmi;
Studies on the Technical Problems in the Process-
ing of Canned Salmon," by E. Tanikawa; and "'Stud-
ies on Technical Problems in the Processing of Can-
ned Crab," by E. Tanikawa.

228 pp., illus., printed in Japanese and English, $6.00.| LAW OF THE SEA:

Japan Association for Agriculture and Forestry,
Norin-sho Bldg., 2 Chome Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku,
Tokyo, Japan,1959.

Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries of Kagoshima
University, vol. 8, February 1960, 193 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English summaries. The
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kag-
oshima, Japan. Contains, among others, the follow-
ing articles: ''Studies on the Life Histories of the
Flying-Fishes Found in the Adjacent Waters of Jap-
an-II,"' by Sadahiko Imai; ''Carbonyl Compounds in
Fish as Related to the Deterioration, IIl--Factors
Affecting the Formation of Volatile Carbonyl Com-
pounds in Fish Flesh," by Fuyuo Ota; ''On the Pro-
cess of the Formation of Lower Carbonyl Com-
pounds in the Enzymatic Oxidation of Linoleic Acid,"
by Fuyuo Ota; "On the Storage of Frozen Whole-
Round Skipjack, I--The Denaturation of Skipjack Mus-
cle Protein Under the Freezing and Cold Storage," by
Jun-ichi Nishimoto and Kazuo Tanaka; and II--Histo-
logical Study of the Frozen Skipjack Muscle Tissue,"
by Jun-ichi Nishimoto and Kazuo Tanaka; "Studies on
the Biochemical Change in Fish Muscle, XI--On the
Enzymic Degradation of ATP by Unpurified Actomysin
Fraction of Fish Muscle," by Tomio Hidaka and Kaname
Saito; ''Biophysical Studies on the Auditory Character-
istic of Fish, II--Directional Audibilities in Various
Types of Lateral Line," by Toshiro Kuroki; "Simplified
Ultrasonic Shell-Plate-Flaw-Detector for Fishing Ves-
sel with the Use of the Standing- Wave Technique in the
Thickness-Measurement," by Yoshikazu Narasako,
Sukehiro Oya and Akira Yamabe; "Studies on the Consti-
tutional State of Skipjack Fishing Ground over the Wa-
ters near the Tokara Retto, I--On the Relation between
the Water Temperature and the Catching Condition in
the Fishing Ground," by Tomokazu Morita; "A Consid-
eration on the East China Sea Region Mackerel Fisher-
ies,"'bySumio Enami; ''Studies on Bubble Net, I--Driv-
ing and Intercepting Effect on Some Fresh-Water Fish-
es,''bySumio Enami; ''On the Physical Analysis of the
Fixed-Fishing-Net Resistance," by Masaji Kanamori;
and Studies on the Radiological Contamination of Sea
Water, Planktons and Fishes in the Western Region of
the North Equatorial Current during the Periodfrom
1958 to 1959"' by Kaname Saito, Muneo Sameshima, and
Tomio Hemmi.

Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer-
sity, vol. 7, no. 1/2, 155 pp., illus., printed. The
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hoko-
date, Japan, 1959. Includes, among others, the

La Platforma Continental y los Problemas Juridicos
del Mar (The Continental Shelf and the Juridical
Problems of the Sea), by Humberto Lopez Villamil,
69 pp., printed in Spanish. Talleres Graficos, Juan
Bravo, 3, Madrid, Spain, 1958.

The United States and the Treaty Law of the Sea, by

Henry Reiff, 451 pp., printed. University of Minne-
sota Press, Minneapolis 14, Minn. 1959.

LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE:
~ritorial (The Geneva Conference and the Extent of
the Territorial Sea), by Alfonso Garcia Robles, 410
pp., printed in Spanish. Libreria de Porrua Her-
manos y Cia., S. A., Mexico D. F., Mexico.

LOBSTER:

"Many Types of Lobster Pots Used in Wales," article,
World Fishing, vol. 8, no. 3, March 1959, pp. 41-43,
illus., printed. World Fishing, John Trundell (Pub-
lishers), Ltd., Temple Chambers, Temple Ave.,
London EC4, England.

"World's First Quick-Freeze Lobster Boat," article,
Trade News, vol. 12, no. 11, May 1960, p. 17, illus.,
printed. Trade News, Department of Fisheries, Ot-
tawa, Canada. The Francoise Christine is the first
quick-freeze lobster fishing vessel in the world
which carries out vacuum-packing of lobster meat
on board ship. The canning and packing process
under vacuum is discussed.

MACKEREL:

"El Pejerrey" (The Mackerel), by F. Lahille, article,
Boletin del Ministerio de Agricultura de la Nacion,
vol. 28, no. 3, July-September 1929, pp. 261-395, _
illus., printed in Spanish. Biblioteca del Ministerio
de Agricultura, Paseo Colon 974, Buenos Aires,

Argentina.

MISCELLANEOUS:

Substances Responsible for Taste and Smell in Fish,
by F. Bramstedt, Translation Series No. 235, 15
pp., processed. (Translated from Archiv fur Fisch-
eriwissenschaft, vol. 8, pp. 94-103.) Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Technological Station,

Grande Riviere, Quebec, Canada, 1959.

NIGERIA: ;
Annual Report, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Ag-
Ticulture, 1958-59, Official Document No. 16 of 1960,

114

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 10

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.

9 pp., printed, 1s (about 14 U. S. cents). Government
Printer, Eastern Region, Enugu, Nigeria. Discusses
the activities and accomplishments of the Fisheries
Division of the Eastern Region of Nigeria during
1958-59. Contains sections on the organization; fish-
eries development plan, 1958-62; colonial develop-
ment and welfare fisheries scheme; fisheries ex-
tension experimental fishing and investigations, and
fresh-water fisheries.

NORWAY:

"Fettinnhold i Vintersild 1960" (Fat Content of Winter
Herring in 1960), by Fredrik Villmark, article, Fis-
kets Gang, vol. 46, no. 19, May 12, 1960, pp. 275-276,
illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro
Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

"Ia Industria Noruega de Conservas de Pescado en
el Ano Ultimo" (The Norwegian Fish Canning Indus-
try in 1959), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 26,
no. 249, March 1960, pp. 67-68, printed in Spanish.
Industria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares,
41, Vigo, Spain.

"Rapport om Fiskeforsok med Bankliner pa Rostbank-
en med M/K Vitamin avy Tromso Februar/Mars 1960"
(Report on Line Fishing at Rostbanken by the Re-
search Vessel Vitamin out of Tromso Feb./Mar.
1960), by Kaare Halmo, article, Fiskets Gang, vol.
46, no. 23, June 1960, pp. 354-357, illus., printed
in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81,
Bergen, Norway.

OCEAN PERCH:

The Fisheries of the Redfish in the Southern Part of
the Barents Sea and in the Kopytov Area, by V. I.
Travin, 13 pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy
Pinro,; vol. 10, 1957, pp. 161-171.) Fisheries Lab-

oratory, Lowestoft, England, 1959.

Sex and Age Composition of the Beaked Redfish (SE-
BASTES MENTELLA Travin) of the Kopytov Area,
by YE. I. Surkova, 15 pp., processed. (Translated
from Trudy Pinro, vol. 10, 1957, pp. 172-185.) Fish-
eries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England, 1959.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Data Report for Two IGY Cruises, by Hugh J. McLel-
lan, A. & M. Projects 137 & 24, Reference 59-15D,
117 pp., illus., processed. The Agricultural and
Mechanical College of Texas, Department of Ocean-
ography and Meteorology, College Station, Texas,
April 1959.

Investigations of Climate and Oceanographic Factors
Influencing the Environment of Fish (Covering Peri-
od July 1, 1959-September 30, 1959), by Dean F.
Bumpus, Reference No. 59-49, 9 pp., illus., printed.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Mass., October 1959.

A Method for Measuring Eddy Diffusion in Coastal
Embayments, by Frank W. Moon, Jr., Charles L.
Bretschneider and Donald W. Hood, Series No. 84,
13 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Institute of
Marine Science, vol. 4, no. 2, July 1957). Depart-
ment of Oceanography of the Agricultural and Me-
chanical College of Texas, Department of Oceano-
graphy and Meteorology, College Station, Texas,
‘November 1957.

Net Weekly Variation of Vertical Temperature Struc-

ture in the Upper Ocean Layers (Autumn, North At-
lantic), by Robert A. Gilcrest, A. & M. Project 24,
Reference 57-2T, 77 pp., illus., processed. The Ag-
ricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, Depart-
ment of Oceanography and Meteorology, College

Station, Texas, January 1957.

Oceanography and Meteorology of the Gulf of Mexico
(Annual Report, May 1, 1958-April 30, 1959), by

Hugh J. McLellan, A& M Project 24, Reference 59-16A,
42 pp., processed. Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege of Texas, Department of Oceanography and Meteo-
rology, College Station, Tex., 1959.

Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la CALY-
PSO (Scientific Results of Calypso Cruises), Annales
de 1'Instutut Oceanographique (iécords of the Ocean-
ographic Institute), vol. 37, 342 pp., illus., printed
in French. L'Institute Oceanographique, 120 Blvd.
Saint-Germain, Paris, France, 1959. Covers the
"Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinee et aux Tes
Principe, Sao Tome et Annobon" (The 1956 Cruise
in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Principal Islands of
Sao Thome and Annobon); "Campagne 1956 sur les
Cotes de Provence'' (The 1956 Cruise off the Coasts
of Provence); "Campagne 1957 dans le Golfe de
Genes (The 1957 Cruise in the Gulf of Genoa); and
"Campagne 1958 en Mer d'Alboran et dans la Baie
Tbero-Marocaine" (1958 Cruise in the Sea of Alboran
and in the Spanish Moroccan Bay).

OYSTERS:

"Oyster Farming," by George W. Allen, article, Ala-
bama Conservation, vol. 31, no. 6, April-May 1960,

. pp. 4-6, illus., printed. Alabama Dept. of Conserva-
tion, 711 High St., Montgomery, Ala. Discusses
various aspects of oyster farming--selection and
preparation of oyster beds, method of sowing spat,
predators and diseases of oysters, and outlook for
the oyster industry.

"Oysters Year 'Round," article, Louisiana Conserva-
tionist, vol. 12, nos. 5-6, May-June 1960, pp. 10-11,
illus., printed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries
Commission, Wild Life & Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal
St., New Orleans, La. Describes, in semi-humorous
style, the culinary and nutritional attributes of the
oyster and presents a number of recipes for pre-
paring this gourmet's favorite.

Quality Determination of Mussels (MYTILUS EDULIS)
and Oysters, by P. Korringa, Translation Series No.
76, 6 pp., illus., processed (Translated from Archiv
fur Fischereiwissenschaft, vol. 6, no. 3/4, 1955,
pp. 189-193.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada, 1956.

"Serological Studies on Relationships Among Oysters
of Different Genus, Species, and Races," by Kenichi
Numachi, article, The Tohoku Journal of Agricultural
Research, vol. 10, no. 3, November 1959, pp. 313-
319, illus., printed. The Faculty of Agriculture,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. :

PEARL OYSTERS:
Survey of the Pearl Banks, Gulf of Mannar, 1955, by

S. Sivalingam, Contribution No. 2, 19 pp., illus.,
pp. 308-325.) Fisheries Research Station, Colombo,
Ceylon. Covers 4 survey of the Gulf of Mannar in

October 1960

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAIL

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ABLE FROM THE FISH
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM > Se SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

1955 to ascertain the presence of pearl oysters, lo-
cation, and extent of oyster beds. The survey also.
determined the age composition of oysters, size of

population, and value of the oysters collected. This

meet! is based on the results of dredging operations
only.

PHILIPPINES:
Observations on Philippine Fisheries, by Ole J. Heg-
gem, 27 pp., processed. International Cooperation

Administration, U. S. Operations to the Philippines,
Manila, Philippines.

PRESERVATION:

Fish Preservation Simplified, by H. van Pel, 22 pp.,
illus., printed. South Pacific Commission, Litera-
ture Bureau, Box 5254, G.P.O., Sydney, Australia.

RAINBOW TROUT:

Delayed Mortality of Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout
in Relation to Five Chemical Factors Encountered
in Transporting Waters (Thesis of DeVon Wayne
Linn for the M. 8S. Degree in Fisheries), 88 pp.,
illus., processed. Oregon State College, Corvallis,
Oreg., June 1955.

REFRIGERATION:

Die Anwendung der Kalte in der Lebensmittelindustrie.

Handbuch der Kaltetecknik (Application of Refriger-
ation in the Food Inudstry. Handbook of Refrigera-
tion), 690 pp., illus., printed in German, D. M. 114
(about US$27.14). Springer Verlag, Heidelberger
Platz 3, Berlin, Germany, 1960. Includes a chapter
on fish--physical properties, keeping fish fresh
above their freezing point, sanitary requirements
for ice, complementary losses, freezing, and freez-
ing of fish and crustacea on board ship.

RHODESIA:
Proceedings of the First Fisheries Day in Southern
~ Rho aeaia (Salisbury, August 1957), 88 pp., illus.,
printed. Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Salisbury,
Rhodesia, 1959.

SALMON:

Behavior of Chinook and Silver Salmon, by George H.
Allen, Contribution No. 24, 6 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Ecology, vol. 40, no. 1, January
1959, pp. 108-1 13.), University of Washington, School
of Fisheries, Seattle, Wash.

Biochemical Analysis of Young Salmon at the Time of
Their Transformation to a Condition Close to the

Smolt State, and During Retention of Smolts in Fresh
Water, by E. M. Malikova, Translation Series No.
232, 19 pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy
Latviiskovo Otdeleniia VNIRO, vol. 2, 1957, pp. 241-
255.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biolog-
ical Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.

An Examination of Factors Affecting the Abundance

of Pink Salmon in the Fraser River, by E. H. Ver-
non, 52 pp., illus., processed. International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission, New Westminster,
British Columbia, Canada, 1958.

Transformation to Smolt Stage and Downstream Mi-

grati g itseva
ration of Youn Salmon, by N. V. Evropei 5
Translation Series No. 234, 36 pp., processed.

(Translated from Uchenye Zapiski Leningradskovo

Gosudarstvennovo Universiteta (LGU), No. 228,
Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk No. 44, 1957, pp. 117-
154.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biolog-
ical Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1959.

SARDINES:

"La Fabricacion de Conservas de Sardina con Pescado
Congelado" (The Manufacture of Canned Sardines with
Frozen Fish), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 26,
no. 249, March 1960, pp. 70-72, printedinSpanish. In-
dustria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41,
Vigo, Spain.

SCOTLAND:

"Results of Scottish Herring Fisheries in 1959 and
Prospects for 1960," by B. B. Parrish and I. G. Bax-
ter, article, Scottish Fisheries Bulletin, no. 13, June
1960, pp. 2-10, illus., printed. The Marine Labora-
tory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for
Scotland, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen, Scotland.

SEALS:

"Selfangsten 1959"' (Seal Catch in 1959), by Sverre
Mollestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 18,
May 1960, pp. 261-266, printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway.

SHELLS:

"Shell Take and Prices Down," agticle, Fisheries News-
letter, vol. 19, no. 5, May 1960, pp. 13, 27, printed.
Commonwealth Director of Fisheries, Department
of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia. The de-
cline in production and consequent drop in pearl shell
prices during the past two years was due to the devel-
opment of cheaper plastic button, competitive with
the shell buttons, and also to unfavorable weather.
The Australian government and the industry have
attempted to promote the use of pearl shells by
means of a joint sales campaign.

SHRIMP:

Aspects of the Biology of the Tortugas Pink Shrimp,
PENAEUS DUORARUM, by Edwin S. Iversen and
G. P. Idyll; Contribution No. 246, 8 pp., illus., print-
ed. (Reprinted from Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 1, 1960.) The Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. On the Tortugas grounds,
off southern Florida, biologists tagged shrimp with
Petersen disc tags. A general tendency was noted
for adult shrimp to move in a northwesterly direc-
tion. Females attain larger sizes than males and
growth of the carapace, which is more easily meas-
ured than total length, is related linearly to total
length. Size-frequency distributions suggest that
small shrimp move from shallow water at the end
of the Florida peninsula to the Tortugas grounds.
Some salinity and temperature data are given.

"Shrimps: the U.S. Industry," by W. Adair Stewart,
article, Foreign Trade, vol. 114, no. 2, July 16,1960,
pp. 15-16, printed. Queen's Printer, Government
Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada. The author de-
scribes the commercial importance of the frozen
shrimp industry in the United States, management and
conservation of the shrimp fishery, the search for
new fishing grounds, and potential sources of foreign

supplies.
SPAIN:

"I.a Produccion Conservera Espanola en 195 8" (Span-
ish Canning Production in 1958), article, Boletin de

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

116 Vol. 22, No.10

ing bream and bass fishing, and to determine their

19, April 1960, pp. 10-11, printed in Spanish. Sin-
dicato Nacional de la Pesca, Paseo del Prado, 18-
20, 6% Planta, Madrid, Spain.

effectiveness in controlling obnoxious algae, Pitho-
phora. To date, good catches of Tilapia have been

taken from these lakes, although its effectiveness

in controlling the algae is still in doubt.
SPINY LOBSTERS:

Lobster Fishing in Ceylon, by|G. H. P. DeBruin, Bul-
letin No. 9, 19 pp., illus., printed. The Fisheries
Research Station, Department of Fisheries, Colombo,
Ceylon, 1960. Spiny lobsters are present in Ceylon

TRANSPORTATION:
Fish Packing Boxes for Sea Transportation, by S. R.
Suntur, 5 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Gen-
eral Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Pro-

waters, according to the author, but an established
fishery does not exist due partly to the absence of
efficient methods of capture. Gear efficiency tests
were therefore conducted using lobster traps such
as the Scottish creel, Canadiat arlour and bed-
room," and the Cornish 'ink-well'' in order to find
an efficient method of capturing lobsters. The Can-
adian "parlour and bed-room" type constructed of
steel and hemp netting proved to be the most effec-
tive trap. Diving operations revealed the existence
of spiny lobsters on both the east and west coasts of
Ceylon but for some unknown reason traps were in-
effective on the east coast. On the west coast, how-
ever, experiments with traps showed the presence
of lobsters in commercial quantities in rocky areas
and.coral reefs.

Production and Distribution of Larvae of the Spiny
Lobster, PANULIRUS INTERRUPTUS (Randall) with
Records on P. GRACILIS Streets, by Martin W.
Johnson, 52 pp., illus., printed, $1. (Reprinted from
Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
vol. 7, no. 6, May 23, 1960, pp. 413-462.) Univer-
sity of California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 1960.

A study of the occurrence and distribution of the
phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster. In this in-
vestigation the material consisted of phyllosoma

- larvae of Panulirus interruptus (and to a lesser ex-
tent of P. gracilis) sorted from a large number of
plankton hauls taken with a 1-meter net, mainly
along the coast of California and Baja California, by
several vessels during all seasons over a period of
seven years. Findings showed that: the height of
the hatching season is August and September; only
one brood is produced each year by the spawning
female; the complete phyllosoma larval period is
about 7-3/4 months; and recruitment of lobsters on
the coast of California and Baja California must
depend upon the development of large eddies, swirls,
and counter-currents which retard the flushing out
of larvae to the south with the California current.

ceedings and Technical Papers, Technical Paper 64,
no. 5, pp. 459-463.) General Fisheries Council for
the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1959.

TRAWL FISHING:

Forecasting the Stock Available and the Conditions for
Trawl Fishing, by N. A. Maslov, Translation Series
No. 220, 24 pp., processed. (Translated from Trudy
Piliarnovo N.-I. Institut Morskovo Rybnovo Khoz-
iaistva i Okeanografii (PINRO), no. 10, 1957, pp. 5-
29.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 1959.

TRAWLERS:

Resistance and Propulsion of Trawlers, by D. J. Doust
and T. P. O'Brien (paper read at the North East
Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders,
Bolbec Hall, Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1, England, April
3, 1959, 82 pp., printed),'from Journal of the British
Shipbuilding Research Association, 5 Chesterfield
Gardens, Curzon St., London W1, England, 1959.

TRAWLING:

“Midwater Trawling," article, Trade News, vol. 12,
no. 11, May 1960, pp. 9-12, illus., printed. Trade
“News, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.
Midwater trawling is a fishing method which is at-
tracting widespread interest at the present time.
Basically it is an old method that was not particu-
lary satisfactory until new electronic devices were
added after World War II. Over the past decade and
especially within the past three years, improvements
have been superimposed one upon another with re-
markable rapidity both in northern Europe and in
North America. Because scientists and technolog-
ists have shared their findings, representing one
continuous development, and especially as one of
the most important steps was taken in Canada and
interesting practical experiments are still under way,,
it is proposed to outline these advances, beginning
with this summary of early developments outside

STEELHEAD TROUT:
Factors| Influencing the Seaward Migration of Smolt

of Canada. This article; the first of a series of ar-
ticles on developments in mid-water trawling, dis-

Steelhead Trout, SALMO GAIRDNERII GAIRDNERILI
Richardson, in the Alsea River, Oregon (Thesis of
Rupert Earle Andrews for the M. S. Degree in Fish
and Game Management), 99 pp., illus., processed.
Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg., October
1958.

cusses the development of the Larsen two-boat trawl,
designed primarily for the Danish herring fishery;
the French ''Exocet'' trawl device; Finland's pair-
trawling; the Phantom trawl designed by a Swedish
naval architect; and the German trawl with four ot-
ter boards. It also discusses the modification of
these methods of midwater trawling by other coun-

TILAPIA:
"Tilapia," by William R. Heard, article, Alabama
Conservation, vol. 31, no. 5, February-March 1960,

tries to fit their own particular needs.

TRAWLS:

pp. 7-8, 23-24, illus., printed. Alabama Department
of Conservation, Union St. Administration Bldg.,
Montgomery, Ala. During the past two years, Tilapia
nilotica or T. mossambica have been added to 11 of
Alabama's state-owned and managed lakes in an
attempt to evaluate their usefulness in supplement-

"An Improved Design for Small Trawl Doors," by W.
A. King-Webster, article, World Fishing, vol. 8, no.
1, January 1959, pp. 40-42; printed. World Fishing,
John Trundel (Publishers) Ltd., Temple Chambers,
Temple Ave., London EC4, England.

October 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

117

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIF

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM

"Das Schwimm-Schleppnetz (The Floating Trawl), by
A. von Brandt, article, Die Bundesanstalt fur Fisch-
erei, vol. 5, nos. 22/23, October 1958, pp. 201-226,
illus., printed in German. Die Bundesanstalt fur
Fischerei, Neuer Wall 72, Hamburg 36, Germany.

TUNA:

"Trolling and Longlining for Tuna," by Louis Devam-
bez, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2,
April 1960, pp. 32-33, illus., printed, 30 U.S. cents.
South Pacific Commission, Box 5254,G.P.O., Sydney,
Australia. The French Institute of Oceania has pub-
lished two illustrated booklets recording the results
of experimental tuna fishing carried out by its fish-
eries research vessel Orsom III, over a period of
several years. Two techniques for commercial use,
trolling and longlining, were finally selected, and
each is the subject of a separate report. Both are
reviewed in the present article.

"Vers une Adaptation des Methodes de Prises aux
Habitudes du Thon" (Towards an Adaptation of Catch-
ing Methods to the Habits of the Tuna), article, France
Peche, vol. 5, no. 41, June 1960, pp. 21-22, illus.,
printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est,
Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT:

United States Government Organization Manual, 1960-
61, 822 pp., illus., printed, $150. Office of the Fed-
eral Register, National Archives and Records Serv-
ice, Washington 25, D. C., June 1, 1960. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Theof-
fical organization handbook of the Federal Govern-
ment. Contains sections descriptive of the agencies
in the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
Supplemental information includes brief descriptions
of quasi-offical agencies and selected international
organizations, charts of the more complex agencies,
and appendices relating to abolished or transferred
agencies, to governmental publications, and to cer-
tain ancillary material. Also describes the agencies
connected with fisheries: U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Defense

Pz

E SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Fisheries Administration, Fisheries Division of FAO,
and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

VENEZUELA:

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Direccion de
Recursos Naturales Renovables, Division de Pesca
y Caza, Caracas, Venezuela, May 1959.

VESSELS:
"Are 'Container' Fishing Vessels Practical?" by G.

W. Lehmann, article, World Fishing, vol. 8, no. 4,
April 1959, pp. 94-95, illus., printed. World Fish-
ing, John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., Temple Cham-
bers, Temple Ave., London EC4, England. In a con-
tainer fishing vessel, the movable containers are placed
in the fish hold in sucha way that they are filled on the
fishing grounds with processed fish, and uponarrival at
the home port they are immediately unloaded and dis -
tributed inlandbytruckor railroad car. As the con-
tainers remain open during the fishing period, a serv-
ice alley between them must be provided and so ar-
ranged that the doors of the containers may be opened and
closed leaving sufficient accesSibilityfor loading. Such
service alleys need hatches above them, located prefer-
ablyforward. Containers are built with watertight open-
ings in order to provide watertight buoyancy bodies with-
in the space as a reserve buoyancy when a vessel is
stricken inheavy weather. The fish space ofa container
fishing vessel need not be insulated since the con-
tainers themselves are. Each is equipped with a
refrigerating unit, which is fed by the ship while at
sea and connected to the truck on shore.

[WALRUS:

Preliminar

Ts

SS

Investigation of the Atlantic Walrus, OD-
OBENUS ROSMARUS ROSMARUS (Linnaeus), by
Alan G. Loughrey, Wildlife Management Bulletin,
series 1, no. 14, 127 pp., illus., processed. Depart-
ment of Northern Affairs and National Resources,
National Parks Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service,

Ottawa, Canada, 1959.

>

ZG

T4

118 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page ; Page
FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of the Interior: Department of State:
Fish and Wildlife Service: International Cooperation Administration:
(hh o0 Federal Code of Regulations for Fish and WildHfe 98 .. Fisheries Grants to Foreign Countries
Revised Treasury Department:
92. . United States Whaling Regulations Brought Up to Date Coast Guard:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: 98 .. Fishing Vessels Exempted from Advance Arrival Time
92... Quality Standards Established for Frozen Shrimp Notice
HH 54 Prohibition Extended on High-Seas Net Fishing for 98 .. Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session)
Salmon in North Pacific FISHERY INDICATORS:
96) cs United States Aid in Fishing Vessel Construction 101 Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
not Included Under Mortgage Insurance Plan 102 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Bureau of Indian Affairs: 103 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fishery
(3 G6 Commercial Fishing Regulations for Red Lake Products
Indian Reservation Revised 104 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery
Department of Labor: Products at Principal Distribution Centers
Wage and Hour Division: 104 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S. and Alaska
Qe as Industry Committee to Review Wage Rates in Puerto 105 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
Rico for Fish Canning Industry 106 .. Chart 7- U.S. Fishery Products Imports

"RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
107 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
109 .. Miscellaneous Publications

TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-MARKING FISH BY MEANS OF
COMPRESSED AIR

A promisingnew method for mass-markingfish has been devel-
oped. It obviates time-consuming individual handling. A luminous
polystyrene ("'Derbylite'') is applied with sandblast and paint spray
guns (using a pressure of 80 to 100 p.s.i.) to fish held in dip nets.
The fluroescent fish are detectable under a vaporlamp. The last-
ing quality of the polystyrene is unknown, but according to the au-
thor all indications are thatitis permanent. (A Techniquefor Mass-
Marking by Means of Compressed Air, by C. F. Jackson, Technical
Circular No. 17, New Hampshire Fish and Game Dept.)

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Poehner, and Nyoka Taylor

HK OK OK OK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover--R. K. Brigham, Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.; p. 1--J.
Thompson; p. 5, fig. 5; p. 6, figs. 7 and 8; p. 7, fig. 9; p. 8, fig. 10; p. 9,
fig.1la,b, & c; p. 10, fig. 12--J. B. Rivers, Pascagoula, Miss.; pp. 18, 20,
22, and 25--Walter H. Stolting; p. 36, fig. 2--Coast and Geodetic Survey;
p. 47--J. Pileggi; p.55--J.O. Traug, FAO; p. 60--Icelandic Freezing
Plants Corp. and F. L. Cyprien, FAO.

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A photomontage of many of the reports currently released by the Branch
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Market News Leaniet 19
Washington 25, p, c,

January 1989

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Vol. 22, No. 11 NOVEMBER 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

‘Washington, D.C

=e

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests

to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheri i
Gacitesien Oa ated eries, U. S. Department of the Interior,

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement,

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

reference to the source is appreciated.

Budget, May 10, 1960.
5/31/63

26

27
27

28
28

CONTENTS

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the

COVER: In 1959 about 24.2 million pounds of sea scallop meats were landed in United
States North Atlantic ports, principally at New Bedford, Mass. This was considerably
more than the 19.0 million pounds landed in 1958. The scalloper with its scallop dredge
is the typical vessel and gear used to fish sea scallops. Georges Bank supports the
world's largest scallop fishery. United States vessels started extensive commercial
fishing on that Bank in the early 1930's and since then there has been a continuous his-

tory of good production,

.A Review of the Atlantic Coast Whiting Fishery, by Raymond L. Fritz
.Rapid Objective Freshness Test For Blue-Crab Meat and Observations on Spoilage Characteristics, by Caroline H. Kurtzman

and Donald G. Snyder

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments:
Equipment Note No. 5--Sink Gill-Net Fishing in
New England, by Warren F, Rathjen
Alaska Exploratory Fishery Program:
Commercial Potential of Bottom Fish in Southeastern
Alaska Studied (M/V New Hope Cruise 60-1)
American Fisheries Advisory Committee:
Five Major Problems Discussed at August Meeting
American Samoa:
Tuna Landings, August 1960
Byproducts:
U. S. Production and Imports of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January-July 1960
California:
Aerial Nene ie of Sea Lions (Airplane Spotting Flight
60-13
Albacore Tuna Migration off Pacific Coast Studied
(M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 6083)
Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (M/V Alaska
Cruises 60A6 and 60-16)
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-July 1960
Central Pacific Fishery Investigations:
Biologists Seek Albacore Tuna Spawning Grounds West
of Hawaii (M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 48)
Reaction of Skipjack Tuna to Nets Tested
Tagging Returns Indicate that the Skipjack Tuna is not
a Wide-Ranging Species’
Chicago:
Consumption of Frozen
and Institutions
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Jamuary-July and August 1960
Films:
Salmon Film Wins Honors at Edinburgh International
Film Festival
Fish Kills:
Nationwide Statistical Reporting System Set Up
Fish Meal:
Freight Rates for Meal and Scrap Reduced

Fish and Shellfish in Restaurants

Page

29
29

30

30

31

32

32
33

34

35
35
35
36
37
38

38

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Florida:
Fisheries Research
Foreign Fishery Developments:
Commercial Fisheries Bureau Employee Reviews
Fishery Matters in Western Europe
Fur Seals:
Two Russian Scientists Study Herds and Facilities on
Pribilof Islands
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:
Commercial Potential of Under-Utilized Fish Stocks
in Lake Michigan Surveyed (M/V Art Swaer II, Ex-
ploratory Cruise 1, and M/V Kevinbren, Cruise 2)
Seasonal Distribution Studies of Commercial Fish
Stocks in Lake Erie Continued (M/V Active Cruises
11 and 12)
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Lake Erie Fish Population Survey (M/V George L.
August 1960)
Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Continued
(M/V Cisco Cruises 6 and 7)
Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Continued
(M/V Siscowet Cruise 5)
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
Exploratory Fishing for Industrial Fish (M/V Oregon
Cruise 69)
Gulf Fishery Investigations:
Shrimp Fishery Investigations
Industrial Fishery Studies
Effect of Pesticides on Marine Organs
Hawaii:
Commercial Fishery Landings, July 1959-June 1960
Industrial Fish as Food for Ranch Mink, by Walter G.
Jones
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Distribution and Abundance of Groundfish in the In-
shore Nursery Areas Surveyed (M/V Capt. Bill III)
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Good Trawling Bottom Found off British Columbia
(M/V John N. Cobb Cruises 47 and 48)

Contents Continued page II.

II

Pag

39

40
40
41
41

41

42

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.11

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Oregon:
Hatchery-Produced Salmon Supplement Natural
Spawning
Oysters:
Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning and
Setting (As of August 31 and September 15, 1960)
Upper Chesapeake Bay Escaped MSX Mortality in
August
Set Best on Shells Suspended on Racks
Radiation Preservation:
Army to Build Research Center at Natick, Mass.
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Scallop and Shrimp Resources Survey off Florida East
Coast Planned (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 26)
Tuna:
U. S. Biologist Accompanies Norwegian Survey Cruise
off West Africa
U. S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, July 1960
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products,
January-June 1960
Imports of Fishery Products at New High During 1959
Wholesale Prices, September 1960

"FOREIGN:

International:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
International Tariff Negotiations Conference Opened
September 1, 1960
General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean:
Sixth Session Held in Rome
International Indian Ocean Expedition
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
‘Tenth Annual Meeting
Marine Oils:
Imports by Western Europe Will Drop in 1960
United States to Host World Conference on Fishery
Products Nutrition
Angola:
Fishing Industries Institute of Angola Created
Fish Meal and Oil Production and Costs, 1959 and
First Quarter 1960
Australia:
Cannery Plans to Increase Canned Tuna Pack
Tuna Tagging Experiments Seek to Determine
Migrations
Belgium:
Fish Meal and Marine-Oil Industry, 1959 and First
Quarter of 1960
Brazil:
Japanese-Brazilian Tuna Fishing Company
Reorganized
Canada:
Newfoundland Fish Meal and Oil Industry, 1958-59
Progress on Atlantic Coast Fishery Studies Discussed
at Meeting
Status of British Columbia Export Ban on Fresh and
Frozen Salmon
Ceylon:
Tuna Fisheries
Chile:
Fish Meal and Oil Industry, 1959
Costa Rica:
Spiny Lobster Catch Increased Sharply in September
Cuba:
Closed Season on Oysters Lifted
Exports and Landings of Certain Fishery Products,
1959

French South Pacific Territories:

Research Indicates Good Tuna Fishing Potential off
South Pacific Islands
German Federal Republic:
Fish Meal and Oil Industry, 1958-59
Greece:
Atlantic Ocean Trawl Fishery Expansion Continues
Five-Year Plan Includes US$5 Million for Fisheries
Iceland:
Canned Sardines to be Shipped to Czechoslovakia
Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1960
Flatfish Air Deliveries to Britain Stepped Up
North Coast Herring Fishing Season Poor
Iran:
Shrimp Fishing Fleet in Persian Gulf to be Increased

Page

67

67

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Italy:
Price for Japariese Frozen Tuna Firms Up
Japan:
Frozen Tuna Licensed for Export to Europe, Fiscal
Year April 1959-March 1960
Canned in Oil Exports Drop
Canned Tuna in Brine Export Trends
Shortage of Canned Lightmeat Tuna in Oil Reported
Canned-Tuna-in-Brine Market Poor
Frozen: Albacore Tuna Check Price Drops
Frozen Yellowfin Tuna Price Fixed for Direct Exports
Seek Control of Frozen Tuna Exports to Italy
Proposal for Sales Company to Handle Frozen Atlantic
Tuna Exports :
Research Vessel to Explore for Tuna off West Africa
Tuna Fishing in the Pacific
Two Tuna Motherships Return from Fiji Islands Area
September Forecast Issued for Tuna Fishing in
Indian Ocean
Tuna Fishing in Indian Ocean
Canned Salmon Sales and Market Prospects This Year
Canned Salmon Export Prices
Salmon Mothership Fleets to Fish Bottomfish in Bering
Sea
Aquicultural Production Up for 1959/60 Fiscal Year
Economic Trends in the Fisheries, 1959
Offers of Canned Sardines Suspended Due to Short Pack
Interest Rate Cut on Fishing Vessel Financing
Launch Large Stern-Type Trawler
Salmon Shark Research Fleet in North Pacific
Frozen Shrimp Imported from Communist China
Soviet Fisheries Mission Inspects Fisheries Facilities
Libya:
Tuna Fishery Trends, Second Quarter 1960
Mexico:
Export Duties Increased on Shrimp and Crabs
Morocco:
Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Netherlands:
Whale-Oil Tanker Sold to Japanese
Norway:
Frozen Fish Export Trends
National Fisheries Fair 1960
West African Exploratory Fishing Expedition Planned
Pakistan:
Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Panama:
Shrimp Industry Studied by FAO Expert
Peru:
Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter 1960
Phifippines: a
Government May Reduce 25-Percent Exchange Margin
Tax
Portugal:
United States Shipment of Live Striped Bass Received
Cod Catch from Western Atlantic Better This Year
Committee Established to Study Fish Canning and
Exporting Associations
Seaweeds in the Cape Verde Islands Area Studied
Ryukyu Islands:
Frozen Tuna to be Exported to Japan
Spain: ,
Fish Meal and Oil Industry and Market
Sweden:
Effect of European Trade Pacts on Fish Canning
Industry
Trinidad:
SKrimp Fishery Expands with Vessels from United
States
Tunisia:
Fishery Trends, Second Quarter 1960
FAO Expert Helps to. Develop Fishery Resources
Third Trip of Frozen Tuna Landed at Mahdia
Union of South Africa:
Fish Production not Curtailed in Spite of Boycotts
Pilchard-Maasbanker 1960 Landings Set New Record
Two Vessels Fish Tuna with Japanese Long-Line Gear
U.S. 5S. R.:
Fishing and Whaling Factoryships to be Built in
West Germany
Transplanted Pacific Salmon Caught in Barents and
White Seas
12-Mile Territorial Waters Limit Enacted

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW II

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Venezuela: U.S. Tariff Commission:
89 .. Shrimp Industry 93... Final Report on Tariff Simplification Study Issued
Yugoslavia: 94 .. Shrimp Industry Investigation
89 .. Ban Lifted on Imports of Frozen Japanese Tuna FISHERY INDICATORS:
90 .. Frozen Tuna Imports from Japan Banned for Three 95 Chartnlie= Fishery Landings for Selected States
Months 96 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
FEDERAL ACTIONS: 97 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of
Department ofthe Interior: Fishery Products
91 .. Exploitation of Florida Coral Reef Preserve to be 98 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery
Stopped Products at Principal Distribution Centers
Fish and Wildlife Service: 98 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U.S. and
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: Alaska
Oil 66 Fishing Vessel Construction Differential Subsidy 99 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
Announced 100 .. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
Department of Labor: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division: 101 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
GH 56 Minimum Wage for Tuna Canning and Processing 103 .. Miscellaneous Publications

Raised to United States Level

PACIFIC SARDINE

ce

SALMON

UNITED STATES

CRABS

MENHADEN

SHRIMP

ALASKA

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Poehner, and Helen Joswick

1,

se ok
KOK

i i i i the source or photographer for
Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives
each EGIOETEOR in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from the

Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

i ial =S i ; p. 12--D. Ulmer; p. 46--
0 fig. 8, p. 10, figs. 10 & 11--R. K. Brigham; p é
% Genet oe 56 Pe 58--Information Services, Dept. of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada: p. 59--S. Bunnag, FAO; p. 65--Icelandic Freezing Plants Corp.;

p. 86--Patrick Morin, FAO. :

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November 1960

A REVIEW OF THE ATLANTIC COAST WHITING FISHERY

By Raymond L. Fritz*
ABSTRACT

The annual landings of whiting or silver hake have increased slowly during the last 25
years, from a few pounds to well over 150 million pounds. Technological advances in
rocessing, freezing, and transportation, as well as changes in fishing gear and grounds,
ave contributed to this increase. New methods of utilizing this species for animal food and
industrial purposes have developed a stable demand and created an important fishery.

CONTENTS

Page ; Page
IRECEMEEOIB go SOOO ODDO KDOdDOOD OOO eUO 1 New England: areca moniomone neon cmon an on cnrs a7
HistorialeBackground) eis! else) io) 2) «) lie) © ee) el) 2 UME GoooDDdDO0DdDDDL 3000006 5
Geographical Distribution ........ DoOb0Sa 2 Landings ibys Statesirasewel cmt omonelica et sicueue neste 5
NEWER og GodgaedD DOOD ODO ob DDO OOOO 2 WTF oo ondaD OOOO C DOOD OD OOO COON 6
Chesapeaket Bayan memsieUeionomeliolelel enone rsnen ele 2 EishingpAre asi memei- Mell iemeie nimi aca mca menene 6
MiddlevAtlantics iem-mem-mrmcnelcieicieieiei iene stele 3 CHV oc doc OnD OOO DDO oUOKD ODO OOO> 8
Anna Lancdingsins! v's) lie! ee) el lvilel tel epics) eltel oe 3 Landings by Gear Con DoucoodtcboooooD 8
Landings by States ....6.2.0-e.e0evc000 4 Utilization ep eaeiewenemed ed oMelenen none Memene einen 9
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WABI Goono0Go0d0d00o0000 9600 4

INTRODUCTION

The whiting or silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) (fig. 1) has always been abundant on
the fishing grounds from Maine to Virginia. Prior to 1920, it was at times considered a nui-
sance by fishermen and landings amounted to less than 7 million pounds. Technological ad-
vances in handling fish, particularly quick-freezing and automatic scaling machines, in addi-

Fig. 1 - Whiting (Merluccius bilinearis).

*Fishery Research Biologist, Biological Laboratory, Division of Biological Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Woods
Hole, Mass.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR °

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 602

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.11

tion to the development of markets, stimulated rapid growth of the whiting fishery so that land-
ings rose to 100 million pounds by 1949. Changes in fishing gear, fishing grounds, and utili-
zation added more to the development of this fishery along the Atlantic Coast so that 1957
landings were about 170 million pounds.

Recognizing the need for an understanding of this important fishery, the Atlantic States
Marine Fisheries Commission requested the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service to study the fish-
ery. The program was started in 1954 with funds made available under the Saltonstall-Ken-
nedy Act.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: The whiting fishery had its beginning during the early
1840's. Storer (1867) states that some whiting was prepared for the market, but that gener-
ally it was not considered very good because it soon became soft and tasteless. Storer also
reports that considerable numbers were caught with hook-and-line on Crab Ledge, a few
miles from the Boston Lighthouse. He also relates that this species became a general nui-
sance to the fishermen at Provincetown, Mass., when large quantities were caught in the
mackerel nets. Often, 8 to 10 hours were necessary to remove these fish from the nets. How-
ever, during September and October the whiting were useful as bait to catch dogfish. Storer
(1867) and Nye (1886) reported that large numbers of whiting were stranded on the beach after
chasing sand eels or other small fishes.

Very little was published on the whiting from 1900 through the 1920's. Bigelow and Welsh
(1925) summarized what little was known of the life history at that time. This account was re-
vised and brought up to date by Bigelow and Schroeder (1953).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The general geographical distribution of the whiting
is reported by Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) as the continental shelf of eastern North Ameri-
ca, northward to the Newfoundland Banks and southward to the offing of South Carolina. Re-
cently McKenzie and Scott (1956) reported several specimens from the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
the northernmost record of this species. Although the range of this fish is extensive, the
principal areas of commercial exploitation are along the inshore waters of the Middle and
North Atlantic Coast and on Georges Bank.

Table 1 - Annual Landings of Whiting,
Chesapeake Bay States, 1931-1957

REGIONS

The Bureau collects and publishes monthly and
yearly summariesl/ of United States fishery landings
by regions. Inthis paper, data collected for the Chesa-
peake Bay, Middle Atlantic, and New England regions
are examined and discussed. The data given in tables
1-8 come from various sections of the statistical re-
ports.

So0cad (1,000 Pounds) .. ....
49 19

33 48 81

- 45 45

CHESAPEAKE BAY: The southernmost commer-
cial fishery for whiting is in the Chesapeake Bay region
(fig. 2). The appearance of whiting there from year to
year has been very erratic. Hildebrand and Schroeder
(1928) reported that two pound nets located in Lynnhaven
Roads, Va., from 1908 to 1923, caught a few whiting in
some years but none in other years. Pearson (1932)
listed the whiting with many other species caught in the
winter trawl fishery off the North Carolina-Virginia
coast during 1931. Records from 1934 through 1957
show further that the yearly landings have fluctuated
considerably in that region (table 1). It can be seen
that, during 1947, slightly over 2 million pounds were
landed, the largest amount ever recorded from that
region.
1/Fishery Industries of the United States, 1932-1938, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries; and Statistical Digests No.

1-44, Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1939-1957, U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.

tou tf fe Wh & seit ta

November 1960

OCEAN CITY

VIRGINIA

CHESAPEAKE STATES

Fig. 2 - Chesapeake Bay States.

Whiting caught in that general region are
landed at Ocean City, Md.; Hampton and Nor-
folk, Va.; and other smaller ports along the
coast. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) state
that the small local catch is easily disposed
of in Norfolk markets, where it is known as
"winter trout."

During the early years of the fishery in
the region, the pound net was the principal
gear used. June (1956) reports that during the
1920's there were 14 fishing companies which
operated 45 pound nets in the vicinity of
Ocean City, Md. Not a single pound net re-
mains in that region today. Along with the
decrease in pound nets there was an increase
in the number of draggers operating on the
grounds. During the past few years, the
whiting landings in that region have beenpri-
marily from draggers.

MIDDLE ATLANTIC: The Middle Atlan-
tic region includes Delaware, New Jersey,
and New York (fig. 3). June and Reintjes
(1957) reported that whiting was the predom-
inant species caught by the inshore draggers
during 1946 and 1947. In subsequent years,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

however, they contributed very little to the
over-all catch.

NEW YORK

SSeS =

7 a<pf®D MONTAUK PT.

3 od
\ “
NEW JERSEY .™:)
oe . boy
a7

MIDDLE ATLANTIC
STATES

Fig. 3 - Middle Atlantic States.

Annual Landings: Annual landings of
whiting in the Middle Atlantic region, 1931
through 1957, are shown in figure 4. It can
be seen that the landings increased from 2.5
million pounds in 1931, to approximately 14
million pounds in 1937. From 1937 to 1947,
the yearly landings averaged about 10 million
pounds, then dropped to1.5 million pounds in
1948. June and Reintjes (1957) reported that the
decline from 1948 to1951,as showninfigure 4,
was associated witha decrease inabundance on

MILLIONS OF POUNDS

a ee:

1950 1955

Fig. 4 - Total Middle Atlantic landings of whiting, 1931-1957

ie i
1945
YEAR

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Table 2 - Annual Landings of Whiting in
Middle Atlantic States, 1931-1957

Fas [sere | S| alan

see - © §4,0UUU rounds) »« «+ «© « «© « «© « &

the fishing grounds. However, since 1952 the
annual landings have slowly recovered.

Landings by States: In table 2 the land-
ings are tabulated for the states in the region
from 1931 through 1957. Landings for the
New Jersey area exceeded the New York land-
ings for almost the entire period.

Ports: Along the Middle Atlantic Coast
whiting are landed at such ports as Point
Pleasant, Belmar, and Belford, N. J., and at
New York City.

Fishing Grounds: Fishing in the region
is generally from Long Island, N. Y., to Cape
May, N. J. Pound nets are presently located
north of Atlantic City, while most of the drag-
gers fish in 20 to 50 fathoms of water between
Manasquan and Sandy Hook.

Gear: Whiting are caught with otter
trawls, pound nets, purse seines, gill nets,
and line trawls, but the greatest quantities
are taken by otter trawls and pound nets. An
analysis of the landings by gear shows that
the pound-net catches exceeded the otter-trawl
catches in New York from 1931 through 1934. However, from 1935 through 1957 the otter-
trawl catches were larger than the pound nets. In New Jersey, the pound-net catches also ex-
ceeded the otter-trawl catches from

MI a i ip ot est WON
1957 the otter trawlers landed more

eeyj oct fo ve Th tue ul

at oe
whiting than the pound nets (table 3). ean peasy roel Pound os =

June (1956) in his study of the pound- Trawl | Net | Others| Total Teal Net a
net fishery along the Middle Atlantic | |.............. (@{000}Pounds) ie eneies eens soce
coast reports that the number of nets fee 1053 5 : 3 23 i ae he a = oS
and the catch of this fishery has de- |jo55 3, 818 35 5 | 3,858 | 3,085 1,148 | 106 4, 330
creased considerably. He further 1954 | 2,111 59 1 2,172 | 2,106 491 36 2, 633
states that th mpetition from th 1953 | 1,425] 43 - | 1,468 | 1,359 | 1,262 | 132 2,754
ae eu = Ae ge aan i Zia || ame || ae - | °822 | 7395 | 1,229 | 24 | 4,648

BROS (CUINCMS CUMS RSI Eustel Wale Cle 1951 648 | 36 - 684 347 550 - 897
crease in abundance of many foodfish 1950 | 1,284 | 79 - | 1,363 137 337 - 474
are among the factors which have 1949 | 886 | 112 z 299 225 334 = 579
aiieee Ree i fie i 8 oe d-net 1948 | . 756| 88 z 44 | 630 | 168 “ 798
SEUSS € dectine 0 € POUNGSNeL \NWio47 | 4,134 | 131 - | 1,265 | 6,365 | 1,784 7 8, 156
fishery. 1946 | 3,437 | 379 - | 3,816 - - - -
1945 | 1,868 | 486 - | 2,354 | 3,376 | 5,843 17 | 9,236

rte Lcaadhio its 44 | 2,533 | 402 - | 2,935 | 2,622 | 3,349 12 | 5,983
Utilization: Whiting are largely jo43 | 5/115 | 806 - | 5,921 | 2,571 | 4,947 | 65 | 7,583
used for human consumption along 1942 | 2,469 | 505 14 | 2,988 999 | 5,343 2 6, 344
the Middle Atlantic coast. With the 941 S 5 = = = i 5 =
: : 1940 | 1,905 | 596 - | 2,504 523 | 5,354 9 | 5,887

large market available ae New York 939 3,472 604 2 4,079 354 6, 483 2 6; 839
City, the freshly-caught fish can be #938 | 3,831 | 124 - | 3,956 304 | 5,910 15 6, 228
easily transported to that market in rae 4,884 | 305 - | 5,189 376 | 8,243 4 | 8,624
> . 19 - - - - — - - -
relatively short time. However, ho35 | 2,020] 264 - | 2,284 286 | 3,051 3 | 3,340
some of the whiting are sold direct- 934 - - - = = = z =
ly to retail stores in the immediate aoe gal see 5 en ah cl eee

: ul - = -
area of landing. ho31 -| 326 = 326 3 | 2.404 -_| 23408

NEW ENGLAND: The most productive region for the whiting fishery is located along the
coasts of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (fig. 5). The earliest report
of commercial exploitation is described by Smith (1897). Large quantities of whiting were
reported to be abundant every fall in Buzzards Bay, Mass., and captured at night with spears

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

for home use and for sale in the New Bedford,
Mass., market. Since that early beginning the
gear usedand the landings in the New England
area have changed considerably.

Landings: The New England landings
from 1931 through 1957 are shown in figure
6. Landings rose from 8 million pounds in1931
to slightly over 170 million pounds in 1957.
Peaks occurred in 1940, 1945, 1949, 1951,

a gg ah a a

160+

MILLIONS OF POUNDS

NEW ENGLAND STATES [ee @ IWcLuvEs BOSTON, GLOUCESTER, & PORTLAND
1935 1940 1945 1950 1955
YEARS »

Fig. 6 - Annual landings of whiting from New England, in-
Fig. 5 - New England States. cluding all types of utilization, 1931-1957.

and 1955, with a slight decrease following each of the peak years. Although fluctuations have oc-
curred through the years, some more Severe than others, the trend has beenconstantly upward.

Landings by States: Landings from 1931 through 1957 for the New England states are
shown in table 4. Massachusetts led the other states in total landings with Maine, Rhode Is-
land, and Connecticut following in that order. The expanded processing facilities and the

abundance of the whiting along the
able 4 - Annual Landings of Whiting in New England, 1931-1957 Massachusetts coast has led tothe de-

SE Rhode Island x ae velopment of the fishery in that State.
e ad
ET: enna hh) (4p O0O)Pounda)inieiets sae outs sodas = ~~ :
' able 5 - Whiting Landings at Gloucester, Mass.
2M) 107,777 Zheeh eei 126,115) | [ecaece odbc baer Wan on er ae erenosonioe
es [ee ee

72, 322 2, 660 89,967
81, 884 3, 200 110,573

. (1,000 Pounds)... .....
132, 846

78,000 2,700 90, 224
71, 800 85, 239
81, 202 105, 954

97,974 118, 466 93,787
48, 831 65, 464 118, 872
75,776 90, 036 95,240
68,904 ; 80, 468 89, 622
52,591 61, 651 108) 441
43, 171 : 51,079 120,075
68, 577 77, 664 67, 299
43,537 : 51,788 91,618
46, 498 : 53,998 82, 149
46, 870
ue ie Seis 55, 880
35,954 40, 870 90,009
23,493 28, 055 60, 986
24, 203 25,094 67,502

56, 671

21,036 1,0 22, 478

15,418 17, 416

8,678 9,420

377 7,201
pees 8,070

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Ports: The principal whiting port for many years, especially since 1942, has been Glouces-
ter, Mass. From 1942 through 1957, Gloucester processed from 21 to 58 percent of the total
Atlantic coast whiting landings (table 5). Other ports in the New England region, particularly
Rockland and Portland, Maine; Plymouth and Provincetown, Mass.; and Point Judith, R. I., al-
so process whiting.

Fishing Areas: Whiting landed at the New England ports are taken from all of the statis-
tical subareas Shown in figure 7. Although some of the subareas are more productive than
others, the amount of fishing effort expended in any given subarea is to some extent governed
by the distance from home port. It is therefore possible that a productive subarea may be

SUBAREAS OF XXII

)
48 || B EASTERN MAINE McENTRAL AND
C CENTRAL MAINE S.E. GEORGES
D WESTERN MAINE N SOUTHWEST GEORGES
E EASTERN MASS. O NANTUCKET SHOALS AND
F INNER GROUNDS LIGHTSHIP_ GROUNDS
Gw. SIDE SOUTH CHANNEL QOFF NO MANS LAND

HE. SIDE SOUTH CHANNEL R SOUTHERN MASS.
J NORTHERN EDGE AND S RHODE IS. SHORE
NORTHEAST PEAK T CONNECTICUT SHORE

AREA x x
1 ue Sy
>, », ST. PIERRE i
‘\. BANK j

ia
\

| NOY ee me

a Sgt

| ors i
& .

&j& i
gLoucesTer’ roan ]
BOSTONE i AREA XX|I
42 “: Es TENET” oy]
Oe - SUBAREAS OF X XI
A NORTHEAST CAPE BRETON é EASTERN NOvA SCOTIA
B MISAINE BANK L EMERALD BANK Hl
C BANQUEREAU M CENTRAL NOVA SCOTIA I
D CANSO N E.BROWNS AND LA HAVE
E MIDDLE GROUND O SOUTHERN NOVA SCOTIA ll
F N.E.SABLE IS. BANK P WESTERN BROWNS I
G S.E.SABLE IS. BANK QWESTERN NOVA SCOTIA |
40 H HORSESHOE GROUND R SOUTHERN BAY OF FUNDY |_{f
J S.W. SABLE IS. BANK S NORTHERN BAY OF FUNDY /
H)

= = SSS ee 55°

STATISTICAL AREAS
1943 ~

Fig. 7 - Statistical areas and subareas from Long Island, N. Y., to Newfoundland, Canada.

neglected for some time when closer fishing grounds are profitable. Landings from each of
the subareas in areas XXI and XXII at certain New England ports for the years 1937 through
1957 are given in tables 6 and 7. Specific fishing grounds referred to will be defined in con-
nection with the subarea under discussion.

AREA XXI: All Subareas: This area is located along the eastern shore of Nova Scotia.
Annual landings varied from year to year, with an average catch of 53,000 pounds from 1937
to 1957. At the present time, there are no vessels either from the United States or Canada
fishing in this area specifically for whiting. Whiting are caught incidentally by vessels fish-
ing for other species, such as haddock, ocean perch, or cod.

AREA XXII: Subarea B: This subarea contributes very little to the landings. During
the 20 years under consideration landings have not exceeded 79,000 pounds. In some years
whiting have been caught in the weirs located along the Maine coast.

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW i

Table 6 - Whiting Landings by Subareas from Area XXI at Certain New England Ports!/, 1937-1957 sal
Subareas
B Bi K N Onin Q R_ | LT] Totals
5 = 950) = = 400 | - TRS | 3,933
= 2 24.1 = S 10.1 canen| e453 =| TOOL
5 = 508 z = 5 = 2,000] - 8,753
= x 5.8 = = 3 = 22.8 Ee 100.0
¥ 5 = 7 = | 3,000 | 4,000 | = 5 = | 7.000
~ = = 2 = = = 42,8 57,1 ai = =
103,540] 103,540| = =| 567) = = ee 700 | - = Ts 260,785
39.7 39.7 z | al a = et elt 268] - =| =a | EO0%0
= 2egT%6 ae) | ee | 334] 501 ee 5,427 918 | 4,926 | - = - |301,851
= J = = ailil E165) aa 1.7 -304| 1.6 2 = = | 100.0
=“ |[ieaeuo) = = Saar: = = | 2,054 1,160 8,907 = =| 162,460!
95.5 = = >is = = 1.2 719] 2.4 2 = | 100,0
= = | = | 1,169) - = |i1,070| = 450 = =o or = | 50,833
= = = 2.2 = = Pail = 88 = = e = | 100.0
= E = = = > 2,921] 2,672] 120 > 609] = =| Ge
= = —— = = 46,2 | 42,2 1,8 = 9.6 2 = | 100,0
- au = = = IL = 511/ - | 4,509 = - = = Bazil
= = = = = 9.5 = 84,6 = = = - | 100,0 |
5 a : == Seine = 317 | 1,125] - = =a mraya56
a S 4 See Bs = Z 78.0 a 2 =
- - | 4ise] - - - - = = = = =a pae|
- = 100.0] - = - = = = = S = S110 008)
e a = e = = = = 73) 500 | Mei737, - | 81,515
= = = = = = = = 90,1 8.2 = 100.0.
= = [ - - = 175 = = 813 = = pred
zi = 2 = - {12 - = 59.4 = = | 100,0
= 2 = Soe Saige = 468 | 1,260 = 19
= = = = = = = = 27,1 72,9 = Sore 0) )|
=a nee - =Tila= Salle 250| - =a] = 250
= = z ! = = 2 Eee) 1(0 08010 |e = 2 2 = | 100.0
= i S = = = 5 an 30 = = = aa eoso
= = E 2 = = = =__|100.0 = e iL = = | 100.0
- = =| = = = = = |) See 420 | = = =|) sal
ar = = = = ae jlis = 88.3 11.6 = = = | 100.0
= 1,600 = = - |2,010 = = 3,940 | 4,000 | - = 100] 11,650
= ngyye |= = aaa VTi = = 33.8 34.3 = = -85/ 100.0
= 5 = 5 = = = - |66,368 [65,052 | - = - | 131,420
= = = = = S S = 50.5 49.4 = = - | 100.0
= = DPQ), = \ySOO)l = = 280 = 2,490 | - = = 6,470)
- = |Sao |. = lee Les | = | - 38.4 | - - - | 100.0
a/Portland, Maine; Gloucester, Boston, Cape Cod ports, New Bedford, Mass., Point Judith, R. I.; and Stonington, Conn.
[ Table 7 - Whiting Landings by Subareas from Area XXII at Certain New England Ports, 1937-1957
Year Unit 1 subareas c a |
B e | a E F G H a [xl Tole Ws Sie (icseerGedl Newineland rset
. orts2/ | Uncl. IL
1957 | 1,000 lbs. = 1]18,062 | 50,173 | 291 | 20,354 | 34,811 21 1 1 4 7 | 27 | 2,291 - = 126,044)
A - -| 14.3 39.8 2 16.1 27.6 - - - - - = 1.8 - - 100.0
1956 | 1,000 lbs. = 1/15,397 | 26,313 33 | 17,423 | 27,789 = = = | 45 | 133 7 | 2,810 = = 89,951
Jo = 2) Bees 2983 -| 19.4 30,9 = = a JL 1 = 3,1 - = _| 100.0
1955 | 1,000 lbs. = =| 28,248 | 32,661 211 | 14,333 | 27,359 | 280 1 = = | 237 | 66 | 3,618 = - 107,014
% 2 | -| 26.4 30,5 =D 13,4 | 25.6 | 3 - - es | Sea ga |e =| 2 00,0
{1954 | 1,000 Ibs. 1 =| 10,711 | 53,544 61 | 17,817 111 2 =| = | 88 = = | 3,017 = - 85,352
= % = -} 12.5 62.7 1 20.9 1 = = =| it Is = ahs | - - 100.0
1953 | 1,000 lbs. 2 5|13,215 | 63,140 | 111] 6,836 21 9 = = 14 = = 838 = 1,344 85,53
% | Beet -| 15.4 | 73.8 1 8.0 - 2 2 |= = - S 1.0 -
1952 | 1,000 ibs. = 105) 29,995 | 51,327 236 | 2,551 | 94 5 1 1 2 9 = | 1,427 14,387
J a REZ ONG ee ee eles Rie: |e ec |e epee Oe el eee = L4 14,4
1951 | 1,000 lbs. 8 267/23,440| 54,429 | 312] 8,972 165 7 x Fi 2 = = 917 18,554
[ee Ee oreee = 2 21.9 50.8 3 8,4 Ee | ak | |e | 8 TER |]
1950 | 1,000 lbs. = 1} 16,210 | 28,498 64| 1,688 1 = 5 = 5 20 =) son 15,170 |
To = 2) PA) 45,4 cil 27 = = Spal Le Ae Ee =a eG BES IL
1949 | 1,000 Ibs. 3 2/13,373 | 49,017 | 120) 2,560 46 10 4 = I 8 en ey) 16,275
To ae SG 59,0 Ee | eae Se | ee = alles = B SL 0_|_Sig a
1948 | 1,000 lbs. = 2] 9,400 | 38,115 157 | 2,290 21 S =I = = 1 = | 2,908 19,876
oat bate =e |_ = IE 259 none ee ae hee | ee ie pe So = eel | eae ANON KUL
1947 | 1,000 lbs. 1 6] 6,334 | 29,408 61] 2,204 ! 3 1 s =o mat 2) 2 1 | 3,046 16,824
To ee | eet | 0) SS |r | AAS A | err aN = = =| A 28,9
1946 | 1,000 ibs. | 22 =| 2,185 | 23.735 18 | 1,239 | 6 S z > 2 6 ia (aeons TG
fo ail - j 2 5 2 : = S ms z 19 Bre |
1945 | 1,000 lbs. 9 142 aoa sonia 11) DatG 26 Bie = 21 49 19 | 3,800 =
po ps | r= | ES et 7 | 7 eT = etl IL est = Seite al -1_| 74 =
1944 | 1,000 lbs. 3 96] 1,661 | 15,519 65 | 3,530 21 = - | = at 82 au 4,417 -
o = 3 51.3 po 11,9 1 = cca d 5 14,9 3
1943 | 1,000 lbs. | 3 25 ea Toit 155 764 271 | 19) Tool nO |ie6O T [5,842 =
fo = 1 a5 i i7.0%0 6 2,8 9 1 | = Sele 2 = Len Le =
1942 | 1,000 lbs. 4 93] 1,180 | 25,680 138 664 25 12 1 = 19 8 = 971 -
To BI 3 4,0 | 88,3 5 2,3 1 1 = 2 |hoit - = 3,3 -
1941 | 1,000 lbs. = 108] 2,446 | 16,875 | 236 | 2,623 60 T alee 5 = = =
: = 5 10.9 SOL 3 =| ail ee | el SEs = z
1940 | 1,000 Ibs. = 239] 3,207 | 10,777 51] 2,421 36 = = = = = = 879 = |
Jo = 2.0 20.6 61.2 ES 23 eos S. ee beet = 1.8 =
1939 | 1,000 lbs. | 38 238] 2.859 | 6,607 23 961 21 a a's) = 6 5 3 265 -
lo 3 2.2 25.9 mal 9) 8.7 A NL_= 2 Se itl 5 SOLES - =
1938 | 1,000 lbs. | 79 307] 1,363 | 7,883 9] 1,168 64 i 3 = = = = pe -
%o zit 2.8 6 3 = = 2 = = Ve e
1937 | 1,000 lbs. = 3 al ee 5 350 43 42 5 = I 17 = nay447 -
———!! To 2 fl easeO) 70.9 1.2 4.4 Bi 5 = 5 =| 2 allel z
[1/Portland, Maine; Gloucester, Boston, Cape Cod ports, New Bedford, Mass., Point Judith, R. I.; and Stonington, Conn. G

[2/The catch landed at Cape Cod ports cannot be allocated to the various subarcas.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.11

Subarea C: During the early years, 1938 to 1940, this subarea contributed slightly over
200,000 pounds to the total landings. However, from 1941 through 1957, landings fluctuated
considerably reaching a peak of 267,000 pounds in 1951, and decreasing to 1,000 pounds in
1957.

Subarea D: The Isles of Shoals, Casco Bay, and Jeffreys Ledge are the principal fishing
grounds in this subarea. Landings during the years 1938 to 1941, ranged from 1.3 million
pounds to 3.2 million pounds. During the next 6 years the catch declined, but from 1948
through 1957, the catch increased, reaching an all-time high of 30 million pounds in 1952.
These grounds largely support the whiting fleet from the principal Maine ports.

Subarea E: This subarea includes the most productive whiting fishing grounds along the
New England coast, such as Ipswich Bay, Stellwagen Bank, and Cape Cod Bay. Vessels from
Gloucester, Plymouth, Provincetown, and other Cape Cod ports, fish these grounds regularly.
Annual landings from 1937 through 1957 rose from 5.5 million pounds to 54.4 million pounds
and accounted for over 50 percent of the total New England landings from 1937 to 1954.

Subarea F: Cashes Ledge, Fippenies Ledge, and the deep water of the Gulf of Maine are
the main fishing grounds in this subarea. From 1938 to 1957, annual landings amounted to
less than 325,000 pounds. The landings indicate that the catch of whiting is incidental to the
capture of other species, such as ocean perch or haddock.

Subarea G: From 1938 through 1957, this subarea contributed from 1 to 20 million pounds
to the total landings. The major fishing grounds in this subarea are located along the outside
of Cape Cod from Provincetown to Chatham,

Subarea H: This subarea is the major offshore fishing ground for whiting. Prior to1955,
a few vessels from the nearby ports fished this ground with little success. During1955, large
concentrations were found near the Cultivator Shoal and vessels, largely from Gloucester, be-
gan to fish this subarea intensively. Since then over 25 million pounds have been landed each
year from this subarea.

Subarea S: Draggers from Rhode Island and Connecticut generally fish in this subarea.
Landings have fluctuated from 240,000 pounds in 1938 to 5.5 million pounds in 1943. This
was followed by a decrease to 850,000 pounds in 1953, and during the next 3 years the land-
ings increased to 3 million pounds. A slight decrease of approximately 1 million pounds was
recorded for the landings for 1957. This subareais animportant fishing ground for the growing
industrial fishery located at Point Judith, R. I. These figures represent the landings for
human consumption and do not include the landings for industrial use and animal food.

Subareas J, M, N, O, Q@and R: The total landed averaged less than 23,000 pounds for all
subareas combined. This small amount can be considered as incidental to the catch of other
fishes.

Gear: Whiting are taken in pound nets, fyke nets, and floating traps, but the greatest
quantities are taken by otter trawlers. A typical New England dragger (less than 50 gross
tons) is shown in figure 8. These vessels usually fish the inshore waters along the coast,
while the medium draggers (51 to 150 gross tons) fish both the inshore and offshore grounds.
The trawls are of a conventional design with a small mesh netting, usually 23 inches stretched
measure, or with a fine mesh liner in the cod end.

Landings by Gear: Total landings for the various types of gear from 1931 through 1957
are shown in table 8. It can be seen that the landings at the Maine ports have been largely
from otter trawls, with a small amount from the other types of gear. Floating traps and
pound nets accounted for more fish from 1931 through 1937 at the Massachusetts ports, but
from 1938 on the landings from the otter trawl exceeded all other types of gear. A similar
situation existed in the Rhode Island landings with the stationary gear catching larger quan-
tities of whiting from 1931 through 1942, and the otter trawl exceeding all other types of gear
after 1942. Landings at Connecticut ports are primarily from small draggers.

9 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Fig. 8 - Small New England dragger.

Table 8 - ting Landings by State and Gean, 1931-1957
= Maine 7 Massachusetts Rhode Island | - Connecticut
7 ‘oat. | Pound | Float. | Pound | ter | Float.
Trap Net = Net Other | noe Trawl | Trap
cr rr re ra 1,000 Pounds)........ SS nen ees es

1957 | 15,809 2 a = 15,809 |107,573 262 80 19 107,934 | 1,969 |322 = - | 2,291 237 = = =
1956 | 14,835 > = = 14,835 71,291 837 167 24 72,319 | 1,771 |889 ° 2 2,660 150 > = =
1955 | 25,071 2 2 57 20,128 81,068 248 465 103 81,884 | 2,891 366 > = 3,257 361 = a =
1954 9,318 = 2 = 9,318 77,266 160 511 112 78,049 | 2,589 204 os = 2,793 224 = = =
1953 | 12,658 = ° 9 12,667 69,913 212 | 1,534 199 71,858 567 136 = = 703 134 - 1 2
1952 | 23,321 2 - 7 23,328 79,401 80 | 1,503 218 81,202 | 1,141 92 = = 1,233 193 = 1 =
1951 | 19,575 = S 1 19,576 97,015 89 745 125 97,974 644 98 = = 742 174 = - =
1950 | 15,579 35 = 1 15,615 46,061 223 | 2,490 44 48,818 616 39 2 2 655 362 a = =
1949 | 12,556 = = 25 | 12,581 75,162 133 356 124 75,775 595 64 = 5 659 1,019 = = =
1948 8,645 9 = = 8,654 65,830 318 | 2,629 126 68,903 | 2,098 301 = = 2,399 503 > 6 =
1947 5,996 > = 19 6,015 50,663 478 | 1,661 98 52,900} 2,033 101 = - | 2,134 904 2 7 7
1946 5,679 5 > 13 5,697 41,446 | 1,394 149 182 43,171 802 323 = 2 1,125 1,080 = 8 S
1945 5,282 = a 6 5,288 63,607 | 1,744 | 3,088 138 68,577 | 2,421 487 = = 2,908 885 = 6 =
1944 3,835 = > 1 3,836 41,999 781 682 14 43,536 | 2,379 344 = a 2,723 1,679 = 13 S
1943 1,948 11 - 3 1,962 44,785 423 | 1,004 286 46,498 | 3,171 880 2 - | 4,051 1,465 = 22 =
1942 | 2,634 - - - 2,634 | 34,073| 1,124] 7,958 | 111 43,266| 155 608 3 - 764 193 - 14 -
1941 - = S - = = = = = - = Ss = = = E = = =
1940 4,034 2 2 S 4,036 24,337 | 1,378 | 9,688 650 36,053 75 619 14 = 708 169 = 2 =
1939 4,021 1 = 24 4,048 15,540] 1,117 | 6,778 58 23,493 19 217 14 = 250 263 = 2 >
1938 | 625 = = 23 648 12,202 | 1,856 | 10,091 54 24,203 63 118 10 2 191 53 = = =
1937 = = = - = 7,371 | 3,422 |10,213 33 21,039 311 682 24 = 1,017 425 = = =
1936 - - = - = = S 3 2 a = i i A a = = 5,
1935 -| 12 - - 12 | 2,439] 2,435 |10,522 | 22 15,418| 442 | 1,176 | 336 - |1,954 a - - -

> = = - - 343] 1,253 | 6,413 669 8,678 223 339 163 = 725 17 > > =

= a 2 = 2 132] 1,079] 4,578 588 6,377 205 536 51 = 792 29 = = -

-| 6 - - 6 |S 102] 1,434] 4,613 | 781 6,930] 61 895 | 49 -__|1,005 -| 129 - -

Utilization: Probably few other species are utilized in so many ways as the whiting of
New England. This species is processed at ports for human consumption, animal food, and
industrial use. Although accurate figures are not available for landings destined for animal

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

and industrial uses, estimates based on the percentage of whiting in the catch, show that the
yearly landings for those purposes are increasing (see fig. 9).

Most of the whiting landed at New England ports is processed for human consumption.
The promotion of whiting during the early 1920's as a food fish can be attributed, in part, to
the development of the ''hot-fish'' shops in the St. Louis, Mo., area (Johnson 1932). More
than one-fourth of the total supply from the East Coast was used in that city. The fish's ex-
cellent qualities and constant supply made the species the choice of the fried fish shops.
Jarvis and Puncochar (1940) found that whiting was suitable for home canning.

TOTAL
LANDINGS

FOR FOOD

TOTAL
INDUSTRIAL
a

ee
oo enya

1932 1940 1950 1957]

Fig. 9 - Annual New England landings of whiting, 1932-1957.

MILLIONS OF POUNDS LANDED

Bc
50

REDUCTION

ANIMAL FOOD>

The development of efficient freezing
units and rapid transportation further in- Fig. 10 - Loading whiting for mink food in 50-pound cartons.
creased the demand for whiting, from the
New England region, and now processing for human consumption has developed into an indus:
try utilizing modern machines and assembly-line methods. The whiting are unloaded onto
conveyors that feed to automatic scaling, washing, and heading machines. Trimming and
loading of cartons or packages are done by hand. The cartons or packages are then machine-
wrapped, frozen, and placed in cold storage for subsequent distribution.

Whiting are also prepared as mink food in several New England ports, among them New
Bedford, Sandwich, and Provincetown, Mass. The fish are well-iced at sea in the round with
the same care as if for human consumption. After the fish are unloaded, they are washed

ee

Fig. 11 - Whiting frozen for mink food. Fig. 12 - Fish being delivered to the dehydration plant for proc-
essing.

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

iki

thoroughly and frozen immediately, usually in 50-pound cartons (figs. 10 and 11). The car-
tons of fish are then shipped to the various mink farms throughout the country.

The processing of fish into fish concentrates, fish meal, and oils for poultry and cattle
feed supplements is a rapidly-growing industry. Dehydration or reduction plants are located
in or nearby every New England fishing port (fig. 12). Sayles (1951) reported that 10.8 per-
cent of the landings in the southern New England industrial fishery was composed of whiting.
This species was ranked fourth in abundance. Recent analysis by Edwards and Lux (1958) of
the industrial fishery revealed that whiting is the second most important species, following
the red hake. Edwards (1958) computed that approximately 22 percent of the industrial land-
ings at Gloucester, Mass., was composed of the whiting. This significant percentage demon-
strates the importance of the species to the industrial fishery.

SUMMARY

The whiting fishery along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Virginia has undergone a
number of changes during the past 25 years. In the early years, the fishery was principally
an inshore operation with pound and trap nets. During the 1940's an increasing number of
draggers began to fish exclusively for whiting along the entire coast. These vessels, being
more efficient and versatile, began to land many more pounds of fish than the stationary gear.
Changes in gear enabled the exploitation of many new fishing grounds in inshore waters as
well as offshore. Along with changes in fishing methods, changes occurred in processing and
distribution. The technological developments and improvements of handling and processing
fish aided the New England fisheries to produce a better product and also expand the market
to many parts of the country. New uses for the whiting in the industrial and animal food mar-
ket has increased the value of the species. It is evident that the species dges and will con-
tinue to play an important role in the economy of the New England fishing ports.

LITERATURE CITED

BIGELOW, HENRY B., and SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C.
1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Fishery Bulletin 74, vol. 53, pp. 173-182.

and WELSH, W. W.
1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries, vol. 40, Part 1, 567 pp.

EDWARDS, ROBERT L.
1958. Gloucester's Trawl Fishery for Industrial Fish. Com-
mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 20, no. 8 (August),
pp. 10-15. (Also Separate No. 519.)

and LUX, FRED E.

1958. New England's Industrial Fishery. Commercial Fish-
eries Review, vol. 20, no. 5 (May), pp. 1-6.
(Also Separate No. 509.)

HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F., and SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C.
1928. Fisheries of Chesapeake Bay. Bulletin U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries, vol. 43, Part 1, 1927, 366 pp.

JARVIS, NORMAN D., and PUNCOCHAR, JOSEPH F,
1940. The Home Canning of Fishery Products. U. S. Bu-
reau of Fisheries, Investigational Report No. 34,
vol. Il, 36 pp.

JOHNSON, F. F.
1932. Some Unusual Markets for Fish and Shellfish. U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, Fishery Circular No. 11, 31 pp.

JUNE, FRED C. i
1956. Condition of the Middle Atlantic Pound-Net Fishery.
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 18, no. 4
(April), pp. 1-5. (Also Separate No. 434.)

, and REINTJES, JOHN W.
1957. Survey of the Ocean Fisheries off Delaware Bay. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Re-
port--Fisheries No. 222, 55 pp.

McKENZIE, R. A., and SCOTT, W. B.
1956. SilverHake, Merluccius bilinearis, in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. Copeia, No. 2, p. i111.

NYE, WILLARD, Jr.
1886. Habits of Whiting or Frost-Fish, Merluccius bilinearis
Mitchill. Bulletin gf the U. S. Fish Commission,
yol. VI, p. 208.

PEARSON, JOHN C.
1932. Winter Trawl Fishery off the Virginia and North Caro-
lina Coasts. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 1, In-
vestigational Report No. 1, 31 pp.

SAYLES, RICHARD E.
1951.. The Trash Fishery of Southern New England in 1950.
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 13, no. 7 (July),
pp. 1-4. (Also Separate No. 286.)

SMITH, HUGH M,
1897. Silver Hake: Fishes Found in the Vicinity of Woods
Hole. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, vol.
XVI, pp. 85-111.

STORER, DAVID H.
1867 History of the Fishes of Massachusetts. Cambridge,
Welch and Bigelow, 1867 (Reprinted from Memois
of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston) 287
pages and plates.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

RAPID OBJECTIVE FRESHNESS TEST FOR BLUE-CRAB MEAT
AND OBSERVATIONS ON SPOILAGE CHARACTERISTICS

By Caroline H. Kurtzman* and Donald G. Snyder*
ABSTRACT

The Picric Acid Turbidity test, reported earlier for use with shrimp, has been found to be
satisfactory, with one modification, for use as a rapid, objective freshness test for various com-
mercial styles of blue-crab meat held under different conditions of storage and picked from
steamed or boiled crabs. This test permits identification of blue-crab meat of fair or better
quality and identification of crab meat of borderline or poorer quality. Data obtained in these
studies gave an indication of the spoilage characteristics of the crab.

INTRODUCTION

No satisfactory objective test has been described to evaluate the freshness of processed |
meat of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Benarde (1958) reported that although it has gener-
ally been accepted that measurements of changes in pH and in bacterial populations could

probably be used as indices of

quality of blue-crab meat, he

found that the changes in pH dur-

ing spoilage were erratic and
3a that the measurements of total

bacterial populations were vari-
able and unrelated to organolep-
tic indications of spoilage. Thus,
neither pH nor bacterial counts
can be considered suitable for
evaluating the freshness of the
product.

oo It would be desirable, how-
\! ever, if a quick and easily-con-
| ducted objective freshness test
( ee | : for blue-crab meat were avail-
\ “ * le able, since the meat is a perish-
im a ¥8 able, premium product. This
a ‘S Bee BE test would permit more efficient
marketing in that the consumer
Fig. 1 - Picking crabs in a plant on the eastem shore of Maryland. need not accept claims of fresh-
ness on mere faith, and the pro-
ducer selling a high-quality, fresh crab meat could furnish objective proof of that fact and
benefit accordingly. A freshness test, termed the Picric Acid Turbidity test (PAT test), has
been developed and shown to be satisfactory for use with iced shrimp (Kurtzman and Snyder
1960). It was felt that this test, or a modification of it, might also prove useful with blue
crab, for both crab and shrimp are crustacea, and the meat of each may spoil similarly.

In commercial production, blue crabs are processed by either steaming or boiling, and
three styles of meat are produced: lump, regular, and claw. In practice these products gen-
erally are held in ice-storage. However, deviations from this do occur, and may result in
varying spoilage characteristics. Very little, however, has been reported on this subject.

The purposes of the present study therefore were:

1. To determine the suitability of a modified PAT testfor use in assessing the quality of

processed meat of blue crabby comparing both the PAT test and a sensory test in the evalu-
*Biochemists, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College Park, Md.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ,
SEP. NO. 603

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

ation of the freshness of lump, regular, and claw meat processed by steaming or boiling and
held under various conditions of storage.

2. _To observe the spoilage characteristics of the various styles processed by steaming
or boiling and held under various conditions of storage.

EXPERIMENTAL

Samples: Four lots of crab meat (A, B, C, and D) were obtained from a processing plant
at Cambridge, Md. These lots were processed similarly. The crabs of each lot were divided
into two groups according to the method used in cooking them: (1) steamedand (2) boiled.

1. Steamed: The crabs were steamed for 10 minutes at 15 pounds pressure on the same
day that they were caught and were allowed to cool overnight at room temperature. They were

Table 1 - Data on the Six Samples of Each Lot of Crab Meat | picked early the next morning by four pickers,

eas Style No. of 1-Lp,| Who continued work on the lot until they had ob-
Cans
4

tained four 1-pound cans of lump meat, four 1-
Gieewacal pound cans of regular meat, and four 1-pound
Steamed cans of claw meat. The cans were sealed when
Steamed filled and were held on the picking table until
all could be placed in crushed ice at the same
Boiled time. The iced cans were brought to the labo-
Boiled ratory. Here, the meats from each group of
four cans were mixed thoroughly ina sterilized container to obtain homogenity and were then
repacked into the same four 1-pound cans.

Boiled

.
2. Boiled: The crabs were boiled for 15 minutes in tap water. In every other respect
they were treated in the same manner as were the steamed crabs.

Data on the six samples of each lot thus obtained are summarized in table 1.

The four lots (A, B, C, and D) were treated differently only in respect to holding condi-
tions maintained during testing. Lot A cans were packed in ice and held at 34° F. ina re-
frigerator; lot B cans were packed in ice and held at room temperature; lot C cans were

held in an incubator at 40° F. without ice; and San oD ee eae
lot D cans were also held in an incubator at Se iee ear wee ee al
Lo

40° F. without ice. (This easily-controlled

condition of storage used with lot C was du- TK Packed in ice and held at 34° F. in a refrigerator.
B Packed in ice and held at room temperature.
c Held without ice in an incubator at 40° F.
D Held without ice in an incubator at 40° F.

Co

plicated in lot D to obtain an indication of pos-
sible prestorage variation in quality of the
commercial packs of crab meat.)

Data on the storage conditions used with the four lots are summarized in table 2,

Picric Acid Turbidity Test: Two 25-gram aliquots were removed daily from each of the
24 samples (4 lots; 6 samples per lot). Each aliquot was macerated about 20 seconds in a
mechanical blendor with 100 milliliters of 70-percent ethanol. Then 25 milliliters of satu-
rated aqueous picric acid solution was added and the mixture was reblended for about 10
seconds. The resultant slurry was filtered through Whatman No, 41 filter paper. Approxi-
mately 10 milliliters of filtrate was collected to which was added one milliliter of 5 N hy-
drochloric acid. The turbidity of this solution was measured using a Klett-Summerson photo-
electric colorimeter with a green filter (540 millimicrons)1/.

Sensory Test: A panel composed of five members rated the crab meat on the basis of

flavor and odor. Since texture and appearance may be affected by factors other than spoil-
1/ This procedure is the same as that used with the shrimp except that hydrochloric acid was not added to the filtrate from the shrimp
meat. Without the addition of the acid, little turbidity was obtained when the crab meat of the regular pack was tested, It may be
that liver tissue (commonly mistermed "fat"') that is distributed throughout the regular pack, may be interfering with the formation of
the turbid material. However, this modification permitted good results to be obtained when testing the meat of the regular pack, and
did not adversely affect the results obtained when testing meat of the lump or claw packs.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

age, these attributes were not considered in
the judging. The rating system used by the
panel is given in table 3. Arbitrarily, it was
decided that an average daily value of 5.0 (re-
quiring a perfect panel score) indicates crab
meat of high quality; 4.0 to 4.9, good quality;
3.0 to 3.9, fair quality; 2.0 to 2.9, borderline
quality; and 1.0 to 1.9, inedible quality.

Table 3 - System of Rating Used in the Sensory Test

Definition of Rating as Applied
Discriptive to Blue-Crab Meat

4 Loss of sweetness; no detection
of any off-flavor of odors
3 Fair Detection of slight off-flavors
or odors
2 Borderline Noticeable off-flavors or odors,
but still edible
1 Inedible Strong or offensive off-flavors
or odors
Visually, the filtrates obtained appeared

clear when instrument readings were 30 or less and appeared increasingly turbid as the
readings became higher. The time required to conduct an analysis was less than 5 minutes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Colorimeter readings (turbidity values) and sensory evaluations for each lot of the crab
meat processed by steaming are presented in figure 1; similar data for the crab meat pro-
cessed byboiling are presented infigure 2. Actual valuesfrom duplicate samples agreed very
closely on any given day. This tendency was not observed in the earlier study on iced shrimp
except when the shrimp were quite fresh.

When the samples of crab were of fair quality or better, turbidity values obtained when
testing lump meat were less than 35 (very slightly turbid), when testing regular meat were
less than 40 (also very slightly turbid), and when testing claw meat were less than 25 (clear).
Thus, values of 35, 40, and 25 (or less in each case) for lump, regular, and claw meat, re-
spectively, indicate crab of fair or better quality. Turbidity values above 35 for lump, 45for
regular, and 25 for claw meat indicate crab of borderline or lower quality. There was only
one exception: turbidity values above 40 were not obtained until 1 day after a sensory indi-
cation of borderline quality with the sample SR of lot D.

It is interesting that in the earlier studies with iced shrimp, turbidity values increased
above 30 during the time that the organoleptic tests were still Indicating the shrimp to be of
fair quality.

Comparing figures la with 2a, 1b with 2b, and le with 2c indicates there was no consist-
ent differences in the pattern of spoilage attributable to the type of processing utilized. The
meat seemed to hold equally well whether the crabs were steamed or boiled.

Comparing data obtained on all variables of lots C and D indicates that lot C was of high-
er initial quality than was lot D. These two lots were held at the same temperature (40° F.),
yet the meat of lot C spoiled sooner than did that of lot D. This observation suggests that
initial quality of fresh crab meat as determined by sensory evaluation is not necessarily an
indication of its keeping quality. It may be that the meat preferred by the panel was more
heavily contaminated during picking and thus spoiled more rapidly, or it may even be that
the original preference for any one fresh meat over another might actually have been due to
desirable flavors imparted as a result of particular bacterial flora.

In the present study, flavor and odor changes during spoilage were quite different for
lump, regular, and claw meat. The different sensations experienced by the panel made it
seem to them that entirely unrelated products were being tested. Their reactions are under-
standable, however, since the muscle tissues of the claw actually are different both in appear-
ance and in texture from the muscle tissues of the body of the crab, from which both regular
and lump meat are picked. Benarde (1958) reported that the yearly mean pH of fresh lump
meat is 7.65, of regular meat is 7.8, and of claw meat is 8.3; thus, it would seem likely that
a different bacterial flora would grow optimumly in each of the meats and that the meats
would therefore spoil differently. Also, the presence of liver tissue mixed in the regular
meat may be another reason for a different sensation obtained when the regular meat is tasted,
since there is very little liver, if any, present in lump meat, and none present in claw meat.
In general, the claw meat maintained good quality longer than did either lump meat or regu-
lar meat, both of which spoiled at similar rates.

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

CONCLUSIONS

Results obtained from this study indicate that the Picric Acid Turbidity test reported
earlier for use with shrimp is satisfactory, with one modification, as a rapid, objective fresh-
ness test to identify blue-crab meat of fair or better quality and blue-crab meat of border-
line or poorer quality. A colorimeter probably would be necessary for the practical applica-
tion of this test, at least with lump meat and regular meat.

Observations of the spoilage characteristics indicate that there is no consistent difference
whether steaming or boiling is used in processing and that the initial quality of fresh blue
crab as determined by sensory evaluation is not necessarily an indication of its keeping
quality. Also, it was observed that flavor and odor changes during spoilage are quite differ-
ent for lump, regular, and claw meat and that the claw meat maintained good quality longer
during storage than did either lumporregular meat, which spoiled at similar rates.

<\ oe

OUCESTER RINCIPAL GROUNDS FISHED
BOSTONGS a ETS
NEW ENGLAND FLEET

LEGEND
DEPTH IN FATHOMS

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

i =
0 ad =

Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO. 5--
SINK GILL-NET FISHING
IN NEW ENGLAND:

What was at one time a thriving gill-net
fishery, based principally at Gloucester,
Mass., now only shadows its former impor-
tance. The Gloucester gill-net fishing fleet
has been reduced from over 50 vessels ear-
lier inthe century to only 3 at present (1960).
Fishing is done during the spring and fall

Fig. 1 - The Phyllis A.; a 55-foot Gloucester vessel engaged
in the sink gill-net fishery. The vessels in this fishery vary
in length from 55 to approximately 75 feet. Practically all
of the fishing takes place within a 30-mile radius of
Gloucester.

AND

E DEVELOPMENTS §

Vol. 22, No. 11

hNe

months. The period extending from mid-
June through mid-September is not utilized
by the gill netters--partly because of the
large numbers of dogfish that are present at
that time. Cod(Gadus morhua), pollock (Pol-
lachius virens), and haddock (Melanogrammus
aeplefinus) are included among the species
most commonly caught.

The following pictorial presentation of the
sink gill-net fishery isa brief attempt to
document the fishery as it exists today.

Fig. 2 - Cod being hauled aboard over the fairlead drum. The

crewman is one of five aboard the vessel. Hauling of the gear
is usually started at daybreak and takes 2 to 3 hours.

U,. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 604

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

17

Fig. 4 - Large cod being cleared from enmeshing twine by a crew-
man. The net-hauling operation is continuous, with the net
coming aboard over the port side of the vessel. The fish are
cleared from the webbing, and temporarily stowed in the hold,

and the gill nets are placed in boxes for further clearing and re-
pairing ashore.

Fig. 3 - Power is supplied to the net-lifter rotor, pictured here,
by a small gasoline engine. The fisherman in the foreground
is helping to free the gill net from the pawls which grip the net
as it comes around the rotor.

Fig. 5 - Boxes of gill nets being prepared for setting over the
stern of the Phyllis A. The setting of the string of nets, which
in this case consists of 14 boxes, is done with the vessel pro-
ceeding at approximately 6 to 8 knots. A string of gear may
stretch 3 to 4 miles over the bottom. The site at which the
set is made is chosen on the basis of daily catches and previous
experience. Sink gill nets are often fished over hard or rock
bottom where trawling is not practicable and in depths of 20 to
40 fathoms.

Fig. 6 - After the first string of gear has been taken aboard the
vessel, another string is set. The catch of fish from the first
string is then forked from the hold of the vessel to the deck for
dressing. Daily catches--usually consisting principally of cod,
pollock, and haddock--range from about 1,500 to 5,000
pounds.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Fig. 8 - A gull gets "his share" as the catch is dressed
while the Phyllis A. steams back to Gloucester.

Fig. 7 - All fish are eviscerated and the larger fish are beheaded
prior to landing. The fish are landed in top condition, usual—
ly less than six hours after they are brought on deck.

Fig. 10 - The sections of gillnet are placedon racks fordrying and
mending, ifneeded. Three "sets" (strings) of gear are required—-
one ashore, one fishing, and the third aboard the boat.

Fig. 9 - After arrival in port, the nets are unloaded from the
vessel for inspection and drying ashore.

Fig. 11 - One section of the neton arack. Twine is mostly 6-
inch stretched mesh. Plastic floats are used on the float line
and hammered leads on the lead line.

November 1960

LITERATURE CITED

KNAKE, BORIS O.
1950. New England Sink Gill Net, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Fishery Leaflet 379, August, pp. 1-10.

SUNDSTROM, GUSTAF T.
1957. Commercial Fishing Vessels and Gear, Fish and Wild-
life Service Circular 48 (Government Printing Of-
fice), pp. 1-48.

--By Warren F. Rathjen,
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
Gloucester, Mass.

Alaska Exploratory Fishery Program

COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL OF BOTTOM
FISH IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA STUDIED:
M/V “New Hope” Cruise 60-1: The U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered
vessel New Hope was expected to departfrom
Ketchikan, Sept. 6, 1960, for 6 weeks of ex-
ploratory bottom trawling west of Prince of
Wales Island in Southeastern Alaska from
Cape Muzon to Cape Ommaney. This is the
first of a series of cruises under a new pro-
gram initiated by the Bureau to assist in the
development of Alaska's fishery resource.

The purpose of the cruise was to evaluate
the commercial potential of bottom fish dur-
ing a specific late summer period. Earlier
eruises in 1956 and 1957 furnished basic top-
ography data and exploratory fishing data for
early spring and late fall seasons.

Records were to be maintained on certain
meteorological and oceanographic data.
Lengths and weights of important commer-
cial species were to be logged and fishing
locations charted.

A standard 400-mesh "eastern" otter
trawl (commonly used on the West Coast)
was to be fished as in a typical commercial
fishing operation.

American Fisheries Advisory Committee

FIVE MAJOR PROBLEMS DISCUSSED
AT AUGUST MEETING:

Five major problems pertaining to the Na-
tion's commercialfisheries were discussed

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW IL)

at a meeting of the American Fisheries Ad-
visory Committee. The meeting, eleventh
of the group, was held in Seattle, Wash., in
August 1960, the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
Seer Fisheries reported on September 22,
1960.

The major problems were:

(1) The actual and potential effect of for-
eign fishing activities in the eastern part of
the Bering Sea on the United States fishery.

(2) The effects of territorial sea adjust-
ments on the fisheries of the Pacific North-
west area.

(3) The increasing impact of dams and
other multiple water-use projects upon the
commercial fisheries.

(4) A review of legislation introduced in
the 86th Congress to modify the Saltonstall-
Kennedy Act, which is an act designed to aid
the domestic commercial fishing industry to
meet its problems in theiological, techno-
logical, and marketing fields.

(5) A discussion of the relative balance
achieved by the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries in its allocations of Saltonstall-Kennedy
funds to various activities and programs de-
signed to help the fishing industry help it-
self, but with emphasis on the marketing
activities of the Bureau.

The Committee expressed growing and
continuing concern over the increased for-
eign fishing activities in the Eastern Bering
Sea and urged the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries to consider the possibilities of
overexploitation and the resultant potential
depletion of fish stocks.

Inquiries were made relative to the ex-
tent of present American fishing operations
in the area, the possible short- and long-
range effects of foreign fishing activities on
the historic fishing rights of United States
citizens, and the potential areas of disagree-
ment between the United States and foreign
governments in the future.

The Committee also urged the Bureau to
secure all possible data relative to the species
and the amounts harvested and to particular-
ly guard against any encroachment on the hal-
ibut grounds farther to the south which have
been historically harvested on a sustained

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

yield basis by United States and Canadian
fishermen under joint conservation policies.

In regard to territorial waters problems,
the Committee recommended that since there
was no agreement reached at the last Inter-
national Conference on the Law of the Sea on
fishing rights, the United States should stay
with its original position of holding to the
three-mile limit.

The Committee also suggested that consid-
eration should be given to bilateral or mul-
tilateral agreements with foreign nations rel-
ative to the utilization of fishery resources
off foreign shores.

The Committee placed emphasis on the
value of research and recommended contin-
ued research on alternate methods of re-
placing lost or downgraded salmon spawning
areas resulting from multiple water-use pro-
jects.

The Committee questioned the desirability
of recent Congressional legislation proposing
the apportionment of Saltonstall-Kennedy
funds to state conservation agencies, educa-
tional institutions, and private research or-
ganizations, expressing the belief that the
present contract program of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries was more desirable
from the standpoint of greatest immediate
‘benefit to the industry and public.

In the discussions concerning allocations
of funds to various Bureau activities and
work areas, the Committee stated that, with-
in the present framework of financial support
from Saltonstall-Kennedy funds, it was their
view that a proper balance has been achieved
in the allocation of the Saltonstall-Kennedy
funds.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisherjes Review, May 1960 p. 14.

American Samoa

TUNA LANDINGS, AUGUST 1960:

In August 1960, tuna landings by Japanese
and South Korean vessels fishing for the tuna
cannery in American Samoa totaled 2.7 mil-
lion pounds-~-an. increase of 27.8 percent as
compared with the 2.1 million pounds landed
in August 1959. Landings for January-Au-
gust 1960 of 18.1 million pounds were 6.6
percent higher than the 17.0 million pounds
landed during the first eight months of 1959.

Vol. 22, No. 11

American Samoa Tuna Landings, August 1960

Species

ajority of th
sels; a small amount was landed by a ee Korean Daacline
vessel.

Byproducts

U. S. PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF
FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES,
JANUARY-JULY 1960:

During the first seven months of 1960, the
United States production of fish meal report-
ed to the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries amounted to 130,443 short tons as com-
pared with 144,770 tons produced by the same
firms in January-July last year. Imports of
79,506 tons for the same period were down
sharply from the 105,004 tons imported in
January-July 1959.

Table 1-U.S, Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, 1960 and 1959

Total
1959

| 1959

SH SOLUBLES (wet
Dom pro mate

eae t)
ae 54, 647 89,051

1,243} 1,660
1, a8 10; 307} 18,723
65 3, 213 6: 247

| Total imports ..... | 2,614 14,763] 26, 630
Fish solubles Se 57,261 103, 814] 191,989

1/Based on reports from aes which accounted for 92 percent of
the 1959 production.
2 /Includes production of homogenized-condensed fish.

November 1960

Similar declines occurred in the domestic
production and imports of fish solubles. The
January-July production of solubles of 54,647
tons was 34,404 tons less than for the same
period the previous year. Imports of solubles
during the first seven months of 1960 amount-
ed to 2,614 tons as compared with 14,763 tons
in the same period of 1959.

California

AERIAL CENSUS OF SEA LIONS:

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-13-Sea Lion
Census: An aerial survey of the coast and
offshore islands from the Oregon border to
Pt. Conception was conducted by the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game Twin
Beechcraft on June 8-9 and 13-15, 1960, to
estimate
abundance
of sealions
in Cali-
fornia.

During
the five
flights made
along the
Northern
California
coast, con-
centrations
of sea lions
were found

Sugar Loaf
off Cape Mendocino, Sea Lion Rock off the
Mattole River, Fort Ross Reef, Point Reyes,
the Farallon Islands, Ano Nuevo, Santa Cruz
Point, Point Lobos, Partington Point, and
Point Sal. Individuals and small numbers
were found intermittently between those
places.

Unfavorable weather conditions hampered
the census operations, with coastal fog pre-
vailing during June causing delays and inter-
ruptions to the flight. Photographs of con-
centrations of sea lions were taken at areas
where significant numbers of animals were
encountered. Combined with this were ac-
tual counts and estimates made at other
areas where it was not worthwhile to make
photographs.

on St. George
Reef Islands,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

Photographic equipment used included a
9" x 9" vertical aerial camera with 12" cone
mounted in the plane, a K20 manual-operated
aerial camera, and a 35-mm. color camera.

Estimates of the Southern California pop-
ulation have been postponed. Poor flying
conditions combined with other aircraft
commitments extended the operation beyond
the allotted flight schedule.

HOOK OK OK OK

ALBACORE TUNA MIGRATION
OFF PACIFIC COAST STUDIED:

core: The high seas area off California and
Baja California within the latitudes 30° N.
and 38° N. and inshore from 134° W. long-
itude were surveyed by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game research ves-
sel N. B. Scofield from May 23-June 18,
1960. The objectives were: (1) to explore
the offshore area prior to the commercial
albacore season in an attempt to intercept
and.determine the migration route or routes
of albacore schools approaching the Pacific
Coast; (2) to tag and release albacore; and
(3) to gather biological and oceanographic
data.

Most of the 3,000-mile survey track was
scouted during daylight hours using surface
trolling gear.

The first albacore were taken on June 4
approximately 500 miles west of San Fran-
cisco (latitude 37° 43' N., longitude 132° 45!

[:

0°
F +

——— 90° ee 1380 mg et
M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 60S3-Albacore (May 23-June 18, 1960).

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

W.). Subsequent catches of 1 to 26 fish were
made each day while running a southeaster-
ly pattern toward the coast. The total catch
was 154 albacore.

The majority (90 percent) of the fish av-
eraged about 12 pounds each. Most of the
rest were larger fish ranging from about
18 to 30 pounds, and were caught primarily
in the southeastern portion of the survey
area.

Stomachs of untagged fish showed no evi-
dence of recent heavy feeding. Among the
more common organisms observed were:
Pacific saury, squid, Pacific jack mackerel,
and larval lantern fish.

All of the albacore in suitable condition
when hauled aboard were tagged. Experi-
ments designed to test the recovery rate of
"spaghetti" tags with that of dart tags were
continued. The two types used alternately
resulted in a release of 38 'spaghetti'' and
36 dart tags. The greatest number of fish
tagged at one position was six.

Sea surface temperatures varied from
VOBeto 1825210 % (513 0-tox65, 3° 1). aeThe
coolest water extended from the vicinity of
Santa Cruz Island to about 200 miles W. by
N. of San Miguel Islend, while warmest tem-
peratures were found in the southwestern
area 400 to 500 miles from Point Arguello.

All albacore were caught within a tem-
perature range of 15.3° to 17.99 C. (59,5°-
64,2° F.). The majority (83 percent) was
taken in 15.9° to 17.19 C.(60.6° - 62.8°F.)
water.

A total of 150 bathythermograph casts to
a depth of 400 feet were made approximately
20 miles apart throughout the survey. Addi-
tional 900-foot casts were made at several
night-light stations.

Sea-water samples from 10-meter Nan-
sen bottle casts were collected for salinity
analysis at every second bathythermograph

station or at approximately 40-mile intervals.

Night-light stations were occupied on nine
occasions while the vessel was drifting on a
sea anchor. Pacific sauries were the only
organism noted under the 1,500-watt light
at all stations. The number attracted varied
from 2 to about 100. Organisms occurring
at fewer stations were Pacific jack mackerel,

Vol. 22, No. 11

lanternfish, squid and several species of
salps.

Daytime observations were considered
typical.for the area. Albatross and storm
petrels were present in small numbers most
of the time. Their actions did not appear
different in areas where albacore were
caught. Large concentrations of Velella
lata were observed in two localities. Mam-
mals were rarely observed. Of interest was
the occurrence of glass Japanese net floats.
A few large and numerous small ones were
observed.

* KOK KK

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska” Cruise 60A6-Pelagic Fish:
The coastal waters off Baja California from
Magdalena Bay to Cedros Island were sur-
veyed (July 12-August 1, 1960) by the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game re-
search vessel Alaska. The objectives were:
(1) to survey the sardine population to deter-
mine the amount of recruitment from the
1960 spawning and to measure the densityof
older fish; (2) to sample sardines for age
analysis; (3) to sample Pacific mackerel,
jack mackerel, and anchovies for age and
distribution studies; (4) to collect live sar-
dines for genetic studies by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Laboratory at La
Jolla; and (5) to troll for albacore on the
southern extremity of the albacore fishing
grounds,

Of the 66 night-light stations occupied,
sardines were taken on 12, anchovies on 12,
jack mackerel on 9, and Pacific mackerel
on 8. In the 411 miles of scouting, 881
anchovy, 3 yellowtail, and 8 unidentified
fish schools were sighted.

Sardines of the 1960 year-class were
taken on 5 stations. Three samples were
taken from fish schools that were predom-
inantly anchovy. Very few young sardines
were present at the other 2 stations and
none were observed during scouting. Adult
sardines were taken on 9 stations mostly
in Ballenas Bay. During daylight anchorage
in this area more than 100 schools of adult
fish were observed.

Anchovies were present in unusually large
numbers over the entire area covered. In
addition to the schools observed during night

November 1960

lb Albacore trolling track and
00, 3 "3
surface temperatures.

- Sardines, 1960-year clas.
- Sardines, adult
~ Pacific mackerel.

- Ji

ick mackerel

Se y /

"4 So lle
Z. ae
50 &, a

“the, ig 290
7

LSS

M/V Alaska Cruise 60A6-Pelagic Fish (July 12-Aug. 1, 1960).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

scouting, hundreds were seen during daylight
hours. They were from 2 to 7 miles offshore
in dense to thinly-scattered schools. Fish
from some of the dense schools could be
brailed during daytime anchorage. The number
of samples taken on night-light stations was
not representative because the majority of

the schools was negatively phototropic. The
dominant size group was between 80 and 105
mm.

Larger fish were present only around
Cedros Island.

Several thousand adult sardines from
Magdalena Bay were delivered alive to the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, La
Jolla,

A special trolling track was made through
previously productive albacore fishing grounds
off northern Baja California. No fish were
caught or seen.

Sea surface temperatures ranged from
78.6° F. at Point San Juanico to 56.1° F. at
Thurloe Head. Temperatures along the al-
bacore trolling track ranged from 65.8° to
60.4° F. with an average of about 64.0° F.

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-16 - Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from Punta Santo

Tomas, Baja California, to Santa Cruz, Calif.,
was surveyed from the air (July 22, 25, and
26, 1960) by the Department's Cessna ''180"
3632C, to determine the distribution and a-
bundance of pelagic fish schools.

Fog obscured most of the central Cali-
fornia coast. Aerial observations were pos-
sible only in four small areas--the northern
one-third of Monterey Bay, a narrow inshore
band from Carmel to Point Sur, a small sec-
tion of coast near Point Buchon, and San Luis
Obispo Bay in the immediate vicinity of the
Avila piers. Conditions from Santo Tomas
to Point Conception were only fair.

Anchovy schools were most numerous from
Port Hueneme to Gaviota where 343 were
counted during two days of flying. The ob-
servable section of Monterey Bay contained
122 thin schools, all close to shore. Only
41 were seen south of Point Dume and none
below San Clemente. Schools containing species
other than the northern anchovy were not seen.

Moderate to severe red-water conditions
prevailed from Point Dume to San Clemente,

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Anchovy school group.

A\| — Number of anchovy schools.

— Area of "red tide."

Pt. Arguello

Santa Monica

Long Beach

San Clemente

San Diego

Airplane Spotting Flight 60-16 (July 22, 25, and 26, 1960).

with the heaviest blooms in the Los Angeles-
Long Beach Harbor area and from Newport
Beach to Dana Point.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1960 p. 15.

CARES
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January- July 1960

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-July 1960 amounted to 74,727 short
tons of steel (based
on the amount of steel
consumed in the man-
ufacture of cans) as
compared with 66,673
tons in the same peri-
od a year ago. The
increase of about
12.1 percent inthe
total shipments of
metal cans January-July this year as com-
pared with the same period of 1959 was prob-

MAN FOR 150 YEAR?”

Vol. 22, No. 11

ably due to the sharp increase in the Alaska
canned salmon pack.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery pro-
ducts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

Central Pacific Fishery Investigations

BIOLOGISTS SEEK ALBACORE TUNA
SPAWNING GROUNDS WEST OE HAWAII:

of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Charles H.
Gilbert surveyed a wide area (see chart) west of the
Hawaiian Islands for albacore tuna spawning grounds.
A cooperating Japanese agency (the Nankai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory at Kochi) conducted

a similar survey with the research vessel Shunyo Maru
in the western Pacific in coordination with the work of
the Charles H. Gilbert.

LAL

re (8418-20)

td

hal pal
@/i2-15)

x - Long-line station.

p - 12-hour plankton sampling station; 0-140 m. oblique tows every 4 hours.

t - 200-meter Nanaimo midwater trawl station; 2 hours after sunrise and sunset.
© - Conducted bait survey; refueled at Kwajalein and Midway.

M/V Chazles H. Gilbert Cruise 48 (June 20-August 28, 1960).

The survey area was fished with long-line fishing
gear in an attempt to capture sexually-mature albacore.
In addition to long-lining, the vessel conducted night-
light fishing stations and midwater trawling to capture
young tunas.

The survey area yielded poor catches of adult alba-
core. But the survey area was not expected to yield
commercial quantities of albacore, the scientists being
primarily interested in obtaining data on the sexual ma-
turity and fecundity of the albacore from the area.

While there were but a few large albacore taken,
the net collections yielded considerable numbers of
larval tuna. Although the collections have not yet been
studied, some of these may be larval albacore. If so,
this will provide evidence regarding the spawning area
and season of this species.

At each of 38 fishing stations, 60 baskets of 210-
fathom long-line gear were fished. Baskets consisted
of a 20-fathom Hogue and 11 3-fathom droppers.
Sauries (Cololabis saira) were used for bait. The best
fishing occurred petiecn 10° and 20° N. latitude in the

November 1960

area between the Hawaiian Islands and Kwajalein--big-
eyed and skipjack tuna predominated. Albacore catches
were poor and s. :‘i>red throughout the survey area.
Of the six albacore taken, only one was a female. The
overies appeared to be in the late developing stage.

Fifteen ''Nanaimo' midwater trawl hauls were made
before failure of the trawl winch. Generally, trawl
hauls during the daylight hours yielded poor catches.
The catch in the night hauls, although not spectacular,
pe lded more organisms, mainly shrimp and lantern-

ish.

Four to 500 buckets of Marshallese sardine (Harengula
kunzei) were seen at Kwajalein. Also seen were some
iao (Atherinidae), but no estimate of abundance was
obtained since these were seen at night.

At Wake Island, very large concentrations of oama
(Mullidae) were observed all along the shores of the
lagoon. Also, an estimated 100 buckets of 4- to 5-inch
aholehole (Kuhliidae) were seen in the lagoon.

At Midway, about 120 buckets of iao (Pranesus in-
sularum) were seen along the northeast and eastern
shores of Sand Island. Isolated smaller schools of
piha (Spratelloides delicatulus) and about 400-500
buckets of aholehole were also counted.

Bait survey at Laysan Island showed that there were
about 100-200 buckets of small aholehole (2-3 inches)
and about 400-500 buckets of large aholehole (5-19
inches) all along the shore.

Long-line fishing was poor. The total catch was
6 albacore, 6 yellowfin, 28 big-eyed, 15 skipjack, 44
spearfish, 87 sharks, and 34 miscellaneous fishes.

Two yellowfin, 2 skipjack, and 12 unidentified tuna
schools were sighted during the cruise. Direct and
incidental trolling produced 4 dolphin and 2 wahoo.

HO OE KK

REACTION OF SKIPJACK TUNA
TO NETS TESTED:

The skipjack tuna found off Oahu's Waianae coast
in September 1960 were confronted for the first time
with a 300-foot deep wall of nylon net, set in their path
by the crew of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries' research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. Most of
the skipjack managed to avoid the strange barrier--
only 10 fish were entangled and landed in the huge gill
net. The biologists of the Bureau's Honolulu Biolog-
ical Laboratory, who planned and directed the experi-
ment, were not particularly discouraged by this small
catch, for the trial was conceived as only a first step
in linking the Laboratory's studies of tuna behavior
with tests of the latest in tuna-fishing methods.

Skipjack
(Katsuwomus pelamis)

The idea was to see how Hawaiian tuna schools,
which are notoriously fast and shifty, would react to
a net under the conditions of water clarity and water

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

temperature which obtain in Hawaiian waters. The
Charles H. Gilbert is uniquely eq :ipped for suchstudies
as it is the only tuna-fishing ves.el in the world with
observation windows in the hull below the waterline.
The biologists were not content, however, with con-
fining their observations to those windows, but put on
their diving masks and went into the sea with the net

to spy on the tuna in their own element.

The experiment has significance in a larger picture
of increasingly worldwide competition among tuna fish-
ermen to supply the United States market. This com-
petition stimulates a constant search for more efficient
methods of harvesting tuna that has in the past few years
brought almost revolutionary changes to the Southern
California tuna fishing industry. New tools, such as
larger.and stronger nets made of nylon and power equip-
ment for hauling the nets, and the new techniques that
these tools have brought forth, are enabling the Califor-
nia fishermen to produce tuna more efficiently and more
cheaply than has ever been possible when livce-bait and
pole fishing were employed. Thus their competitive
position has been increased over that of Hawaiian fish-
ermen, who still rely on pole-and-line fishing methods.

It is generally thought that the success of net fishing
methods for tuna off the West Coast is due to the fact
that the deep seines reach down through the thin layer
of warm surface water in which the tuna live. The fast-
swimming fish, which otherwise would find it easy to
escape under the curtain of netting, are stopped by the
cold water that they run into as soon as they dive.

Around Hawaii the warm surface water extends down
much deeper than it does off the West Coast. The Lab-
oratory's first problem was, therefore, to find out
whether a net could be set deep enough in Hawaiian
waters to reach water temperatures that would turn
back an escaping tuna school. The results of the ex-
periment, which consisted of only four sets on small,
fast-moving schools with a make-shift net, are not ex-
pected to be conclusive, but the Laboratory's scientists
plan to make further trials along similar lines in search
of knowledge that will enable Hawaii's tuna fishermen
to bring their productive efficiency up to the most ad-
vanced level.

He ok 3K ok Ok

TAGGING RETURNS INDICATE
THAT THE SKIPJACK TUNA
IS NOT A WIDE-RANGING SPECIES:

Over 13,000 skipjack tuna have been tagged in Ha-
waiian waters with the D-2 dart tag, since the initia-
tion of the tuna research program by the Honolulu
Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries. Although the recoveries--nearly 1,300--have
indicated considerable movement among the islands,
there are no records of recapture of the tagged fish
in any other fishery. The Hawaiian skipjack fishery
is seasonal; the bulk of the annual catch is made be-
tween May and September. Although it is hypothesized
that these fish enter the Hawaiian area in the spring
and leave in the fall, there has been a lack of returns
from other areas of skipjack tagged in the Hawaiian
waters, a lack of positive evidence that fish recovered
one or more seasons after tagging have actually been
away during the interim, and a lack of recoveries in
Hawaiian waters of skipjack tagged elsewhere in the
Pacific. As a result, biologists have increased their
efforts to find out where they come from and where they go.

In April 1960, 46 skipjack were caught, tagged, and
released from the Bureau's research vessel, Charles

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

H. Gilbert, near Roca Partida of the Revillagigedo Is-
lands group, which lie off the west coast of Mexico.
Although the results of this limited tagging effort has
failed to provide any answers, it is interesting to note
that 11 of the tagged tuna were recaptured within two
months after release and all but one from within the
area of release. One fish was recovered about 180
miles north of the release area.

The comparatively high percentage of recovery of
tagged skipjack may reflect the existence of a resident
population associated with a group of islands, or their
movement may have been temporarily restricted by
certain environmental factors. In May 1958, 2,000
skipjack were tagged and released in an area off Hilo,
Hawaii. A total of 431 of the tagged fish, or 21.5 per-—
cent were recaptured within 3 months, with all but 2
from the same general area of release. These fish
may have been "trapped" in a patch of low salinity wa-
ter surrounded by water of higher salinity and, presum-
ably, also differing in other characteristics. Later re-
turns showed that at least some of the skipjack tagged
off Hilo regrouped with other schools and moved north-
westerly along the Hawaiian archipelago.

Tag returns from individual schools suggest that,
normally, the skipjack in Hawaiian waters remain with-
in a school for one month or less, then at least some
of the school break off, move into new areas, and re-
group with other fish or schools. From the releases
off Hilo and Mexico, however, it is evident that there
are situations, possibly environmentally conditioned,
where the schools remain intact and within a restricted
area for at least 2 or 3 months and thus are readily
available to capture by fishermen.

Chicago

CONSUMPTION OF FROZEN FISH AND
SHELLFISH IN RESTAURANTS
AND INSTITUTIONS:

Chicago was one of ten selected cities in
which a survey was undertaken to obtain in-
formation on the consumption of frozen pro-
cessed fish and shellfish in institutions and
public eating places. A total of 842 estab-
lishments were surveyed in that city. About
four-fifths of
all the estab-
lishments
in Chicago
bought some
kind of frozen
fishery pro-
ducts in the
12 months pro-
ceeding No-
vember 1958,
the month the
survey was
made. Of this

Vol. 22, No. 11

group, about 74 percent said they had bought
frozen processed fishery products during the
period.

Further breakdown of frozen fishery pro-
ducts purchases in November 1958 shows that
46 percent of the establishments surveyed
bought frozen processed fish, 35 percent
bought frozen processed shellfish, and 13
percent bought frozen portions. The incidence
of use of frozen processed fishery products,
by institutions (such as schools and hospitals)
was greater than restaurants. Of the ten
cities in the survey, Chicago ranked fourth
in terms of the percentage of all establish-
ments buying frozen processed fishery pro-
ducts during the month of the survey. Chicago
establishments most typically bought frozen
processed fish in 5-pound packages, and fry-
ing was the most popular method of cooking.

Among the establishments using frozen
processed shellfish, two-thirds bought breaded
shrimp in November 1958, and one-fourth
bought raw shrimp. Large quantities of both
items were purchased. But breaded shrimp
and raw shrimp also were bought widely, and
in large quantities, in all the other cities in-
cluded in the survey.

As with frozen processed fish, the lead-
ing shellfish items were also most often
bought in 5-pound
packages in Chicago.
Frying was the
most popular meth-
od of cooking shell-
fish.

Only about one-
eighth of the estab-
lishments surveyed
in Chicago bought
portions during the
month of the survey. This included 73 restau-
rants and 35 institutions. About 14,000 pounds
of portions were purchased by these estab-
lishments in November 1958.

Chicago ranked ninth among the ten cities
in percentage of establishments buying fro-
zen.portions. In Chicago, portions were most
often bought uncooked-plain and uncooked-
breaded. Nearly all establishments indicated
that they were Satisfied with the quality and
condition of the portions.

About 10 percent of the users of portions in
Chicago indicated that the quality was better
than that of other frozen processed fish.

o—2-

November 1960

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES:
JANUARY-JULY 1960: Fresh and Frozen

Fishery Products: For the use of the Armed

Forces under the Department of Defense, 1.9

million pounds (value $1.1 million) of fresh
Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by

Military Subsistence Supply Agency,

July 1960 with Comparisons

VALUE

Jan. -July

Ree atte ($1000) Seaeaene
1,084 | 1,203 | 7,070 | 7, 190
and frozen fishery products were purchased
in July 1960 by the Military Subsistence Sup-
ply Agency. This was lower than the quantity
purchased in June by 29.8 percent and 16.0
percent under the amount purchased in July
1959. The value of the purchases in July
1960 was lower by 8.3 percent as compared with
June and 9.9 percent less thanfor July 1959.

During the first seven months of 1960
purchases totaled 13.6 million pounds (val-
ued at $7.1 million)--a decrease of 0.2 per-
cent in quantity and 1.7 percent in value as
compared with the similar period in 1959.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
July 1960 averaged 56.8 cents a pound, about
12.8 cents more than the 44.0 cents paid in June
and 3.4 cents more than the 52.9 cents paid
during July 1959.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
only canned fishery product purchased for
Table 2 —- Canned Fishery Products Purchased by

: Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
uly 1960 with Comparisons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

9
eis ak (1,000 Lbs.). . . -
1,930 | 1,982

the use of the Armed Forces during July this
year. In the first seven months of 1960 pur-
chases of canned fish were lower by 27.2 per-
cent as compared with the same period in
1959;

JANUARY-AUGUST 1960: Freshand Frozen
Fishery Products: For the use of the Armed
Forces under the Department of Defense, 2.4
million pounds (value $1.2 million) of freshand
frozen fishery products were purc has e d
in August 1960 by the Military Subsis-

27

tence Supply Agency. This exceededthe
quantity purchased in July by 24.5 percent
and was 12.5 percent higher than the

Table 1 - Fresh andFrozenFishery Products
Purchased by Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
August 1960 with Comparisons

5 Aug. | _Jan.-Aug. |

1959 1959 | 1960 | 1959| 1960] 1959
Eien (GROUMES)) soo ac|| oso Ahm) oo aos

, 337 | 2,112 | 16,036 | 15,730 | 1,190 | 859 | 8,260 | 8,049

amount purchased in August 1959. The value
of the purchases in August 1960 was higher
by 9.8 percent as compared with July and
38.5 percent above August 1959.

During the first eight months of 1960
purchases totaled 16.0 million pounds (val-
ued at $8.3 million)--an increase of 1.9 per-
cent in quantity and 2.6 percent in value as
compared with the similar period in 1959.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
August 1960 averaged 50.1 cents a pound, a-
bout 1.7 cents less than the 51.8 cents paid
in July but 9.4 cents higher than the 40.7
cents paid during August 1959.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased
for the use of the Armed Forces during Au-
gust this year. In the first eight months of
1960 purchases of canned tuna were up 5.7
percent but purchases of both canned salm-
on and sardines were sharply lower as
compared with the same period of 1959.
Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products
Purchased

Prodivee | mvAnig sana [lmbe jant = Aqua Ma VAuq eel |NJanw=Anat
560 1 1959 | 1960 | 1959 | 1960 [1959
Bodog 1,000 ISS) 5 5.0.0.5 5065 sees 9.0.9

Tuna 324 150 2,254 2,132 133 9° 199 997

Salmon 1 2 4 15 st 2 53 sil

Sardine 15 194 99 970 6 27 41 143

——————

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur-
chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable.

Films

SALMON FILM WINS HONORS AT EDINBURGH
INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL:

Salmon - Catch to Can, a 14-minute, sound
color film sponsored by the Canned Salmon
Institute and produced and distributed by the

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was
accorded honors at the Edinburgh, Scotland,
14th Annual International Film Festival, the
Department of the Interior announced on Sep-
tember 29, 1960.

This is the third Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries' film to receive honors at Edin-
burgh Festivals in recent years. An appro-
priate certificate will be presented during
the winter to the Secretary of the Interior.
Such presentation is usually made by the
British Ambassador.

The award consists of being selected for
showing at the Edinburgh Festival where films
from about 30 nations compete for a placeon
the coveted program.

Salmon - Catch to Can was filmed primar-
ily in Alaska. Among other scenes portrayed
are the fish ladders at Bonneville Dam on the
picturesque Columbia River. The picture
shows the life history of the salmon; the three
most prominent methods of harvest--purse-
seining, gill-netting, and trolling; fishery
management programs to assure a continu-
ing resource; a glimpse of the canning pro-
cess; and a "lead-in" to a second 14-minute
film entitled Take a Can of Salmon.

The second film is a cookery presentation
and may be used with the first one or sepa-
rately. Both films are supplemented by a
full-color recipe booklet also entitled Take
a Can of Salmon!/ Motion picture facilities
of MPO Productions, New York City, a com-
mercial motion picture producer, were used
in making the honor-winning film.

1/For sale at 15 cents a copy by the U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.

oe

oe

Fish Kills

NATIONWIDE STATISTICAL
REPORTING SYSTEM SET UP:

The U. S. Public Health Service early this
year started a nationwide system for report-
ing the frequency and locations of fish killed
by pollution. The project, a cooperative ef-
fort between the Public Health Service, the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and State
conservation agencies, is the first national
tabulation of pollution fish kills that has been
undertaken.

Vol. 22, No. 11

In announcing the project, the Surgeon Gen-
eral said it will be an effective means of ob-
taining additional basic information needed
to determine the effects of pollution on the
Nation's water resources, as required by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

All State fish and game conservation agencies
are being asked to provide continuing reports
of fish killed by pollution as they occur in the
Nation's rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.
Reports will be made directly to the Public
Health Service in Washington, D. C.

The Public Health Service will furnish the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service with a copy
of each report received, as it is received.
The two agencies will cooperate in planning
fish-kill statistics so they can be used infish
and game management as well as water pol-
lution control.

Quarterly and annual reports of fish kills,
listing numbers, locations and causes, when
known, will be published. These reports will
be distributed to the cooperating agencies,
organizations, and individuals who request

them.
PG

Fish Meal

FREIGHT RATES FOR MEAL
AND SCRAP REDUCED:

Effective October 4, 1960, freight rates
were reduced on fish meal and fish scrap
originating from South Atlantic and Gulf
points ranging from Beaufort (N. C.)-West
Port Arthur (Tex.) to destinations in Llinois,
Kentucky, and Missouri. The new rates for
domestic meal are 6 cents per hundred pounds
over the previously-published rates for im-
ports shipped from Southern ports, such as
New Orleans, La., Jacksonville, Fla. Because.
imports are subject to port charges, the net
effect is equalization of the inland transpor-
tation cost for both domestic and imported
meal traffic. For intermediate destination
points, the rates will be no higher than the
rate for the next more distant point as pub-
lished in the tariffs.

In November 1959 rates on imported fish
meal were reduced from Gulf ports to Mid-
western points. As a result, the cost for
shipping imported fish meal was about $5 to
$19 a ton less than for shipping domestic fish

November 1960

meal, This freight rate advantage for import-
ed fish meal with an increased foreign supply
worked to the disadvantage of domestic fish
meal manufacturers.

During the past several months members
of the Industrial Products Traffic Committee
of the National Fisheries Institute, with the
assistance of a representative of the U. S.

Bureau of Com-

# mercial Fisheries,
met with represent-
atives of western,
southern, and east-
ern railroads to ex-
plain the depressed
conditions of the fish
mealindustry. Af-
ter several public
hearings as well as informal meetings, the
carrier rate-making groups approved the new
reduced freight rates.

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH:

The Marine Laboratory of the University
of Miami is conducting research on fisheries.
Research of interest to commercial fisher-
ies contained in the Laboratory's June 1960
Salt Water Fisheries Newsletter follows:

Shrimp Larvae: The larval life history of
the pink shrimp has been studied at The Ma-
rine Laboratory with the support of the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. During the first
quarter of 1960 a report was completed which
described the shrimp larval stages.

The completion of this fundamental work
leads to the next phase, involving the dis-
tribution of each stage
of the larvae (11 in
number) geographic-
ally and seasonally.
This will give infor-
mation on how the
larvae get from the offshore spawning grounds
to the estuarine nursery areas at the south
end of the Florida peninsula. This question
needs study since work on the current system
in Florida Bay indicates that no onshore cur-
rents exist to carry non-swimming larvae
inshore.

Spotted Sea Trout Tagging: Research on
spotted sea trout and the ecology of the Ever-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

glades National Park, the same estuary which
serves as nursery ground for the Tortugas
shrimp, is being supported by the Florida
State Board of Conservation. The study has
chiefly involved research on migration and
growth of the sea trout populations from Ft.
Myers to Appalachicola. By March 31,5,348
tagged trout had been released. Two types

of tags were used, internal tags of green
plastic and the same tag to which a small
piece of yellow plastic tubing is attached, the
latter protruding through the hole in the fish's
belly and drawing attention to the presence of
the tag within. A total of 445 tagged fish had
been reported by the end of March 1960, this
being 8.3 percent of the total released. As
before, few sea trout had moved very far be-
cause some 96 percent were caught within 30
miles of the place of tagging.

Frozen Shrimp Keeping Qualities: Tests
have been made of the usefulness of dried
extracts of okra (the green vegetable) in im-
proving color, texture, and keeping qualities
of frozen shrimp. Tests are also being made
of the effects of freezing, thawing, and re-

freezing of shrimp on the bacterial count.
lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1959 p. 34.

Foreign Fishery Developments

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BUREAU
EMPLOYEE REVIEWS FISHERY MATTERS
IN WESTERN EUROPE:

A review of fishery reporting by United
States embassies and consulates was made
by Dr. Sidney Shapiro, Chief, Branch of For-
eign Fisheries and Trade, U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. He left for Europe
on September 15, 1960. He planned to talk
to government and industry officials about
"Common Market" and "Outer Seven"! fish-
ery trade problems and brief the Interior
representative on the United States Delega-
tion to the GATT trade agreement negotia-
tions in Geneva, Switzerland.

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
has been working with the Department of
State to improve reporting on foreign fishery
developments. The Bureau is now undertaking
a complete revision of the fishery reporting
requirements in an effort to expand and de-
velop useful and urgently-needed informa-
tion on foreign developments as they affect
the United States fishing industry. Timely
and accurate reporting of information use-
ful to United States firms was among the rec-

30

ommendations made by representatives of the
fishing industry at a special conference on
fishery export trade, held in Washington on
June 20, 1960.

Another objective of the trip was to deter-
mine the proposed trade policies expected to
affect the United States fisheries in connec-
tion with the establishment of the European
Common Market. As yet, no information is
available on the procedures that may be a-
dopted for unifying markets, prices, and sup-
port policies for fishery products. As well as
affecting United States trade directly, Com-
mon Market policies on tariffs may affect im-
ports into the United States from countries
outside the Common Market.

Fur Seals

TWO RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS STUDY HERDS
AND FACILITIES ON PRIBILOF ISLANDS:
Two Russian fishery scientists and an in-
terpreter arrived in September 1960 on St.
Paul Island in the Pribilofs for a two-week
study of the fur seal rookeries and the United
States harvesting installations and manage-
ment practices on the islands.

Two United States fishery scientists, both
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
- at the same time went to Russia's Robben
Island off the coast of Siberia for a similar
study of the Russian fur-seal resource.

The exchange of scientific information and
personnel is provided for inthe fur seal con-
vention signed in 1957 by the Soviet Union,

“ yisesere sro Canada, Japan,
and the United
States. Thecon-
vention provides
for a six-year
study of the north-
ernfur seals as
ameans of ob-
taining infor-
mation neces-
sary for im-
proved man-
agement of both
the American
and Asian herds

Although both Russianand American seal-
ing operations had been completed for the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

year, during the scientists' visit the seal herds
were starting their exodus for the high seas
where they will intermingle to some extent
during the winter months. In the spring the
seals will return to their respective rooker-
ies to breed and bear their young.

The United States scientists are Dr. Victor
B. Scheffer, biologist from the Bureau's lab-
oratory in Seattle and Eugene M. Maltzell,
biologist-interpreter from Portland, Oreg.
The Russian scientists are from the Soviet
installations on Kamchatka. They are Tim-
ofei Mikhailovich Kantatnov,an engineer, and
Petr Georgievich Nikulin, manager of the
Kamchatka Laboratory on Oceanography.,
The translator is Leonid Vasilevich Kostin.-
Fukuzo Nagasaki, Tokyo biologist, andSergei
V. Dorofeev, Moscow biologist, have joined
the Americans on Robben Island.

Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL OF UNDER-
UTILIZED FISH STOCKS
IN LAKE MICHIGAN SURVEYED:

was completed August 17 when the U.S. Bureau of Commer -
cial Fisheries chartered vessel Art Swaer II returned

to Ludington, Mich. The primary objectives of the sur-
vey were to assess the commercial potential of under-
utilized fish stocks in the waters of Lake Michiganfrom
Ludington to South Haven, Mich., and to determine the
trawling characteristics of the lake bottom in thatarea.

During the seven-day cruise, 34 otter-trawl drags
were completed in various depths between 10 and 38
fathoms using a standard, 50-foot Gulf of Mexico bal-
loon-type fish trawl. Fishing efforts revealed consid-
erable amounts of chubs (Coregonus sp.) to be avail-
able in the 15 - to 30-fathom depth range. The ten most
productive drags were made between Ludington and
Grand Haven. These ten catches consisted of from 233
to 577 pounds of chubs and averaged 360 pounds per
30-minute drag. These catches contained higher per-
centages of larger chubs which appeared to be inbetter
physical condition than were fish taken in the more
southerly areas.

Bottom conditions were found to be generally favor-
able for trawling at all but the shallowest depths ex-
amined. Depth recordings made at 10 fathoms consis-
tently showed rough bottom conditions, and two of three
attempts to drag at this depth resulted in severe dam-
age to the net.

November 1960

Ludington

& - Trawl tows.
x - Snags en-
countered.
Lake
Michigan

M/V Art Swaer Cruise 1 (August 10-17, 1960).

M/V _''Kevinbren'' Exploratory Cruise 2: The second
Lake Michigan exploratory cruise was completed Sep-

tember 13, when the Bureau chartered vessel Kevinbren

returned to Milwaukee, Wis. The Kevinbren is aGreat
Lakes gill-net tug that has been adapted to the trawl-
method of fishing. The objectives of the 7-day cruise
were to determine the commercial abundance andsea-
sonal distribution of the various species of fish in the
area between Sheboygan and Sturgeon Bay, Wis., and to
learn the location of areas suitable for trawling.

Some 32 drags were completed in depths of 14 to 41
fathoms using a 50-foot (headrope), two-seam, Gulf of
Mexico balloon-type trawl. Catches ranged from 55 to
705 pounds of mixed chubs, smelt, and alewives per
half-hour drag. Best fishing results were obtained in
30-minute drags near Two Rivers in 20 to 36 fathoms,
where 4 drags produced from 245 to 705 pounds; near
Algoma in 25 to 32 fathoms, where 2 drags caught 304
and 428 pounds; and near Sheboygan in 30 to 32 fathoms,
where 1 drag took 465 pounds. Alewives were present

in about half of the catches, with the two largest amounts

being 100 pounds in a 60-minute drag at 26-27 fathoms
near Sheboygan and 30 pounds in a 30-minute drag at

20-21 fathoms near Kewanee. Smelt were found through-

out the operational area, but in amounts of not more
than 25 pounds per 30-minute drag.

Extensive echo-sounding operations revealed that
the bottom topography varies greatly throughout the
area covered. In the southern portion, the slope is

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

LAKE MICHIGAN

Legend:
@ - Station groups.
4 ~- Trawl stations.
@_~ Snags encountered.

10 20

Statute Miles

M/V Kevinbren Cruise 2.

rather gentle with only a few areas in the 15-25 fathom
range too irregular for fishing operations. North of
Two Rivers, the slope becomes steep, irregular, and
terraced. Two drags in the northernmost station group
resulted in minor gear damage.

Ae OK KK oe

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF
COMMERCIAL FISH STOCKS IN
LAKE ERIE CONTINUED:

M/V "Active" Cruise 11: A 17-day trawling survey
of the United States waters of Lake Erie, was completed

on August 19, 1960, by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Active. Thecruise

o 10

20 30 40 50
Btatuto Miles

M/V Active Cruise 11 (August 3-19, 1960).

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

was designed to ascertain the seasonal abundance, dis-
tribution, and availability to otter trawls of smelt and
other species of fish from the Ohio-Pennsylvania bound-
ary to Port Clinton, Ohio.

Although extensive recorded depth-soundings and
28 30-minute drags with a standard, 50-foot, Gulf of
Mexico balloon-type fish trawl revealed no large con-
centrations of smelt, consistent catches (averaging
about 200 pounds of smelt) were taken in the central
basin area at depths of akout 10-13 fathoms. Largest
catch of the cruise was 400 pounds of smelt taken in12-
13 fathoms northeast of Cleveland. Small amounts of
yellow perch, burbot, and sheepshead were taken--
mostly in shallower water. No gear damage was ex-
perienced.

M/V "Active" Cruise 12: The Active left Erie, Au-
gust 29, for three weeks of trawl explorations in Lake
Erie.

The main purpose of cruise 12 was to cover as much
of Lake Erie as possible with continuous depth-sound-
ing and fishing effort in order to locate and determine
the availability to trawls of such fish stocks as smelt,
yellow perch, sheepshead, and gizzard shad.

The Active was scheduled to take part in a two-day
synoptic survey of Lake Erie in cooperation with 12
other vessels representing the Bureau and five other
fisheries agencies. The synoptic survey was concern-
ed with the ecological characteristics (especially the
horizontal and vertical oxygen content) affecting the
fish of Lake Erie. 5
Noter Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1960 p. 20.

_Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V "George L."' August 1960: Intensive trawling
operations (108, 10-minute tows) by the U. S. Bureauof
Commercial Fisheries research vessel George L. in the
East Harbor and Bono areas in early August revealed
more clearly that young-of-the-year fish generally were
scarcer than in 1959. Most notable were the reduced
catches of yellow perch and yellow pike. Only5 young-
of-the-year yellow pike were captured.

Yellow pike, hatched in 1959, now average 13 inches
long (the legal length in Ohio) and range from about 10
to 15 inches long. The average yearling yellow pike
landed by the commercial fishery is 13.4 inches and
the average weight is about 2 pound. About 95 percent
of the yellow pike now landed in Ohio are yearlingfish.
At the present rate of growth, about 90 percent of the

yearlings should be over 13 inches long by the end of
the year.

High mortality of fish taken by trap nets in the Hur-
on-Vermilion area has forced some fishermen in those
areas to remove their nets. Low oxygen concentrations
at night in bottom waters apparently have been respon-
sible for the mortality. Low oxygen concentrations
near the bottom in parts of the central basin were com-
mon in the summers of both 1959 and 1960.

An interagency synoptic survey of conditions in Lake
Erie was conducted on August 30-31. The Bureau's
research vessels Active and George L., Ohio Divisions

Vol. 22, No. 11

of Wildlife and Shore Erosion vessels SP-1, SP-3,

SE-1, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests vessel
Keenosay, Pennsylvania Game and Fish Commission ves -
sel Perca, University of Toronto vessel Dauphine, and Ohio
State University participated in the lake-wide survey-
Data were collected on turbidity, water temperatures,
oxygen concentrations, pH, alkalinity, water quality, and
plankton. Analyses of these data should better describe
the nature of the environmental conditions that influence

fish production in Lake Erie.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1960 p. 30.

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 6: The fish population survey
in southern Lake Michigan was continued (August 9-23,
1960) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Cisco. Tows with a commercial-type,
52-foot balloon trawl continued to yield rather small
catches.

The tows off Grand Haven were approximately
straight west of port, except for the 4-, 7-, and 10-
fathom drags which were 4-6 miles south. The tows off
Racine were northeast of port, and off Milwaukee, the
15-, 20-, and 25-fathom drags were about 12 miles
north. The remainder were northeast of port. Bloaters
(Leucichthys hoyi) made up 98-100 percent of the chub
catches. Fish caught with the chubs were usually limit-
ed to small numbers of smelt and slimy sculpins in
shallow water, and deep-water sculpins in deeper tows.
In the following instances, however, the catch composi-
tion varied markedly from the usual: 4 fathoms off
Grand Haven--16 pounds of alewives, and small num-
bers of spottail shiners and emerald shiners; 7 fathoms
off Grand Haven--69 pounds of alewives, 30 pounds of
spot-tail shiners, and 20 pounds of carp (2 individuals);
10 fathoms off Grand Haven (average of 3 tows)--54
pounds of alewives, 19 pounds of yellow perch, and 21
pounds of whitefish (9 of 39 whitefish in the 3 tows were
of legal size); 50 fathoms off Grand Haven--130 pounds
of deep-water sculpins.

Gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet each of 13- and 13-
inch, 200 feet of 2-inch, and 300 feet each of 2%-, 23-,
23-, 3-, 33-, and 4-inch mesh) were set overnight at
25 and 50 fathoms off Grand Haven and off Racine.
Catches were light.

A gang of nylon gill nets (minus the 100 feet of 2-inch
mesh) set for 5 nights at 80 fathoms off Racine took1,670
chubs. It appeared that the smaller meshes "loaded up"
and practically quit fishing early in the set. Nearly all
the fish in the smaller meshes were very soft. They
must have been in the net for several days. Most of the
chubs in this set were difficult to identify, since they
were intermediate in appearance between typical L. hoyi
and L. kiyi. There were, however, several quite typical
L. kiyi, but not nearly so many as were taken in similar
sets in the same area in 1954.

Linen gill nets set off Grand Haven, compared with
identical gangs set at the same time of year in 1954, took
considerably fewer of all chub species at 25 fathoms,
and about the same number of bloaters but fewer of
other chub species at 50 fathoms. L. kiyi continued to
be especially scarce in sets made this cruise. Nothing
of significance other than chubs was taken in the gillnets.

Hydrographic collections andobservations were made
at 25-fathom stations off Grand Haven and Racine and

November 1960

at a 70-fathom station in midlake between Grand Haven
and Racine.. Surface water temperatures were very uni-

_ form along the transect made across the lake from
Grand Haven to Racine, ranging mostly from about 692
F. on the east side to about 67° F. on the west side. Ex-
ees recorded during the cruise were 64.2° F. and
73.4° F.

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 7: Light chub catches were made
(August 30-September 12, 1960) in gangs of nylon gill
nets (50 feet each of 14- and 13-inch, 200 feet of 2-inch,
and 300 feet each of 23-, 23-, 23-, 3-, 33-, and 4-inch
mesh) set overnight at 25 and 50 fathoms off Grand Ha-
ven, Mich., and off St. Joseph, Mich.

The catch at 50 fathoms off Grand Haven is an aver-
age of 4 overnight sets lifted on successive days. These
4 sets, as well as single 2-, 3-, and 4-night sets were
made to study variations in catches on successive nights,
and differences in catches in nets set for varying lengths
of time. The 1-night sets took 277, 217, 151, and 169
chubs, respectively; the 2-, 3-, and 4-night sets took
438, 615, and 760 chubs, respectively. The percentage
increase in catch with increased duration of set was
greater than during experiments in previous cruises
when catches were larger and heavily fishing meshes
"loaded up."

Catches were also light in linen gill nets set for 5
nights at 25 fathoms (255 feet each of 2§-, 23-, 28-, 22-,
and 3-inch mesh) and at 50 fathoms (510 feet of each of
the above mesh sizes) off Grand Haven. At 25 fathoms
there were 215 Leucichthys hoyi, 1 L. alpenae, and 4
lake herring; at 50 fathoms, 193 L. hoyi, 5 L. alpenae,
4L. reighardi, 12 L. kiyi, and 2 L. zenithicus. In iden-
tical sets made in 1954 at the same time of year,
eatches of all species were considerably larger at 25
fathoms; at 50 fathoms there were appreciably fewer
L. hoyi in 1954, but about the same numbers of the other
species. A few deep-water sculpins were all that were
taken with the chubs and herring in the gill nets.

A 52-foot commercial-type balloon trawl was fished
off Grand Haven and St. Joseph. All tows off St. Joseph
were approximately due west of port as were all tows
off Grand Haven except those at 7, 10, and 12 fathoms,
which were 4 to 6 miles south of port. The trawlcatches
were generally smaller than during pervious cruises.
The catches at intermediate depths (15° to 40° F.) were
exclusively chubs except for a few deep-water sculpins
and slimy sculpins and an occasional yellow perch or
smelt. At 45 and 50 fathoms off Grand Haven, however,
136 and 202 pounds, respectively, of deep-water scul-
pins were taken; and in the 7-, 10-, and 12-fathom drags
off Grand Haven, yellow perch, alewives, and smelt were
common (237 pounds of perch at 7 fathoms, 52 pounds
of alewives at 10 fathoms, 18 pounds of smelt at 12 fath-
oms). At 7 fathoms there were also 25 pounds of spot-
tail shiners and a few longnose suckers. Usually the
chubs in the catches were 95 to 100 percent bloaters,
but in the 20-fathom tow off St. Joseph, L. zenithicus
and L. alpenae made up about 20 percent of the take.

Hydrographic collections and observations were made
at regular 25-fathom stations off Grand Haven and St. j
Joseph. Surface-water temperatures, mostly about 75
F., were the highest observed this year. The maximum
recorded in the open lake was 77.4© F. Near the end of
the cruise, however, strong northerly winds set up a
stiff current, and a resultant upwelling dropped surface-
water temperatures to as low as 54.6° F. near the shore

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

off Grand Haven. ‘The area of upwelling extended out
from shore about 3 miles.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1960 p. 30.

oe oh
3 63 63

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR
FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V "Siscowet" Cruise 5: Studies during this cruise
were conductéd (August 8-17, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet at
Isle Royale, Mich., Thunder Bay, Ont., andGrand Marais,
Minn. The Isle Royale stations were located in Rain-
bow Cove, north of Thompson's Island, south of Mott
Island, northeast of Gull Island, southeast of Canoe
Rocks, Todd Harbor, and east of Rock of Ages. In
Thunder Bay the stations were located between Pie and
Welcome Islands, and just south of Thunder Cape. At
Grand Marais the station was just south of Grand
Marais Harbor.

The objectives of cruise 5 were to collect various
forms of chubs (Leucichthys sp.) and lake trout mor-
phological studies, and to compare the relative abun-
dance of the lake trout with previous years' catches.

Gill nets were fished at each station. The gangs were
mostly small-mesh nets (1-, 2-, 24-, 23-, 3-, 33-inch
mesh). One 6-inch-mesh net was attached to the gang
in search of large trout.

Good collections of chubs were Made at nearly all
stations in the Isle Royale area. A total of 451 L. hoyi,
216. L. zenithicus, and 116 L. kiyi were taken. The
catch of small lake trout (409) was greater than the
catch of 1959 (362) and 1958 (208). Most of the trout
were 12 to 16 inches long. Only two large trout (sis-
cowets) were captured and only one fish was scarred
by lamprey.

The state of gonads from the Isle Royale chubs sug-
gested that L. kiyi is the first to spawn in the fall; L.
zenithicus spawns possibly in late fall or early winter;
and L. hoyi spawns in late winter or early spring. The
appearance of L. zenithicus at Isle Royale was similar
to that of L. reighardi in the eastern part of Lake Su-
perior. The L. reighardi have been observed, however,
to spawn in the spring. Morphological studies must be
made of these two species to seek means of separation.

The catches in the Thunder Bay region are believed
to have included L. reighardi dymondi, a subspecies ~
reported to exist along the north shore of Lake Superior.
Positive identification was not made in the field, but
preliminary examination of the fish strongly suggested
its identity as L. dymondi.

The catch at Grand Marais, Minn., consisted mainly
of bloaters (L. hoyi). The sexual development of these
fish agreed very closely with that of bloaters taken at
Isle Royale and Thunder Bay.

Fish collected from all areas for morphological
studies totaled 204 L. zenithicus, 212 L. hoyi, 95 L.
kiyi, 79 lake trout, 57 unidentified chubs, and 21 lake
herring.

Surface temperatures at Isle Royale ranged from
55.7° F. northeast of Gull Island to 62.0° F. south of
Mott Island. At Thunder Bay the surface temperature
was 54.5° F. at Thunder Cape and 61.0° F. between Pie

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and Welcome Islands. The surface temperature atGrand
Marais, Minn., was 56.4” F.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1960 p. 32.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR
INDUSTRIAL FISH:

M/V "Oregon" Cruise 69:. A 25-day exploratory sur-
vey (August 1-25, 1960) of industrial fish concentrations
was made by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel Oregon between Ship Shoal,
La., and Aransas Pass, Tex. A total of 81 bottom trawl-
ing stations, 3 midwater trawling stations, 8 dip-net sta-
tions, and 1 plankton station was made. A total of 20
surface-salinity readings was taken over the trawling
areas.

LEGEND:

@ —40\ TRAWL NET.
© —65'TRAWL NET.
a — 7\' TRAWL NET.
= — 60 MIDWATER TRAWL NET.
vy — DIP NET.

— PLANKTON TOW.
were — VESSEL'S TRACK.
-\\Y — EXPLORATORY AREAS.

(aan
=

l

il

$)
ib

apy
é 1
ty
fT

Vol. 22, No. 11

beyond 30 fathoms were uniformly poor and transects

out to 100 fathoms showed untrawlable bottom for the

available gear. Midwater schools of fish were not en-
countered during any phase of the trip.

The best results were obtained between Ship Shoal
and Galveston in 3 to 10 fathoms. The largest catch in
this area was 4,200 pounds in a 2-hour drag. Onedrag
made in 17 fathoms produced 1,500 pounds of round
herring (Etrumeus sp.) and another produced 1,000
pounds of butterfish (Poronotus sp.).

One item of interest was the proportion of menhaden
taken by bottom trawls. There were two species; Bre-
voortia patronus averaging 10-11 inches and B. gunteri
averaging 6-7 inches. Surface salinity in the area
ranged from 27.7 p.p.t. to 36.0 p.p.t.

Between Galveston and Aransas Pass, Tex., the most

productive depths were also 3 to 10 fathoms. The best
drags were made off Pass Cavallo where 1,500 pounds

“SPUTH Pass

M/V Oregon Cruise 69 (August 1-25, 1960).

Bottom trawls of three sizes were used during the
trip. The most productive was a 71-foot, 2-seam bal-
loon trawl using 10 by 3 foot chain-hung doors. A 65-*
foot, 4-seam flat trawl was used in some of the shallow-
water drops, and a 40-foot, 2-seam balloon trawl was
used where doubt existed about bottom conditions.

Catches between 10 and 30 fathoms were generally
light and ‘consisted primarily of scad(Decapterus sp.)
and porgy (Stenotomus sp.). Bottom trawling conditions

of fish were taken in 13-hour drags. Surface salinity
in the area ranged from 37.1 p.p.t. to 38.4 p.p.t.

Approximately 600 pounds of various species were
frozen or preserved for technological and biological
studies.

November 1960

Gulf Fishery Investigations

Following are some of the highlights of the studies
conducted by the Galveston, Tex., Biological Labora-
tory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries dur-
ing July-September 1960:

SHRIMP FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: Pink Shrimp

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

35

previous quarter. Production for July was slightly
lower than that for the same period a year ago while
August's production exhibited almost a threefold in-
crease. Greater utilization of shrimp for bait during
the current year reflects a slight upward trend inlocal
sport fishing activity and the reproduction of larger-
than-normal broods of both brown and white shrimp.
Comparable statistics are given in the following table:

Growth: Investigation of the growth of pink shrimp dur-
ing early juvenile stages was initiated in early August.
Approximately 11,000 specimens taken from an arm of
Biscayne Bay were graded to sizes ranging from 9 to
14 mm. (carapace length), marked by feeding" them
trypan red stain, and released. Bait shrimp fishermen
and dealers were alerted to recover the marked shrimp,
but none have been recaptured to:date. A sample of 100
shrimp so marked is being held alive to check the stain's
retentivity. Indications are that despite no recoveries,
the marking phase of the experiment was a success.

Mortality of Marked Shrimp: The third phase of an
experiment designed to evaluate the effects of marking
as measured by the comparative survival of shrimp
marked by various methods was completed this quarter.
As in the two previous phases, stained and unmarked
(control) shrimp experienced approximately equivalent
survival. Specimens tagged with Petersendiscs suffered
appreciably greater mortality.

Larvae Studies: Efforts to rear penaeid larvae from
eggs spawned by laboratory-held females were contin-
ued. To date no gravid white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus,
with spermatophores attached have been taken alive. We
are, therefore, investigating the feasibility of artificial-
fertilization, mixing eggs taken from gravid females
with sperm dissected from intact spermatophores. At-
tempts to obtain fertile eggs by this means have thus
far been unsuccessful.

Seabobs, Xiphopeneus kroyeri, spawned (or, in some
cases, aborted) in our aquaria several times during the
quarter. Many of the eggs underwent considerable de-
velopment before succumbing to predation by unidenti-
fied microzoans.

Several experiments aimed at improving techniques
for rearing larvae were initiated. These involved var-
ying the ratio of medium volume to organism; varying
the rate with which the holding medium is agitated; con-.
trolling micro-organism populations with antibiotic and
other chemical solutions; and rearing Palaemonetes (Ca-
ridea) larvae to draw inferences as to food requirements
needed for optimum survival and growth of late larval
stages in Penaeidea.

Commercial shrimp post-larvae are being reared to
sizes at which species determination using adult charac-
teristics can be made. This will validate the use of ex-
isting keys to identify post-larval Penaeidae occurring
in the Galveston area.

Routine collection and tabulation of commercial pro-
duction and effort satistics for Galveston Bay's bait
shrimp fishery continued as they have since mid- 1959.
These statistics will be used in conjunction with com-
parable data obtained from the adjacent offshore fish-
ery in attempts to relate (quantitatively) progeny occupy-
ing inshore "nursery" areas and their progenitors in-
habiting offshore areas.

Indicative of the seasonal trend, bait production for
the quarter showed a marked increase over that of the

INDUSTRIAL FISHERY STUDIES: Considerable
progress has been made in compiling and evaluating
data collected during the past year on the spawning of
groundfishes, particularly on the dominant species.
Length-weight data were compiled and some sample
curves worked out.

; Croaker, spot, and white trout constituted 62 percent
of the total catches by weight in July and 69 percent in
August. In July and August 1959 these three species
were 69 percent and 64 percent, respectively. Data for
September showed the three dominant species constitu-
ted about 69 percent of the total catch by weight. Eight
additional species made up the bulk of the catch and
miscellaneous species constituted 7 percent of the catch
by weight for July, 6 percent in August, and 9 percent in
September, all of which was slightly less than the same
period in 1959, The average number of species for
July was 13, 10 for August, and 16 for September. New
species identified were as follows: Euthynnus allitter-
atus, Sphyraena barracuda, Monocanthus ciliatus, Oph-
idion holbrooki, Epinephelus niveatus, E. flavolimbatus,

-Lopholatilus chamaclcontion, Spheroides spengerli, and

an, as yet, unidentified flat fish. Our check list of
species observed in industrial landings in the Pasca-
goula area now totals 181 vertebrates of 77 families and
32 species of invertebrates of 26 families. An unusual
catch was made by the petfood trawler Deacon's Daugh-
ter when she took a 12-foot female tiger shark, Galeo-
cerdo cuvier, estimated at over 600 pounds, off Horn
Island in 4 fathoms of water.

Forty landings were sampled in July from a total_
of 1,724,943 pounds,.35 in August from 1,048,210 pounds
and 30 in September. Fishing was disrupted in the mid-
dle of September by hurricane ''Ethel."" The average
depth fished in July was 5 fathoms, in August it was 4.8
fathoms, and September 5 fathoms. Many of the large
refrigerated vessels continued fishing west of the
Mississippi River Delta well into August. During the
same period of 1959, no vessels from the Pascagoula
fleet were fishing in the area west of the river. By
early September the entire fleet was fishing generally
from just east of the Mobile ship channel to the Horn
Island area. Catches have been generally good, and
the fleet has been limited mainly by the amount of fish
the plants could utilize. The vessels were averaging
about one trip a week throughout the quarter. Two lo-
cal plants ceased handling finfish during the shrimp
season, but one had resumed canning petfood by the
middle of September.

EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON MARINE ORGANISMS:
Determination of median tolerance limits for various
insecticides was continued this quarter with most of
the emphasis on brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) which
were abundant locally from May through August. Since
August, studies have been shifted to white shrimp (Be
setiferus), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), pinfish

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

(Lagodon rhomboides), golden croaker (Micropogon year July 1959-June 1960 amounted to 14.3 mil-
y. New chem-

undulatus), and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), 7 illi =

Teale tentedithiajquartensinelecie MA Ea(ObTs)yaued Seal le oe ee Mig at : 3. eres ee oo
chlor (DMDT), Sabane, Rotenone, and Nemagon, all of according to the Hawaiian Division o Bele east
which were less toxic to shrimp than most of the chlor- Game. Landings of tuna made up 84.6 percent of
inated hydrocarbons tested, such as Dieldrin, Hepta- the quantity and 67.6 percent of the value of all

chlor, DDT, Endrin, BHC, and Aldrin. Thus far, studies 7 ipi
have been confined mainly to the chlorinated hydrocar- Diy Men iaS. |S) SiG sie Tes 3s Tans

bon group of pesticides. Work with the organic phos- important species landed.
hat i di he i ion”
Pigree 2 Deneve neque ta] abenson a um eid oad The Island of Oahu accounted for close to 10.9

acquisition of other safety equipment. 3
Not See Commne ial Rane Ree Pay 1960 p. 36. million pounds (valued at about $2.3 million), or
é about 76.7 percent of the quantity and 76.4 per-
= cent of the total value of all landings of sea and
< pond fish and shellfish in the fiscal year ending

June 30,1960. The Island of Hawaii was the sec-
H ee ond most important center of Hawaii's fishing
oui industry and accounted for 15.3 percent of both
the total landings and their value. Landings of
SO eee ee commercial fish and shellfish in the Islands of
Gommnereian Fisheries landings of sea and Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kauai were quite light.

H ij ; i Table 2 -Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
pond fish in the State of Hawaii during the fiscal by Islands, July 1959-June 1960

Table 1 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
and Ex-Vessel Value, July 1959-June 1960

pecies =
English Name

Kauai ue =
[Total [14,184 [2,937 | 84 | 57 _| 14286 | 2,994
Landings of commercial fish and shellfish
in the Hawaiian Islands during July 1959-June
1960 by months were heaviest during the sum-
mer and earlyfallmonths. The July-October
1959 period accounted for 56.2 percent of the
total landings. July 1959 alone accounted for
close to 19.2 percent of the total landings. Land-
ings of commercial fish and shellfish in the Ha-
waiian Islands are dominated by the seasonal a-
vailability of skipjack tuna. The fishery for tuna

ee fish: is the most important fishery in the Islands.
Big-eyed& bluefin
Yellowfin
Skipjack
Bonito

fo)

iss}

B |e
wo] ow }~ uy} N
wl] Nie ive) aS

=
(es)
oO

uo
ive}
0

Table 3 -Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
by Months, July 1959-June 1960

Pond Catch Total Catch
Value
T,000

1,000
Lbs

E

Other fish & shellfish -
Total Ocean Catch

wBUPRWAN NridjM.Aag

al
4
6
3
5
3
10
5
1
3
3
1

“Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1960, p. 25.

pel

November 1960

Industrial Fish as Food for Ranch Mink

The United States ranch-mink industry in
1958 was composed of approximately 6.5 mil-
lion animals, including breeders and pelters.
It is estimated that the 1960 herd size will
increase by 10-15 percent to over 7.0 million
mink. Three-fourths of the mink production
is concentrated in the Great Lakes states and
adjacent Midwest states, with Wisconsin pro-
ducing almost four times as many animals as
any other state. Western and Pacific North-
west states account for 15 percent of the pro-
duction, with most of the remaining 10 per-
cent accounted for by the New England and
Middle Atlantic States.

Fish, including the nonmarketable species
for human consumption and scrap fish from
fish-processing plants, provide an econom-
ical and highly nutritious source of feed for
ranch mink. Mink ranchers can be expected
to use an estimated 256 million pounds of
fresh and frozen fish and fish scrap in 1960.

Table i - Estimated Potential Use of Fish by

Average Level of
Fish in Ration | sumptionofFish
% Million Lbs.

Estimated Con-

teat Lakes & Midwest States
est & Pacific Northwest

This is based on an average total feed con-
sumption of 125 pounds per animal annually.

In addition, a limited amount of fish meal is
used--some in the cereal portion of the ra-
tions and a lesser amount as a replacement
for fresh fish. An estimated 2.5 million pounds
of fish meal will be utilized in mink rations
during 1960.

In the Midwest between 40 million and 50
million pounds of the fish used will be offresh-
water origin, composed of sheepshead, carp,
smelt, bloater chubs, tullibees, lake herring,
alewives, yellow perch and pickerel fillet
scrap, and miscellaneous species. Salt-water
fish used by Midwest ranchers will include
whole whiting and hake, cod and flounder scrap,
miscellaneous species from the Atlantic Coast;
croakers and a conglomerate of species from
the Gulf of Mexico; and sole and rockfishscrap
from the Pacific Northwest states. Western
ranchers utilize whole fish composed of var-
ious species of sole and rockfish not used for
human consumption, either because of their
small size or limited markets, and a few
miscellaneous species. Waste from West
Coast fillet-processing industries is exten-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

37

sively used for mink feed. Some croakers
are used by Colorado and Utah ranchers.
Atlantic Coast ranchers make use of whiting
and hake; cod, flounder, and other fish-pro-
cessing scrap; and whatever species of whole
fish are available to them locally.

Most of the fish is distributed to ranchers
through feed dealers and mink ranchers! co-
ops. This is generally true throughout the
United States. Ranchers who have the freez-
er capacity, do take advantage of local sources
of fish. The trend in the Midwest is toward
a ready-mixed complete ration, either frozen
and delivered to ranchers by feed dealers, or
delivered ready to feed from co-ops.

The price the rancher pays for fish frozen
and delivered to the ranch averages about
$4.50 a hundred pounds. Some ranchers may
pay as much as $6.00 for preferred species,
or as little as $2.00 for thiaminase fish and
fish scrap. Costs of freezing, packaging,
handling, transportation, and brokerage fees
average about $2.25 a hundred pounds. There
is, of course, considerablé variation in this
cost, depending on the circumstances and ef-
ficiency of operations. Fish from the At-
lantic Coast and the Gulf can be delivered
frozen into Chicago at $3.50-$4.00 a hundred
pounds.

Fish produced for mink feed must be of
a quality almost equivalent to fish used for
human consumption. This point cannot be
overemphasized. Fish should be iced aboard
the vessels and in the plants until frozen.
The fish should be packaged in 50-pound con-
tainers, either boxes or bags, of no greater
than six-inch thickness and quick-frozen,
preferably at -20° F. Cold storage should
beat-5° F. Fish which contain the thiaminase
factor should not be included with other fish
unless all the fish are to be cooked or treat-
ed to destroy the enzyme.

The mink-food market for fish can be ex-
pected to increase, particularly if efforts are
maintained to keep the quality offishhigh. This
increase canbe accelerated through research
into methods of making greater use of present
abundant sources of thiaminase fish, through
research into ways to reduce feed costs and
increase profits, and through increased use of
fish in mink rations.

--Walter G. Jones,
Fishery Marketing Specialist,
Branch of Marketing,
Division of Industrial Research,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
GROUNDFISH IN THE INSHORE NURSERY
AREAS SURVEYED:
M/V “Capt. Bill Il":
second of a series), by the chartered fishing
vessel Capt. Bill III was made late in August
by fishery biologists of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries to determine the dis-
tribution and abundance of bottom fish inhab-

A 5-day cruise (the “

ST. JAMES

Vol. 22, No. 11

QUEEN CHARLOTTE

iting inshore waters, especially small had-
dock which might be taken by unregulated
boats using small mesh trawl nets.

the Massachusetts Bay area between Cape
Ann and the Isles of Shoals.

Thirty-two different kinds of fish were
taken in the 30 tows. Haddock and cod were
the most abundant of the food fish, and dog-
fish far outnumbered the noncommercial
fish taken. Several schools of tuna were
sighted in various parts of Cape Cod Bay
during the 5-day period. The haddock data
will be used in a study of the extent of nurs-
ery grounds at this season of the year.

A special collection of dogfish was made
for the University of Cambridge, England.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1960 p. 25.

North Pacific
Exploratory Fishery Program

GOOD TRAWLING BOTTOM FOUND
OFF BRITISH COLUMBIA:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 47: A rela-
tively large clear arez area of about 60 square
miles of trawlable ocean-bottom was found
northwest of Triangle Island by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries explora-
tory fishing vessel John N. Cobb. Catches
of 3,000 pounds of rockfish and from 200 to
700 pounds of Dover sole per hour tow were
commonly made in the area at depths from
75-115 fathoms. Good catches of rock sole
and true cod were obtained at depths from
50-75 fathoms. The vessel returned to Se-
attle September 9, 1960, completing an 8-
week exploratory bottom-trawling cruise off
British Columbia.

Several small patches of clear dragging
bottom were found south of the Scott Islands

The sur-
vey was made in the vicinity of Cape Cod and

Fig 1 - M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 47 (July 18-September 9, 1960).

where the commercial trawl fleet had pre-
viously been unable to fish. Good catches of
rockfish and Dover sole were taken in that
area.

Only a small patch of clear bottom was
found in the limited time available for sur-
veying the Queen Charlotte Sound region. As
precise radio bearings are difficult to ob-
tain in that area and it is too far from shore
to obtain radar fixes from coastal promon-
tories, commercial trawlers would probably
not be able to position themselves accurately
enough to utilize this restricted ground. Future
work to extend the survey thus seems advis-
able for that region.

Soundings shown on charts for the areas
investigated northwest of Triangle Island
and in Queen Charlotte Sound were scanty
and often in error. Special efforts were
therefore made during the cruise to compile
extensive and accurate soundings. The sound-
ings will be summarized and distributed to
the trawl fleet to facilitate their fishing op-
erations.

Locations of the delineated clear areas
and catches obtained were communicated to

November 1960

the trawling fleet directly, and through their
association representatives as soon as the
survey work was complete in each area.

The procedure used to survey the area was
as follows: (1) Sounding transects, using a
high resolution research model echo-sounder,
were made approximately two miles apart
and at right angles to each other. The char-
acter of the bottom with respect to hardness
was plotted during the sounding transects as
were the definitely untrawlable stretches.
(2) The promising sections within the soft
bottom areas were then surveyed using a snag
cable 280 feet long between standard 8-foot
by 4-foot otter doors. (3) On snag cable tows
coming clear a standard 400-mesh eastern
otter trawl was towed to evaluate the species
and magnitude of fish populations present.

A total of 129 stations including sounding
transects, snag cable tows, and otter trawl
tows were made during the cruise.

125°}00'

a

(CAPE ARAGO = *- --

125°] 00° Rea(| Reals

Fig. 2 - M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 48 {September 26-November
5, 1960).

M/V "John N. Cobb" Cruise 48: The John
N. Cobb departed Seattle on September 26,
1960, for 6 weeks of exploratory shrimp fish-
ing between Coos Bay and Newport, Oreg., in
cooperation with the Oregon Fish Commission.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

Biologists from the Fish Commission were

' aboard during the entire cruise and partici-

pated in all phases of the operation. The
primary purpose of the cruise was to delin-
eate commercial shrimp grounds.

GIA) Seal HO Sas
rr

Oregon

HATCHERY- PRODUCED SALMON
SUPPLEMENT NATURAL SPAWNING:

Salmon and steelhead releases from 16
Oregon Fish Commission hatcheries for the
first six months of 1960 totaled more than
42 million fingerlings. The releases were
made, according to the Director of Fish
Culture, as a supplement to natural fish
stocks. The hatcheries are located on key
rivers throughout the state.

Coastal rivers received 1,755,000 finger-
lings of which 105,000 were steelhead, 309,000
fall chinook, 226,000 chums, and 1,114,000
silver salmon. _

The main Columbia River and small trib-
utaries received 26,000 spring chinook,

31,696,000 fall chinook, 103,000 steelhead,

1,230,000 chums, and 2,656,000 silver for a
total of 35,711,000 fish.

Willamette River was stocked with 4,663,000
fingerlings. Contributions to that area were
3,935,000 spring chinook, 201,000 fall chinook,
528,000 steelhead, and 3,770,000 silvers.

"All of the silvers, spring chinook, and
steelhead were released as yearlings from
4 to 6 inches in length," the Director of
Fish Culture stated. ''Chums were released
as unfed fry and fall chinook were fed up to
90 days to correspond with natural migration
habits of these species. The silver salmon
yearlings included in the stocking program
were from the 1958 brood and will return as
adults to the sport and commercial fisheries
in the summer and fall of 1961.

"The chinook fingerlings, also the 1958
brood, will return to the rivers in 1962 and
1963. Steelhead normally spend one or two
years in fresh water and two or more years
in the ocean, and will return during the win-
ters of 1962 and 1963."

A new hatchery diet in pellet form was
fed to all 1958 brood silvers and 449,000 of
the spring chinook. Healthy, well-fed fish

40

are the result of feeding the new moist pellet
developed by the Oregon Fish Commission
and the Astoria Seafoods Laboratory of Ore-
gon State College. The custom-made pellets
contain tuna and salmon viscera and other
fish products combined with meals and vita-
min supplements to form the complete fish
diet inone easy-to-handleform. Anestimated
500,000-600,000 pounds of pellets will be fed
during fiscal 1961 to fish in the hatcheries
now.

Oysters

LONG ISLAND SOUND
OBSERVATIONS ON
SPAWNING AND SETTING:

As of August 31, 1960: During the week preceding
August 31, 1960, the bottom water temperature of the
oyster-producing section of Long Island Sound ranged
between 70.5° F. and 74.59 F. The water was relatively
clear, showing no dinoflagellate blooms.

Since August 23, the number of mature oyster larvae
per sample remained relatively constant at one station,
but showed a pronounced increase at another station.
However, at still another station larvae were still un-
common. It may be of significance, nevertheless, that,
although at the one station where the number of oyster
larvae remained approximately the same, the total num-
ber of bivalve larvae increased more than tenfold, per-
haps indicating generally favorable conditions for the
existence of these organisms.

As was predicted, setting of oysters became heavier
August 25 to 29. The heaviest setting occurred at one
station located at a 20-foot depth in the Milford area
and one station at a 30-foot depth in Bridgeport. Five
other stations indicated a setting that may be of com-
mercial importance, but 3 stations registered only a
light and,scattered setting.

Since a high percentage of oyster spat found on the
collectors on August 29 was one-day-old or younger,
the setting was expected to continue for several days.
This is especially true in the region of one station where
the number of mature oyster larvae significantly in-
creased.

As the situation appeared at the end of August, it
was rather probable that, during this summer, certain
sections of Long Island Sound had already obtained an
oyster set of commercial magnitude. Whether this
set will survive combined attacks of drills, starfish,
and flatworms (Stylochus) will depend upon the distri-
bution and occurrence of those enemies and the control
measures employed by the industry.

Setting of starfish continued but was still extremely
light. Examination of the last set of collectors reveal-
ed the presence of one starfish spat per 40 shells at
two stations. (Bulletin No. 6, August 31, 1960, U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, Milford, Conn.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.11

As of September 15, 1960: During the first ten days
of September 1960 the bottom water temperature of the
oyster-producing sections of Long Island Sound re-
mained relatively steady, averaging between 72.00 F.
and 73.0° F. However, hurricane "Donna" on Septem-
ber 12 somewhat reduced the temperature which on
the day after the storm, ranged between 66.5° F. and
69.0° F.

Early in the month some mature oyster larvae were
encountered in the plankton samples but, in general,
their number began to show a decrease toward mid-
September. On September 13 no oyster larvae were
found in any of the samples. It is of interest, never-
theless, that the number of bivalve larvae other than
oysters, mostly of the coot clam (Mulinia), was greater
in the samples taken at all stations the day after the
hurricane than in the collection made on September 9.

Larvae of the flatworm, possibly Stylochus, were
encountered in the samples early in September and
continued to occur in comparatively large numbers.

A heavy setting of these oyster-killing worms has been
recorded on spat collectors from Milford Harbor and
Long Island Sound proper.

Setting of oysters continued during the first two
weeks of Septernber. Heaviest set was recorded at the
same station where the largest number of mature lar-
vae occurred in the samples collected on August 29.
One station located on the State spawning bed in New
Haven was the second best but, at one station, the in-
tensity of setting sharply decreased, regardless of the
fact that on August 29 the number of mature oyster
larvae in that area was still considerable.

Examination of the collectors brought in on Septem-
ber 13 showed only a few spat. Some of them were only
one day old, thus having set on the day of the hurricane.
Considering the lateness of the season and almost tétal
absence of oyster larvae in plankton samples, it is
rather improbable that another wave of heavy setting
of oysters will take place in Long Island Sound.

Setting of starfish virtually ceased. (Bulletin No.7,
September 15, 1960, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.)

KOK

UPPER CHESAPEAKE BAY ESCAPED
MSX MORTALITY IN AUGUST:

Scientists, who are working on the new mortality
in Delaware and Chesapeake Bay, predicted that May,
June, August, and early September were critical peri-
ods in which mortalities, presumably from MSX, could
be expected. Oyster planters and state officials-were
watching the oysters anxiously in the areas adjacent
to the known points of infection as well as areas where
the mortalities occurred last fall and spring.

It appears, from reports from growers and packers,
that heavy mortalities were not experienced in many
areas heretofore free from MSX. The notable excep-
tion was losses of 15 to 30 percent of oysters planted
off the mouth of the Rappahannock.

Since that area is relatively close to the area of
heavy losses in the Bay off Mobjack, it appears that
there has been little expansion of the zones of heavy
damage. Even in the areas where 50 to 75 percent
mortalities were found last year, the rate of losses,

November 1960

appear to be substantially less than last year, and far
less than is taking place in the same oysters placed on
experimental test trays. No explanation can be made of
“this difference at present.

The zones of high mortality in lower Chesapeake still
are confined to the western side of the Bay from off the
Rappahannock River to the mouth of the Bay, to Mobjack
Bay, the lower York River, and the lower James River.

Oysters in the James River seed area still are free
from MSX. according to the Head of Shellfish Investiga-
tions of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. A shellfish
biologist reports some mortality in Holland Straits of
adult oysters, but explains that they are heavily infested
with Dermocystidium, which might account for the losses.

KOK OK OK OK |

SET BEST ON SHELLS
SUSPENDED ON RACKS:

An experiment conducted in 1959 in the Cape Cod,
Mass., area by biologists of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries indicated that oysters set preferably
on shells suspended on racks rather than on shells placed
in bags on the bottom. The higher density of set on sus-
pended shells was attributed to greater silting of bot-
tom shells. This summer the experiment was repeated
and bottom shells were flushed regularly and remained
clean; still the oyster set on suspended shells was 3
times greater than on the bagged shells on the bottom.

»

Radiation Preservation

ARMY TO BUILD RESEARCH CENTER AT
NATICK, MASS.:

An Army Quartermaster Research Facil-
ity, designed specifically for use in connec-
tion with the Army's irradiated food program,
will be constructed at the Quartermaster Re-
search and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass.,
it was announced on September 8, 1960, by
the Department of the Army.

The research facility will be geared di-
rectly to the needs of a recently-announced
revised six-year, $5 million Army program
to accelerate research on specific irradi-
ated foods for military use. The facility will
include a megacurie Cobalt-60 source, a 24
MEV linear accelerator, and a supporting
food preparation laboratory.

The research facility will be built in lieu
of a full-scale production plant, originally
planned to be constructed at Stockton, Calif.
Construction of the Stockton plant was sus-
pended in October 1959 pending further lab-
oratory studies to determine the feasibility
of radiation as a practical means of food
preservation. The Natick facility will assist
in these studies.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

Much of the planning and equipment de-
veloped for the original Stockton plant at a
cost of $1.3 million dollars will be adapted
for use in the Natick facility. It is estimated
that an additional $1.8 million will be re-
quired to establish the Natick facility.

The new facility is expected to be opera-
tional in about two years. The facility will
be made available for use by other agencies
working in this field.

Location of the facility at Natick was de-
termined on the basis of a detailed survey
conducted by the Army. The Army received
technical assistance from the Atomic Energy
Commission. 4 ice also was invited from
the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce,
Interior, State, and Health, Education and
Welfare, together with the International
Cooperation Administration, and the Small
Business Administration. All of the above
agencies are members of the Interdepart-
mental Committee on Radiation Preserva-
tion of Food, formed in 1956.

The Army study considered such factors as
operational efficiency for maximum utilization
byallusers, site development, construction
costs, product availability, and proximity of
highways, railways, airways, and related trans -
portation.

The Army program, which is adminis-
tered by the Quartermaster General, concen-
trates on total sterilization to preserve food
for long periods of time. This aspect of ir-
radiated food is of greatest interest to the
military. The Army program is being close-
ly coordinated with a civilian research pro-
gram being developed by the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) and with the Interdepart-
mental Committee on Radiation Preservation
of Food. The AEC program will concentrate
on low-dose radiation processing of perish-
able food to extend shelf life.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1960 p. 29,
Mar. 1960 p. 37, Oct. 1959 p. 16.

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

SCALLOP AND SHRIMP RESOURCES SUR-
VEY OFF FLORIDA EAST COAST PLANNED:
M/V “Silver Bay’ Cruise 26: The U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered
fishing vessel Silver Bay was scheduled to

42

leave Brunswick, Ga., on October 18, 1960,
to make a 5-week survey of the scallop and
shrimp resources off the coast of Florida,
between Cape Canaveral and Key West.

Due to the number of requests for another
series of scallop-dredging demonstration
trips, similar to the series conducted in
June this year, daily trips from Ft. Pierce,
Fla., were scheduled for October 19-21. In-
terested persons were invited to accompany

the Silver Bay.

Tuna

U. S. BIOLOGIST ACCOMPANIES NORWE-
GIAN SURVEY CRUISE OFF WEST AFRICA:

A U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
biologist from the San Diego, Calif., Biolog-
ical Laboratory staff was an observer aboard
the Norwegian research vessel Johan Hjort
while on a two-months cruise to African wa-
ters, which began about October 1, 1960. Ten
Norwegian commercial fishing vessels ac-
companied the research vessel.

Purpose of the expedition was to deter-
mine if it is feasible for Norwegian vessels
to develop a tuna fishery south of Dakar,
West Africa.

The United States biologist studied the use
of sonar equipment in locating and tracking
tuna. The invitation to join the cruise came
to the Bureau from the Director of the Insti-
tute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.

=i

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JULY 1960:
Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and pro-
cessed fish and shellfish into the United
States during July 1960 increased by 6.9 per-
cent in quantity, but were lower by 1.3 per-
cent in value as compared with June 1960.
The increase in quantity was due primarily
to higher imports of groundfish fillets (up
8.4 million pounds) and frozen tuna other
than albacore (up 3.7 million pounds), and
to a lesser degree, an increase in the im-
ports of freshandfrozensalmon and fresh

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

swordfish. The increases were partly off-
set by a 3.9-million-pound decrease in the
imports of lobster and spiny lobster and a
drop of 1.6 million pounds in the imports of
frozen shrimp.

Compared with July 1959, the imports in
July this year were down 1.3 percent in quan-
tity and 6.3 percent in value due to lower im-
ports of most of the major imported fishery
products. Compensating, in part, for the de-
creases was an increase of about 4.3 million
pounds in the imports of frozen albacore and
other tuna.

United States Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
____Jully 1960 with Comparisons

rts:
ish & shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
processed 1/
xports:
Fish & shellfish:
Processedonly 1/
(excluding fresh
& frozen)

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialities.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in July 1960 were higher by
38.8 percent in quantity and 25.0 percent in
value as compared with June 1960. Com-
pared with the same month in 1959, the ex-
ports this July were lower by 66.5 percent
in quantity and 28.6 percent in value. The
drop in exports in July this year as com-
pared with the same month in 1959 was due
to sharply lower exports of canned Califor-
nia sardines and squid.

% OOK OK OK

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1960 at the 123-per-
cent rate of duty is 53,448,330 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota will be duti-
able at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-September 3, 1960
amounted to 32,925,519 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.
From January 1-August 29, 1959, a total
of 31,345,084 pounds had been imported.

2K ok ok Ok

November 1960

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SELECTED
FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY-JUNE 1960:

During the first half of 1960, the pattern of United States
imports showed declines in some of the major commodities.
Frozen groundfish and ocean perch fillets, frozen tuna, and
fish meal imports decreased; shrimp and fresh or frozen
lobster imports increased.

Exports of fish oils exceeded the levels reached during
the first half of 1959, a record year, Canned salmon and
canned sardine exports were down; shrimp and squid ex-
ports were up.

Imports: GROUNDFISH AND OCEAN PERCH FILLETS
AND BLOCKS: Imports of 32,946,000 pounds of frozen fillets
during January-June 1960 were 40 percent less than during
the first six months of 1959. Receipts from Canada, Den-
mark, Norway, and Iceland were lower. Imports of frozen
blocks or slabs (33,886,000 pounds) were up 25 percent.
Canada supplied 44 percent of the imported fish blocks,

TUNA, FRESH AND FROZEN: Frozen albacore im-
ports of 36,971,000 pounds during January-June 1960 were
52 percent above the like period of 1959. Nearly all was
received from Japan. Frozen yellowfin and other tuna
imports of 69,807,000 pounds, on the other hand, declined
26 percent. Frozen yellowfin and other tuna imports from
Japan were 42 percent less than during the first half of
1959.

TUNA, CANNED IN BRINE: During the first six
months of 1960, imports of 6,738,000 pounds of canned
white-meat tuna in brine were up 31 percent; imports of
16,156,000 pounds of canned light-meat tuna in brine were
down 9 percent. Total receipts of canned tuna in brine
were only slightly more than for the like period of 1959.
As in the past, Japan was by far the leading supplier.

SHRIMP, MOSTLY FROZEN: Imports of 51,365,000
pounds during January-June 1960 were 3 percent higher
than in January-June 1959. Supplying about two-thirds
of the total, Mexico continued to account for the major
part of the imports. Receipts from El Salvador were
3,241,000 pounds, more than three times those of the like
period in 1959. Receipts from Japan, on the other hand,
were 1,373,000 pounds or about one~fourth those of the
comparable period of 1959. Imports of 1,069,000 pounds
from India were down 20 percent.

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH OR FROZEN:
During the first six months of 1960, imports of northern
lobsters were 14,564,000 pounds and imports of spiny lob~
sters were 18,475,000 pounds; both totals were higher than
those of the similar period of 1959. Canada, Australia, and
the Union of South Africa were the major suppliers.

SALMON, CANNED AND FRESH OR FROZEN: Imports
of 12,541,000 pounds of canned salmon, nearly all from Ja~
pan, were 28 percent below those of January-June 1959.
Imports of 2,632,000 pounds of fresh or frozen salmon,
nearly all from Canada, were down 53 percent from those of
a year earlier.

CANNED SARDINES: Due probably to reduced supplies
of the domestic product, January-June 1960 imports of
5,000,000 pounds of canned sardines not~in-oil were nearly
five times those imported during all of 1959. The Union of
South Africa supplied 90 percent of the total. With Norway
and Portugal supplying the major share, imports of
10,358,000 pounds of canned sardines in oil were 8 percent
above those of the first half of 1959.

CANNED CRABMEAT AND CANNED OYSTERS: Japan
supplied nearly all the canned crab meat and oysters im-
ported into the United States. Imports of 2,978,000 pounds
of canned oysters were 6 percent above those of January
June 1959. Imports of 1,246,000 pounds of canned crab
meat declined sharply and were 71 percent less than those
of the comparable period of 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

SEA SCALLOPS, FRESH OR FROZEN: During the first
half of 1960, imports of 3,095,000 pounds were 85 percent
above those of the similar period of 1959. The 2,744,000
pounds received from Canada were more than double those
received during the like period of 1959.

FISH MEAL: During January-Jure 1960, imports of
66,375 short tons were only two-thirds those of the like
period of 1959. Imports from Peru were 10 percent less
than in 1959 and accounted for nearly one-half of the six-
months’ receipts; Canada supplied nearly one-third. No
fish meal was received from Angola, which supplied
20,738 tons during the first half of 1959.

FISH SOLUBLES: Imports of 2,518 tons during the first
six months of 1960 were only one-fourth those of the like
period of 1959.

Exports: CANNED SARDINES, NOT-IN-OIL: During the
first half of 1960, exports of 9,878,000 pounds were 73 per-
cent below those of the like period of 1959. The Philippines,
although the destination of more than half the exports, took
36 percent less than during the comparable period of 1959.
Cuba, the second leading market in 1959, has taken only
minor quantities in 1960.

CANNED SALMON: uxports of 2,583,000 pounds for Jan-
uary~June 1960 were 41 percent less than in the same period
of 1959.

SHRIMP, FRESH, OR FROZEN AND CANNED: Canada
took the major share of United States exports of shrimp
products. Exports of fresh or frozenshrimpand of canned
shrimp in January-June 1960, were each 1,234,000 pounds.
Exports of fresh or frozen shrimp, However, were 63 per-
cent higher than in January-June 1959; exports of canned
shrimp were up 10 percent.

CANNED SQUID: During the first half of 1960, exports
of 5,860,000 pounds were 15 percent above those of the
1959 period. The import controls initiated by the Philip-
pines in April 1960, resulted in a drop in the exports to
that country from 3,924,000 pounds in January~March to
434,000 pounds in April-June. Exports to Greece of
1,403,000 pounds were 25 percent less than in the com~
parable period of 1959.

FISH OILS: During the first half of 1960, exports of
52,820,000 pounds were 7 percent above those of the com~
parable period of 1959. The Netherlands and West Ger-
many took 40,893,000 pounds. Sweden and Norway were
other important outlets.

mK OK OK OK 3K

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AT
NEW HIGH DURING 1959:

For the tenth straight year, the annual
value of United States imports of fishery pro-
ducts (edible and inedible, including all types
of byproducts) has set a new record high. The
1959 value of fishery products imported into
the United States was $366.5 million, a gain
of 12 percent over 1958 and 85 percent above
1950. Of the total, the value of fishery pro-
ducts for food uses was $311.0 million and
that for industrial purposes, $55.5 million.

The United States continued as the world's
leading importer of fishery products. Im-
ports contributed the following share to the

44

United States supply of selected fishery pro-
ducts: groundfish and ocean perch fillets and
blocks--67 percent; frozen tuna--50 percent;
shrimp--42 percent; fresh or frozen north-
ern lobster--42 percent; spiny lobster--89
percent; canned crabmeat--71 percent; and
fish meal--28 percent. In most of those cat-
egories, imports made a substantial gain.

In 1959, 108 countries shared in the United
States market for fishery products. For
countries like Japan, fishery products were
an important segment of their trade with the
United States. Mexico earns a large part of
its dollar exchange from the sale of shrimp.
Likewise, frozen fish provides considerable
dollar exchange for Canada and Iceland.

Trends by Countries: Canada, Japan, and
Mexico continued to be the leading suppliers
of fishery products imported into the United
States (table 1). Products from those coun-

Table 1 - Value of United States Imports of Fishery Products, by
Selected Countries of Origin, 1956-59

Chile... a 50
Other

Total . 327,171 | 366,500
Note: ‘Value at the foreign port of eee

tries accounted for 63 percent of the total
value of all fishery imports: Norway, Peru,
Union of South Africa, Iceland, Denmark, and
Australia were other leading suppliers.

During 1956-59, significant increases oc-
curred in annual imports from many countries
including Japan, Peru, and Denmark.

CANADA: During 1959, Canada was again
the leading supplier of fishery products to
the United States market. As usual, a wide
variety of Canadian fishery products were
imported. Fresh or frozen fish and shéll-
fish accounted for the largest part.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

Groundfish fillets. ..
Fresh-water fish .. .
SAIC 4 Ao dg ooo
Fresh -water fish fillets
alabitiewelai=Msisiiaiia
Flounder fillets. ...

Fish blocks... «

er fishery products
Total © 2 22 ee2e06

ele e© © je «© © © © © 6 @

JAPAN: The value of fishery imports from
Japan reached a record $96.2 millionin 1959
(table 3).

Albacore tuna. .
Othertuna....
Shrimp

Swordfish fillets.
(Canned:
Light-meat tuna in brine
White -meat tuna in brine
oss Oe ao a

:
As shown in table 1, imports from Japan have
steadily increased, and that country may
soon surpass Canada as the leading foreign
supplier of fishery products to the United

States market. Various tuna products ac-
count for a major part of the trade.

MEXICO: During 1959, Mexico supplied
64 percent of the total quantity of shrimp im-
ported into the United States. Owing to these
shrimp imports, Mexico was again the third
leading supplier. The value of shrimp im-
ports was more than 5 times that of all other
fishery products received from Mexico--
shrimp imports were valued at $27.8 million
and imports of all other types of fishery
products from Mexico were valued at $5.1
million; total imports, $32.9 million.

Table 4 - Important United States Fishery Products Imports from
| Countries other than Canada, Japan, and Mexico, 1959

Canned sardines
Fish meal

Frozen spiny lobster
Groundfish fillets and blocks
Frozen fillets and blocks
Frozen spiny lobster

Shrimp (mostly frozen)
Canned sardines

November 1960

OTHER COUNTRIES: 1n1959, the most im-
portant fishery products imported from other
leading suppliers included canned sardines,
spiny lobsters, fillets, and fish meal (table 4).

Area of Origin: In 1959, the United States
imported more fishery products from other
North American countries than from any
other area (table 5). The value of those im-:

Table 5 - United States Imports of Fishery Products
by Area of Origin, 1959

lote: Value at the foreign port of shipment.

ports was $151.8 million or 41 percent of the
total. Asia, owing primarily to products o-

riginating in Japan, was the next leading source.

Europe, South America, Africa, and Oceania
followed in that order.

Trends by Commodities: In 1959, value-
wise, fresh or frozen shrimp was again the
leading commodity in the import trade (table
6). The other leading products in descending

Table 6 - United States Imports of Fishery Products,
by Selected Commodities, 1956-1959
ommodity 1956 1957 1958 1959

[Edible Products: =| --*-* °° 2 e(>1,000 Glo ono.o LO.
Fresh or frozen:
Shrimp 35, 415
Tuna 15, 337 16,765
Groundfish fillets 27,417
and blocks
Lobster 36, 827

55,575

Inedible Products:

Fish meal 11,518
Pearls 8,651
27, 862

importance were fresh or frozen groundfish
and ocean perch fillets and blocks, fresh or
frozen lobster, frozen tuna, canned tuna,
fish meal, pearls, and canned salmon.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

SHRIMP: Imports of shrimprose to re-
cord high levels during 1959. The value of
imports reached $52.3 million. The principal
supplier was Mexico, but increased quantities
were received in 1959 from a number of coun-
tries, including Japan, Ecuador, Panama, India,
and El Salvador.

TUNA: During 1959, the value of frozentuna
imports was $29.7 million; the value of canned
tuna, $21.7 million. Japan is by far the lead-
ing supplier of frozen and canned tuna. A
significant increase occurred in imports of
canned tuna from Spain and Portugal.

GROUNDFISH AND OCEAN PERCH FILLETS
AND BLOCKS: In 1959, imports of fresh and
frozen groundfish and ocean perch fillets and
blocks reached a record high of $38.8 million.
The value of the frozen fish blocks alone was
$17.0 million or more than double imports
during 1956. The principal sources of imported
fillets and blocks were Canada and Iceland.
Other important suppliers were Norway and
Denmark.

LOBSTER: Imports were of two main types
of lobster, northern lobster and spiny lobster.
Canada supplies nearly all the northern lobster
imported. The Union of South Africa, Cuba,
and Australia have been the leading suppliers
of spiny lobster. Imports of fresh or frozen
lobster were valued at $38.6 million canned lob-
ster, $6.4 million.

FISH MEAL: The quantity imported during
1959 was valued at $15.9 million. Peru, Can-
ada, Angola, Union of South Africa, and Chile
were leading suppliers to the United States.

Duties Collected: Duties collected on im-
ports of fishery products into the United States
during 1959 totaled a record $17.7 million
(table 7).

Table 7 - Duties Collected on Imports of Fishery Products
into the United States, 1959
Year Duties Average Ad
Collected Valorem Equivalent)
e1 5

ercent

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.11

1 of the 1947-49 average was up 3.0 percent from the pre-
Wholesale Prices, September 1960 ceding month, and up 5.3 percent from the same month of
1959. The increase from August to September 1960 was due
The mid-September 1960 wholesale price index for edible mainly to higher prices for haddock (drawn and filleted) and
fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 128.1 percent the fresh-water varieties. Prices in September this year

were also up from September last year due to higher prices
for canned and fresh salmon and for both fresh and frozen
shrimp.

WHOLESALE INDEXES FOR EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS (1947-49 = 100)

The wholesale price index for the drawn, dressed, and
whole finfish subgroup in September this year increased

FRESH AND FROZEN,
FISHERY PRODUCTS

L FISH
/
on
es ees

120 Saw

PFMAMSIASOWD JFMUAM SS ASORDIF MAMI JASOB

1958 1959 1960

Washing fish boxes on the Boston Fish Pier.

Table 1- Wholesale Average Prices and | Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, Septet September 196 1960 0 With ‘ith Comparisons _

~TPoint of [AM Brtoes Prices1/— index
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing ($) (1947-49100)

Sept, | Aug, Sept, | Aug, | July | Sept.
1960 1960 1960 | 1960 1960 1959
ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned), . 2. 2 2 2 2 2 ve ce oe ow 124,4| 129.9) 121.6

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products, sss... 5 « ae Ea

" Drawn, D or Whole Finfish; . . . . 0. eWebsmelatle ts IGRI 1 (Ise
Haddock, Ige,, offshore, drawn, resh boad 1 09 6.8

Halibut, West., 2/80 lbs., drsd,, fresh or froz,

Salmon, king, lge, & med,, drsd,, fresh or froz,

Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, Freshy yewewe lets

Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gil net, rnd,, fresh,

Yellow pike, L, Michigan &Huron, rnd,, fresh .

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish): , . chess
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-1b, tins

137.0 | 191.6 | 146,0| 1243 |
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, . .

22 2 2» p Aan aS eet tee tee
New w York ‘72| 168 114.1 | 106.6) 124.8) 105.1

Oysters, shucked, standards, . . . » » » e - |Norfolk 1, 00| 7.00 178.2 | 178.2) 178.2} 1516

rocessed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ....... [uci | uizs| ane 10mg |

Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib, pkg... . »
Hagaock, sml., skins on, 1-Ib, pkg...

New York
New York

P

ean perch, skins on, 1-lb, pkg. .
Shrimp, ae (26-30 count), 5-Ib, PRES Ci, te

Canred Fists Products A O-6 5
Salmon, fa all (Oo: ie Gusta ee

Tuna, Te meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1 abe

48 cans/cS,, . . » »

Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, 1 No, 1 oval (15 oz),

48 cans/cs,, . . . » 5000 6
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn

(3-3/4 02.), 100 CANS /CSE) 3h. vo qawisy eh oie ie

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘Fishery
Products Reports’® should be referred to for actual prices,

November 1960

7.4 percent as compared with August. An increase of a-
bout 35.4 percent (3 cents a pound) in ex-vessel prices for
large haddock at Boston, plus a further increase of 4.2 per-
cent in the fresh king salmon price at New York, and some
increases in the prices for the fresh-water species were
responsible for the increase from mid-August to mid-Sep-
tember 1960. Lower wholesale prices (down 13.2 percent)
for frozen dressed Pacific halibut failed to offset the in~
creases. From September a year ago to this September
the wholesale price index increased 6.2 percent, due toa
sharply higher price (up 17.2 percent) for fresh king salm-
on and higher prices for the fresh-water varieties during
the Jewish holidays. These increases were partially off-
set by lower prices for fresh large drawn haddock (down
21.4 percent) and frozen dressed Pacific halibut (down 5.6
percent).

The fresh processed fish and. shellfish subgroup whole~
sale index this September rose 4.1 percent from the pre
ceding month, Lighter landings of small fresh haddock at
Boston resulted in an increase of 20.7 percent in the price
of small haddock fillets. In addition, the wholesale price
for fresh shrimp at New York City advanced 7.0 percent.
From September 1959 to September this year, the subgroup
price index increased 10.2 percent due to a higher (14.2 per-
cent) shucked oyster price and a higher (8.6 percent) fresh
shrimp price. These increases were partly balanced out by
a drop of 7.2 percent in the price for fresh small haddock
fillets at Boston.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

The mid-month September wholesale price index for the
frozen processed fish and shellfish subgroup declined by 2.2
percent from August to September this year. A drop of 4.5
percent in the frozen shrimp (26-30 count) price at Chicago
and a slightly lower frozen flounder fillet price were respon-
sible for the change. An increase of about 1 cent a pound in
the price for frozen small haddock fillets partially offset
the increases. However, from September last year to this
September the subgroup price index rose by 2.7 percent. In-
creases of about 2.0 percent for frozen flounder fillets and
8.7 percent for frozen shrimp more than offset a 13.8-per-
cent drop in the frozen small haddock fillet price in Septem-
ber this year as compared with the same month of 1959.
Prices for frozen ocean perch fillets were about unchanged
from August to September this year and also about unchanged
from September a year ago.

The canned fish primary price index this September was
up 1.6 percent from the preceding month due to a 4.1-percent
higher canned pink salmon price. Supplies of canned pink
salmon from the 1960 pack are short. This increase more
than offset a drop of 4.4 percent in the canners’ opening price
for the 1960 pack of California sardines. The lower price for
California sardines is purely tentative as the new packing
season was off to a slow start. Wholesale prices for canned
fish this September were up 3.0 percent from September last
year with the exception of the Maine sardine price which was
unchanged.

UNITED STATES CATCH OF TUNA OFF

MILLION

1911 1915 1920 1925

THE PACIFIC COAST STATES AND LATIN AMERICA, 1911-1959

OFF LATIN AMERICA

TES
“ig

HENS:

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

International

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

INTERNATIONAL TARIFF
NEGOTIATIONS CONFERENCE
OPENED SEPTEMBER 1, 1960:

Clarence B. Randall, Special Assistant
to the President and Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Economic Policy, repre-
sented the United States at the opening meet-
ing of the multilateral tariff negotiations
conference on September 1, 1960, in Geneva,
Switzerland. Carl D. Corse, a foreign serv-
ice officer, is Chairman of the United States
delegation to the conference.

William A. Vogely, Department of the In-
terior, is a member of the delegation at the
first phase of the conference. The delega-
tion consists of 21 representatives of United
States Government agencies.

The negotiations, which are being held
under the framework of the General Agree-
ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), consist
of two phases.

During the first phase of the conference,
the United States, along with other GATT
contracting parties, will negotiate with the
Commission of the European Economic Com-
munity concerning the establishment of a
new schedule of tariff concessions for the
Common Market as a whole to replace the
present individual schedules of the Member
States. The United States will also negotiate,
under provisions of Article XXVIII of the
General Agreement, with several other con-
tracting parties for the modification or with-
drawal of individual concessions in existing
schedules.

During the second phase, scheduled to be-
gin early in 1961, the United States expects
to negotiate for the reciprocal exchange of
new concessions with the Commission of the
EEC on behalf of the Member States (Bel-
gium, France, Federal Republic of Germany,

Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and
at least 20 other countries which are con-
tracting parties to the GATT or which are ex-
pected to negotiate for accession to the A-
greement.

GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCIL FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN

SIXTH SESSION HELD IN ROME:

Delegates from 11 Mediterranean coun-
tries plus observers from four international
organizations met at the Rome headquarters
of the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) September 22-28, for the sixth ses-
sion of the General Fisheries Council for the
Mediterranean (GFCM).

The delegates, representing Spain, France,
Monaco, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey,
Tunisia, Morocco, Israel, and the United
Kingdom (Malta), discussed some 40 working
documents and 50 technical papers prepared
for the meeting and drew up the Council's
program of work for 1961-1962. The work-
ing documents ranged from a paper on fishing
with lights to a document on dispensing infor-
mation to aid fish consumption.

The delegates, at the invitation of the Ital-
ian Government, and the observers from the
Organization for European Economic Co-op-
eration (OEEC), the International Council for
Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the European
Inland Fisheries Advisory Committee
(EIFAC), and the International Labor Organi-
zation (ILO), visited the fishing port of Ter-
racina and the station for fishing and mussel
cultivation at Lago di Paola.

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION,

The United States Government will lend
support to the nation's leading oceanogra-
phers in an international expedition to the
Indian Ocean. The expedition, a scientific
project of extraordinary scope and magni-
tude, begins late this year and extends through
1964, It will greatly extend man's knowledge
of these least-known waters of the world,

November 1960

International (Contd.):

which cover a seventh of the earth's surface,
a June 13, 1960, announcement from the
White House pointed out.

Like the recent International Geophysical
Year, the International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion will incorporate a many-sided scientific
attack on a single area of interest under the
leadership of a special committee of the In-
ternational Council of Scientific Unions, a
nongovernmental organization with headquar-
ters in The Hague. Scientific responsibility
for United States participation will be borne
by the National Academy of Sciences-Nation-
al Research Council, national representative
to the International Council.

Acting upon the recommendation of the
Federal Council for Science and Technology
and the Special Assistant to the President
for Science and Technology, the President
approved a plan calling for key contributions
by the Department of the Navy and the Na-
tional Science Foundation. The Navy will
make available oceanographic ships spon-
sored by the Navy and operated by leading
United States oceanographic institutions.
The Foundation will be responsible for plan-
ning and coordinating Federal support for
United States participation in the program
including the provision of financial support.

Responsibility for planning the scientific
content of the United States program has been
assigned by the Academy-Research Council
to its Committee on Oceanography. The
Committee has expressed the hope that the
Expedition, in addition to its anticipated con-
tributions to fundamental knowledge, will af-
ford unusual benefits to the heavily popu-
lated, protein-deficient nations on the ocean's
perimeter, both in terms of increased fish
harvests and in the further training of local
scientists and technologists in the techniques
of oceanographic research.

The Expedition's peak activity is expected
to occur during 1962 and 1963 when ships and
scientific personnel from well over a dozen
nations will be conducting basic research in
physical and chemical oceanography, mete-
orology, marine biology, geophysics, and
submarine geology.

The problems to be studied are in the
fields of physical and chemical oceanography,
meteorology, marine biology, and marine
geology and geophysics.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

The proposed research will provide funda-
mental and valuable scientific knowledge.
Some findings will have direct and immediate
bearing on economic development and human
welfare. Location of shoals and regions of
upwelling will identify likely fishing areas.
Studies of distribution, nature, and seasonal
variation in nutrients and marine organisms
will indicate what to fish for and when. Pre-
liminary quantitative estimates of fish popu-
lation, when supplemented by exploratory fish-
ing, will suggest the magnitude of the fishery
resource.

The data obtained will provide an essential
part of the information on which decisions can
ultimately be reached on the nature of fishery
operations, markets and methods of marketing,
extent of investment, and related devélopment
problems. A new source of protein couldmean
food for hungry people. If it came from the
ocean, land and other capital devoted to pro-
tein food raising could be shifted to other
uses. Marine organisms could also provide
fertilizer and animal feed in areas now lack-
ing adequate supplies. .

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING:

The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Interna-
tional Commission for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries was opened in Bergen, Norway, on
May 30, 1960, and continued through to June
3. The meeting was
preceded by a meet-
ing of the Assess-
ment Group and by
meetings of the
Standing Committee
on Research and
Statistics and its
various subcommit-
tees, and by Groups
of Advisers.

Commissioners
from all 12 member countries, most of them
accompanied by experts and advisers, par-
ticipated in the Annual Meeting. Observers
were present from Poland, from a number of
International Fisheries Organizations, and
from the World Meteorological Organization.

The annual revision of panel memberships
resulted in an increase from 28 to 32: The
Federal Republic of West Germany and the
United Kingdom each taking membership in
Panel 2, while Italy took memberships in
Panels 3 and 4.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

The Committee on Finance and Adminis-
tration proposed a budget of $59,300 for
1960/61; this budget was adopted by the Com-
mission. The increase of over $6,000 as
compared tothe previous year's budget was
mainly caused by expenses for traveling of
scientists to small group meetings for the
completion of special tasks set by the Com-
mission.

The 1961 Annual Meeting will convene in
Washington, D. C., on June 5, 1961. The
1961 Annual Meeting will be preceded by a
Marking Symposium lasting for four days.
The Commission further accepted an invita-
tion by the U. S. S. R. to convene the 1962
Annual Meeting of the Commission in Mos-
cow.

The Committee on Research and Statistics
and its various subcommittees concentrated
its work on the two major tasks: (a) Fishery
Assessment in Relation to Regulation Prob-
lems and (b) Environmental Studies. Under
(a) the Committee considered the progress
report by the Assessment Group and the
steps needed for the completion of the task
and recommended that the Group for this
purpose should meet for two weeks in Lowe-
stoft in February 1961. Under (b) the Com-
mittee considered which tasks should be giv-
en priority in a program for environmental
studies, and it stressed the urgent need for
more close cooperation between biologists
and hydrographers. To achieve this it rec-
ommended that a small group of biologists

and hydrographers should meet the following

Vol. 22, No. 11

year to consider problems related to environ-
mental research, and that a Symposium on
"the Influence of the Environment on the Dis-
tribution and Abundance of the Principal
Groundfish in the ICNAF Area" be held in
1962 or 1963.

The Committee further dealt with prob-
lems connected with fisheries statistics,
mainly those arising from the Joint
FAO/ICES/ICNAF meeting in Edinburgh,
with sampling of fish stocks, with gear and
selectivity, and with aging techniques. It
further considered the plans for the Marking
Symposium to be held in 1961.

The reports of the Committee were pre-
sented by the Chairman to a special meeting
of Commissioners, as well as to the Plenary,
where the various recommendations were
adopted by the Commission.

In meetings of the five panels and of their
groups ofadvisers, the status of the fisheries
and the researches in the different subareas
was considered, and plans for future work
were elaborated.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1960,
p- 60.

MARINE OILS

IMPORTS BY WESTERN EUROPE
WILL DROP IN 1960:

Western Europe’s net imports of whale oil and other ma-
rine-animal oils in 1960 will drop about 2.6 percent or 6,000
metric tons from the 231,000 tons imported in 1959. But
Western Europe’s imports of marine oils forecast for 1960
and the preliminary total for 1959 are still sharply higher
than the 169,700 tons imported in 1958.

Net Imports of Marine Oils by Western Europe by Commodity and Area, Annual 1958 and 1959, Forecast 1960

North=
western
Europe 3/

(2/Revised,

'38/Inciudes Austria, Belgium=Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, France, West Germany, Irelanc, Netherlands, Norway, Swe=

den, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom,
4/Includ2s Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Yugoslavia,

'5/Includes sperm oil and whale oil where not separately classified,

November 1960

International (Contd.):

In 1960 it is predicted that Western Europe whale-oil im-
ports will be up about 2.1 percent, but other marine oils will
drop by 6.7 percent as compared with the preliminary totals
for 1959. (Foreign Crops and Markets, August 1, 1960, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.)

UNITED STATES TO HOST WORLD CONFERENCE
ON FISHERY PRODUCTS NUTRITION

The United States Government will serve as host toa
world conference on the nutritional value of fishery prod-
ucts, the Department of the Interior and Department of
State announced August 26, 1960.

The conference will be sponsored by the Food and Ag-
riculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Ap-
proximately 400 authorities on nutrition, representing some
80 nations, are expected to attend the conference to be held
in Washington, D. C., during the last two weeks in Septem-
ber 1961,

In announcing the conference, Assistant Secretary of the
Interior Ross Leffler said: ‘‘The world’s fisheries repre-
sent one of the few natural sources of nutritionally~valuable
animal protein. They constitute a rich reservoir of food
for the underdeveloped and overpopulated countries of the
world, This conference, the results of which may well justi-
fy the first organized steps toward systematized farming of
the seas, is part of the program of our Government and the
Food and Agriculture Organization to ‘Free the World from

poe

Hunger’.

The conference will deal with the unique nutritional
benefits of fishery products, both for human food and for
animal feeding. Recent nutritional research findings by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries have shown the im-
portance of fishery products to the public health. The un-
saturated fats in fish have been demonstrated to be most
effective in reducing the elevated blood cholesterol levels
commonly associated with heart diseases. Fish are the on~
ly source of animal protein food in which this type of fat is
found in abundance,

Fishery products have also proved to be very useful in
specialized low-sodium, low-fat, low=carbohydrate diets
which are necessary for the treatment of certain disease
conditions. Many findings by animal nutritionists have
pointed out the value of industrial fishery products in in-
creasing growth rates and feed efficiency in poultry.

The conference on nutritive value of fishery products
will be concerned with a field of work in which the United
States is conducting substantial research and in which suf-
ficient progress has been made So that delegates from oth~
er countries will be able to profit from the results.

A great deal of work has also been done in other coun=
tries, and one of the most important tasks of the confer=
ence will be to assemble this wealth of widely-dispersed re~
search information. So far, very little compilation of the
world’s research on nutritional values in fish and shellfish
has been undertaken by investigators.

It is expected that several authoritative reference texts
on the nutritional value of industrial and edible fishery prod-
ucts will be published as a result of the conference. The
proceedings of the conference will also be of value to govern-
ment and industry research people in planning the future di-
rection that nutritional research on fishery products should
take.

The conference will be of considerable value to underde-
veloped countries, because protein malnutrition is the most
serious dietary disease in the world today, affecting nearly
two-thirds of the world’s population. It will also provide

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

51

nutritional researchers with the opportunity to attract world-
wide attention to recent remarkable findings in fishery prod-
ucts,

Angola

FISHING INDUSTRIES INSTITUTE
OF ANGOLA CREATED:

According to press reports, a decree of
the Portuguese Ministry of Overseas, pub-
lished in Lisbon in the Diario do Governo,
created the Fishing Industries Institute of
Angola (Instituto das Industrias de Pesca de
Angola). The Ministerial Decree becomes
effective in Angola upon its publication inthe
Boletim Oficial de Angola. The Institute's
headquarters are to be in Luanda with offices
in Benguela and Mocamedes, the two other
principal fishing centers. The Institute is to
take over the responsibilities of the Federa-
tion of Fish Guilds (Federacao dos Gremios
de Pesca) which by the terms of the decree
is abolished. .

The Institute will be active in the industry
in economic, scientific, and technological
matters. It is to conduct scientific studies,
reorganize the industrial units, and assist in
marketing. The reorganization is to be based
on plans submitted by two experts who are
now engaged in conducting a study of the in-
dustry. The Ministerial Decree creating the
Institute is reported to provide that the Fund
to Support the Fishing Industry (Fundo de
Apoio a Industrias de Pesca) is to help finance
the renovation and modernization of the in-
dustry.

Commenting to newspaper reporters on
these changes, the Institute's president re-
viewed the plight of the Angolan fishing in-
dustry. He said that the fish have returned
to the waters of the Mocamedes fishing dis-
trict (e.g. off Mocamedes, Porto Alexandre,
and Baia dos Tigres), however the 3-year de-
cline in the fish catches of the fishing centers
at Benguela and Luanda has not been broken.
The Angolan fishing industry does not have a
solid base. It has concentrated on producing
byproducts (fish meal and oil) instead of dried
and canned fish which are primary fish prod-
ucts. The president of the Institute alsocom-
mented on the international fish-meal mar-
ket and efforts to overcome the harm caused
to the producers by overproduction. He is
reported as having stated that the principal
objective of the International Association of

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Angola (Contd.):

Fish Meal Manufacturers at the present time
is to conduct a study on production quotas
and price fixing in the international market.
(United States Consulate, Luanda, August 24,
1960.)

KK KK

FISH MEAL AND OIL PRODUCTION
AND COSTS, 1959 AND
FIRST QUARTER 1960:

Angola’s production of fish meal during the first quarter
of 1960 of 3,465 metric tons was down sharply (about 81.2
percent) from the 18,401 tons produced in the same period of
1959. Total production in 1959 was 56,170 tons, valued at
US$6,155,000. The drop in the value per metric ton from the
first quarter of 1959 to the same quarter this year was from
about US$146 to $109, or 25.3 percent. Stocks of fish meal
on hand in July 1960 (according to estimates by the Federa-
tion of Fish Guilds) were as follows: Mocamedes area:
mechanized plants, 10,705 metric tons; Benguela area: mecha
nized plants, 830 tons; nonmechanized plants, 7,220 tons.
(Note: a previous estimate was about 22,000 tons on hand in
the Mocamedes area alone in July of this year).

The drop in the production of fish oils for the January~
March 1960 quarter as compared with the first quarter of
1959 was not so Sharp (1,073 metric tons as compared to
1,258 tons). Total production of fish oils in 1959 amounted
to 4,857 tons, valued at US$647,000.

Prices and Costs: Small horse mackerel (carapau or
Trachurus sp.), mackerel (cavala), sardines (Sardinha
biqueirao), and ‘‘colo-colo’’ are the main fish species
now being used to make fish meal and oil. The prices paid
for these species have varied between 0.20 and 0.35 escudos ~
per kilo (about US$6.40-$10.80 a short ton).

The cost of producing fish meal in mechanized plants is
now 3,210 escudos (US$111.46) per metric ton at Mocamedes
and between 2,713.20 and 2,856.00 escudos (US$94.21-$99.17)
per ton at Benguela. The cost in nonmechanized factories at
Benguela is between 2,427.60 and 2,713.20 escudos (US$84.29-
94.21) per ton. No cost figures are available for the nonmech-
anized fish-~meal plants at Mocamedes, but they are believed
to be about the same as those of Benguela. Costs at nonmech-
anized plants are said to be less than those of the mechanized
factories when, as now, the decreased fish catch does not per-
mit mechanized factories to run at economic rates of produc
tion. The cost of production of fish oil at the present time is
965 escudos (US$33.51) per metric ton.

There are no fish-meal plants under construction at the
present time. The industry’s preoccupation has been with the
reorganization of existing facilities and not with constructing
new factories.

Vol. 22, No. 11

According to the Federation, the latest July export prices
of fish meal have fluctuated between 2,284.40 and 2,427.60
escudos (US$79.32-84.29) a ton. (United States Consulate,
Luanda, August 10, 1960.)

&

CANNERY PLANS TO INCREASE
CANNED TUNA PACK:

Australia

An Australian fish-canning firm is going

ahead with an extensive program to increase
its pack of canned tuna. In a report on the
company's activities, the chairman of direc-
tors stated that the company's fish canneries
at Eden and Narooma have completed another
successful year.

Over 3,000 metric tons of fish were proc-
essed and marketed by the canning company.
Fishermen enjoyed a stable outlet for their
fish with a fixed price throughout the year
even though catches at some periods were of
glut proportions. Last season the company
reports it handled 500 tons of tuna alone.

To increase efficiency and expand produc-
tion, an extensive expansion program involv-
ing the immediate expenditure of 1 00,000
(US$224,600) is in progress at the Eden can-
nery.

New-type refrigeration machinery has
been installed for the purpose of freezing
fish more quickly.

Capacity of refrigerated holding tanks has
been greatly increased, factory space has
been extended, and new canning equipment is
being added. This will also assist the stated
desire of the Australian Government to re-
duce imports of canned fish.

As the size and number of fishing vessels
continue to increase, this should insure a

Table 1 = Angola’s Production of Fish Meal and Oil, 1959 and January-March 1960

1,000

Escudos

10,903
3,693

Year 1959

November 1960

Australia (Contd.):

greater fish catch during the next 12
months.

Export of frozen tuna from New South
Wales to the United States is not considered
opportune. The United States is a big buyer
of frozen tuna and considerable dollar earn-
ings for Australia could be obtained from
this product. But the large capital cost of
additional freezing and holding equipment
which would be idle for a great part of the
year makes the operation unattractive.

South Australia has been able to export
to the United States because of the availabil-
ity of extensive freezing equipment owned
by the Government Meat Exporting Works at
Port Lincoln, which would otherwise be out
of use at the time tuna is caught in that area.
This equipment, made available on a rental
basis, is not available in New South Wales.

Competition from cheaper Japanese can-
ned fish is an ever-present threat and appli-
cation for tariff protection is in process.
(Australian Fish Trades Review, July 1960.)

OK Ok Ok

TUNA TAGGING EXPERIMENTS
SEEK TO DETERMINE MIGRATIONS:
Tagging of southern bluefin and yellowfin
tuna and of albacore tuna was commenced off
Eden on the south coast of New South Wales
in October 1957 by Australia's Division of
Fisheries and Oceanography. The objects of
this tagging were to determine seasonal mi-
gration, the rate of growth, and the homoge-
neity of the stocks being fished.

At first an experimental tag was used
consisting of a strip silver dart-shaped head
with an attached clear nylon tube containing

the message, ''Reward. CSIROCronulla Aust.

Date Length Number.' Of 464 of these tags
attached to tuna, only one was recovered, so
it was assumed that these tags were not sat-
isfactory and they have now been superseded
by a type of tag used successfully on tuna by
United States biologists. A half arrow head
made of nylon fits into a red nylex tube on
which is printed, ''Reward. CSIRO Cronulla
Aust. Length Number."

Fish to be tagged are caught by trolling,
the length from tip of snout to fork of tail is

measured, and the tag is attached by insert- -

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

ing its head in the region just below the
second dorsal fin where the barb holds firm-
ly in the flesh, and the nylex tube protrudes
and is thus easily seen by the fisherman who
later catches the marked fish.

This tag was first used in Australia during
the 1959 season when 77 of the old experimen-
tal-type tags were attached to 73 bluefin and
four yellowfin tuna, and 168 of the United
States type-tags were attached to 130 bluefin
tuna, 35 yellowfin tuna, and 3 albacore tuna,
during the period June 3, 1959, to April 12,
1960.

Four United States-type tags were recov-
ered last season. Three of the recoveries
show local movements over a period of 7 to
64 days. The fourth and most interesting re-
covery was made in South Australian waters
about 50 miles south-west of Port Lincoln.
The fish was free for 135 days and increased
its length by 2.7 inches and its weight by 3
pounds,

Another interesting tag Pecovery during
the 1959 season was made off Bermagui (New
South Wales) in November. This tag was
from a yellowfin tuna which had been caught
and tagged from a Japanese fisheries re-
search vessel in August 1959, about 50 miles
east of Great Sandy Island, Queensland.

There is a 4 shilling (about 45 U. S. cents)
reward for the return of a tuna tag with the
information requested. (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter, July 1960.)

Belgium

FISH MEAL AND MARINE-OIL INDUSTRY,
1959 AND FIRST QUARTER OF 1960:

Fish Meal: There are four fish~meal reduction plants
operating in Belgium, with an estimated annual production
of 6,000-10,000 metric tons. The bulk of the fish meal
consumed in Belgium is imported and in 1959, 29,968 met-
ric tons (valued at US$4,766,000) were imported. During
the first three months of 1960 imports amounted to 15,391
tons, valued at US$1,899,000. Prices per short ton for im~
ported fish meal declined sharply from a 1959 average of
about $144 to about $112 for the first quarter of 1960. A
further drop took place in April 1960, when the average
price per short ton was about $100.80.

In 1959, Peru was the principal supplier of fish meal
to Belgium, with 20,491 metric tons, or 68.4 percent of
total imports, followed by Norway with 6,499 tons (21.7
percent). The balance of the 1959 fish~meal imports was
supplied by Angola, Denmark, the Netherlands, and several
other unidentified countries. During the first three months

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Belgium (Contd.):

of 1960, Peru’s share of the Belgium imports of fish meal
‘rose to 91.7 percent (14,117 tons) and Norway’s share
dropped to 7.7 percent (1,183 tons). Those two countries
supplied 99.4 percent of the January-March 1960 Belgium
imports of fish meal. The January-March 1960 average
price of fish-meal imports from Peru at $110 a short ton
was down about 20.3 percent from the 1959 average price
of $132 a short ton, The January-March 1960 average
price for Norwegian fish~meal imports of $145 a short ton
was 15.2 percent lower than the 1959 average of $171 a
short ton.

Marine Oils: Belgium’s requirements for crude and
refined marine oils of all types are estimated at about
25,000 metric tons annually. In 1959, imports of crude
and other marine oils amounted to 17,906 tons, valued at

about $3,695,000. During the first quarter of 1960 marine:

oil imports totaled 2,608 metric tons, valued at $584,000.
Average import prices per pound for crude marine oils
during the first quarter of 1960 were up about 6.6 percent

Table 1 = Belgian Imports of Fish Meal and Oil by Country of Origin, 1959 and January-March 1960

Vol. 22, No. 11

from the 1959 average. In April this year, the average
price for imported crude marine oils increased to about
11.8 U.S. cents a pound, but this may be due to a higher
proportion of the more expensive whale and herring oils
and not an actual increase in the value of a particular
erude oil,

A small quantity of Belgium’s marine~oil production _
is exported principally to the Netherlands, West Germany,
and France,

Marine oils are used in Belgium by refining into hard-
ened fats (sulfonation), for the manufacture of certain
types of inks and dyes, and some types of lubricating com-
pounds,

Import Duties and Fees: There are no import duties
or quantitative restrictions on imports of either fish meal
or marine oils. A sales tax of 8 percent on fish meal and
5 percent on fish oil is assessed on both imported and do-~
mestic products. (United States Consulate, Antwerp, Au-
gust 4, 1960.)

January-March 1960

Norway ..eccccee
ATIQOLAvotelelclelelerele
Denmark ....22ec6
Netherlands ...ce0c¢
Other Countries ...

Fish Oil (crude):
JEREM 55000000000
Netherlands ......
Falkland Islands ...
Other Countries ...

crude) 1/
Norway .....-+.0-.
JERE gooceo cco
Netherlands ......
ITEMS 550500000

Other Countries

Average Price Average Price
Per Short Ton Value Per Short Ton

Average Price
Per Pound

T/Probably Relndes liver 5 =a other highly -refined =
[Note: Values for January-March 1960 converted at rate of 49.86 Belgium francs = US$1.00.
Values for 1959 converted at rate of 49.98 Belgium francs = US$1.00.

1959

Average Price
Per Pound

November 1960

Brazil

JAPANESE-BRAZILIAN TUNA FISHING
COMPANY REORGANIZED:

The Japanese-Brazilian tuna fishing com-
pany operating out of Brazil has been reor-
ganized. The Japanese firm has taken over
100 percent of the investment and changed
the official prices of tuna. Through the
change, the Japanese firm has obtained net
proceeds of US$83,333 up to the present time,
and yearly net proceeds of $194,444-$222,222
are thought to be assured.

The wholesale tuna price of the joint com-
pany was $188 a metric ton on the average,
but the official price has been revised to
$301 a ton ($377 at retail).

The set-up of the enterprise has been
changed so that the entire investment of 45
million cruzeiros (about US$180,000) by the
local interests became the Japanese firm's
investment. The company is said to have
filed a petition with the President of Brazil
for tuna fishing licenses covering ten tuna
vessels.

Yearly consumption of tuna in Brazil is
said to be about 15,000 tons. There are
prospects that the consumption will increase.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 25, 1960.)

Canada

NEWFOUNDLAND FISH MEAL AND
OIL INDUSTRY, 1958-59:

Fish-meal production in Newfoundland
amounted to 9,787 short tons in 1958, and
9,464 tons in 1959. Production of fish oil
amounted to 889,930 Imperial gallons in
1959.

As of August 1960, the price of fish meal
produced in Newfoundland was C$81.00
(US$78.25) per ton (60 percent protein), or
C$1.35 (US$1.30) per protein unit f.o.b. East
Coast Canadian mainland ports. Fish oil
was quoted at C$0.0825 (US$0.0796) per
pound f.o.b. East Coast Canadian mainland
ports.

The majority of freezing plants in New-
foundland operated their own meal reduction
plants; most of the fish meal is made from
fish waste originating from fish already paid
for by the processing plant. Generally, no

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

price is paid for small quantities of rejected
fish used in meal production. In some in-
stances, a price of C$8.00 (US$7.73) per ton
has been paid for fish utilized in meal pro-
duction. During 1959, fish-meal plants, spe-
cializing in the production of meal and oil,
paid C$10.00 (US$9.66) per ton for fish waste.
This year fish waste is being purchased at
C$3.25 (US$3.14) a ton.

The cost of production is dependent on the
volume of meal produced by a given plant.
One of the largest producers of fish meal in
Newfoundland has estimated costs at C$80.00
(US$77.28) per ton.

In 1958, 1,500 tons of fish solubles were
produced, as compared with 1,800 tons in
1959,

Note: Values converted at rate of one Canadian dollar equals
US$0.966.

Kk Kk OK

PROGRESS ON ATLANTIC COAST
FISHERY STUDIES
DISCUSSED AT MEETING: ®

Progress in fisheries science in both the
biological and technological fields, particular-
ly as to Canada's Atlantic coast fisheries,
was reviewed and discussed in detail at the
second ''Open House" for the fishing industry
conducted by the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada at its Biological Station in St.
John's, Newfoundland, in late June 1960.

Haddock Fishery: Canadian Biologist
V. M. Hodder of the Newfoundland Station, in
a review of Newfoundland's haddock fishery,
said that interest in the species first devel-
oped during the war years and since then has
become an important factor in Newfoundland's
frozen fish industry. During the early years
of the fishery, supplies were extremely good
and a number of good brood years at periodic
intervals continued to support the fishery at
a high level until 1955. Since then, however,
there has been a marked decline and scientif-
ic evidence indicates that the supply will con-
tinue to be comparatively low for some years
to come.

At onetime, Hodder said, the haddock catch
ranked secondin volume to that of codin the
Northwest Atlantic. However, the discovery
and exploitation in recent years of new ocean
perch grounds off Newfoundland's east coast
has raisedthis species into second place.

He noted that there were marked differ-
ences in the growth of haddock in a number

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

of Northwest Atlantic sectors. The Grand
Bank stocks, for example, grow more slowly
than those on the Nova Scotia grounds and on
Georges Bank off the Gulf of Maine.

The biologist related various methods em-
ployed by scientists in determining abundance,
growth rates, and other biological character-
istics of the species and showed how the St.

ne enantio ne

Vol. 22, No. 11

Cod Fishery: A. M. Fleming, Assistant
Director of the Newfoundland Station,
stressed the importance of Newfoundlands
inshore fishing operations.

He noted that in the Northwest Atlantic
the annual cod catch amounts to two billion
pounds, taken by 12 countries. Canada's
landings total 800 million pounds; followed
by Portugal which takes half that quantity,
and Spain and France, which each accounts

Canadian east coastschooners, equipped with Diesel or gasoline engines, fish for cod and other groundfish. Fishermen use dories to

catch fish with hook-and-lines.

John's Station has developed these studies to
the degree where the biologists can now pre-
dict how the fishery will fare a number of
years ahead.

Sail is only auxiliary.

He also discussed the discarding of small
fishatsea and how the use of different sizes
of mesh in otter trawl nets could allow for
the escape of these fish, thus giving a pro-
portion of them the opportunity to grow
larger and be caught another time.

for 200 million pounds; other European coun—
tries together harvest 200 million pounds of
cod,

Fleming produced statistics to show that
half the Canadian catch is taken from the
waters off the east and south coasts of New-
foundland. . .the Grand Banks yielding the
biggest production. Forty-four percent of
the Canadian landings results from the in-
shore fishery. The biggest commercial fish-

November 1960

Canada (Contd.):

ery in Newfoundland is carried on by inshore
fishermen.

The speaker referred to the biological
factors affecting the growth, reproduction
and dispersal of the codin andaround New-
foundland waters. Vitally affecting the avail-
ability of cod, especially in east coast wa-
ters, was the Labrador current, which cre-
ateda layer of cold water between two warm-
er ones. Taking into. consideration such fac-
tors asthe weather, not only during the fish-
ing season but during the preceding winter
as well, and other conditions, make it ex-
tremely difficult to predict with accuracy
how good the fishing should be in any year.

Fleming pointed out that there were at
least four races of cod in and around New-
foundland waters, and their growth rates
varied considerably. Those on the Grand
Banks grow the fastest and those of Labrador
the slowest.

Ocean Perch Fishery: St. John's biologist
E. J. Sandeman referred to the discovery of
new grounds for ocean perch in the past few
years. So prolific are those grounds that
they are now yielding tremendous catches to
the international fleet, particularly the
U.S. S. R. and Iceland. Also, ocean perch
have become the second most important spe-
cies in terms of volume of landings in the
entire Northwest Atlantic area.

Ocean perch were of no importance com-
mercially in Newfoundland until the frozen
fish industry came into being and then their
value increased in relation to the expansion
of processing facilities. Sandeman showed
how extensive research and exploratory fish-
ing by the St. John's biologists resulted in
the discovery of a number of ocean perch
areas around the Newfoundland coast, the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and even off the Labra-
dor coast.

Sandeman outlined the years of research
into the stocks of ocean perch in east coast
waters. Dealing with some biological charac-
teristics, he pointed out that it was a very
slow-growing fish, that unlike cod and other
groundfish species, the ocean perch produces
living young and that it has a tendency to rise
into the upper water layers during the hours
of darkness. Thus the best fishing times are
in broad daylight.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

The new ocean perch grounds off Newfound-
land's east coast extend from Flemish Cap
many miles north, and being virgin territory
are yielding very large catches. They repre-
sent an important contribution to the food sup-
ply provided by the Northwest Atlantic fishing
grounds,

Lobster Fishery: Dr. D. G. Wilder, biolo-
gist in charge of lobster investigations at the
Board's Biological Station in St. Andrews,

N. B., described the lobster fishery as being
very intensive and competitive. Canada's
over-all landings, that is, the combined catch
of the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland,
amount to about 48 million pounds a year,
worth about C$18 million ex-vessel. Of that
total, Newfoundland fishermen trap some 4 to
5 million pounds, valued at roughly C$1.3 mil-
lion ex-vessel.

Wilder traced the history of the Canadian
lobster fishery, showing how, after early
years of plenitude, the lobster stocks de-
clined drastically with the result that pro-
tective regulations became necessary to pre-
serve the fishery. Principal Canadian regu-
lations today are those governing open fish-
ing seasons throughout the Atlantic regionand
prohibiting the keeping of undersized and egg-
bearing lobsters.

Wilder traced the life history of the lobster
dealing with the spawning, growth rate, and
various environmental factors. He showed
how fishing seasons affect the price of lob-
sters on the market, which in turn has abear-
ing on prices paid to fishermen.

Basically, the lobster is a nonmigratory
animal, In the course of a year's wandering
the lobster usually moves not more than a
mile or two. As a result, the benefits of con-
servation are enjoyed by the area practicing
it.

Illustrating the need for regulating the
lobster fishery, Wilder said that the mortali-
ty rate among lobsters in the first couple of
months of their life is 95 percent. The an-
nual mortality rate in the adult population is
12 percent. The weight increase in a year
ranges from 31 to 54 percent. It is the bal-
ance between survival rate and growth that
supports size limits.

Referring to the strides that have been
made in the holding and shipping of lobsters,
the speaker noted that from coast to coast

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

artificial sea~water storage tanks are in use.
Shipments by air, even to European markets,
are made with a loss of only two percent.
The largest tidal-water holding pound in the
world is located in Charlotte County, New
Brunswick. This pound has a capacity of
500,000 pounds and lobsters are held there
for periods as long as six months. (Canadian
Trade News, August 1960.)
Kk ke ok

STATUS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPORT
BAN ON FRESH AND FROZEN SALMON:

There is still an export ban on fresh and
frozen coho or silver, sockeye, and pink
salmon authorized by Section 10, subsections
(4) and (5) of the British Columbia Fishery
Regulations made under the Canada Fisher-
ies Act by Order in Council of December 8,
1954 (Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1958).

British Columbia gill-netter hauling in the net.

But there is no export ban on fresh and
frozen spring or king and chum or fall
salmon.

Fresh and frozen sockeye and pink salm-
on have been under continuous export ban
since 1949. Fresh coho or silver salmon
may not be exported after August 31 of each
year. Prior to 1956, the export ban onfresh
silver salmon applied during the whole year.

The reason for the export ban on the type
and species of salmon mentioned is to en-
courage canning in Canada. During the re-
cord-breaking sockeye catch of 1958, exports
of that species were permitted when Canadian

Vol. 22, No.11

canneries reached full capacity. (United
States Embassy, Vancouver, September 8,
1960.)

Ceylon

TUNA FISHERIES:

There are at least six species of tuna in
Ceylon Seas. Only one of them, the skipjack
("balaya'') constitutes a distinct fishery, while
the remaining species are taken with other
types of fish in seasonal operations using
many types of fishing lines and nets. The
skipjack fishery is pursued vigorously off the
south and west coasts from sailing outrigger
canoes ("'oru''), Fishermen carry live bait in

CEYLON

—+—+Rallroad
ELEVATIONS

wicker baskets which are tied to the side of
the canoe so as to keep their contents flushed
with sea water as the canoe sails to the fish-
ing grounds. Redbait "hingura'' is the pre-
ferred bait fish, obtained from bays and other
shallow coastal areas using cast nets.

When a school of skipjack is sighted, the
canoe is stearedintoitand eachman onboard

November 1960

Ceylon (Contd.):

begins to fish with pole and line. At first
bait fish are attached to the hook for attract-
ing the skipjack to bite; live bait are thrown
into the school for keeping the fish near the
canoe and to create excitement among the
skipjack to bite unbaited hooks. Angling is
continued until either the canoe is filled with
the catch or the school moves out of range.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

ther a silver-colored fish or an artificial lure,
is joined to the end of the cotton line by a
short length of wire. The fast-swimmingtuna
are attracted to bite the spinning bait, glisten-
ing in the brightly-lit upper layers of the sea.
Large yellowfin tuna, sometimes weighing as
much as 80 pounds,/are caught with this gear
by fishermen operating off the southwest coast
(Negombo to Hambantota). Other kinds of fish
taken by this gear are large sharks, spearfish

DS . NE aii oa
he Spies Piste or

Se i z ome

Typical craft and gear used in beach-seining operations in Ceylon.

Beach seines (''madal,'"' 'karavalai'') which
account for about 40 percent of Ceylon's fish
production, encircle at times vast schools of
mackerel tuna ('‘atavalla'') and frigate mack-
erel (‘'‘ragudnya''), Fishing centers on the
northwest coast, chiefly those between Udap-
pu and Marawila, are reputed to make large
catches, the fishermen there referring to
both species as ''balaii."' Another area of
importance for ''balaii'' landings is Trinco-
malee-Batticaloa. Success in obtaining a
few large hauls of several thousands of these
tuna enables the net owner not only to meet
the entire season's operational costs but al-
so to realize substantial profits. The profits
will sometimes be large enough to help him
to risk any losses during the next season on
this relatively inefficient gear, limited as it
is to fishing in coastal waters only.

Yellowfin tuna (''kelavalla'') are obtained
by trolling from sailing canoes. About 3 or
4 fishing lines are trailed behind as the ca-
noe moves ahead. The hook, baited with ei-

('koppara''), sailfish (''thalapatha"'), sier, and
dolphin (''yannava'').

Hand-line fishing is another method used
for catching large tuna from outrigger canoes.
On reaching the fishing grounds in deep wa-
ter just outside the continental shelf of the
south coast, 3 or 4 fishermen on board lower
the sail and hand line from the slowly-drift-
ing canoe. Each hand line is quite long and
both ends carry large hooks baited preferably
with squid. The ends are paid out from the
opposite sides of the canoe to hang down at
different depths and the entire line is con-
trolled by one fishermen. Yellowfin weighing
as much as 200 pounds each are caught; more
frequently these lines take large sharks.

Fishing with drift long lines was developed
by the Japanese before World War II when ex-
ploring the Pacific and Indian Oceans for alba-
core and yellowfin tuna. They detected abun-
dant resources of yellowfin in tropical seas
especially near the Equator but at lower levels

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ceylon (Contd.):

as large tuna tended to avoid the brightly-
illuminated surface layers by day. The use
of long lines is being encouraged by the De-
partment of Fisheries within its scheme of
training local fishermen. This gear seeks to
catch the deeper swimming tuna, while the
established trolling and pole-and-line fishing
methods are designed to catch those swim-
ming near the sea surface. Baited hooks on
short lengths of fishing line (branch lines)
are fastened at intervals to a very long line
which is lowered to a predetermined depth

in the ocean by suspending it from floats.
The entire gear is allowed to drift for a few
hours in the currents before it is hauled back
into the boat. Depths of 100-300 feet may be
fished and the catch includes, besides tuna,
spearfishes, swordfish (''kodnkoppara''), and
large sharks. Results of long-line fishing
from mechanized boats in offshore waters
around Ceylon are good and this method is
growing in popularity among local fishermen.

Ceylon's production of tuna in 1957 a-
mounted to nearly 3,500 metric tons or a-
bout 9.5 percent of the total fish landings.

In the Maldive Islands, a group of atolls
situated about 450 miles west of Ceylon, the
major industry is the preparation of a cured
tuna product called ''maldive fish.'' This is
derived from a large skipjack fishery using
' live bait with pole and line from sailing boats,
a method essentially similar to the one used
in Ceylon waters. About 3,000 tons of Mal-
dive fish are imported into Ceylon yearly.
(Current Affairs Bulletin of Indo-Pacific
Fisheries Council, April 1960.)

od
Chile

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY, 1959:
According to latest official data (which
are final), Chile's production of fish meal

was 30,673 f, ni
metric tons is
in 1959 and :
18,779 metric Pacific
tons the pre- Ocean

ceding year.
This sub-
stantial in-
crease 63 per-
cent) in meal
production is

Athanticin
LO ddainceny

CHILE

Vol. 22, No. 11

explained in large part by increased fish
catches in 1958 and 1959.

The current price paid for fish (anchovies,
sardines and hake) used in fish-meal reduc-
tion is about US$7 per ton and the estimated
production cost of fish meal is US$80 per ten;
whereas, the price in the international mar-
ket is about US$60. Therefore, Chilean pro-
ducers are operating at a loss of approximate-
ly US$20 per ton. The difference is made up
by the Government in the form of an export
subsidy of approximately 40 percent.

Twenty-nine fish-meal reduction plants
are presently operating in Chile, and nine ad-
ditional plants are anticipated.

At present, annual production capacity is
approximately 80,000 tons and it is estimated
that with the construction of the 9 additional
plants, capacity willincrease to 100,000 tons.

The latest available fish-meal export price
in 1959 was US$120 and in 1960 US$60 to $80
per ton.

Exports of fish meal in 1959 amounted to
13,650 metric tons. In the preceding year,
exports were
9,373 metric
tons.

Table 1- Table 1 - Chile's Fish - s Fish Meal Exports, 1959. |

“Comtyof

The con- -
struction of a |
fish-meal
plant which
was being
built in Quin-
tero by the
United Nations and the Chilean Government
for production of fish flour for human con-
sumption has been discontinued.

According to the Chile Ministry of Agri-
culture, fish oil production was 1,131 metric
tons in 1959 and 719 metric tons in 1958. In
addition, there were produced in each of those
years an estimated 100 metric tons of ''vita-
min fish oil'' which is used for medicinal pur-
poses. A total of 58 tons of fish oil were ex-
ported in 1959--51 tons to Italy and 7 tons to
the United States.

Since Chile has sufficient production of
fish meal and fish oil, it is uneconomical to
import. As a measure of protection to the
fish-meal and fish-oil industry, those two
products are subject to an import deposit of
1,500 percent for 90 days. (July 19 and Sep-

November 1960

Chile (Contd.):

tember 2, 1960, Foreign Agriculture Serv-
ice Report, Santiago.)

Costa Rica

SPINY LOBSTER CATCH INCREASED
SHARPLY IN SEPTEMBER:

During 1959, the spiny lobster catch in
Costa Rica was negligible. The outlook for
1960, however, appears very promising as
the catch out of the Caribbean port of Limon
during the first part of September was very
good,

It is believed that hurricane ''Donna'' which
Swept through the Caribbean may have af-
fected materially the ocean conditions and
marine life in the Caribbean because never
before has such a quantity of spiny lobsters
been found off the Caribbean Coast of Costa
Rica. As a result, numerous citizens of
Limon were busy around-the-clock building
additional traps. Reportedly, within a period
of two weeks, approximately CR$10 million
(US$1,785,000) was earned by citizens of
Limon from the production and sale of spiny
lobsters.

The spiny lobster ''invasion'' was reported-
ly discovered through a routine scientific in-
vestigation made by two United States scien-
tists who are in Costa Rica in connection with
the conservation of the giant sea turtle. A
few sharks were caught, and the contents of
shark stomachs revealed them glutted with
spiny lobster. This news reached the fishing
community of Limon and spread rapidly. It
is understood that one company in Limonhas
approximately 300,000 pounds in its cold-
storage plant available for export.

Fearful that the present rate of catch
might do serious harm to the lobster indus-
try, the Municipality of Limon has asked the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
which at the present time is assisting the
shrimp industry of Puntarenas, to conduct a
similar study on the spiny lobster industry
at Limon. It is felt that necessary measures
must be adopted as soon as possible to con-
serve the spiny lobster population. The in-
terest of Limon in such a conservation pro-
gram is understandable as a sustained sup-
ply of spiny lobsters would be of consider-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

61

able economic value, the United States Em-
bassy in San Jose reported on September 14,
1960.

Cuba

CLOSED SEASON ON OYSTERS LIFTED:

The closed season on oysters (Crassotrea
rizophorae) which was put into effect May 12,
1960, was lifted September 1, 1960, by a reso-
lution signed by the president of the National
Fishery Institute, and published in the Official
Gazette of September 2, 1960.

KK OK OK OK

EXPORTS AND LANDINGS OF
CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1959:

In 1959, Cuba exported a total of 6.5 mil-
lion pounds of fishery products valued at
US$5.7 million. The high dollar to pound
ratio was due to the exportation of such high-
priced items as spiny lobste®s, shrimp, tur-
tles, frogs, and sponges. The chief fishery
products exported were shellfish with 3.3 mil-
lion pounds valued at US$3.2 million.

Cuba's Exports of Fishery Products, 1959

- Among the many fishery products landed
in Cuba in 1959 were 1.2 million pounds of
tuna valued at US$133,345 ex-vessel; 4.0 mil-
lion pounds of bonito valued at US$461,714;
14.2 million pounds of spiny lobster valued

at US$2.5 million; and 3.2 million pounds of
shrimp valued at US$765,702. (Mar y Pesca,
August 1960.)

62

French South Pacfic Territories

RESEARCH INDICATES GOOD TUNA
FISHING POTENTIAL OFF
SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS:

The commercial possibilities of tuna fish-
ing in waters around French South Pacific
territories are being tested by the research
vessels of the French Institute of Oceania,
Noumea, and U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Honolulu Biological Laboratory
research vessels. From the combined data,
it is now possible to draw practical conclu-
sions of considerable importance for the
eventual development of tuna fishing in these
areas. Exploratory fishing undertaken by
Orsom III and the vessels operated by the
Honolulu Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries has been accompanied
by intensive studies in oceanography and hy-
drology. The data thus obtained has been
supplemented by reports received from Jap-
anese fishing companies operating in the
South Pacific region. Practical fishing trials
with local long-lines showed considerable
promise and the results compared favorably
with other regions. In the New Caledonia
area in January and May 1959, the maximum
catch was 5 fish per 100 hooks with an aver-
age of 3 per 100 hooks. The average weight
of the fish was 80 pounds.

As a result of the investigations so far
conducted, it appears that around New Cale-
donia and Dependencies and around the Con-
dominium of the New Hebrides, fishing for
skipjack and yellowfin tuna and Spanish mack-
erel can be carried out on a small scale with
trolling gear. Some of these and other spe-
cies may be taken on a commercial basis
with long lines. Around the islands of
French Polynesia, tuna fishing with live bait
is sound commercial practice.

The data so far collected emphasize the
very great importance of the scientific re-
search work carried out from the territories.
Such results as are already available have
indicated which are the best methods to be
used according to the type of fishing intended,
whether small-scale or commercial, and pro-
vide information concerning the species of
fish and rate of yield, which will be of use
for eventual commercial development. (SPC
Quarterly Bulletin, October 1959.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

German Federal Republic
FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY, 1958-59:

Fish-meal producers in the German Federal Republic
have become greatly alarmed by the recent world-wide de~
velopments in the fish-meal market. The price slump has
devaluated its stocks and the industry claims that not only
has it already incurred considerable losses but that it is cur~
rently operating in the red. The industry attributes these
unfavorable developments to sharply increased exports of
fish meal from Peru, at prices which they say they cannot
meet. The industry is further disturbed by reports that
Peru is planning to step up its exports in 1960 and 1961.

Table 1 - Prices of Whole Fish for Reduction, German
Federal Republic, 1958-59 1/

Annual Average Prices

Species

d mp and starfisl dgro
feed; they are Saat ea in mecactina of fish 1 priests
INote: Values converted at the rate of one Deutsche Mark equals US$0.238 (4.20
Deutsche Marks equal US$1.00).

Fish-meal producers have tried several approaches to
bar Peruvian fish meal from the German market. They
have pointed out that German fish meal contains from 90-
96 percent digestible protein, while Peruvian meal contains
only 50-85 percent and averages much closer to 50 than 85
percent. However, requests from the fish~meal industry
that the Federal Government establish a minimum rate of
90-percent digestible protein have failed because existing
legislation does not permit such obligatory requirements.

The industry has also asserted that the Peruvian fish~
meal industry uses ‘‘formalin’’ in its production, and that
the chemical leaves a residue of formaldehyde in the final
product. Laboratory findings have not substantiated this.

Importation of fish meal into the German Federal Repub-
lic is at present completely liberalized. In early 1960, the
Government abolished export controls on fish meal. Non-
purified edible fish body oil may be imported free of any
‘quantitative restrictions. However, Government import li-
_censes are required for purified edible fish~body oil, which
;comes within the purview of the marketing law. Imports of

' nonedible fish oil have been liberalized.

The industry has requested the Federal Government to
deliberalize fish-meal imports and/or to introduce protec
itive tariff rates. Apparently, these proposals have not
been received with sympathy by the Government, and the
industry claims that the Government’s position is influenced
politically by the farmers who, the industry claims, are
saving about DM120 million (US&28,560,000) per year on
feed costs as a result of the drop in fish~meal prices. Goy~
ernment officials, both on the federal and state level, have
confirmed that there is little likelihood of deliberalization
or protective tariff measures.

One of the most recent proposals being discussed in-
volves the application of an import levy to fish meal which

November 1960

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

would be similar to the levy on grain. The industry has
suggested a levy by the Federal Government which would
raise the price of imported fish meal to the levels which
prevailed before the breakdown of the market. No figures
have been mentioned, but by this criterion the price of

fish meal would be raised again to about DM750 (US$178)
per metric ton. While various officials are skeptical about
the prospects of an import levy, they point to recent assur-
ances from other officials that at least some steps will be
undertaken in the future.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Peruvian fish-body oil for the margarine industry at a
price of about DM 520 a metric ton (about 5.6 U. S. cents
a pound). As of August 2, 1960, imported Peruvian fish-
body oil with 0.2 percent free fatty acids was priced at
DM 547.50 a metric ton (5.9 cents a pound) and with 3
percent free fatty acids at DM 475 a metric ton (5.1 cents
a pound), ¢c.i.f. West German seaport.

According to the Fischereihafen-Betriebsgesellschaft
(Fishery Port Operations Organization), Bremerhaven, the
West German reduction industry was paying on July 29,
1960, the following prices for whole fish: whitefish, DM 43

Table 2 = Prices for Fish Waste in German Federal Republic

July 29, 1960 Mar. 1, 1960 Dec, 3, 1959 Sept. 21, 1959

Type of Waste

A West German fish~meal manufacturer stated that the
members of the International Association of Fish Meal Man~
ufacturers recently discussed the possibility of establishing
a world-wide fish~meal production and distribution agree-
ment, patterned after the international agreements on coffee
and wheat. In considering such an agreement, it was esti-
mated that West Germany’s annual fish~meal demand would
be about 240,000-250,000 metric tons, of which about
160,000 tons would be imported (100,000 tons from Peru).

It was reported that a West German importer in June or
July 1960 signed a contract to import about 25,000 tons of

Country and Specification

23 299990 7D ”

celandic cod meal
Newfoundland cod meal(’» "*”” ”” ie is

9 Danese ” ch 99 99 70 ” ”? >
INote: (1) As of July

Fish meal... scccsesscccccccsessecoeses
Fish-liver oil of Gadus species (cod, haddock, coalf

body oil:

(b) with less then 50 percent free fatty acid 3/
European Economic Community tar:
2/ CLT - Compensatory Turnover Tax,
3/ Imports subject to marketing law.

Table 3 - Import Prices as of July 29, 1960, for Fish Meal in German Federal Republic

aaa

Peruvian fish meal, 65~70 percent (ex railroad West German

seaport, for delivery until July 1961) ....ccececerscccrerens
Angola fish meal (c, & f, West German Seaport) ...2-eeeseereeees
South African fish meal (c, & f, West German S€aport)...e+eesecece

oes ere eee 540 129
quoted at DM 485 ($115) per metric ton f.0.b, factory, and

29, 1960, West German fish meal was note
West German cod meal DM 577.50 ($137) per metric ton f.0.b. factory.
(2) Source: Bremen Association of Grain and Feed Importers and Wholesalers.

ch, etc.)
(TENE Go obopDbODOCOCODDO GORD OD EDU OD DUO OOO0
(b) mechanically purified ....-2+eccerrrrerererers
(@)\OUER 5 o book pooo sooo oop BoneooeooreaE oS

(a) with more than 50 percent fre2 fatty acid .....22+0%
rates aS of July L 1960,
levied when there is a domestic Federal sales tax,

(US$10) a metric ton; ocean perch, DM 65 ($15); and her~
ring, DM 90 ($21) a metric ton.

As of August 3, 1960, the price for whole herring was to
be reduced to DM 85 ($20) per ton.

Prices for fish offal or waste from fish processing and
filleting (which represents about 60 percent of the total raw
material used by the reduction industry) are only slightly
lower than whole fish for reduction.

DM/Metric Ton Us$/Metric Ton

. %=3880
407,50
482,50
600-625
595

64

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

On August 3, 1960, the price for herring offal was to be
reduced by the fish~meal plants to DM 70 ($16.67) a metric
ton.

Leading West German manufacturers have stated that the
average production cost per metric ton of fish meal fluctu-
ates between DM 280 and DM 330 (US$67 and US$79), the
average being about DM 300 (US$71) a ton. These figures
include wages, fuel, maintenance and write-off of equipment,
packing, sales tax, the manufacturer’s profit margin, etc.,
but do not include the cost of the raw material.

Fish-meal exports from the German Federal Republic
have ceased completely because of the inroads made by
Peruvian fish meal in the world market. German exporters
have reportedly offered their fish meal abroad at prices a~
bout 10-15 percent above Peruvian prices, but without suc~
cess,

Apparently the German fish meal and oil industry is not
receiving any kind of Government aid; some aid may be ex-
tended to the fishing industry.

Local trade sources point out that the decline in prices
paid by the reduction industry for raw material has reduced
the income of the fishing industry, fish processors, and fish
dealers by some DM 24 million (US$5,474,000) during the
past twelve months. The fishing trade has already made
presentations concerning the deterioration of its financial
position to the Federal Government and to the governments
of the coastal states. While the payment of direct subsidies
to the fishing industry has been rejected by public authori-
ties, no decisions have yet been made concerning other kinds
of support, such as deferment of the amortization of govern-
ment loans, the granting of additional low-interest govern-=

ment loans, etc.

Greece

ATLANTIC OCEAN TRAWL FISHERY
EXPANSION CONTINUES:

On the occasion of a trial trip of the freez-
er trawler Evridiki II, the Greek Minister
for Industry and Marine Commerce praised
the vessel owner for the efforts put forth in
the Atlantic Ocean trawl fishery. He said, in
a report in the August issue of Aleia, a Greek
fishery periodical, that in the eight years
since the first trip to the Atlantic banks the
Greek freezer-trawler fleet had grown to
14 vessels of which 9 already were in opera-
tion. The Greek Government's support of
the operation totaled more than US$4 mil-
lion while the industry had contributed $6
million. The production of the operating
vessels was about 10,000 metric tons, but
was expected to increase to 16,000 tons next
year when the vessels under construction
came into operation.

Greek fish production inthe Mediterranean
and other waters has been increased with Gov-
ernment support and totals 80,000 tons.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

Fish consumption per capita in Greece was
said to be 13 kilograms (about 28.7 pounds)
per year.

The only Greek freezer stern-trawling
factoryship, the Evangelistria IV, has re-
turned from her first trip with a catch of 485
metric tons of frozen fish. The new vessel,
which incorporates changes from the usual
construction of such vessels, performed well.
Production averaged more than 12 tons daily
on the banks off Northwest Africa and is ex-
pected to increase on the next trip. Its opera-
tion has demonstrated that the mechanical and
construction changes were carefully developed
and oaaers out. (Fiskets Gang, September 1,
1960.

KK KOK

FIVE-YEAR PLAN INCLUDES US$5
MILLION FOR FISHERIES:

The Greek Economic Development Pro-
gram (1960-64) provides 150 million drach-
mas (US$5 million at exchange rate of 30
drachmas equal US$1) for fish processing
and freezing plants, fish hatcheries, fisher-
ies research, and other projects. The 5-year
program budgets US$2.3 million for fish proc-
essing and freezing plants at the following
ports: Piraeus, $367,000; Thessaloniki,
$533,000; Patras (under construction),
$233,000; Cavala, $267,000; Chalkis, $267,000;
Volos, $233,000, plus $100,000 for a fish col-
lecting and storage station on Lemnos Island,
and $333,000 for a wholesale fish market at
Athens. In addition, the plan provides
$1,000,000 for fish hatcheries, $667,000 for
fisheries research, and $1,000,000 for vari-
ous smaller fisheries projects. (United States

Iceland

CANNED SARDINES TO BE SHIPPED
TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA:

A canning factory at Akureyri, Iceland,

which recently increased its canning capacity
considerably (present capacity 35,000 cans
daily), has concluded a contract with Czecho-
slovakia to deliver one million cans of sar-
dines by December 31, 1960. (United States
Embassy, Reykjavik, September 2, 1960.)

2K OK ok

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

Iceland (Contd.):

FISHERIES TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1960:

The 1959/60 winter fishing season was more favorable
even than the two good previous winters. The value of the
first quarter 1960 catch was considerably greater than that
of the first quarter of 1959 due not only to the larger weight
landed but also to the predominence of the more valuable
cod and haddock. The over~all catch during the first quar-
ter of 1960 was substantially larger--129,355 metric tons
as compared with 110,363 metric tons for the first quarter
of 1959. On the other hand, the ocean perch catch, most of
which goes to the Soviet Union, was only a fourth as large
as for the first quarter of 1959.

Table 1 - Iceland's Fishery Landings by Principal Species,
January-March 1958-60

OUNER ad ao on Ao a 857

129,355 | 110,363 | 117,924

1/Weights are gutted fish with heads on, except herring which
are whole or round.

higher income from working on the smaller fishing vessels.
As a result, a number of trawlers, particularly the older ones,
were laid up at the start of the season.

Incidents with British trawlers occurred during the first
quarter of 1960. The Icelandic authorities accused a British
trawler of deliberately destroying nets of Icelandic fishing
vessels off the Snaefellsnes peninsula.

A very important trend toward free markets is noticeable
in-the first quarter fish export figures for 1960 as compared
with the first quarter of 1959. For the latter period, 60 per-
cent of the catch had been délivered to the filleting and freezing
plants and only 33 percent was salted or dried. During the
first three months of 1960, some 52 percent went for freezing,
while salted and dried fish rose to 39 percent. During 1959,
Iceland had been unable to meet all export demand for salted
and dried fish. This demand comes exclusively from free cur-
rency markets whereas much of the frozen fish goes to the
Soviet Union.

There was a considerable build-up in both the trawler and
smaller fishing vessel components of the Icelandic fishing

Table 2 - Iceland's Fishery Catch by Type of Vessels,
January-March 1958-60

75,724
22,112 | 34,639
129, 355 | 110, 363

1/All weights are of gutted
which are whole.

Trimming and packing fillets in an Icelandic fish-processing plant.

The 12-mile limit established September 1, 1958, for
trawling operations had an adverse effect on catches of Ice~
landic trawlers as compared with those of motor boats.

The relatively poor showing of the trawlers was also due to
the difficulty of finding ocean perch off Newfoundland and
Greenland as compared with the first quarter of 1959. How-
ever, exports of fresh fish on ice to England continued to
flourish, and this somewhat strengthened the position of the
trawlers.

Another difficulty for the Icelandic trawlers was a short~
age of manpower due to: (1) the failure to reach agreement
with the leader of the Faroese Seamen’s Union as to terms .
for Faroese seamen, who normally serve on Icelandic trawl
_ers during the February~ May season; and (2) the relatively

fleet during the quarter. Oné unit added was the most modern
type of trawler operated by Icelandic owners. (United States
Embassy, Reykjavik, August 25, 1960.)

KK KKK

FLATFISH AIR DELIVERIES
TO BRITAIN STEPPED UP:

The Icelandic fishing industry stepped up
the use of newly-opened flatfish grounds this
summer in connection with the newly-insti-
tuted delivery by air of flatfish to Great Binite

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

ain and other parts of Western Hurope, ac-
cording to a mid-August 1960 report. By
early August the areas within the 12-mile
limit opened for drag-net flatfish fishing
were extended beyond the Westman Islands
area. With easier access to Reykjavik and
its airport, it is planned to step up flatfish
air shipments to Great Britain to 50 tons of
fresh flatfish each week. A DC-4 carries
seven tons of fish to Great Britain at a cost
of 7 Icelandic kronur per kilogram (8.4 U.S.
cents a pound). Fruit and vegetables are
brought back on return flights.

A limiting factor is the lack of available
aircraft in Iceland. Although there may be
some possibility of obtaining British cargo
planes, a German DC-4 has been chartered.
Discussions took place recently in Reykjavik
regarding the formation of an Icelandic air-
cargo company to transport fish and other
freight. This wouldbe a subsidiary of the two
existing airlines. Although capital is said to
be available for such a company, some doubts
have been expressed that a sufficient year-
round volume of potential air cargo would be
generated in Iceland to make it worthwhile.

This new venture has stimulated a gener-
al increase in interest in ways and means of
increasing exports of fish. The possibilities
of making flatfish shipments by air to the
United States were examined, but profit mar-

gins were not believed to be sufficiently large.

Transportation remains the chief bottle-
neck to Iceland's filling British market de-
mands for flatfish. Air transportation is
still unable to meet the earlier British re-
quirements for 50 metric tons of flatfish
weekly. This demand was reported at 260
tons of flatfish weekly by air.

Shipping of flatfish by air to England and
other European points began to fall off after
the first week in September due principally
to the failure to find profitable return car-
goes for the chartered planes, Fruit brought
back on these flights met customer resist-
ance due to high prices.

Flatfish shipments by vessel to England
and other European countries are continuing.
English experts are instructing employees
in a number of Icelandic freezing plants to
fillet flatfish for the frozen fish trade,

Vol. 22, No. 11

(United States Embassy in Reykjavik, August
23, September 2 and 16, 1960.)

% KOK OK

NORTH COAST HERRING
FISHING SEASON POOR:

Compared with last year's good north
coast herring season, the Icelandic 1960 sea-
son has been poor. By August 14, 1960,
103,956 metric tons had been landed as com-
pared with 127,537 tons for the same period
last year. The portion of the catch being
salted is even more unfavorable: 16,940tons,
compared with 27,163 tons for the same period
of 1959. Salt herring contracts call for de-
livery of approximately 36,000 tons this year;
and the season, according to a mid-August re-
port, had only a few weeks to go. The lion's
share of the catch went for meal and oil,
but those products are being sold onworld
markets in very small amounts due to de-
pressed world price conditions. Some
of the inferior meal has been sold for
fox feed.

On August 27, 1960, search operations for
herring were ended off the north coast of
Iceland as a result of a very poor season.
Last year herring spotting stopped Septem-
ber 9. By August 29, only 126,417 barrels
of herring had been salted as compared with
216,307 barrels at the same time last year.
Contracts have been signed for 270,000 bar-
rels.

This coming winter the Herring Produc-
tion Board will try out new packing methods
on the south coast herring in an attempt to
meet specifications for the United States
market.

The reduction in world prices for fish
meal and oil is esti ated to be the equivalent
of an 8-percen’ 1 2du ‘t-on in Iceland's normal
export earning. |

The relatively poor north coast herring
season has hit fishing boat owners particular-
ly hard due to the exceptionally heavy invest-
ments made this year for new fishing gear
and fishing boats.

Icelandic newspapers reported that over
100 Soviet herring vessels were fishing off
Iceland's north coast. Some of those vessels
were reportedly close to or possibly even
within the 12-mile fishing limit.

November 1960

Iceland (Contd.):

The ocean-perch fisheries have almost
come to a halt as of mid-August 1960 due to
a scarcity of fish onthe Newfoundland grounds

and off Greenland. (United States Embassy
Reykjavik, August 23 and September 2, 1960.)

lran

SHRIMP FISHING FLEET IN PERSIAN
GULF TO BE INCREASED:

According to an August 23, 1960, report
from Tel Aviv, Israel, two fishing vessels
are being fitted out in Haifa to participate in
the Iranian Gulf of Persia shrimp fishery.
The names of the vessels are Nitzan and the
Leamchav. Each vessel is 83 feet in length
and displaces 250 tons. Upon completion of
the fitting-out period in Haifa, the two ves-
sels will make the voyage to Iran by going
around the African Continent. Present plan-
ning calls for four months in transit. The
vessels will fish for shrimp for a New York
City firm that has been operating in the Per-
sian Gulf for the past two years.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

agreed export price of frozen tuna for Italy
in mid-August, US$220 a metric ton c. & f.
($180 f.0.b. delivered at Dakar) was the
price at which contracts were openly con-
cluded. But early in September shipments
to Italy were lighter and Italian buyers were
paying $230atonc.&f. For delivery in Octo-
ber, large Japanese exporters claim that they
are certaintobe ableto sellat $230 a ton.

The price on transshipped Atlantic Japa-
nese tuna for the United States has also
firmed up. In early September the price was
$280-$290 a ton on albacore delivered at
Cristobal. (Suisan Tsushin, September 9,
1960.)

Japan

FROZEN TUNA LICENSED FOR
EXPORT TO EUROPE, FISCAL YEAR
APRIL 1959-MARCH 1960:

During the Japanese fi8cal year (April
1959-March 1960), 36,856 metric tons (valued

at US$9,880,000) of frozen tuna were licensed

Japan: Frozen Tuna Licensed for Export to Europe, April 1959-March 1960

[ia France | Yasostevia [Oe

In addition, some vessels are also being
sent overland from Haifa to Eilat. These ves-
sels are about 60feetinlength. At least two
of the vessels have been transported to Hilat
and have sailed for an undisclosed port in Iran.

Italy

PRICE FOR JAPANESE
FROZEN TUNA FIRMS UP:

Early in September 1960, the Italian fro-
zen tuna market improved. Immediately
after the abolition by the Japanese of the

Total
Quanti'

for export to Europe. The destination of Ja-
pan's exports to Europe were as follows:
Italy, 12,061 tons; Yugoslavia, 12,865 tons;
France, 10,986 tons; and 944 tons to other
European countries. The over-all value per
ton of the frozen tuna licensed for export to
Europe was about US$268.

KKK OK OK

CANNED TUNA IN OIL EXPORTS DROP:

According to the Japan Export Canned
Tuna Manufacturers Association, the export
of canned tuna in oil from April-July 1960
amounted only to 72,731 cases as against
337,724 cases for the same period last year.

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.11

Japan (Contd.): SHORTAGE OF CANNED LIGHTMEAT
TUNA IN OIL REPORTED:

This year's Japanese skipjack tuna fishing
as of the end of July 1960 was considered to
be the worst in ten years and the pack of light-
meat tuna in oil for export to Europe was far
short of its goal. On the other hand, light-

i meat tuna in brine supplies exceed demand.
Big-eyed It was estimated that the shortage for tuna in
orebieck £009 070% oil for June and July was 100,000-150,000
a= cases. Instead of asking for delayed ship-
ment, the exporters were trying to settle by
paying a penalty. This shows that the can-
The Netherlands : ners do not expect any further pack.
United Kingdom . 9
Switzettand : As of the beginning of August 1960, the
Ga aee = prices of lightmeat (skipjack) tuna in oil in
Japan were $6.11-$6.94 for the domestic.
market and $6.20-$6.30 a case f.o.b. for ex-

The drop is due to the poor catches of big- port. These prices were considerably higher
eyed tuna. The pack of canned tuna in oil than the usual market prices and since ex-
has been light this year. vessel prices continued at more than $175 a

ton for skipjack, the packers were reported

eRe ee losing money.
CANNED TUNA IN BRINE : 5 > OE 7K
EXPORT TRENDS:
The Japanese tuna packers association, CANNED-TUNA-IN-BRINE MARKET POOR:

as previously reported, suspended receiving Regarding the export sale oi Caen tuna in brine, the

. . Japan Canned Foods Exporters Association’s standing tuna
canned tuna in brine from the packers for _ sales committee met late in August and took up the propo-
export to the United States as of September sals made by representatives of Japanese packers. The

f ; 0-Ma 6 meeting accepted the proposal that shipments scheduled for
11, 1960 For 1960 (April 196 March 19 1) August, the sixth sale of canned tuna to the United States,

the pack of canned tuna in brine for export be postponed until September 15, 1960. But the meeting a-
to the United States was fixed at 2,300,000 greed not to disclose their views on the two other proposals
cases (48 7-oz. cans), but cessation of pack- | % te Packers, which were:

ing from September 11 reduced the quota by (1) The export quota to the United States must be attained

and the exporters’ side is requested to cooperate. As for the
eons 500,000 cases. For the past few CRS, seventh sale, it is desired to come to a thorough understand=

the canned tuna in brine pack has been ing with the expression ‘‘not to be held until the United States
3,500,000 cases per year. By the end of market conditions are stabilized.’’ (The exporters have been

requesting the packers to agree that the seventh sale will not
each August about 1, 000, 000 cases had been be carried out until requested by the New York branches of

shipped, but this year the shipments were the exporters).
considerably less. In July the price for

(2) The application period of the price guarantee clause

canned tuna in brine f.o.b. Japan was cut $1 is to be 60 days for shipments going to the east coast and 40

a case because sales were slow. By reduc- days (30 days after arrival in the United States) for those to

5 aoje the west coast of the United States.

ing exports, the industry hoped to stabilize

the price. This year’s Japanese cannd tuna exports are extremely
slow and up to August 1960, a total of 1,330,000 cases, some

P : 630,000 cases of white meat and 700,000 cases of light meat,
The price difference between Japanese had been exported. Although 273,000 cases of the United

and United States canned tuna as of August States import quota at the lower rate of duty are left, the re-
mainder Japan plans to export this year is 670,000 cases.

23 was as follows: This means there will be more canned tuna shipped to the

United States in excess of the quota and subject to the higher

For United States tuna in oil, private GIb7 NSE WEES WES TEL VEE.

label white meat, the price was $12 -$12 .00 The Japanese industry points out that their canned tuna
a case (48 7-oz. cans) f:o.b. canners! ter- market situation is the worst since 1955 and to cope with the

a situation it is necessary to suspend sales and lower the price.
minal, The packers claim that prices have been reduced as much as

possible and, as a matter of fact, there is hardly any profit at
- « = $9.15 a case on white meat. The exporters say that they are
For Japanese tuna in brine, white meat, resigned to a loss and request that the packers cooperate with
the price was $11.50-$12 a case (48 7-oz. them, adding that the packers should see what can be done to
cans) delivered to warehouse in Los Angeles promote more sales. At any rate, it is generally thought dif-
* | ficult to sell the agreed export quantity this year.

kok ook ook ok
KK OK OK

November 1960

Japan (Contd.):

At an August 27 meeting of the tuna packers association
it was agreed that:

(1) Packing of canned tuna will be stopped immediately
and the quantity packed but not consigned will be reported
until mid-September so that its consignment will be accepted.
As a result, this year’s receipts for consignment or sale will
amount to some 1,740,000 cases, including the nonmembers’
products, and some 540,000 cases of the production quota will
not be produced,

(2) Next year’s allocation of pack for canners will be based
on this year’s pack allocation plus 7 percent of the quantity
used out of the free base quota.

(3) Agreed to postpone shipments for the sixth sale until
September 15.

The packers want to sell the remainder of the United States
import quota at the lower duty rate in two sales, one each in
September and October,

Suspension of receipts from packers by the sales company
is an unprecedented emergency measure. But with present
market conditions and with stocks in the hands of the sales
company in mid-August at 700,000 cases, the action was con-
sidered unavoidable,

In the first six allotments sold through mid-August,
1,580,000 cases of canned tuna were sold for export to the
United States. Of that amount, as of August 10, 300,000 cases
remained unshipped and 500,000 cases were estimated to be
unsold and in stock in the United States. Taking these 800,000
cases into consideration, the actual quantity sold and delivered
to buyers totaled only 800,000 cases,

Japan had planned to fill the 2,530,000 cases of the United
States canned tuna in brine import quota at the lower duty with
2,200,000 cases of Japanese pack, but as of August 22 some
observers thought that 1,800,000 cases of Japanese pack would
be the maximum that could be exported to the United States.

The packers also have accepted the indefinite postpone-
ment of the sale no. 7 scheduled for August. The packers’
association has also tentatively agreed that acceptance by the
association of consignments from members scheduled in the
third part of the market year-~January~March 1961, amount-
ing to 440,000 cases--should be suspended. (The Suisan
Tsushin, August 22, 23, 25, 27; Fisheries Economic News,
August 30, 1960.)

KK Ok OK OK OK

FROZEN ALBACORE TUNA
CHECK PRICE DROPS:

Following the drop in the ex-vessel price
of albacore tuna in California, the Japanese
in mid-August 1960 announced a lower check
price of US$270 a short ton for frozen alba-
core tuna shipped from Japanese poris.

The check price for yellowfin tuna in mid-
August was still $230 a short ton for direct
shipments from Japan. (The Suisan Tsushin,
August 23, 1960.)

Kk ko!
kK OK oF

x ok S

FROZEN YELLOWFIN TUNA PRICE
FIXED FOR DIRECT EXPORTS:

At the Japan Export Frozen Tuna Manu-
facturers Association director's meeting on

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

September 6, 1960, it was agreed that the con-
ference price of direct exports from Japan of
frozen yellowfin tuna after September 1960
should be set at $240 a short ton f.o.b. as a
base. But a suggestion that the price among
shippers of Atlantic yellowfin to Italy be set
at $230 c. & f. was not approved.

KOK Kk OK Ok

SEEK CONTROL OF FROZEN TUNA
EXPORTS TO ITALY:

The Japan Federation of Skipjack Tuna
Fisheries Co-ops and the Japanese Fisheries
Agency have been studying the tuna market
situation in Italy. Since the Fisheries Agency
does not contemplate increasing the control
of direct landings to Italy, the Federation has’
proposed certain controls for its member ves-
sels operating in the Atlantic.

Due to modified control of exports to Italy
in May, fishing in the Atlantic expanded. Due
to increased landings, however, the landed
price of frozen tuna at Italian ports has
dropped as low as $100 a tén. Exporters in
Japan are insisting on stricter controls on di-
rect landings or transshipments of frozen
tuna to Italy. (Fisheries Economic News,
August 29, 1960. aati fc eel

ao bo be Ge 8

PROPOSAL FOR SALES COMPANY TO
HANDLE FROZEN ATLANTIC
TUNA EXPORTS:

At a directors' meeting of the Japan Ex-
port Frozen Tuna Manufacurers Association
on September 6, 1960, the sale of Japanese
Atlantic-caught tuna to Europe and the United
States via intermediate ports was discussed.
One of the directors pointed out the need of
selling all Atlantic tuna through the Japan
Export Frozen Tuna Sales Co., Ltd., thesame
as tuna landed at Japanese ports and exported
to the United States. A unanimous resolution
was passed to the effect that sales of Atlantic
tuna should be handled through the sales com-
pany in Japan, including a system of purchase
and of consignment, and for as long as the
directors deem necessary. This proposal
was to be considered at a special general
meeting on September 19, in order for it to
become effective. It is hoped that if Atlantic-
caught tuna is systematically allocated for
United States, Italian, and Japanese ports
through the sales company instead of the
haphazard system now practiced that a cer-
tain amount of market stability would be
achieved.

70

Japan (Conitd.):

The proposal provides for shipping Japa-
nese frozen Atlantic-caught tuna to Japan be-
fore it is exported to Europe and the United
States. Atlantic tuna sales were confronted
with a crisis when prices in the Italian mar-
ket declined. :

The Japanese Atlantic Tuna Liaison Com-
mittee, at a meeting, discussed methods of
coping with the problem and discussed ship-

ping the excess supply of Atlantic-caught tuna

to Japan as well as the tuna not suitable for
export. Any loss arising from this procedure
would be proportionately shared by all the
operating vessels in the Atlantic based on
their usual production.

Assuming that about 5,000 metric tons are
to be returned to Japan and calculating ex-
vessel prices in Japan, operational expenses
of the vessels and transportation charges,
each operating vessel would be required to
assume a charge of $3.61 a ton. 4

As outlined, the plan of the Atlantic Tuna
Liaison Committee of the Export Frozen
Tuna Manufacturers Association includes:

(1) Charter of a fleet of reefers jointly
by fishing vessel-operating firms in order
to bring to Japan such unsuitable species for
export as bluefin as well as large yellowfin.

(2) Suspend departure of any new boat to
the Atlantic Ocean for a specified time in
order to prevent an increase of supplies.

(3) Build cold-storage warehouses in
Atlantic ports which may be used freely by
the Japanese, and establish an integrated
joint selling, transportation, and accounting
plan of the catch of Japanese fishing vessels
operating in the Atlantic.

Inthe meantime, the authorities are in-
formally requesting the industry to formu-
late a list of conference prices for Atlantic
tuna at the same level as the prices for fro-
zen yellowfin shipped to the United States
from Japanese ports. (Various Japanese
TSC ORIEE August 29, September 7 and 8,
1960.

OK OK OK OK
RESEARCH VESSEL TO EXPLORE FOR
TUNA OFF WEST AFRICA:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency research
vessel Shoyo Maru (603 tons) left on Septem-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.11

ber 3, 1960, on a 6-months cruise off the west
coast (10° N. lat.-10° S. lat.) of Africa in the
Atlantic to locate good tuna fishing grounds
and make various scientific studies including
the evidence of ''green meat tuna.’ The area
is considered a potentially good one for Japa-
nese fishermen.

Japan's tuna fishing vessels in the Atlantic,
mostly fishing in waters off Latin America,
number about 60. They produce annually a-
bout 50,000 metric tons of fishery products
valued at about US$10 million in foreign cur-
rency.

While the Western Atlantic has been stud-
ied to some extent, very little is known of the
fishery resources off the west African coast.

The Japanese research vessel carries a
team of 47 fishery experts aboard. Experi-
mental long-line fishing will be carried out in
two areas: (1) 10° S. latitude-10° N. latitude
and (2) 5° E. longitude-west of 20° W. longi-
tude. The vessel will return to Tokyo in Feb-
ruary 1961 after visiting various European
fishery bases, including Las Palmas (Canary
Islands), Venice, Italy, and a port in Yugoslavia.
Also the vessel plans to study the tuna market
situation in southern Europe.

KKK KK

TUNA FISHING IN THE PACIFIC:

Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station in
August 1960 released the following forecasts on Pacific tuna
fishing for September 1960 (tonnage indicates catch per 1,800
hooks):

West Pacific, the first fishing ground (north of 20° N. lati-
tude, west of 180°): Big-eyed fishing will continue to be good
in waters 30° N, latitude, 150°-180° E. longitude and around
the Bonin Islands, yellowfin fishing is also good at rate of 0.5
ton. Also, from Okinodaitojima to 35°-43° N. latitude, 145°-
170° E, longitude, catch of striped marlin which has been low
for the past few years, is expected to continue at 0.3 ton.
Broadbill swordfish will appear around 40° N, latitude, 150°-
180° E. longitude and have a good fishing period at 0.6 ton.
And schools east of the Izu Seven Islands will yield good
catches at 0.4 ton.

West Pacific, the second fishing ground (5°-20° N. latitude,
west of 170° E. longitude): In the sea area between the Palau
Islands and Truk Island, yellowfin catch will noticeably de-
crease, compared with August, at 0.5 ton. A good fishing
period for big-eyed tuna, an increase over August, at one ton.

West Pacific, third fishing ground (5° N, latitude-10° S. lat-
itude, west of 170° E,. longitude): Like August, yellowfin catch
will be generally low. In the belt, 5° N. latitude-10° S. lati-
tude, it is on the increase, heading for the good fishing period
in the fall at 1.5 tons. In both east and west sea areas of the
Solomon Islands, catch will be somewhat lower, at 1.3 tons,
than north of 5° S., latitude,

West Pacific, fourth fishing ground (10°-30° S. latitude,
west of 170° E,. longitude): Being in a poor fishing period,
yellowfin catch is low but along the Australian coast it is
comparatively high, especially off Brisbane at 2.3 tons. Al-
bacore catches, which were good in August, will be lighter

November 1960

Japan (Contd.):

and the fishing area smaller. Rates-of catch will be 0.9 ton
along 24° S. latitude and 1.1 tons along 27° S, latitude.

Central Pacific, first fishing grounds (north of 20° N. lati-
tude, 180°-150° W. longitude): Big-eyed tuna fishing will be
steadily improving with good fishing 28°-32° N, latitude. Fur-
thermore, this year happens to be a bumper year and catch
ah will be 1.5 tons. Striped marlin season will be good at

-2 ton,

Central Pacific, second fishing ground (5°-20° N, latitude,
170° E. longitude~150° W, longitude): Both yellowfin and big~
eyed tuna will be poor in the sea area, 5°-13° N, latitude at
0.3 ton for yellowfin and one ton for big-eyed tuna. A good
fishing period for black marlin is expected in the west of
Palmyra Island at 0.4 ton and 0,5 ton on the east side.

Central Pacific, third fishing ground (5° N, latitude-10° S.
latitude, 170° E, longitude-150° W. longitude): Although yel-
lowfin fishing was good in August in the entire area, it is be-
ginning to be on the decrease in September around the Phoe~
nix Islands, east and south of the Gilbert Islands, It will be
in a poor season south of the Gilbert Islands and around the
Phoenix Islands at 1.1 tons for the former and 1.5 tons a-
round the latter; at 1.9 tons north of the equator, north of the
Phoenix Islands; 2.5 tons east of Christmas Island and 2,4
tons south. In the western part, 0.6 ton for big-eyed tuna and
in the eastern part 0.5 ton. Black marlin catch rate will be
0.2 ton incidental to catching of other fish.

Central Pacific, fourth fishing ground (10°-30° S. latitude,
170° E. longitude-150° W. longitude): Continued good fishing
for albacore will prevail between 22°-30° S, latitude at 1.5
tons. South of the Ellis Islands, it is expected to be 0.6 ton.

Central Pacific, fifth fishing ground (south of 30° S, lati-
tude, 170° E. longitude-150° W. longitude): Tuna fishing off
Australia north of New Zealand will be somewhat poorer than
August at 4.2 tons. In waters 300 miles west of New Zealand
and 180 miles northwest of the north cape of New Zealand, a
catch rate of some five tons may be expected.

East Pacific, the first fishing ground (north of 20° N, lati-
tude, east of 150° W. longitude): In the area 28°-32° N. lati-
tude, 140°-150° E. longitude, big-eyed tuna fishing will begin
to improve, approaching its winter good fishing season at 1.5
tons. Striped marlin will be in its good fishing period at 0.2
ton.

East Pacific, the second and third fishing grounds (20° N.
latitude-10° S, latitude, east of 150° W. longitude): Of the area
around 120°-150° E. longitude, the belt between 3°~10° N. lati~
tude will yield poor yellowfin fishing at 0.9 ton. Big-eyec tuna
will have its good season but conditions are somewhat differ-
ent in the north and the south of 5° N, latitude at 5.1 tons for
the north and 4.4 tons for waters between 3°-5° N. latitude or
maybe less. In the area south of the equator, yellowfin fish~
ing in two areas, the equator~2° S. latitude and 5°-10° S. lati-
tude, will have either a good fishing period or will steadily
improve at 3.6 tons for the equator~2° S. latitude and 1.8 tons
for the area between 5° and 7° S, latitude. Also, 2.7 tons will
be the catch rate for 7°-10° S. latitude and in the area, the
equator~10° S, latitude, they are expected to be caught with
big-eyed tuna whose catch rate is thought to be 3-4 tons.

East Pacific, fourth fishing ground (10°-30° S, latitude,
east of 150° W. longitude): Albacore catch around 22° S, lati-
tude will be low at 0.3-0.9 ton but like the fourth fishing
ground in the Central Pacific, catch is expected to be higher
in the south.

OK OK OK OK

TWO TUNA MOTHERSHIPS RETURN
FROM FIJI ISLANDS AREA:

The Nojima Maru 8,503 tons), one of the
tuna-fishing motherships operating in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

Fiji Islands area, returned to its Japanese
base on September 8.

This mothership and its fleet of vessels
started fishing late in May and attained its
catch quota of 5,466 metric tons 15 days ear-
lier than expected due to unexpectedly good
catches of yellowfin tuna. She returned to
Japan with about 3,500 tons of the total catch,
the balance having been shipped to Japan via
carrier vessel. Included in the catch by the
Nojima Maru's fleet were 1,400 tons of alba-
core and 1,285 tons of yellowfin tuna. The
yellowfin tuna averaged close to 49 pounds
per fish as compared with an average of 38
pounds per fish last year. One-third of the
entire catch is to be exported.

A second tuna-fishing mothership, the No.
3 Tenyo Maru, arrived back in Tokyo on
September 15 from a trip to the same Pacific
area. Her fleet's catch amounted to 6,426
tons, including 2,395 tons of albacore and
2,364 tons of yellowfin tuna. The No. 3 Tenyo
Maru was replaced on the “a Islands fishing
grounds with the Koyo Maru on August 3.

Unusually good fishing was reported a-
round mid-August 1960 by these Japanese
mothership-type tuna long-line fleets fishing
off the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific this
season.

The Koyo Maru expected to operate until
mid-November 1960, and produce 2,200 met-
ric tons of frozen whole tuna and 2,400 tons
of fillets, of which 1,700 tons was to be ex-
ported to the United States. (Fisheries Eco-
nomic News, August 20; other Japanese news-
papers of September 13-15, 1960.)

OOK OK OK OK

SEPTEMBER FORECAST ISSUED FOR
TUNA FISHING IN INDIAN OCEAN:

The Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Ex-
perimental Station early in August released
forecasts on Indian Ocean tuna fishing in
September 1960 as follows (tonnage indicates
catch per 1,800 hooks):

Eastern Indian Ocean (east of 100° E.

longitude): Yellowfin fishing in the Banda

and Flores Seas will be poor with 0.3 ton.

In adjacent waters of the Small Sunda Islands
and around northwest shores of Australia,
fishing will remain at 1.2 tons in the former
and 1.5 tons in the latter. Big-eyed tuna fish-
ing is expected to be good in the north of 282

72

Japan (Contd.):

S. latitude at 2 tons. Good albacore fishing
period is expected west of 110° E. longitude
between 209-309 S, latitude and 10°-13° S,
latitude with increased catches of 1.3 tons
over August. Indian Ocean tuna will appear
from Timor Island to 20° S. latitude, 105°E.
longitude and catch will increase suddenly to
2,.2-3 tons.

North Indian Ocean (north of 5° N. lati-
tude): Poor fishing for yellowfin and big-
eyed tuna in the Bay of Bengal with 0.7 ton
for yellowfin and 0.5 tons for big-eyed tuna.
Also, poor yellowfin season is expected in
the Arabian Sea with 0.7 tons, but big-eyed
tuna fishing will be good with 3.6 tons per-
haps. :

Central Indian Ocean (5° N. latitude-10°
S. latitude, west of 100° E. longitude): Yel-
lowfin fishing will be generally poor with
1.6 tons in the eastern region and 2.7 tons in
the western part. Big-eyed tuna are expected
to be caught in the entire sea area mixed with
other species at rate of 1.5 tons.

South Indian Ocean (south of 10° S. latitude,
west of 100° E. longitude): Albacore season -
will be good in the sea area between 22°-30°
S. latitude in the east of 52° E. longitude with

_1.5 tons in the eastern area and 2.4 tons in
the western part. Also, yellowfin will be
mixed with other species in that area atrate
of 0.8 ton.

OK kk OK

TUNA FISHING IN INDIAN OCEAN:

Tokai University's Fisheries Research In-
stitute reported as of mid-August 1960 onfish-
ing conditions inthe Indian Ocean as follows:

Generally speaking, fishing in the middle
and western Indian Ocean was somewhat in-
active and there were only 26 vessels oper-
ating. Yellowfin fishing in Sumatra waters
was showing a tendency to decline. Com-
paratively good dishing, however, was re-
ported around 4°-5° S, latitude, 959-980 B,
longitude. Yellowfin and big-eyed tuna fish-
ing was being started on the south side of
the Sunda Islands. Albacore fishing con-
tinued good east of Madagascar, averaging
3.8 metric tons a day.

Principal fishing grounds for yellowfin,
big-eyed, and albacore around Sumatra were

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

shifting east southeastward. Fishing was good
around 95°-98° E. longitude, 4°-5° S. latitude.
The fishing ground around Madagascar at 50°-
54° EB. longitude, 26°-28° S. latitude shifted
westward, and although catch decreased some-
what, fishing was rather stabilized. About 12
vessels were still operating in the area. The
size of the albacore was about 40-51 pounds
each, smaller than those caught farther south.
(Fisheries Economic News, August 26, 1960.)

KOK OK KOK

CANNED SALMON SALES AND
MARKET PROSPECTS THIS YEAR:

The Japanese Canned Salmon Joint Sales
Company towards the latter part of August
prepared to sell this year's pack of canned
salmon for export. The amount available for
export is expected to be about 40 percent less
than last year. A 5 to 8 percent increase in
price is expected to follow and the sales com-
pany expected a meeting of its directors to
set the new prices for this season's pack.

The sales company would like to raise the
price for export by 10 percent (the same as
for domestic sales). But reports state that
in Britain, canned salmon stocks are in ex-
cess of demand and export sales to that coun-
try are not expected to be handled as readily
as domestic sales in Japan.

Pack receipts for sale by the sales com-
pany for 1960 are estimated to be some
1,300,000 cases (half-poundcans, 96 cans to
a case)--a decrease of about 1,000,000 cases
from last year's receipts.

Japanese Canned Salmon Joint Sales Company Sales,
Fiscal Year April 1959-March 1960

Carried Over
from Previous
Brednct Fiscal Year

Consigned
Gant sie Contracted | Remainder
During Year

~ 115/590
1, 388, 000
156, 450

Total . 136,750 2,314, 890 | 2,370,140 a 00

The sales company has compiled data on
its sales in the fiscal year April 1959-
March 1960 (see table). Of the 75,700 cases
of pinks not contracted for as of March 31,
1,000 cases are fancy (96 cans of No. 2's);
38,000 cases are standard grade (96 cans of
No. 2), 600 cases of 48 cans of No. 4's;
38,500 cases of 96 cans of No. 3 standard;

November 1960

Japan (Contd.):

and 17,00 cases (96 cans of No. 3) in tomato
sauce. (The Hokkai Suisan, May 23, 1960;
Fisheries Economic News, August 23, 1960.)

Note: Can sizes are somewhat different from United States
usage--No. 2 cans are half-pound cans and No. 4 cans are
1-lb. cans.

sek oe oe
KK OK O&K

CANNED SALMON EXPORT PRICES:

The Japanese Canned Salmon Sales Com-
pany announced early in September, this
year's export prices for a case of 96 No. 2
cans of canned salmon--$1.30 a case higher

Japanese Canned Salmon Export Prices (f.0.b.), 1960

Silver, #2 can
Silver, #3 can

Cans/ | For United States, Canada, Europe
Case

Chum, #3 can
Chum, #4 can
Note: Can numbers are not the same as used in United States.
No information of equivalent U. S. number of net contents

for each can size.

for red and silver salmon and $1.00 higher
on pink and chum salmon. (Suisan Tsushin,
September 13, 1960.)
Kk OOK OK Ok ok

SALMON MOTHERSHIP FLEETS TO
FISH BOTTOMFISH IN BERING SEA:

Japanese companies are planning to send
six of the salmon mothership fleets to the
Bering Sea and North Pacific to fish for flat-
fish and bottomfish now that the salmonfish-
ing season is ended.

To the Bering Sea: Ekjin Maru mother-
ship with 12 trawlers for a production target
of 4,720 metric tons; Miyajima Maru with 6
trawlers, target 5,600 tons; Kyokuzan Maru
with 8 trawlers, production target 4,800 tons.

Sea areas west of Kamchatka Peninsula:
Kashima Maru mothership with 10 catchers,
target 6,500 tons; Chiyoo Maru, target 5,900
tons; Ohtus Maru, production goal of 5,000
tons.

The total production of the 6 fleets will
amount to 32,520 tons. Adding frozen prod-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

Japanese trawler Kinyo Mam with deckload of flatfish caught
in July 1960 in North Pacific.

ucts produced by four other trawling factory-
ships operating in the North Pacific, total
production is expected to exceed 40,000 tons
this year. (Suisan Tsushin, August 23, 1960.)

kkk x @

AQUICULTURAL PRODUCTION UP
FOR 1959/60 FISCAL YEAR:

On July 25, 1960, the Japanese Statistics
and Survey Section of the Ministry of Agri-
culture and Forestry published data on cul-
tured pearl, laver, oyster, and other aquicul-
ture production for the Japanese fiscal year
April 1959-March 1960. There was a produc-
tion of 54 metric tons of pearls, 24,000 tons
of oysters (meats), and 2,290 million sheets
of dried laver or seaweed--increases of 11
percent, 22 percent, and 9 percent, respec-
tively, over the preceding fiscal year. These
figures, which are the highest in history,
show how aquiculture is taking the spotlight
in the Japanese coastal fisheries.

Cultured Pearls: There were 5,548 pro-
ducers of cultured pearls, an increase of 9
percent over the previous year. The number
of enterprises raising oysters for pearl cul-
ture increased, but there was a declining
trend in the number engaged both in raising
the host oysters and culturing pearls. There
was a decrease in the number of small oper-
ators with from one to 14 rafts, but increases
among medium-size enterprises with 15 or
more rafts, and large operators with 100 or
more rafts. This tendency appeared strong
in Mie, Kochi, and Nagasaki prefectures.
The total quantity of pearls landed was 53.6
metric tons. Production of small pearls de-

74

Japan (Contd.):

clined while that of medium and large pearls
rose (46 percent of the production was small
pearls, 41 percent medium, and 13 percent
large).

Oysters: There were 8,009 producers of
oysters, a drop of 469 from the preceding,
year. This drop was due to producers in
Iwate and Miyagi prefectures switching to
laver growing. Production of shucked meats
was 24,000 metric tons, an increase of 4,000
tons. Production has been rising smoothly
for the past 5 years. There were increases
in all of the principal producing prefectures
of Iwate, Miyagi, Saga, and Hiroshima, with
a particularly large increase in Hiroshima.

Laver: There were 63,700 producers of
laver, an increase of about 2,000 over the
preceding year. Production was 2,290 mil-
lion sheets of the dried seaweed, an increase
of about 10 percent. Production dropped
about 30 percent in the Northeast and in
Tokyo Bay, and increased at about the same
rate in Ise and Mikawa Bays. The Ariake
Sea had an increase of 114 percent. Produc-
tion increases by types were 4.7 percent for
purple laver, 11 percent for mixed, and 35
percent for green laver.

Prices: Compared with the preceding
fiscal year, pearl prices were up over-all
by 19 percent. Purple laver prices were up
12 percent and green laver prices were up
by 35 percent, but the prices of mixed laver
were down by 15 percent. (The Suisan Keizai,
July 26, 1960.)

7 OK OK OK 78

ECONOMIC TRENDS IN THE
FISHERIES, 1959:

The Economic Base in 1959: In 1959, the
Japanese economy recovered from the stag-
nation of the preceding year and showed a
growth rate for which there are few prece-
dents in the world, producing the so-called
"Sun Goddess Boom.'' The step-up in pro-
ductive activity brought an increase in in-
vestments and in employment; an improve-
ment in the conditions of employment; an in-
crease in the earnings of workers. HEarn-
ings rose to a high level both in the cities
and in the farming communities. There was
also an increase in consumer expenditures,
In fishery activities, too, investment flour-
ished, and the expansion of production

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol 22, No. 11

reached anew high. Processing activities
to meet the new demand for fishery products
because of changes in the nation's food habits
were further expanded by the large fishing
companies, and production and consumption
of fishery products were generally active.

Fig. 1 - Japanese fish-meal factoryship Renshin Maru operating
in Bering Sea, July 1960. Uses bottomfish caught by its fleet
of 27 trawlers.

Hishery Production: No basic solution was
found to conditions on international fishing
grounds, but basic fishery production in1959
was 5.88 million metric tons, the highest in
history and 7 percent above the previous year.
This was due to increases in the catches of
such important species of the offshore and
high-seas fisheries as mackerel scad, mack-
erel, squid, saury, and tunas.

Investment Trends: The increase in pro-
duction was assisted by fishing conditions and
other favorable natural factors, but there was
much help from the rapid modernization in
recent years of the means of production and
unceasing technical improvement. Investment
in such sectors continued active during the
year. In particular, in the case of fishing ves-
sels over 15 meters (49 feet) in length, re-
placement with steel vessels, building of larg-
er vessels, and installation of better equip-
ment brought a further improvement in gen-
eral quality. In smaller boats also, there was
an advance in investment connected with in-
stallation of motor power, conversion to Die-
sel engines, etc., and the same was true for
technical developments in the field of aquicul-
ture. The large fishing companies continued
to diversify their investments by strengthen-
ing their activities ashore.

Fisheries Financing: With the general
improvement in economic conditions, there
was a gradual relaxation of the tight money
situation which prevailed the preceding year,
and on the whole there was an increase in
loans by financing agencies in response to

November 1960

Japan (Contd.):

the increased demand for capital. In the fish-
ing industry, new loans for facilities were 14
percent above the preceding year. The a-
mount of increase of loans of short-term op-
erating capital showed a tendency to decline
as compared with the preceding year, but it
can probably be said that there were no signs
of a shortage of money. There was a par-
ticularly outstanding increase in the securing
of capital by the big fishing companies through
the issuance of industrial bonds.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

Exports of Fishery Products: Supported
by world economic recovery, Japan's interna-
tional trade in 1959 showed a marked expan-
sion. The rate of increase of Japan's export
trade in fishery products, which had been 33
percent in 1958, dropped sharply to only 5.4
percent. This was due to a decline in canned
products, which had shown a marked increase
in 1958. Products of fishing countries other
than Japan moved strongly into the world mar-
ket in 1959.

Economic Trends: In 1959 fisheries pro-
duction increased, and prices, reflecting de-

Fig. 2 - Japanese crab factory vessel Shinyo Mam operating in the North Pacific. Processes mostly frozen crab and fish.

Domestic Demand for Fishery Products:
Prosperity and the bumper rice crop were
reflected in an increase in earnings, which
brought improvements in the living standard
of the people. Along with this came advances
in the modernization and rationalization of
the people's food habits. Demand for fishery
products tended to move in the direction of
fresh fish, processed fish of good quality,
high-class items, and products easy to pre-
pare for the table. But from the point of
view of family income and expenditures,
there was a tendency toward a stagnation of
growth in both the amount of expenditure for
fishery products and in the quantity of such
products consumed (or purchased).

Movements of Fish Prices: Althoughpro-
duction in 1958 was up by 2 percent over the
preceding year, the over-all average price
in the producing areas fell by 9 percent. In
1959, although production rose by 7 percent,
the decline in prices was only 2 percent, so
it can be said that they held fairly steady.
Wholesale prices (Tokyo) rose on the aver-
age by 3 percent, and prices to the consumer
in cities and rural communities were above
those of 1958.

mand, were fairly firm, Materials used by
the fishing industry showed almost no in-
creases in price, except for some rise in the
price of fuel oil, and the supply of those ma-
terials was smooth, so that in general the
conditions of operation in the fishing indus-
try were favorable. However, this conclu-
sion cannot be equally applied to an industry
which includes various segments. In the
coastal fisheries, some segments of aquicul-
ture showed a tendency toward stability in
1959, and fishermen using small vessels in-
creased their over-all income, if income
from activities other than fishing is added.
The income of medium and small fishery
enterprises operating offshore and in distant
waters tended to increase with the increase
in production, but from the increased rate of
seasonal participation in diversified fishing
activity, it can probably be said that this
segment experienced an intensification of
competition in production. The large fishing
companies strengthened their operating bases
through diversification and had good earning
prospects. (Japanese Fisheries Agency
Weekly Report, vol. 11, no. 22, July 13, 1960.)

On
re eS a

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

OFFERS OF CANNED SARDINES
SUSPENDED DUE TO SHORT PACK:

The Japanese Canned Fish and Shellfish
Sales Company notified the exporters towards
the latter part of August 1960 that it sus-
pended sales of canned sardines because
stocks were exhausted. The pack of canned
sardines had been light--only 372,000 cases
had been received from the packers and
stocks on hand had been reduced to almost
zero. No hope was held out for improved
sardine fishing in the Sanin area during Au-
gust, but an improvement was expected in
mid-September. The sardines received were
sold to the Philippines and African countries.
(Suisan Tsushin, August 19, 1960.)

me OK OK OK 36

INTEREST RATE CUT ON FISHING
VESSEL FINANCING:

The Agriculture and Fisheries Public
Fund has been asking the Japanese Ministry
of Finance for approval of the decrease in
interest rates for small vessels as envisaged
in its directive for the promotion of modern-
ization in the coastal fisheries. The approv-
al of the Banking Bureau had been secured
as of July 1960, and the Accounting Bureau
was expected to give its approval.

Involved are loans for 1,898 vessels (to-
taling 6,760 tons gross) from a budget of
613 million yen (US$1.7 million) on terms of
6.5 percent interest, with a maximum of 10
years for repayment and 2 years for defer-
ral, with financing of up to 80 percent of the
cost of the vessel.

The financing plans are for 1,760 boats
of less than 5 tons gross at 100,000 yen
(about $278) per ton for a total of 431 mil-
lion yen ($1.2 million); 83 vessels of 5 to
10 gross tons at 150,000 yen ($477) per ton
for a total of 79 million yen (219,000); and
55 vessels of over 10 gross tons at 180,000
yen ($500) per ton for a total of 130 million
yen ($361,000). In the case of boats under
5 gross tons, emphasis will be on construc-
ting replacements for over-age vessels and
improving vessel efficiency. (The Suisan
Keizai, July 26, 1960.)

K Ok ok Y

LAUNCH LARGE STERN-TYPE TRAWLER:

The Amagi Maru (2,250 tons), stern-type
trawler of a large Japanese fishing company
was turned over to its owner at a shipyard

Vol. 22, No. 11

in Hiroshima. The vessel is 78.1 meters
(256.2 feet) long, 13.5 meters (44.3 feet) wide,
equipped with a Diesel engine developing
2,400 hp. and has a capacity for 214.5 metric
tons of frozen fish, in addition to many im-
proved facilities. The vessel, Japan's larg-
est trawler of this type, was expected to sail
in early October for fishing grounds around
Australia and New Zealand. (Japanese News-
papers, September 12, 1960.)

7K OK OK OK OK

SALMON SHARK RESEARCH FLEET
IN NORTH PACIFIC:

The Japanese salmon shark research fleet
consisting of 2 long-line and 4 drift-net ves-
sels operating around the Aleutian Islands in
the North Pacific, reported around mid-Au-
gust that it had captured 833 salmon sharks.
Upon examination, 236 sharks, or about 30 per-
cent of the total catch, were found to have
eaten salmon. According to a technician of
the Hokkaido Fisheries Research Institute,
some of the shark had eaten 7 or 8 salmon.

The purpose of the investigation is to ac-
quire data for the Japanese side in negotia-
tions with the Soviet Union for next year's
fishery talks. (Fisheries Economic News,
August 25, 1960.)

Sh oh gh oh
mR AS ROS OS

FROZEN SHRIMP IMPORTED
FROM COMMUNIST CHINA:

A large Japanese fishing company has im-
ported 15 metric tons of frozen taisho shrimp
(Penaeus orientalis) from Communist China,
and expected to put them on sale at the Tokyo
fish market in August 1960. This is the first
import of Communist China shrimp this year.
On August 8, it was expected that 300 boxes
(each containing 25 pounds) would be received
at Tokyo from Shimonoseki, and further ship-
ments were expected to follow. The price
had not been set, but the importing company's
Shimonoseki office was thinking of selling at
700-750 yenper kilogram (88.2 to 94.5 U. S.
cents a lb.). It was also reported that dealers
in the Tokyo market will be handling frozen
shrimp imported from Communist China by
two other large Japanese fishing companies.
(The Suisan Keizai, July 26, 1960.)

Me OK OK OK
SOVIET FISHERIES MISSION INSPECTS
FISHERIES FACILITIES:

An eight-member Soviet fishery mission
arrived in Japan on September 6, 1960, aboard

November 1960

Japan (Contd.):

the Soviet ship Yakutia. The mission is
visiting Japan in accordance with the terms
of the Japan-U.8S.S.R. Fisheries Agreement
and was scheduled to inspect Japanese fish-
ery facilities in Hokkaido for a period of a-
bout one month. ;

On his arrival, the head of the mission
stated to the Japanese press that there was
need for both Japan and Russia to take strong
measures for controlling salmon fishing op-
erations. In a Separate press interview, he
added that the Soviet Union had reduced their
operations in accordance with the limitations
set by the two countries as the result oftheir
annual negotiations. He held out hope to the
Japanese that the maximum fishing catch
could be raised.at a later date if research
and investigation work should prove that
salmon resources are increasing. He said,
however, that in the meantime measures for
the conservation of resources and the main-
tenance of good spawning conditions would -
have to be strictly observed if salmon fish-
ing over the long run is to be assured. (U.S.
Embassy in Tokyo, September 9, 1960.)

Libya

TUNA FISHERY TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1960:

In Tripolitania the tuna-fishing season
this year began under very inauspicious cir-
cumstances. By mid-April only six compa-
nies were able to resume operations. ''Tech-
nical difficulties'' (e.g., labor shortages or
financial difficulties) prevented five other
companies from operating this season. Dur-
ing the late April-to-early-June period, the
companies operated off the western Tripoli-
tania coast. Local sources described the
tuna catch as satisfactory. After mid-June
the fishing was concentrated off the eastern
shores of the Province where the catch was
better than average as of the end of July.
(United States Embassy, Tripoli, July 30,
1960.)

Nail
iy :
f

al
( i\ dl

Te

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

Mexico

EXPORT DUTIES INCREASED
ON SHRIMP AND CRABS:

Effective August 21, 1960 (Diario Oficial,
August 20, 1960) by changes in official
prices, upon which ad valorem duties are
based, Mexico increased export duties on
shrimp and ''walking'' crabs and reduced ex-
port duties on live turtles. On fresh or iced
shrimp duty increases amount to about 1.89
U. S. cents a pound for shrimp originating
in the Gulf of Mexico and about 1.73 cents a
pound for shrimp from the Pacific. Duty in-
creases on frozen shrimp amount to about
one-third of a cent a pound on shrimp coming
from the Gulf of Mexico and Salina Cruz,
Oaxaca, and Santa Rosalia, Baja California,
and about three-tenths of a cent a pound on
shrimp originating in other regions.

The new export duty rates on fresh or
iced shrimp are about 13.439 U.S. cents a
pound for shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico
and 13.069 cents a pound for those from the
Pacific. On frozen shrimp the new duty rates
are 2.510 U. S. cents a pound for frozen
shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico and Salina
Cruz, Oaxaca, and Santa Rosalia, Baja Cali-
fornia, and 2.443 cents a pound for frozen
shrimp originating elsewhere. Official prices
were increased from 1,223 and 1,250 pesos
per 100 net kilos to 1,410 and 1,450 pesos,
respectively. The higher prices pertain to
shrimp originating in the Gulf of Mexico.
Duty rates, per 100 net kilos, are 0.30 pesos

specific plus 25 percent ad valorem for fresh

or iced shrimp and 2.50 pesos specific plus
4.5 percent ad valorem for frozen shrimp.
The ad valorem duty is based on the official
price. In addition to the export duties there
is a 2-percent municipal tax placed on the
amount of the export tax.

Most of Mexico's exports are frozen
shrimp. According to official statistics,
Mexico in 1959 exported only 16,400 pounds
of fresh or iced shrimp whereas 65.5 million
pounds of frozen shrimp were exported dur-
ing the same year.

The official price for fresh, iced, or frozen

Moro crabs (Menippe mercenaria) and other

"walking" crabs was increased from 4.00
pesos to 6.80 pesos a gross kilo. This in-
volves a duty increase from about 1.48 U.S.
cents (old rate) to about 2.52 U. S. cents per
gross pound, There was no change in duty
on swimming crabs. According to official

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Mexico (Contd.): at Agadir and Safi. There seems to be no production of
fish meal as fertilizer.

statistics, there were 1 exports of either In each port of Morocco, the official CARPI Agency

Moro or other ‘walking’ crabs during 1959. (Comptoir d’Agreage et de Repartition du Poisson Industriel)

The official price on live marine turtles,
other than tortoise-shell turtles, was re-
duced from 2.80 to 2.00 pesos a gross kilo.
Export duties, as a consequence, dropped
from about 1.04 to about 0.74 U. S. cents a
gross pound. Mexican exports of live turtles
in 1959 were 167,600 pounds.

It is not expected that the duty changes re-
ported here will have any appreciable effect
on Mexican exports of the items mentioned.
(United States Embassy, Mexico City, Au-
gust 23, 1960.)

Morocco

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY: takes care of the distribution of landed fish, taking into ac~
In 1959 Morocco produced 17,714 metric tons of fish count the quality and the needs of local consumption and in-

meal, 4,694 tons of fish oil, and 115 tons of other fishery dustry. Thus, the price of fish destined for byproducts is

byproducts. These products are manufactured primarily fixed. At present, manufacturers consider that the prices

Moroccan Fish Meal and Fish Body Oil Exports, 1958-59

Fish Meals

DREWES 5 oooonoonODsOdON 473,679 195,537 1,572,140
West Germany ....2.es2000 172,562 93,120 184,024
SPAM oo ooooncoDCooODOS 56,363 14,172 28,007
EMEFASY 6 ono don ODOd AOS 6,206 - -
PEAWEL po oogoeDAGOOooD 17,237 10,263 20,282
Netherlands, ...cccccnves 15,539 - -
Czechoslovakia ...cceeccece 58,623 40,451 79,939
East Germany ..cceeceeecs 18,876 - -
VECHENAAS A con ooGooDoOn = 24,302 48,026
Brite err yASiay ele islslelsissts 6,455 = -
WnitediStatess eu cieisletiaialaieie 12,110 47,012 92,905
IWEStPAIKICAaererctalslststotalaiaters 80 - -
Madagascar ..secceccrecce 1,641 3,243
Switzerland. ...cccessese

2 287
Total Meal ...ee2eceee| 14019 847,613 {1,675,052

Fish Body Oi
EB ANCe etetelatstctelsieleteletalntete 197,518 890,335
West Germany ...0ececsecs 23,941 41,312
Netherlands. ...-ccccecces b 15,260 30,157
NOrWayY. sce sccsnesnesbs 6,807 18,452
Ocal Oil Weleielalalslstelateiele 243,526 481,256"
1/Not available.
Note: Values converted at rate of one Moroccan franc equals US$0.0019762 (506 Moroccan francs equal US$1.00).

November 1960

Morocco (Contd.):

paid for raw material are too high, as they do not permit
any fair competition on foreign markets.

At Safi, the price of fish (chiefly sardines) destined
for byproducts was fixed at 8 francs a kilo (US$14.60 a
short ton), which including taxes, disembarkment, and
transportation costs, amounts to 9.97 French francs a
kilo (US$18.00 a ton) of fish brought to the plant.

Manufacturers also use waste fish from canneries or
freezing plants. In that case, the price is lower, as it is
fixed at the end of the fishing year and usually reaches
an average of 7 francs a kilo (US$12.60 a ton).

Fish meal and oil prices are essentially changeable and
depend on the prices offered on foreign markets. Each
plant fixes, considering its own cost price, its possibilities
of production and exports, according to those foreign
prices, Prices were sharply declining the latter part of
July 1960 and were:

At Hamburg:

From Peru: 43 and 40 French francs a kilo (US$78

and $72 a short ton) f,o.b. Peruvian port
(65 percent protein), These prices are
considered by Peruvian exporters as be~
low their cost price.

From Norway: Herring 79-80 francs a kilo (US$144~146
a short ton), c.i.f. Marseilles.

From France: 58 francs a kilo ($106 a short ton),

railway station La Rochelle.

At France:

From Peru: 58 francs a kilo (US$106 a short ton),
from railway station of Nantes.

From Morocco: 62 francs a kilo (US$112 a short ton),

from railway station of Nantes.

Moroccan manufacturers consider that the above
prices do not cover their present cost prices.

Fish oil is sold at different prices depending on the
quality. Prices in July 1960 ranged from 64 francs a
kilo (5.8 U. S. cents a pound) for crude fish oils to 99
francs a kilo (9 U. S. cents a pound) for refined, deodor-
ized oils, c.i.f. French ports. (United States Embassy,
Rabat, June 27, 1960.)

See eee
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, values converted at rate of one French franc
equals US$0.002 (490.60 francs equal US$1.00).

Netherlands

WHALE-OIL TANKER SOLD
TO JAPANESE;

The Netherlands whaling company and a
Japanese whaling firm have signed a con-
tract concerning the sale of the Dutch 10,725-
ton whale-oil tanker Bloemendael. Accord-
ing to the Netherlands Whaling Company, the
contract price was £420,000 (US$1,176,000)
delivered at Yokohama. The contract is sub-
ject to approval by the Japanese Government.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

The Japanese firm has reportedly pur-
chased the ship in order to prepare for whal-
ing operations in the Central and North Pa-
cific.

The Netherlands Government will benefit
from the sale, since the contract between the
Government and the Netherlands whaling com-
pany stipulates that the Government will re-
ceive any amount in excess of the presently-
determined book value based on allowances
for depreciation. The tanker, built in 1931
(at which time it was the William Barendsz),
originally was used as a factoryship. (United
States Consulate in Amsterdam, August 31,

1960.)
cap Saba

Norway

FROZEN FISH EXPORT TRENDS:

The Norwegian frozen fish organization,
whose brand of frozen fish has found wide
acceptance in the United States, recently
joined forces with an 80-year-old Dutch food
packing firm for distribution of Norwegian
frozen fish in the Netherlands and other Bene-
lux countries. But Norwegian frozen fishery
products have been sold in the Netherlands
for some ten years through a subsidiary whose
name now will be changed to reflect owner-
ship by the Norwegian organization and the
Netherlands firm.

The Norwegian frozen fish organization,
whose gross sales in the fiscal year that
ended June 30, 1960, rose Kr. 20 million
(US$2.8 million) to reach about Kr. 90 mil-
lion ($12.6 million), hopes to export 1,000

‘metric tons to Great Britain this year. In

cooperation with a British refrigerator manu-
facturer, a nationwide advertising campaign
was expected to be launched in October.

Norway's second largest exporter of fro-
zen fish fillets has had a record supply of
raw material this year. In the first half of
1960, the firm's plant at Hammerfest, North
Norway, received 12,000 tons of fish, as
against 7,000 tons in the same period of the
preceding year, and a total of 13,000 tons in
the entire year of 1959. Meanwhile, plans
are proceeding to double the firm's present
annual production of 6,000 tons of frozen fils
lets. (News of Norway, September 8, 1960.)

He 3K OK OK OK

80

Norway (Contd.):

NATIONAL FISHERIES FAIR 1960:

The National Fisheries Fair 1960, largest
in Norway's history, was held in the west
coast port of Bergen, August 25-September
11, under auspices of Norwegian Trade Fairs.
The event was opened by King Olav, who also
formally dedicated the new 10-story Oceano-
graphic Research Institute. This was built
by the Fisheries Directorate at a cost of
Kr. 5.5 million (US$770,000). At the same
time, the adjoining Bergen Aquarium
was opened for public inspection. Biggest
and most modern aquarium in Europe, the
Kr. 3.5 million (US$490,000) structure was
financed exclusively by local contributions.

The Fair graphically illustrated the rapid
strides made by Norway's fishing industry
in recent years. Seafood products, modern
fishing gear, motors, vessels, navigational
aids, and other electronic instruments, were
shown at 218 stands. Among the 200 exhibi-
tors were 40 firms from Great Britain, U-
nited States, Denmark, Sweden, France,
Germany, and the Netherlands.

In connection with the sales fair, sponsors
organized a series of trade meetings. There

were separate sections for boat building ma-.

chinery, boat equipment, technical aids, fish-
. ing gear, fish processing, canning, filleting,
and freezing, exports and imports, as well as
equipment for sports fishing. Other sections
were devoted to activities of the Norwegian
Sea Rescue Society, insurance, economic
conditions of Norway's fishermen and fishing
industry, social benefits, the Fishery Bank,
and fishery inspection. Research experi-
mentation, and administration of the Fisher-
ies Directorate were also emphasized.

Exposition buildings had a total floor
space of some 75,000 square feet. The
14,000 square foot general section offered
numerous attractions, including a giant re-
lief map of Norway with magnetized fishing
vessels that could be directed to the main
coastal fishing grounds. Color movies,
showing fishermen in action, were shown
several times each day, while experts dem-
onstrated ways of preparing and cooking fish
and other sea products. ®

A major attraction is the Bergen Aquari-
um. The public part of the aquarium com-
prises one general and one special section,
located on separate levels. The former pre-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

sents a vast variety of mixed fish and other
sea creatures in nine glass tanks lining acir-
cular room. The 19x22 foot tanks have wide-
angle side walls, thus giving the impression
of a single, undivided aquarium. The special
section, also comprising a series of glass
tanks, is designed to demonstrate three
themes--the development of species, speciali-
zation to meet changing environments, and
habits of individual fish species.

Closed to the public is a huge circular
tank below the aquarium levels. When finished
in another year, this will give researchers an
opportunity to study the actions of ocean cur-
rents and their effect upon fish behavior. The
10-foot wide tank forms the outer ring of a
circular research laboratory, over 50 feet in
diameter, with a glass-walled observation
room for researchers in the center.

Ten feet deep, the tank is divided into 10
compartments, each separated from the ob-
servation room by two windows, and each
capable of being closed off from the rest. By
varying the density of water fed into the tank,
Norwegian scientists will seek to create dif-
ferent layers of current in various compart-
ments. Thus, they hope to throw new light on
the interaction of ocean currents and, also,
how fish are affected by changes in currents,
temperatures, and salinity.

The Bergen Aquarium is connected with
the Oceanographic Research Institute, located
in a building of striking architecture. The
Institute accommodates administration offices
as well as a number of specialized research
laboratories. The latter cover physical oce-
anography, various fisheries--such as cod,
herring, brisling, sardines, and mackerel--
plus plankton. A department for fish physi-
ology and behavior is also projected. (News
of Norway, September 1, 1960.)

Me OK OK Ke

WEST AFRICAN EXPLORATORY
FISHING EXPEDITION PLANNED:

The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries
is actively engaged in assembling a fleet of
10 fishing vessels to accompany the Directo-
rate's research vessel Johan Hjort and the
freezership Caribia on an exploratory fish-
ing expedition to the West African coast this
year. According to Fiskaren (August 3, 1960),
a Norwegian fishery trade periodical, 19 fish-.
ing craft have expressed a desire to take part
in the expedition. However, only 10 vessels

November 1960

Norway (Contd.):

will be taken and they will be offered a guar-
antee against loss up to 75,000 Kroner
(US$10,500) per vessel for the months of Oc-
tober, November, and December.

The Directorate of Fisheries is interested
in steel vessels with freezing equipment and
insulated cold-storage rooms which can hold
the catch at 329 F, The vessels must have
cod or pollock seines or long lines for tuna.
A specific vessel size has not been set, but
it is thought that they should be about 100 feet
in length.

Pakistan

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

Pakistan’s fish-meal industry is passing through
an indeterminate stage due to the rapid decline in
world prices and a lack of suitable stocks of fresh
and dried fish.

Fish-meal production in 1959 was estimated at
3,000 long tons. Fish oil is produced on a very small
scale by cottage industries; production figures are not
available. No fish oil was exported from Pakistan in
1959,

Pakistan’s fish-~meal industry consists of approxi~
mately six commercial plants concentrated on the
outskirts of Karachi. Of these, only two are modern
reduction plants; the others employ the grinding proc-
ess with sun-dried fish as the raw material. Total
estimated capacity is approximately 130 tons per day.
The Government of Pakistan plans to approve the es~
tablishment of a fish-meal plant in East Pakistan and
a large plant in West Pakistan at Gwadur. The West
Pakistan plant will have a 75-ton-per-day reduction
capacity and will also have fish~oil extraction facili-~
ties; it is' expected that the plant will be in operation
by April 1961.

It is estimated that the cost of production of fish
meal in Pakistan is between Rs. 430 and Rs, 480
(US$91 to $102) per long ton for those factories which
have their own fishing trawlers. Sardines used for
reduction purposes cost from Rs. 120 to Rs, 140
(US$25 to $30) per ton, while fish heads, fish waste,
and sharks cost Rs. 60 (US$13) per ton. Fresh fish
used in the two modern fish~meal plants is not avail-
able on a continuing basis.

Present fish-meal prices of approximately 28
pounds sterling (US$79) 1/a long ton, cost and freight
Continental port, bring in no buyers, but prices lower
than 425 (US$70) bring in some buyers, mainly from
Germany, Holland, and Ceylon. In 1959, Pakistan’s
highest export price to West Germany was 647 (US$132)
a ton,

There are no Government aids or special taxes for
the benefit of Pakistan’s fish-meal and oil industry.
But under the Export Bonus Scheme which came into
operation in January 1959, Pakistan’s exporters of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

certain commodities, including fish meal, can utilize
a stated percentage of their foreign exchange earn-
ings for the importation of some 219 commodities,
Exporters of fish meal and oil are entitled to bonus
vouchers up to 20 percent of the foreign exchange
earnings. The Government of Pakistan has recently
informed fish=meal exporters that the bonus entitle-
ment has been raised from 20 to 40 percent. These
bonus vouchers can be sold openly and at present are
worth a premium of Rs. 120 (US$25) for the face value
of Rs. 100 (US$21). The prospect of earning this pre-
mium enables the Pakistani exporter to reduce his
export prices.

Table 1 - Pakistan’s Fish Meal Exports, 1959

ua

Country of
Destination

est Germany. .
etherlands...
nited Kingdom

eylonienepeneneielts

oD G0
ey lee!
ee 8 @

Note: Values converted at rate of one rupee equals US$0.2115 (4.728 rupees|
equal US$1).

Peru’s entry into the export market for fish meal
(67 percent versus 47 percent for Pakistan) and an
average export price of 28 (US$79) per metric ton,
has adversely affected Pakistan’s export trade. The
demand for Pakistan’s fish meal is now very slow.
This, in turn, has resulted in lower production, now
reported to be about 5-7 tons per day. One plant own-
er has sold out because the fish~meal business is now
nonprofitable. (United States Embassy, Karachi, Au-

gust 19, 1960.)
1/Values converted at rate of one pound sterling equals US$2.8094.

3)

Sj
Panama

SHRIMP INDUSTRY STUDIED
BY FAO EXPERT:

The Panamanian Government will receive
preliminary recommendations from the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to coun-
teract a decline in its shrimp fishery. An ex-
pert from the Government Institute for Fish-
eries Research, Ymuiden, the Netherlands,
under FAO auspices and at the request of the
Panamanian Government, has been interpret-
ing data on Panama's shrimp industry coll
lected since 1954, when a previous FAO fish-
ery expert set up a research laboratory in
Panama City. The expert completed the study
in mid-1960.

The profits from shrimp fishing, which had
in the beginning been good, had started to de-
cline, so that in recent years the industry had
economic difficulties. Analysis of the fishing
intensity and shrimp resources has indicated
that changes in the catches are due partly to

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Panama (Contd.):

intensive fishing. Some Panamanian ships
have already been forced to turn to shrimp
fishing off other Latin American countries,
the FAO expert's report points out. They
often return to Panama to land the shrimp
for processing, if the distance is not too
great.

In 1958, the shrimp fleet numbered just
over 200 vessels. In June 1960 there were
160 vessels left in the fleet, with 15 more
vessels planning to leave the fleet to fish
shrimp elsewhere than off Panama.

Shrimp forms 25 percent of Panama's
exports, and is second in importance only to
bananas as an export product. Apart from
a small amount of shrimp used for home
consumption, the country annually catches
and exports 8 million pounds of shrimp,
valued at $6 million. Nearly all of the ex-
ported shrimp goes to the United States.

Vol. 22, No. 11

Peru

FISHERIES TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1960:

During the second quarter of 1960, the important fish=
meal industry of Peru was confronted with a deepening cri-
sis, brought on by overproduction, reduced world demand,
and low prices. Attempts of the industry to find a way of
limiting production through self-imposed quotas have been
without success. It is generally believed that such attempts
will not be successful, but that natural economic factors
will eventually work to bring stability to the industry.

Exports of fish meal were maintained at an unusually
high rate for the first five months of the year, with a month-
ly average of about 51,000 metric tons (data based on ship-
ping documents). An extended tie-up of anchovy fishermen
in April and May, poor fishing in the Callao area, and sea-
sonally reduced fishing in the third quarter will probably
result in a reduced rate of production during the remain=
der of the year. Members of the trade consider that a
realistic production figure for 1960 would be about 500,000
tons.

Exports of fishery products for the first 3 months of
1960 increased by 157 percent as compared with the same
period of 1959, but the increase in f.0.b. value was only 97
percent. Fish meal exports increased 190 percent in quan-
tity and 130 percent in value. Other fishery products ex-
ports, which were larger in the first quarter of 1960 than in
1959, Included frozen skipjack tuna and shrimp, canned boni-
to, fish oil, and whale oil. Since fish meal exports consti-
tute between 85 and 90 percent of total fisheries industry
exports by quantity (between 70 and 80 percent by value),
there can be no doubt of the importance to the fisheries in-

Peru’s Principal Fishery Products Exports, First Quarter 1958-1960

Quantity
Products

Skipjack tuma ..escccrcce
Ohne WES GooncoonoooS
Swordtishippetsrstelelsieretalstals
Shrimp (‘‘Langostinos’’). ...

anned fish:
BOUILOM sel aletalateleleielstatclole
FLU AW We lelals\iulalatolaieiater stele

Total canned fish. ....06

Fish byproducts:
HSiimleal ey ateteleteletaterare

SDELMIOIl Teretolelatateletatetohere
EsiShlorliererenereteherevetenetetete
Whaleinieal tt avatsletstsistelelel=

3 yfat 36 0.3 ala 1.3 61
1,473
1.0 36

3,040 2,884
2A1

3,781 | 3,161 1,509 | 36.8 [1,904 23.7 | 1,115

F.o.b Value

40.8

34,7 22.1 1,040
21 1.6 15

360.2 |18,004 | 156.7 [5,936
15.9 574 12.7 481
13.7 495 3.4 129

0.5 18 3. 117
otal fishery exports ......| 166,476 33,889 16,061 8,534

1/Average rate for U, S, dollar exchange certificates was 27.70 soles in the first quarter of 1960; 26.40 soles in the same
period of 1959; and 21.24 soles in the first quarter of 1958.

November 1960

Peru (Contd.)

dustry and to the economy of Peru as a whole of an early
solution to the present problems of the fish-meal producing
industry.

Cost of production is an important factor in the ability
of Peru’s fish meal producers to withstand the current dif-
ficult period. When prices began to fall from a high of about
US$140 per ton in 1958 to $90 at the close of 1959, produc-
tion costs were stated to be about $90. As prices have come
down, production cost estimates have been lowered. It has
been authoritatively stated that $58-63 is the absolute mini-
mum at which a ton of fish meal can be produced in an ef-
ficient plant. One of the largest producers is reported to
have said recently that his costs are considerably less than
that, and that he expects to reduce them even further with
the installation of new equipment. Doubt has been expressed
by other producers that a lower cost figure than about $58
per ton is possible. Another producer, without mentioning
actual costs, insisted that reducing them represents the
principal way in which Peruvian producers can weather their
present difficulties and continue to produce and sell fish
meal in the world market. A number of plants have closed
because prices are below costs and it is believed that other
plants will follow. Some may not be able to reopen.

The average price for fish meal (65-percent protein)
f.o.b. Peruvian ports for the April-June 1960 quarter was
US$73.33 ($80.00 in April, $75.00 in May, and $65.00 in
June). During the same period of 1959, fish meal prices
averaged $128.33 f.o.b. Peruvian ports ($135.00 in April,
$130.00 in May, and $120.00 in June 1959).

The construction of boats primarily for anchovy fishing
continues at a rate somewhat below that of 1959 in the
shipyards of Callao. One of the largest yards built 90 ves-
sels in 1959, for the most part wooden vessels up to 80
tons. Up to mid-June 1960, that yard had built 12 wooden
vessels and 22 steel-hulled vessels of 80 to 120 tons. At
the end of June, the keel was laid for a 180-ton steel-
hulled vessel, the largest fishing boat ever built in Peru.
The increasing size of these boats seems to indicate a
trend towards the construction of larger vessels to help cut
costs for fish meal producers,

The continuing construction of fishing vessels in the face
of the closing of fish meal plants and the likelihood that
fishing equipment now in use will have to be beached repre-
sents a paradox explicable only in the same terms as the
overexpanSion of the fish meal industry; that is, the accel-
erated rhythm of too rapid expansion has not yet been halted.
Observers believe, however, that there is.a definite reduction
in the rate of expansion and that it will come to a complete
halt in the near future.

The municipalities of the Greater Lima area extended to
September 3 the period allowed fish meal plants to elimi-
nate obnoxious odors. (United States Embassy report, Lima,
July 15, 1960.)

Philippines

GOVERNMENT MAY REDUCE
25-PERCENT EXCHANGE MARGIN TAX:
The Director General of the Philippine
National Bank, member of the Philippines
Central Bank Monetary Committee, is re-
ported to have stated that a reduction is be-
ing considered in the exchange margin tax

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

from the present 25 percent rate. He said a
strong request had been made by industry to
alleviate the Government policy of tightening
up exchange control. The reduction will be
timed with steps to be taken for the safe and
effective use of the foreign exchange held by
the Government.

The margin tax has been applied since last
year to all Philippine canned foods imports
other than canned sardines and salmon. The
Japanese report that it has caused canned
salmon, cuttlefish or squid, "horse-mack -
erel,'' and common mackerel exports to the
Philippines to drop. In the case of canned
mackerel-pike, a large reduction in price
had to be put in effect. In the case of canned
cuttlefish, many purchase contracts were
cancelled and heavy stocks have built up in

Japan. (The Suisan Tsushin, August 20, 1960.)
°
L/ vod
—_
Portugal

—
UNITED STATES SHIPMENT OF
LIVE STRIPED BASS RECEIVED:

Fifty striped bass arrived in Lisbon, Por-
tugal, August 25, 1960, by air from Rhode
Island, and were taken to a sea-water lagoon
for recovery and initial breeding. Ata later
date, they will be transferred to southern
shore waters where it is hoped they will mul-
tiply as they did years ago when transplanted
from the United States east coast to the west
coast. The shipment was the result of co-
operation between a well-to-do Portuguese
amateur fisherman and the Department of
Agriculture and Conservation of Rhode Is-
land. (United States Embassy in Lisbon, Sep-
tember 2, 1960.)

OK OK OK OK

COD CATCH FROM WESTERN
ATLANTIC BETTER THIS YEAR:

Reports from the Portuguese cod fleet
fishing on the Greenland and Newfoundland
Banks confirm earlier expectations that fish-
ing is much better than in 1958 and 1959.
Some 11 trawlers are reported to have re-
turned to Portugal with full cargoes and gone
back to the Banks for a second voyage. Only
four trawlers made two trips in 1959, the U-
nited States Embassy in Lisbon reported on
September 2, 1960.

OK OK OK

84

Portugal (Contd.):

COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED TO
STUDY FISH CANNING AND
EXPORTING ASSOCIATIONS:

The Portuguese Secretary of State for
Commerce on August 30, 1960, formally in-
stalled an 8-man committee of industry and
Government representatives to study the
regulations and operations of the ''Associa-
tions" (cooperative-type marketing groups)
of manufacturers and exporters of canned
fish. The committee's findings, if imple-
mented by the Government, may have much
significance for marketing practices in the
fish-canning industry. The survey of the in-
dustry will not be complete, however, until
a committee to consider relations between
fishing and fish-selling practices and the in-
dustry has also been appointed and completed
its study. Appointment of this second com-
mittee was expected soon, but several months
may well elapse before both have completed
their work, the United States Embassy, Lis-
bon, reported on September 2,1960.

HOOK XK OK OK

SEAWEEDS IN THE CAPE VERDE
ISLANDS AREA STUDIED:

The Center for Fisheries Biology main-
tained by the Overseas Investigation Board
of the Ministry of Overseas carried out a
study during 1958 of the availability of agar-
bearing seaweeds in the Cape Verde Islands
area. The results of the study were not en-
couraging as the quantities found did not
justify commercial exploitation or further in-
vestigation.

A similar study is being carried out along
the shores of continental Portugal.

Ryukyu Islands

FROZEN TUNA TO BE
EXPORTED TO JAPAN:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry early in September des-
ignated frozen tuna from the Ryukyu Islands
as an import item. As a result, Japan will
import some 500 metric tons of tuna from
Okinawa in compliance with the request of
the Ryukyu Government after talks between
the two countries. The Japanese feel that
the imports will not, in any way, affect

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.11

Japan's skipjack tuna fishery since the quan-
tity is but 500 tons a year, but there are hopes
of increasing the quantity in the future. (Fish-
eries Economic News, September 6, 1960.)

Spain

FISH MEAL AND OIL

INDUSTRY AND MARKET:

There are Some 60 to 65 producers of fish meal and oil in
Spain. The greatest concentration (37) is located in the Can~
ary Islands--the remainder is found along the Spanish coast=
al region. Of the total approximately 12 are major produc=
ers. The capacity of the Spanish industry is not known. Pre=
liminary production data for 1959 show that 17,835 metric
tons of fish meal and 1,433 tons of fish oil were produced;
however, it has been reported that this estimate is below ac
tual production. It is possible that actual capacity may be 3
or 4 times present production. It is known that fish-meal
production has almost tripled since 1955, without any. signif-
icant addition to plant capacity.

There are no known developments or plans for develop=
ment of the fish meal and oil industry of Spain. In addition,
there are no government programs designed to assist the
fish meal or fish oil industry, except for import restrictions.
However, manufacturers are eligible for low-interest loans
from the Marine Social Institute for building and moderniza-
tion, although most of the loans granted by that agency are
for improvement of the fishing fleet.

The importation of both fish meal and oil is controlled by
import license. The amount of fish-meal imports authorized
has in recent years been limited to an approximation of the
difference between national production and national consump=
tion needs as calculated by the National Fish Syndicate. Ac-
cording to the Syndicate, fish-meal imports may soon be lib=
eralized in spite of the protests of fish-meal producers who
claim that imports from Portuguese Angola and Peru will in=
undate the Spanish market at ‘‘dumping prices.’’

Table 1 - Spanish Imports of Fish Meal and Oil, 1957-60

Jan.-Feb.
Product 1960 1959 1958 1957

Current duties on imported fish meal are 5 percent ad
valorem and an additional 2 percent ‘‘fiscal tariff’’ levied on
the value plus the 5-percent duty. For fish oils, a duty of 1
percent and a ‘‘fiscal tariff’’ of 4 percent are imposed on
crude oils, and a duty of 6 percent and a ‘‘fiscal tariff’’ of 4
percent on refined oils. Duties are imposed on the c.i.f. value
of the merchandise,

The price of fish oil imported into Spain varies between 5
and 6 pesetas per kilo (4 and 5 U.S. cents per pound) 1/.

In the case of fish meal, free imports would probably
result in increased consumption of fish meal for animal
feeds, and a diminished share of the domestic market for
Spanish producers. At the present time, high-grade Span-
ish fish meal sells for 14 pesetas per kilo (US$211 per
short ton), compared with a price of 9 pesetas (US$136)
for imports from Angola and Peru. Until now, this price
difference has not harmed Spanish producers since im-
ports’ have been limited to covering the gap between esti-
mated consumption needs and domestic production. It is
unlikely that Spanish producers will be able to cut their
prices to compete with low-priced imports because of the

November 1960

Spain (Contd.)

relative scarcity and the high price of the fish used in pro-
duction. (United States Consulate dispatch from Vigo,
August 16, 1960.)

1/Values converted at the rate of one peseta equals US$0.0166 (60 pesetas equal

US$1.00).

©

Sweden

EFFECT OF EUROPEAN TRADE PACTS
ON FISH-CANNING INDUSTRY:

In discussing the effect of the European
Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the
European Common Market on the sale of
canned fish products, the Director of A/B
Sveriges Forenade Konservfabrikker (The
Swedish United Canning Factories), Gote-
borg, said in a press interview in August
that the markets represented by the 13 coun-
tries included in the two pacts take only a
relatively small part of the pack of the can-
neries involved and such sales as are made
are about equally divided between the two
groups.

Only about 15 percent-of the annual output
of the factories goes into export, principally
to the United States and Canada. East Ger-
many is also a large purchaser, especially
of Swedish sardines.

The company's main market is the do-
mestic market and the effect of the EFTA
agreement will first be noticeable in the
home market because canned fish products
are protected by relatively high Swedish
customs duties. No immediate problem,
however, is expected to arise out of EFTA
because, the tariff reductions that have up to
now been made under the agreement are
relatively small. But even when the Swedish
tariff rates are considerably reduced and
eventually disappear, the possibilities will
be good for the sale of the Swedish fish-can-
ning industry's products in the domestic mar-
ket. Through the refund to canneries of the
regulating fees which are now levied on cer-
tain agricultural products, it is expected that
the Swedish fish-canning industry will be
placed on more equal terms with foreign
producers.

In regard to the European Common Mar-
ket, the Swedish canners count on maintain-
ing the present export of traditional Swedish
specialties if the tariff hindrance is not too
great.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

85

Within the European Free Trade Associa-
tion, a greater export sale is expected with
the lowering of the customs duties.

The certificate of origin procedure pre-
sents no problems to the fish-canning indus-
try because the greater part of the raw ma-
terial is considered domestic. Such import
as does take place, for example Icelandic
herring, can be easily documented.

In closing, the Director stressed that it
must be remembered that the situation in the
European market is very unclear and that it
is not known what the future development will
be in the politico-commercial field. For this
reason, he said, it is difficult to judge what
consequences can arise out of the division of
the European market. (United States Embassy,
Goteborg, August 22, 1960.)

—s

Ss
Trinidad "

SHRIMP FISHERY EXPANDS WITH
VESSELS FROM UNITED STATES:

Using Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, as a base,
a United States company has transferred 10
of its shrimp trawlers there to exploit the
shrimp grounds off the Guianas. The com-
pany is registered in Trinidad and has leased
space in a local cold-storage plant to set up
shrimp processing and freezing facilities.
The shrimp trawlers will obtain their fuel oil,
ice, and stores in Port-of-Spain, and thus
bring considerable business to the city, in
addition to employing some 30 peopte at the
processing plant. All of the processed pack-
aged shrimp will be exported.

Each trawler is operated by a crew of 3
men and may take on local crew members and
train them in shrimp fishing methods. The
fleet will stay on the fishing grounds for pro-
longed periods and transfer catches to two of
the trawlers, in rotation, every 6 or 7 days,
to bring them to Port-of-Spain. If expecta-
tions are fulfilled, the company plans to in-
crease its fleet to 30 boats by the end of 1960.
(West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, May/June
1960.) me

86

Tunisia

FISHERY TRENDS, SECOND QUARTER 1960:
Tunisia's tuna and sardine season this year
began discouragingly with catches running
well below early estimates. Reports fromthe
southern fishing port of Mahdia said that early

A Tunisian fishing vessel hauling in a netload of sardines. Asmall
boat equipped with electric surface lamps stays on the fishing
grounds for several hours. Its lights attract the fish. The main
fishing boat approaches the concentration of fish and encircles
them with a purse seine.
sardine fishing efforts had met with almost
total failure. As for tuna, the scarcity of
local supplies was emphasized once again
by a Japanese vessel discharging a large
quantity (150 tons) of tuna at Mahdia where
it was to be canned by the local cannery.

Meanwhile the Tunisian Government had
not slackened its drive to develop other sec-
tors of the fishing industry. A Yugoslav
engineer arrived in Tunis in mid-June 1960
to take up his duties as Director of Tunisia's
shipyards. According to announced plans,
the National Fishing Office has drawn up a
ten-year program calling for the construc-
tion in Tunisia of about 100 medium fishing
craft.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.11

Pending fishing craft construction in its
own shipyards, the Fishing Office has acquired
another trawler from abroad for its fishing’
fleet. The vessel, designed for shrimp fish-
ing, is the third vessel the Fishing Office has
purchased this year with a view to increasing
the shrimp catch from the waters off southern
Tunisia.

Delivery of the first 2 of the 4 United States-
financed shrimp trawlers to the National Fish-
ing Office has again been delayed. It was ex-
pected that the vessels would be handed over
sometime in the fall of 1960. (United States
Embassy, Tunis, August 6, 1960.)

FAO EXPERT HELPS TO
DEVELOP FISHERY RESOURCES:

A French FAO fishery expert, while in
Tunisia for the past 33 years, was active in
finding new fishing grounds. He charted the
area bordering Tunisia and found grounds
suitable for trawling shrimp, hake, lobster-
like ''scampi,'' and numerous other species
of fish, near the Tunisian harbor of Kelibia.
The International Cooperation Administration
(ICA) is now outfitting the Tunisian Govern-
ment with four trawlers to exploit these
grounds.

The survey of the Tunisian fisheries showed
possibilities for improvement in the sardine
fisheries and in extending Tunisian trawling
farther offshore. Together with an FAO mas-
ter fisherman from Italy, the French expert
introduced the use of an underwater lamp into
Tunisian sardine fishing. Tunisians had been
using lamps hung over the surface of the sea
to attract sardines for purse-seining. How-
ever, the FAO expert's experiments showed
that light from above the water lamps was
mostly reflected upward by the sea surface
and that one underwater lamp could do the
job of eight of the above-surface lamps. Un-
derwater lamps have now been adopted by
most of the Tunisian sardine fishermen, with
Savings in fuel costs and increased efficiency.
He also introduced the use of small Diesel-
powered generators to operate the underwater
lamps, reducing the sardine fleet's gas con-
sumption by nine-tenths.

THIRD TRIP OF FROZEN TUNA
LANDED AT MAHDIA:

A Japanese fishing vessel has landed a
trip of 100 metric tons of frozen tuna at the

November 1960

Tunisia (Contd.):

Tunisian port of Mahdia. This trip is the
third landed during the summer of 1960 for
the fish-canning industry. (United States Em-
bassy in Tunis, September 13, 1960.)

Union of South Africa

FISH PRODUCTION NOT CURTAILED
IN SPITE OF BOYCOTTS:

The South African Fish Canners Associa-
tion, representing all producers of canned
fish in the inshore fishing industry in the U-
nion and South West Africa, after consider-
ing the effects which the recent imposed boy-
cotts by African nations on South African
products may have on the economy of the
fishing industry, stated August 5, 1960, that
at this stage there would be no curtailing of
production nor any contemplation of retrench-
ment of factory staffs and fishermen.

Over the last five years the industry has
pursued a vigorous policy of building up ex-
port markets in many countries. This policy
has been successful and will now be intensi-
fied. Wherever possible, alternative markets
will be found.

Any further extension of the boycott move-
ment may possibly lead to diversion of more
raw fish supplies to the production of meal.
While international fish-meal markets are
presently depressed as a result of over-
production in Peru, a representative of the
Union is attending talks in London, prepara-
tory to an international convention of fish-
meal manufacturers scheduled for Septem-
ber in Paris. It is hoped that some workable
plan will be evolved whereby fish-meal pro-
ducing countries will be able to enjoy more
stable and more profitable export prices for
the product. (United States Consulate, Cape
Town, August 24, 1960.)

se oske eke ok
KK OK HK OK OK

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER 1960
LANDINGS SET NEW RECORD:

The 1960 pelagic shoal-fishing season on
the Union of South Africa's Cape west coast
closed at midnight on July 31, with a new
record catch of 423,524 short tons, com-
prising 350,361 tons sardine or pilchard,
45,800 tons maasbanker, and 27,363 tons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

87

mackerel. This is the third successive year
that the industry has had record landings.
With the pilchard haul at South West Africa's
Walvis Bay likely to be well over 300,000 tons,
the total 1960 catch for the Union and South
West Africa will be almost 900,000 tons.

Pilchard fishing will re-open on January 1,
1961. Mackerel and maasbanker fishing will
open on November 1, 1960, and continue with
pilchard fishing until July 31, 1961.

The recovery from the lean 1955/56 period
has been sustained and for the first time in
the history of the industry the official "quota"
limit has been caught before the end of May.
In anticipation the industry initiated discus-
sions with the Director of Fisheries earlier
in the year with the result that for 1960 at
least, the tonnage limit on fish landed has
been abandoned and replaced by a time limit
in the Union of South Africa.

Although in 1960 the pelagic fish schools
appeared up to July 31 over a wider area
than in the previous few years, most catches
were made in waters far south of the main
concentration of factories. This has called
for heavy investment in large vessels.

For the two fish meal factories in the Cape
Peninsula, 1960 brought big increases in pro-
duction. According to reports, one company
processed 26,476 short tons of fish in the
first six months of the season, compared
with 16,990 tons last year. The second firm
increased its intake from 27,653 to 38,752
tons.

The outstanding catches and high produc-
tion figures of the Union's west coast factor-
ies have been partly offset--first by the de-
pressed prices for fish meal on world mar-
kets, and, more recently, by political boycotts
of South African products in some important
markets.

Although South African fish meal did not
drop to the E22 (about US$62) a ton paid for
Peruvian meal, the price is low enough to
alarm producers. And some form of ration-
alization of fish meal production and market-
ing on an international basis was likely to be
a priority subject at the Paris meeting in
September of the International Convention of
Fish Meal Manufacturers.

The fish meal price coupled with a world-
wide demand for canned fish may result in a

88

Union of South Africa (Contd.):

record output this year from South and South-
West African canneries. In the Cape, pro-
duction is restricted by the long distance that
pilchards have to be carried from fishing
grounds to the canneries in Saldanha and St.
Helena Bay. But in Walvis Bay, wherecatches
are made much closer to the factories, pro-
duction was considerably higher than last
year. By the end of June, one Walvis factory
had nearly trebled its canned fish output of
the same period last year.

With Ghana and Malaya boycotting South
African products, some valuable markets
have been lost and the effect will be felt by
canners and by producers of dried fish, which
has had a growing sale in Central and West
Africa.

At least two South African fish-meal fac-
tories are packing part of their production in
paper bags. These are exported to Germany
where the paper bag is preferred. Towards
the end of the season, one firm was packing
in a bright yellow bag with a plastic layer.
(The South African Shipping News and Fish-
ing Industry Review, August 1960.)

HOOK OK OK OK

TWO VESSELS FISH TUNA WITH
JAPANESE LONG-LINE GEAR:

As a result of tests now being carried out from two boats
operating off the South African Cape coast, the Japanese long-
line method of tuna fishing may one day be introduced to the
South African fishing industry. Catches are reported to be
encouraging. In one two-day fishing period the South Afri-
can research boat Kunene landed 53 tuna weighing 3,840
pounds. The 70-ft. Kunene is one of two new wooden craft
designed for the pilchard research program of the Union’s
Division of Fisheries. With her sistership Trachurus and
the larger steel-built vessel Sardinops, the Kunene is oc-
cupied most of the time in the long -range pilchard re-
search program, But for part of each month, usually about
five days, she is used by the Division to test new fishing
methods which may help to improve and diversify the fish-
ing effort in South Africa.

The possibilities of tuna fishing in South African waters
have long interested fishery scientists, fishermen, and in-
dustrialists. The fish are known to occur in considerable
quantities off the Cape; they are caught by big-game fish-
ermen, and the recent tests indicate that they may be avail-
able in sufficient concentration for commercial fishing.

The Kunene started the South African long-line tests
towards the end of last year; the gear was imported from
Japan. For a while the Kunene worked alone, but early
this year a South African firm, in cooperation with the
South African Museum and its Marine Biologist, also started
long-line tests. These are now being carried out between
Slangkop and Port Elizabeth, and the Kunene is operating
north-west of Slangkop.

Using five baskets of 3/16~-inch diameter Kuralon line,
nearly a mile in length, the Kunene is working with six

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

branch lines to a basket. Each branch line is about 12
fathoms long and is attached by dog clip to the main line.
Glass float bubbles of about 20-lb. displacement are used.
Hooks are baited with pilchards or mackerel, and are left
in the water for 45 to 60 minutes before the line is pulled
in by the boat’s hydraulic line-hauler.

The best result to date was a catch made during a two-
day period in oceanic water temperature 17° C. (62.6° F.)
60 miles west of Cape Town. The first set was made at
daybreak, the setting taking ten minutes. After periods of
from 45 to 60 minutes the hooks were hauled in. In all,
the line was set seven times over the two days to give an
equivalent of 210 hooks, which caught 53 tuna weighing a
total of 3,840 pounds. Included in the catch were 15 big-
eyed tuna (averaging 100-lbs. each); also albacore and
bluefin. The fish ranged from 40 pounds to 170 pounds
each in weight.

This was the most encouraging catch made by the
Kunene and is regarded as a hopeful indication that the
fish are available and can be exploited commercially.

While the Kunene is employed on longline tests, her
sister vessel Trachurus has been trying out a Canadian-
type midwater trawl designed to be worked by one boat.
The trawl, which is for fishing at intermediate depths, has
not had much success with pilchards and maasbanker.
(The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review, June 1960.)

U.S.S.R.

FISHING AND WHALING FACTORYSHIFS
TO BE BUILT IN WEST GERMANY:

The "Sudoimport” in Moscow has ordered
two super factoryships of 18,000 and 25,000
dead-weight tons, respectively, from a West
German shipyard. The two large fishing and
whaling factoryships will cost a total of 220
million kroner (US$30.8 million). Keels will
be laid early in 1961 and the vessels delivered
the same year. The vessels will be about 180
meters (590.4 feet) long, 22.8 meters (74.8
feet) in breadth, and 8 meters (26.2 feet) deep.

The vessels will hunt whales for a short
period in the tropic zone of the Pacific Ocean,
and also catch fish in the tropics, off West
Africa, Newfoundland, Greenland, and in the
Arctic Ocean.

After the whaling season, the vessels will
mount complete fish plants on the flensing
deck to quick-freeze fish fillets, and produce
fish meal and liver and vitamin oils. There
will be fish oil tanks holding 11,000 cubic
meters, cold-storage rooms (32,000 cubic
meters) for fish fillets, and 4,400 cubic
meters of fish-meal storage. The 6,250-hp.
Diesel engine will give a speed of 14 knots.

The special requirements requested by
the Russians included a landing place for

November 1960

U.S.S.R. (Contd.):

helicopters, operating rooms, printshops,
motion picture salons, and even Finnish baths.

With this order, the State-owned West Ger-
man shipyard has received orders for vessels
totaling 850 million kroner (US$119.0 million)
from the Russians, including 24 fish factory-
ships of the Pushkin class, repairs of ships,
and 3 fast fruit refrigerator ships. (Fiskaren,
August 17, 1960.)

OOK OK OR OK

TRANSPLANTED PACIFIC SALMON
CAUGHT IN BARENTS AND WHITE SEAS:
Tens of thousands of transplanted Pacific
salmon were caught for the first time this
summer in the Barents and White Seas, ac-
cording to information from Moscow publish-
ed in a Japanese newspaper (August 29, 1960).
This means the Russians have succeeded in
transplanting salmon trom the Pacific Ocean
to the North Arctic Sea. The salmon were
grown artificially from fertilized spawn taken
from Saghalin. It is reported that some trans-
planted salmon were also caught off Norway.

kK KK

12-MILE TERRITORIAL WATERS
LIMIT ENACTED:

According to a wire from Moscow received
in Tokyo, the Soviet Government has decreed
through an official publication of its Highest
Conference, a 12-mile limit for its territorial
maritime waters. The decree was enacted
and signed by Soviet President Leonid Brezh-
nev on August 5, 1960. This is the first time
Russia has enacted a law officially promul-
gating territorial waters of 12 miles. (Ja-
panese newspaper, September 8, 1960.)

Venezuela

SHRIMP INDUSTRY:

The fishing industry is not well developed in Venezuela.
Modernization of fishing methods and processing and mar-~
keting techniques are necessary before Venezuela can sat-
isfy domestic demand. The only. organized part of the in-
dustry is the sardine canners.

Shrimp fishing occurs on the western shores of Lake
Maracaibo; the coast of the Gulf of Venezuela; the coast
of Anzoategui; between the mainland and the Island of
Margarita; and on the mainland coast of the Gulf of Pa~
ria. Vessels take a mixed catch. There is a canning plant
in Maracaibo and a freezing plant in Puerto la Cruz, The
plant in Maracaibo canned shrimp in 1957, but there was

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

89

no production in 1958. In 1959, some shrimp was packed
(about 5.8 metric tons) in cans of 120 grams (3.9 ounces)
divided about equally between wet and dry pack. The re-
tail price in August 1960 was 2.75 bolivars per can
(US$0.83). The plant in Puerto la Cruz produced 10 metric
tons of frozen shrimp in 1959. Their estimate for three
months’ operation in 1960 is 12 tons. This plant purchases
its shrimp from fishermen using shore nets or small in-
board craft. Shrimp production for the canning season of
1960 has been poor because of dry weather affecting the
grounds in the mouth of the Unare River. As of August
1960, no shrimp were for sale in Puerto la Cruz.

Table 1 - Venezuela’s Shrimp Landings, 1956-19591/

Metric Tons
1,588
1,128

It is estimated that the 1960 catch will drop due to re-
strictions on otter trawling. Some 16 of the 32 trawlers
operating in the eastern part of Venezuela have been put
out of business by restrictive regulations.

Table 2 - Venezuela’s Shrimp Exports, 1957-59Y/
Year and _
Destination

lands Antilles ..
nited States. ..

1,172
2,560

uracao, Nether-

lands Antilles .. 5,000
nited States. .. 20,358
25,358 | 7,607

'1/Includes fresh, frozen, and canned shrimp.

There are no export controls or taxes on shrimp in
Venezuela. (United States Embassy, Caracas, August 25,
1960
Note: Values converted at rate of 1 bolivar equals US$0.30.

Yugoslavia

BAN LIFTED ON IMPORTS OF
FROZEN JAPANESE TUNA:

Commercial negotiations between Yugo-
slavia and Japanese trading firms are in
progress since it seems that the Yugoslavian

90

Yugoslavia (Contd.): ,

Government has lifted its ban on the issue of
import licenses for frozen Japanese tuna. It
was reported that the Yugoslavian Government
decided to issue a license for the import of
4,500 metric tons of frozen Japanese tuna
from September to December 1960. Yugo-
slavia had banned the import of frozen Ja-
panese tuna from June through August 1960.

It was reported that the Yugoslavian buy-
ers had mentioned a price as low as $210 a
metric ton c. & f. but the Japanese countered
with $250 or over because the Italian market
was improving. Immediately after the aboli-
tion of the conference rate of tuna for ship-
ments to Italy in mid-August, some sales at
$220 c. & f. Italy or $180 a metric ton f.o0.b.
Dakar were not unusual. However, catches
and shipments by Japanese fishing vessels
operating in the Atlantic Ocean dropped and
the price rose to $230 atone. & f. Also,
prices offered for frozen Atlantic tuna ship-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

ped to the United States via intermediate
ports firmed up. The price for albacore tuna
delivered at Cristobal has bounced back to
$280-290 a ton.

FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS FROM JAPAN
BANNED FOR THREE MONTHS:

Yugoslavia stopped issuing licenses for
imports of Japanese frozen tuna from June
through August 1960 for two reasons: (1) ex-
ports of Yugoslavian canned tuna to both east-
ern and western Europe were extremely light
early this year, and stocks on hand in Yugo-
slavia were greater than the domestic mar
ket could absorb; (2) sardine fishing in the
Black Sea and off the Turkish coast was very
good, and the canneries would keep operating
without imports of frozen tuna. This caused
eancellation of orders from Japan--about
2,500 metric tons of frozen tuna were in-
volved, which was the amount planned for
export to Yugoslavia for June-August.

2,520 MILLFON POUNDS

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

91

- FEDERAL:

Department of the Interior

EXPLOITATION OF
FLORIDA CORAL REEF PRESERVE
TO BE STOPPED:

Approval of regulations protecting the Key
Largo Coral Reef Preserve off the Florida
coast was announced on September 19 by the
Acting Secretary of the Interior Elmer F
Bennett.

The regulations become effective on the
tenth day after publication in the Federal Reg-
ister. This emergency action is necessary
because of commercial exploitation of the
coral structure in the Preserve. This ex-
ploitation consists of blasting, dredging, and
otherwise defacing or destroying the under-
water scenic beauties of the area.

The regulation will prohibit the removal
or destruction of the natural features or the
shells and shellfish, starfish, and other ma-
rine invertebrates of the Preserve; dredging,
filling, excavating, or any building; dumping
refuse or otherwise polluting the area; tam-
pering with wrecks or cargoes which might
be within the boundaries.

Spear fishing and the use of poisons or
electric-shocking devices are prohibited
but skin diving with camera, for pleasure or
observation, is permitted. Scientific speci-
mens may be collected only on permit. No
watercraft can be operated in any way that
will damage the natural features of the Pre-
serve. Possession or use of firearms, air
guns, bows and arrows, slings, spears, har-
poons, or any other type of weapon is pro-
hibited.

Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve is a nat-
ural coral reef lying on the continental shelf
off the southern tip of Florida. It lies partly
within and partly without Florida's three-mile
limit. It is approximately 21 miles long and
about 4 miles wide. It has been made into a
preserve by separate but coordinated actions
by the State of Florida and the United States.

'# ACTIONS

The United States action was taken March 15,
1960, by a proclamation issued by the Presi-
dent. Florida has recently issued regulations
similar to those which are now being promul-
gated by the Department.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL SUBSIDY ANNOUNCED:
Regulations governing payment of construc-
tion differential subsidies for fishing vessels
were published in the Federal Register of
September 22, 1960. In the closing days of
the 86th Congress, $750,000 Was appropriated
for construction differential payments.

Payments of not to exceed 333 percent of
the cost of the fishing vessel to be constructed
may be paid under certain very restrictive
conditions. Among these, is a requirement
that the fishery in which the vessel will fish
must be suffering injury or threat of injury
by reason of increased imports of a like or
similar product.

Other requirements are that the applicant
possess the ability, experience; resources,
and other qualifications necessary to enable
the enterprise to operate successfully; that
the vessel be suitable for use in the fishery
and for use by the United States for national
defense or military purposes during time of
war or national emergency; that the vessel
will deliver its full catch to ports of the U-
nited States except under ''force majeure;"'
that only citizens or aliens legally domiciled
in the United States will be employed on the
vessel; and that the new vessel will aid in the
development of the United States fisheries
under conditions that the Secretary considers
to be in the public interest.

The regulations as they appeared in the
Federal Register follow:

92

Title 50—WILDLIFE

Chapter Il—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Inferior

SUBPART F—AID TO FISHERIES

PART 256—FISHING VESSEL
CONSTRUCTION

Differential Subsidy Procedures

On page 7538 of the FEepERAL REGISTER
of August 10, 1960, there was published a
notice and text of a. proposed new part,
Part 166, Title 50, Code of Federal Reg-
ulations. Part 166 now has been
changed to Part 256 in keeping with the
format of the revised edition of 50
CFR—Wildlife, published in the FepERAL
Recister of September 1, 1960. The
purpose of the new part is to issue regu-
lations governing the payment of fish-
ing vessel construction differential sub-
sidies.

Interested persons were given 30 days
within which to submit written com-
ments, suggestions or objections with
respect to the proposed new part. No
comments, suggestions or objections
have been received, and the proposed new
part is hereby adopted with only an
editorial change in the language of
§ 256.4 to provide more flexibility in the
submission of detailed plans for the ves-
sel proposed to be constructed. This new
part shall become effective at the begin-
ning of the 30th calendar day following
the date of this publication in the
FEDERAL REGISTER.

Part 256 reads as follows:

Bec.

256.1
256.2
2563
256.4
256.5

Basis and purpose.
Definitions.

Eligibility requirements.
Applicants. _

Subsidy contract.

256.6 Inspection of vessels.
256.7 Payment of subsidy.

AvrHorrrY: §§ 256.1 to 256.7 issued under
sec. 10, Pub. Law 86-516.

§ 256.1 Basis and purpose.

(a) The Act of June 12, 1960 (PL.
86-516), authorizes the Secretary of
the Interior to pay a subsidy for the con-,
struction of fishing vessels in shipyards
of the United States.

(b) The purpose of this part is to pre-
scribe rules and regulations governing
the payment of these subsidies.

§ 256.2 Definitions.

(a) Secretary. The Secretary of the
Interior or his authorized representative.

(b) Administrator. The Maritime Ad-
ministrator in the Department of Com-
merce or his authorized representative.

(c) Person. Individual, association,
partnership, or corporation, any one or
all as the context requires.

(d) Fishery. A segment of the com-
mercial fishing industry engaged in the
catching of a single species or a group
of species of fish or shellfish. To be con-
sidered as operating in a fishery the
catch of such species during the calen-
dar year must amount to at least fifty-
one percent (51%) (in the aggregate by
ex-vessel weight) of the total catch of
the vessel,

§ 256.3 Eligibility requirements.

(a) Injury or threat of injury due to
increased imports. Applicants for a
subsidy for a vessel to be operated in a
fishery which does not qualify under sec-
tion 4(1) of the Act or which has not
been previously found to be injured or
threatened with injury by reason of in-
creased imports must present evidence
of injury or threat of injury by reason
of increased imports. Upon receipt of
such evidence, the Secretary will an-
mounce by notice in the FepERAL REcis-
TER and by notice in writing by registered

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

mail to parties of record,’ that factual
data may be filed in support of or oppo-
sition to, such a finding di the suc-
ceeding 30 days. All data filed will be
considered, along with such information
@s may be developed by the Secretary’s
staff or staffs of other Government
agencies and a finding announced by the
Secretary. This finding will remain in
effect until the Secretary shall an-
nounce that he has reason to believe
the injury has been remedied or the
threat of injury removed: Interested
parties will then have 30 days to submit
Gata, after which the Secretary will de-
termine whether or not the-injury or
threat of injury remains.. Injury or
threat of injury may be determined,
without excluding other factors, by
downward trend of production, employ-
ment, prices, profits, or wages in the
domestic fishery concerned, or a decline
in sales, an increase in imports, either
~actual or relative, a higher or growing
inventory, or a decline in the proportion
of the domestic market supplied by the
domestic fishery concerned.

; (b) Aid in the development of the
United States fisheries. For a vessel to
aid in the development of the United
States fisheries under conditions that
the Secretary considers to be in the
public interest, the vessel must be a
modern vessel which will tend to up-
grade the fleet and, unless of completely
new and advanced design, shall not
operate in a fishery which the Secretary
deems to have sufficient vessels to eco-
nomically harvest either the maximum
-sustained yield of the fishery or the
maximum amount which can be mar-
keted in an orderly manner.

§ 256.4 Applications.

Applications for a subsidy shall be
made on forms prescribed by the Secre-
tary and shall be filed with the Director,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D.C. The applications must be
accompanied by three copies of the cross
section, outboard profile, and specifica-
tions of the proposed vessel. The Secre-
tary may require such additional com-
plete detailed construction plans as may
be necessary after a review of the appli-
cation and accompanying plans and
specifications.

§ 256.5 Subsidy contract.

(a) A contract for the payment of the
subsidy will take effect when all con-
tracts between the applicant for such
subsidy and the shipbuilder, who is to
construct such vessel, have been ap-
proved by the Administrator and the
subsidy contract has been signed by the
Secretary and the applicant; and

(b) The contract shall contain a for-
mula for the computation of the amount
of the subsidy that shall be repaid to the
Secretary in the event the vessel is oper-
ated in any fishery other than the par-
ticular fishery for which it was designed
as defined in § 256.2(d).

§ 256.6 Inspection of vessels.

The Secretary or the Administrator
shall have access at all times to all ves-
sels which are being constructed under
® contract providing for a construction
subsidy provided for by the Act.

§ 256.7 Payment of subsidy.

The subsidy will be paid to the appli-
cant after the vessel is completed and
evidence of full payment to the shipyard
constructing the vessel is presented; or
jointly to the applicant and the ship-
yard upon completion and delivery of
the vessel.

Frep G. AANDAHL,
Acting Secretary of the Interior.

SEPTEMBER 16, 1960.

lote; Also see Commerci

isheries Review, October 1960 p. 96.

Vol. 22, No. 11

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISION

MINIMUM WAGE FOR
TUNA CANNING AND PROCESSING
RAISED TO UNITED STATES LEVEL:

A minimum wage rate in Puerto Rico of $1
an hour for tuna canning and processing op-
erations was announced by the Wage and Hour
Division of the U.S.
Department of La-
bor and published
in the September 10,
1960, Federal Reg-
ister. The wage
order as published
gives effect to rec-
ommendations of
the U. S. Depart-
ment of Labor In-
dustry Committee
No. 49-A for the
Food and Related
Products Industry
in Puerto Rico.
This raises the Puerto Rican wage rate to the
same minimum level as that which prevails
on the United States mainland.

The section of the order (which becomes
effective September 25, 1960) titled "The
yeast and canned tuna fish classification" as
published states: 'Wages at a rate of not less
than $1.00 an hour shall be paid under sec-
tion 6 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
by every employer to each of his employees
in the food and related products industry in
Puerto Rico who is engaged in commerce or
in the production of goods for commerce who
is also engaged in the yeast and canned tuna
fish classification of that industry, which is
defined as the manufacture of yeast, and the
cooking and canning of tuna fish and of tuna-
like fish and the manufacture of byproducts
therefrom.'' A wage rate of 85 cents an hour
has been in effect since November 17, 1958.
The new wage order means an hourly in-
crease of 15 cents. While the tuna canning
and processing industry in Puerto Rico
comes under the $1.00 an hour minimum
wage, all other types of food canning and
preserving have a wage rate of 80 cents an
hour (previous rate was 70 cents), and other
types of general food processing a rate of
85 cents (previous rate 75 cents) an hour
under the new order.

November 1960

The Fair Labor Standards Act as amended
in 1958 provides special industry committees
to biennially review and recommend minimum
hourly wage rates for Puerto Rican industries
operating at or below the $1.00-an-hour stat-
utory minimum that applies on the mainland.
The U. S. Department of Labor appointed In-
dustry Committee No. 49-A to recommend
hourly wage rates for the food and related
products industry in Puerto Rico. The Com-
mittee held its public hearing on August 15
in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and recommended
the increase in the minimum wage.

In the "Report, Findings of Fact, and
Recommendations of Industry Committee
No. 49-A for the Food and Related Products
Industry in Puerto Rico,"' the Committee's
findings and recommendations for the Yeast
and Canned Tuna Classification were:

"This classification is presently composed
of two establishments with 446 covered em-
ployees. One firm is a manufacturer of dry
yeast employing 13 workers covered by the
minimum wage provisions of the Fair Labor
Standards Act, and the other manufactures
canned tuna fish with a total of 433 covered
employees. At the time of the 1958 survey
these same two establishments employed a
total of 367 covered workers. According to
a witness testifying in behalf of a newly-or-
ganized firm, it is contemplated that several
hundred additional persons will shortly be
engaged in the production of canned tuna fish
and byproducts. ...

"Under the provisions of a union contract
covering workers at the operating tuna fish
cannery at the time of the Wage and Hour
Division survey, wage rates ranged from 90
cents an hour to $1.65 an hour, and there was
provision for an increase of 5 cents an hour
for all job classifications on October 10,
1960. As a result of a recent election, the
employees of this plant are now represented
by another union. Average hourly earnings
in the plant amounted to over 96 cents an
hour at the time of the survey. A company
representative appearing before the Com-
mittee stated that the company did not
claim inability to absorb wage increases.
The most recent data available to the Com-
mittee indicates that in 1957 the firm had a
net profit of 7.1 percent on almost $5 mil-
lion sales, and in 1958 it had a profit of 9.7
percent on sales of $5.6 million. From
June 1, 1957, to May 30, 1959, the firm's
earned surplus increased from $77,631 to
$1,306,213.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

93

"On the pasis of the entire record, there-
fore, the committee finds that a minimum
wage rate of $1.00 an hour for the Yeast and
Canned Tuna Fish Classification is economic -
ally feasible at this time and that this rate
will not result in a substantial curtailment of
employment in the industry. It is obvious that
since this is the statutory minimum rate pres-
ently applicable elsewhere in the United States,
the recommended rate will not give industry
in Puerto Rico a competitive advantage over
industry in the United States outside of Puerto
Rico. This minimum wage rate will directly
affect about 82 percent of the workers in the
classification and cause an estimated direct
increase in the classification wage bill of a-
bout 7% percent. 2 = :

"Wages at a rate of not less than $1.00 an
hour shall be paid in the Yeast and Canned
Tuna Fish Classification of the Food and Re-
lated Products Industry, and this classifica-
tion shall be defined as the manufacture of
yeast, and the cooking and canning of tuna fish
and of tuna-like fish and the manufacture of
by-products therefrom... ™

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1960 p. 97,
Jan. 1959 p. 82.

U. S. Tariff Commission

FINAL REPORT ON TARIFF
SIMPLIFICATION STUDY ISSUED:

The U. S. Tariff Commission released on
November 15, 1960, the final report on its
tariff classification study. The report con-
stitutes a recommendation to Congress for
revision of the customs laws under which im-

| ported articles are classified for tariff pur-

poses.

The study was undertaken by the Commis-
sion pursuant to Section 101 of the Customs
Simplification Act of 1954. It was intended
to lead to a proposal, for Congressional con-
sideration, to simplify and modernize the
tariff schedules. The study was not directly
concerned with tariff rates.

The Tariff Commission's final report con-
sisted of ten volumes, one of which was
Schedule I--Animal and Vegetable Products.
An early version of this volume was issued
by the Commission in 1958 and was the sub-
ject of public hearings.

Note: Copies of each volume in the final report are available
for purchase from the U. S. Government Printing Office.

Op ty ch hy
Sek) ski KK

94

SHRIMP INDUSTRY INVESTIGATION:

In response to a resolution of the Senate
Committee on Finance, the U. S. Tariff Com-
mission, under the authority of section 332
of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19
U.S.C. 1332), on September 12 announced and
instituted an investigation of the domestic
shrimp industry (including fishing, process-
ing, and other related operations), and of im-
ports of shrimp and shrimp products pro-
vided for in paragraph 1761 of the Tariff Act
of 1930.

The resolution directs the Commission to
include in its report to the Committee on
Finance the facts relative to United States
and world production, and trade; imports;
domestic supplies and consumption; the pos-
sibilities of world over-production; the inter-
ests of consumers, processors, and producers;
foreign and domestic wage rates; costs of
transportation to principal consuming cen-
ters; supplies of shrimp available to domes-
tic and foreign fishermen; and other perti-
nent factors.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

The resolution also directs the Commis-
sion to include in its report an analysis of
the possible results of an imposition of a
duty of 35 percent on all imports of shrimp
and shrimp products as provided in paragraph
1761 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as well as an
analysis of the possible results of a tariff
quota under which all imports not in excess
of the imports in the calendar year 1960 shall
enter free of duty and all imports in excess
of those in 1960 shall be dutiable at 50 per-
cent ad valorem.

A public hearing, at which interested
parties will be given opportunity to be pres-
ent and to be heard, will be held in connection
with the investigation in the Hearing Room of
the Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C.,
beginning on January 9, 1961. (Notice pub-
lished in Federal Register of September 15,
1960.)

Billion Pounds

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART iy

FISHERY
INDICATORS

FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND

CUMULATIVE DATA

960 435.7
1959 - 510.2
1959 - 883.2

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA

140
CUMULATIVE DATA

120 Hgs. 1960 - 114.5
1959 - 157
1959 - 383

100

80

60

40

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA
CUMULATIVE DATA
8 MQS. 1960 - 117.5

8 , 1959 - 145.2
12 1959 - 207.1

0
JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 2/

CUMULATIVE DATA

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

eeeeeee= 1960

———s“*1959 CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 - 359.3
1959 - 340
1959 - 453

ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 MgS. 1960 - 615.4

5 1959
12 1959

0
TAN “FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

S. 1960 - 14.6
a 1959 - 15.5
1959 - 18.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

OREGON

8 mis nee

8
12 1860 -s! ts

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

95

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

___ HADDOCK ae i OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts) seseunen 380 (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

8 mgs. 1960 - 74.7 8 mgs 1960 - 103.4
8 1959 - 75.0 8 | 1959 - 93.7
12." 1959 - 99.1 12 " 1959 - 136.7

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

(Gut states" inciading Florid i on
g ida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 QS. 1960 - 92.8

7, 1959 - 80.9
1959

JAN FEB MAR APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/\A. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

fae: In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)

9 Mgs.
2s
12

at

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

PILCHARD

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON, 8 MQS. 1960 - 109.6
AUG.-SEPT, - 13.3 8 , 1959 - 105.0

1959/60 SEASON, 12 1959 - 139.6
AUG.-SEPT. ” -

1959/60 SEASON,

LEGEND:

oo » 1960/61
1959/60

ee ee 1958/59

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC| JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS_/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
T/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
S/OHIO, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. & ALASKYX FREEZINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT: NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2!

sre
coerrererssrrrrry

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y, SOUTH.

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS#/

JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN.

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

97

98

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

1/
RECEIPTS —’ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK
CITY

COLD-STORAGE HOLDInGs=!

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 mgs. 1960 - 128.0
9 4 1959 - 124.2
12 1959 - 163.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MgS. 1960 - 65.8
9 | 1959 - 68.6
12 1959 - 92.5

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MgS. 1960 - 76.7
9 , 1959 - 82.7
12 1959 - 106.7

FISH OIL

FISH MEAL.
housands 9 In Millions of Gallons,

In T

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
js. 1960 - 180.2

8 “ 1959 - 192.9
1959 - 282.2

8 Mgs. 1960 - 17.5
B , 1959 - 16.5
1959 - 24.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND: |
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA 4 MACKEREL fe CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA z CUMULATIVE DATA
8 MQS. 1960 -

8 | 1959 i
1959 - 10;785.

as

0 =
Y AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA
8 mgs. 1960 - 12,1
1959 - 2.2

1959 - 4,3

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MQS. 1960 - 2,484.7
3, 1959 - 1)683.4
12 1959 - 1,778.3

i)
SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR AP” “4AY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SARDINES! (Estimated) - fi STANDARD CASES
CUMULATIVE DATA
2 gs. Meee : ees Variety No.Cans Designation ~Net Wet.
12 NED 3 Veesb SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 32 oz.
SHRIMP....... 48 -- 5 oz.
TU NAGE aan 48 #ituna 6&7 oz.
PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.
SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall 16 oz.
ANCHOVIES... 48 4-1b. 8 oz.
g JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC {|

1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING.

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA bs SHRIMP - GULF STATES
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1959/60 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL - 754.6 AUG. - SEPT. - 223.8
1958/59 SEASON, 1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 2,222.6 AUG. - SEPT, - 143.4
1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 812.5

a1 0 ——s ae
we SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

99

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS Vv PEGENDS
Fresh _ and seenene= 1960
CUMULATIVE DATA ——_-11959
8 Qs. 1960

8 |, 1959
12 1959

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM-
PARABLE WITH 1958.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna 7
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 58.0
1959 - 157.0
1959 - 235.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY.AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 HgS. 1960 - 40.6
8 4, 1959 - 42,3
12 1959 - 69.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 - 42.9

1959 - 42.9
1959 - 67.9

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1960 - 40.7
Oi 1959 - 36.3
12 1959 - 48.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MgS. 1960 - 40,1
7 , 1959 - 20.6
12 1959 - 64.7

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 NS. 1960 - 18.9
8 , 1959 - 13.3
12 1959 - 22.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1960

w ff
Uf
4 ty — f

Pd
J

eA pa
OS a a As a a Bs

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DI -
VISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON
25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS

OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS- FISHERIES (LIMITED
DISTRIBUTION).

SEP.- SEPARATES(REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
Number Title
CFS-2363 - Massachusetts Landings, May 1960, 5 pp.
CFS-2365 - Virginia Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2369 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1959 Annual Sum-

mary, 6 pp.

CFS-2370 - Frozen Fish Report, July 1960, 8 pp.
CFS-2372 - Maine Landings, May 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2373 - New York Landings, June 1960, 4 pp.
CFS-2375 - Shrimp Landings, May 1960, 6 pp.
CFS-2376 - Rhode Island Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2382 - Ohio Landings, June 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2377 - Massachusetts Landings, June 1960, 5 pp.
CFS-2378 - Virginia Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2379 - Mississippi Landings, May 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2380 - Maryland Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2381 - North Carolina Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2383 - South Carolina Landings, July 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2384 - Texas Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2385| - Georgia Landings, July 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2386 - Maine Landings, June 1960, 3 pp.
CFS-2387 - California Landings, May 1960, 4 pp.
CFS-2389 - Florida Landings, July 1960, 7 pp.
CFS-2391 - Shrimp Landings, June 1960, 6 pp.
CFS-2392 - Rhode Island Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.

FL-336ss - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, July-Sep-
tember 1960, 44 pp.

FL-499 - Federal Fishing Vessel Mortgage and Loan
Insurance, 14 pp., July 1960. Describes the Fishing
Vessel Mortgage and Loan Insurance Program ad-
ministered by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
This provides for the insuring of mortgages given
to assist the construction, reconstruction, and re-
conditioning of fishing vessels in a manner similar
to the mortgage insurance provided by the Federal
Housing Administration for houses. Discusses the
authority for the program, its purpose, credit re-
quirements, eligible mortgages and loans, premium
rates for both types of insurance, applications, in-
vestigation fees, commitments to insure, closing
procedures, and defaults.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

L000?! 10-0 p commence: Set bess DSL:

FL-503 - Fishing Vessel Construction Differential
Subsidy, 12 pp., processed, September 1960. Aleaf-
let containing general information about the Fishing
Vessel Construction Subsidy Program, administered
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. De-
scribes the enacting of the enabling legislation for
the program, Public Law 86-516; its purpose of pro-
viding financial assistance to correct inequities be-
tween foreign and domestic costs of construction of
fishing vessels; applications for benefits; and eligi-
bility requirements. It also presents details on the
processing of applications; requirements for con-
struction of vessels; and determination and payment
of a subsidy.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1959 (Revised):
SL- I - Maine.
SL-24 - M’nnesota (Lakes Area).

SL-32 - Minnesota (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-33 - North Dakota (Mississippi River and Tribu-
taries).
SL-36 - Iowa (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-37 - Kansas (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-38 - Missouri (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-42 - Kentucky (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-44 - Nebraska (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-48 - Indiana (Mississippi River and Tributaries).
SL-49 - South Dakota (Mississippi River and Tribu-

taries).

SSR-Fish. No. 325 - Observations on Habits and a Meth-
od of Trapping Channeled Whelks Near Chatham,
Massachusetts, by William N. Shaw, 9 pp., illus.,
May 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 340 - Further Experiments in Fishway
Capacity, 1957, by Carl H. Elling, 18 pp., illus.,
May 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 343 - Manufacturing Plant Food Services
as Markets for Fish and Shellfish, 35 pp., May 1960.
This report identifies and examines the market for
fish and shellfish afforded the fishing industry by the
employee food services maintained by manufacturing
establishments for their employees. Important dif-
ferences in the use of fish and shellfish are found,
depending on number of employees, location or plant,
species of fish, type of product, and other factors.
Other points covered include buying practices, in-
ventories, and availability of freezer space. Care-
ful examination of the data leaves no doubt that,
while the survey period was for 4 weeks in January
and February 1956, the results are pertinent to the
current situation.

102

SSR-Fish. No. 346 - Species Composition of Industrial

Trawl-Fish Landings in New England, 1958, by
Robert L. Edwards and Lewis Lawday, 22 pp., illus.,
June 1960. Presents data on the species composi-
tion of the industrial trawl-fish catch landed in 1958
at the New England ports of Point Judith, R. I., and
New Bedford and Gloucester, Mass. The informa-

tion given covers percent by weight and pounds landed

for each of the principal fishing areas, by month and
port.

SSR-Fish. No. 349 - Chemical Analyses of Marine and

Estuarine Waters Used by the Galveston Biological
Laboratory, by Kenneth T. Marvin and others, 16pp.,
June 1960.

Sep. No. 600 - Development and Use of Otter-Trawling

Gear for Red Snapper Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico,
June 1957-May 1959.

Sep. No. 601 - Structure of the Fishing Industry in the

European Common Market.

(International North Pacific Fisheries Commission)!

United States Section Meeting, March 1960, Circular
85, 32 pp., illus., May 1960. Includes a brief dis-
cussion of the International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission and its work. Also includes the follow-
ing papers presented before a joint session of the
Alaska Legislature on March 4, 1960: "Statement
of the United States Section, International North Pa-
cific Fisheries Commission," by Milton E. Brooding;
Scientific Research by the United States," by J. L.
McHugh; "Research Related to the Case for Absten-
tion,'' by R. A. Fredin; ''Distribution and Racial
Composition of Salmon on the High Seas," by Clinton
E. Atkinson; and ''Pacific Salmon in International
Waters," by Allan C. Hartt.

results of a survey conducted to determine how much
recreational fishing our national fish hatcheries are
furnishing by providing warm-water fish to stock
farm and ranch ponds. Findings show that one-fourth
of all persons fishing in fresh water in 1959 fished
at least once in a pond that had been stocked by the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Between
30,000 and 40,000 ponds are stocked annually with
fish produced at the national fish hatcheries. Large-
mouth bass and bluegill sunfish were the primary
species used in the stocking program while red-ear
sunfish and bluegills were stocked in the southeast-
ern States and channel catfish in 155 ponds in the
southwest. More than 20 million man-days of rec-
reational fishing were provided in 1959 to at least

5 million persons as a result of the farm-pond fish-
stocking program, the survey showed. x

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM
THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title
MNL-29 - Union of South Africa Pilchard/Maasbanker

Fish Meal and Oil Reduction Plants.

MNL-30 - Venezuelan Reduction Plants.
MNL-31 - Moroccan Reduction Plants.
MNL-32 - Venezuelan Commercial Catch, Production

of Processed Fishery Products, and Forr
eign Trade for 1958 and 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS’ ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products,
March and Aprit 1960, 9 and 8 pp., respectively.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Sery-
ice, 400 E. Lombard St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts
at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces
for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; total
receipts by species and comparisons with previous
years; and wholesale prices on the Baltimore mar-
ket; for the months indicated.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part
I--Fishery Products Production and Market Data,

July and August 1960; 14 and 15 pp., respectively.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California
cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish, mackerel
and anchovies; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, and
anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa
Monica, and Eureka areas; California imports; can-
ned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices
for cannery fish; for the months indicated.

(Chicago Monthly Summary of (Chicago's) Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale

Market Prices, August 1960, 13 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6 Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of ae Se North Carolina, and

Maryland, August 1960, pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas
of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the
North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and
Morehead City; together with cumulative and com-
parative data; for the month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthl
Summary for July 1960, 19 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes
summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on
wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at
New York City, primary wholesaler prices for fro-
zen products; range of prices of fresh-water fishin
Peck Slip, Jan.-July 1960; and marketing trends;
for the month indicated.

Receipts and Prices of Fresh and Frozen Fisher
Products at Chicago, 1959, by G. A. Albano, 65 pp.,
September 1960. (ac tiebie free from the Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565

W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) In the analysis
of receipts of fishery products at Chicago, the au-
thor discusses the changes in receipts of various
species from previous years. He also discusses
sources of receipts; fishery products carload re-
ceipts at Chicago; trends in fishery products trans-
portation; receipts by months, species, and vari-
eties; and lake trout and whitefish fisheries and re-
ceipts. Other topics covered are trends in Great
Lakes commercial fishery, imports of fresh and
frozen fresh-water fish from Canada, imports of

November 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

selected frozen fishery products, cold-storage in-
ventories, frozen shrimp market trends, U. S. shrimp
landings and imports, and standards for grades of
frozen raw headless shrimp. Also included is ata-
ble giving the names, classifications, and approxi-
mate weights of certain fishery products as used in
the Chicago wholesale markets. The second section
presents statistical data on fresh and frozen fishery
products receipts at Chicago by species and by states
and provinces of origin, states and provinces by spe-
cies, species by months, states and provinces by
months, totals by species, and totals by states and
provinces. Receipts are tabulated by method of
transportation (truck, express, and freight). A ta-
ble shows the monthly range of wholesale prices of
some of the leading varieties of fresh and frozen
fishery products handled in the Chicago market.

Special Conference with the Fishing Industry on Export
Trade Promotion, June 20, 1960, 14 pp., processed.
(Branch of Foreign Fisheries and Trade, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fishand Wildlife Serv-
ice, Washington 25, D. C.) A report on a special
conference with the fishing industry on export trade
promotion, held on June 20, 1960, in Washington,

D. C. This report, consisting of summary minutes,
lists the industry and Government representatives
present and discusses the purpose of the meetings,
foreign tariffs, quantitative restrictions, promotion
of U. S. exports, and work of the Federal Trade Com-
mission. It also covers assistance of the Export-
Import Bank, duties of the Regional Fisheries Offi-
cer for Latin America, promotion of U. S. fishery
products, and presentation of several fishery prob-
lems by industry representatives. A summary of
fishing industry recommendations to increase U. S.
exports is included.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE A-

25, Da Co

"Use of a Small Otter Trawl to Sample Deep-Water
Fishes in Maine Lakes," by Robert S. Ruppand Stuart

E. DeRoche, article, Progressive Fish-Culturist,
vol. 22, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 134-137, illus., pro-
cessed, 25 cents.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATION OR PUBLISHER

MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

ANCHOVY:

"The Ripening Process of Anchovy," article, Redo-
gorelse for Arbetsaret July 1, 1958-June 30, 1959,
SIK Report No. 71, p. 36, printed in Swedish. Svenska
Institute for Konserveringsforskning, Goteborg, Swe-
den, 1959.

ANTIBIOTICS
"Effectiveness of Dip in Iced Chlortetracycline (CTC)-
Containing Sea Water on Keeping Quality of Mackerel
Aboard Ship and Determination of CTC Residues on
the Fish," by Tetuo Tomiyama and Yasuo Yone, ar—

ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Societ of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 25, August 1959, pp. 350-593, illus.,

103

printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo,
Japan. 3

ANTIBIOTICS:

"Questions of the Availability of Ice as Carrier of
Chemical Preservatives--an Examination with
Chlortetracycline,"' by K. Higashi and others, ar-
ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 11, 1959, pp. 920-924, printed
in Japanese with English summary. Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-
chome Tokyo, Japan.

ARGENTINA:

"Tua Pesca en la Republica Argentina" (The Fishery
in Argentina), by A. B. Sailor, article, Puntal, vol.
7, no. 74, May 1960, pp. 11-12, illus., printed in
Spanish. Puntal, Ramon y Cajal 3, Apartado 316,
Alicante, Spain.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Sodium Content of Fish Flesh," by Claude E. Thurs-
ton and Kathryn L. Osterhaug, article, Journal of
the American Dietetic Association, vol. 36, March
1960, pp. 212-215, printed. American Dietetic Asso-
ciation, 620 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill.

CANADA:

Canadian Commercial Fish Landings of Eastern, Cen-
tral, and Western Lake Erie, Igo 1956, by James
W. Davies, 87 pp., illus., processed. Department of
Lands and Forests, Parliament Buildings, Toronto
5, Canada. Production statistics taken from official
records of the Canadian fishing industry in Lake
Erie are presented by species, in tabular and graph-
ical form for (a) Essex County, including the Pelee
Island fishery; (b) Kent and Elgin Counties; and (c)
Norfolk, Haldimand, and Welland Counties, including
the Niagara River above the Falls, and including the
Grand River from 1876 to 1904, and 1913 to 1922.

List of the Marine Fishes of Canada, by D. E. McAl~
lister, Bulletin No. 168, National Museum of Canada,
printed, C$1.25 (about US$1.29). Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. In-
cludes all species of fishes recorded as occurring
in the brackish and marine waters of Canada. In
general, only fishes of the Continental Shelf and off-
shore fishing banks are listed. Names are listed
alphabetically under the family or subfamily. The
scientific name is followed by its author and date of
publication.

Operations of Longliners and Draggers, Atlantic Sea-
aed 1952-1958, by TC EREDEEct ear ciciamyatn See
dustry Studies no. 1, vol. 8, part 1, 110 pp., illus.,
processed. The Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, 1960. This is the first
part of the eighth annual progress report on the
study of modern fishing craft on the Atlantic sea-
board. It reviews the impact of the modernization
policy on the groundfish industry; strengths and
weaknesses of the policy are appraised in terms of
accomplishments to the end of 1958 and in terms of
types and sizes of craft most suitable and success-
ful in their operations. Trends established since
the inception of the study are presented in chart
form for the most important input-output factors af-
fecting the profitability of the enterprises studies.

104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

Also, tables are presented summarizing trends in
average landings per enterprise by quantity and val-
ue of species as well as for the average prices re-
ceived by fishermen.

Operations of Modern Longliners and Draggers, At-
lantic Seaboard, 1958, by John Proskie, Primary
Industry Studies no. 1, vol. 8, part 2, 68 pp., illus.,
processed. The Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, 1959. The second part
of the eighth annual progress report on a study of
the economics of modern fishing-craft operations
in the Atlantic provinces. The tables provide a
comparison of the findings obtained from the de-
tailed accounts of 134 fishing enterprises for the

1958 season. The data include capital and operating
costs, as well as returns to labor, capital, and man-

agement. The length of the fishing season and the
intensity of the fishing effort are related to grounds
worked, volume of output, and species landed.

Summary Statistics of Canada's Fisheries, 1939-
5 pp-, printed. (Reprinted from Canadian

Fisheries Annual, 1960, pp. 60-98.) Canadian Fish-

eries Annual, Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada. Sta-
tistics are presented in 8 sections on landings and
value of Canadian fisheries and related data: (1)
summary statistics for 1949-1959; (2) East Coast
fisheries; (3) fresh-water fisheries; (4) West
Coast fisheries; (5) fillet production; and (6), (7)
and (8) exports and imports. Also included are a
list of addresses of fishing companies and a di-
rectory of fishery products by type, such asfresh
and frozen fish (whole or dressed), fresh and fro-
zen fish (filleted), smoked fish (dressed or fil-
leted), cured fish, canned fish (not including shell-
fish), shellfish (in shell or meat--not canned),
canned shellfish, fish oils and fish livers, fish
meal, and other fishery products. Listed under
each classification are the companies which
process that particular product. Data are
mostly for 1958, although some 1959 figures are
given.

CANNING:
Canning," article, Food Investigation 1957, pp. 20-
21, printed. Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, London, England, 1958. (Available from

Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kings-

way, W. C. 2, England.) Describes studies for im-
proving the quality of canned herring with regard
to flavor and texture which are being carried out
at the Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland,
by the British Food Manufacturing Industries Asso-
ciation. The minor extractives that are largely re-
sponsible for odor and flavor in both raw and cooked
herring meat are the subject of this study.

"Research on the Resistance of Tinplate to Corro-
sion,’ by S. C. Britton, article, Chemistry and In-
dustry No. 7, February 13, 1960, pp. -163,_
printed. Chemistry and Industry, 14 Belgrave
Square, London W1, England.

CARP:

Cultivo de la Carpa Seleccionada en Mexico (Selected
Carp Culture in Mexico), by Fernando Obregon, 64
pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Secretario de Agri-
cultura y Ganaderia, Calle de Tacuba 7, Mexico,

D. F., Mexico, 1960.

CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Chesapeake Science, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1960, 77 pp.,

“Tiss arinted vaimele copy 75 cents, annual sub-
scription $2. Maryland Department of Research and
Education, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solo-
mons, Md. The first issue of a new publication de-_
voted to presenting the results of research and man-
agement studies dealing with the natural resources
of the Chesapeake Bay region and other technical
papers on related subjects. The publications, issued
periodically, proposes to publish short papers and
notes. Participation is solicited by research cen-
ters, colleges, universities, and scientific societies
in the Chesapeake Bay region. Includes, among oth-
ers, the following articles: ‘Evaluation of a Method
of Reducing the Powering Requirements of Soft -
Shelled Clam Dredging," by J. H. Manning and A.
McIntosh Kennison; ''Comparison of the Movements
of Stocked and Resident Yellow Perch, Perca flave-
scens, in Tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland,"
by Romeo Mansueti; "Preliminary Report on At-
tracting Fish by Oyster-Shell Plantings. in Chinco-
teague Bay, Maryland," by John Arve; ''Supplemental
Survey of Soft-Shelled Clam Bottoms in Tidewater
Somerset County, Maryland," by H. T. Pfitzenmeyer;
"Notes on the Soft-Shell Turtle (Trionyx) in Mary-
land Waters," by Romeo Mansueti and David H. Wal-
lace; ''Mass Mortality of the Starfish, Asterias for-
besi, on the Atlantic Coast of Maryland,” by Fred W.
Sieling; and 'Availability of Striped Bass during Sum-
mers of 1958 and 1959 as Reflected in Commercial
Seine Catch," by George J. Murphy.

COD:
"Cod from Norway. Il--Klipfish and Stockfish,"' by
A. E. Hammond, article, Food, vol. 28, no. 334,1959,
pp. 256-258, illus., printed. Food, Tothill Press
Ltd., 33 Tothill St., London S. W. 1, England.

COD FILLETS:

"The Effect of Time and Temperature of Cooking on
the Palatability and Cooking Losses of Frozen At-
lantic Codfish Fillets," by Iva L. Armstrong and
others, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, vol. 17, January 1960, pp. 1-7,
printed. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada.

CRUSTACEANS:
"Paper Chromatographic Studies on the Fatty Acid

Composition of Some Fresh Water Crustaceans," by
T. Farkas and S. Herodek, article, Acta Biologica
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 10, 1559,
pp. 85-90, illus., printed. Acta Biologica Academiae
Scientiarum Hungaricae, Magyar Tudomanyos Aka-
demia, Akademia ut 2, Budapest V, Hungary.

FATTY ACIDS:

“Effects of Certain Pure Long-Chain Polyunsaturated
Fatty Acid Esters onthe Blood Lipides of Man. Use of
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Atherosclerosis," by
H. E. WorneandL. W. Smith, article, The American
Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 237, 1959, pp.
710-721, printed. The American Journal of the Med-
ical Sciences, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 6, Pa.

FISH CAKE:
Food Hygienical Studies on Japanese Fish-Cake Prod-
ucts. I--The Rate of Penetration of Cooking Tem-

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

perature in Fish-Cakes of Commerce, by Keishi Am-

ano and others, 15 pp., illus., printed in Japanese
with English abstract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of

the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 20,
no. 9, January 1955, pp. 816-825.)

.) Japanese Society

of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-

eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

A Study on the Preservation of Fish Cake: Part III--
Effect of Plastic Casing Upon the Storage of Sugar-
Added Fish Cake, by Hitoshi Uchiyama, Keishi Am-
ano, and Motonobu Yokoseki, vol. 21, no. 6, October

1955, pp. 441-447; Part IV--Factors Involved in Pre-

koseki, Hitoshi Uchiyama, and Keishi Amano, vol. 22,
no. 1, May 1956, pp. 35-40; (Reprinted from Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries.) Both
are printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Uni-
versity of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

servative Effect of Carbon Dioxide, by Motonobu Yo-

FISH CULTURE:

The Function and Significance of Fish Culture in Re
Iation to the Regional/Village Economy, by R. Soe-
karno, Occasional Paper No. 59/7, processed. Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand,
1959.

FISH DETECTION:

"Fischsuche und Fischortung" (Location and Detection
of Fish), by J. Scharfe, article Protokolle zur Fis-
chereitechnik, vol. 5, nos. 22/23, 1958, pp. 175-204,

printed in German. Protokolle zur Fischereitechnik,

Institut fur Netz-und-Materialforschung, Die Bun-
desanstalt fur Fischerei, 72 Neuer Wall, Hamburg
36, W. Germany.

FISH FLOUR:

"Studies on the Nutritional Value of Defatted Fish
Flour," by A. B. Morrison and J. A. Campbell, ar-
ticle, Federation Proceedings, vol. 19, Part I, March
1960, p. 326, printed. Federation of American So-
cieties for Experimental Biology, 9650 Wisconsin
Ave., NW., Washington 14, D. C.

FISH MEAL:

"Biological Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Pro-
tein Quality of Fish Meals,"' by N. T. Rand and oth-
ers, article, Poultry Science, vol. 39, January 1960,
pp. 45-53, printed. Poultry Science Association,
Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kans.

"New Fish Meal Tested in Broiler Rations,"' by E. J.
Day and J. E. Hill, article, Poultry Science, vol. 38,
no. 5, 1959, pp. 556-559, printed. Poultry Science
Association, Ohio State University, Columbus 10,
Ohio.

FISH OILS:

"On the Occurrence of Eicosatetraenoic, Docosapen-
taenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Fish Oils,"
by Y. Toyama, Y. Iwata, and K. Fujimura, article,
Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel, vol. 61, October 1959,
p. 846, printed in German. Fette-Seifen-Anstrich-
mittel, Industrieverlag von Hernhaussen KG, Ham-
burg 11, Germany.

"Preparation of a Coating Material by Chlorination of
Fish Oil. IV--Change of Molecular Weight of Fish
Oil Caused by Chlorination," by Kosaku Suzuki,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 12, 1959, pp. 1008-1011,
illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

FISH SAUSAGE:

The Softening Deterioration of Fish Sausage:
Part I--Some Chemical and Microscopical Aspects,
by Hitoshi Uchiyama and Takeo Tanada, vol. 24,
no. 2, June 1958, pp. 148-155, illus.;

Part II--Microbiological Studies of the Softening De-
terioration, by Motonobu Yokoseki, Hitoshi Uchi-
yama, and Toshiaki Manizuka, vol. 24, no. 2,
June 1958, pp. 156-160, illus. ;

Part IIl--An Anaerobic Starch Digestion by BACIL-
LUS CIRCULANS Isolated from Softened Part of
Fish Sausage and Other BACILLUS Species, by
Hitoshi Uchiyama, Motonobu Yokoseki, and Koo-
taro Motohashi, vol. 24, no. 5, September 1958,
pp. 370-377, illus.;

Part [V--A New Preventive Means of the Softening
Spoilage of Fish Sausage, by Hitoshi Uchiyama
and Keishi Amano (Reprinted from Bulletin of
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
no 26, November 1959, pp. 61-67, illus.);

Part V--Effect of Sodium Pyrophosphate and Sor-
bic Acid on the Growth of Spore of BACILLUS CIR-
CULANS, by Hitoshi Uchiyama and Keishi Amano,
vol. 25, nos. 7-9, November 1959, pp. 531-544,
illus. ;

(Parts I, II, Ill, and V reprinted from Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries.) All are
printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Uni-
versity of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

FISH SILAGE:
"Ensilering af Fisk og Fiskeaffald'' (Ensilage of Fish

and Fish Offal), by P. Hansen, article, Meddelelse
Fiskeriministeriets Forsogslaboratorium, May 1959,
26 pp., illus., printed. Fiskeriministeriets For-
sogslaboratorium, Ostervoldgade 10, Copenhagen-K,
Denmark,

FISH SOLUBLES:
Edible Protein Products from Fish Solubles, by Jer-

miah Milner, U. S. Patent No. 2,857,278, Octo-
ber 21, 1958. U. S. Patent Office, Washington 25,
IDS (5

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Catalogue of FAO Fisheries Publications, August

1960, compiled by Patricia M. Andrews, 20 pp.,
processed. Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy. Lists periodicals, FAO Fisheries
Studies, FAO Fisheries Papers, separate publica-
tions, and publications of the General Fisheries

106

Council for the Mediterranean. Also lists publica-
tions of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, reports
of the Latin American Fisheries Training Centers,
reports of the Expanded Technical Assistance Pro-
gram, and reprints of articles appearing in FAO
Fisheries Bulletin and other periodicals.

Soil and Water Conservation, vol. IV, Natural Aquatic
Resources, 376 pp., printed in French and English.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
and Natural Resources, 31 rue Vautier, Brussels 4,
Belgium, 1960. Contains papers presented at the
Seventh Technical Meeting of I. U.C.N., Athens,
September 1958, including those on basic elements--
definition of soil and water conservation, definition
of aquatic resources, and the uses of water and
soils and the changes which man wishes to bring a-
bout in them. Papers also discuss the effect of land
and water use on the aquatic environment--various
soil conservation measures, engineering construc-
tions; dredging operation, and pollution control; and
the methods whereby deleterious effects of land and
water use practices on aquatic resources can be
minimized and, wherever possible, made to in-
crease the resources.

The Use of Fishery Statistics by Government and Bus-

iness in Northwest Europe, by G. M. Gerkardsen,
FAO Fisheries Papers No. 17, 14 pp., processed,
limited distribution. Fisheries Division, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, June 1960.
Working paper presenced at the Expert Meeting on
Fishery Statistics in the North Atlantic Area, Edin-
burgh, Scotland, September 1959. Discusses the
need for fishery statistics by Government and busi-
ness; and available statistics on catch and landings,
manpower, fishing craft and gear, processing es-
tablishments, and fish marketing. Also discusses
international aspects of statistical systems; assess-
ment of adequacy of statistics; and desirable trends
in the development of fishery statistics.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under the
Expanded Technical Assistance Program for de-
veloping the fisheries of many countries. These
reports have not been published on a sales basis,
but have been processed only for limited distribu-
tion to governments, libraries, and universities.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,
Italy.

Fishery Resources of the Inland Waters (U. A. R. --
Northern Region), by W. C. Beckman, FAO Re-
port No, 1045, processed, 1959.

Fishery Resources of the Inland Waters of Syria,
Appendix IV, by W. C. Beckman, FAO Report No.
1045A, processed, 1959.

Marine Fishery Biology (Indonesia), by T. H. Butler,
FAO Report No. 1057, processed, 1959.

Methodology and Techniques of Research on Mack-
erel (Thailand), by S. J. Holt, FAO Report No.
1095, processed, 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol 22, No. 11

Marine Fishery Resources (Philippines), by
K.F.W. Tiews, FAO Report No. 1141, processed,
1959.

International Training Center on Handling and Proc-
essing of Fish (Thailand), by G. Sand, FAO Re-
port No. 1164, processed, 1959.

The Kalaat el Mondik Experimental Fish Culture
Station (U. A. R.--Northern Region), by W.F.J.
Wunder, FAO Report No. 1199, processed, 1960.

The Development of Fishing Harbours in the States of
Bombay, Kerala and Madras, by Carl G. Bjuke and C.
Ragnar Bjuke, FAO Report No. 1242, processed, 1960.

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
Food Consumption and Dietary Levels of Households

Related to Employment of Homemaker, United
States--by Region, Household Food Consumption
Survey 1955, Report No. 15, 130 pp., illus., proc-
essed, 75 cents. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C., May 1960. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This re-
port contains a portion of the data from the U. S.
Department of Agriculture's nationwide Survey of
Household Food Consumption made in the spring of
1955. The survey was part of the Department's
broad program of research on family dietary levels
and the marketing and utilization of farm products.
The survey was based on a national probability
sample of approximately 6,000 housekeeping house-
holds of one or more persons. Data on "fish and
shellfish'' as a separate category are included in the
tables.

FOOD POISONING:

"Studies on the Food Poisoning Associated with Pu-
trefaction of Marine Products,"' by Toshiharu Ka-
wabata and Shigeru Suzuki, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25,
October 1959, pp. 473-480, illus., printed in Japa-
nese with English abstract. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shibakaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Accelerated Freeze-Drying of Food," by S.W.F.
Hanson, article, Food, vol. 28, no. 334, 1959, pp.
245-248, printed. Food, Tothill Press, Ltd., 33
Tothill St., London S.W.1, England.

FUR SEALS:

"Atlantic Seal Hunt, 1960," by J. J. Quigley, article,
Trade News, vol. 13, no. 1, July 1960, pp. 8-9,
illus., processed. Information and Educational
Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.
Describes the 1960 harvest of fur seals by New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, and Norwegian fleets in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence and along Newfoundland's
northern front. The Nova Scotia fleet took an esti-
mated 80,000 pelts, valued at $320,000. Despite
innovations such as aerial spotting surveys, walkie-
talkies, and power winches for loading pelts, how-
ever, the seal hunt is still a dangerous and strenu-
ous operation and is today only a shadow of its form-
er self.

November 1960

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT

IDAHO:

"Salmon and Steelhead in Idaho," by Ted C. Bjornn,
article, Idaho Wildlife Review, vol. 13, no. 1, July-
August 1960, pp. 6-11, illus., printed. Idaho Fish
and Game Dept., 518 Front St., Boise, Idaho. Dis-
cusses briefly Idaho's commercial and sport fishery
regulations; the spring, summer, and fall migra-
tions of chinook salmon; the spawning runs of steel-
head trout and sockeye salmon; and Idaho's contribu-
tion to Columbia River salmon and steelhead stocks.

INFESTATION:

"Effect of the Ingestion of Trianophorus Plerocercoids
on the Nutritional Characteristics of Whitefish Fillets
in the Rations of Puppies," by E. W. Crampton,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, vol. 17, January 1960, pp. 81-90, printed.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer and Controller: of Stationery, Otta-
wa, Canada,

INTERNATIONAL BANK:

"Inter-American Development Bank--a New Venture in
Regional Banking," by Larry F. Thomasson, article,
Foreign Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 8, August 1960,
pp. 8-9, printed. Foreign Agricultural Service,

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
(Available from the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25,
D. C.) Discusses the background and functions of
the Inter-American Development Bank, founded on
January 1, 1960, with a membership including the
United States and all Latin American Republics ex-
cept Cuba. The broad objective of the Bank is to
accelerate the general economic development of
Latin America, with all Latin American countries
sharing in the cost and in the responsibility for
success.

IRRADIATION:

"Chemical Properties of Oils in Gamma-Radiation
Fish Meat and Products. I,'' by Takashi Kaneda,
Hisae Sakai; and Seinosuke Ishii, article, Bulletin

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

USUALLY MAY BE

characteristics at refrigerated temperatures (32° to
35° F.). The optimum irradiation dose for cod fil-
lets appeared to be 0.46 megarads or lower. Ir-
radiation at these low dosage levels increased the
storage life of cod fillets at 32° to 350 F., by about
three times. The objective freshness tests investi-
gated, including determinations for total volatile
base, total volatile acid, trimethylamine, and plate
counts, did not appear to be a reliable index of quali-
ty.

Precooked Fish Sticks," by David T.
Miyauchi, ibid., p. 411. In this study, the storage
characteristics at room temperature of fish sticks
irradiated at 1.0 and 2.0 megarads were poor. The
storage life at 35° F. of irradiated fish sticks packed
in cans was about 8 to 12 weeks, but the irradiated
fish sticks were only fair in organoleptic quality
throughout most of their storage life because a musty
odor developed and the white meat darkened.

ISRAEL:

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 4 (24), June 1960,
36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with English ab-
stracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, P.O.B. 699, Haifa,
Israel. Contains, among others, these articles: ''The
Red Sea--Its Importance to Research and Fisheries,"
by H. Steinitz; '"New Trawling Ggounds in Deep Wa-
ter,'' by M. Ben-Yami and A. Ben-Tuvia; and "Im-
pressions on the Red Sea Trawl Fishery."

ITALY:

"En Italie Intervention de 1'Etat dans le Developpment
de la Peche Atlantique" (In Italy, Intervention of the
State in the Levelopment of the Atlantic Fishery), by
Cesare de Felipe, article, France Peche, vol. 5,
no. 42, July-August 1960, pp. 25-26, printed in
French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, rue de Gue-
mene, Lorient, France.

JAPAN:
Annual Report of Catch Statistics on Fishery and Aqui-

of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol.
24, no. 11, 1959, pp. 909-919, printed in Japanese
with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Quality and Stor-
age of Fish, by Keishi Amano and Kinjiro Yamada,
12 pp., illus., printed in English with Japanese ab-
stract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Tokai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 26, November
1959, pp. 51-59.) Tokai Regional Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

"Irradiation Preservation of Pacific Northwest Fish.
I--Cod Fillets," by David T. Miyauchi, article,
Food Technology, vol. 14, no. 8, August 1960,
pp. 379-382, printed. The Garrard Press, 510
North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. The specific ob-
jective of this study was to determine the effect of
varying doses of ionizing radiation on the palatabili-
ty and storage characteristics of raw fillets of Pa-
cific cod held at refrigeration temperatures above
freezing. Pacific cod fillets were irradiated at
various dosage levels from 0 to 1.86 megarads to
determine their initial acceptability and storage

culture, 1958, Agriculture Forestry and Fishery
Statistics Bulletin 34-40, 412 pp., printed in Japa-
nese and English. Statistics and Survey Division,
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Tokyo, Japan,
October 1959. Contains statistical information on
the 1958 production of marine fisheries--whaling,
pelagic fisheries on high seas, and domestic marine
fisheries--whaling, pelagic fisheries on high seas,
and domestic marine fisheries; culture in shallow
seas, inland water fisheries; and culture in inland
waters. Also presents data on processing, average
market prices of fishery commodities, estimated
value of catch, and consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts for fisheries.

An Attempt for Estimating Time of Dragnet Fishing
from Freshness of the Catch, by Taneko Suzuki,
10 pp., illus., priuted in Japanese with English ab-
stract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Tokai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, No. 26, November
1959, pp. 99-108.) Tokai Regional Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Labor-
atory, No. 26, November 1959, 108 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstracts. Tokai

107

108

Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishi-
ma, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others,
these articles: ''On the Yearly Fluctuation in Avail-
ability of the Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, Popu-
lation Caught by Drift Net inthe Western Part of the Ja-
pan Sea," by T. Doi; ''Two-Boat-Purse Seine Fishery
and the Age Composition of the Anchovy Catch in the
Area Extending Between Kujukuri Hama and Kashima
Nada, 1953 Through 1956," by S. Hayashi and K. Kon-
do; "Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Quality and
Storage of Fish,'' by K. Amano and K. Yamada; ''Stud-
ies on the Vitamin Oil Extraction. I--Loss of Vita-
min A in the Alkali Digestion Method," by H. Higashi,
T. Yamakawa, and Y. Shimoda; "Study on Alkali Di-
gestion for Producing Vitamin Oil from Fish Livers,"
by H. Higashi, Y. Shimma, and H. Taguchi; and "An
Attempt for Estimating Time of Dragnet Fishing
from Freshness of the Catch," by T. Suzuki.

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Labora—
tory, no. 27, February 1960, pp. 41-72, illus., printed
in Japanese with English abstracts. Tokai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-
ku, Tokyo,‘Japan. Includes, among others, these
articles: ''Studies on the Extraction of Vitamin Oil.
Il--Comparative Effect of Soy Bean Oil and Pollack
Liver Oil as the Pick-Up Oil," by H. Higashi, K.
Yamakawa, and N. Maita; "Studies on the Browning
of Irradiated Fish. I--Effect of Presence of Free
Sugar on the Browning of Fish Flesh,"' by K. Yama-
da and K. Amano; and "Nutritive Elements of Fish
Meal and Solubles Produced in Various Countries,"
by S. Murayama and M. Yanase.

Enhancing Effect of Starch on Jelly Strength of Fish
Meat Jelly. Il--Effect of Amylose and Amylopectin,

by Minoru Okada and Atsuko Yamazaki, 8 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprinted

from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 23, nos. 7 & 8, November 1957, pp.
476-482.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Influence-of Cooking Conditions on the Jelly Strength
of Kamaboko, by'Minoru Okada, 7 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprinted from
Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Lab-
oratory, No. 24, June 1959, pp. 73-79.) Tokai Re-
gional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Influence of Urea Upon the Sa of Some Ionic Dyes
to Proteins, by Masao Migita and Shigeo Otake, 8 pp.
illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract.
(Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 8, December 1958,
pp- 663-670.) Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigan-
dori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Utilization of Discarded Trawl Catches as Feed for
Livestock, by H. Higashi and others, 26 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprinted
from Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 18, October 1957, pp. 47-72.) Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishi-
ma, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vols 222 iNon lel

JAVA: .
Fish Production and Consumption in West Java, by
Rabdul Pahari, Occasional Paper No. 59/6, processed.
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thai-
land, 1959. .

LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE:

"Second International Conference on the Law of the
Sea," by J.P.A. Francois, article, United Nations
Review, vol. 6, no. 12, June 1960, pp. 12-14, printed.
International Documents Service, Columbia Univer-
sity Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.

MARINE ALGAE:
Economic Marine Algae of Tropical South and East
Asia and Their Utilization, by J. S. Zaneveld,
Special Publication No. 3, 55 pp., printed. Indo-
Pacifie Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand,
1955.

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, vol. 39, no. 2, June 1960, pp. 153-
416, illus., printed, $10.50. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association, Cambridge University Press,
32 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y. Contains, among
others, the following articles: ''Studies on Marine
Algae of the British Isles: the Genus Ceramium,"
by Peter S. Dixon; and "Studies on Marine Algae of
the British Isles: Ceramium shuttleworthianum
(Kutz.) Silva," by Peter S. Dixon.

MARINE BIOLOGY:
Marine Biology: Twentieth Annual Biology Collo-
quium, 1959, by Ivan Pratt and James E. McCauley,
96 pp., illus., printed, $2.50. Oregon State College,
Corvallis, Oreg., 1960.

MARINE CLIMATIC ATLAS:

U. S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, vol. 1,
North Atlantic Ocean, no. 17N, 275 pp., 1955, $8; vol.
2, North Pacific Ocean, no.18N, 275 pp., 1957, $8;
vol. 4, South Atlantic Ocean, no. 20N, 267 pp., 1958,
$8.50; and vol. 5, South Pacific Ocean, no. 21N, 267
pp., 1960, $8. U. S. Navy, Washington, D. C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Four volumes of a marine climatic atlas, present-
ing meteorological information for the surface and
upper air over the oceans.

MENHADEN:

"Menhaden--Our Largest Commercial Catch," article
Monthly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond,
August 1960, pp. 2-5, illus., printed. Federal Re-
serve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Va. Covers
briefly the economic significance of the menhaden
industry, the uses.of menhaden products, method of
landing, processing the catch, and problems and
progress of the industry in recent years. Discusses
the use of scouting planes for locating the schools,
the use of the power block on the vessels, and the
use of refrigeration.

MICRONESIA:
Fishes of the Marshall and Mariana Islands, vol. 2:
Families from MULLIDAF through STROMATEIDAE,
by Leonard P. Schultz and others, U. S. National

November 1960

Museum Bulletin 202, 438 pp., illus., printed, $2.25.

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. (Available
from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

MILKFISH:

Synopsis of Biological Data on Milkfish CHANOS
CHANOS (Forskal), by W. H. Schuster, Occasional
Paper No. » processed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, 1959.

NEW ZEALAND:

Report of the Marine Department for the Year Ended
‘31 March 1960, 85 pp., printed. Marine Department,
Wellington, New Zealand, 1960. Covers the activities
and accomplishments of the Marine Department,
including a report on fisheries for 1959. The latter
discusses the quantity and value of spiny lobster and
fish landings, fishing vessels, total landings at vari-
ous ports, foreign trade infishery products, and fish-
liver oil production. It also discusses the whaling
season, rock- and dredged-oyster landings, fresh-
water and marine fisheries research. Fishing In-
dustry Advisory Council, and fishery legislation.

All data are for the calendar year 1959,

NORTH AMERICA:

Fishes from the United States and Canada (second edi-
tion), by Reeve M. Bailey, 102 pp., printed, paper $1.
Librarian, American Fisheries Society, Colorado
A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colo. Revised and
enlarged list of accepted common names, occurrence,
and scientific names, fully indexed.

NORTH ATLANTIC:
"Perspektivy Razvitia Rybolovstva v Seviernoi Atlan-
tikie'' (Fishing Prospects in the North Atlantic), by
I. I. Marti, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistov, vol. 35,
no. 4, 1959, pp. 3-8, illus., printed in Russian. Ry-
bnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gos-
planie SSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R,

NORWAY:

Vekslinger i Forekomsten av Forskjellige Fiskeslag
pa Skagerakkysten (Fluctuations in the Abundance of
Some Fishes on the Norwegian Skagerack Coast), by
Alf Dannevig, Fiskeridirektoratets Skrifter, Serie
Fiskeri, vol. 4, no. 3, 29 pp., illus., printed in Nor-
wegian with English summary. A/S John Griegs
Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway, 1959.

OCEAN PERCH:

"Incidence and Distribution of Infestation by Sphyrion
lumpi (Kroyer) on the Redfish, Sebastes marinus
(L.), of the Western North Atlantic, by Wilfred
Templeman and H. J. Squires, article, Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 17, Janu-
ary 1960, pp. 9-31, printed. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Oceanography in Canada, 1957-60, by H. B. Hachey,
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ot-
tawa, Canada.

Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages
of Discovery, by T. F. Gaskell, 240 pp., illus.,
printed, $3.95. W. W. Norton & Co. 101 Fifth Ave.,
New York 3, N. Y. ?

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

PACKAGING:

"Quelques Aspects du Probleme de l1'Emballage des
Denrees Alimentaires Sterilisees par les Radiations
Ionisantes'' (Some Aspects of the Problem of Pack-
aging Foodstuffs Sterilized by Ionizing Radiations),
by L. Brunelet and P. Vidal, article, Revue Generale
du Froid, vol. 35, no. 7, 1958, pp. 681-685, printed
in French. Association Nationale des Ingenieurs et
Techniciens du Froid et des Industries Connexes,
129 Boulevard St. Germain, Paris, France.

PLANKTON:

Plankton Pigments in Australian Waters, by G. F.
Humphrey, Division of Fisheries and Oceanography,
Technical Paper No. 9, 27pp., illus., printed. Com-
monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organ-
ization, 314 Albert St., E. Melbourne C2, Australia, 1960.

POLAND:
"Polish Sea Fishing," by Andrezej Ropelewski, article,

Studies and Monographs, Western and Northern Ter-
ritories of Poland--Maritime Problems, April 1960, pp.

33-44, illus., printed. Department of Studies and Mon-
ographs, Nowy Swiat 27, Warsaw, Poland. Discusses
the history of Polish marine fisheries and their expan-
sion after World War I, losses to the fisheries during
World War II, restoration and reconstruction, increases
in annual catch since 1946, Government aid to the fish-
eries, and the present fisheries, and the present fish-
ing fleet. Also covers the ownership of the fishing fleet,
employment in the fisheries, training of fishing crews,
fresh-water fisheries, consumption, and prospects

of future development of Polish fisheries. Included
are a number of tables and graphs showing fish
catches, vessels, and consumption of fishery products.

PORTUGAL:

Boletim da Pesca, vol. 13, no. 67, June 1960, 134
pp-, illus., printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de
Estudos das Pescas, R. S. Bento, 644, 4 -Esq.,
Lisbon, Portugal. Contains, among others, the
following articles: ''Consideracoes Sobre a
Industria do Peixe Fresco na Metropole e em
Angola" (Observations on the Fresh Fish In-
dustry of Portugal and Angola), by C. Fernando
Costa; and ''Biologia Marinha no Grande Nord-
este Brasileiro" (Marine Biology in the Area off
Northeast Brazil), by Rui Simoes de Meneses.

"A Economia das Pescas em Portugal, a Industria de
Conservas de Peixe"' (Portuguese Fisheries Econ-
omics with Reference to Canned Fish), by Salviano
Cruz, article, A Revista de Pesquisas Economico-
Sociais, vol. 4, nos. 1-6, January-June 1955, 316 pp.,
plus 32 maps and charts, illus., printed in Portuguese.
Estudos-Economico-Sociais, Avenida Sidonio Pais,
ae oem 3-E, Lisbon, Portugal, 1958.

PRESERVATION:

Torry Research Station Annual Report 1959, Handling
and Preservation of Fish, pp., printed, 2s. 6d. (a-
bout 35 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland, 1960. De-
scribes accomplishments in research during 1959 on
improvement in quality of iced fish, freezing and cold
storage, smoke curing, drying, canning, and fishery
byproducts. Includes work on assessment of fresh-
ness of fish, preservative ices, jacketed cold stores,
smoke deposition, ''browning" of dehydrated and salted
fish, reduction of free liquor in herring packs, fish-
meal pilot plants, bacteriology of ice, fish muscle
proteins, and many others.

110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 11

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

RADIOACTIVITY: article, Voprosy Pitaniya, vol. 17, no. 5, 1958,

Study of Possible Relationship between Radioactivity pp. 59-63, printed in Russian. Voprosy Pitaniya,
and Toxicity in Fishes from Central Pacific, by Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Meditsinskoi Litera-
Philip Helfrich, 18 pp., processed, 50 cents. Ma- tury, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
rine Biology Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii, May 1960. "The Preservation of Salted Fish and Packaging with

Polyethylene," by R. Lafont, article, Indo-Pacific
REFRIGERATED SEA WATER: Fisheries Council Proceedings, 6th Session, 1955,

"Sodium Ion, Fotassium Ion, and Weight Changes in p. 287, printed in French. Indo-Pacific Fisheries
Fish Held in Refrigerated Sea Water and Other So- Council Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
lutions,'' by Robert A. MacLeod, R.E,E, Jonas, and tion of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia
J. R. McBride, article, Journal of Agricultural and and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1956.

Food Chemistry, vol. 8, March+April 1960, pp. g=
136, printed. Journal of Agricultural and Food SAND LAUNCE:
Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1801 K St., "Our North Sea Dilemma--The Sand Eel Story--Part I,"
NW., Washington 6, D. C. article, World Fishing, vol. 9, no. 7, July 1960, pp. 30-
32, illus., printed. John Trundell (Publishers), Ltd.,
REFRIGERATION: St. Richards House, Eversholt St., London NW1,

"Eerformance Test of the Refrigerating Plant of Mod- England. A discussion, in the form of questions and
erate Size Trawlers,'' by A. Dobrovol'skii, article answers, of the characteristics of the sand eel or
Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, no. 3, 1960, pp. 24-28, illus., sand launce, their location and distribution, life
printed in Russian with short English summary. cycle and feeding habits, natural enemies, method of
Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four Continent Book landing, nations engaged in the fishery, volume of an-
Corp., 822 Broadway, New York 3, N. Y. nual catch, and catching season. A forthcoming

article will discuss the future outlook of the sand eel

"Recommended Conditions for Cold Storage of Per- fishery.
ishable Foodstuffs. IlI--Fish and Crustaceans:

Chilled Storage," article, Bulletin of the Interna- SANITATION:
tional Institute of Refrigeration, Annex, 1959, pp. "Plant Sanitation in Frozen Foods--A Management At-
46-49, printed in French and English. Interna- titude,"' by Albert W. Emery, article, Quick Frozen
tional Institute of Refrigeration, 177 Boulevard Foods, vol. 22, February 1960, pp. 40-41, 156, printed.
Malesherbes, Paris, France. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publications,
Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y.
SALMON:
"Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During SARDINES:
Spawning Migration, IX--Fat, Protein, and Water in La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 988, July 1960, 64 pp.,
the Major Internal Organs and Cholesterol in the ~illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190
Liver and Gonads of the Standard Fish," by D. R. Id- Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. Contains the
ler and I. Bitners, article, Journal of the Fisheries following articles on the sardine industry: ''Ou
Research Board of Canada, vol. 17, January 1960, l'Evolution du Port de Douarnenez" (The Develop-
pp. 113-122, printed. Queen's Printer and Control - ment of the Port of Douarnenez); "'l'Evolution de
ler of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. l"Industrie Portugaise de la Sardine (The Develop-
ment of the Portuguese Sardine Industry); ''Safi,

"Investigation and Management of Atlantic Salmon in Premier Port Sardinier d'Afrique" (Safi, Principal
1959-80,"' articles, Trade News, vol. 12, no. 12, African Sardine Fishery Port), by A. Meunier; and
June 1960, pp. 3-16, illus., processed. Information "l'Mdustrie de la Conserve Espagnole ne Craint pas
and Educational Service, Department of Fisheries, Son Entree dans le Marche Commun" (The Spanish
Ottawa, Canada. ''Part 1--The Research Program- Canning Industry is not Apprehensive of Entering
me," by C. J. Kerswill, covers availability of adult into the Common Market).
salmon, migrations and homing, production of young
salmon, environmental changes, and behavior stud- |SEAWEEDS:
ies. Also included are severai tables and charts Chemical Studies on Seaweeds. I--Chemical Constit-
depicting the commercial and sports fishery catches uents of "Asakusanori” of Various Sources, by Take-
of salmon in eastern Canada in recent years. ''Part shige Yamakawa, 5 pp., illus., printed in Japanese
2--The Management Programme," discusses the with English abstract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of

salmon management effort in the Newfoundland,
Quebec, and Maritime areas of eastern Canada.
This includes projects such as studies on proposed

the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 18,
no. 10, 1953, pp. 478-482.) Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries,

hydro-electric development, stream improvement, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.
stationery net licensing, construction of fishways,

pollution control, and hatchery-spawning and rear- "Dulse Harvest,'' by G. J. Gillespie, article, Trade
ing of young salmon. News, vol. 13, no. 1, July 1960, pp. 6-7, illus.,

processed. Information and Educational Service, De-
partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Describes
the harvest of dulse, a seaweed, from the shores of
Dark Harbour, Grand Manan Island, at the mouth of
the Bay of Fundy. Gathered ‘from the rocks along the
lagoon's shoreline, the dulse is spread to dry in the
sun, rolled up like a carpet, and then packed in bags
for shipping to distributors. This seaweed is high in

The Salmon, by J. W. Jones, 206 pp., illus., printed.
N.M.N. Collins, St. James Place, London, Eng-
land, 1959.

SALT FISH:
"The Factors Impeding and Accelerating the Process
of Rusting of Salted Fish," by E. A. Mel'nikova,

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

protein and mineral content and brings as much as
43 cents a pound, helping to bolster the economy of
the Island.

SHRIMP:

"Essayons d'Augmenter en France la Peche a la Crev-
ette" (Let Us Try to Develop Shrimp Fishing in
France), by Robert Lenier, article, France Peche,
vol. 5, no. 42, July-August 1960, pp. 17-24, illus.,
printed in French with English summary. France
Peche, Tour Sud-Est, rue de Guemene, Lorient,
France.

SINGAPORE:

Report of the Fisheries Division 1958, 29 pp., printed.
Fisheries Division, Ministry of Commerce and In-
dustry, Singapore. Reviews the achievements of the
Fisheries Division during 1958 and discusses de-
velopment of brackish-water shrimp ponds, the fish-
eries loan fund, the fisheries mobile unit, the appren-
ticeship training scheme, and the prospects for a
trawl fishing industry. Also covers an inventory of
the industry--manpower, licensed fishing boats, and
gear, and pond cultivation of fish; fresh fish sup-
plies--gross landings, local production, and imports
and exports of fresh fish; fresh fish prices; trade in
dried salt fish and other marine products; and cost
of fishing material. A large portion of the report is
devoted to statistical tables showing number of
fishermen, licensed vessels and gear, fresh fish sup-
plies, foreign trade in fishery products, and other
pertinent data.

SMALL BUSINESS:

Providing Capital for Your Firm, by Nathaniel C. Berk-
owitz, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers
No. 115, 4 pp., printed. Small Business Administra-
tion, Washington 25, D. C., June 1960. Suggestions
on providing capital for a small business are out-
lined in this leaflet. A firm's need for cash may. sud-
denly be critical. Without it, a company may lose
an opportunity or head for serious trouble. So it is
vital that management be aware of sources of funds.
Some of the things to be considered in looking for
capital are: streamlining internal operations, tight-
ening up trade relationships, selling excess assets,
factoring (selling accounts receivable), borrowing
from financing organizations, and taking a partner
or selling stock. A list of references is included.

SOFT-SHELL CLAM:

A Partial Bibliography of the Soft Shell Clam, MYA
ARENARIA L., by Hayes T. Pfitzenmeyer and Carl
N. Shuster, Jr., Contribution No. 123, 29 pp., illus.,
printed. Maryland Department of Research and Ed-
ucation, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons,
Md. January 1960. In recent years a serious de-
cline in the production of the soft-shell clam in New
England and the establishment of a fishery in the
State of Maryland have created a need for more
concentrated scientific study of this species. As an
aid to biological. research, these literature citations
were compiled as a preliminary step to a more com—
plete annotated bibliography.

SPAIN:

"Ta Pesca de la Gamba y de la Langosta'' (The Shrimp
and Spiny Lobster Fisheries), by Miguel Massuti Oli-
ver, article, Puntal, vol. 7, no. 75, June 1960, pp. 7-
11, illus., printed in Spanish. Puntal, Apartado de
Correos 316, Alicante, Spain.

SPERM WHALES:

"On the Stocks of Sperm Whales (Physeter catodon)
in the Antarctic," by Age Jonsgard, article, Norsk
Hvalfangst-Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gaz-
ette), vol 49, no. 7, July 1960, pp. 289-299, illus.,
printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hvalfangst-
Tidende, Sandefjord, Norway. Discusses the changes
in the size distribution of sperm whale stocks in the
Antarctic in recent years and the changes in the
catch per unit of effort. Also discusses possible
causes for the changes in the size composition of
sperm whales--seasonal changes, geographical
changes, selective catching, increased whaling ef-
fort, and special conditions relating to migration.

SPINY LOBSTER:

"Que Va Devenir le Marche de la Langouste?'' (What
is Going to Happen to the Spiny-Lobster Market?),
article, France Peche, vol. 5, no. 42, July-August
1960, p. 35, printed in French. France Peche, Tour
Sud-Est, rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

SQUID:

"Studies on Processing Squid Meat," by T. Takahashi
and M. Takei, article, Bulletin of Tokai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 14, September
1956, pp. 31-90, illus., printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo lg, Tokyo, Japan.

On the Toughness of Boiled Squid Meat, by Toyo-o

~ Takahashi and Makoto Takei, 5 pp., illus., printed in
Japanese with English summary. (Reprinted from
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 20, no. 11, March 1955, pp. 1015-1019.)

Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

STEELHEAD TROUT:

Scale Analysis of Steelhead Trout, SALMO GAIRD-
NERIL GAIRDNERII Richardson, from Various Coast-
al Watersheds of Oregon (Thesis of John Morton Bali
for the Master of Science Degree in Fisheries), 203
pp., illus., processed, not for general distribution.
Department of Fish and Game Management, Oregon
State College, Corvallis, Oreg., July 1958.

Studies of Age, Growth, and Migration of Steelhead
Trout, SALMO GAIRDNERII GAIRDNERII, in the Alsea
River, Oregon (Thesis of Donald Wallace Chapman for
the Master of Science Degree in Fish and Game Man-
agement), 106 pp., illus., processed, not for general
distribution. Department of Fish and Game Manage-
ment, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg., April
19577.

STICKWATER:

"Stickwater Vitamins,'' by J. S. Dunn, article, South
African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
vol. 14, no. 6, 1959, pp. 64-65, printed. South Afri-
can Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, Od-
hams Press, S. Africa (Pty) Ltd., P. O. Box 2598,
Cape Town, Union of South Africa.

SURINAM:
The Fishermen of Surinam, by Kalervo Oberg and

Frank van Kijk, 66 pp., illus., processed. Surinam-
American Technical Cooperative Service, Paramaribo,
Surinam, April 1960. Contains a general summary |

111

112

of Surinam fisheries and then discusses in detail the
industry in each of 6 areas--Paramaribo, Nickerie,
Coppername Point, Matapica, Albina, and Coronie.
The first part outlines the two major types of fish-
ing--the older traditional system of inshore fisher-
ies, in which the majority of the fishermen are en-
gaged, and the very recent system of offshore fish-
eries in which modern trawlers are engaged. Em-
phasis is placed on kinds of gear used, the methods
of fishing, the living conditions of the people, and
the values and interests which motivate the fisher-
men. This report is intended to contribute towards
the planning of a realistic extension program for
fishermen. The aim of the fisheries development
program is to double the annual catch of 4,000 tons
by 1965. The report concludes with a number of
tables showing the fishing grounds used in the tradi-
tional system of inshore fisheries, distribution of
fishing operators by area and type of fishing, dis-
tribution of fishing operators by ethnic origin, and
other pertinent data.

TAGGED FISH:

"Recaptures of Tuna, Marlin, and Sailfish Tagged in
the Western North Atlantic,"' by Frank J. Mather, III,
article, Copeia, no. 2, June 29, 1960, pp. 149-151,
printed. American Society of Ichthyologists and
Herpetologists, 34th St. and Girard Ave., Philadel-
phia 4, Pa.

TRADE AGREEMENTS:

Fourth Annual Report on the Trade Agreements Pro-
gram, 86th Congress, 2d Session, House Document
No. 447, 119 pp., processed. The White House,
Washington, D. C., July 1960. (Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The following subjects
are discussed: (1) international trade in 1959; (2) re-
moval of restrictions against U. S. exports; (3) trade
agreements program and the GATT; (4) regional in-
tegration; (5) safeguarding procedures of the trade
agreements program; and (6) United States tariff
negotiations. Also includes a report on relaxation
of quantitative restrictions against United States
exports and reports to the Secretary of State by the
Chairman of the United States Delegation to the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Sessions of the Contracting
Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade.

TRAWLING:

"An Experiment on a Mid-Water Trawl. VI--Practical
Fishing Experiment," by Kiichiro Kobayashi and
Naoichi Inoue, article, Bulletin of the Faculty of Fish-
eries, Hokkaido University, vol. 10, May 1959, pp. 15-
30, illus., printed in Japanese with English abstract.
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate,
Japan.

"Studies on the Kinematic Behavior of the Ground Rope
of the Trawl Net. I,"' by Tasae Kawakami and Oto-
hiko Suzuki, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, October 1959, pp. 413-
416, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigan-
dori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"A Study on the Fishing Efficiency of the Otter Trawl
and the Two-Boat Trawl in Operation by the Shape

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

of Their Net,'' by Chikamasa Hamuro, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 25, June 1959, pp. 103-110, illus.,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Uni-
versity of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

TROUT:

"Holdbarhedsproblemer ved Ispakning af Damorreder"
(Icing of Trout), by P. Hansen, article, Ferskvands-
fiskeribladet, vol. 57, no. 3, 1959, pp. 34-38, illus.,
printed in Danish. Ferskvandsfiskeribladet, Freder-

iksdal, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.

Some Physical and Mechanical Factors Important in
Reducing Delayed Mortality of Hatchery Reared _
Rainbow Trout (Thesis of Howard Franklin Horton
for the Master of Science Degree in Fisheries), 60
pp., illus., processed, not for general distribution.
Department of Fish and Game Management, Oregon
State College, Corvallis, Oreg., May 1955.

TUNA:

"Larval Tunas from the Florida Current," by W. L.
Klawe, article, Bulletin of Marine Science of the
Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 10, no. 2, June 1960, pp.
227-233, illus., printed. The Marine Laboratory,
University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla.

- La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 988, July 1960, 64pp.,

illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. Contains the
following articles on the tuna industry of Sengal:
"Regards sur la Campagne 1959/1960 a Dakar" (Ob-
servations on the 1959/1960 Season at Dakar), by
Jehan Ichtus; and "Les Conceptions du Senegal en
Matiere de Conservation du Thon" (The Senegal Con-
cepts on the Subject of Tuna Conservation), by M.J.
Arnoux.

Some Experiments on Tuna Fishing with a New Meth-
od in the Indonesian Waters, by Mohammad Unar,
Occasional Paper No. 59/8, processed. Indo-Pacific
Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, 1959.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA:

The South African Pilchard (SARDINOPS OCELLATA)
"and Maasbanker (TRACHURUS TRACHURUS), Hy-
drographical Environment and the Commercial —

Catches, 1950-57, by M.E.L. Buys, Division of Fish-

eries Investigational Report No. 37, 176 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Commerce & Industry,
July 1959.) The Government Printer, Pretoria,
Union of South Africa, 1959.

UNITED KINGDOM:

Herring Industry Board, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report,
1959, 54 pp., illus., printed, 3s. (about 42 U. S. cents).
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kings-
way, London WC2, England, March 1960. Reports on
the state of the herring fisheries of the North Sea;
commercial and statutory arrangements between or
concerning the Herring Industry Board, the catches,
and the shore-based sections of the industry; mar-
keting; production, research, and development; and
related subjects. Contains statistical tables showing

November 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

the landings and value of catches and disposal of land-| VITAMIN A:

ings during the winter, summer, and autumn seasons;
composition and distribution of fleets in East Anglia;
curing strength and production of cured herring; im-
ports of fresh and frozen herring; disposal of the U-
nited Kingdom's total herring landings, excluding
imports; and applications for grants and loans. The
appendix consists of a summary of pertinent direc-
tions having seasonal effect which were issued dur-
ing 1959. The report mentions the new International
Fisheries Convention, signed by the United Kingdom
early in 1959. This Convention will allow the intro-
duction of such measures of conservation as may be
agreed to be necessary to ensure that the interna-
tionally-exploited European herring fisheries are
managed to the best advantage of all concerned.

UNITED KINGDOM:
"Problems and Trends in the Fish Industry. I," by
C. L. Cutting, article, Food Manufacture, vol. 34,
no. 7, 1959, pp. 281-283, printed. Food Manufacture,
Leonard Hill Ltd., Eden St., London NW1, England.

Seals and Scottish Fisheries, by Bennet B. Rae, Ma-
rine Research No. 2, 1960, 39 pp., illus., printed,
15s. Od. (about US$2.10). Department of Agriculture
and Fisheries for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1960.
(Available from Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland.) A brief his-
torical account is given from the passing of the Grey
Seals Protection Act in 1914 to the present time.
The numbers, distribution, and food of the common
and grey seals are studied. Claims by fishermen of
destruction to salmon fisheries are examined as
well as the effect of seals on marine fisheries. The
harmful effect on fish, particularly cod, by the
spread of a larval, parasitic worm and its correla-
tion with the occurrence of large seal populations is
discussed. The case for the conservation of seals
is reviewed and recommendations made for a re-
duction in seal stocks.

The Temperature of British Fish During Distribution
in Summer, by G. H. O. Burgess and others, Torry
Technical Paper No. 1, 59 pp., illus., printed, 3s 6d
(about 49 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Of-
fice, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland, 1959.

U.S.S.R.:
"Fishery Research in Russia," article, World Fishing,
vol 9, no. 7, July 1960, pp. 22-23, illus., printed.
. John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Richards House,
Eversholt St., London NW1, England.

VESSELS:

"The Measurement of Fishing Power and Its Relation
to the Characteristics of Vessels,'' by B. B. Parrish
and R. S. Keir, article, Current Affairs Bulletin, no.
27, April 1960, pp. 1-9, printed. Indo-Pacific Fish-
eries Council, Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand. Defines the
fishing power of a fishing unit and describes how it
is measured by comparative fishing trials and an-
alysis of catch and effort statistics. The results ob-
tained in correlating fishing power with measurable
characteristics of the craft are briefly summarized
and the uses to which this information is put for
purposes of resource assessment and management

are outlined. Needs for future studies are discussed.

"Estimation of the Biological Potency of Vitamin A
Sources from Their Maleic Values," by Stanley R.
Ames and Robert W. Lehman, article, Journal of
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists,
vol. 43, February 1960, pp. 21-25, printed. Associa-
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box 540,
Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, D. C.

Studies on the Economical Manufacture of Vitamin A
Concentrate from Fish Liver Oil:

Part I--Molecular Distillation of Modified Oil, by
Hideo Higashi, Yaichiro Shimma, and Toyosuke
‘Kinumaki, vol. 20, no. 4, August 1954, pp. 328-336,
illus.;

Part II--Concentration of Vitamin A by Saponifica-
tion. 1--Reexamination of Takahashi's Method, by
Yaichiro Shimmaand Toyosuke Kinumaki, vol. 20,
no. 4, August 1954, pp. 337-343, illus.;

Part IlI--Concentration of Vitamin A by Saponifica-
tion. 2--Precipitating Method, by Yaichiro Shimma
and Toyosuke Kinumaki, vol. 20, no. 6, October
1954, pp. 551-556, illus.;

Part I[V--Application of Urea Complex in the Con-
centration of Vitamin A., by Hidgo Higashi, Take-
shige Yamakawa, and Toyosuke Kinumaki, vol. 20,
no. 6, October 1954, pp. 557-562, illus.;

Part V--Concentration of Vitamin A by Saponifica-
tion. 3--Liquid-Liquid Extraction (part a), by
Yaichiro Shimma and Ryo Kikuchi, vol. 20, no. 7,
November 1954, pp. 653-657;

Part VI--Esterification of Vitamin A Concentrate.
1--Acetylation and Palmitylation with Acid Chloride,
by Toyosuke Kinumaki, vol. 20, no. 11, March 1955,
pp. 1027-1034;

Part VII--Esterification of Vitamin A Concentrate.
2--Acetylation with Ketene, by Hideo Higashi and
Toyosuke Kinumaki, vol. 22, no. 8, December 1956,
pp. 500-503, illus.;

Part VIlI--Chromatographical Separation of Vita-
min Concentrate, by Yaichiro Shimma and Minoru
Tanaka, vol. 25, no. 1, May 1959, pp. 52-58, illus.;

Part IX--Purification of Vitamin A Concentrate with
Methanol, by Hideo Higashi and others, vol. Zoe
no. 1, May 1959, pp. 59-66, illus.;

Part X--Adsorption by Weakened Acid Clay, by Hideo
Higashi and others, vol. 25, no. 3, July 1959, pp 196-
203, illus. (Reprinted from Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries.) All printed in Ja-
panese with English abstracts. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fish-
eries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

Studies on the Vitamin Oil Extraction. I--Loss of
Vitamin A in the Alkali Digestion Method, by H.
Higashi, T. Yamakawa, and Y. Shimoda, 5 pp., illus.
printed in Japanese with English abstract. (Reprint-
ed from Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory, No. 26, November 1959, pp. 69-
73.) Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

114

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 11

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

November 1959, pp. 69-73.) Tokai Regional Fisher-
ies Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

VITAMIN OIL:
Study on Alkali Digestion for Producing Vitamin Oil

from Fish Livers, by H. Higashi, Y. Shimma, and
H. Taguchi, 13 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with
Englishabstract. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Tokai
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, No. 26,
November 1959, pp. 75-87.) Tokai Regional Fisher-
ies Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

WATER MILFOIL:
Francis Beaven, Reference No. 60-28, 4 pp., proc-
essed. Maryland Department of Research and Ed-
ucation, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solo-
mons, Md., July 20, 1960.

WHALE-LIVER OILS:

Studies on the Molecular Distillation of Whale Liver
Qils: PartI, vol. 18, no. 11, 1953, pp. 645-650, illus
Part II, vol. 18, no. 12, 1953, pp. 675-682, illus., by
Takeshige Yamakawa and Takajiro Mori; and Part III,
by Takeshige Yamakawa, ShojiKonosu, and Takjiro
Mori, vol. 19, no. 3, 1953, pp. 155-158, illus. (Re-
printed from Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Sci-
entific. Fisheries.) All printed in Japanese with Eng-
lish abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaig-
andori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

WHALING:

International Whaling Statistics, no. XLIV, 52 pp.,
printed, kr. 2.00 (about 28 U. S. cents). The Com-
mittee for Whaling Statistics, Oslo, Norway, 1960.
A report on the results of the Antarctic whaling
season 1958/59. Includes statistical tables showing
whaling in the Antarctic; results for the various
countries; average size of whales caught; whales
caught by species, sex, and size; and average pro-
duction of oil per blue-whale unit. Also includes
data on size of pregnant whale females caught; whale
foetuses measured by species and groups of size;
and whale foetuses measured by species and sex.

"Some Observations on the Development of Whaling
and on Its Central Problem Today," by Frithjof Bet-
tum, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, vol. 49, no.
6, June 1960, pp. 245-256, 258, 261-262, 264-265,
printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk Hvalfangst-
Tidende, Sandefjord, Norway. The full text of a lec-
ture on whaling delivered at Norway's University of
Economics and Business Administration. The auth-
or discusses the history of international whaling in
the Antarctic area, the extent of the area and its
resources, and conservation of the stocks. He also
discusses the adoption of the International Whaling
Convention in 1946, operations of the Antarctic whal-
ing industry under the Convention, negotiations to-
wards quota restrictions, results of the 1959/60 sea-
son, and the economic importance of the Norwegian
whaling industry.

2

NEW SHRIMP PRODUCT ON MARKET

The shrimp industry now has available a moderate-priced

product which can be used in

a variety of dishes.

This product consists of pieces of shrimp meat which

become available during the shrimp canning and breading
process. A major part of the production of breaded shrimp
inthe United States is now packed under USDI continuous in-
spection. The tolerance for broken or pieces of shrimp
which may be packed under the Grade A label is very low

and this results ina supply of pieces which are sold ata
price lower then that charged for unbroken shrimp tails.

Since this is only a physical defect, it has no effect on
freshness or wholesomeness. This is a situation analagous
to the shelling of various types of nuts where the broken
segments are sold at a lower price. It now becomes possi-
ble to use shrimp in low cost dishes especially in school
lunches and other types of cafeteria meals for which for-
merly shrimp was too costly.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries home economists and
marketing specialists are no w using this product in school-
lunch and other fish-cookery demonstrations since the prod-
uct is available nationally both canned and frozen.

1 Bl yt
ry £

a Noor
: As : aii

MILLION UNITED STATES CATCH OF PACIFIC SARDINES, 1915-1959

POUNDS

Areas of former
abundance.

E Areas of present
fishery.

1940

TOTAL CATCH

ALASKA CATCH

1915 1920 1930 1935

PARTLY ESTIMATED

On MERCIAL FISHERIES Review

CO

INDEX for 1960
eVolume 22°

Production Manager
and Associate Editor: Jean Zalevsky

Editorial Assistants: Alma Greene, Compositor: Judy Denler
Mary Andrews and Mary Donaldson

It is a subject index, with
Indexing of other mater-
"in en-

An index of Volume 22, Numbers 1 through 12, issued in 1960.
an author index for only the feature articles in each monthly issue.
ial is based on the principal subject with some cross-reference. The use of "'
tries denotes the omission (repetition) of the major subject heading which appears in ALL CAPS.

Actions in Congress affecting or of interest to commercial fisheries are indexed only once
by subject under the general heading: ''CONGRESS, EIGHT Y-SIXTH (Second Session)," i.e.,

there is no cross-reference indexing of those entries.

Publications listed in the ''Recent Fishery Publications" section have not been indexed.

Address correspondence and requests to: Commercial Fisheries Review, 1815 North
Fort Myer Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by the Director, Bureau of the
Budget, May 1, 1963.

INDEX TO VOLUME 22 (NUMBERS 1 - 12 INCLUSIVE)--1960

The reference gives the month and the page number.

ABALONE
California:
aerial census of commercial and sport fishing; Jan.
p. 28, Feb. p. 29, Mar. p. 16, May p. 15, June p. 19,
Aug. p. 17.
resources investigation; Apr. p. 19, Dec. p. 25.
Mexico's spiny lobster and industries; June

p. 56.
ACETOGLYCERIDES
Fish oils, from; Mar. p. 14.

ADEN COLONY
Fish landings increased in 1959; Sept. p. 44.

ADVERTISING
National Fish 'n Seafood Parade--October 17-23,
1960; Aug. outside back cover.
Sardine sandwich, five-foot, at National Boy Scout
Jamboree; Aug. p. 111.
Scallop festival and publicity campaign in August;
Sept. p. 27.

AFRICA
Japanese:
fishing company starts trawling operation in North
5; June p. 51.
fish-meal factoryships, large company to study use
off South America and ; Apr. p. 49.
long-liner, converted, to enter trawl fishery off

northwest ; Sept. p. 56.
trawler(s):
good fishing reported off Northwest ; Aug.
p. 61.

new, to fish off east coast; Sept. p. 56.
stern, planned for fishing off and Australia;
Mar. p. 66.
Tuna packers, two large California, operating in West
; May p. 32.

AGAR-AGAR

Korean soon to reach Japan; Aug. p. 59.

AIRPLANE SPOTTING
Australia, use of airplanes increasing for fish spot-
ting; Feb. p. 68.
California:
abalone aerial census of commercial and sport fish-
ing; Jan. p. 28, Feb. p. 29, Mar. p. 16, May p. 15,
June p. 19, Aug. p. 17.
crab, dungeness, distribution and abundance studies;
Apr. p. 18, May p. 15, June p. 19, Aug. p. 15.
pelagic fish, distribution and abundance studies con-
tinued; Jan. p. 27, Feb. p. 27, June p. 22, Aug. p. 14,
Sept. p. 16, Nov. p. 23.
sea lion aerial census; Nov. p. 21.

AIR TRANSPORTATION

Iceland steps upflatfish to Britain; Nov. p. 65.

ALABAMA
Offshore boundaries, Supreme Court asked to re-
consider decision on; Dec. p. 95.

ALASKA
Alitak Bay declared a historic bay; May p. 15.
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of, Regional
Director named, new; Dec. p. 95.
Commercial fishery regulations for 1960, hearing
held on; Jan. p. 26.
Commercial potential of bottom fish in south-east-
ern studied; Nov. p. 19.
Crab, king:
film, new, illustrates fishing industry of Kodiak
region; Dec. p. 23.
research aided by skin diving; May p. 13.
Fish traps by Indian communities, Supreme Court
rules on case which affects use of; Aug. p. 80.
Fur seals:
harvest lower in 1960; Dec. p. 31.
herds and facilities on Pribilof Islands, two Rus-
sian scientists study; Nov. p. 30.
pelagic sealing studies off ; Aug. p. 22.
skin prices:
fall 1960 auction higher; Dec. p. 32.
spring auction; June p. 28.
Herring and kelp spawn harvest; Oct. p. 14.
Indian fishing, commercial regulations for 1960;
Aug. p. 78.
Kuskokwim River survey of subsistence fishing;
Dec. p. 23.
Salmon:
frozen fish, Japanese canners eager to buy; Sept.
p. 54.
net fishing on high seas ingNorth Pacific, prohibi-
tion extended on; Oct. p. 95.
pack low in 1959 but escapement fair; Jan. p. 45.
red, Bristol Bay run prediction for 1960; Jan. p. 45.

Shrimp exploratory fishing off central by M/V
"John N. Cobb"; Jan. p. 43.
U.S.S.R. fishing fleet operating off ; Apr. p. 66.

ALASKA EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM
Bottom fish commercial potential in southeastern
Alaska studied (M/V ''New Hope"); Nov. p. 19.
"ALBATROSS III"
Replacement of , contract let for design of
new research vessel for; Apr. p. 26.

ALGAE
Bank of 800 strains gets funds for next five years;
Oct yp 90s
AMERICAN FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Meeting:
next to be held in August; May p. 14.

problems, five major, discussed at August meet-
ing; Nov. p. 19.
Interior Department reappoints six to
p. 14.

; Sept.

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
Atlantic Ocean atlas begun; July p. 35.

AMERICAN SAMOA
Tuna:
landings; Jan. p. 26, Feb. p. 26, Mar. p. 16, May
p. 14, July p. 21, Aug. p. 14, Sept. p. 14, Oct. p. 27,
Nov. p. 20, Dec. p. 50.

AMERICAN SAMOA (cont.)
Tuna (cont.):
vessels, fishing, Korean, more to fish for cannery

in ; Aug. p. 14.
ANCHOVIES
Greece, landings good in June; Oct. p. 59.
Peru:

fishermen's dispute with reduction plants declared
illegal; Aug. p. 65.
fishermen resume tie-up; July p. 71.
Spain, landings heavy in Bilbao area; July p. 73.

ANGOLA :
Fisheries production and exports, 1958-59; Dec.
p. 63,
Fishing Industries Institute of created; Nov.
p. 51.

Fishing industry:
crisis faced due to low prices for fish meal; Oct.
p. 52.
fund established to support the ; Mar. p. 41.
suffers from lower landings and exports;
Mar. p. 39.
Fish meal:
industry trends, first half of 1960; Dec. p. 64.
plant installed by Norwegian firm; Jan. p. 60.
production and costs, 1959 and first quarter 1960;
Nov. p. 52.
Fish oil:
exports; Aug. p. 43.
production and costs, 1959, and first quarter 1960;
Nov. p. 52.

ANIMAL FEEDING
Industrial fish as food for ranch mink; Nov. p. 37.

ANTARCTIC
Fish in have white blood; Jan. p. 93.
Whaling:

catch for 1959/60 season exceeds quota: Dec. p.61.

oil production lower for 1959-1960 season; June
p. 41.

sperm whale oil production lower for 1959/60 sea-
son; June p. 40. ;

ANTARCTICA
Polar fishes to be studied, worm parasites of;
Dec. p. 24.

ANTIBIOTICS
Use as a fish preservative under study by British
scientists; Jan. p. 92.

ANTIDUMPING
Regulations on

, Bureau of Customs proposed;
Jan.p, 94.

AQUARIUMS

Dolphin and pilot whales captured by Japanese for
; July p. 77.

AQUATIC VEGETATION

Control of with use of manatee; Sept. p. 70.

ARAFURA SEA

nee acre pearl-shell operations, June 1960; Aug.
p. 60.

ARCTIC CHAR
Canadian fisheries; July p. 53.

ARCTIC OCEAN
Canadian biologists survey
June p. 42. ‘
Cold-water flow from into Northeast Atlantic
affects area's fisheries; Dec. p. 58.

fishery resources;

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
Fish meal and oil industry; Oct. p. 53.
Fishery trends, February 1960; May p. 42.
Frozen fish now being sold for first time; Sept. p. 45.
Landings of fish and shellfish; Feb. p. 64.
Mackerel and anchovy landings at Mar del Plata;

Feb. p. 65.
Shark fishery trends, February 1960; May p. 42.
Shrimp:

fishery trends; Feb. p. 66, May p. 42.
landings and exports, 1956-59; Feb. p. 66.
South American Atlantic regional technical confer -
ence on exploitation of the sea, first; Jan. p. 57.
Tuna:
fishery trends, February 1960; May p. 42.
freezership, Japanese, to operate from Mar del
Plata; Feb. p. 63.
Vessels, fishing:
imported under new decree, first two; Dec. p. 65.
import surcharges removed on; Jan. p. 60, Dec.
. 64,
Whaling, International Convention, ratified and amend-
ing protocol adhered to; Sept. p. 43.

ARKANSAS
Fish farming, contract let for experimental station
in for; Oct.)p. 29:

ATLANTIC COAST
Oyster production on

low; Jan. p. 44.
Whiting fishery, a review of the

in 1959/60 may hit new
; Nov. p. 1.

ATLANTIC OCEAN
Atlas of begun; July p. 35.
Charts show telephone-telegraph cables in North-
west ; Oct. p. 43.

Cold-water flow from Arctic Ocean into Northeast
, affects area's fisheries; Dec. p. 58.
Croaker breeding areas in sought by Virginia

biologists; Feb. p. 33.
Oceanographic-data gathering survey, to be able to
forecast best fishing areas is aim of; Aug. p. 42.
Tuna, bluefin, cross the ; Mar. p. 27.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Irradiated fishery products:
Government increases research on radiation proc-
essing of foods; May p. 29.
market feasibility study under way; Dec. p. 37.
Radioactive fish tag use licensed by ; Apr.
p. 29.
Radioactive waste disposal sites off New England
coast surveyed; Aug. p. 29.

ATOMIC WASTE
Disposal sites off New England coast surveyed; Aug.
p. 29.

AUSTRALIA
Airplanes for fish spotting increasing, use of; Feb. p. 68.

Cannery, fish, expands and improves equipment; Nov.
p. 52.
Fishing grounds, new deep-sea, modern trawler to
explore for; July p. 50.
Frozen fish, prepackaged, imported from Great
Britain; Sept. p. 46.
Import restrictions removed on some fishery prod-
ucts; Apr. p. 36.
Japanese fishing company to build stern trawlers
for fishing off Africa and ; Mar. p. 66.
Lobster, spiny:
closed season for females; Sept. p. 45.
exports continue to rise; Jan. p. 61,
industry in , fiscal year 1958/59; Feb. p. 67.
regulations, new, established for Western 5
Dec. p. 65.
resources survey off southwest coast unsuccessful;
July p. 51.
vessel, fishing, new-type being built; Jan. p. 62.
Pearl-shell operations in Arafura Sea, Japanese;

Aug. p. 60.
Scallop catch up in Tasmania; Mar. p. 41.
Shrimp:

catches, good, reported onnew grounds; Apr. p. 35.
industry in ; Apr. -p. 36.
small size, fishing industry protests marketing of;
May p. 42.
species, new, found in deep water by exploratory
vessel; Jan. p. 61.
survey ends, three-year; Oct. p. 53.
survey seeks new fishing grounds; Mar. p. 41.
Snapper catches improved by using traps; Jan. p. 63.
Snappers, red, from on Tokyo market for first
time; Sept. p. 56.
Tuna:
canned pack, cannery plans to increase; Novy. p. 52.
canneries set price for 1959/60 season; Jan. p. 61.
export to U. S planned for catches of two vessels;
Feb, p. 68.
fishery has good season; Apr. p. 37.
tagging experiments seek to determine migrations;
Nov. p. 53.
Whaling, land-based, season ends; Jan. p. 61.
Whiting, canned, imports from United Kingdom
banned; Sept. p. 45.

AUSTRIA
Marine-animal oil imports, 1958 and 1959; Aug. p. 43.

AUTHORS AND TITLES

ALVERSON, DAYTON L. (and Richard L. McNeely,
and Harold C. Johnson):
Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fishing Off Wash-
ington and Oregon (1958); Jan. p. 1.

BOND,-D. J. (and Melvin E. Waters):

’ Construction and Operation.of an Inexpensive Fish
Smokehouse; Aug. p. 8.

BUTLER, CHARLES:

Observations of Russia's Far Eastern Fisheries
Activities; Dec. p. 1.

CAPTIVA, FRANCIS J.:

Chain Bridles and Accumulators Increase Effec-
tiveness of ''Fall River'' Clam Dredges in Deep
Water, Equipment Note No. 6; Dec. p. 20.

(and Joaquim B. Rivers):

Development and Use of Otter-Trawling Gear for
Red Snapper Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, June
1957-May 1959; Oct. p. 1.

AUTHORS AND TITLES

COLLINS, JEFF: ;

Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in
Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice:

Part 1 - Preliminary Observations on Machine-
Peeling Characteristics and Product Quality;
Mar. p. 1. i

Part 4 - Interchange of the Components in the
Shrimp-Refrigerated-Sea-Water System; July p. 9.

(and Harry Seagran and John Iverson):

Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in
Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice: .

Part 2 - Comparison of Objective Methods for
Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp; Apr. p. 1.
Part 3 - Holding Variables and Keeping Quality

of Raw Whole Shrimp; May p. 1. ;
FRITZ, RAYMOND L,

Review of the Atlantic Coast Whiting Fishery, A
Nov. p. 1.

GORDON, WILLIAM G, (and Reidar F. Sand):

Exploratory Fishing in Lake Erie, September 1958-
November 1959; June p. 1.

HOLT, JOHN:

New Diving Sled for Underwater Photography,

Equipment Note No. 3; May p. 10.
HOVART, P.:

Structure of the Fishing Industry in the European

Common Market; Oct. p. 15. :
IVERSON, JOHN (and Jeff Collins and Harry

Seagran):

Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in
Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice:

Part 2 - Comparison of Objective Methods for
Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp; Apr. p. 1.
Part 3 - Holding Variables and Keeping Quality
of Raw Whole Shrimp; May p. 1.
JOHNSON, HAROLD C, (and Richard L. McNeely and

Dayton L. Alverson): : :

Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fishing Off Wash-
ington and Oregon (1958); Jan. p. 1.
JONES, WALTER QG,:

Industrial Fish as Food for Ranch Mink; Nov. (2 Bills

KURTZMAN, CAROLINE H.,: a

Fish Flour Research; Feb. p. 23.-

(and Charles F, Lee and Leonard Pepper):

Proximate Composition of Southern Oysters--
Factors Affecting Variability; July p. 1.

(and Donald G, Snyder): :

Rapid Objective Freshness Test for Blue-Crab
Meat and Observations on Spoilage Gharacteris-
tics; Nov. p. 12, correction Jan.(1961) pp. follow-
ing p. 103.

LEE, CHARLES F, (and Caroline H. Kurtzman and

Leonard Pepper):

Proximate Composition of Southern Oysters--
Factors Affecting Variability; July p. 1.

LINDA, ARVEY H. (and Joseph W. Slavin):

Sanitation Aboard Fishing Trawlers Improved by
Using Chlorinated Sea Water; Jan. jo 1S)

McHUGH, J. L.:

Pound-Net Fishery in Virginia, The: Part 2 -
Species Composition of Landings Reported as
Menhaden; Feb. p. 1.

McNEELY, RICHARD L.:

Method of Making Electrical Trawl Cable Termi-
nations and Connections, A, Equipment Note No.
4; June p. 15.

Space -Saving Chart Table Installed on Seattle Trawl-
er ''Sunbeam,"' Equipment Note No.7; Dec. p. 22.

a3)

AUTHORS AND TITLES (cont.)
McNEELY, RICHARD L, (cont.):
(and Dayton L, Alverson and Harold C.
~ Johnson):
Results of Exploratory Shrimp Fishing Off Wash-
ington and Oregon (1958); Jan. p. 1.
McRAE, ERNEST, JR.:

Lobster Explorations on Continental Shelf and Slope
Off Northeastern Coast of the United States; Sept.
Dees

OLDEN, JUNE H.:
Fish Flour for Human Consumption; Jan, p. 12.
OUSTERHOUT, L, E.:

Chemical Composition and Laboratory Fillet Yield
of 13 Species of Middle and South Atlantic Fish,
Technical Note No. 55; July p. 15.

PEPPER, LEONARD (and Charles F, Lee and

Caroline H. Kurtzman):

Proximate Composition of Southern Oysters--
Factors Affecting Variability; duly p. 1.
RATHJEN, WARREN F.:

Sink Gill-Net Fishing in New England, Equipment
Note No. 5; Nov. p. 16.

RIVERS, JOAQUIM B, (and Francis J. Captiva):

Development and Use of Otter-Trawling Gear for
Red Snapper Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, June
1957-May 1959; Oct. p. 1.

ROUSSEAU, J. E., JR.:

Shrimp-Waste Meal: Effect of Storage Variables

on Pigment Content; Apr. p. 6.
RUGGIERO, MICHAEL:

Braided Synthetic Twines and Their Use in the
New England Trawl Fishery; Mar. p. 6.

SAND, REIDAR F, (and William G. Gordon):

Exploratory Fishing in Lake Erie, September 1958-
November 1959; June p. 1.

SEAGRAN, HARRY (and Jeff Collins and John

Iverson):

Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held in
Refrigerated Sea Water and Ice:

_ Part 2 - Comparison of Objective Methods for

Quality Evaluation of Raw Shrimp; Apr. p. 1.
Part 3 - Holding Variables and Keeping Quality
of Raw Whole Shrimp; May p. 1.
SERENO, M. N. (and R. D. Tenny):

Recommended Practices for Processing Chilled
and Frozen Whiting, Technical Note No. 55;
May p. 6.

SLAVIN, JOSEPH W, (and Arvey H. Linda):

Sanitation Aboard Fishing Trawlers Improved by
Using Chlorinated Sea Water; Jan. p. 19.

SNYDER, DONALD G, (and Caroline H. Kurtzman);

Rapid Objective Freshness Test for Blue-Crab
Meat and Observations on Spoilage Characteris-
tics; Nov. p. 12, correction Jan. (1961) pp. fol-
lowing p. 103.

STANSBY, M. E.:

Possibilities for Applying Fish Oil to Ore Flotation;

Feb. p. 17.
TENNY, R. D. (and M, N. Sereno):

Recommended Practices for Processing Chilled
and Frozen Whiting, Technical Note No. 55;
May p. 6.

THOMPSON, MARY H. (and Melvin E. Waters):

Control of Iron Sulfide Discoloration in Canned
Shrimp (Xiphopeneus sp.) - Part 1; Aug. p. 1.

AUTHORS AND TITLES 3
WANGLER, JOHN G.:

Seasonal Variations of Physical Characteristics
and Chemical Composition of Fish from Middle
Atlantic States; July p. 17. >

WATERS, MELVIN E. (and D. J. Bond):

Construction and Operation of an Inexpensive Fish

Smokehouse; Aug. p. 8. >
(and Mary H. Thompson):
~ Control of Iron Sulfide Discoloration in Canned
Shrimp (Xiphopeneus sp.) - Part 1; Aug. p. 1.
WHITELEATHER, R. T.:
Down with Rejects--Up with Profits; Dec. p. 16.
WILSON, PETER C.:

Small-Boat Tuna Long-Line Fishery, A; Sept. p. 8.

AUTOTECHNICON
Virginia biologists use to speed up oyster re-
séarch; June p. 32. was

AZORES 5
Fishery landings in Portugal, Madeira, and the
, 1958; Feb. p. 88.

BACTERIA, OCEANIC
Research on , University of Miami grantee
_ funds for extension of; June p. 32.

BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS
Frozen foods under Study; Mar. p. 13,

BAHAMA ISLANDS

Fisheries of the Turks and Caicos Islands; Dec. p. 66.

BAIT

Ecuador vessels, foreign permitted to fish for
in territorial waters; July p..56.

Shrimp Galveston Bay production; Nov. p. 35.

Tuna, live:
Hawaiian fishery problems, research on; Dec. p. 29.
tilapia culture in Hawaii successful as a source

of; Mar. p. 19.

BARBADOS

Fishing industry important as a source of food;
July p. 53.

BARRACUDA
California:

Gulf of California, Mexico, SUnVEY, continued;
June p. 21.

southern coast survey continued; Jan. p. 28.

BARENTS SEA ‘

Russians claim Ene) caught transplanted Pacific -
salmon in ; Nov. p. 89.

BELGIUM

Canned fish and shellfish, offering prices to Antwerp

importers for; Dec. p. 66.

Fishing industry in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15,

Fish meal and marine-oil industry, 1959 and first
quarter of 1960; Nov. p. 53.

Greek firm ordered stern-fishing factoryship trawl-

er from ; Mar. p. 55.

Prices, ex- vessel, for fish, minimum established
on; Jan, p. 63.

ee

:

BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG
Oils, marine, imports and exports, 1958 and 1959;
Aug. p. 43.

BERING SEA
Bottomfish:
Japanese:
mothership fleets to fish in for; Nov. p. 73.
mothership, salmon, to enter fishery;
June p. 53.
operations in tobe re-examined; Aug. p. 57.
Crab, Japanese factoryship reports good catches of;
Oct. p. 70.
Crab, king, eastern
Japan:
fish meal:
factoryship operations for 1960; June p. 52.
factoryships prepare for new fishing season in
; Apr. p. 48.
production in
herring:
catch expected of about 9,000 tons; June p. 52.
factoryship reports good catches in
trawler fishery trends; Feb. p. 79.
Soviet fishing fleets; U. S. Naval observations on;
Oct. p. 49.

BERMUDA
Fisheries development under consideration; Julyp. 51.

BONIN ISLANDS
Tuna, albacore, spawning in
plan to study; June p. 49.

operations; July p. 31.

over 25,000 tons; Sept. p. 55.

area, Japanese

BOT TOMFISH
Alaska, southeastern, commercial potential studied;
Nov. p. 19.
Bering Sea, Japanese salmon mothership fleets to
fishv in; Nov. p. 73.
M/V "John N. Cobb":
British Columbia, good trawlable bottom found
off; Nov. p. 38.
Strait of Juan de Fuca, good trawlable bottom
found off; Sept. p. 25.
Washington and Vancouver Island, exploratory
trawling planned off coasts.of; June p. 31.

BOY SCOUT(S)
Sardine(s):
canned, Maine, ‘served to
Bponee: Sept. p. 23.
sandwich, five-foot long, served at National
Jamboree; Aug. p. 111.

at National Jam-

BRAZIL
Fish processing plant completed; Mar, p. 42.
Japanese:
fishing operations off criticized; July p. 52.
inspector to be placed aboard tuna fishing vessels;
Sept. p. 46.
retail fish stores temporarily closed by fishing
company; May p. 43.
tuna fishing company reorganized; Nov. p. 55.
Lobster, spiny, exports in April set record; Sept.
p. 46.
Sao Paulo, State of, fishing industry developing ©
rapidly in; Aug. p. 43.
Shrimp fishing industry, Jan.-June 1959; Mar. p. 42.
South American Atlantic regional technical con-
ference on exploitation of the sea, first; Jan. p. 57.

; Oct. p. 70.

BRAZIL
Whaling, land-based station, new, established; Apr.
Desi

BRISTOL BAY
Crab, king:
Japan:
mothership returns from
Oct. p. 69.
Japanese fish-meal factoryship production as of
July 31; Oct. p. 68.

after filling quota;

BRITISH COLUMBIA (see CANADA)

BRITISH EAST AFRICA
Lake Victoria, fisheries service under High Com-
mission ended; Feb. p. 69.

BRITISH GUIANA
Fishing industry:
expands in 1959; July p. 52.
new policy to encourage development of; Dec. p. 66.
Shrimp fishery expansion causes concern; Apr. p. 37.

BRITISH HONDURAS
Exports of fishery products, 1958-59; June p. 41.

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO
Fisheries trends, June 1960; Sept. p. 46.
Fishing industry, Japanese reviving; Oct. p. 54.
Tuna fishing company established by Japanese;
Apr. p. 38. .

BRITISH WEST INDIES
Barbados fishing industry important as a source of
food; July p. 53.
Venezuelan vessels tuna fishing off 5) Heb, ps Oil.
BROKERAGE (see FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION)

BROOK TROUT
Denmark, exports fail to stabilize. market; Oct. p. 56.

BROWNS BANK
- Haddock, spawning habits studied; June p. 60.

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES (see COM-
MERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF)

BURMA
Fishery trends, fourth quarter, 1959; July p. 53.
Shrimp industry; Mar. p. 42.

BYPRODUCTS (also see FISH MEAL, FISH OIL, and
FISH SOLUBLES) r

Fish meal and solubles, U. S. supply, production,
and imports; Feb. p. 26, Mar. p. 16, Nov. p. 60.

Fish meal, oil, and solubles, U.S. supply, production,
and imports; Feb. p. 26, Mar. p. 16, Nov. p. 60.

United Kingdom, fishery » review of research
on; Dec. p. 91.

United States 1958 fish and shellfish catch, high
percentage goes to meal and oil use; Jan. p. 95.

CABLE
Trawl , electrical, a method of making ter-
minations and connections for; June p. 15.

CAICOS ISLANDS CAMEROUN {
Fisheries; Dec. p. 66. Fisheries resources of new nation promising; Apr. p. 38.
CALICO SCALLOPS (see SCALLOPS) Coleen

CALIFORNIA

Abalone: . ;

aerial census; Jan. p. 28, Feb. p. 29, Mar. p. 16,
May p. 15, June p. 19, Aug. p. 17.
resources investigation; Apr. p. 19, Dec. p. 25.

Barracuda and white sea bass survey continued by
M/V "Alaska" and M/V "'N. B. Scofield"; Jan.

p. 28, June p. 21.

Clam, aerial census; May p. 15.

Crab, Dungeness:
biologists predict normal stocks of; Feb. p. 27.
distribution and abundance studies; Apr. p. 18,

May p. 15, June p. 19, Aug. p. 15.

Fish and shellfish radioactive contamination to be
monitored by 3 Jan. p. 29.

Halibut tagging studiés off Southern and Baja
by M/V

Japanese Frozen Tuna Joint Sales Company, no

: office to be set up by; Apr. p. 48.

Lights, colored, for attracting fish and new method
of setting sampling nets tested by M/V ''Alaska"';
Sept. p. 15. ;

Pelagic fish population survey; Jan. p. 26, Feb. p.
27, Mar. p. 17, June p. 22, July p. 21, Aug. p. 14,
Sept. p. 16, Nov. p. 22, Dec. p. 27.

Rockfish studied off southern coast; Mar. p. 18,

Cua July p. 22.
_ 9 Salmon:
king:

marked in 1959 to determine migration hazards,

recoveries of; Dec. p. 25.

marking.experiments completed for 1960 season;

-Aug. p. 30.
run of central
° Apr.-p. 27.
M/V "Nautilus":
midwater trawl net, new, tested on fry; Sept.
“p. 15.
physiological study of Pacific; Oct. p. 27.
Sardine population study continued; Nov. p. 22.
Sea lions, aerial census; Nov. p. 21.
Seaweed, southern kelp beds, attempt being
made to restore; July p. 21.
Shrimp:
landings, Mar. p. 26, May p. 16. ~
study off coast continued by M/V "'N. B.
Scofield"; Aug. Delite
Trawling gear tested on Dungeness crabs by M/V
"Nautilus"; Dec. p. 25.
Tuna:. :
albacore: ©

rivers largest since 1954;

catches by party boats may indicate good season;

Aug. p. 30.

migration off Pacific coast studied by M/V
"N. B. Scofield"; Nov. p. 21.

off southern studied by M/V "Nautilus";

' Dec. p. 26.
tagged off , recaptured by Japanese; June p.
34,
West Africa, two large packers operating in; May
p. 32.

Whaling land stations, operations in 1960 of; Aug. p. 18.

CALIFORNIA HALIBUT (see HALIBUT)

Nautilus" and ''N. B. Scofield"; July p. 22.

char fisheries; July p. 53.
fishery resources surveyed by biologists; June p. 42.
Atlantic coast fishery studies progress discussed at
meeting; Nov. p. 55.
British Columbia:
fisheries value down sharply in 1959; Sept. p. 47.
salmon, fresh and frozen, status of export ban on;
Nov. p. 58.
trawling bottom, good, found off
whaling, 1959; Feb. p. 71.
Clams, soft, mechanical digger developed for; Oct. p. 55.
Cod, Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed by scien-
tists; Nov. p. 56.
Commercial fisheries, Chamber of Commerce pol-
icy declarations include; Feb. p. 72.
Consumption of fishery products in 1956 and 1957; |
Jan. p. 63.
Danish seine fishery by
ful; Mar. p. 43.
Fisheries Council of ,» resolutions adopted at
the 15th Annual Meeting of the; July p. 54.
Fisheries recommendations included in report of
Royal Commission on Price Spreads; Feb. p. 73.
Fishery products, fresh and frozen, refrigeration
standards amended for; Jan. p. 67.
Fish flour developments; Feb. p. 73.

Fishing limit, 12-mile, under consideration; Dec. p. 69.
Fish meal: :
British Columbia plants closed due to poor mar-

ket; Apr. p. 38.
Japanese training ship to survey prospects off
west coast; Apr. p. 49.
Newfoundland industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 55.
production, 1958-59; Dec. p. 67.
Fish oil:
British Columbia plants closed due to poor mar-
ket; Apr. p. 38.
Newfoundland industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 55. -
production, 1958-59; Dec. p. 67.
Gill-net boat, small type, built for Fraser River
salmon fishery; Jan. p. 67.
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission commissioner,
new, for ; Dec. p. 56.:-
Haddock, Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed by
scientists; Nov. p. 55.
Lobster: ; "
Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed by scientists;
Nov. p. 57. ° -
seasons changed in certain areas of Maritimes;
July p. 53. :
Marine-animal oil production, foreign trade, and
consumption, 1959; Aug. p. 44,
Newfoundland fishery trends, 1958-59; Jan. p. 64.
Northwest Atlantic fishing trends; May p. 40.
Ocean perch, Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed
by scientists; Nov. p. 57.
Oils, marine, production, imports, and exports of;
Jan. p. 65.
Ontario's fish landings down sharply in first quar-
ter of 1960; Aug. p. 45.
Oyster(s):
British Columbia production of meats higher in
1959; Apr. p. 39.
rehabilitation on east coast, progress in; Aug. p.
46.

; Nov. p. 38.

for flounders success-

CANADA (cont.)
Salmon:
British Columbia:
canned pack lower in 1959; Feb. p. 69.
catch, 1952-59; May p. 44.
export ban on fresh and frozen, status of; Nov.

pe od.

migration and escapement developments, 1959;
May p. 43.

sports fishermen's catch increasing in; Feb.
fos: ilic

hatchery, experimental, being constructed in
(on Pitt River); July p. 47.
industry trends, west coast, 1959; Feb. p. 71.
sockeye: j
ex-vessel and canned export prices up sharply
in British Columbia; Feb. p. 70.
Fraser River fishery, 1959; Feb. p. 59.

Sardine:
canned, labeling requirements announced; Dec.
p. 67.
fishery, Lake Erie smelt trawl may be adaptable
to; Oct, p- 00.
Scallop:

landings expected to increase in 1960; July p. 54.
sea, Georges Bank fishery outlook; Dec. p. 68.
Swordfish vessel tries new electronic harpoon;
INE) 1a Wes
Trawlers to be permitted to fish in 3-12 mile zone
off east coast; Oct. p. 54.
Tuna:
canned lightmeat, Japanese, price to
raised slightly; June p. 50.
vessels fish off coast; Dec. p. 67.

Whaling, no operations this year in ; May p. 41.
CANAPES
Hors d'oeuvres and recipes; Feb. p. 103.

CANNED FISH

Consumer purchases, Sept. 1959; Jan. p. 29.

Department of Defense, Military Subsistence Supply
Agency purchases; Jan. p. 33, Feb. p. 34, Mar.
p. 21, Apr. p. 22, May p. 19, June p. 26, July p. 25,
Sept. p. 34, Oct. p. 28, Nov. p. 27, Dec. p. 30.

Egypt, issues licenses for more Japanese B
Dec. p. 72.

Exports, U.S., 1959; May p. 33.

German Federal Republic develops new type
container; Dec. p. 77.

Iceland plans marketing survey for in U.S.;
June p. 47.
Japan freight rates to United States increased for
; Feb. p. 80.

Motivation study on use or nonuse of by home-
makers; Jan. p. 40.

Philippines, retail and wholesale prices, May 3-July
1, 1960; Dec. p. 88.

Portugal:
exports; Apr. p. 62, June p. 60, Sept. p. 64.
pack; Feb. p. 88, Apr. p. 63, June p. 60, Sept. p. 64.

Purchases of , consumer panel survey on;
Jan. p. 40.

Salmon, distribution of; Jan. p. 40, May p. 16,
June p. 24.

Sardines:

Canada announces labeling requirements; Dec. p. 67.
distribution of; Jan.p. 40, Mayp. 16, Junep. 24.

CANNED FISH
Sardines:
Maine:
canning season, 1960, opens with no signs of
fish; June p. 29.
season for 1959 closes with a short pack; Feb,
p. 38.
stocks; Feb. p. 38, Julyp. 32, Aug. p. 27, Sept. p. 23.
Tuna, distribution of; Jan. p. 40, May p. 16, June
p. 24.
United States pack, 1958-59; Mar. p. 18.

CANNED SHELLFISH
Belgium, prices, offering, to Antwerp importers
for; Dec. p. 66.

CANNING
Australia, fish cannery expands and improves equip-
ment; Nov. p. 52.
Commercial-scale first developed in the
United States; Dec. p. 115.
Industry celebrates 150th anniversary; Feb. outside
back cover.
Shrimp:
Alaska product yield increased; Sept. p. 29.
canned, control of iron sulfide discoloration in,
Aug. p. 1.
Sweden, fish industry, effect of European trade
pacts on; Nov. p. 85.
Tuna, Puerto Rico wage, minimum, for
to U.S. level; Nov. p. 92.

raised

U.S.S.R. fish factoryship, first, launched;
Aug. p. 73. .
CANS
German Federal Republic, new type developed

for fish; Dec. p. 77.

Shipments for fishery products, Jan. p. 30, Feb.
p. 30, Mar. p. 19, Apr. p. 21, June p. 24, July
p. 23, Aug. pp. 18, 24, Sept. p. 17, Oct. p. 24,
Nov. p. 24, Dec. p. 28.

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS
Portuguese study availability of seaweeds in the
area; Nov. p. 84.

CARIBBEAN COMMISSION

Caribbean Organization replaces ; Aug. p. 37.
CARIBBEAN SEA
Japan:
tuna:
exploratory fishing in ; Mar. p. 60.

green meat unpredictable, investigation finds;
Aug. p. 54.
M/V "Oregon":
shrimp, royal-red, occurrence off Trinidad ex-
plored; July p. 30.
tuna distribution in southeastern
Gulf of Mexico explored; July p. 30.

and eastern

CEYLON
Fishing ports, Japanese engineers report on; Aug.
p. 46.
Shrimp fishery; Feb. p. 74.
Tuna fisheries; Nov. p. 58.

CENTRAL PACIFIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
R/V ''Charles H. Gilbert":
alterations of; June p. 25.
on 50th voyage; Dee. p. 28.
underwater observation chamber, new, added to;
Apr. p. 21.
Porpoises, underwater observations of; Jan. p. 25.
Tuna:
albacore:
spawning grounds west of Hawaii, biologists
seek; Nov. p. 24.
tagged off San Francisco in 1956 recovered by
Japanese; Aug. p. 32.
bait problems, Hawaiian, research on; Dec. p. 29.
future research pointed towards solution of prac-
tical problems in Pacific; July p. 24.
larvae, research on identification of; Feb. p. 31.
skipjack:
behavior studies continued; Jan. p. 30, Aug. p. 19.
Hawaii:
catch fluctuations may be due to changes in
oceanic circulation; Sept. p. 17.
landings; Mar. p. 22, Apr. p. 21.
net fishing for experimental; Dec. p. 28.
research trends, March 1960; June p. 25.
tilapia culture as source of live bait for fishery
successful; Mar. p. 19.
held in captivity successfully; May p. 17.
nets, reaction to tested; Nov. p. 25.
tagging returns indicate the species is not a
wide-ranging one; Nov. p. 25.
stocks, studies initiated on genetic definition of;
Oct. p. 28.

"CHARLES H, GILBERT"
alterations of research vessel
on 50th voyage; Dec. p. 28.
underwater observation chamber, new, added to

; Apr. p. 21.

; June p. 25.

CHARTS

Atlentic Ocean, Northwest,
and telegraph cables; Oct. p. 33.

Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States including
Alaska and Hawaii, new isogonic chart of; May
p. 18.

Pacific Ocean, eastern, floor; Oct. p. 35.

Space-saving installed on Seattle trawler
"Sunbeam"; Dec. p. 22.

show telephone

CHESAPEAKE BAY
Crabs, blue:
scarce in 1959/60 winter; Feb. p. 32.
shortage ended; Sept. p. 19.
Croakers, year-class, 1959,
Feb. p. 32.
Oyster(s):
mortalities:
Delaware and ; Oct. p. 32.
losses heavy in lower ; June p. 32.
upper area escaped from MSX in August; Nov.
p. 40.
Virginia biologists discover cause of 8
Mar. p. 25.
Shad run delayed by cold water; Apr. p. 28.
Sport fishery catch estimated by Virginia biolo-
gists; Jan. p. 53.
Striped bass fishing predicted good for 1960; Jan.
p. 48.

surveyed for;

CHESAPEAKE BAY
Survey by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to assist

in development of fishery resources; Sept. p. 18.
Whiting fishery, a review of the; Nov. p. 2.

CHICAGO
Frozen fish and shellfish consumption in restau-

rants and institutions; Nov. p. 26.

CHILE

Fishing industry granted special concessions; Aug.
p. 46.

Fish meal:
oil industry, 1959; Nov. p. 60.
production increase boosts exports; Aug. p. 48.

"Langostino" industry; Apr. p. 39.

Shrimp industry; Apr. p. 39.

Whale oil, production, foreign trade and consump-
tion; Sept. p. 47.

CHINA (COMMUNIST)
Safe fishing agreement signed between Japan and |
; Jan. p. 72. 1

Shrimp, Japan imports from ; Nov. p. 76.

CHOLESTEROL
"Fish for Health'' message broadcast by Assistant
Secretary; Jan. p. 41.
Fish oils:
fatty acid, unique composition as related to
depressant effect; Mar. p. 13.
purified fractions, to be made available for re-
search; Feb. p. 24.
Labeling of common foods, warning issued on use
of term in; Feb. p. 100.
Studies on buildup as a'cause of heart attacks,
canned Maine sardines offered for; Jan. p. 39.

CHROMATOGRAPHY
Fatty acids in fish oils, composition by gas-liquid
of; Mar. p. 15.

CHUB
Program of the research vessel ''Cisco"' for 1960;
duly p. 29.
"CISCO," M/V
eras of the research vessel for 1960; July
p. 29.
CLAMS

California, aerial census of commercial and sport
fishing continued; May p. 15.
Dredge, ''Fall River,'' in deep water, chain bridles
and accumulators increase effectiveness of;
Dec. p. 20.
Hard:
experimental planting of eastern
Sound waters successful; Mar. p. 34.
exploratory fishing for off South Atlantic
coast; Mar. p. 27, May p. 30.
found in commercial quantities off North Carolina
coast by M/V "Silver Bay''; Feb. p. 42.
Maryland clam-digger associations, two, consent to
ere forbidding price-fixing; Sept. p. 71.
oft:
Canada, mechanical digger developed; Oct. p. 55.
harvesting costs, controllable pitch propeller on
hydraulic dredge vessels may reduce; Feb. p. 39.

in Puget

CLIMATE
Fishing effort versus changes on fish stocks,
effects evaluated of; Feb. p. 59.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, U. S.

Chesapeake Bay, survey by to assist in devel-
opment of fishery resources; Sept. p. 18.

Coastal waters, fleet sails to chart; June p. 66.

Gulf of Alaska, link added to underwater mountain
chain in; July p. 37.

Oceanographic expedition, national, by
vessel; Apr. p. 26.

Survey under way of Pacific area off San Fran-
cisco; Oct. p. 36.

United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, new
isogonic chart of; May p. 18.

COAST GUARD, U.S.
Vessels, fishing, exempted from advance arrival
time notice; Oct. p. 98.

COD
Behavior studies could increase yield; Feb. p. 58.
Canada, Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed
by scientists; Nov. p. 56.
Fillets, frozen, voluntary grade standards:
issued for; Apr. p. 69.
proposed for; Jan. p. 94.
Norway:
fishery trends, May 1960; July p. 69.
Government aid to cod fishermen for 1960 reduced;
Mar. p. 72.
Norwegian herring and Lofoten
in 1960; Aug. p. 64.
Pacific fillets, irradiation preservation of;
Apr. p. 14,
Portuguese:
catch from western Atlantic better this year;
Nov. p. 83.
fishing fleet had poor season; Feb. p. 88.
Spanish fishing industry; Mar. p. 79.
True fillets, frozen, standard being developed
for; Mar. p. 12.

fishing poor

COLD STORAGE
Low temperatures help maintain fillet quality;
Feb. p. 23.
Martinique, U.S. tuna canner interested in building
plant in; Oct. p. 58.

COLOMBIA
Fish-freezing plant, new installed; Jan. p. 67.
Tuna, frozen, market increasing for; Feb, p. 74.
Tuna landings in Barranquilla; Mar. p. 43.

COLOR ADDITIVES
Food and Drug Administration, regulations issued
on ; Dec. p. 94.

COLUMBIA RIVER
Salmon:
catch normal in 1959; Feb. p. 42.
king, escapement to spawning grounds good;
June p. 33.

COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF (see COAST AND
GEODETIC SURVEY)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF
Alaska Regional Director named, new; Dec. p. 95.
Films, Great Lakes fishing subject of new; Sept.
jo Alf).
"Fish 'n' Seafood Parade", participates in; Jan.
p. 41.
North Atlantic regional fisheries post, Alaska
Director named to fill; Aug. p. 77.
Norwegian tuna survey cruise off West Africa, U.S.
biologist accompanies; Nov, p. 42.
Oysters, standards research program shifted from
Virginia laboratory; Dec. p. 41.
Salmon:
film wins honors at Edinburgh International Film
Festival; Nov. p. 27.
net fishing on high seas in North Pacific, pro-
hibition extended on; Oct. p. 95.

Standards:
fillets, frozen:
cod, proposes for; Jan. p. 94.

ocean perch, Atlantic and Pacific, proposed for;
Dec. p. 94.
frozen fish portions, breaded raw, proposed for;
Feb. p. 101, Apr. p. 69.
salmon steaks, frozen, quality standards estab-
lished for; Apr. p. 74, July p. 80.
Training program, new, initiated for key executives;
Sept. p. 72.
Vessels, fishing, construction differential subsidy
announced; Sept. p. 72, Nov. p. 91.
Western Europe, fishery developments, Bureau em-
ployee reviews; Nov. p. 29.

COMMISSION FOR CONSERVATION OF SHRIMP IN
EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO
First meeting held in Cuba; Sept. p. 36.
United States members to appointed by White
House; Aug. p. 80.

COMMITTEE FOR RECIPROCITY INFORMATION (see
RECIPROCITY INFORMATION, COMMITTEE FOR)

COMMON MARKET (see EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COM-
MUNITY, EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION,
TRADE AREAS)

COMPOSITION

Fish and shellfish studies; Feb. p. 22.

Middle and South Atlantic fish, chemical
and laboratory fillet yield of 13 species of;
July p. 15.

Middle Atlantic States fish, seasonal variations of
physical characteristics and chemical composition
of; July p. 17.

Oysters, southern, proximate
variability; July p. 1.

factors affecting

Rockfish ; Apr. p. 14.
Scallops, sea, chemical tobe studied; Dec. p. 42,
Tuna:

progress made in studies on of; Dec. p. 44.
studies at Seattle Laboratory; Oct. p. 43.

CONFERENCES
International on fisheries, United States pro-
posals for; Feb. p. 52.

10

CONGRESS, EIGHT Y-SIXTH (Second Session)

Adjournment; Oct. p. 98.

Alaska:

Arctic wildlife range; July p. 83.
fisheries rehabilitation; Apr. p. 75.
fisheries transport act extension; Oct. p. 99.

American Samoa problems; Mar. p. 88.

Area assistance act of 1960; July p. 83, Aug. p. 81.

Buy American Act; Sept. p. 73.

California fishing problems; June p. 69.

Chemical pesticides coordination act; May p. 73,
June p. 69, July p. 83, Aug. p. 81, Sept. p. 73.

Cold Spring Harbor marine biological reserve;
Sept. p. 73.

Color additives in food; Mar. p. 88, Apr. p. 75, May
p. 73, June p. 69, July p. 83, Aug. p. 82.

Columbia River Basin fishery resources; Sept. p. 73.

Commercial sponge industry relief; Aug. p. 82.

District of Columbia fish market; June p. 69.

Exempt railroad transportation-for fish, livestock,
and agricultural commodities; July p. 84.

Fair labor standards trade act; June p. 69.

Federal fishing stamp; Sept. p. 74.

Fish and shellfish conservation; June p. 69, July
p. 84.

Fish and wildlife cooperative research training
units; June p. 69, July p. 84, Aug. p. 82, Sept. p.
74, Oct. p. 99.

Fish and wildlife legislation; Mar. p. 89, Apr. p. 75,
May p. 73, Dec. p. 95.

Fish hatcheries; July p. 86, Aug. p. 82.

Fish spawning protection in Salmon River; Feb. p. 102.

Fisheries assistance act; Mar. p. 88, Apr. p. 75,
June p. 69, July p. 84.

Fisheries cooperative marketing act amendment;
July p. 86.

Fishermen's benefits; May p. 73.

Fishery extension service; Apr. p. 75.

Fishery legislation; Apr. p. 75, May p. 73.

Fishery loan fund mortgage foreclosures; July p. 86.

Fishing vessels and freighting of fish; Sept. p. 74.

Fishing vessel mortgage insurance fund; July p. 86,
Aug. p. 82.

Foreign trade effects on American economy; Oct. p. 99.

Foreign trade study commission; July p. 86, Aug. p. 83.

Game fish conservation indam reservoirs; May p.73.

Harbors; June p. 70.

Hawaii Omnibus Act; Feb. p. 76, June p. 70, July
p. 86, Aug. p. 83.

Hydrofoil vessel; Apr. p. 76, May p. 74.

ICA grants for fisheries; Sept. p. 74.

Imported commodity labeling; Mar. p. 88, Aug. p.
84, Oct. p. 99, Sept. p. 74.

Imports impact on small business; July p. 86.

Income tax law revision in favor of fishermen; Mar.
p. 88, Aug. p. 83.

Insurance industry; Sept. p. 74.

Interior Department appropriations; Mar. p. 88,
Apr. p. 76, May p. 74, June p. 71, July p. 86.

International food and raw materials reserve; Sept.
p. 74, Oct. p. 99.

International fisheries organizations; Aug. p. 84.

International Labor Organization; June p. 70.

Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee inves-
tigations of fisheries and related matters; Feb.

p. 102.

Irradiation of food; Sept. p. 75.

Law of the sea; Mar. p. 89, Apr. p. 76, June p. 71,
July p. 87, Aug. p. 84.

CONGRESS, EIGHTY -SIXTH (Second Session)

Marine sciences special committee; Aug. p. 85.

Merchant marine legislation; Dec. p. 96.

National aquarium in District of Columbia; July p. 87.

Oceanography; Feb. p. 102, Mar. p. 89, Apr. p.76,
July p. 87, Aug. p. 85.

Outer continental shelf area restrictions in Gulf of
Mexico; Sept. p. 75.

Pollution control act for water; July p. 84.

Pollution of the sea by oil; July p. 88.

Power project fisheries resources protection; Aug.
p. 86.

Public Health service care for fishing vessel owners;
Apr. p. 76.

Public Works appropriation bill, 1961; July p. 88,
Aug. p. 86, Sept. p. 75, Oct. p. 99.

Salmon fishing in North Pacific; Apr. p. 76.

Salmon import restrictions; June p. 71, July p. 88

Saltonstall-Kennedy Act funds reapportionment; May
p. 74, July p. 88.

Science and technology commission; Aug. p. 87,
Sept. p. 79.

Seaweeds (ground, powdered, or granulated) on free
import list; Feb. p. 102, May. p. 75, June p. 71. }

Second supplemental appropriations; Apr. p. 76, May |
p. 75, June p. 71. i

Shellfisheries research center; June p. 71.

Shrimp conservation convention with Cuba; Feb.

p. 102, Mar. p. 89, July p. 89, Aug. p. 87.

Shrimp import duties; Mar. p. 89, Apr. p. 77, May
p. 75, June p. 71, July p. 89, Aug. p. 87, Sept. p.
75, Oct. p. 100.

Small Business; July p. 90, Sept. pp. 75 & 76.

Small Business Investment Act of 1958 amendments;
July p. 90.

Sport fishing organizations mail rate extension;
July p. 90.

Stamp for sport fishing; May p. 75.

Stamps for commercial fishing industry; July p. 83.

State Department appropriations; June p. 71, Aug.
p. 87, Sept. p. 76.

Stern ramp trawlers; Aug. p. 87, Oct. p. 100.

Supplemental appropriations; Aug. p. 88, Sept. p. 76,
Oct. p. 100.

Tariff negotiations; Mar. p. 89, Apr. p. 77, May p.
75, June p. 72, July p. 90, Aug. p. 88.

Territorial waters extension for Ala., Miss., and
La.; Sept. p. 77.

Transportation policies; Feb. p. 103, Mar, p. 89,
IN. 1D. UT.

Unemployment relief in depressed areas; June p. 72,
July p. 90.

Vessel admeasurement simplification; Mar. p. 89.

Wage, increase in minimum; May p. 74, July p. 90,
Aug. p. 88, Sept. p. 77, Oct. p. 100.

Water resources; July p. 91, Sept. p. 78.

Wildlife, fish, and game conservation; July p. 91,
Aug. p. 90.

CONSERVATION
Fish and wildlife's role in Nation's economy dis-
cussed at meeting; Apr. p. 21.

Sea life programs discussed at Wildlife Con-
ference; Mar. p. 23.

CONSTRUCTION SUBSIDY

Vessels, fishing, proposed regulations for;
Sept. p. 72.

CONSUMER SURVEYS
Portion-control fishery products use in institutional
and public eating places; Oct. p. 41.

CONSUMPTION
Canadian fishery products in 1956 and 1957;

Jan. p. 63.
Chicago of frozen fish and shellfish in res-

taurants and institutions; Nov. p. 26.

Fish and shellfish in the U.S.; July p. 43.
Frozen processed fish and shellfish in Los
Angeles institutions and public eating places;

July p. 26.
Japan, fish survey Shows trends of food
preferences; Oct. p. 70.
Omaha, Nebraska,
stitutions; Dec. p. 38.
Public eating places, of fish and shellfish in;
Jan. p. 32.

in restaurants and in-

CONTAINERS
Iron sulfide discoloration in canned shrimp, control
of; Aug. p. 1.

CONTINENTAL SHELF
Distribution and abundance of fish along
Stream influence on; May p. 27.
Fishing survey along Georges Bank; May p. 28.

, Gulf

COOKIES

Fish flour used in ; Jan. p. 34,

COOKING
Thawing method before
cooked fish; Aug. p. 90.

affects flavor of

CORAL REEF(S)
Key Largo
Nov. p. 91.

Preserve exploitation to be stopped;

CORDS AND TWINES
Imports of hard fiber on domestic industry,
hearings on effect of; Aug. p. 76.

COSTA RICA
Fisheries trends, April 1960; June p. 42.
Lobster, spiny, catch increased sharply in Septem-
ber; Nov. p. 61.
Shrimp industry; Mar. p. 44, June p. 43.

CRABS
Blue:
Chesapeake Bay shortage; Feb. p. 32, Sept.
195 UE),
Maryland samples winter population for
clues to future harvests; Mar. p. 20.
Virginia large-scale tagging program under way;
Jan. p. 54.
California:
Dungeness:
biologists predict normal stocks of; Feb. p. 27.
distribution and abundance studies continued;
Apr. p. 18, May p. 15.

CRABS
California:
Dungeness: ; °
fishermen's association, Federal. Trade Com-
mission charges of unfair competition and
restraint of trade; June p. 66, July p. 78.
fishing area intensity studies continued; June
p. 19, Aug. p. 15. ise
trawling gear tested on ; Dec. p. 25.
Canned shrimp and meat petition filed for reg-
ulation on tolerances for chemical used in; May

Jo tabs

Japanese factoryship reports good catches in
Bering Sea; Oct. p. 70.

King:
Alaska:

fishing industry of Kodiak region, new film il-
lustrates; Dec. p. 23.
research aided by skin diving; May p. 13.
Bering Sea, eastern, operations, July p. 31.
Japan:
Bristol Bay mothership returns after filling
quota; Oct. p. 69.
factoryship sails for Bristol Bay; June p. 51.
quota increased for Bristol Bay factoryship;
Aug. p. 57.
tags from Bering Sea returned by U.S.S.R.;
July p. 31.
tags from United States tagging program return-
ed by Russians; Aug. p. 26.
United States and Japan to expand research in
Bering Sea; Jan. p. 39.
Mexico, export duties increased; Nov. p. 77.
Red, deep-water trawling Geplorations continued
off Maryland; May p. 26.

CRAB MEAT
Freshness test, rapid objective, for blue- and
observations on spoilage characteristics; Nov. p.
12, correction Jan. (1961) pp. following p. 103.

CRAYFISH, FRESH-WATER

Mexico, export duties increased on > Jan.
p. 78. aby
CROAKERS
Breeding areas in Atlantic, Virginia biologists seek;
Feb. p. 33.

Chesapeake Bay surveyed by biologists for 1959
year-class; Feb. p. 32.

CROWTHER, H. E.
Transferred to California under new training pro-
gram for key executives; Sept. p. 72.

CUBA

Bullfrog and spiny lobster species, closed season
on; May p. 45.

Closed season of frogs ended but one on several
species of fish announced; July p. 55.

Cooperatives, fishing, government assumes control
of; Apr. p. 40.

Exports and landings of certain fishery products,
1959; Nov. p. 61.

Fish and shellfish, resolution establishes maximum
prices for many; Apr. p. 40. .

ico

CUBA (cont.)
Fisheries trends, March 1960; June p. 43.
Fishing vessels, new, program to build 570 an-
nounced; Dec. p. 69.
Frozen fish products important companies, four
intervened; May p. 45.
Lobster, spiny:
closed season on; May p. 45.
fishermen's new price contested; Apr. p. 40.
Oysters:
closed season lifted; Nov. p. 61.
harvesting restricted by resolution; Sept. p. 48.
Shellfish, certain, closed seasons revised for; Oct.
p. 55.
Shrimp:
Commission:
held first meeting in 3 Sept. p. 36.
members designated for Gulf of Mexico; May
p. 45.
fishery trends; December 1959; Mar. p. 45.
trawling and several species of fish, closed sea-
son imposed on; June p. 43.
Sponges, closed season announced; July p. 55.
Tuna processing firm, joint Japanese,
denied new industry status; Jan. p. 67.

CUSTOMS, BUREAU OF (see TREASURY DEPART-
MENT)

CUSTOMS COURT, UNITED STATES (see TREASURY
DEPARTMENT)

CUTTLEFISH

Japan, frozen exports to Italy; Mar. p. 66.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Herring imports from Sweden, agreement reached
on; Feb. p. 91.
Sardines, canned, to be shipped to
Nov. p. 64.
Trade agreement with Norway includes fishery
products; Apr. p. 58.

by Iceland;

DAMS
Bruces Eddy Dam and Reservoir in Idaho, Fish
and Wildlife Bureaus release report on pro-
posed; Aug. p. 20. ;
Passage of fish over Oxbow Dam discussed at con-
ference; Jan. p. 35.

DEFENSE, DEPARTMENT OF
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, canned fish
purchases; Jan. p. 33, Feb. p. 34, Mar. p. 21,
Apr. p. 22, May p. 19, June p. 26, July p. 26,
Sept. p. 34, Oct. p, 28, Nov. p. 27, Dec. p. 30.
Radiation preservation research center to be built
at Natick, Mass., Nov. p. 41.

DELAWARE BAY
Oyster mortalities; Oct. p. 37.

DENMARK
Fish meal and marine oils, 1959, foreign trade in;
Dec. p. 70.
Pisperice Trade Fair held in Copenhagen; Jan.
p. 68.

DENMARK
Fisheries trends, second quarter 1960; Oct. p. 55.
Fisheries in the European Free Trade Area; Mar.
p. 45.
Fishery products:
some no longer require import licenses; July
p. 55.
utilization of, 1958-1959; July p. 55.
Fishing industry has record year in1959; Mar. p. 47.
Fresh fish shipments, experiments planned on; Apr.
p. 41.
Greenland fisheries expansion under consideration;
Oct. p. 56.
Herring meal exports threatened; June p. 44.
Landings of fishery products, 1958-1959; July p. 55.
Trade agreement with East Germany includes fish-
ery products; Mar. p. 47.
Trout, rainbow, producers association dissolves;
July p. 55.
Vessels, fishing, dispute over profit-sharing be-
tween owners and crews at Esbjerg ends; Dec.
p. 69.

DIELECTRIC THAWING
Frozen fish, method developed in United
Kingdom; Sept. p. 69.

DISTRIBUTION
Canned fish, tuna, salmon, and sardine ; May
p. 16, June p. 24.
DOLPHIN
Japanese capture for aquariums; July p. 77.
DRIFT NETS
Automatic device protects
age; Aug. p. 7.

from storm dam-

EASTERN GULF OF MEXICO SHRIMP CONSERVA-
TION COMMISSION
First meeting of held in Cuba; Sept. p. 36.
ECUADOR
Fish meal and oil industry; Dec. p. 71.
Foreign vessels permitted to fish for bait in ter-
ritorial waters; July p. 56.
Japan:
fisheries research vessel studying marine re-
sources; Mar. p. 48.
fishermen emigration proposed; Feb. p. 84,
Marine animal oils, imports and consumption;
Aug. p. 48.
Shrimp:
exports, exchange regulations moderated on;
June p. 44.
industry; Mar. p. 49.

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
Marketing prospects:
spring-early summer 1960; June p. 30.
summer 1960; Sept. p. 24.
U. S. foreign trade in ; Mar. p. 29, June p. 35,
Dec. p. 46.

EDINBURGH INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL
Salmon film wins honors at ; Nov. p. 27.

EGYPT
Canned fish, Japanese, import licenses issued for
more; Dec. p. 72.
Fisheries trends, October 1959; Jan. p. 68.

_Sardine canning plant, new, equipment received for;

Apr. p. 41.

Shrimp:
freezing firm, loan by U. S. to aid; Dec. p. 72.
industry trends; Mar. p. 50, May p. 46.

Trucks, refrigerated, for fish transport; Sept. p. 48.

. ELECTRICAL FISHING
Cable, electric trawl, a method of making termi-
nations and connections for; June p. 15.
Tests of electrical trawl fishing observed with un-

derwater television (M/V ''Cape May"); Jan. p. 42.

EL SALVADOR
Shrimp:
fishery trends; July p. 57, Oct. p. 56.
industry expands; Mar. p. 50.

EQUIPMENT NOTES
No. 3 - New Diving Sled for Underwater Photogra-
phy; May p. 10.

No. 4 - A Method of Making Electrical Trawl Cable

Terminations and Connections; June p. 15,

No. 5 - Sink Gill-Net Fishing in New England; Nov.
p. 16.

No. 6 - Chain Bridles and Accumulators Increase
Effectiveness of ''Fall River'' Clam Dredges in
Deep Water; Dec. p. 20.

No. 7 - Space Saving Chart Table Installed on
Seattle Trawler ''Sunbeam"'; Dec. p. 22.

EUROPE
Fishery matters in Western

piro); Nov. p. 29.

Fishing industry in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15.

Marine oils, imports by Western
1960; Nov. p. 50.

Tuna, frozen, Japan licensed for export to %
fiscal year April 1959-March 1960; Nov. p. 67.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

Danish fisheries in the European Free Trade Area;

Mar. p. 45.
Fishing industry in the
Oct. p. 15.
Italian tuna imports and the ; Dec. p. 80.
Progress in integrating six member states re-
portedby
p. 39.
Scandinavian fisheries, effects of EEC and EFTA
on; Dec. p. 51.
Sweden:
export of fishery products,
blems for; May p. 63.
fish canning industry, effect of European trade
pacts on; Nov. p. 85.
Tariffs on fishery products announced; Sept. p. 36.

, structure of the;

creates pro-

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA

British-Norwegian fish talks break down, Jan. p. 57.

Danish fisheries in the ; Mar. p. 45. :
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
to be reorganized; Apr. p. 35.

reviewed by Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries employee (Dr. Sha-

will drop in

at sixteenth session of GATT; Sept.

13

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

Convention:
initialed by seven European countries; Feb. p. 50.
ratified by member governments; July p. 47.

GATT sixteenth session examines ; Sept. p. 39.

Import tariffs reduced; Dec. p. 52.

Scandinavian fisheries, effects of EEC and EFTA on;
Dec. p. 51.

Sweden:
export of fishery products, European Common

Market creates problems for; May p. 63.
fish canning industry, effect of European trade
pacts on; Nov. p. 85.
fishing industry and the
United States views on

; Aug. p. 70.
; Aug. p. 37.

EUROPEAN OUTER SEVEN FREE TRADE AREA

(see EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA)

EXPORTS

Canned fish and shellfish , 1959; May p. 33.

Committee for Reciprocity Information, import
restrictions, foreign, 1960 consultations on; May
p. 70.

Danish fishery products, some no longer require
import licenses; July p. 55.

Edible fishery products, fresh, frozen, and processed;
Jan. p. 51, Feb. p. 47, Mar. p. 29, Apr. p. 30, May
p. 33, June p. 35, July p. 44, Aug. p. 33, Sept. p.
32, Oct. p. 46, Nov. p. 42, Dec. p. 47.

European Economic Community, import tariffs on
fishery products announced; Sept. p. 36.

Expansion program aided by Export-Import Bank;
Oct. p. 46.

Fishery products: .
included in trade agreement negotiations under

GATT; Aug. p. 75.
world markets for U.S. in 1959; Aug. p. 34.

Fishery trade, interior seeks ways to increase;
Aug. p. 32.

Fishery trade promotion:
meeting announced; June p. 27.

U.S., conference held on; Aug. p. 32.

Fish meal, West Germany requires certificate of

inspection for imports of; Feb. p. 75.

Fish oils:
Use set record in 1959; Mar. p. 30.
world set new record in 1959; Oct. p. 49.

Haiti, tax, new, on imported fishery products; Apr.
p. 43.
Italy:
fresh and frozen fish from dollar area, import
restrictions lifted on; Mar. p. 58.
special license suspended on most fishery imports
from dollar area; June p. 48.
Korea, Republic of, fishing industry equipment im-
ports listed for duty-free entry; Jan. p. 75.
Netherlands, of marine oils to U.S., Jan.-
June 1959; Jan. p. 81.
Oils, marine:
Canada's imports from U.S.; Jan. p. 66.
Mexico's imports from the United States, 1958 and
1959; Aug. p. 62.
world production and
cast; Feb. p. 60.
Philippines, labeling of canned goods imported by
National Marketing Corporation; Aug. p. 66.

, increase in 1960 fore-

14

EXPORTS (cont.)

Salmon, fresh and frozen, United Kingdom removes
import controls; Jan. p. 92.

Selected fishery products; Jan. p. 53, Mar. p. 32,
Aug. p.. 33, Nov. p. 43.

United Kingdom, fresh and frozen fish imports
from dollar area, restrictions removed on; Mar.
p. 83.

EXPORT-IMPORT BANK
Export expansion program aided by ; Oct. p. 46.
EXPOSITION :
Fishing Fair:and Nautical to be held in Italy,
June 25 to July 10; Mar. p. 37.

FACTOR YSHIP(S)
British to use aircraft carriers as fishery B
May p. 67.
Fish canning , first, launched; Aug. p. 73.
German Federal Republic:
shipyards to build two whale for Soviets;
Nov. p. 88.
stern-fishing trawler, another new one com-
pleted; Mar. p. 51.
Greece:
construction of two , reaches agreement with
Portugal for; Apr. p. 42.
trawler , stern-fishing, orderedfrom Belgium;
Mar. p. 55.
Japanese:
Bering Sea:

fish-meal and flounder operations for 1960;

June p. 52.

fishing season, new, fish-meal prepared for;
Apr. p. 48.

good catches reported by herring-crab B
Oct. p. 70.

new fish-meal for; Mar. p. 66.
six to freeze flatfish in North Pacific; Oct. p. 70.
use of fish-meal off South America and Africa
studied by large company; Apr. p. 49.
Latvia adds fish to fleet; Feb. p. 84.

Philippines plan to use floating cannery and
vessels received from Japan; Mar. p. 77.
Spain, first fish under construction; Aug. p. 67.

U.S.S.R.:

completes new freezer S IDEs jo. GH).

fishing to be built by Poland for; May p. 66.

floating , new, for crab and fish processing;
Mar. p. 81.

herring planned, new; Mar. p. 81.

herring fish meal and oil ; Mar. p. 82.

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT
Department of Labor, interpretation of fishery
industries exemption under defended; Aug.
ig TR)

FAROE ISLANDS
Frozen fillets, British firm agrees to purchase;

June p. 63,
Herring, fleet, large, of Soviet vessels fishing off
; Apr. p. 66.

Iceland vessel owners fail to reach agreement with
Faroese fishermen; Apr. p. 44,
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.

FATTY ACID(S)
Composition of in fish oils by gas-liquid
chromatography; Mar. p. 15.
Fish oils have unique composition; Mar. p.13.

FEDERAL AID FUNDS
Sport fish and wildlife restoration,
states; Jan. p. 34, Aug. p. 21.

allotted to

FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION
Salmon-handling facilities at Oxbow Dam, hearing
on; Feb. p. 42.

FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
Defense Department of:
Military Subsistence Supply Agency:

canned fish purchases; Jan. p. 33, Feb. p. 34,
Mar. p. 21, Apr. p. 22, May p. 19, June p. 26,
July p. 26, Sept. p. 34, Oct. p. 28, Nov. p. 27,
Dec. p. 30.

fresh and frozen fishery products; Jan. p. 33,
Feb. p. 34, Mar. p. 21, Apr. p. 22, May p. 19,
June p. 26, July p. 25, Sept. p. 34, Oct. p. 28,
Nov. p. 27, Dec. p. 30.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
Crab, Dungeness:

Westport (Wash.) fishermen's association:
charged with restraint of trade; June p. 66.
denies charges of unfair competition and

restraint of trade; July p. 78.
Fishery firms, two, forbidden to pay illegal broker-

age; Sept. p. 72.

Maryland clam digger associations, two,consent to

order forbidding price-fixing; Sept. p. 71.

Shrimp-processing machinery firm:
charged with suppressing competition; July p. 78.
denies charges of unfair competition; Sept. p. 71.

FIJI ISLANDS
Tuna:

cannery with Japanese interests; Oct. p. 56.

Japanese motherships:
fishing off report good catches; Sept. p. 51.
two more, to fish waters; Oct. p. 66.
two return from area; Nov. p. 71.
report good fishing off ; Nov. p. 71.

FILLETING MACHINE
Yellow perch successfully filleted by ocean perch
; Jan. p. 24,

FILLETS .
British firm agrees to purchase frozen
Faroe Islands; June p. 63.
Cod:
frozen , voluntary grade standards issued
for; Apr. p. 69.
Pacific, irradiationpreservationof; Apr. p. 14.
true, frozen , Standard being developed for;
Mar. p. 12.
Fish blocks, imports from Iceland not sold at less
than fair value; Aug. p. 79.
Groundfish imports:
Jan. p. 52, Feb. p. 48, Mar. p. 29.
tariff-rate quota for 1960; May p. 72.
Middle and South Atlantic fish, chemical composition
and laboratory yield of 13 species; July p. 15.

from

FILLETS (cont.)

Middle Atlantic States fish yield of; July p. 18.

Norwegian sales of frozen up for 1958/59;
Feb. p. 86.

Ocean perch:
frozen , voluntary grade standards proposed

for; Dec. p. 94.
meetings held on proposed quality standards for
frozen ; Sept. p. 30.
Pacific, standard being developed for; Mar. p. 12.
Storage temperatures, low, help maintain
quality;-Feb. p. 23.

FILM(S)
Crab, king, fishing industry of Alaska's Kodiak
region illustrated in new |) Decwpardis:
Great Lakes fishing subject of new Interior 5
Sept. p. 19.
Salmon:
canned, featured in color and recipe book -
let; Jan. outside back cover; Apr. outside back
cover.
wins honors at Edinburgh International
Festival; Nov. p. 27.

FINANCING
Fisheries credit, meeting held in Paris on; Dec. p. 53.

FISH
Eat for health; June p. 88.
Fat in ; Aug. p. 36.
Swim, how fast cana ; Sept. outside back cover.

FISH AND SHELLFISH
Radioactive contamination in
in California; Jan. p. 29.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (also see COMMER-
CIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF and INTERIOR, DE-
PARTMENT OF THE)

Federal Code of Regulations for
OchypagLs
Fish kills, nationwide statistical reporting system
set up for; Nov. p. 28.
Salmon, proposed revision of prohibition to fish
with any net in North Pacific; Aug. p. 77.
Whaling:
land-based, for baleen whales,
season for; May p. 71, June p. 68.
United States regulations brought up to date;
Oct. p. 92.

to be monitored

revised;

changes

FISH BEHAVIOR
Study of could increase yield; Feb. p. 58.

FISH BLOCKS a “s

Container, immediate, and in “bulk , further
ruling on; Jan. p. 95. on

Customs Bureau issues clarification on application
of tariff on imports; May p. 72.

Iceland:
fair value, not sold at less than; Aug. p. 79.
frozen to U. S., hopes to increase sales

of; Feb. p. 77.

FISH CENSUS

Oceanographers call for world ; Jan. p. 58.
FISHERIES CREDIT
Meeting on held in Paris; Dec. p. 53.

15

FISHERIES LOAN FUND
Loans approved; Mar. p. 21, May p. 20, June p. 26,
Sept. p. 20, Dec. p. 31.

FISHERIES RESEARCH
Peruvian expansion of
July p. 71.

expected in 1960;

FISHERIES TRADE FAIR, INTERNATIONAL
Third held in Copenhagen; Jan. p. 68.

FISHERY EDUCATION
Marine biology laboratory in Randolph (Mass.)
High School; Apr. p. 16.

FISHERY INDUSTRIES
Exemptions under Fair Labor Standards Act,
interpretation of, defended by Department of

Labor; Aug. p. 79.

FISHERY MARKET NEWS SERVICE (see MARKET
NEWS SERVICE, FISHERY)

FISHERY PRODUCTS
United States:
consumption of ; July p. 43.
world markets in 1959 for U.S. ; Aug. p. 34.

FISH FARMING
Arkansas experimental station:
Director appointed for Little Rock; Oct. p. 28.
new, contract let in Stuggart for; Oct. p. 29.
Iceland, project proposed in; June p. 46.
Uganda, studies on may increase yield; Oct. p. 50.

FISH FLOUR

Canadian developments; Feb. p. 73.

College Park (Md.), research in Bureau Laboratory;
Feb. p. 23.

Cookies from ; Jan. p. 34,

Herring flour, tasteless and odorless, developed by
Norway; Aug. p. 64.

Human consumption, for; Jan. p. 12.

Potential commercial value of ; Jan. p. 34,

Protein concentrate primarily--not a substitute for
grain flour; June p. 13.

FISH HATCHERY

Salmon under construction in State of Wash-
ington; July Deoor

FISHING FLEET
Additions, U.S., April and May 1960; Sept. p. 30.

FISHING LIMITS (also see TERRITORIAL WATERS)
Base lines instead of shoreline to be used to meas-
ure in Ireland; Jan. p. 72.
Britain agrees to recognize Norway's ;Dec.p. 52.
British-Norwegian talks may yield compromise on
; Aug. p. 42.
Canada:
trawlers to be permitted to fish in 3-12 mile zone
off east coast; Oct. p. 54.

12-mile under consideration; Dec. p. 69.
Iceland:

and United Kingdom negotiate on ; Dec. p. 52.

coastal shelf inclusion in territorial proposed

by convention; Apr. p. 43.

grants amnesty for past violations of ; July p. 60.

16

FISHING LIMITS (also see TERRITORIAL WATERS)
(cont.)
Japanese point out that extension of territorial
waters would adversely affect fishing; Apr. p. 51.
Law of the Sea Conference:
concludes without adopting proposals on territo-
rial sea and fishing zones; July p. 49.

second, takes up ; May p. 37.
Norway:
and British talks, some agreement reported in;
Sept. p. 38.

and United Kingdom negotiations on fishing rights

in Norway's coastal waters; Dec. p. 52.
extension to 12 miles proposed; Aug. p. 64, Oct.

. 80.
reseel owners! association protests 12-mile
; Aug. p. 65.

Swedish fishermen hope to reach an agreement

with Norway on 12-mile ; Aug. p. 69.

Turkey limits set for fishing and navigation; Oct.

p. 84,

FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Program, new, for started; Sept. p. 20.

FISH KILLS
Nationwide statistical reporting system set up for
; Nov. p. 28.

FISH MEAL (also see FISH FLOUR)
Angola:
fishing industry faces crisis due to low prices
for 5 Oct. p. 52.
industry trends, first half of 1960; Dec. p. 64.
plant installed by Norwegian firm; Jan. p. 60.
production and costs, 1959 and first quarter 1960;

Nov. p. 52.
Argentina's industry; Oct. p. 53.
Belgium's industry, 1959 and first quarter of
1960; Nov. p. 53.
Canada:

British Columbia plants closed due to poor mar-
ket; Apr. p. 38.
Newfoundland's industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 55.
production, 1958-59; Dec. p. 67.
Chile:
industry in 1959; Nov. p. 60.
production increase boosts exports; Aug. p. 48.
Denmark:
foreign trade in
Dec. p. 70.
herring meal exports threatened; June p. 44,

and marine oils, 1959;

Ecuador's industry; Dec. p. 71.
Freight rates for and scrap reduced; Nov.
p. 28.

French industry and markets; Oct. p. 57.
German Federal Republic:
develops heat-treating process for bacteria-con-
taminated ; Mar. p. 54,
industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 62.
production, foreign trade, and consumption; Dec.

p. 73.
production up despite heavy imports; Aug. p. 49.
requires certificate of inspection for im-

ports; Feb. p. 75.
India, small model plant now in operation; June
p. 48.

FISH MEAL (also see FISH FLOUR)
International Association of
Hamburg:
meeting held in; Sept. p. 42.
more information on meeting; Oct. p. 51.
Paris conference, industry problems outlined at;
Dec. p. 56.
Spain, conference held in; Feb. p. 50.
Italian market; Oct. p. 61.

Manufacturers:

Japan:
Bristol Bay factoryship production as of July 31;
Oct. p. 68.
catches of fleets drop sharply; Aug. p. 58.

company, large, to study use of factoryships
off South America and Africa; Apr. p. 49.
factoryship:
Bering Sea:
flounder and operations for 1960; June p. 52.
new for; Mar. p. 66.
prepare for new fishing station; Apr. p. 48.
domestic market, from to be sold on; Oct.
p. 69.
North Pacific operations, financing for; May p. 55.
prices; Oct. p. 68.
production in Bering Sea over 25,000 tons; Sept.
p. 55.
removes
May p. 55.
training ship to survey prospects off Canadian
west coast; Apr. p. 49.
Mexico:
import permit required for
industry; Sept. p. 59.

from list for trade liberalization;

; Oct. p. 73.

Moroccan industry; Nov. p. 78.
Norway:
herring exports, 1959; Oct. p. 76.

industry; Oct. p. 75.

production, 1958-60; Dec. p. 85.
Nutritive value, research on; Dec. p. 30.
Odor studies of plants; Dec. p. 92.

Pakistan's industry; Nov. p. 81.
Panama's indus try; Oct. p. 81.
Peru:

exports continued upward trend in first quarter of
1960; July p. 71.
exports of and fish oil up sharply in 1959;
Apr. p. 59. A
industry seeks to limit production and exports;
Sept. p. 62. :
industry trends; June p. 58, Nov. p. 82.
oil and industry; Apr. p. 59.
prices advanced in late February; Apr. p. 61.
Portugal's industry; Oct. p. 82.
Production and imports, Jan.-June 1960; Oct. p. 44.
Raw material preservation studies; Dec. p. 92.
Russian herring and oil factoryship; Mar. p. 82.
Shrimp, storage variables on pigment content of
waste ; Apr. p. 6.
Silos for storage; Mar. p. 11.
South Africa:
industry trends; Jan.-May 1960; Oct. p. 86.
producers seek agreement with Peru; Apr. p. 65.
receives orders for and oil from East Ger-
many and Yugoslavia; Feb. p. 92.
South-West Africa industry trends; Jan.-May 1960;
Oct. p. 86.
Spanish industry and market; Nov. p. 84.
Steam~-jacketed dryers, studies of factors in-
fluencing capacity of; Dec. p. 92.

FISH MEAL (also see FISH FLOUR) (cont.)
United Kingdom:
Government to aid herring fishermen when catches

sold for ; May p. 67.
Peruvian imports threaten industry; June
p. 65.

production and foreign trade, 1955-59; Dec. p. 89.

quality, effect of preservatives on ; Dec. p. 90.
traders disturbed that U. S. demand has

dropped off; Sept. p. 70.
United States:
fish and shellfish catch, 1958, high percentage
goes to and oil use; Jan. p. 95.
imports; Feb. p. 27, June p. 35, Oct. p. 45, Nov.
p. 20.
production; Feb. p. 26, Mar. p. 16, Nov. p. 20.
supply, 1950-59; Feb. p. 26.
Uruguay:
plant, new, in operation; Mar. p. 84.
production expected to increase slightly; Aug. p. 74.
Venezuela's industry; Oct. p. 88.

FISH 'n SEAFOOD PARADE (see NATIONAL FISH
WEEK)

FISH OILS
Angola:
exports; Aug. p. 43.
production and costs, 1959 and first quarter of
1960; Nov. p. 52. f
Argentina's industry; Oct. p. 53.
Austrian imports, 1958-59; Aug. p. 43.
Belgium's industry, 1959 and first quarter of
1960; Nov. p. 53.
Belgium-Luxembourg, imports and exports of
marine , 1958-59; Aug. p. 43.
Canada:
British Columbia plants closed due to poor mar-
ket; Apr. p. 38.
Newfoundland's industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 55.
production:
1958-59; Dec. p. 67.
foreign trade, and consumption, 1959; Aug. p. 44.
imports and exports of marine; Jan. p. 65.
Chilean industry in 1959; Nov. p. 60.

Denmark foreign trade in fish meal and , 1959;
Dec. p. 70.

Ecuador:
imports and consumption of ; Aug. p. 48.

industry; Dec. p. 71.
Fatty acid composition, have unique; Mar. p. 13.
France's industry and market; Oct. p. 57.
Gas-liquid chromatography is a method of analysis
of fatty acid composition; Mar. p. 15.
German Federal Republic:
imports, 1953-59; Sept. p. 48.
imports, exports, and production of edible 5
1957-59; Dec. p. 74.
industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 62.
marine production and foreign trade; Dec.
p. 73.
Italy:
market; Oct. p. 61.
prices as of September 1960; Dec. p. 80.
Japanese exports and consumption, 1958-59; Dec.
p. 82.
Malayan imports; Aug. p. 61.

17

FISH OILS
Mexico:
imports and exports, 1958-59; Aug. p. 62.
industry; Sept. p. 59.

marine , foreign trade in; Dec. p. 83.
Monoglycerides and acetoglycerides from 2
Mar. p. 14.
Moroccan industry; Nov. p. 78.
Netherlands:

imports of marine , Jan.-June 1959; Jan. p. 81.
production, foreign trade, and consumption; Aug.
p. 63.
New products from ; Mar. p. 14.
New Zealand exports of fish-liver and whale oil,
1959; Sept. p. 61.
Norway:
exports and imports, 1959; Oct. p. 76.
industry; Oct. p. 75.
production and foreign trade, 1956-1960; Dec. p. 85.
Ore flotation, possibilities for applying to;
Feb. p. 17.
Pakistan:
imports, 1958-59; Aug. p. 65.
industry; Nov. p. 81.
Panama's industry; Oct. p. 81.

Peru:
exports of fish meal and up Sharply in 1959;
Apr. p. 59.

fish meal and industry; Apr. p. 59.
Philippine imports of , 1959; Aug. p. 65.
Portugal's industry; Oct. p. 82.
Purification of; Mar. p. 15.

Purified fractions to be made available for research;
Feb. p. 24. _

Russian herring fish meal and
Mar. p. 82.

South Africa receives orders for fish meal and
from East Germany and Yugoslavia; Feb. p. 92.

South-West Africa industry trends, Jan.-May 1960;
Oct. p. 86.

Spanish industry and market; Nov. p. 84.

Sweden production, foreign trade, and consumption;
Aug. p. 71.

Thailand:
cod-liver imports increase; Aug. p. 72.
imports and exports; Aug. p. 73.

Union of South Africa industry trends, Jan.-May
1960; Oct. p. 86.

United Kingdom:
preservatives, effect on
whale and herring, crude,

creased; Dec. p. 90.

United States:
exports set record in 1959; Mar. p. 30.
production, 1959; Mar. p. 16.

factoryship;

quality; Dec. p. 90.
utilization in-

Whale:
Antarctic production lower for 1959/60 season;
June p. 41.

Chile's production, foreign trade, and consump-
tion; Sept. p. 47.
liver oil imports into United States classifiable
as advanced drug; Aug. p. 79.
sales of ; May p. 41.
Western Europe, imports drop in 1960; Nov. p. 50.
World production:
estimated, 1957-60; Apr. p. 34.
exports:
increase in 1960 forecast; Feb. p. 60.

18

FISH OILS (cont.)
World production (cont.):
exports (cont.):
set new record in 1959; Oct. p. 49.

FISH PORTIONS
Breaded, raw, frozen, voluntary grade standards:
issued for; Apr. p. 69.
proposed; Feb. p. 101.
U. S. production; Mar. p. 33, June p. 36, Sept. p. 33,

Dec. p. 47.
FISH SCRAP (see FISH MEAL)
Japanese production estimated for 1960; Sept.
p. 54.

FISH SOLUBLES
United States:
imports; Feb. p. 27, Oct. p. 45, Nov. p. 20.
production; Mar. p. 16, Oct. p. 44, Nov. p. 20.
production of and homogenized-condensed
fish, Jan.-Oct. 1958-59; Feb. p. 26.
supply, 1950-59; Feb. p. 26.

FISH STICKS
Raw, breaded, frozen, voluntary standards pro-
posed for; Feb. p. 101.
U.S. production; Mar. p. 33, June p. 36, Sept. p. 33,
Dec. p. 47. i

FISH STOCKS
Fishing effort versus climatic changes, effects
evaluated of; Feb. p. 59.

FISH TRAPS
Alaska, Supreme Court rules on case which affects

use of by Indian communities; Aug. p. 80.

FISHWAY(S)

Bruces Eddy Dam and Reservoir in Idaho, Fish
and Wildlife Bureaus release report on pro-
posed; Aug. p. 20.

Maryland Little Falls nears completion; Feb.
p. 39.

Oxbow Dam, problems of passage of fish discussed
at conference; Jan. p. 35.

Salmon:
chinook prefer plunging flow in ; Junep. 12.
Fraser River Early Stuart escapement aided by

built in 1955; Sept. p. 42.
Tests show fish avoid fatigue; May p. 69.

FLATFISH
Iceland:
air deliveries of
p. 65.
transportation chief bottleneck to filling British
requirements; Nov. p. 65.
Japanese factoryships, six to freeze in North
Pacific; Oct. p. 70.

to Britain stepped up; Nov.

FLAVOR
Thawing method before cooking affects of
cooked fish; Aug. p. 90.

FLOATING TRAWL
Norwegian experiences with
fishery; Apr. p. 55.

in winter herring

FLORIDA
Coral reef preserve exploitation to be stopped;
Nov. p. 91.

Fisheries research, January-June 1960; Nov. p. 29.
Miami University receives grant for fishery and
oceanographic studies; Aug. p. 21.
Scallops:
calico:
fishery in ; Dec. p. 41.
large beds found off east coast by M/V
"Oregon"; July p. 41.
commercial beds found off east coast by M/V
"Silver Bay"; Mar. p. 26.
Sea trout, spotted, tagging; Nov. p. 29.
Shrimp:
frozen, keeping qualities studied; Nov. p. 29.
larvae study in ; Nov. p. 29.
pink, most valuable commercial fishery in 8
June p. 27.
royal-red potential off St. Augustine and Daytona
Beach, seasonal check on; July p. 41.
Snapper trawling exploration off St. Augustine; July
p. 42.

FLOUNDER
Canadian-Danish seine fishery for
Mar. p. 43.
Composition, chemical and physical characteris-
ties, seasonal variations of; July p. 17.
Japanese fish meal and factoryship operations in
Bering Sea for 1960; June p. 52.

successful;

FLUKE
Composition, chemical, and physical characteris-
tics, seasonal variations of; July p.; 17.
Pond culture of in South Carolina; Feb. p. 44.

FOOD ADDITIVES
Amendment on deals with problem of untested
chemicals in foods; Sept. p. 78.
Amendment policy on effective date of; Mar. p. 85.
Color regulations issued; Dec. p. 94.
Crab meat, canned, petition filed for regulation on
tolerances for chemical used in; May p. 71.
Food and Drug Administration:
additional petitions filed on ; June p. 67.
list of generally recognized as safe by:
Feb. p. 98, Mar. p. 86.
regulations issued on
p. 70.
sodium nitrite in cured tuna and pet food extended;
use of; June p. 67.
spices, seasonings, etc., recognized as safe:
list issued; Mar. p. 86.
proposes addition to list of; July p. 79.
statute for certain , effective date extended
of; Aug. p. 77.
Resins in food industry, petition filed for use of;
June p. 67.
Shrimp, canned, petition filed for regulation on
tolerances for chemical used in; May p. 71.
Statute on extended for additional items,
effective date of; Oct. p. 91.

, a number of; May

FOOD ADDITIVES (cont.)
Synthetic flavorings:
certain, Food and Drug proposes to add to sub-
stances recognized as safe; Oct. p. 91.
statute effective date is extended for; Oct. p. 91.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
Conference:
correction on the report of the Tenth Session of

the ; Apr. p. 68.
tenth session; Jan. p. 58, Feb. p. 51.
Fisheries:

credit meeting held in Paris; Dec. p. 53.
development discussed at concurrent OAS and
conferences on agriculture; Dec. p. 51.
training institute, United Nations Special Fund
allocation to India for; Sept. p. 50.

Fishery projects, two new, urged by the General
Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean; Dec.
p. 55.

Inland fisheries, European nations to discuss; June
Peco:

Mediterranean fish names, plan to standardize;
Dec. p. 55.

Radiation in food, agriculture and fisheries, expert
group urges greater study of; Mar. p. 37.

Technical Committee on Fisheries, report of; Feb.

p. 51.
Tunisia:
fishery resources, expert helps to develop;
Nov. p. 86.

shrimp grounds off, expert finds; Nov. p. 86.
Uganda fish farming studies may increase yield;
Oct. p. 50.
World conferences:
fishery, United States proposals for; Feb. p. 52.
tunas and nutritive value of fishery products,
U. S. proposals accepted for; Apr. p. 33.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, U. S. (see also
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, DEPART-
MENT OF)

Additives:
color, regulations issued by on; Dec. p. 94.
food:
additional petitions filed on; June p. 67.
amendment, policy on effective date of; Mar.
p. 85.
list issued on, generally recognized as safe;
Feb. p. 98, Mar. p. 86.
number of regulations issued regarding; May
p. 70.
resins in food industry, petition filed for use
of; June p. 67.
sodium nitrite in cured tuna and pet food
extended use of; June p. 67.
spices, seasonings, etc., recognized as safe,
list issued of; Mar. p. 86, July p. 79.
statute is extended for additional items, effec-
tive date of; Oct. p. 91.
synthetic flavorings:
certain, proposed to add to substances recog-
nized as safe; Oct. p. 91.
statute effective data is extended for; Oct.
joy, Bhle
"Cholesterol,'' warning issued on use of term in
labeling of common foods; Feb. p. 100.

19

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, U.S. (see also
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, DEPART-
MENT OF)

Shrimp and crab meat, canned, petition filed for
regulation on tolerances for chemical used in;
May p. 71.

"FOREIGN COMMERCE WEEKLY"
Announcement on ; May outside back cover.

FOREIGN FISHERY DEVELOPMENTS
Western Europe fishery matters reviewed by U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries employee; Nov.
p. 29.

FOREIGN TRADE, U.S. (see also EXPORTS, IMPORTS)
Edible fishery products; Jan. p. 51, Feb. p. 47, Mar. p.
29, Apr. p. 30, May p. 33, June p. 35, July p. 44, Aug.
p. 33, Sept. p. 52, Oct. p. 45, Nov. p. 42, Dec. p. 46. -
Exports:
canned fish and shellfish, 1959; May p. 33.
expansion program aided by Export-Import Bank;
Oct. p. 46.
fishery trade promotion conference held on U. S.;
Aug. p. 32.
fish oils set record in 1959; Mar. p. 30.
Interior seeks ways to increase fishery trade;

Aug. p. 32.

promotion meeting for fishery trade announced;
June p. 27.

world markets for U. S. fishery products in 1959;
Aug. p. 34.

GATT, United States proposes list of fishery prod-
ucts for negotiation under;@Aug. p. 39.
Imports:
fishery products at new high during 1959; Nov. p. 43.
fish meal and scrap:
1940, 1950, and 1955-59; June p. 35.
1959; Oct. p. 45.
groundfish fillets; Jan. p. 52, Feb. p. 48, Mar. p.
29, May p. 72.
tuna, canned in brine; Jan. p. 52, Apr. p. 31, May
p. 73, June p. 36, July p. 44, Aug. p. 33, Sept. p.
33, Nov. p. 42, Dec. p. 47.
Selected fishery products, exports and imports of;
Jan. p. 52, Mar. p. 31, Aug. p. 33, Nov. p. 43.

FRANCE
Fishing industry in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15.
Fish meal and oil industry and markets; Oct. p. 57.
Lobster, spiny, tails packed in vacuum-sealed
plastic bags aboard vessel; Feb. p. 74.
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.
Tuna:
French West Africa, freezership to operate off;
Mar. p. 51.
frozen, Japanese licensed for export to 4
fiscal year April 1959-March 1960; Nov. p. 67.
New Hebrides, Japanese base to export frozen
fish to 3 Sept. p. 61.
research indicates good fishing potential off South
Pacific territories; Nov. p. 62.

FRASER RIVER
Salmon:
escapement to tributary aided by fishway
built in 1955; Sept. p. 42.

20

FRASER RIVER (cont.)
Salmon (cont.):
spawning, successful, from 1958 run to Adams
River, indicates good return in 1962; Sept. p. 42,

FREEZE-DRYING :
British process, new, increases shelf life of

foods; Dec. p. 90.

FREEZING
Italy's fish and storage facilities; Apr. p. 45.
Japanese oyster- plant built with U. S. techni-
cal aid completed; Sept. p. 56.
U.S.S.R.'s seven-year plan includes expansion of
of fish; July p. 77.

FREIGHT
Rates for fish meal and scrap reduced; Nov. p. 28.

FRENCH GUIANA
Fisheries expansion included in proposed develop-
ment plan; Feb. p. 75.

FRENCH POLYNESIA
Fishing industry development under consideration;
June p. 44.

FRENCH SOUTH PACIFIC TERRITORIES
Tuna, fishing potential good off , French and
BCF research indicates; Nov. p. 62.

FRENCH WEST AFRICA
Tuna:

fishery; Apr. p. 41, June p. 44.

fishing and canning industry, conference discusses
future of; July p. 57.

French freezership (''Caen"') to operate off 5
Mar. p. 51.

season 1959/60 ends with record catch; Aug. p.
49.

FRENCH WEST INDIES
Martinique, U. S. tuna canner interested in building
cold-storage plant in; Oct. p. 58.

FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS
Department of Defense, Military Subsistence Sup-
ply Agency purchases; Jan. p. 33, Feb. p. 34,
Mar. p. 21, Apr. p. 22, May p. 19, June p. 26,
July p. 25, Sept. p. 34, Oct. p. 28, Nov. p. Pile
Dec. p. 30.

FROZEN FISH

Argentina,
Sept. p. 45.

Australia imports prepackaged
Britain; Sept. p. 46.

Bacteriological quality of and relation to
processing variables; Aug. p. 13.

Chicago consumption in restaurants and institu-
tions; Nov. p. 26.

Drip control in ; Heb. p. 22.

Greece, production increased; May p. 48.

Italy, fresh and from dollar area, import
restrictions lifted on; Mar. p. 98.

now being sold for first time in;

from Great

FROZEN FISH
Los Angeles consumption of and shellfish in
_ institutions and public eating places; July p. 26.

Omaha (Nebraska), consumption in restaurants and
institutions; Dec. p. 38. :

Restaurant chains use half-billion pounds of frozen
foods a year; June p. 28.

Thawing with dielectric method developed in United ©
Kingdom; Sept. p. 69. c

Union of South Africa
leh SAG

United Kingdom:
fresh and imports from dollar area, restric-

tions removed on; Mar. p. 83.

dinners, new plant to produce; Dec. p. 91.

demand growing; Feb.

FROZEN FOODS

Code for and the retailer; Dec. p. 19.

Handling practices, voluntary, National Fisheries
Institute resolution on; July p. 34.

National Fisheries Institute to participate in joint

committee, resolution on; July p. 34.
Packers clarify their position on code; May
. 20).

Roathurant chains use half-billion pounds of
a year; June p. 28.

Standards, bacteriological, for
Mar. p. 13.

under study;

FUR SEAL COMMISSION, NORTH PACIFIC
Third annual meeting; Apr. p. 34.

FUR SEAL(S)
Alaska:
harvest of skins lower for 1960; Dec. p. 31.
pelagic sealing studies; Aug. p. 22.
prices for skins:
higher at fall 1960 auction; Dec. p. 32.
spring auction; June p. 28.
North Pacific Commission, third annual
meeting; Apr. p. 34.
Russian scientists, two, study herds and facilities
on Pribilof Islands; Nov. p. 30.
Seal skin prices, economic study initiated of;
Dec pao2e
Union of South Africa, sealing operations; Feb. p. 92.

GABON REPUBLIC
Whaling industry revived in 1959; July p. 59.

GEAR

Chart table, space-saving, installed on Seattle
trawler ''Sunbeam"'; Dec. p. 22.

Clam dredges, ''Fall River,'' in deep water, chain
bridles and accumulators increase effectiveness
of; Dec. p. 20.

Danish seine fishery for flounders by Canadians
successful; Mar. p. 43.

Diving sled, new, for underwater photography;
May p. 10.

Fishing research and evaluation studies
continued in north Pacific; May p. 28.

Floating trawls in winter herring fishery, Norwe-
gian experiments with; Apr. p. 55.

Harpoon, electronic, Canadian swordfish vessel
tries new; Feb. p. 74.

Hydraulic dredge vessels with controllable pitch
propeller may reduce soft-clam harvesting costs;
Feb. p. 39.

GEAR (cont.)

Lampara seine tests on fish schools continued on
west coast of Florida; May p. 24.

Lobster, spiny, new type of collapsible trap tested
by South-West Africa for; Sept. p. 65.

Mechanical digger for soft clams, Canada develops;
Oct. p. 55.

Nets:
bag- developed in United Kingdom for trans-

ferring catches at sea; Mar. p. 82.
drift, automatic device protects against storm
damage; Aug. p. 7.
"ghost", that fish years after they are lost; July
p. 46.
gill:
fishing for skipjack tuna off Hawaii, experimen-
tal; Dec. p. 28.
monofilament, use of, for salmon prohibited by
Oregon; Feb. p. 41.
sink, fishing in New England; Nov. p. 16.
mesh sizes, progress on studies of effect on fish
stocks of; Oct. p. 51.
sampling, setting tested by M/V ''Alaska"' off
California; Sept. p. 15.
scoop-lift, tested on fish schools off west coast
of Florida; May p. 24.
trawl, knot free, in production in West Germany;
Aug. p. 50.

Purse-seining for tuna off Massachusetts in 1959
successful; Jan. p. 49.

Red snapper fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, develop-
ment and use of otter-trawling for, June 1957-
May 1959; Oct. p. 1.

Scallop dredge:

commercial, demonstrated to fishermen; Sept. p. 29.

use demonstrated to fishermen by M/V ''Silver
Bay"; July p. 42.
Starfish control, underwater harrow shows promise
in; Aug. p. 29.
Trawl:
midwater, new, North Sea tests prove value of;
May p. 47.
otter:
modified, experiments continued by M/V "John
N. Cobb"; June p. 31.
performance observed with underwater televi-
sion by M/V "Delaware"; Sept. p. 24.
shrimp and fish, underwater performance studies
continuedby M/V ''George M. Bowers"; Jan.
p. 39, Aug. p. 26, Oct. p. 33.
Tuna long-line fishery, a small boat; Sept. p. 8.

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT)

Committee for Reciprocity Information, trade-
agreement negotiations under include fish-
ery products; Aug. p. 75.

Council established to consider matters arising
between sessions; Sept. p. 41.

Countries, additional, announce desire to accede
to ; Sept. p. 40.

European Free Trade Association, United States
views at session on; Aug. p. 37.

Fifteenth session of the contracting parties; Feb.
job ls

Fishery products for negotiations, United
States proposes list of; Aug. p. 39.

Import restrictions, foreign, 1960 consultations
on; May p. 70.

21

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT)

Interdepartmental Committee on Trade Agreements,
fishery products included in trade-agreement ne-
gotiations under ; Aug. p. 75.

List of fishery products for negotiation proposed
by U. S.; Aug. p. 39.

Sixteenth session in Geneva; Aug. p. 38.

Sixteenth session of contracting parties ended on
June 4; Sept. p. 39.

Tariff Commission, U. S., imported articles to be
considered in trade-agreement negotiations under

, "peril point'' investigation of; Aug. p. 76.

Tariff negotiations, international, conference
opened Sept. 1, 1960; Nov. p. 48.

Trade agreement negotiations, additions to list of
items for; Sept. p. 41.

GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCIL FOR THE MEDI-
TERRANEAN (GFCM)
Fishery projects, two new, urged by Council; Dec.
p. 55.
Shellfish and fresh-water fish catalogs planned by
Ss Deck ps 05.
Sixth session held in Rome; Nov. p. 48.
Tuna, Mediterranean, canning and migration studies
planned for 1961-62; Dec. p. 56.

GENETICS
Tuna stocks, studies initiated on definition
of; Oct. p. 28.

GEORGES BANK
Fishing survey of the continental shelf along
May p. 28. —
Haddock:
spawning habits studied; June p. 30.
stocks of juvenile on and vicinity surveyed;
Jan. p. 42.
Scallops, sea:
landings on to be lower in 1961; Dec. p. 42.
outlook for fishery; Dec. p. 68.
population and density of beds studied; Aug. p. 28.

GEORGIA
Trawling survey, exploratory, off South Carolina
and coasts by M/V "Silver Bay"; Jan. p. 46.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Canned fish container, new type developed; Dec.
p. 77.
Factoryships:
fishing and whaling, to be built for U.S.S.R.; Nov.
p. 88.
stern-fishing trawler, new, completed; Mar. p. 51.
Fisheries appropriations for fiscal years 1958/59
and 1959/60; Feb. p. 76.
Fishing industry:
European Common Market, structure o7 in the;
Oct. p. 15.
funds for the support of the; Dec. p. 76.
Fish meal:
and oil industry, 1958-59; Nov. p. 62.
bacteria-contaminated, heat-treating process
developed for; Mar. p. 54.
imports, certificate of inspection required for;
Feb. p. 75.
production, foreign trade, and consumption;
Dec. p. 73.
production up despite heavy imports; Aug. p. 49.

rs

22

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC (cont.)

Fish oils:
edible, imports, exports, and production, 1957-59;
Dec. p. 74.
imports, 1953-59; Sept. p. 48. ;
Fish-processing workers at Hamburg get wage in-
crease; Sept. p. 48.
Frozen fish and other foods, market expanding for;
May p. 46.
Imports of herring from Sweden increase; Feb. p. 91.
Marine oil foreign trade; Dec. p. 74.
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.
Preserving fish at sea, technologist develops new
method for; Oct. p. 58.
Trawl:

maneuverable, new, tested successfully; Mar. p. 54.

midwater, North Sea tests prove merit of; May
p. 47.
net, knot-free, in production; Aug. p, 50.
Trawlers:
large, fishing industry trend is to; Mar. p. 53.
stern:
four ordered by fishing company; Apr. p. 42.
offer advantages; Mar. p. 53.
-type, more orders placed for; Sept. p. 48.

GERMANY, EAST

Fishing vessels to Soviet Union, Poland and
export; Sept. p. 69.
Fish meal and oil purchased from South Africa;
Feb. p. 92.
Iceland trade agreement, nongovernmental, with
for 1960 includes fish; Feb. p. 79, May p.
41,

Sweden: ;

canned fish import contract with signed;
Aug. p. 68.

fish exports to under 1960 agreement; July
p. 74,

imports of herring increase from; Feb. p. 91.

orders ten steel trawlers from ' shipyard;
May p. 63.

resumes exports of fishery products to
Jan. p. 86.
Trade agreement with Denmark includes fishery
products; Mar. p. 47. :
Trawlers fish in northwest Atlantic; Feb. p. 61.

2

GHANA

Fishing industry, new facilities for; Sept. p. 49.

Fishing off » Many nations; May p. 48.

Sardines, Norwegians plan to fish off for;
Feb. p. 87.

Tuna:
California packer operating in ; May p. 32.
U.S. fish canner and Government jointly ex-

ploring Gulf of Guinea for; Jan. p. 70.

GHARRETT, JOHN T,

North Atlantic regional fisheries post,
Alaska Director, named to fill; Aug. p. 77.

GLOUCESTER (MASSACHUSETTS)

Technological laboratory for fisheries research in
; Apr. p. 11.

GRANTS
International Cooperation Administration to
foreign countries for fisheries; Oct. p. 98.

GREAT LAKES

Film on fishing subject of new Interior film;
Sept. p. 19.

Lake Erie smelt:
exploratory fishing in; Jan. p. 36.
trawl may be adaptable to sardine fishery; Oct.

00s

ake Superior Advisory Committee reports on fish-
ery trends; Jan. p. 35.

Michigan, commercial problems discussed at meet-
ing; July p. 33.

Sea lamprey control for 1960 season ended; Dec. p.

Trawls in Michigan waters of proposed, use
of; July p. 32.

Trout, lake, restocking program; July p. 27.

Yellow perch successfully filleted by ocean perch
machine; Jan. p. 24.

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES COMMISSION
Canada appoints new commissioner; Dec. p. 56.
Great Lakes fishery trends, Lake Superior Advisory
Committee reports on; Jan. p. 35.

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES EXPLORATION AND
GEAR RESEARCH
Lake Erie, M/V 'Active"':
exploratory fishing, September 1958-November
1959; June p. 1.
survey of seasonal distribution of commercial
fish stocks continued; Feb. p. 34, July p. 28,
Aug. p. 23, Sept. p. 20, Nov. p. 31, Dec. p. 32.
Lake Michigan:
commercial potential of underutilized fish stocks
surveyed by M/V "Art Swaer II'"' and M/V ''Key-
inbren"'; Nov. p. 30.
exploratory fishing with otter trawl started by
M/V "Art Swaer II''; Oct. p. 29.

GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
Lake Erie:
fish population survey by:
M/V "George L"; Oct. p. 30, Nov. p. 32.
M/V "Musky II''; Dec. p. 33.
western biological research continued by M/V
"George L"; Jan. p. 38, July p. 28.
Lake Michigan, M/V "Cisco":
fish population survey; Aug. p. 23, Sept. p. 21,
Oct. p. 30, Nov. p. 32, Dec. p. 34.
Breer of research vessel for 1960; July
p. 29.
Lake Superior:
M/V "Siscowet":
program of the research vessel for 1960;
July p. 29.
western, fishery survey continued; Jan. p. 38,
Feb. p. 35, Aug. p. 25, Oct. p. 32, Nov. p.
33, Dec. p. 34,
southeastern, survey continued by M/V "Cisco";
Jan. p. 37,
Sea lamprey:
chemical control program on schedule; Oct. p. 29.
control for 1960 season ended; Dec. p. 35.

GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS (cont.)
Sea lamprey (cont.):
Lake Superior control program hampered by high
water; Sept. p. 21.
Trawling, experimental, reveals spawning success
of certain species; Oct. p. 30.

GREECE
Factoryships, two, agreement reached with Portu-
gal for construction of; Apr. p. 42.
Fisheries, 5-year plan includes US$5 million for;
Nov. p. 64.
Frozen fish production and imports increase; Apr.
p. 42, May p. 48.

Sardine and anchovy landings good in June; Oct. p. 59.

Trawler(s):
factoryship, stern fishing, orderedfrom Belgium;
Mar. p. 55.
freezer-type, report good catches in June; Oct.
p. 58.
Trawl fishery, Atlantic Ocean, expansion continues;
Nov. p. 64.

GREENLAND

Danish-Faroese-Norwegian plant in
sion planned for; May p. 40.

Expansion of fisheries under consideration by Den-
mark; Oct. p. 56.

Russia finds good fishing grounds in Davis Strait
off West ; Feb. p. 95.

Shrimp industry expands; Oct. p. 59.

» expan-

GREEN MEAT
Tuna unpredictable, Japanese Caribbean in-
vestigation finds; Aug. p. 54.

GROUNDFISH
Distribution and abundance of in inshore
nursery areas surveyed; Nov. p. 38, Dec. p. 38.

GUATEMALA
Japanese company granted permit to fish off coasts
of 3; Oct. p. 59.
Shrimp:
fishery trends; Feb. p. 76.
Japanese fishing company to trawl in joint ven-
ture; Aug. p. 50.

GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM
M/V "George M. Bowers":

bottom formations surveyed and variable pitch pro-
peller tested; Dec. p. 36.

gear research, diving sled, new, for underwater
photography; May p. 10.

shrimp trawl underwater performance studies
continued; Aug. p. 26.

trawl fishing gear studies with underwater camera;
Oct. p. 33.

M/V "Oregon":

industrial fish, exploratory fishing for; Nov. p. 34.

lampara seine tests on fish schools continued on
west coast of Florida; May p. 24.

sardine-like species, Mississippi Delta area sur-
veyed; Dec. p. 36.

shrimp, royal red, occurrence in southeastern
Caribbean (off Trinidad) explored; July p. 30.

trawling:
methods, deep-sea commercial-type, studied

in north-central Gulf; Sept. p. 22.

23
a
GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM
M/V "Oregon"':
trawling:
midwater, experimental, off the Mississippi
Delta; Aug. p. 26.
school fish in the Gulf of Mexico, continued by;
May p. 21.
tuna distribution explored in southeastern Carib-
bean Sea and eastern Gulf of Mexico; July p. 30.

GULF FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS

Industrial fishery studies; Feb. p. 37, Nov. p. 35.
Menhaden age determinations; Feb. p. 37.
Pesticides on marine organisms, effect of; Nov. p. 35.
Progress of , July-September 1960; Nov. p. 35.
Shrimp:

bait production in Galveston Bay area; Feb. p. 37.

fishery investigations; Nov. p. 35.

larval studies; Feb. p. 36.

migrations of; Feb. p. 36.

GULF OF CALIFORNIA
Shrimp, Mexican fishery trends, March 1960; June
p. 55.

GULF OF MEXICO

M/V "Oregon";
industrial fish, exploratory fishing for; Nov. p. 34.
trawling methods, deep-sea commercial-type,

studied in north-central ; Sept. p. 22.
tuna distribution explored in eastern and
southeastern Caribbean Seag July p. 30.

Red snapper fishing in the , development and
use of otter-trawling gear (M/V ''Silver Bay"),
June 1957-May 1959; Oct. p. 1.

Shrimp conservation in eastern , U. S. mem-
bers appointed to Commission for; Aug. p. 80.

GULF OF MEXICO GEAR RESEARCH PROGRAM
Shrimp trawl, underwater performance studies
continued (M/V "George M. Bowers"); Jan. p. 39.

GULF OF MEXICO SHRIMP COMMISSION
Cuba designates members for ; May p. 45.

GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE

Herring disease in , decrease in; Aug. p. 28.

GULF STATES
Fishery plants in , products packed in 1959
under Government inspection; Apr. p. 23.
Supreme Court requested by to reconsider
decision of offshore boundaries; Dec. p. 95.

GULF STREAM
Distribution and abundance of fish along Continental
Shelf, influence on; May p. 27.

HADDOCK
Canada's Northwest Atlantic fishery dis-
cussed by scientists; Nov. p. 55.
M/V ''Delaware"':
nursery grounds, inshore, surveyed; Sept. p. 25.
spawning habits studied on Georges and Browns
Banks; June p. 30.
stocks, juvenile, on Georges Bank and vicinity
surveyed; Jan. p. 42.

24

HAITI
Fishery products, imported, new tax on; Apr. p. 43.
Fishing industry, new fishing company developing;
May p. 48.
Tuna fishing being developed; May p. 48.

HALIBUT

North Pacific regulations for 1960 approved by
President; May p. 73.

Pacific, fishing ended in major areas; Sept. p. 44.

Recipe for baked ; June p. 14,

Regulations for 1960; Apr. p. 33.

Steaks, frozen, inspection aids for; Mar. p. 12.

Tagging studies off southern and Baja California;
July p. 22.

United Kingdom frozen imports from dollar
area, restrictions removed on; Mar. p. 83.

HARPOON
Electronic , Canadian swordfish vessel tries
new; Feb. p. 74.

HATCHERY
Salmon , experimental, being constructed in
Canada; July p. 47.
HAWAII
Commercial fishery landings; May p. 25, Nov.p. 36.
Tuna:
albacore, biologists seek spawning grounds west
of ; Nov. p. 24,
bait problems, research on; Dec. p. 29.
skipjack:

behavior studies continued; Jan. p. 30.

below-average season predicted for; Aug. p. 26.

fluctuations in catch may be due to changes in
oceanic circulation; Sept. p. 17.

higher landings in 1959 bear out prediction by
biologists; Mar. p. 22,

landings higher in January 1960; Apr. p. 21.

HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, DEPART-
MENT OF (see FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION)

HERRING

Alaska harvest of spawn; Oct. p. 14,

Disease in Gulf of St. Lawrence, decrease in;
Aug. p. 28.

Fish meal, British Government to aid fisher-
men when catches sold for; May p. 6 lp

Iceland:
fishery trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 59.
market for sought in the U.S.; June p. 47.
north coast fishing season; Sept. p. 49,

Novy. p. 66.

price, ex-vessel, for south coast higher;
Dec. p. 77.

prohibition on sales of in Sweden removed for
1960; Aug. p. 72.

Japan:

catch of about 9,000 tons in Bering Sea expected;
June p. 52.

factoryship:
due to begin experimental operations in April;

Mar. p. 66.

reports good catches in Bering Sea; Oct. p. 70.
Maine, tagging recoveries aid studies; Dec, Pegoite
Norway:

fishermen receive more aid; Mar. p. 73.

HERRING
Norway:
fishery failure is grave challenge to industry;
May p. 59.
fishing season, fat, 1960, ends; Apr. p. 56.
flour of developed which is tasteless and
odorless; Aug. p. 64.
Lofoten codand
purse seiners, one-ninth caught no fish in 1960
season; June p. 58.
trawls, floating, experiments with in winter
fishery; Apr. p. 55.
winter fishery:
fails again; May p. 59.
landings lowest in 15 years; June p. 58.
starts late; Apr. p. 55.
Serological scope for widens; June p. 72.
Spawning drift studied; Apr. p. 77.
Sweden:
landings higher in 1959; Apr. p. 64.
sales of to East and West Germany increase;
Feb. p. 91. __
spawning of spring » research vessel resumes
studies of; June p. 62.
vessels, few, to fish off Iceland in 1960; Sept. p. 67.
U.S.S.R. factoryship:
fish meal and oil, new; Mar. p. 82.
planned, new; Mar. p. 81.
vessels fishing for
fleet of; Apr. p. 66.

HIGH SCHOOL
Marine biology laboratory in Randolph (Mass.) 2
Apr. p. 16.

HOMOGENIZED CONDENSED FISH (see FISH
SOLUBLES)

HONDURAS
Fishing law revisions planned; Jan. p. 70.
Shrimp:
fishing restrictions temporarily suspended;
June p. 45.
industry; Apr. p. 43.

HONG KONG
Fisheries trends; Jan. p. 71, Mar. p. 55, Oct. p. 59.
Government aids fishing industry; Oct. p. 59.
Research vessel replaced by trawler-type vessel;
July p. 59.
Shrimp:
exports and re-exports, 1952-1959 and January-
June 1960; Dec. p. 77.
industry; May p. 49.

off Faroe Islands, large

ICED FISH
Chilling fish, importance of; Dec. p. 93.

Drip control in ; Feb. p. 22.
ICELAND

British fishing vessels leave fishing banks off 8
June p. 45.

Canned fish, U. S. marketing survey planned; June
p. 47.

Catch, fishery, by type of vessel, Jan.-Mar. 1958-60;
Nov. p. 65.

Faroese fishermen, vessel owners fail to reach
agreement with; Apr. p. 44.

Fillets, frozen, Soviet Union buys 2,800 tons of;
Jan. p. 71,

fishing poor in 1960; Aug. p. 64.

OOO Ee

“ ICELAND (cont.)
Fish blocks, frozen,
to U. S.; Feb. p. 77.
Fisheries aided by new laws; Sept. p. 49.
Fisheries trends; Apr. p. 43, July p. 61, Aug. p. 50
Sept. p. 50, Oct. p. 59, Nov. p. 65, Dee. p. 78.
Fishery landings; Feb. p. 78, June p. 46.
Fish farming project proposed; June p. 46,
Fish-freezing plants need more trawlers; Feb. p. 77.
Fishing limits:
_amnesty granted for past violations of 12-mile;.
July p. 60.
» negotiations with United Kingdom; Dec. p. 452.

hopes to increase sales

2

_ Fish stocks competition causes concern; June p. 45.

Flatfish:
air deliveries to Britain stepped up; Nov. p. 65.
transportation chief bottleneck to filling
British market demands; Nov. p. 65. .
Freezing Plants Corporation, , holds annual
meeting; Aug. p. 52.
Herring:
fishery trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 59.
market sought in the U. S. for; June p. 47.

. north coast fishing season: 2
poor; Nov. p. 66. : : ;
under way; Sept. p. 49.

south coast, ex-vessel price higher; Dec. p. 77.

. Swedish vessels, few, to fish off . in 1960;
Sept. p. 67.
Landings: ~
new record established in 1959; “Apr. p. 44, July
p. 60. °

principal species, Jan.-Mar, 1958- 60; Nov. p. 65.
Law of the Sea Conference, events foPlowed closely
at; June p. 46.
Manpewer shortage felt by fishing fleet; June p. 46.
Otter-trawl fishing fleet trends, November 1959;

Feb. p..78.

*Prices, ex-vessel, for fish, disagreement on; June
p. 45.

Sardines, canned, to be shipped to Czechoslovakia; :
Nov. p. 64.

Sweden removes prohibition on sales of her

ring for 1960; Aug. p. 72.
- Territorial fishing limits, convention proposes in-
clusion of coastal shelf in; Apr. p. 43.
' Trade agreement:
_with East Germany includes fish; Feb. p. 79, May
. 41.
with U.S.S.R., new MOTE includes fishery pro-
- ducts exports by - ; July p. 50.
Trawler officers' dispute ‘settled; June p. 47.

IDAHO : ‘
. Bruces Eddy dean and reservoir in » Fish and
Wildlife Bureaus release report on proposed;
Aug. p. 20.

IMPORTS

British Honduras fishery products exports to U. &., E

1958-59; June p. 41.

Ganned.fish, Portuguese exports to U. S.,
Sept. p. 63.

Cords and twines, hard fiber, hearings on effect of

on domestic industry; Aug. P- 76.

Edible fishery products, U. S. ; Jan. p. 51,
Feb. p. 47, Mar. p. 29, Apr. p. 30, “May p. 33,
June p. 35, July p. 44, Aug. p. 33, Sept. p. 32,
Oct. p. 45, Nov. p. 42, Dec. p. 46,

1959;

IMPORTS
Fillets, groundfish, Jan. p. 52, Feb. p. 48, Mar. > Bb
29, May p. 72.
Fish blocks:
Customs Bureau issues clarification on application
’ of tariff on ; May P. 72.
frozen, further rul ruling on "in bulk" and "
container" for; Jan. p. 95.
Iceland:
_ hopes to increase sales to U. S.; Feb. p. 77.
not sold at less, than fair value; ‘Aug. p » 19),
Fishery products, selected; Jan. p. 52, Moe 1s Bil,
_ Aug. p. 33, Nov. p.-43.
Fish meals Feb. Pp. 27, June p. 35, Oct. p. 44, Nov.
p. 20.
Fish solubles; Feb. p. 27, Oct. p. 44, Nov. p. 20.
GATT sixteenth session sets up program for avoid-
anee of GENES disruption due to sharp increases

immediate

in ; Sept. p. 40.
India fishe fishery products exports to U. S., 1959; July
p. 62.

Japan to United States:
freight rates for canned goods increased; Feb. p.

80.

marine products exports, 1958 and 1959; Bvsra, p.
BA,

selected fishery products exports; Jan.-June 1959;
Jan. p. 73.

Lobster, spiny, Australian exports to U. 5S. continue
to rise; Jan. p. 61. F
Mexico export(s):
duties on fishery products Ghanged effective Aug. >
8, 1959; Jan. p. 76.
marine - animal oils to U. S., 1958 and 1959; Aug.
p. 62.
red snappers, turtles, and crayfish duties in-
creased; Jan. p. 78.
Norway's frozen fish export trends; Nov. p. 79.
Oils, marine:
Canada's exports to U. S.; fen p. 66.
western Europe will drop in 1960; Nov. p 6 BO),
Pet foods made of fish, Japanese exports to U. 8
Mar. p. 68.
Shrimp:
Argentina eines and exports, 1956-59; Feb. p. 66.
U.S. , 1958-59; Mar. p. #2.
Viet-Nam s Starts to export frozen shrimp to U. S.;
Apr. p. 67.

-Tariff Commission, U. S., "peril point" investigation
of imported articles to bé considered in trade-
agreement negotiations under GATT; Aug. p. 76.°

Trade Agreements, Interdepartmental Committee
on,.fishery products included in trade-agreement
negotiations under GATT; Aug. p. 75.

Tuna:

Australian vessels, two, plan to export catches to
U. S.; Feb. p. 68.
canned; Jan. pp. 52, 85, Mar. p. 65, Apr. p. 31, May
p. 73, June p. 26, July p. 44, Aug. p. 33, Sept.
33, Oct. p. 46, Nov. pp. 42, 68, Dec. p. 47,
fresh and frozen, Japanese Atlantic exports top
50,000 tons; Mar. p. 60.
frozen:
Japanese: i
establish export quota for albacore, Jan.-Mar.
1960; Mar. p. 61.
regulations for transshipment of exports to U.S.
in 1960; Apr. p. 46.
transshipped exports to U. S. decline; Feb. p. 83
yellowfin export price to U.S. lower; Oct. p. 62.

>

26

IMPORTS (cont.)
Tuna (cont.):
frozen, Japanese (cont):

yellowfin export price to U. S. firmer; Feb. p. 82.

Tunisia, marine products and snails, exports to the
U. S., 1955-59; July p. 75.

iva Se of fishery products at new high during
1959; Nov. p. 43.

Whale-liver oil into U. S. classifiable as ad-
vanced drug; Aug. p. 79.

INDIA
Deep-sea fisheries, government delegation to seek
Japanese aid in development of; Mar. p. 55.
Exports:
fish and shellfish from Cochin, 1956/57-1958/59;
July p. 61.
fishery products, 1959; July p. 62.
Fisheries: :
five-year plan, new, provides for rapid expansion
of; Oct. p. 60.
Japanese to aid in development of; Dec. p. 78.
Training Institute, United Nations Special Fund
allocation for; Sept. p. 50.
Fish meal plant, small model now in operation;
June p. 48.
Russian fresh-water fishing expert to aid
fisheries; Mar. p. 56.
Shrimp:
canneries, two small, in operation; Jan. p. 71.
industry; May p. 50.
production and foreign trade, 1959; Dec. p. 79.

INDIAN OCEAN

International expedition; Nov. p. 48.
Tuna:
Japanese:
forecast, September, issued for fishing in 3
Nov. p. 71.

report on fishing in ; Nov. p. 72.

INDIAN FISHING

Alaska, commercial regulations for 1960; Aug. p. 78.

Red Lake Indian Reservation commercial fishing
regulations revisions; Aug. p. 78, Oct. p. 96.
Supreme Court rules on case which affects use of

fish traps by communities in Alaska;
Aug. p. 80.
INDONESIA
North Sumatra fisheries landings higher in 1959;
Sept. p. 50.

Shrimp fishery undeveloped; July p. 62.

INDUSTRIAL FISH
Exploratory fishing for
coast; Mar. p. 27.
Food for ranch mink,
Gulf of Mexico:
exploratory fishing for in; Nov. p. 34.
species composition in; Feb. p. 37.
studies of in; Feb. p. 37, Nov. p. 35.
Virginia pound-net fishery species composition of
landings reported as menhaden ; Feb. p. 1.

off South Atlantic

as; Nov. p. 37.

INLAND FISHERIES
Food and Agriculture Organization, European
nations to discuss ; June p. 39.

INSPECTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS

Down with rejects--up with profits; Dec. p. 16.

Shrimp processing plants under USDI ,re-
jections in; Dec. p. 16.

South Atlantic-Gulf States fishery plants, over 42
million pounds of products packed under Govern-
ment by; Apr. p. 23.

Steaks, frozen, inspection aids for; Mar. p. 12.

INSTITUTIONS
Consumption of frozen fish and shellfish:
Chicago ; Nov. p. 26.
Los Angeles and public eating places;
July p. 26.

Omaha, Nebraska; Dec. p. 38.

INSURANCE (see FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE
INSURANCE)

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION
United States Commissioner appointed by White
House; Aug. p. 80.

INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE (also see COM -
MERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF and FISH AND
WILDLIFE SERVICE)

American Fisheries Advisory Committee, six
reappointed to; Sept, p. 14.

Export trade for fishery products
to increase; Aug. p. 32.

Fish and wildlife's role in Nation's economy dis-
cussed at meeting; Apr. p. 21.

Florida coral reef preserve exploitation to be
stopped by ; Nov. p. 91.

Vessels fishing, new program for mortgage insur-
ance started by ; Sept. p. 20:

seeks ways

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FISH MEAL
MANUFACTURERS
Hamburg meeting; Sept. p. 42, Oct. p. 51.
Industry problems outlined at Paris conference;
Dec. p. 56.

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON TRADE
AGREEMENTS (see TRADE AGREEMENTS, INTER-
DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON)

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR NORTHWEST
ATLANTIC FISHERIES (see NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION)

Eo en ge CONFERENCE ON FISH IN NUTRI-
IN

United States fishing industry pledges support to
world fishery nutritional conference; Dec. p. 57.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES :
South American Atlantic regional technical con-
ference on exploitation of the sea, first; Jan.p. 57.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION
Fisheries grants to foreign countries; Oct. p. 98.
Southeast Asian marine resources survey sponsored

by ; Feb. p. 60, Dec. p. 58.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION

OF THE SEA

Cold-water flow from. Arctic Ocean into Northeast
Atlantic affects area's fisheries; Dec. p. 58,

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION (UNITED
STATES AND CANADA)
Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board, International,
completes its investigations; May p. 36.
Passamaquoddy tidal power project:
hearing on; June p. 68.
proposed effect on fisheries slight; Mar, p. 38.

INTERNATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONGRESS
Fish behavior studies could increase yield;
Feb. p. 58.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE
GATT committees report on program to expand
; Sept. p. 40.

IRAN

Japanese - fishery enterprise among foreign
investments approved by 3 May p. 51.

Shrimp:
fishing fleet in Persian Gulf to be increased;

Nov. p. 67.

industry trends, Dec. 1959; Apr. p. 45.
trawlers at Karachi for repairs; Aug. p. 52.

IRELAND
Fishing limits to be measured from base lines
instead of shoreline; Jan. p. 72.
Marine oils, customs duty increased on; Apr. p. 45.

IRON SULFIDE
Shrimp, canned, control of discoloration in;
Aug. p. 1.

IRRADIATION PRESERVATION

Atomic Energy Commission, Government increases
research on of foods; May p. 29.

Cod fillets, Pacific, of; Apr. p. 14.

Fishery products, irradiated, market feasibility
study under way for; Dec. p. 37.

Food research center to be built at Natick,
Mass., by Army; Nov. p. 41.

ISRAEL
Fishing industry suffers reverses; Dec. p. 79.
Vessels:
modern, for fishing fleet; Mar. p. 58.
shrimp, two, being outfitted for Persian Gulf
fishery; Nov. p. 67.

ITALY
Cuttlefish, frozen, exports to by Japan;
Mar. p. 66.
Fish-body oil prices as of September 1960; Dec.
p. 80.

Fishing Fair and Nautical Exposition to be held at
Ancona, June 25 to July 10, 1960; Mar. p. 37.

Fishing industry in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15.

Fish meal and oil market; Oct. p. 61.

Freezing and storage facilities for fish; Apr. p. 45.

Fresh and frozen fish from dollar area, import
restrictions lifted on; Mar. p. 58.

Imports, fishery, from dollar area, special license
suspended on most; June p. 48.

Japanese export frozen salmon shark to 3
Oct. p. 67.

Subsidies for fishing industry as of June 30, 1960;
Oct. p. 61.

27

ITALY
Tuna:
imports and the Common Market; Dec. p. 80.
industry; Feb. p. 79.

Japan:
canners ask for restrictions on import of canned;
Feb. p. 79.
frozen:
base price for exports to reexamined;
Oct. p. 62. aouak,
bought only in small lots; Oct. p. 62.
exports to , seek to control; Nov. p. 69.
free trade items, included among; Feb. p. 79.
licensed for export to , FY Apr. 1959-
Mar. 1960; Nov. p. 67.
price for exports to drops; Aug. p. 53.
price for product firms up; Nov. p. 67.
vessels being built by Portugal and ; Feb.
p. 61.
Yugoslavia- fishing agreement renewed; Dec.
p. 60.
JAPAN
Agar-agar, Korean, soon to reach ; Aug. p. 59.
Aquicultural production up for 1959/60 fiscal year;
Nov. p. 73.

Bering Sea:
bottomfish fishery to be reexamined; Aug. p. 57.
salmon mothership fleets to fish for bottomfish;

Nov. p. 73.
trawler fishery trends; Feb. p. 79.
Brazil:
fishing operations by @iticized; July p. 52.
inspector aboard tuna fishing vessels, plans
to place; Sept. p. 46.
retail stores, fishing company closes tem-
porarily; May p. 43.
British North Borneo fishing industry, i=
viving in; Oct. p. 54.
Canned fish:

Egypt issues licenses for more; Dec. p. 72.
products exports, Jan.-July 1959; Feb. p. 80.
Ceylonese fishing ports, engineers from
report on; Aug. p. 46.
Communist China, safe fishing agreement signed
with; Jan. p. 72.
Consumption of fish survey shows trends of food
preferences; Oct. p. 70.
Crab:
factoryship:
Bering Sea, good catches reported in; Oct. p. 70.
Bristol Bay, sails for; June p. 51.
king:
Bering Sea:
eastern operations; July p. 31.
United States and to expand research in;
Jan. p. 39,
Bristol Bay:
factoryship quota increased for; Aug. p. 57.
mothership returns after filling quota; Oct.
p. 69.
Cuttlefish, frozen, exports to Italy; Mar. p. 66.
Dolphin and pilot whales captured for aquariums;

July p. 77.
Economic trends in the fisheries, 1959; Nov. p. 74.
Ecuador:
fishermen, , emigration proposed to; Feb.
p. 84.

marine resources Studied by fisheries research
vessel; Mar. p. 48.

JAPAN (cont.)

Export(s):
fishery products; Feb. p. 80, May p. 54.
fishery products, canned, Jan.-May 1959-60; Dec.
pb Stl
ee iac products to the U. S., 1958 and 1959; Aug.
p. 52.
pearls, set new record in 1959; Aug. p. 60.
selected fishery products to the U. S., Jan-June
1959; Jan. p. 73.
year, new, fishing industry preparing for; May
joy, wile
Fiji Islands tuna cannery with
Oct. p. 56.
Fishing companies plan to raise poultry and live-
stock; Oct. p. 69.
Fish meal:
Canadian west coast, training ship to survey
prospects off; Apr. p. 49.
factoryship:
Bering Sea:
flounder and
June p. 52.
new, for; Mar. p.66.
season, prepare for new; Apr. p. 48.
Bristol Bay production as of July 31; Oct. p. 68.
sold on domestic market from; Oct. p. 69.
use of off South America and Africa studied;
Apr. p. 49.
fleet catches drop sharply; Aug. p. 58.
North Pacific operations, financing for; May p. 55.
prices; Oct. p. 68.
Bering sea production over 25,000 tons; Sept. p.
55.
trade liberalization list, removed from; May p. 55.
Fish scrap production estimated for 1960; Sept. p.

interests;

operations in, for 1960;

Flatfish in North Pacific, six factoryships to freeze;
Octip. 10.

Freight rates to United States for canned goods in-
creased; Feb. p. 80.

Guatemala, company granted permit to fish
off coasts of; Oct. p. 59.
Herring:

catch of about 9,000 tons in Bering Sea expected;
June p. 52.
Pacific, experimental factoryship operations in
Bristol Bay due to start in April; Mar. p. 66.
Import restrictions:
liberalized on some fishery products; Aug. p. 58.
removed on some fishery and related products;
Dec. p. 82. —
India, development of fisheries,
Mar. p. 55, Dec. p. 78.
Tranian- fishery enterprise among foreign
investments approved by Iran; May p. 51.
Landings higher for first half of 1959; Mar. p. 65.
Mackerel fishermen change to "porgy'' long-lining
in Marshall Islands; Oct. p. 71.
Mackerel- pike;
canned pack; Feb. p. 80.
fishery, 1959; May p. 56.

to aid in;

Malayan- firm slow getting started; Feb. p. 84,
Mexico (Acapulco), fishing vessels arrived at;
Apr. p. 52,

Morocco, trade agreement with

includes fish-
ing items; May p, 58.

JAPAN

New Zealand waters, reaction to
June p. 58.
Oil(s):
Marine-animal exports, supply, and utilization;
Jan, p. 74.
Marine exports and consumption, 1958-59; Dec.
Oz
Overseas fishery operations as of July 1960; Oct.
Demdeue
Oysters:
first exports to United States for cultivation;
Oct. p. 26.
freezing plant built with U.S. technical aid com-
pleted; Sept. p. 56.
grounds, U.S. Public Health inspector invited to
inspect; Apr. p. 51.
production up 22 percent in fiscal year 1959/60;
Nov. p. 74.
Pearls, cultured, production up for 1959/60 fiscal
year; Nov. p. 73.
Pearl-shell operations in Arafura Sea, June 1960;
Aug. p. 60.
Pet food:
exported to U.S., made of fish; Mar. p. 68.
exports in 1959; May p. 56.
Philippines:
acquire new research vessel from ; Mar.
p. 77.
canneries and vessels, floating, received from
, use of; Mar. p. 77.
Reparations Commission reawards - built
floating fish canneries; Apr. p. 61.
Salmon:
canned:
export prices; Nov. p. 73.
pack outlook for 1960; Sept. p. 52.
pink, early sales contracts to U. S. delayed; Aug.
p. 57.
sales and market prospects 1960; Nov. p. 72.
sales trends; Jan. p. 73.
catch limits for land-based gill netters set; Aug.
p. 59.
fishery fleet, some progress in reducing; Apr. p. 50.
frozen:
Alaska, canners eager to buy; Sept. p. 54.
high prices restrict marketing of; Sept. p. 53.
mothership(s):
former to enter Bering Sea fishery; June p. 53.
pay higher prices for salmon in 1960; Sept. p. 53.
North Pacific:
factoryship operations off to good start in;

fishing in;

Aug. p. 56.
fishery agreement with U.S.S.R. signed; July
p. 49.

fishery trends; July p. 64, Aug. p. 56.
mothership fishery:
earnings by catcher vessels in; Oct. p. 67.
fleet reduced in 1960; June p. 52.
season ends; Oct. p. 67.
trends; Sept. p. 53.
price negotiations about concluded; Aug. p. 56.
roe imports, increased allocations proposed for;
Oct. p. 68.
South America,

plans to introduce in; July
p. 64,

JAPAN (cont.)
Salmon (cont.):
study team to visit U. S.; Apr. p. 49.
treaty area, northeast Pacific, U.S.S.R. may pro-
pose enlargement of; Mar. p. 69.
Sardines:
canned:
offers suspended due to short pack; Nov. p. 76.
Philippine National Sales Company may bar
imports of; Aug. p. 66.
canners may have trouble meeting export con-
tracts; Oct. p. 70.
Seaweed:
industry trends, June 1960; Aug. p. 59.
laver production up for 1959/60 fiscal year;
Nov. p. 74,
Shark, salmon:
exploratory fishing operation in North Pacific;
Oct. p. 68.
exports to Italy increase sharply; Dec. p. 82.
frozen, exported to Italy; Oct. p. 67.
research fleet in North Pacific; Nov. p. 76.
Shrimp:
firm plans to raise in ponds; May p. 53.
fish-cultur. company to raise; Mar. p. 68.
fishin company, , to trawl off Guatemala
in joint venture; Aug. p. 50.
fishing vessels sold to Mexico; Mar. p. 68.
frozen, imported from Communist China; Nov,
p. 76.
industry; Mar. p. 67.
"Taisho", catch in Yellow Sea poor this year;
May p. 56.
Snappers, red, Australian, on Tokyo market for
first time; Sept. p. 56.
Squid landings in Hokkaido near record in 1959;
Apr. p. 50.
Territorial waters extension would adversely affect
fishing; Apr. p. 51.
Trawler(s):
find good fishing off foreign coasts; Oct. p. 72.
fishing in new areas; Mar. p. 68.
new, to fish off East African coasts; Sept. p. 56.
reports good fishing off Northwest Africa; Aug.
p. 61.
stern, for fishing off Africa and Australia, fish-
ing company to build; Mar. p. 66.
stern-type, large, launched; Nov. p. 76.
Trawling:
distant-water, plans of five big companies; Sept.
p. 55.
fishery off Northwest Africa, converted long-liner
to enter; Sept. p. 56.
operation in North Africa, fishing company starts;
June p. 51.
Trout, frozen, not being sold at less than fair value
in U.S.; Feb. p. 101.
Tuna:
albacore:
Atlantic catches, proportion of, climbs sharply
in; Mar, p. 64.
export quota may not be met; Mar. p. 61.
frozen:
check price drops; Nov. p. 69.
export quota for Jan.-Mar. 1960 established;
Mar. p. 61.
export quota to U.S. discussed for loins and;
Apr. p. 47.
landings at port of Yaizu; July p. 63.

29

JAPAN
Tuna:
albacore:
season in Atlantic ends with only 5,000 tons;
Apr. p. 46.
spawning:
biologists, U. S. and
on areas; July p. 43.
Bonin Islands area, study planned of; June p. 49.
summer fishery:
catches drop sharply after typhoons; Aug. p. 54.
fails to live up to expectations; Sept. p. 51.
season expected to begin earlier than usual;
June p. 48.
tagged off California recaptured by ; June
p. 34.
winter fishery:
fishing information for 1959/60 season; Feb.
p. 81.
prospects improve but prices still high; Mar.
p. 63.
prospects poor; Mar. p. 62.
scientists issue data on 1959/60 season; Feb.
p. 81.
Shimizu port booming with Indian Ocean tuna
and; Apr. p. 46.
trends; Mar. p. 62, Apr. p. 45, May p. 54.
Atlantic:
exports, fresh and frozen, top 50,000 tons;
Mar. p. 60.
exports, frozen, transshipped to U. S. decline;
Feb. p. 83. »
rate-of-catch drops for; Feb. p. 82.
vessels operating in the; Dec. p. 82.
Brazilian- fishing company reorganized;
Nov. p. 55.
British North Borneo, fishing company established
by in; Apr. p. 38.
canned:
advertise in U. 5S.,
control order; May p. 53.
export(s):
by country of destination, Jan.-June 1958-59;
Feb. p. 81.
(excluding tuna in brine), 1956-59; Dec. p. 81.
licensing rules for the U. S.; Mar. p. 65.
price, canners and exporters agree on; Sept.
p. 51.
price negotiations still stalemated; Aug. p. 52.
problems, editorial highlights; Oct. p. 63.
sale, third, to U. S.; June p. 50.
Italian canners ask restrictions on imports; Feb.
p. 79.
product, new, on market; Oct. p. 65.
teams to study overseas market for; June p. 50.
type-of-pack ratios established for; May p. 52.
canned-in-brine:
export trends; Nov. p. 68.
market poor; Nov. p. 68.
canned-in-oil:
exports double; Apr. p. 47.
exports drop; Nov. p. 67.
canned lightmeat:
in brine, price cut discussed; Apr. p. 47.
in oil, canners having trouble meeting contracts
for; Oct. p. 63.
in oil, shortage reported of; Nov. p. 68.
price to Canada raised slightly; June p. 50

, coordinate research

plans to; Feb. p. 80.

30

JAPAN (cont.) JAPAN
Tuna (cont,): Tuna:

Caribbean Sea, exploratory fishing in; Mar. p. 60. Okinawa, fishing vessel sent in July to;
Fiji Islands: Oct. p. 66.
Pacific:

fishing reported good; Nov. p. 71.
motherships report good catches from; Sept. p. 51.
fishery trends, 1959; Mar. p. 63.
Fisheries Agency to reexamine fishery policies;
Oct. p. 64.
fishing methods taught to Yugoslavian;
freezership to operate from Argentine port;
Feb. p. 63.
freshness, develops method of deter-
mining; Apr. p. 48.
frozen:
export(s):
Mar. p. 61, June p. 50, July p. 63, Oct. p. 64,
Nov. p. 69.
Italy:
base price to be rexxamined for; Oct. p. 62.
price drops for; Aug. p. 53.
quotas established for 1960; June p. 49.
seeks to control; Nov. p. 69.
yellowfin:
August price to U. S. lower; Oct. p. 62.
price to U. S. firmer; Feb. p. 82.
price fixed for direct; Nov. p. 69.
price unchanged; Aug. p. 53.
transshipment regulations to U. S. in 1960;
Apr. p. 46.
France, Japanese base in New Hebrides to export
to; Sept. p. 61.
Italy:
buys only in small lots; Oct. p. 62.
included among free trade items; Feb. p. 79.
price firms; Nov.-p. 67.
Joint Sales Company, no California office to be
set up by; Apr. p. 48.
licensed for export to Europe, FY April 1959-
March 1960; Nov. p. 67.
Pacific, to be transshipped to U. S. from the;
Aug. p. 53.
production and shipping quotas proposed in 1960
for; May p. 52.
Ryukyu Islands to export to ; Nov. p. 84,
Tunisian port of Mahdia, third trip landed at;
Nov. p. 86.
Yugoslavia:
bans imports from
Nov. p. 90.
contracts with for year's supply; Jan. p. 93.
imports from ; Mar. p. 84.
lifts ban on imports; Nov. p. 89.
green meat unpredictable, Caribbean investigation
finds; Aug. p. 54.
imports from Ryukyu Islands, Fishery Agency
sets policy on; Aug. p. 55.
Indian Ocean:
fishing in; Nov. p. 72.
September forecast issued for fishing in; Nov.
pet,
mothership(s):
operations, policy on; June p, 50.
return from Fiji Islands area; Nov. p. 71.
sail for fishing areas; July p. 63.
two more to fish Fijian waters; Oct. p. 66.

for three months;

fishing in the; Nov. p. 70.
forecast issued on fishing conditions in; May p. 54.
processing firm, joint Cuban- , denied new
industry status; Jan. p. 67.
Research Conference; Apr. p. 48.
Singapore base for export to U.S. planned; Sept. p. 52.
skipjack:
industry planning fishing off British North Borneo;
Mar. p. 65.
landings in Kochi Prefecture light; Oct. p. 65.
port landings light; Sept. p. 52.
stocks in Indian and Pacific Oceans, status of;
Feb. p. 83.
U.S.S.R.:
fisheries mission:
inspects fisheries facilities; Nov. p. 76.
visit of; Feb. p. 82.
observes fisheries closely; Oct. p. 71.
United States market survey, more funds proposed
for; Aug. p. 53.
Venezuela:
fishing company, joint with
to fleet; June p. 65.
fishing vessels, , land in; May p. 68.
joint fishing operations in Caribbean; Feb. p. 96.
vessel(s):
assigned to Malaya; Sept. p. 58.
builds more; Sept. p. 52.
Caroline-Marshall Islands area, fishing in; Mar.
p. 64,
construction:
licensed for; June p. 51, Aug. p. 60.
up sharply; Feb. p. 84.
financing, interest rate cut on; Nov. p. 76.
lands first trip in Malaya; Apr. p. 52.
large size launched; June p. 51.
long-liner, super, launched; Oct. p. 66.
market weakens; Oct. p. 64.
New Zealand cannery expects to buy from; Apr.
p. 54.
Peru visited by research; Apr. p. 61.
purse seiners demand licenses for; Oct. p. 65.
replacement stepped up; Jan. p. 72.
West Africa, research to explore resources off;
Mar. p. 64, Nov. p. 70.
Whaling:
Antarctic, catch higher for 1959/60; June p. 53.
industry fails to agree on use of former British
fleet; Oct. p. 72.

, plans addition

Netherlands:
vessels may be purchased by ; June p. 57.
whale-oil tanker sold to ; Nov. p. 79.

North Pacific:
fleets, two, sail for; July p. 65.
license for new fleet, firm requests; June p. 53.
operations, July 1960; Oct. p. 72.

JAMAICA
Fishing craft, many mechanized through Government

loan scheme; Mar. p. 59.

JOHNSON, DONALD R.
Transferred to Washington, D. C., under new train-
ing program for key executives; Sept. p. 72.

KELP (see SEAWEED)

KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE
Exploitation of to be stopped; Nov. p. 91.

KING CRAB (see CRAB)

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF

Agar-agar soon to reach Japan; Aug, p. 59.

Exports of fishery products highest in six years;
Apr. p. 51.

Fishing industry:
equipment listed for duty-free entry; Jan. p. 75.
suffers severe damage from typhoon; Jan. p. 74,

May p. 56.

Funds earmarked for fisheries; May p. 56.

Shrimp processors close contracts in April; June
p. 04.

Tuna fishing vessels, more, to fish for American
Samoa cannery; Aug. p. 14.

KURILE ISLANDS

Fishery centers, eight, to be established in
by U.S.5.R.; Mar. p. 81.

KUSKOKWIM RIVER (ALASKA)
Survey of subsistence fishing on ; Dec. p. 23.
KUWAIT
Fisheries, offshore, development under consid-
eration of; Sept. p. 57.
Shrimp:
fishery in Persian Gulf initiated; Aug. p. 61.
U.S. firm starts fishing for; June p. 54.

LAKE ERIE
Biological research continued in western area;
-Jan. p. 38, July p. 28.
Commercial fish stocks:
surveys continued in 1960; July p. 28.
western surveyed by M/V "'Active'' for;
Feb. p. 34,
Exploratory fishing in
November 1959; June p. 1.
Fish population survey; Oct. p. 30, Nov. p. 32, Dec.
p. 33.
Seasonal distribution studies of commercial fish
stocks continued; Aug. p. 23, Sept. p. 20, Nov.
p. 31, Dec. p. 32.
Smelt:
commercial availability explored in 5
September 1958-November 1959; June p. 1.
experimental trawling yields commercial quan-
tities; Jan. p. 36.
Yellow pike, adult, fish population research
indicates shortage of; July p. 28.

, September 1958-

LAKE MICHIGAN
Exploratory fishing with otter trawl started in
; Oct. p. 29.
Fish population survey; Aug. p. 23, Sept. p. 205
Oct. p. 30, Nov. p. 32, Dec. p. 34.
Program of the research vessel "Cisco! for 1960;
July p. 29.

31

LAKE MICHIGAN
Underutilized fish stocks commercial potential
surveyed; Nov. p. 30.

LAKE SUPERIOR

Eastern area fishery survey continued; Jan, 37.

Program of the research vessel ''Siscowet'' for 1960;
July p. 29.

Sea lamprey control program hampered by high
water; Sept. p. 21.

Southeastern area survey continued by M/V "Cisco";
Jan. p. 37.

Western area fishery survey continued; Jan, p. 38,
Feb, p. 35, Aug. p. 25, Oct. p. 32, Nov. p. 33,
Dec. p. 34.

LAKE SUPERIOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Great Lakes fishery trends, report on; Jan. p. 35.

LAKE VICTORIA
Fisheries Service under British East Africa High
Commission to end; Feb. p. 69.

LAMPARA SEINE -

Tested on fish schools off west coast of Florida;
May p. 24.

LAMPREY, SEA (see SEA LAMPREY)

LANDINGS

Chesapeake Bay States fish ® bulletin, monthly,
for Virginia and Maryland; May p. 18.

New England of food fish lower, industrial
fish higher in 1959; Mar. p. 23.

United States:
by areas; June outside back cover, Nov. p. 94.
exceeded 5 billion pounds in 1959; Feb. p. 47.

fishery ; Jan. p.50, Feb. p. 45, Sept.p. 31.
fishery , disposition of, 1959, chart; Nov.
p. 90.
LANGOSTINO
Chile's industry; Apr. p. 39.

LATIN AMERICA
Fisheries development discussed at concurrent OAS
and FAO conferences on agriculture; Dec. p. 51.
Free Economic Association placed into effect by
exchange of ratifications; July p. 48.

LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE AREA
Agreement; May p. 42.
GATT sixteenth session examines ; Sept.p. 39.
LATVIA
Factoryship, fish, added to fleet; Feb. p. 84.

LAW OF THE SEA

Conference:

concludes without adopting proposals on territorial
sea and fishing zones; July p. 49.

Iceland follows closely events at; June p. 46.
Mexican statement on; June p. 56.
second, convenes; May p. 37.

Norway supports 12-mile fishing zone; July p. 70.

United Kingdom first to ratify 1958 conventions on
territorial sea and fishery conservation; May p. 40.

32

LAW OF THE SEA (cont.)
United Nations:
Conference, second:
developments at; June p. 39.
open on March 17, 1960; Feb. p. 61.
United States delegation to; May p. 38.
Washington, State of, concerned over outcome of

Conference on ; Mar. p. 34.
LEAN FISH
Fat in ; Aug. p. 36.

LEFFLER, ROSS L,
"Fish for Health'' message broadcast by :
Jan. p. 41.

LENTEN PROMOTION
"Tt!s Fish 'n' Seafood Time" theme for 1960; Jan.
p. 39, Apr. p. 15.

LIBERIA
Marine and inland fisheries regulations issued;
Sept. p. 57, Oct. p. 72.

LIBYA
Fisheries trends, fourth quarter 1959; June p, 54.
Tuna:
fishery trends, second quarter 1960; Nov. p. Wo
landings up for 1959 season; Jan. p. 79.

LIGHT FISHING -
California tests lights to determine fish attraction;
July p. 21, Sept. p. 15. ©
Lampara seine tested on fish schools off
west coast of Florida; May p. 25.
Russians using extensively; Mar. p. 57.

LITHUANIA (see U.S.S.R.)
LIVERS

Whale , processing to prevent loss of vitamin
A; Sept. p. 35.

LOANS
Fisheries credit, meeting held in Paris on; Dec.
p. 53.

LOBSTER
Canada:
Northwest Atlantic fishery discussed by scientists;
Nov. p. 57.
seasons changed in certain areas of Maritimes;
July p. 53.
Protective system of
Spiny:
Australia:
closed season for female ; Sept. p. 45.
exports continue to rise; Jan. p. 61.
fishing vessel, new type being built in; Jan. p. 62.
industry, fiscal year 1958/59; Feb. p. 67.
resources survey off southwest coast unsuc—
cessful; July p. 51.
western area establishes new regulations for
fishery; Dec. p. 65.
Brazil, exports set record in April; Sept. p. 46.
Costa Rican catch increased sharply in September;
Nov. p. 61.

7 Heb. p. 2:

LOBSTER
Spiny:
Cuba:
fishermen's price,.new, contested; Apr. p. 40.
imposes closed season on ; May p. 40.
France, vacuum-sealed plastic bags used to pack
tails aboard vessel; Feb. p. 74.

Mexico:
Ensenada abalone and fisheries trends;
June p. 56.

export duties revised on Pacifie Coast
and shrimp; Mar. p. 69.
west coast catch down from 1958/59 season;
Mar. p. 70.
South-West Africa:
fishermen's dispute over wages settled; May
. 62.
Hedentcl vessel, builds new; Jan. p. 84.
tests new type collapsible trap for ; Sept.
p. 65.
United States, explorations on Continental
Shelf and slope off northeastern coast; Sept.p. 1.

LONG ISLAND SOUND
Oyster spawning and setting, observations on;
Sept. p. 27, Oct. p. 40, Nov. p. 40.

LONG LINES :
Tuna fishery, a small boat; Sept. p. 8.
South African vessels, two, fish tuna with Japa-
nese ; Nov. p. 88. Nc

LOS ANGELES
Frozen processed fish and shellfish consumption:
in institutions and public eating places;

July p. 26.

LOUISIANA
Offshore boundaries, Supreme Court asked to
reconsider decision on; Dec. p. 95.
Shrimp, marking program initiated; Dec. p. 43.

LUXEMBURG
Fishing industry in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15.

MACKEREL

Japanese fishermen change to ''porgy'' long-lining
in Marshall Islands; Oct. p. 71. :
Mexico, fishery trends in Veracruz area; Julyp. 67.

Sweden, landings limited by poor market; Junep. 61. —

MACKEREL-PIKE
Japanese;
canned pack; Feb. p. 80.
fishery for, 1959; May p. 56.

MADEIRA
Fishery landings in Portugal,
1958; Feb. p. 88.

MAINE
Sardines, canned:
advertising aimed at youth education; June p. 29.
cholesterol buildup as a cause of heart attack,
studies on; Jan. p. 39.

season, canning, for 1959 closes with a short pack;
Feb, p. 38.

, and the Azores,

MAINE (cont.)
Sardines, canned (cont.):
served to 60,000 Boy Scouts; Sept. p. 23.
stocks; Feb. p. 38, Mar. p. 22, Aug. p. 27. Sept.
p. 23.

MAINE HERRING INVESTIGATIONS
Herring, tagging recoveries aid studies; Dec. p. 37.

MALAYA
Fishery and whale products proposed for pioneer
status; Jan. p. 76.
Japanese tuna vessel(s):
assigned to ; Sept. p. 58.
first trip landed by; Apr. p. 62.
Oils, marine-animal, imports of; Aug. p. 61.

Tuna, firm, Japanese- , Slow getting started;
Feb. p. 84,
MANATEE
Aquatic vegetation control, for; Apr. p. 5,
Sept. p. 70.

MARINE BIOLOGY
Indian Ocean international expedition to study
; Nov. p. 48.

MARINE BIOLOGY LABORATORY
Randolph (Mass.) High School ; Apr. p. 16.

MARINE OIL (see FISH OILS)

MARINE RESEARCH
Trends in discussed at meeting; Mar. p. 23.

MARITIME RESOURCES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC,
PERMANENT COMMISSION ON
Sixth meeting held in Quito; Feb. p. 61.

MARKETING

Distribution of canned tuna, salmon, and sardines
survey of; May p. 16.

Edible fishery products prospects; April
p. 23, June p. 30, Sept. p. 24.

Fishery products, surveys to improve and
expand markets for; Jan. p. 40.

Irradiated fishery products, feasibility
study under way; Dec. p. 37.

Public eating places, fish consumption survey
completed; Jan. p. 32,

Sardines, studies show consumer buys on impulse;
Sept. p. 16.

MARKET NEWS SERVICE, FISHERY
California ''Monthly Summary," addition of eastern
Pacific fishing information to; Oct. p. 33.

MARSHALL ISLANDS
Japanese mackerel fishermen change to ''porgy"
long-lining in § OFC [Do Tle

MARTINIQUE (see FRENCH WEST INDIES)

MARYLAND
Bialogical laboratory receives grant for research
on early life history of fish; Oct. p. 34.
Chesapeake Bay survey by U.S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey to assist in development of fishery re-
sources; Sept. p. 18.

33

MARYLAND
Clam:
digger associations, two, consent to order for-
bidding price-fixing; Sept. p. 71.
soft, harvesting costs, controllable pitch propeller
on hydraulic dredge vessels may reduce; Feb,

p. 39.
Crab:
blue, winter populations sampled by for

clues to future harvests; Mar. p. 20.
red, deep-water, trawling explorations off
continued; May p. 26.
Fish landing bulletin, monthly; May p. 18.
Fishway, Little Falls, nears completion; Feb. p. 39.
Oysters:
observations on:
grounds, condition of; Feb. p. 41.
1960 season; Oct. p. 38.
set ri waters, summer-fall 1959; Feb.
p. 41.
spawning and setting as of Oct. 1, 1960; Dec. p. 40.
Virginia's yield per acre almost trebles that for
3 OC, jos BY,
Striped bass, record catch in 1959 of; Feb. p. 45,

MASSACHUSETTS
Tuna:
long-line fishery, a small boat; Sept. p. 8.
purse-seining off in 1959 successful; Jan,
p. 49. .

MEAL (see FISH MEAL)

MEDITERRANEAN
General Fisheries Council:
shellfish and fresh-water fish catalogs planned
by; Delc: ps oo.
tuna canning and migration studies planned for
1961-62 by; Dec. p. 56.
Names of fish, plan to standardize; Dec. p. 55.

MENHADEN
Age determinations in Gulf of Mexico; Feb. p. 37.
Species composition of landings reported as
by pound-net fishery in Virginia; Feb. p. 1.

MEXICO
Abalone fishery trends; June p. 56.
Decree prohibits vessels from fishing within nine
miles of border; June p. 55.
Ensenada fisheries trends, Apr.-June 1960; Sept.
p. 59.
Export duties:
increased on red snappers, turtles, and crayfish;
Jan. p. 78.
increased on shrimp and crabs; Nov. p. 77.
on fishery products changed effective August 8,
1959; Jan. p. 76.

Fish meal:
import permit required for; Oct. p. 73.
oil industry and ; Sept. p. 59.

Fish sales at established prices, program instituted
for; Feb. p. 84.
Import licenses, fishery products requiring; Oct.

p. 73.

Japanese:
fishing vessels arrive at Acapulco; Apr. p. 52.
shrimp fishing vessels sold to ; Mar. p. 68.

Law of the Sea Conference, statement on; Junep. 56.

34

MEXICO (cont.)
Lobsters, spiny:
fisheries trends; June p. 56.
Pacific Coast, export duties revised on; Mar. p. 69.
west coast catch down from 1958/59 season; Mar.
p. 70.
Mackerel fishery trends in Veracruz area; July
. 67.
Marine -andiaal imports and exports, 1958 and 1959;
Aug. p. 62.
Marine oils, foreign trade in; Dec. p. 83. |
Merida shrimp fishery trends, July-Sept. 1959;
Jan. p. 78.
Shrimp:
breading plant established, third; Sept. p. 59.
ex-vessel price war at Campeche and Carmen;
July p. 65.
fisheries trends; Jan. p. 78, July p. 66, Aug. p. 62,
Oct. p. 73, Dec. p. 83.
fishermen's price negotiations, postponement
probable on; July p. 66.
fleet, Guaymas, tie-up settled; May p. 58.
Gulf of California fishery trends, March 1960;
June p. 55. _ : :
industry: 2
November 1959; Feb. p- 85.
trends; Apr. p. 52, May p. 58, Sept. p. 58.

west coast, asks for Government aid; Mar.’p. 70.

landings and exports, Carmen-Campeche area,
Oct.-Dec. 1959 and Jan.-Mar. 1960: Sept. p. 58.
Pacific Coast export duties revised on spiny
lobster and; Mar. p. 69.
Tampico area fishery trends in April 1960; June
§ fs Has ay ‘
west coast fishery trends; Dec. p. 84.
Territorial waters and continental shelf, President
States policy on; “Aug. p. 62.
Yucatan Peninsula fishery trends; July p. 66.

MIAMi, UNIV. OF
Bacteria, oceanic, funds granted to
tension of research on; June p. 32.

- for ex-

MICHIGAN :

Commercial fishermen: :
problems discussed at meetings; July p. 33.
propose changes in fishing regulations; July p. 32.

Commercial fishing regulations:
now responsibility of Conservation Commission;

May p. 25.

to be liberalized; Sept. p. 24.

Trawls, otter, use permitted in southern Lake
Michigan; Aug. p. 27.

. MIDDLE ATLANTIC
Whiting fishery, a review of the; Nov. p. 3.

MIDWATER TRAWLING (see TRAWLING)

MILITARY SUBSISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY (see
DEFENSE, DEPARTMENT OF)

MILKFISH :
Viet-Nam, rearing of on commercial scale
developing rapidly; May p. 68.

MINK

Industrial fish as good for ranch ; Nov. p. 37.

MINNESOTA
Red Lake Indian Reservation commercial fishing
regulations, revision proposed of; Aug. p. 78.

MISSISSIPPI
Offshore boundaries, Supreme Court asked to re-
consider decision on; Dec. p. 95.

MISSISSIPPI DELTA

Sardine-like species, area surveyed for;

Dec. p. 36.
Trawling, midwater, experimental, off the 3
Aug. p. 26.
MISSOURI
Commercial fisheries landings, 1959; July p. 33.
MOISTURE
Change in percentage; Apr. p. 13.
MONOGLYCERIDES
Fish oils, from; Mar. p. 14.
MOROCCO

Fish and shellfish landings, 1958; Feb. p. 86.
Fishery trends; Mar. p. 71, July p. 68, Oct. p. 74.
Fishing vessels and gear; Jan. p. 79.
Fish meal and oil industry; Nov. p. 78.
Sardines:
canned, production quota established; Apr. p. 53.
fishery trends, third quarter 1959; Jan. p. 80.
Trade agreement with Japan includes fishing items;
May p. 58.

MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Fishing vessel procedures, amendment pro-
posed for; Oct. p. 96.
United States aid in fishing vessel construction not
included under plan; Oct. p. 96.

MOTHER-OF-PEARL
Pakistan plans

eS survey in Bay of Bengal; June
p. 58.

MOTIVATION
Canned fish use and nonuse by homemakers,
study on; Jan. p. 40.

MSxX
Oysters:
Chesapeake Bay, upper, escaped
August; Nov. p. 40.
killer identified as animal parasite; Oct. p. 38.

mortality in

MUSSEL

Common , new method of control for; Sept. p. 27

NAMES OF FISH

Mediterranean , plan to standardize; Dec. p. 55.

NATIONAL FISHERIES INSTITUTE
Resolutions adopted at 15th Annual Convention;

July p. 34,
NATIONAL FISH WEEK

" =
Fish for Health'' message broadcast by Assi
ssistant.
Secretary of Interior during 3 faa p. 41.

NATIONAL FISH WEEK (cont.)
"Fish 'n Sea Food Parade" participation by U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Jan, p. 41.
National ''Fish 'n Seafood Parade''--October 17-23,
1960; Aug. outside back cover.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Algae bank of 800 strains gets funds for next five
years; Oct. p. 90.
Early life history of fish grant made to Maryland's
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; Oct. p, 34.
Miami University receives grants for fishe.y and
oceanographic studies; Aug. p. 21.

NAVY, U.S.
Deepest ocean dive; Dec. p. 50.
Tuna trolling program aids Pacific Coast albacore
fleet; Oct. p. 43.

NETHERLANDS
Antarctic whale catch, 1959/60 season; Sept. p. 61.
Fishing industry_in the European Common Market,
structure of the; Oct. p. 15.
Imports of marine oils and fats, Jan.-June 1959;
Jan. p. 81.
Marine-oil production, foreign trade, and consump-
tion; Aug. p. 63. -
Trawlers, stern fishing, two ordered from ship-
yard; Mar. p. 71.
Whale-oil tanker sold to Japanese; Nov. p. 79.
Whaling:
Antarctic:
expedition completes 1959/60 season; July p. 68.
fleet departs after settlement of wage dispute;
Jan. p. 80.
profits from operations higher for 1958/59
season; Apr. p. 53.
Convention withdrawal approved by Parliament;
Oct. p. 75.
Russia asks and Norway to reconsider with-
drawal from International Convention; Jan. p. 59.
Second Chamber of Parliament passes two bills
on; Oct. p. 75.
vessels from
June p. 57.
withdrawal from Convention and regulation of
Antarctic operations, bills passedon; Dec. p. 85.

, Japanese may purchase;

NET(S)

"Ghost''
July p. 46.

Mesh sizes of » progress on studies of effect
on fish stocks of; Oct. p. 51.

Midwater trawl , new type tested on salmon
fry in California waters; Sept. p. 15.

Twines, braided synthetic, and their use in the
New England trawl fishery; Mar. p. 6.

that fish years after they are lost;

NEW ENGLAND
Landings, food fish lower, industrial fish higher
in 1959; Mar. p. 23.
Map of principal grounds fished by the
ing fleet; Nov. p. 15.
Sink gill-net fishing in ; Nov. p. 16.
Tuna long-line fishery, a small boat; Sept. p. 8.
Twines, braided synthetic, and their use in the
trawl fishery; Mar. p. 6.

fish-

35

NEW ENGLAND
Whiting:
abundance in deep water during winter off
survey of; Feb. p. 40.
fishery, a review of the; Nov. p. 4,

NEWFOUNDLAND
Lithuanians fish
Soviet fishing fleet on

NEW HEBRIDES

2

banks; July p. 77.
banks; Oct. p. 87.

Tuna:
frozen, Japanese base in toexport to France;
Sept. p. 61.

operations; June p. 57.

NEW ZEALAND
Fish-liver and whale oil exports, 1959; Sept. p. 61.
Japanese fishing in waters, reaction to; Junep. 58.
Sport-fishing equipment, Swedes establish factory
for; Sept. p. 62.
Tuna cannery expects to buy fish from Japanese
vessels; Apr. p. 54.

NICARAGUA
Shrimp:
fishery trends, Feb, p. 86, Aug. p. 64.
industry; Apr. p. 54. :

NONFOOD FISH
Menhaden, species composition of Virginia pound-
net landings reported as; Feb. p. 1.

NORDIC FISHERIES CONFEREN
Conference met in mid-August

NORTH ATLANTIC
Lobster explorations on Continental Shelf and slope
off northeastern coast of the U.S.; Sept. p. 1.

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES EXPLORATION AND
GEAR RESEARCH
R/V "Delaware":
annual overhaul held up by freak accident; Oct. p. 35.
back on schedule; Dec. p. 37.
crab, red, deep-water, trawling explorations off
Maryland; May p. 26.
otter-trawl performance observed with under-
water television; Sept. p. 24.
Trawl fishing, electrical, tests observed with under-
water television by M/V ''Cape May"; Jan.p. 42.
Tuna:
bluefin, New England commercial purse-seining,
1959 season; May p. 27.
stocks, area between Georges Bank and Cape
' Hatteras resurveyed for; July p. 34.
Whiting:
deep-water, abundance in winter off New England,
survey of; Feb. p. 40.
winter distribution studied by M/V ''Delaware";
Apr. p. 24.

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS
Distribution and abundance of fish along Continental
Shelf, Gulf Stream influence on; May p. 27.
Fishing survey of the Continental Shelf along
Georges Bank by M/V ''Delaware''; May p. 28.
Groundfish, distribution and abundance in the in-
shore nursery areas surveyed by ''Capt. Bill III'';
Nov. p. 38, Dec. p. 38.
Haddock:
juvenile, stocks on Georges Bank and vicinity
surveyed; Jan. p. 42.
nursery grounds, inshore, surveyed; Sept. p. 25.

960; Oct. p. 52.

36

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS
(cont.)
Haddock (cont.):
spawning habits studied on Georges and Browns
Banks; June p. 60.
Herring disease in Gulf of St. Lawrence, decrease
in; Aug. p. 28.
Research vessel ''Albatross III,"’ contract let for
design of replacement for; Apr. p. 26.
Scallops, sea, population and density of beds on
Georges Bank siudied by M/V''Delaware''; Aug. p. 28.
Television, underwater:
behavior studies, fish, biologists aided by; Oct. p. 42.
research, fishery, new opportunities offered by;
Aug. p. 28.

NORTH BORNEO
Tuna, Japanese industry planning skipjack fishing
off British ; Mar. p. 65.

NORTH CAROLINA
Clam dredges, ''Fall River,'' indeep water, chain
bridles and accumulators increase effectiveness of;
Dec. p. 20.
M/V "Silver Bay":
clams, hard, found in commercial quantities off
coast; Feb. p. 42.
scallops, exploratory dragging off for;
Feb. p. 43.
trawling exploratory, for fish off 3
Feb. p. 43.

NORTH PACIFIC
Japanese factoryships, six, to freeze flatfish in
3 Oct. p.1t0:
Salmon:
Japanese:
factoryship operations off to good start; Aug. p. 56.
fishery trends; July p. 64, Aug. p. 56.
mothership fishery;
earnings by catcher vessels in
season ends; Oct. p. 67.
trends, early July 1960; Sept. p. 53.
price negotiations about concluded; Aug. p. 56.
migration studies to be concluded; June p. 33.
proposed revision of prohibition to fish with any

net in for; Aug. p. 77.
Shark, salmon:
Japanese:

exploratory fishing operation in ; Oct. p. 68.
research fleet in ; Nov. p. 76.
Whaling, Japanese operations , July 1960; Oct. p. 72.

NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM
Bottom-fish trawling, exploratory, off coasts of

Washington and Vancouver Island planned; June p, 31.

M/V "John N. Cobb":

British Columbia, good trawlable bottom found
off; Nov. p. 38.

fishing gear research and evaluation studies con-
tinued; May p. 28.

shrimp, exploratory fishing off Central Alaska;
Jan. p. 43.

Strait of Juan de Fuca, good trawlable bottom
found off; Sept. p. 25.

trawl, otter, modified experiments continued;
June p. 31.

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION, INTER-
NATIONAL

Seventh annual meeting in British Columbia; Dec. pev9:

; Oct. p. 67.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION
Fishing trends in Northwest Atlantic; May p. 40.
Mesh sizes, net, progress on studies of effect on

fish stocks of; Oct. p. 51.
More countries fish in Northwest Atlantic; Feb. p. 60.
Tenth annual meeting; Feb. p. 60, Nov. p. 49.
North Pacific salmon fishery agreement signed;
Japanese-Soviet; July p. 49.

NORWAY
Cod:
fishermen, Government aid reduced for 1960 to;
Mar. p. 72.
fishery trends; July p. 69, Oct. p. 80.
European Free Trade Area, British- fish talks

break down; Jan. p. 57.
Exports of marine products, 1957-58; Jan. p. 81.
Fillets, frozen, sales up for 1958/59; Feb. p. 86.
Fisheries needs, report to Parliament outlines;
Mar. p. 73.
Fisheries trends, April-June 1960; Oct. p. 80.
Fishermen aid voted by government; July p. 69.
Fishery landings increased in 1959; Apr. p. 55.
Fish freezing and filleting organization increased
sales to U.S. in fiscal year 1958/59; Apr. p. 57.
Fishing limits: ;
coastal waters of , negotiations with United
Kingdom on; Aug. p. 42, Sept. p. 38, Dec. p. 52.
extended to 12 miles; Aug. p. 64. é
proposed extension to 12 miles stirs controversy
in ; Oct. p. 80.
Swedish fishermen hope to reach an agreement with
on 12-mile limit; Aug. p. 69. ;
Fish meal:
industry, oil and; Oct. p. 75.
plant installed in Angola by
production, 1958-60; Dec. p. 85.
Frozen fish export trends; Nov. p. 79.
Herring:
fat, 1960 fishing season ends for; Apr. p. 56.
fishermen receive more aid; Mar. p. 73. 5
fishery failure is grave challenge to industry; May
p. 59. ‘
fishing poor in 1960, Lofoten cod and; Aug. p. 64.
flour developed which is tasteless and odorless;
Aug. p. 64,
meal exports, 1959; Oct. p. 76.
one-ninth of purse seiners caught no fish in 1960
season; June p. 58.
winter fishery:
fails again; May p. 59.
floating trawl experiments in; Apr. p. 55.
landings lowest in 15 years; June p. 58.
starts late; Apr. p. 55.

firm; Jan. p. 60.

International Whaling Convention, conditional read- —

herence; Dec. p. 87.
Law of the Sea Conference, fishing zone of 12 miles
supported by ; July p. 70.
Loans, low-interest, to aid fishing industry; Oct. p. 80.
Marine oils:
exports and imports, 1959; Oct. p. 76.
foreign trade and production of, 1956-60; Dec. p. 85.
National Fisheries Fair, 1960; Nov. p. 80.
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.
Research vessels seek fish in distant waters;
Feb. p. 87.
Subsidy for cod and herring fisheries, Parliament
approves; May p. 59.

e

:

NORWAY (cont.)
Trade agreement with Czechoslovakia includes
fishery products; Apr. p. 58.
Trawler(s):
fleet, proposed expansion meets some opposition;
Mar. p. 74, Apr. p. 55.
stern-fishing type, being built for experimental
fishing; Apr. p. 58, May p. 59.
Tuna:
landings continue to drop; Apr. p. 58.
Spanish Morocco, - tagged fish caught off;

Sept. p. 67.
survey cruise off West Africa, U.S. biologist ac-
companies ; Nov. p. 42.

Vessel owners' association protests 12-mile fish-

ing limit; Aug. p. 65.
West African exploratory fishing expedition planned;
Nov. p. 80.
Whaling:
crews receive wage increase; Dec. p. 87.
industry trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 80.
land-based station sold by company; Oct.
p. 80.
quota for 1959/60 Antarctic season; Feb. p. 62.
Russia asks and Netherlands to reconsider
withdrawal from International Convention; Jan.
p. 59.

NUTRITION

Fishery products , United States to host world
conference on; Nov. p. 51.

United States fishing industry pledges support to
world fishery nutritional conference; Dec. p. 57.

World conference on tunas and of fishery
products, U.S. proposals accepted by FAO con-
ference for; Apr. p. 33.

OCEANOGRAPHY

Atlantic Ocean atlas begun; July p. 35.

Carbon-14 laboratory to be established for study of
deep-sea sediments; Aug. p. 22.

Charts of eastern Pacific Ocean floor; Oct. p. 35.

Coast and Geodetic Survey:
fleet sails to chart coastal waters; June p. 66.
national expedition by vessel of; Apr. p. 26.
Pacific Ocean area off San Francisco, survey under

way of; Oct. p. 36.

Deepest ocean dive; Aug. p. 13, Dec. p. 50.

Europe, oceanographic-data gathering survey, to be
able to forecast best fishing areas is aim of; Aug.
p. 42.

Geophysical studies by University of Miami; Aug.
p. 22.

Gulf of Alaska, link added to underwater mountain
chain in; July p. 37.

Indian Ocean international expedition; Nov. p. 48.

Pacific Ocean, sea-surface temperature charts for
eastern area shown in ''California Fishery Market
News Monthly Summary"'; Oct. p. 33.

Scripps Institution of expeditions for 1960;
July p. 37.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution receives
grant for research‘vessel; Feb. p. 40.

World fish census, oceanographers call for; Jan.

p. 58.

OCEAN PERCH
Canada, Northwest Atlantic

fishery discussed
by fishery scientists; Nov. p. 57.

37

OCEAN PERCH
Fillets, frozen: y
meetings held on proposed quality standards for;
Sept. p. 30.
standards, voluntary, proposed for; Dec. p. 94.
Pacific , Standards being developed for;
Mar. p. 12.

OFFSHORE BOUNDARIES
Gulf States ask Supreme Court to reconsider decision
on WeDeecpe op.

OIL(S) (see FISH OILS)

OKINAWA
Japanese tuna-fishing vessel sent to in July;
Oct. p. 66.

OMAHA (NEBRASKA)
Frozen fish and shellfish consumption in restaurants
and institutions; Dec. p. 38.

ONTARIO (CANADA)
Fish landings down sharply first quarter of 1960;
Aug. p. 45.

ORE FLOTATION

Fish oil, possibilities for applying to ; Feb.
Depelatts
OREGON 7
Salmon:
gill nets, use of monofilament prohibited in 8
Heb. p. 41:
hatchery-produced, supplement natural spawning;
Nov. p. 39. <

rearing-lake construction begins; Dec. p. 37.

tagging program, Washington and cooperate
in; July p. 39.
Shrimp:
fishing, exploratory, off , results of (1958);
Jan. p. 1.

trawling grounds, new, found off coast; Dec.p. 39.
Tuna, albacore, biologists study migrations
and distribution; Aug. Deaoiles

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
DEVELOPMENT
Sixteenth session of GATT:
new discussed at; Sept. p. 40.
reconstitution of discussed at; Sept. p. 40.

ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC CO-
OPERATION
Reorganization planned for ; Apr. p. 35.
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES
Fisheries development discussed at concurrent
and FAO conferences on agriculture; Dec.
p. ol.

OTTER TRAWLING
Red snapper fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, develop-
ment and use of gear for, June 1957-May
1959; Oct. p. 1.

OUTDOOR RECREATION RESOURCES REVIEW
COMMISSION

Advisory Council meets with 5; Apr. p. 27.

38

OUTER SEVEN (see EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA)

OXBOW DAM
Fish-handling facilities at
Feb, p. 42.

, hearing on;

OYSTERS
Canada:
British Columbia shucked
higher in 1959; Apr. p. 39.
rehabilitation on east coast, progress in; Aug.
p. 46,
Chesapeake Bay:
losses, heavy, discovered in lower Bay; Junep. 32.
mortalities, Virginia biologists discover cause of;
Mar, p. 25.
Composition, proximate, of southern
affecting variability; July p. 1.
Copper harriers, effect on

production

--factors

meat studied;

Jan. p. 44,
Cuba:
harvesting of restricted by resolution;
Sept. p. 48.
lifts closed season on ; Nov. p. 61.
Fiberglass raft for growing off the bottom;
Dec. op. 96.
Japan:
first imported for cultivation from; Oct.
p. 26.

freezing plant built with U.S. technical aid com-
pleted; Sept. p. 56.
production up 22 percent in fiscal year 1959/60;
Nov. p. 74.
U.S. Public Health inspector invited to inspect
grounds; Apr. p. 51.
Long Island Sound observations on spawning and
setting; Sept. p. 27, Oct. p. 40, Nov. p. 40.
Maryland observations; Feb. p. 41, Oct. p. 38,
Dec. p. 40.
Mortalities in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays;
Oct. p. 37.
MSX:
Chesapeake Bay, upper, escaped mortality in
August from; Nov. p. 40,
killer identified as animal parasite; Oct. p. 38.
Mussel, common, new method of control for;
Sept. p. 27.
Production on Atlantic Coast in 1959/60 may hit
new low; Jan. p. 44,
Set in Maryland waters, summer-fall 1959, ob-
servations on; Feb, p. 41.
Setting, best on shells suspended on racks; Nov.
p. 41.
South Carolina research; Feb, p. 44, May p. 31.
Standards research program shifted from Virginia
laboratory; Dec. p. 41.
Starfish control, underwater harrow shows promise
inj Aug. p. 29, Oct. p. 41.
United Kingdom:
contamination eradicated by new treatment; Feb.
p. 96.
purification of
Dec, p. 93,
United States production, 1958, with comparisons;
Jan, p. 45,
Virginia:
biologists use Autotechnicon to speed up research;
June p, 32,
yield per acre almost treble that for Maryland;
Oct, p. 39,

, ultraviolet light used for;

OYSTERS
Union of South Africa shell industry, three
paddle-wheel vessels built for; Feb. p- 93.

PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION, INTERNATIONAL
Fishing ended in major areas; Sept. p. 44.
North Pacific regulations for 1960 approved by
President; May p. 73.
Regulations for 1960; Apr. p. 33.
Stocks, fish, effects evaluated of fishing effort
versus climatic changes on; Feb. p. 59.

PACIFIC OCEAN

q

Charts of eastern floor; Oct. p. 35. 4
Oceanographic survey of area off San x
Francisco under way; Oct. p. 36. 4
Tuna: i
albacore: k

migration off coast studied; Nov. p. 21.
studies show separate stocks north and south of
the equator in Central ; Jan, p. 31.
fishing information added to "California Fishery
Market News Monthly Summary"; Oct. p. 33.
Japanese fishing in the ; Nov. p. 70.

PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH (see OCEAN PERCH)

PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION, INTER-
NATIONAL
Artificial spawning area developed; Aug. p. 41.
February 1960 meeting; July p. 48.
Fishing regulations for 1960 in Convention waters;
Mar. p. 38.
Fraser River:
fishery, 1959; Feb. p. 59.
fishway built in 1955 aids tributary salmon escape-
ment; Sept. p. 42.
Salmon (sockeye):
experimental hatchery being constructed in Pitt
River (Canada) by ; July p. 47.
successful spawning from 1958 to Adams River
indicates good return in 1962; Sept. p. 42.

PAKISTAN:

Bay of Bengal:
mother-of-pearl survey planned in; June p. 58.
tuna fishing grounds, new, found in; Apr. p. 59.

Fisheries trends, February 1960; Apr. p. 58.

Fishing equipment duty abolition aids fisheries;
May p. 60.

Fish meal and oil industry; Nov. p. 81.

Fish oil imports, 1958 and 1959; Aug. p. 65.

Karachi, new wholesale fish market opened in by
President; Jan. p. 82.

Shrimp:
fisheries, developing; May p. 60.
industry trends, Oct.-Dec. 1959; Apr. p. 58.

Trawlers, new, changes plans for building;
July p. 70.

PANAMA
Fish meal and oil industry; Oct. p. 81.
Shrimp:
industry; Mar. p. 75.
industry studied by FAO expert; Nov. p. 81.

PARASITES
Antarctica,

of polar fishes to be studied in;
Dec. p. 24,

PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT
Effect on fisheries slight, proposed ; Mar,
p. 38.
Fisheries Board, International, completes its

investigations on ; May p. 36.
Hearing, public, on ; June p. 68.
PEARLS
Japan:
cultured, production up for 1959/60 fiscal year;
Nov. p. 73.

exports set new record in 1959; Aug. p. 60.
shell operations in Arafura Sea, June 1960; Aug.
p. 60.

PELAGIC FISH
California:
distribution and abundance studies continued off
coast; Feb. p. 27.
population survey continued; Mar. p. 21, Aug.
p. 14, Sept. p. 16, Nov. p. 22, Dec. p. 27.

"PERIL POINT" INVESTIGATION
Tariff Commission, U.S., imported articles to be
considered in trade-agreements negotiations
under GATT, of; Aug. p. 76.

PERSIAN GULF
Shrimp:
Iranian fishing fleet to be increased; Nov. p. 67.
Kuwait initiates fishery in ; Aug. p. 61.

PERU
Anchovy fishermen:
dispute with reduction plants declared illegal;

Aug. p. 65.
resume tie-up; July p. 71.
Exports:

fishery products, 1958-59; July p. 71.
marine products; Mar. p. 76, June p. 59, Dec. p. 87.
Fisheries:
program for 1960; June p. 59.
research expansion expected in 1960; July p. 71.
trends; Apr. p. 60, Nov. p. 82.
Fish meal:
exports:
continued upward trend in first quarter of 1960;
July p. 71.
threaten British industry; June p. 65.
industry:
seeks to limit production and exports; Sept. p. 62.
trends; June p. 58, Nov. p. 82.
plant expansion, new law modifies restrictions on;
Jan, p. 83,
prices advanced in late February; Apr. p. 61.
Fish meal and oil:
exports up sharply in 1959; Apr. p. 59.
industry; Apr. p. 59.
Regulations on fishing industry issued; July p. 72.
Research vessel, Japanese, visits ; Apr.p.61.
School for fishing vessel crews established; July
p. 72.
Shrimp:
industry; Mar. p. 76.
sales ban lifted; June p. 59.
South African fish meal producers seek agreement
with ; Apr. p. 65.
Vessels, fishing, fleet as of July 1960; Dec. p. 87.

39

PESTICIDES
Marine organisms, effect of

PET FOOD
Food additives, sodium nitrite in cured tuna and
pet food extended, use of; June p. 67.
Japanese exports; Mar. p. 68, May p. 56.

PHILIPPINES
Canned fish:
labeling of imports by National Marketing
Corporation; Aug. p. 66.
retail and wholesale prices, May 3-July 1, 1960;
Dec, p. 88.
Canneries, fish, floating:
Japanese-built, Reparations Commission reawards;
Apr. p. 61.
received from Japan, use of; Mar. p. 77.
Fishery research vessel, new, acquired from Japan;
Mar. p. 77.
Fish oils, imports of, 1959; Aug. p. 65.
Sardines, canned:
bids received comply in part with labeling re-
quirements; Aug. p. 66.
National Sales Company may bar imports of
Japanese; Aug. p. 66.
Sea shells, ornamental, ban proposed on export of;
June p. 60.
Shrimp fishery; Apr. p. 61.
Squid (cuttlefish) import classification changed;
July p. 72. .
Tax, exchange margin of 25 percent, Government
may reduce; Nov. p. 83.

PIGFISH
From

PILCHARD
South-West African fishery trends; Jan. p. 89,
Mar. p. 78.
Union of South Africa:
builds three new
vessels; Jan. p. 89. _
fishery off to good start; May p. 66.
fishery trends, July and August 1959; Jan, p. 89.
landings of -maasbanker as of June 30
exceed total Tandings for 1959; Oct. p. 86.
vessel, steel, of new design built for
fishery; June p. 62.

on; Nov. p. 35.

to porpoise; Jan. p. 56.

-maasbanker research

PLANTS
Ocean , production of; Feb. p. 58.

POLAND

Factoryships and motherships, fishing, to be built
for U.S.S.R.; May p. 66.

Fishing industry:
achieves 1959 production target; Apr. p. 62.
seeks new fishing grounds in the Atlantic; Feb. p. 87.

Fishing vessels to Soviet Union, and East
Germany export; Sept. p. 69.

Trawlers began fishing in Northwest Atlantic in
1959; Feb. p. 61.

POLAR FISH
Parasites of
Dec. p. 24.

POLLOCK
Fillets, storage temperatures, low, help maintain
quality; Feb. p. 23.

to be studied in Antarctia;

40

POND CULTURE
South Carolina research; Feb. p. 44, May p. 32.
Taiwan, fertilizers, chemical used in milkfish
; May p. 66. :
Tilapia successful as a source of live bait
for tuna fishery in Hawaii; Mar. p, 19.
Viet-Nam milkfish, rearing on a commercial scale
developing rapidly; May p. 68.

PORPOISE
Pigfish to _ , from; Jan. p. 56.
Underwater observations; June p. 25,
PORTIONS
Frozen:

Chicago consumption of in restaurants and
institutions; Nov. p. 26.
Omaha, Nebraska, consumption of in
restaurants and institutions; Dec. p. 38.
Use of -control fishery products by institution-
al and public eating places increasing; Oct. p. 41.

PORTUGAL
Canned fish:
exports; Jan.p. 83, Feb.p.88, Mar.p.77, Apr. p.
62, May p. 62, June p. 60, Sept. p. 63, Dec. p.
88

industry, 1959; Sept. p. 63.
pack; Jan.p. 84, Feb. p. 88, Mar.p.78, Apr. p. 63,
May p. 62, June p. 60, Sept. p. 64, Dec. p. 88.
Canning industry, fish, fails to improve export
practices; Sept. p. 64.
Cod:
catch from Western Atlantic better this year;
Nov. p. 83.
fishing fleet had poor season; Feb. p. 88.
Factoryships, construction of two, for Greece,
agreement reached on; Apr. p. 42.
Fish canning and exporting associations, committee
established to study; Nov. p. 84.
Fisheries trends; Jan. p. 84, Feb. p. 88, Mar. Joh ‘3,
May p. 61, June p. 61, Oct. p. 82, Dec. p. 88.
Fishery landings in , Madeira and the Azores,
1958; Feb. p. 88.
Fishery loan fund, new bond issue for; Oct. p. 82.
Fishing industry renovation and reequipment bond
issue authorized; Oct. p. 82.
Fish meal and oil industry; Oct. p. 82.
Sardine:
fishermen sign wage agreement for 1960; Aug.
p. 67.
industry trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 82.
landings and utilization, 1959; Sept. p. 64,
landings near record in 1959; Feb. p. 90.
Seaweeds in Cape Verde Islands area studied; Nov.
p. 84,
Striped bass, live, United States shipment received
of; Nov. p. 83.
Tuna;
fishery limited to fewtraps and two modern
clipper-type vessels; Mar. p. 78.
vessels being built by and Italy; Feb. p. 61.

POTOMAC RIVER
Fishway, Little Falls (near Brookmont, Md.) nears
completion; Feb. p. 39.
Striped bass fishing predicted good for and
Chesapeake Bay in 1960; Jan. p. 48.

POUND NET : ny
Virginia fishery, species composition of
landings reported as menhaden by; Feb. p. 1.

PRESERVATION
Antibiotics, use as a fish preservative under study
by British scientists; Jan. p. 92.
Chilling fish, importance of; Dec. p. 93.
Cod fillets, Pacific, irradiation of; Apr. p. 14.
Freeze-drying process increases shelf life of foods,
new British; Dec. p. 90.
German Federal Republic, preserving fish at sea
technologists develops new method for; Oct. p.58.
Irradiation of food research center to be
built at Natick, Mass., by Army; Nov. p. 41.
Refrigerated sea water:
tank designed for use in studies on holding whiting;
Aug. p. 13.
whiting stays fresh longer when held in; Dec. p. 50.
United Kingdom, fish meal and oil quality, effect of
preservatives on; Dec. p. 90.

PRIBILOF ISLANDS
Fur seal;
herds and facilities on , two Russian
scientists study; Nov. p. 30.
skins, Alaska, prices at spring auction for;

June p. 28.
PRICES
Fur-seal skins, economic study initiated of; Dec.
p. 32.

United Kingdom, fixed prices, contract for fish for
freezing at; Apr. p. 66.

Wholesale; Jan. p. 55, Feb. p. 48, Mar. p. 35, Apr.
p. 31, May p. 34, June p. 37, July p. 44, Aug. p.
35, Sept. p. 34, Oct. p. 47, Nov. p. 46, Dec. p. 48.

PROCESSING
Bacteriological quality of fish and relation to
variables; Aug. p. 13.
Refrigerated sea water, whiting stays fresh longer
when held in; Dec. p. 50.
Scallops, calico, shucking method developed for;
Sept. p. 29.

Shrimp:
Federal Trade Commission charges ma-
chinery firm with suppression of competition;
July p. 78.

interchange of the components in the refrigerated-
sea-water system; July p. 9.
quality and studies of product held in re-
frigerated sea water and ice; Apr. p. 1.
raw whole, held in refrigerated sea water and ice,
holding variables and keeping quality of; Mayp. 1.
Smokehouse for fish, construction and operation of
an inexpensive; Aug. p. 8.
Whiting, recommended practices for
and frozen; May p. 6.

PROMOTION
"Better Meals'!
outside back cover.

"Fish for Health" message broadcast by Assistant
Secretary; Jan. p. 41,
Fish 'n' Seafood Time, It's; Noe, Py, UD,

sachlved

slated for repeat in 1960; Mar.

PROTEIN
Fish and shellfish, single average semae supplies
daily requirement; Jan. p. 23.
Flour, fish, potential commercial value of; Jan. p. 34.

Swedish plant being built to make fish con-
centrate; Feb. p. 91.
PUBLICATIONS
Listings and reviews:
Fish and Wildlife Service ; Jan. 102.

Feb, p. 110, Mar. p. 96, Apr. D. 84, ieee 82,
June p. 79, July p. 98, Aug. p. 97, Sept. p. 85,
Oct. p. 107, Nov. p. 101, Dec. p. 103,

Fishery ____» announcements of; Jan. p. 104,
Feb, p. 112; Mar. p. 98, Apr. p. 85, May p. 84,
June p. 81, July p. 100, Aug. p. 100, Sept. p. 89,
Oct. p. 109, Nov. p. 103, Dec. p. 105.

PUBLIC EATING PLACES
Consumption:
fish and shellfish, frozen, processed, in Los
Angeles and institutions; July p. 26.
survey completed on fishery products in 5
Jan, p. 32.
Portion-control fishery products use in institutional
and ; Oct. p. 41.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Fish kills, nationwide statistical reporting system
set up for; Nov. p. 28.

PUERTO RICO
Industry Committee to review wage rates for fish
canning and preserving industry; Oct. p. 97.
Wages, minimum:
fishery and food industry, committee appointed to
recommend; Sept. p. 73.
tuna canning and processing raised to U.S. level;
Nov. p. 92.

PUNCOCHAR, JOSEPH F.
Resigns as North Atlantic Regional Director of the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; Aug. p.77.

QUALITY

Bacteriological of fish and relation to
processing variables; Aug. p. 13.

Crab meat, blue, freshness test, rapid objective, and
observations on spoilage characteristics; Nov. p.
12, correction Jan. (1961) pp. following p. 103.

Fillets, low storage temperatures help maintain
quality of; Feb. p. 23.

Fishing industry,

Sept. p. III.
Food , study urged of effects of new trans-
portation equipment on; June p. 33.
Shrimp:
interchange of the components in the refrigerated-
sea-water system; July p. 9.

processing and studies of product held in
refrigerated sea water and ice; Apr. p. l.

raw, evaluation of , comparison of objective
methods for; Apr. p. 1.

raw, whole, held in refrigerated sea water and ice,
holding variables and keeping quality of; Mayp. 1.

Tuna freshness, method developed by Japanese of
determining; Apr. p. 48.

is becoming byword of;

QUALITY STANDARDS (see STANDARDS)

41

RADIATION IN FOOD
Expert group in FAO urges greater study of 5
agriculture and fisheries; Mar. p. 37.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Disposal sites off New uaetond coast surveyed;
Aug. p. 29.

RADIOACTIVITY
California to monitor
Jan, p. 29.
Sweden, biological effects of radioactive con-
tamination in lakes under study; Aug. p. 68.

in fish and shellfish;

RAFT
Fiberglass for growing oysters off the bottom;
Dec. p. 96.
RAILROADS
Shrimp, attempting to meet motor carrier

rates for; May p, 32,

RECIPES

Canapes and hors d'oeuvres; Feb. p. 103.

Halibut, baked; June p. 14.

Salmon, canned, featured in color films and
booklet; Jan. outside back cover, Apr. outside
back cover.

Scallops, New England supper; Aug. p. 74.

Shad, planked; May p. 9.

Shrimp: .
canned, for thermidor and fondue; July

outside back cover.
creole; Mar. p. 36.

RECIPROCITY INFORMATION, COMMITTEE FOR
Trade agreement negotiations under GATT include
fishery products; Aug. p. 75.

RED LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION
Commercial fishing regulations revisions for 9
Aug. p. 78, Oct. p. 96.

REFRIGERATED SEA WATER
Shrimp:

interchange of the components in the
July p. 9.

machine peeling characteristics and product quality,
preliminary observations on; Mar. p. 1.

processing and quality studies of product held in

; Mar. p. 1, Apr. p. 1, July p. 9.

raw, quality evaluation, comparison of objective
methods for; Apr. p. 1.

raw, whole, held in and ice, holding variables
and keeping quality of; May p. 1.

system;

Whiting:
held in stays fresh longer; Dec. p. 50.
tank. designed for use in studies on holding;
Aug. p. 13.

storage life lengthened by use of ; Mar. p.15.

REFRIGERATION
Refrigerated sea water:
shrimp, processing and quality studies of product
held in; Mar. p. 1.
whiting storage life lengthened by use of; Mar.p. 15.

42

REGIONAL OFFICES
North Atlantic regional fisheries post, Alaska
Director named to fill; Aug. p. 77.

REGULATIONS
Alaska's commercial fishery
held on; Jan. p. 26.
Federal Code of
Oct. p. 91.
Michigan's commercial fishing
alized; Sept. p. 24.
REJECTIONS

Shrimp -processing plants under USDI inspection,
in; Dec. p. 16.

, 1960, hearings
for fish and wildlife revised;

to be liber-

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES
Composition:
Middle and South Atlantic fish:
chemical composition and fillet yield of 13
species of, Technical Note No. 55; July p. 15.
seasonal variations of physical characteristics
and chemical composition of; July p. 17.
oysters, southern, proximate,--factors affecting
variability; July p. 1.
rockfish; Apr. p. 14.
studies, fish and shellfish; Feb. p. 22.
Drip control in frozen and chilled fishery products;
Feb, p. 22.
Fillet quality, low storage temperatures help
maintain; Feb. p. 23.
Fish flour:
primarily a protein concentrate--not a substitute
for grain flour; June p. 13.
research; Feb. p. 23.
Fish mealnutritive value, research on; Dee. p. 30.
Fish oils:
acid composition, fatty, have unique; Mar. p. 13.
ore flotation, possibilities for applying to;
Feb. p. 17.
products, new from; Mar, p. 14.
purified fractions, to be made available for
research; Feb. p. 24,
Frozen foods, bacteriological standards under
study for; Mar. p. 13.
Irradiation, cod fillets, Pacific, preservation of;
Apr. p. 14.
Machine, ocean perch, successfully fillets yellow
perch; Jan. p. 24.
Refrigerated sea water;
interchange of components in the shrimp--
refrigerated-sea-water system; July p, 9.
processing and quality studies of shrimp held in;
Mar. p, 1, Apr. p. 1, July p. 9.
whiting, tank designed for use in studies on
holding; Aug. p. 13.
Salmon, steak, frozen standard, laboratory work
completed on; Jan, p. 25.
Seallops, sea, chemical composition to be studied;
Dec. p. 42,
Shrimp:
canned:
iron sulfide discoloration, control in; Aug. p. 1
product yield increased for Alaska product;
Sept. p. 29,
processing and quality studies of product held
in refrigerated sea water and ice; Apr. {25 dle
meal, waste, storage variables on pigment content,
effect of; Apr. p. 6.

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES
Standards:
bacteriological quality of fish and relation to
processing variables; Aug. p. 13.
inspection aids for salmon and halibut, developing;
Mar. p. 12.
Pacific Coast fish, development of new standards
for; Mar. p. 12.
shrimp, frozen:
grades, proposed, under review for rawheadless;
Feb. p. 24.
quality standards established; Oct. p. 92.
Technological Laboratory for fisheries research in
Gloucester, Massachusetts, new; Apr. p. 11.
Tuna composition, progress made in studies on;
Dec. p. 44.
Whiting:
processing chilled and frozen fish, recommended
practices for, Technical Note No. 55; May p. 6.
storage life lengthened by use of refrigerated sea
water; Mar. p, 15, Dec. p. 50.

RESTAURANTS (see PUBLIC EATING PLACES)

RIETZE, HARRY L,
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of, Alaska Regional

Director, named; Dec. p. 95.
ROCKFISH
California study off southern coast; Mar. p. 18,
July p. 22.
Composition of ; Apr. p. 14.
ROE

Salmon, Japanese propose increased allocations
for imports; Oct. p. 68.

RYUKYU ISLANDS
Imports of fishery products, 1958; Feb. p. 90.
Landings, fishery, 1958; Feb. p. 90.
Tuna:
frozen, to be exported to Japan; Nov. p. 84.
imports from ; Japanese Fishery Agency
sets policy on; Aug. p. 55.
Okinawa, Japanese fishing vessel sent in July to;
Oct. p. 66.

SALMON
Alaska, canned pack in 1959 low, but escapement
fair; Jan. p. 45.
Canada:
boat, gill net, small type, built for Fraser River
fishery; Jan. p. 67.
British Columbia:
canned pack lower in 1959; Feb. p. 69.
catch, 1952-59; May p. 44.
catch by sports fishermen increasing; Feb. p. 71.
export ban on fresh and frozen , Status of;
Nov. p. 58.
migration and escapement developments, 1959;
May p. 43.
industry trends, 1959, west coast
Canned:
color films and recipe booklet, featured in; Jan.
and Apr. outside back covers.
distribution; Jan. p. 40, May p. 16, June p. 24.
Japanese:
export prices; Nov. p. 73.
sales:
prospects, and market, 1960; Nov. p. 72.
trends; Jan. p. 73.

; Feb. p. 71.

SALMON (cont.)

Canned (cont.):
Scotland, processed first in; Dec. p. III.
Chinook prefer plunging flow in fishway; June p. 12.
Columbia River catch normal in 1959; Feb. p. 42.
Edinburgh International Film Festival; Nov. p. 27.
Facilities, fish-handling, at Oxbow Dam, hearing
on; Feb. p. 42.
Fishway built in 1955 aids Fraser River Tributary
escapement; Sept. p. 42.
Hatchery:
experimental, being constructed on Pitt River in
Canada; July p. 47.
Washington, State of, new one under construction

in; July p. 38.
Import controls, United Kingdom removes fresh
and frozen ; Jan. p. 92.
Japan:
canned pack outlook for 1960; Sept. p. 52.
canners eager to buy frozen Alaska 3
Sept. p. 54.
catch limits for land-based gill netters set;
Aug. p. 55.
fleet, fishing, some progress in reducing; Apr.
p. 50.

North Pacific:

factoryship operations off to good start; Aug.
p. 56.

mothership fishery:
earnings by catcher vessels in; Oct. p. 67.
fleet reduced in 1960; June p. 52.
season ends; Oct. p. 67.
trends, July 1960; Sept. p. 53.

price negotiations about concluded; Aug. p. 56.

shark, , exploratory fishing operation in;
Oct. p. 68.
trends, fishery in; July p. 64, Aug. p. 56.
plan to introduce in South America; July
p. 64.
prices, higher, paid for by mothership in
1960; Sept. p. 53.
Soviet North Pacific fishery agreement
signed with; July p. 49.
study team , to visit U. S.; Apr. p. 49.
King:
California:
completes marking experiments for 1960 season;
Aug. p. 30.
recoveries of marked in 1959 to aid mi-

gration hazards; Dec. p. 25.
run of central rivers largest since 1954; Apr.
_p. 27.
Columbia River escapement to spawning grounds
good; June p. 33.
Marketing restricted in Japan, frozen prices
high; Sept. p. 53.
Migration, long; July p. 8.
Net, midwater trawl, new, tested on fry in
California waters; Sept. p. 15.
North Pacific:
migration studies to be continued; June p. 33.
net fishing on high seas, prohibition extended on;

Oct. p. 95.
prohibition to fish for with any net in
proposed revision; Aug. p. 77.
Oregon:

gill nets, use of monofilament prohibited in; Feb.
p. 41.

43

SALMON
Oregon:
hatchery-produced supplement natural
spawning; Nov. p. 39. _
rearing lake for , construction begins on;
IDEXS4 Job Ba
Pacific, physiological study; Oct. p. 27.
Pink:
canned, United States early sales contracts in
Japan delayed; Aug. p. 57.
regulations, fishing, in International Convention
waters for 1960; Mar. p. 38.
Races of , antigens may identify; Feb. p. 121.
Roe, Japanese imports, allocations increase pro-
posed for; Oct. p. 68.
Sockeye (red):
Alaska Bristol Bay run prediction for 1960;
Jan. p. 45.
British Columbia ex-vessel and canned export
prices up sharply; Feb. p. 70.
Fraser River fishery, 1959; Feb. p. 59.
regulations, fishing, in International Convention
waters for 1960; Mar. p. 38.
Spawning, successful, from 1958 run to Adams
River indicates good return in 1962; Sept. p. 42.
Spawning, artificial, area developed for by
International Commission; Aug. p. 41.
Steaks, frozen, standards:
grade, voluntary, proposed for; Apr. p. 74.
hearings two, scheduled on for; Jan. p. 48.
inspection aids for; Mar. p. 1@.
laboratory work completed for; Jan. p. 25.
Pacific Coast species, being developed for; Mar.
p. 12.
quality, established for; July p. 80.
Tagging program, Washington and Oregon cooperate

in; July p. 39.
United States catch of , 1910-1959, chart; Nov.
outside back cover. —~
U.S.S.R.:
catches and hatcheries; Jan. p. 92.
Pacific , transplanted, caught in Barents and

White Seas; Nov. p. 89.
treaty area, may propose enlargement of north-
east Pacific ; Mar. p. 69.
Washington hatcheries plants expected to set record
in 1960; Oct. p. 46.

SANDWICHES
Fish featured in two of 1959's ''Twenty Best" ;
Apr. p. 32.
Sardines, canned, , five-foot, at National Boy

Scout Jamboree; Aug. III.

SANITATION
Trawlers, fishing, aboard improved by using
chlorinated sea water; Jan. p. 19.

SARDINES
California:
pelagic population survey continued; Jan. p. 26,
Mar. p. 17, July p. 21, Nov. p. 22.
Canned:
cholesterol buildup as cause of heart attacks,
offered for studies on; Jan. p. 39.
disease in Gulf of St. Lawrence, decrease in;
Aug. p. 28.
distribution; Jan. p. 40, May p. 16, June p. 24.

44

SARDINES (cont.)
Canned (cont.):
Maine:
Boy Scouts:
sandwich, five-foot, at National Jamboree;
Aug. p. Ul.
served to 60,000; Sept. p. 23.
education, advertising aimed at youth; June p. 29.
season:
1959, closes with a short pack; Feb. p. 38.
1960, opens with no signs of fish; June p. 29.
stocks; Feb. p. 38, Mar. p. 22, July p. 32, Aug.
p. 27, Sept. p. 23.
marketing studies show
impulse; Sept. p. 16.
Philippine labeling requirements, bids received
comply in part with; Aug. p. 66.
Egypt, canning plant, new, equipment received for;
Apr. p. 41.
Greece, landings good in June; Oct. p. 59.
Iceland, canned to be shipped to Czecho-
slovakia; Nov. p. 64.
Japan:
canned
Nov. p. 76.
canners may have trouble meeting export con-
tracts; Oct. p. 70.
Mississippi Delta surveyed for
by M/V "Oregon"; Dec. p. 36.
Morocco:
canned
p. 53.
fishery trends, third quarter 1959; Jan. p. 80.
Pacific, United States catch, 1915-1959, chart;
Nov. outside back cover.
Philippine National Sales Company may bar im-
ports of Japanese canned ; Aug. p. 66.
Portugal:
canning industry fails to improve export prac-
tices; Sept. p. 64,
fishermen sign wage agreement for 1960; Aug.
p. 67.
industry trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 82.
landings near record in 1959; Feb. p. 90.
South-West Africa, pilehard-maasbanker landings
for 1959; Jan. p. 87.
Trawl used to catch Lake Erie smelt may be adapt-
able to fishery; Oct. p. 55.
Union of South Africa pilchard-maasbanker landings
for 1959 break record; Jan. p. 87.
Venezuela plans research on stocks; May
p. 68.

SAURY (see MACKEREL- PIKE)

SCALLOPS
Australia, Tasmanian catch up; Mar. p. 41.
Calico:
Florida:
beds, large, found by M/V ''Oregon"' off east
coast; July p. 41.
fishery in; Dec. p. 41.
shucking method developed for; Sept. p. 29.
Canadian landings expected to increase in 1960;
July p. 54.
Dredge, commercial, demonstrated to fishermen;
July p. 42, Sept. p. 29.

consumer buys on

offers suspended due to short pack;

-like species

production quota established; Apr.

SCALLOPS
Florida east coast:
commercial beds found by M/V "Silver Bay";
Mar. p. 26.
resources survey planned; Nov. p. 41.
New Bedford festival, third annually, in |
August; Aug. p. 74, Sept. p. 27.
North Carolina exploratory dragging for by
M/V "Silver Bay"' off; Feb. p. 43.
Recipe for New England
Sea:
chemical composition of
Dec. p. 42.
Georges Bank:
landings to be lower in 1961; Dec. p,. 42. i
outlook, fishery; Dec. p. 68. :
beds studied; :

supper; Aug. p. 74.

to be studied;

population and density of
Aug. p. 28.
South Atlantic exploratory fishing for
p. 30.

SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
Fisheries, effects of EEC and EFTA on; Dec. p. 51.

SCOOP-LIFT NET
Tested on fish schools off west coast of Florida;
May p. 24.

"SCRAP FISH" (see INDUSTRIAL FISH)

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
Oceanographic expeditions planned for 1960; Julyp. 37.

SCUP
Composition, chemical, and physical characteristics,
seasonal variations of; July p. 17.

SEA BASS
Composition, chemical, and physical characteristics,
seasonal variations of; July p. 17.
White:
California:
Gulf of California, Mexico, survey continued;
June p. 21.
Southern coast survey continued; Jan. p. 28.

SEA LAMPREY
California
Great Lakes:

chemical control program on schedule; Oct. p. 29.

control of for 1960 season ended; Dec. p. 35.

Lake Superior control program hampered by high
water; Sept. p. 21.

ae eeMay,

)
|

; Mar. p. 108.

SEA LIONS
California aerial census; Nov. p. 21.

SEAMOUNTS
Gulf of Alaska, link added to underwater mountain
chain in; July p. 37.
SEA TROUT
Spotted, tagging study in Florida; Nov. p. 29.

SEAWEED
Kelp:
Alaska harvest of herring spawn on
Oct. p. 14.
California, southern, attempt being made to res-
tore beds; July p. 21.

2

SEAWEED (cont.)
Japan:
laver production up for 1959/60 fiscal year;
Nov. p. 74,
trends, June 1960; Aug. p. 59.
Portuguese study of in the Cape Verde
Islands area; Nov. p.

SENEGAL (see FRENCH WEST AFRICA)

SEROLOGY
Herring scope widens; June p. 72,
Tuna stocks, studies initiated on genetic definition
of; Oct. p. 28.

SHAD
Chesapeake Bay, cold water delays run;
Apr. p. 28.
Planked recipe; May p. 9.
Spring is heralded by ; May p. 9.
SHARK

Argentine fishery trends, February 1960; May p. 42.
Salmon:

Japanese:
exploratory fishing operation in North Pacific;
Oct. p. 68.
exports:
frozen to Italy; Oct. p. 67.

Italy, to, increase sharply; Dec. p. 82.
research fleet in North Pacific; Nov. p. 76.

SHELLFISH
Canned exports, U.S., 1959; May p, 33.
Copper barriers, effect on oyster meats studied;
Jan. p. 44,
Florida, east coast survey of shrimp and scallop
resources planned; Nov. p. 41.

SHELLS, SEA
Philippine export of ornamental
posed on; June p. 60.

, ban pro-

SHRIMP
Alaska, Central, exploratory fishing for
by M/V "John N. Cobb"; Jan. p. 43.
Argentina:
industry; Feb. p. 66.
landings and exports, 1956-59; Feb. p. 66.
trends, fishery, February 1960; May p. 42.
Australia:
fishing industry protests marketing of small
; May p. 42.
grounds, new, good catches reported on; Apr. p. 35.
industry; Apr. p. 36.
new species found in deep water by exploratory
vessel; Jan. p. 61.
seeks new fishing grounds; Mar. p. 41.
survey, three-year ends; Oct. p. 53.
Bait production in Galveston Bay; Feb. p. 37,
Nov. p. 35.
Brazil's fishing industry; Mar. p. 42.
British Guiana:
expansion of fishery causes concern; Apr. p. 37.
fishing industry.expands in 1959; July p. 52.
British North Borneo, fishing promising;
Sept. p. 46.

Burma, industry for ; Mar. p. 42.

45

SHRIMP
California:
landings break record in 1959; May p. 16.
landings higher in 1959; Mar. p. 26.
study off coast continued; Aug. p. 17.
Canned:
India, canneries, small, two inoperation; Jan. (4 (ile
iron sulfide discoloration, control of; ANIGY Dele
petition filed for regulation on tolerances for
chemical used in and crab meat; May p. 71.
product yield increased for Alaska

3

Sept. p. 29.
quick meals with ; July outside back cover.
Ceylon's fishery; Feb. p. 74.
Chile's industry; Apr. p. 39.

Costa Rica:
industry; Mar, p. 44,
trends, 1959; June p. 43.
Cuba:
designates members for Gulf of Mexico
Commission; May p. 45.
Eastern Gulf of Mexico
meeting held in; Sept. p. 36.
fishery trends, December 1959; Mar. p. 45.
imposed closed season on trawling and
several species of fish; June p. 43.

Commission, first

Ecology of studied; June p. 38.

Economic study on begins, comprehensive;
Apr, p. 28.

Ecuador: .
export of , exchange regulations moderated

on; June p. 44.

industry for ; Mar, p. 49.
Egypt:
industry for ; May p. 46.

loan by United States to aid
IDEs o-, TAs
trends, November 1959; Mar, p. 50,
El Salvador:
industry expands; Mar. p. 50.
trends, fishery; July p. 57, Oct. p. 56.
Florida:
east coast resources survey planned; Nov. p. 41.
larvae study; Nov. p. 29.

freezing firm;

Frozen:
Japan imports from Communist China;
Nov. p. 76.
keeping qualities studied; Nov. p. 29.
processed:

Chicago consumption of in restaurants and
institutions; Nov. p. 26.
Omaha, Nebraska, consumption of in
restaurants and institutions; Dec. p. 38.
raw headless, standards, voluntary, proposed;
Feb, p. 24, Apr. p. 29, July p. 82.
standards for quality established; Oct. p. 92.
Georgia, trawling survey, exploratory, by M/V
"Silver Bay''; Jan. p. 46.
Greenland:
cannery, new, begins operations; Oct. p. 56.
industry expands; Oct. p. 59.
Guatemalan fishery trends; Feb. p. 76.
Gulf investigations by U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries; Nov. p. 35.
Gulf of Mexico, Commission for conservation of
, United States members appointed to; Aug.
p. 80.

46

SHRIMP (cont.) ST Oar
Beco Apr. p. 43. results of exploratory fishing off (1958); Jan.
restrictions on fishing temporarily sus- p. 1. |
pended; June p. 45. trawling grounds, new, found off coast; Dec. p. 39.
Hong Kong: Pakistan: : mei
exports and re-exports of , 1952-1959 and developing and other fisheries; May p. 60.

January-June 1960; Dec. p. 77. trends, Oct.-Dec. 1959; Apr. p. 58.

i : Panama:
rane ia ST industry; Mar. p. 75.
exports of fish and shellfish from Cochin, industry studied by FAO expert; Nov. p. 81.
1956/57-1958/59; July p. 61. Peru:
industry for ; May p. 50. industry; Mar. p. 76.

lifts ban on sales; June p. 59.

oduction and foreign trade, 1959; Dec. p. 79.
pone cae i: Philippine fishery; Apr. p. 61. .

Indonesian fishery undeveloped; July p. 62.

Industry: Pieces of is new product on market; Nov.
confronted with production problems; July p. 39. p. 114.
investigation by U. S. Tariff Commission; Nov. p. 94. Pink: ; : 2
Iran: Florida's most valuable commercial fishery; June
fishing fleet in Persian Gulf to be increased; p. 27. ?
Nov. p. 67. growth studies; Nov. p. 35.

industry trends, Dec. 1959; Apr. p. 45. Pond culture:
trawlers at Karachi for repairs; Aug. p. 52. Japanese; Mar. p. 68. ‘
Japan: South Carolina, research in; Feb. p. 44.

firm plans to raise in ponds; May p. 53. Processing: ' i Bi ,
fish-culture company to raise ; Mar. p. 68. plants under USDI inspection, rejections in; Dec.
fishing company to trawl for off Guatemala p. 16. j :

in joint venture; Aug. p. 50. quality studies of held in refrigerated sea
industry, review of; Mar. p. 67. water and ice; Apr. p. 1.

vessels, , sold to Mexico; Mar, p. 68. Processing machinery firm (Louisiana):
Yellow Sea "Taisho" catch poor this year; charged by Federal Trade Commission with sup-
May p. 56, pressing competition; July p. 78.
Korean processors close contracts in April; June denies Federal Trade Commission charges of un-
p. 54, fair competition; Sept. p. 71.
Kuwait: Product, new, on market; Nov. p. 114.

Quality evaluation of raw » comparison of ob-

fishery in Persian Gulf initiated; Aug. p. 61.
jective methods for; Apr. p. 1.

U.S. firm starts fishing for ; June p, 54,
Larvae studies of Gulf ; Feb. p. 36, Nov. p. 35. Railroads attempting to meet motor carrier rates
Louisiana initiates marking program; Dec. p. 43. for ; May p. 32.
Machine-peeling, characteristics and product Recipes, creole

; Mar. p. 36.

quality of held in refrigerated sea water Refrigerated sea water:

and ice; Mar. p. 1. holding variables and keeping quality of raw whole
Marked , mortality of; Nov. p. 35. held in; May p. 1.
Mexico: interchange of the components in the; July p. 9.

breading plant established, third; Sept. p. 59.
export duties:
increased; Nov. p. 77.
revised on Pacific Coast
lobsters; Mar. p, 69.
ex-vessel price war at Campeche and Carmen;
July p. 65.
fishermen's price negotiations, postponement
probable on; July p. 66.
Guaymas fleet tie-up settled; May p. 58.
Gulf of California fishery trends, March 1960;
June p. 55.
industry:
trends; Jan. p. 78, Feb. p. 85, Apr. p. 52, May
p. 58, June p. 56, July p. 66, Aug. p. 62, Sept.
p. 58, Oct. p. 73, Dec. p. 83.
west coast asks for Government aid; Mar. p. 70.
landings and exports, Carmen-Campeche area,
Oct.-Dec. 1959 and Jan.-Mar. 1960; Sept. p. 58.
Migration studies in the Gulf of Mexico; Feb. p. 36.
Nicaragua, trends, fishery; Feb. p. 86, Apr. p. 54,
Aug. p. 64.
Noises made by

and spiny

; Oct. p. 48.

machine-peeling characteristics and product qual-
ity of held in; Mar. p. 1.
processing and quality studies of
Mar. p. 1, July p. 9.
Rock, South Atlantic exploratory fishing for 3
May p. 30.
Royal-red:
occurrence in southeastern Caribbean (off Trini-
dad) explored; July p. 30.
potential off St. Augustine and Daytona Beach,
seasonal check on; July p. 41.
test fishing for off South Atlantic coast; Mar.
p. 27.
South Carolina:
research; Feb. p. 44, May p. 31.
trawling survey, exploratory, by M/V "Silver Bay";
Jan. p. 46.
Spain, Balearic Islands fishery for

held in;

; Dec. p. 89.

Surinam, trawling, offshore, increased in 1959; Mar.

p. 80.

Tariff Commission, U. S., announces
gation; Apr. p. 75.

Thailand, industry; Jan. p. 86, Apr. p. 64.

investi-

SHRIMP (cont.)

Trawl, underwater performance studies continued;
Jan. p. 39, Aug. p. 26.

Trindad's fishery expands with vessels from U.S.;
Nov. p. 85.

Tunisia:
catch of , increase sought in; Nov. p. 86.
FAO expert finds grounds off; Nov. p. 86.

Turkey, export possibilities explored; Sept. p. 68.

U.S. imports, 1958-59; Mar. p. 32.

Venezuela's industry; Nov. p. 89.

Vietnam:
industry; Apr. p. 67.
starts to export frozen

to U.S.; Apr. p. 68.

Wage-hour fishery exemption, breaded pro-
cessing comes under; May p. 34.
Washington, results of exploratory fishing

off (1958); Jan. p. 1.

SHRIMP IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, COMMISSION
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
Cuba designates members for; May p. 45.

SHUCKING METHOD
Scallops, calico, developed for; Sept. p. 29.

SIERRA LEONE
Tuna:
California packer operating in ; May p. 32.
fishing industry developing rapidly; Oct. p. 83.

SINK GILL NET
New England, fishing in; Nov. p 16.
"SILVER COD"
British
Apr. p. 67.

for 1959 awarded to Hull vessel;

SINGAPORE
Fisheries trends, 1959; Sept. p 65.

"SISCOWET", M/V
Program of the research vessel
July p 29

for 1960;

SLED
Diving
May p. 10.
SMELT
Lake Erie:
commercial availability explored, September 1958-
November 1959; June p. 1.
experimental trawling yields commercial quan-
tities; Jan. p. 36.
exploratory fishing; Jan. p. 36.
otter trawling, exploratory, for ; Nov. p. 31.
western, surveyed for commercial stocks of
by M/V ''Active''; Feb. p. 34.
SMOKEHOUSE
Construction and operation of an inexpensive fish
; Aug. p. 8.
SNAILS
Tunisia's exports to the United States, 1955-59;
July p. 75.

for underwater photography, new;

SNAPPER

Australian catches improved by using traps; Jan. p. 63.

s

AT

SNAPPER
Florida, trawling exploration for
Augustine; July p. 42.

off St.

Red:
Australian on Tokyo market for first time;
Sept. p. 56.
Florida, exploratory trawling for by M/V
"Silver Bay''; Sept. p. 30. See
Mexico, export duties increased on ;Jan.p. 78.

Otter-trawling gear for fishing in the Gulf
of Mexico, development and use of, June 1957-
May 1959; Oct. p. 1.

SOLUBLES (see FISH SOLUBLES)

SOUTH AMERICA
Japanese:
fish meal factoryships off and Africa, large
company to study use of; Apr. p. 49.
salmon, plan to introduce in ; July p. 64.

SOUTH ATLANTIC
Exploratory trawling operations off the
by M/V "Silver Bay"; May p. 29.
Inspection, fishery plants in , products packed
in 1959 under Government inspection; Apr. p. 23.
Savannah River-Cape Hatteras offshore areas
surveyed for fish and shellfish stocks; Oct. p. 42.

coast

SOUTH ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PRO-
GRAM
Clams, hard, found in commercial quantities off
North Carolina coast; Feb. p 42.
Exploratory trawling by M/V "Silver Bay"':
fish and shellfish resources, Savannah River-Cape
Hatteras offshore areas surveyed; Oct. p. 42.
operations off the South Atlantic Coast; Mayp. 29.
red snapper, exploratory trawling off Florida;
Sept. p. 30.
survey off South Carolina and Georgia coast;
Jan. p 46
Scallop:
dredges, commercial, use demonstrated to fisher-
men; July p. 42, Sept. p. 29.
Florida east coast by M/V "Silver Bay":
calico, large beds found; July p. 41.
commercial beds found; Mar. p. 26.
shrimp and, resources survey planned; Nov.
_p. 41.
Shrimp, royal-red, seasonal check on potential off
St. Augustine and Daytona Beach; July p. 41.
Snapper, trawling, exploratory, off St. Augustine,
Fla.; July p. 42.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Fisheries biological research progress; Feb.p. 44.
May p. 31.

Oyster research; Feb. p. 44, May p. 31.

Pond culture research; Feb. p. 44, May p. 32.

Shrimp:
pond culture of; Feb. p. 44.
research; Feb. p. 44, May p. 31.

Trawling survey, exploratory, off and
Georgia coast by M/V ''Silver Bay"; Jan. p. 46.

SOUTH CHINA SEA
International Cooperation Administration, U.S.,
sponsors study of marine resources off coasts
of Vietnam and Thailand; Dec. p. 58.

48

SOUTH-EAST ASIA
Marine resources survey of area sponsored
by the International Cooperation Administration;
Feb. p. 60.

SOUTH PACIFIC :
French Territories, research indicates
good tuna fishing potential off; Nov. p. 62.

SOUTH PACIFIC PERMANENT COMMISSION ON
MARITIME RESOURCES
Sixth meeting held in Quito; Feb. p. 61.

SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
Fishery products value lower in 1959; July p. 73.
Industry:
economic life, fishing, important to; Jan. p. 84.
meal, fish, and oil trends, Jan.-May 1960;
Oct. p. 86.
Lobster, spiny:
fishermen's dispute over wages settled; May p. 62.
research vessel, builds new; Jan. p. 84.
trip tested, new collapsible type; Sept. p. 65.
Pilchard-maasbanker:
landings for 1959; Jan. p. 87.
research vessels, three new; Jan. p. 89.
trends, fishery; Jan. p. 89, Mar. p. 78.

SPAIN
Anchovy landings heavy in Bilbao area; July p. 73.
- Exports, canned fish, 1958-59; Sept. p. 67.
Factoryship, fish, first, under construction;
Aug. p. 67.
Industry:
canning, trends, April-June 1960; Sept. p. 66.
cod fishing; Mar. p. 79.
meal, fish, and oil market; Nov. p. 84.
International Conference of Fish Meal Manufac-
turers held in Madrid; Feb. p. 50.
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.
Shrimp, Balearic Islands fishery; Dec. p. 89.
Territorial waters limits, impact on fishing
industry of; July p. 74.
Trawl fishery in Grand Bank area in 1959 better;

Feb. p. 61.
Trends, fisheries, April-June 1960; Sept. p. 66.
Tuna:
canned, exports to United States increase sharply;
dan, p. 85.

fishery, 1958; Mar. p. 80.
frozen, licenses imports of; Sept. p. 66.
Norwegian-tagged fish caught off Spanish
Morocco; Sept. p. 67.
Vigo fisheries trends; Feb. p. 90, Apr. p. 63,
July p. 73, Sept. p. 66.

SPOILAGE
Crab meat, blue, characteristics of obser-
vations on; Nov. p. 12, correction Jan. (1961)
pp. following p. 103.

SPONGES
Cuba, closed season announced; July p. 55.
Libya industry trends, fourth quarter 1959;
June p. 54.

SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, BUREAU OF
Director appointed for fish-farming experimental
station; Oct. p. 28.

SPORT FISHING

British Columbia, salmon catch by increasing;
Feb. p. 71.

California, aerial census of continued;
May p. 15.

Chesapeake Bay, biologists estimate catch;
Jan. p. 53.

Fishermen in 50 states, almost twenty million;
Dec. p. 43.

Sweden establishes factory for
New Zealand; Sept. p. 62.

equipment in

SQUID
Japanese (Hokkaido)
record; Apr. p. 50.
Philippines, import classification changed; July
fos 1o

landings in 1959 near

STANDARDS
Bacteriological:
frozen foods, under study; Mar. p. 13.
processing variables, quality of fish and relation
to; Aug. p. 13.
Canadian refrigeration for fresh and frozen
fishery products amended; Jan. p. 67.
Cod fillets, frozen:
true, Pacific Coast species
for; Mar. p. 12.
voluntary issued for, proposed for; Jan. p..94,
Apr. p. 69.

Fish portions, frozen raw breaded, voluntary grade
issued for; Feb. p. 101, Apr. p. 69.
Inspection aids for salmon and halibut, developing;

Mar. p. 12.
Ocean perch fillets:
frozen Pacific, development of for;
Mar. p. 12.
meetings held on proposed quality for;
Sept. p. 30. aa
voluntary grade proposed for; Dec. p. 94.
Oysters, research program shifted from Virginia
laboratory; Dec. p. 41.
Pacific Coast fish, development of new for;
Mar. p. 12.
Salmon steaks, frozen:
laboratory work completed on; Jan. p. 25.
Pacific coast species, being developed;
Mar. p. 12.
quality established for; July p. 80.
two hearings scheduled on for; Jan, p. 48.

being developed

voluntary grade proposed for; Apr. p. 74.
Shrimp, frozen:
quality established; Oct. p. 92.

raw headless:
hearings on proposed for; Apr. p. 29.
voluntary grade proposed for; Feb. p. 24,
July p. 82.

STARFISH

Control in oyster beds, underwater harrow aids;
Aug. p. 29, Oct. p. 41.

STATE, DEPARTMENT OF
Trade agreements negotiations, additions to United
States list of items for; Sept. p. 41.

STATISTICS

Landings, monthly fish bulletin for Virginia and
Maryland; May p. 18.

STEAKS
Halibut , frozen, developing inspection aids
for; Mar. p. 12.
Salmon:
frozen:

developing inspection aids for; Mar. p. 12.

standard being developed for Pacific Coast
species; Mar. p. 12.

quality standards established for; July p. 80.

STEVENSON, JAMES H.
Appointed director of fish farming experimental
station (Little Rock, Ark.); Oct. p. 28.

STRIPED BASS
Chesapeake Bay, good fishing predicted for 1960;
Jan. p. 48.
Maryland has record catch in 1959; Feb. p. 45.

Portugal, U.S. shipment of live received;
Nov. p. 83.
Potomac River, good fishing predicted for 1960;
Jan. p. 48. ,
SUBMARINE

U.S.S.R. uses fishery research to observe
underwater behavior of trawl; Jan. jdo Bile

SUBSIDIES

British Government to aid herring fishermen when
catches sold for fish meal; May p. 67.

Chilean fishing industry granted special concessions;
Aug. p. 46.

Italian fishing industry
Oct. p. 61.

Norway:

Government aid to cod fishermen for 1960 re-
duced; Mar. p. 72.
Parliament approves

fisheries; May p. 59.
Vessels, fishing:

as of June 30, 1960;

for cod and herring

construction:
differential announced; Nov. p. 91.
regulations, , proposed for; Sept. p. 72.

SUPREME COURT, U.S.
Alasken fish traps, rules on case which
affects use by Indian communities of; Aug. p. 80.
Offshore boundaries, Gulf States request recon-
sideration of decision on; Dec. p. 95.

SURINAM
Fisheries trends, May 1960; Aug. p. 67.
Shrimp trawling, offshore, increased in 1959;
Mar. p. 80.

SWEDEN

Canned fish export contract with East Germany
signed; Aug. p. 68.

Canning industry, fish, effect of European trade
pacts on; Nov. p. 85.

European Common Market creates export problems
for fishery products; May p. 63.

European Free Trade Association and the fishing
industry of ; Aug. p. 70.

Exports of fishery products to East Germany;
Jan. p. 86, July p. 74.

Fish and shellfish landings, 1958-59; Aug. p. 68.

Fishery research vessel, new, planned; Feb. p. 91.

Fishing limit, fishermen hope to reach an agreement
with Norway on 12-mile limit; Aug. p. 69.

49

SWEDEN
Fish protein concentrate, plant being built to make;
NSIS foo Sil,
Herring:
export agreement reached with Czechoslovakia;
Feb. p. 91.
Icelandic, sales prohibition removed for 1960 on;
Aug. p. 72.
landings higher in 1959; Apr. p. 64.
sales to East and West Germany increase; Feb.
jos Bile
spring, spawning, research vessel resumes
studies of; June p. 62.
vessels, few, to fish off Iceland in 1960; Sept. p. 67.
Landings, fishery, in 1959; May p. 64,
Mackerel landings limited by poor market; June
joys ile
Marine-oil production, foreign trade, and consump -
tion; Aug. p. 71.
Radioactive contamination in lakes under study,
biological effects of; Aug. p. 68.
Sport-fishing equipment in New Zealand,
establishes factory for; Sept. p. 62.
Trawlers, steel, ten ordered from East German
shipyard; May p. 63.

SWIFTNESS OF FISH
How fast canafish swim ?; Sept. outside back cover.

SWORDFISH
Canadian vessel tries new el@ctronic harpoon; Feb.
p. 74.

TAGGING
Crab:
blue, Virginia large scale
way; Jan. p. 54.
king, U.S.S.R. returns tags from Bering Sea; July

program under

jos wile
Halibut studies off southern and Baja Cali-
fornia; July p. 22.
Herring recoveries aid studies; Dec. p. 37.

Mass-marking fish by means of compressed air,
technique for; Oct. p. 118.
Radioactive fish tags use licensed by Atomic En-
ergy Commission; Apr. p. 29.
Salmon:
king, California completes
1960 season; Aug. p. 30.
migrations:
long; July p. 8.
studies in North Pacific to be continued; June
p. 33.
Washington and Oregon cooperate in
gram; July p. 39.
Sea trout, spotted:
growth rates and migrations,
Jan. p. 47.
study in Florida; Nov. p. 29.
Shrimp:
Louisiana initiates marking program; Dec. p. 43.
marked, mortality of; Nov. p. 35.
Tuna: .
albacore, tagged off California recaptured by
Japanese; June p. 34, Aug. p. 32.
Australian experiments seek to determine
migrations; Nov. p. 53.
bluefin, tagged, cross the Atlantic Ocean; Mar. p. 27.
Norwegian-tagged fish caught off Spanish Morocco;
Sept. p. 67.

experiments for

pro-

to determine;

50

TAGGING (cont.)
Tuna (cont.):
skipjack, returns of indicate the species is
not a wide-ranging one; Nov. p. 25.

U.S. program, Russians return tags from;
Aug. p. 26.
TAIWAN

Fisheries landings:
1958, increased in; Jan. p. 86.
1959; May p. 64.

Ponds, milkfish, use of chemical fertilizers in;
May p. 66.

Tuna fishing, outlook bright for; May p. 65.

TARIFE(S)
European Common Market
products announced; Sept. p. 36.
International negotiations conference opened
September 1, 1960; Nov. p. 48.

on fishery

Imports of hard fiber cords and twines on domestic
industry, hearings on effect of; Aug. p. 76.
Shrimp:
investigation:
announced; Apr. p. 75.
industry; Nov. p. 94.
Tariff simplification study, final report issued on;
Nov. p. 93.
Trade-agreements negotiations under GATT,
"peril point" investigation of imported articles
to be considered in; Aug. p. 76.

TARIFF fs of hard fie U.S.

TECHNICAL NOTES
No. 55 - Recommended practices for processing
chilled and frozen whiting; May p. 6.
No, 56 - Chemical composition and laboratory
fillet yield of 13 species of Middle and South
Atlantic fish; July p. 15.

TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Gloucester, Massachusetts, new
research; Apr, p. 11.

for fisheries

TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CABLES
Charts available showing cables in Northwest
Atlantic; Oct. p. 43.

TELEVISION UNDERWATER

Electrical trawl fishing tests observed with
dan, p. 42.

Fish behavior studies aided by 5 (Oletin joe 4

Offers new opportunities for fishery research;
Aug. p. 28.

Otter-trawl performance observed with by
M/V "Delaware"; Sept. p. 24.

TERRITORIAL WATERS (also see FISHING LIMITS)
British-Norwegian talks may yield compromise on
; Aug. p. 42.
Ecuador, foreign vessels permitted to fish for bait
in ; July p. 56.
Gulf States , Supreme Court asked to recon-
sider decision on; Dec. p. 95.
Iceland, coastal shelf inclusion in territorial fish-
ing limits proposed by convention; Apr. p. 43.

TERRITORIAL WATERS (also see FISHING LIMITS)
Ireland, fishing limits to be measured from base
lines instead of shoreline; Jan. p. 72.
Japanese point out that extension of
adversely affect fishing; Apr. p. 51.

would

Law of the Sea:
Conference concludes without adopting proposals
on and fishing zones; July p. 49.
developments at second U.N. Conference of;
June p. 39.
Mexican President states policy on and
continental shelf; Aug. p. 62.
Norway:
12-mile fishing limit:

extended to; Aug. p. 64, Oct. p. 80.
supports; July p. 70.
vessel owners' association protests; Aug. p. 65.
Russians officially enact 12-mile limit;
Nov. p. 89.
Spain, impact on fishing industry of
July p. 74.
Turkey, limits set for navigation and fishing; Oct. p. 84.

limits;

TEXAS
Shrimp, bait production in Galveston Bay area;
Feb. p. 37.

THAILAND
Cod-liver oil imports increase; Aug. p. 72.
International Cooperation Administration, U.S.,
sponsors studies of marine resources off coasts
of Vietnam and 8 IDSC, jd, BE
Marine-animal oil imports and exports; Aug. p. 72.
Shrimp industry; Jan. p. 86, Apr. p. 64.

THAWING
Cooked fish flavor,
affects; Aug. p. 90.
Frozen fish with dielectric method developed
in United Kingdom; Sept. p. 69.

method before cooking

TILAPIA
Culture of as a source of live bait for Ha-
waiian tuna fishery successful; Mar. p. 19.

TRADE AGREEMENTS
GATT, fifteenth session of contracting parties;

Feb. p. 57.

Iceland-:
East Germany includes fish; May p. 41.
U.S.S.R. , new protocol includes fishery

products exports by; July p. 50.
Imported articles to be considered in nego-
tiations under GATT, "peril point" investigation j
of; Aug. p. 76.
United States:
list of items for
Sept. p. 41.
negotiations, , under GATT include fishing
products; Aug. p. 75.

negotiations, additions to;

TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT
Court of Customs and Patents Appeals upholds
constitutionality of ; Mar. p. 87.

TRADE AREAS

Latin American free agreement; May p. 42.

TRANSFERRING AT SEA
Bag-net developed in United Kingdom for
trawler catches; Mar. p. 82.

TRANSPORTATION
Food quality, study urged of effects of new equip-
ment on; June p. 33.
Freight rates for fish meal and scrap reduced;
Nov. p. 28.
Railroads attempting to meet motor carrier rates
for shrimp; May p. 32.

TRAP(S)
Lobster, spiny, collapsible » hew type tested
by South-West Africa; Sept. p. 65.
Snapper catches improved in Australia by using
; Jan. p. 63.
TRAWLER(S)
German Federal Republic:

four stern-fishing ordered by; Apr. p. 42.

stern offer advantages; Mar. p. 53.

stern-type , more orders placed for; Sept.
p. 48.

trend is to large , fishing industry; Mar.

p. 53.
Greece, freezer-type
June; Oct. p. 58.
Tranian shrimp
p. 52.
Japan:
fishing in new areas; Mar. p. 68.

report good catches in

at Karachi for repairs; Aug.

good fishing off foreign coasts, find; Oct.
p. 72.
stern for fishing off Africa and Australia

planned; Mar. p. 66.
Pakistan changes plans for building new F
July p. 70.
Sanitation eboard fishing improved by using
chlorinated sea water; Jan. p. 19.
Stern-fishing:
factoryship :
German Federal Republic, new one completed
in; Mar. p. 51.
Greek firm orders from Belgium; Mar. p. 55.
Netherlands orders two; Mar. p. 71.
Norway to build for experimental fishing;
May p. 59.
Stern-type:
Japan launches large ; Nov. p. 76.
Norway, to build; Apr. p. 58.

United Kingdom's new stern praised; June

p. 64.
Vietnamese fishing fleet increased by two new
; June p. 65.
TRAWLING
British Columbia, good bottom found off;
Nov. p. 38.

Cable, electrical trawl, a method of making termi-
nations and connections for; June p. 15.

Crab, red, deep-water exploration off Maryland
continued; May p. 26.

Deep-sea commercial-type methods studied in
north central Gulf by M/V "Oregon"; Sept. p. 22.

Electrical tests observed with underwater
television; Jan. p. 42.

Exploratory operations off the South Atlantic Coast;
May p. 29.

51

TRAWLING

Gear studies with underwater camera; Oct. p. 33.
German Federal Republic, new maneuverable
midwater trawl tested successfully; Mar. p. 54.
Greece, Atlantic ocean fishery expansion con-
tinues; Nov. p. 64.
Japanese:
distant-water plans; Sept. p. 55.
fishing company starts Operation in North
Africa; June p. 51.
Michigan, otter trawl use permitted in southern
Lake Michigan; Aug. p. 27.
Midwater:
Mississippi Delta, experimental
Aug. p. 26.
new type tested on salmon fry in California
waters; Sept. p. 15.
school fish in the Gulf of Mexico continued for;
May p. 21.
Otter-trawl:
modified, experiments continued by M/V "John
N. Cobb''; June p. 31.
television, underwater, observes performance
(M/V 'Delaware''); Sept. p. 24.
Net mesh sizes, progress on studies of effect on
fish stocks of; Oct. p. 51.
North Carolina, exploratory
"Silver Bay"' off; Feb. p. 43.
Red snapper, exploratory off Florida for;
Sept. p. 30.
Research and evaluation Pe studies continued in
North Pacific; May p. 28.
Sardine fishery, Lake Erie smelt trawl may be
adaptable to; Oct. p. 55.
School fish in the Gulf of Mexico, midwater
continued for; May p. 21.
Shrimp-trawl underwater performance studies
continued; Aug. p. 26.
Submarine for fishery research used by U.S.S.R. to
observe underwater behavior of trawl; Jan. p. 91.
Twines, braided synthetic, and their use in New

off the;

for fish by M/V

England ; Mar. p. 6.
Wisconsion, otter , experimental, successful;
Aug. p. 36.
TRAWLS

German Federal Republic, maneuverable, new
tested successfully; Mar. p. 54.
Midwater , new, North Sea tests prove value
of; May p. 47.

TREASURY, DEPARTMENT OF THE

Bureau of Customs:
antidumping regulations proposed; Jan. p. 94.
fish blocks:
further ruling on "in bulk'' and "immediate
container" for; Jan. p. 95.
imports, clarification on application on tariff
on; May p. 72.
groundfish fillets import tariff-rate quota for
1960; May p. 72.
tuna, canned in brine, imports under quota
proviso for 1960; May p. 73.
Coast Guard:
vessels:
fishing, exempted from advance arrival time
notice; Oct. p. 98.
undocumented, standards for numbering issued;
Mar. p. 87.

52

TREASURY, DEPARTMENT OF THE (cont.)
Court of Customs:
Trade Agreements Act constitutionality upheld
by; Mar. p. 87.
whale-liver oil imports into United States clas-
sifiable as advanced drug; Aug. p. 79.
Fish blocks from Iceland not sold at less than fair
value; Aug. p. 79.
Trout, frozen, from Japan not being sold at less
than fair value in U.S.; Feb. p. 101.

TRINIDAD
Shrimp:
fishery expands with vessels from U.S.; Nov. p. 85.
royal-red, occurrence off explored; July

p. 30

TROUT

Danish rainbow
solves; July p. 55.

Japanese frozen not being sold at less than
fair value in U S.; Feb. p. 101.

Lake restocking program for Great Lakes;
July p. 27.

Spotted, sea, tagging to determine growth rates
and migrations; Jan. p. 47.

producers association dis-

TUNA
Albacore:
biologists seek spawning grounds west of Hawaii;
Nov. p. 24.

catches by California party boats may indicate
good season; Aug. p. 30.

Central Pacific Ocean, studies show separate
stocks north and south of the equator in; Jan.
p. 31.

Japanese:

Atlantic catches climbs sharply, pro-
portion of; Mar. p. 64.

frozen export quota:
established for Jan.-Mar. 1960; Mar. p. 61.
may not be met; Mar. p. 61.

plan to study spawning in Bonin Islands area;
June p. 49,

recaptured, tagged off California; June p. 34,
Aug. p. 32.

season in Atlantic ends with only 5,000 tons;
Apr. p. 46.

summer catches drop sharply after typhoons;
Aug. p. 54.

winter:
fishery prospects poor; Mar.

p. 62.

fishing information for 1959/60 season; Feb. p. 81.

migration:
California, studied off; Nov. p. 21.

Oregon biologists study distribution and; Aug. p. 31.

spawning areas, United States and Japanese
biologists coordinate research on; July p. 43.

trolling program aids Pacific Coast fleet; Oct.
p. 43.

American Samoa landings; Jan. p. 26, Feb. p. 26,
Mar, p. 16, May p. 14, July p. 21, Aug. p. 14,
Sept. p. 14, Oct. p. 27, Nov. p. 20, Dec. p. 50.

Argentine fishery trends, February 1960; Mayp. 42.

Atlantic, frozen, Japanese transshipped exports to
U.S. decline; Feb. p. 83.

Australia:
canneries:
equipment expanded and improved; Nov, p. 52.

TUNA
Australia;
canneries:
price set for 1959/60 season; Jan. p. 61.
fishery has good season; Apr. p. 37.
tagging experiments seek to determine migrations;
Nov. p. 53.
vessels, two, plan to export
Feb. p. 68.
Bluefin:
New England commercial
1959 season; May p. 27.
Brazil:
Japanese-Brazilian
organized in; Nov. p. 55.
plans to place an inspector aboard Japanese
fishing vessels; Sept. p. 46.
British North Borneo:
fishing company established by Japanese in;
Apr. p. 38.
Japanese reviving fishing industry; Oct. p. 54.
California:

catches to U.S,;

purse -seining,

fishing company re-

albacore off southern coast studied; Dec.
p. 26.

packers, two large, operating in West Africa;
May p. 32.

Canada (British Columbia) vessels fish for
off California coast; Dec. p. 67.
Canned:
Australian cannery plans to increase pack; Nov. p. 52.
distribution; Jan. p. 40, May p. 16, June p. 24.
imports in brine under quota; Jan. p. 52, Apr.
p. 31, May p. 73, June p. 36, July p. 44, Aug.
p. 33, Sept. p. 33, Oct. p. 46, Nov. p. 42, Dec.

[Do ZET5 2
Italian fish canners ask for restrictions on imports of
Japanese § laoy, jos (1/9),
Japan:

controls order; May p. 53.
establishes type-of-pack ratios; May p. 52.

exports:
by country of destination, Jan.-June 1958-59;
Feb. p. 81.
in-brine, trends; Nov. p. 68,
in-oil:

double; Apr. p. 47,
drop; Nov. p. 67.
1956-59 (excluding in brine); Dec. p. 81.
price:
canners and exporters agree on; Sept. p. 51.
negotiations still stalemated; Aug. p. 52.
re editorial highlights; Oct. p. 63.
rules for licensing; Mar. p. 65.
third sale of; June p. 50.
Rae ne price cut discussed; Apr.
Deals
light-meat-in-oil:
canners having trouble meeting contracts for;
Oct. p. 63.
shortage reported; Nov. p. 68.
lightmeat price to Canada raised slightly;
June p. 50.
market poor for in-brine-pack; Nov. p. 68.
plans to advertise in United States; Feb. p. 80.
product, new, on market; Oct. p. 65.
teams to study overseas market for

; June
p. 50.

TUNA (cont.):

Caribbean Sea, distribution of explored;
July p. 30.

Ceylon fisheries; Nov. p. 58.

Colombia:

landings in Barranquilla; Mar. p. 43.
market increasing for frozen ; Feb. p. 74.
Composition of , progress made in studies
on; Oct. p. 43, Dec. p. 44.
Cuban-Japanese, joint, processing firm in Cuba
denied new industry status; Jan. p. 67.
Exports, , fresh and frozen, Japanese Atlan-
tic, top 50,000 tons; Mar. p. 60.
Fiji Islands cannery with Japanese interests;
Oct. p. 56.
Food additives, sodium nitrite in cured tuna and
pet food extended, use of; June p. 67.
France, freezership to operate off French West
Africa; Mar. p. 51.
French South Pacific Territories, fishing potential
for , research indicated good; Nov. p. 62.
French West Africa:
fishery trends; Apr. p. 41, June p. 44.
season, 1959/60, ends with record catch; Aug.

p. 49.

Senegalese ‘fishing and canning industry

future discussed at conference; July p. 57.

U.S. canner interested in building cold-

storage plant in Martinique; Oct. p. 58.

Frozen: —
Italy:
Japanese
p. 62.
price for Japanese
Japan:
exports:
lag; Oct. p. 64.

* yellowfin:
August price lower to U. S.; Oct. p. 62.
price fixed for; Nov. p. 69.
regulations for transshipment to U. S. in

1960; Apr. p. 46.

Joint Sales Company, no California office to be
set up by; Apr. p. 48.

licensed for export to Europe, fiscal year April
1959-March 1960; Nov. p. 67.

production and shipping quotas proposed in 1960
for ; May p. 52.

proposal for sales company to handle Atlantic

exports; Nov. p. 69.

seeks to control exports to Italy; Nov.

p. 69.
Ryukyu Islands to export
84.

bought only in small lots; Oct.

. firms up; Nov. p. 67.

to Japan; Nov. p.

Yugoslavia: 5
ban lifted on imports of Japanese
p. 89.
bans imports from Japan for three months; Nov.
p. 90.
contracts with Japan for year's supply; Jan.
p. 93.
imports from Japan; Mar. p. 84.
Genetic definition of stocks, studies initiated
on; Oct. p. 28.
Ghana:
fishing by many nations reported; May p. 48.
Government and U. S. fish canner jointly exploring
Gulf of Guinea for 8 deta, jap. 1/0)
Green meat, Japanese Caribbean investigation finds
occurrence unpredictable; Aug. p. 54.

; Nov.

53

TUNA
Gulf of Mexico, distribution of explored; July
p. 30.
Haiti, fishing for to start soon; May p. 48.
Hawaii:

bait, live, for fishery, culture of tilapia
successful as source of; Mar. p. 19.
bait problems, research on; Dec. p. 29.
net fishing, experimental; Dec. p. 28.
skipjack:
held in captivity successfully; May p. 17.
landings, higher in 1959, bear out prediction by
biologists; Mar. p. 22.
Indian Ocean, Japanese report on
Nov. p. 72.
Italy:
fishery for
Japanese frozen
items; Feb. p. 79.
imports and the Common Market; Dec. p. 80.
Japan:
albacore:
export quota to U. S. discussed for frozen
loins and; Apr. p. 47.
frozen, check price drops; Nov. p. 69.
Indian Ocean and winter , port of Shimizu
booming with; Apr. p. 46.
landings at port of Yaizu; July p. 63.
summer fishery:
expected to begin earlier than usual; June p. 48.
fails to live up to expectagions; Sept. p. 51.
winter fishery:
prospects improve but prices still high;
Mar. p. 63.
trends; Mar. p. 62, Apr. p. 45, May p. 54.
Atlantic Ocean, vessels operating in the; Dec. p.

fishing;

3) Heb. p. 79)
included among free trade

82.
Atlantic , rate-of-catch drops for; Feb. p. 82.
Caribbean Sea, exploratory fishing in; Mar. p. 60.
exports:
frozen; Mar. p. 61, June p. 50.
Italy:

base price to be reexamined for; Oct. p. 62.
price for frozen drops; Aug. p. 53.
price for yellowfin unchanged; Aug. p. 53.
quotas for frozen established for 1960; June
p. 49.
Fiji Islands:
fishing reported good; Nov. p. 71.
motherships report good catches from; Sept. p. 51.
Fisheries Agency to reexamine fishery
policies; Oct. p. 64.
freezership to operate from Argentine port; Feb.
p. 63.
frozen:
exports, April 1, 1959 to March 31, 1960; July
p. 63.
transshipped to U. S. from the Pacific; Aug. p. 53.
imports from Ryukyu Islands, Fishery Agency sets
policy on; Aug. p. 55.
Indian Ocean fishing, September forecast
issued for; Nov. p. 71.
long-liner, super, launched; Oct. p. 66.
Malayan firm slow getting started; Feb. p. 84.
mothership(s):
Fiji Islands area, two fish in; Oct. p. 66, Nov.p.71.
operations, policy on; June p. 50.
sail for fishing areas; July p. 63.
Okinawa, vessel for fishing sent in July to;
Oct. p. 66.

54

TUNA (cont.)
Japan (cont.):

Pacific:

conditions for fishing, forecast issued on;

WENy 1 B45

fishing in the; Nov. p. 70.
purse-seiners demand licenses for ; Oct. p. 65.
Research Conference on held; Apr. p. 48.
Singapore base for export to U.S. planned; Sept.

p. 92.
skipjack:

fishing off British North Borneo, industry
planning; Mar. p. 65.
landings light; Sept. p. 52, Oct. p. 65.
trends, fishing, 1959; Nov. p. 63.
U.S. market survey, more funds proposed for;
Aug. p. 53. ~
Venezuela:

Caribbean, joint fishing operations in; Feb. p. 96.

fishing company, joint, plans addition to fleet;

June p. 65.
vessel(s):
fishing in Caroline-Marshall Islands area;
Mar. p. 64.
large-size launched; June p. 51.
Malaya:
assigned to; Sept. p. 58. h
lands first trip of in; Apr. p. 52.
market weakens; Oct. p. 64.
research, to explore for off West Africa;
Nov. p. 70. :
Korean fishing vessels, more, to fish for
American Samoa cannery; Aug. p. 14.
Larvae of , research on identification of;
Feb. p. 31.
Libya:

industry trends; June p. 54, Nov. p. 77.
landings up for 1959 season; Jan. p, 75.
Long-line fishery, a small boat; Sept. p. 8.
Mediterranean, canning and migration studies
planned for 1961-62 by the General Fisheries
Council for the; Dec. p. 56.
New England, purse-seining off Mass. in 1959
successful; Jan. p. 49.
New Hebrides:

Japanese base to export frozen to France;
Sept. p. 61.
operations, ; June p. 57.

New Zealand cannery expects to buy fish from
Japanese vessels; Apr. p. 54.

North Atlantic, area between Georges Bank and
Cape Hatteras resurveyed for stocks of P
July p. 34.

Norway:
landings continue to drop; Apr. p. 58.
survey cruise off West Africa, U.S. biologists

accompanies; Nov. p. 42.

Pacific:

eastern, fishing information added to ''California
Fishery Market News Monthly Summary";
Oct. p. 33,

Honolulu Biological Laboratory research:
program for past ten years; July p. 24.
solution of practical problems, future pointed

towards; July p. 24.

Pakistan, fishing grounds for , new, found in

Bay of Bengal; Apr. p. 59.

TUNA
Portugal's fishery limited to few traps and two
modern clipper-type vessels; Mar. p. 78.
Puerto Rico, minimum wage for canning and
processing raised to U.S. level; Nov. p. 92.
Quality, freshness, method developed by Japanese
of determining; Apr. p. 48.
Russians initiate fishing in the Pacific Ocean;
Feb. p. 95.
Sierra Leone fishing industry developing rapidly;
Oct. p. 83.
Skipjack:
behavior studies; Jan. p. 30, May p. 17, Aug.p. 19.
Hawaii:
below-average season predicted for; Aug. p. 26.
catch fluctuations may be due to changes in
oceanic circulation; Sept. p. 17.
landings higher in January 1960; Apr. p. 21.
reaction to nets tested; Nov. p. 25.
research trends, March 1960; June p. 25.
tagging returns indicate the species is not a
wide-ranging one; Nov. p. 25.

South African vessels, two, fish with Japanese
long-line gear; Nov. p. 88.

Spain:
canned exports to United States increase

sharply; Jan. p. 85.
fishery, 1958; Mar. p. 80.

licenses imports of frozen ; Sept. p. 66.

Stocks in Indian and Pacific Oceans, status of;

Feb. p. 83.

Taiwan, fishing for bright; May p. 69.

Tunisia:
industry continues to use foreign labor; Sept. p. 68.
Japanese:

frozen , third trip landed at port of Mahdia;
Nov. p. 86.
supply fish to canneries; July p. 75.

United States catch of off the Pacific Coast
States and Latin America, 1911-1959, chart; Nov.
p. 47.

Venezuela:

Japanese fishing vessels land ; May p. 68.
vessels fishing off British West Indies; Feb.p. 97.
Vessels:

Japanese build more; Sept. p. 52.
new, being built by Southern European countries;
Feb. p. 61.

West African resources, Japanese research vessel
to explore; Mar. p. 64.

World conference on and nutritive value of
fishery products, U.S. proposals accepted by FAO
Conference for; Apr. p. 33.

Yellowfin, Japanese export price to U.S. firmer;
Feb. p. 82.

Yugoslavia, fishing methods being learned from
Japanese; Jan. p. 93.

TUNISIA

Exports of marine products and snails to the
United States, 1955-59; July p. 75.

Fishery:
expansion promoted by Government; Apr. p. 65.
Scag FAO expert helps to develop; Nov.

p. 86.

trends; Jan. p. 87, July p. 75, Nov. p. 86.

.
{
|
|

TUNISIA (cont.)
Shrimp:
catch increase sought; Nov. p. 86.
grounds, FAO expert finds; Nov. p. 86.
Trade agreement with United Kingdom includes
fishery products; Mar. p. 39.

Tuna:
frozen, Japanese land third trip at Mahdia of;
Nov. p.86.

industry continues to use foreign labor; Sept. p. 68.

Japanese-caught fish supplied to canneries; July
15 1,
TURKEY
Fish meal and oil plant, plan to activate in 1960;
Jan. p. 87.
Iskenderun fishery trends, June 1960; Sept. p. 68.
Territorial waters limit set for navigation and
fishing; Oct. p. 84.
TURK ISLANDS
Fisheries; Dec. p. 66.

TURTLES
Mexican export duties increasedon

TWINES

Synthetic, braided, and their use in the New England

trawl fishery; Mar. p. 6.

UGANDA
Fish farming studies may increase yield; Oct. p. 50.

UNDERWATER OBSERVATION
Chamber for , new, added to research vessel;
("Charles H. Gilbert"); Apr. p. 21.

UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY
Camera, trawling gear studies with; Oct. p. 33.
Diving sled, new, for ; May p. 10.

UNDERWATER TELEVISION (see TELEVISION,
UNDERWATER)

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Exports and imports of fishery products, 1959; Oct.

p. 84.
Fish meal and oil:
Germany and Yugoslavia purchase; Feb. p. 92.
industry trends, Jan.-May 1960; Oct. p. 86.
Fish meal producers seek agreement with Peru;
Apr. p. 65.
Fish production not curtailed in spite of boycotts;
Nov. p. 87.
Frozen fish demand growing; Feb. p. 92.
Lobster, spiny, trap, collapsible, new type, tested
by South-West Africa; Sept. p. 65.
Oyster-shell industry, three paddle-wheel vessels
built for; Feb. p. 93.
Pilchard-maasbanker:
fishery off to good start; May p. 66.
fishery trends; July and August 1959; Jan. p. 89.
landings:
as of June 30 exceed total landings for 1959;
Oct. p. 86.
1959 break record; Jan. p. 87.
1960 set new record; Nov. p. 87.
research vessels, three new; Jan. p. 89.
Sealing operations; Feb. p. 92.
Tuna caught with Japanese long-line gear by two
vessels; Nov. p. 88.

Pane Den o-

55

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Vessel, steel, of new design built for pilchard fish-
ery; June p. 62.

Whaling land station season successful in 1959;
Feb. p. 95.

UNITED KINGDOM

Aid, fishing industry, Queen promises continuation
of; Jan. p. 92.
Antibiotics, use as a fish preservative under study
y scientists; Jan. p. 92.
Bag-net developed for transferring catches at sea;
Mar. p. 82.
Byproducts, fishery, review research on; Dec. p. 91.
Dielectric method developed for thawing frozen fish;
Sept. p. 69.
Dinners, frozen fish, new plant to produce; Dec.
p. 91.
European Free Trade Area, Norwegian- fish
talks break down; Jan. p. 57. Fas
Factoryship, fishery, aircraft carriers to be used
as; May p. 67.
Fillets, frozen:
British trawlers to supply fish for U.S.S.R. con- ©
tract; June p. 64.
Faroe Islands, British firm agrees to purchase
from; June p. 63.
Fishermen training and loan program for Northwest
Scotland initiated; Mar. p. 83. :
Fishing limits: ¢
Norway: — 4
joint discussions on; Aug. p. 42, Sept. p. 38.
negotiations; Dec. p. 52.

recognize, agrees to; Dec. p. 52.
Iceland:
grants amnesty to for past violations of;
July p. 60.
joint negotiations on; Dec. p. 52.
Fish meal:

demand in U. S. has dropped off, traders disturbed;
Sept. p. 70.

effect of preservatives on quality; Dec. p. 90.

herring fishermen to be aided by Government when
catches sold for; May p. 67. :

Peruvian imports threaten industry; June p. 65.

production and foreign trade, 1955-59; Dec. p. 89.

Flatfish shipments by air from Iceland lag; Nov. p. 65.

Freeze-drying process, new, increases shelf life
of foods; Dec. p. 90.

Halibut, frozen, imports from dollar area, restric-
tions removed on; Mar. p. 83.

Iceland:
flatfish:

air deliveries increased to ; Nov. p. 65.
transportation is chief bottleneck to filling re-
quirements of; Nov. p. 65.

Imports, fresh and frozen fish, from dollar area,
restrictions removed on; Mar. p. 83.

Law of the Sea, territorial sea and fishery conser-
vation conventions, first to ratify 1958; May
p. 40.

Loans, fishery, interest rates on; June p. 64, Aug.
p. 73, Oct. p. 88.

Oysters:
contamination eradicated by new treatment; Feb.

p. 96.
ultraviolet light used for purification of; Dec. p. 93.
Prices, contract for freezing fish fixed; Apr. p. 66.

56

UNITED KINGDOM (cont.)

Salmon, fresh and frozen, import controls removed
on; Jan. p. 92.

"Silver Cod" trophy for 1959 awarded to Hull vessel;
Apr. p. 67.

Thawing frozen fish, dielectric method developed
for; Sept. p. 69.

Trade agreement with Tunisia includes fishery
products; Mar. p. 39.

Trawler Association, , proposed West Euro-
pean Fishery Community; Dec. p. 60.

Vessels:
inshore, earnings for 1958; Mar. p. 82.
leave fishing banks off Iceland; June p. 45.
trawlers, freezer-type, three, to be added to

fleet; Oct. p. 88.
"Universal Star", new stern trawler praised;
June p. 64.

Whale and herring crude oil utilization increased;
Dec. p. 90.

Whale oil, production, imports, and consumption,
1958-59; Aug. p. 73.

Whaling fleet, Japanese negotiate for purchase of;
Sept. p. 69.

Whiting, canned, imports banned by Australia;
Sept. p. 45.

UNITED NATIONS
Fisheries training institute,
allocation to India for; Sept. p. 50.
Law of the Sea Conference:
concludes without adopting proposals on terri-
torial sea and fishing zones; July p. 49.
developments at second; June p. 39.
Norway supports 12-mile fishing zone; July p. 70.
second, to open March 17, 1960; Feb. p. 61.
United Kingdom first to ratify 1958 conventions
on territorial sea and fishery conservation;
“May p. 40.

Special Fund

UNITED STATES
Canned fish, pack, 1958-59; Mar. p. 18.
Catch by areas, 1959, June outside back cover.
Landings, fishery:
annual, 1959; Feb. p. 47.
monthly; Jan. p. 50, Feb. p. 45, Sept. p. 31, Dec.
p. 44.
Nutrition, world conference on fishery products,
to host; Nov. p. 51.
Oyster production, 1958 with comparisons; Jan. p. 45.
Products, fishery:
consumption, 1959; July p. 43.
GATT negotiations, proposes list of; Aug.
p. 39.

URUGUAY
Fish meal:
plant, new, in operation; Mar. p. 84.
production expected to increase slightly; Aug. p. 74.
South American Atlantic regional technical con-
ference on exploitation of the sea, first; Jan. p. 57.

U.S.S.R.
Bering Sea fishing fleets, U. S. Naval observations
of; Oct. p. 49.
British trawlers to supply fish for
fillet contract; June p. 64,

frozen

U.S.S.R.
Conference, fishery, in Riga; Oct. p. 86.
Crab, king, Bering Sea:
eastern operations; July p. 31.
tags from United States tagging program returned

by ; July p. 31, Aug. p. 26.
East Asiatic waters, fisheries in; June p. 62.
Factoryship(s):

fish canning, first launched; Aug. p. 73.
fish processing and crab, floating, new for; Mar.
p. 81.
West Germany, fishing and whaling, to be built in;
Nov. p. 88.
Far Eastern fisheries activities, observations of
= Decwp ale
Fleets, fishing:
Alaska, operating off; Apr. p. 66.
expansion continues; Apr. p. 66.
Newfoundland banks, on; Oct. p. 87.
officers and crews needs for; June p. 63.
Freezer, new, completed; Dec. p. 89.
Freezing of fish, seven-year plan includes expan-
sion of; July p. 77.
Greenland, West, good fishing grounds found in
Davis Strait off; Feb. p. 95.
Herring:
factoryship, new, planned; Mar. p. 81.

Faroe Islands, large fleet fishing off; Apr. p. 66.
fish meal and oil factoryship, new; Mar. p. 82.
Icelandic frozen fish fillets, buys 2,800 tons

of; Jan. p. 71.
Indian fisheries,
to aid; Mar. p. 56.
Japanese fisheries inspected by
Nov. p. 76.
Kurile Islands fishery centers, eight, to be estab-
lished; Mar. p. 81.
Landings, fishery, increased in 1959; July p. 76.
Lithuania:
Newfoundland banks, fishing off; July p. We
trends, fishery, Apr. 1960; Aug. p. 73:
Mission, fisheries, visits Japan; Feb. p. 82.
Northwest Atlantic fishery trends; May p. 40.
Poland to build motherships and factoryships for
; May p. 66.
Salmon:
catches and hatcheries; Jan. p. 92.
Japanese-Soviet North Pacific fishery agreement
signed; July p. 49.
Pacific, transplanted, caught in Barents and White
Seas; Nov. p. 89.
treaty area, northeast Pacific,
enlargement of; Mar. p. 69.
Seal, fur, two scientists study Pribilof Islands
herds and facilities; Nov. p. 30.
Submarine for fishery research used to observe
underwater behavior of trawl; Jan. p. 91.
Territorial waters limit, officially enacts
12=mile; Nov. p. 89. jy
Trade agreement with Iceland, new protocol in-

fresh-water fishing expert

5 Oct pails

may propose

cludes fishery products imports by ; July
p. 50.

Tuna fishing in the Pacific Ocean initiated; Feb.
19. LIB).

Vessels, fishing, exports to

by Poland and
East Germany; Sept. p. 69.

|

U.S.S.R. (cont.)
Whaling:
Antarctic fleets return after good season; July.
p. 76.
factoryship(s):
new, heads fleet; Mar. p. 81.
West German shipyards to build two for g

Nov. p. 88.
International Convention, asks Netherlands
and Norway to reconsider withdrawal from;
Jan. p. 59.
UTILIZATION

United States 1958 fish and shellfish catch, high
percentage goes to meal and oil use; Jan. p. 95.

VENEZUELA
Fish meal industry; Oct. p. 88.
Japanese- tuna fishing company plans ad-

dition to fleet; June p. 65.
Sardine:stocks, research planned on; May p. 68.
Shrimp industry; Nov. p. 89.
Trends, fisheries, February 1960; May p. 68.

Tuna:
fishing off British West Indies; Feb. Te Me
Japanese-__-_ fishing operations in Caribbean;
Feb. p. 96.
landed by Japanese fishing vessels in 8
May p. 68.
VESSEL(S)

Additions to the U. S. fishing fleet; Jan. p. 49,
Mar. p. 27, Apr. p. 30, May p. 33, June p. 35,
Sept. p. 30, Oct. p. 44, Dec. p. 46.

Argentina removes .import surcharges on 8
Jan. p. 60, Dec. p. 64.

Arrival time notice, exempted from advance;
Oct. p. 98. :

Clams, hydraulic dredge with controllable
pitch propeller may reduce harvesting costs;
Feb. p. 39. -

Coast Guard standards for numbering of undocu-
mented issued; Mar. p. 87.

Construction subsidy, proposed regulations for;
Sept. p. 72.

Costly part of fishing is ; Aug. p. 38.

Cuba announces Brogan to build 570 new 3
DEC Ep Oo.

Gill-net, small type built for Fraser River salmon
fishery in Canada; Jan. p. 67.

Israel's fishing fleet, modern for; Mar.p. 58.
Japanese:
construction of fishery ; Feb. p. 84, Aug. p. 60.
interest rate cut on fishing financing; Nov.
b 18s
eeneeas fishing , construction of; April 1,
1959-March 31, 1960; June p. 51.
market for tuna weakens; Oct. p. 64.

North Pacific mothership salmon fishery trends,
early July 1960; Sept. p. 53.
replacement , building stepped up; Jan. p. 72.
Mortgage insurance:
initiated; Sept. p. 20.
procedures, amendment proposed for; Oct. p. 96.
Oyster-shell industry in South Africa, three paddle-
wheel built for; Feb. p. 93.
Research:
"Albatross III", contract let for design of re-
placement; Apr. p. 26.

57

VESSEL(S)
Research:
catamaran use to be studied; Aug. p. 21.
oceanographic, Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution receives grant for; Feb. p. 40.
Subsidy, construction differential, announced; Noy.
jos Sil,
Sweden plans new ; Heb. p. 91.
Trawlers: ane
German Federal Republic fishing industry trend
is to large; Mar. p. 53.
sanitation aboard improved by using chlorinated
sea water; Jan. p. 19.
stern-fishing, two ordered in Netherlands; Mar.
pawiils
"Sunbeam" (Seattle), space-saving chart table
installed on; Dec. p. 22.
United Kingdom, freezer-type, three, to be added
to fleet; Oct. p. 88.
Tuna, southern European countries build new
for; Feb. p. 61.
Union of South Africa:

spiny lobster fishing , new type being built
in; June p. 62.
pilchard fishery, steel of new design being

built in; June p. 62.
U.S.S.R. fishing motherships to be built by Poland;
May p. 66.
United States aid in construction not included under
mortgage insurance plan; Oct. p. 96.

VIET-NAM

Fishing fleet increased by two new trawlers; June
}0)5) (34);

International Cooperation Administration, U. S.
sponsors studies of marine resources off coasts
of © and Thailand; Dec. .p. 58.

Milkfish rearing on commercial scale developing
rapidly; May p. 68.

Shrimp:
exports of frozen to U.S. started; Apr. p. 68.
industry; Apr. p. 67.

VIRGINIA :
Bulletin, fish landings, monthly; May p. 18.
Chesapeake Bay sport WISE catch, biologists es-
timate; Jan. p. 53.
Crabs, blue, tagging program under way, large-
scale; Jan. p. 54.
Croaker breeding areas in Atlantic, biologists
seek; Feb. p. 33. :
Eggs and larvae, fish, surveys in ocean waters
continued; Apr. p. 32).
Oyster(s):
Autotechnicon used by biologists to speed up -
research on; June p. 32.
copper barriers, effecton meats studied; Jan. p. 44.

mortalities in Chesapeake Bay, biologists
discover cause of; Mar. p. 25.
yield per acre in almost treble that for

Maryland; Oct. p. 39.
Pound-net fishery, species composition of landings
reported.as menhaden by; Feb. p. 1.

VIRGIN ISLANDS
St. John Island coral reef fishes to be studied;
Aug. p. 22.

58

VITAMINS ! }
Whale livers, processing to prevent loss of vitamin
A; Sept. p. 35.

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS
DIVISION
Interpretation of fishery industries exemption under
Fair Labor Standards Act defended; Aug. p. 79.
Puerto Rico:
food and fishery industry, committee appointed to
investigate and recommend minimum wages for;
Sept. p.73.
tuna canning and processing minimum wage raised
to United States level; Nov. p. 92.
wage rates in fish-canning industry, industry com-
mittee to review; Oct. p. 97.
Shrimp, breaded, processing comes under g
May p. 34.

WAGES
‘Fishery industries exemption under Fair Labor
Standards Act defended by Department of Labor;
Aug. p. 79.
German Federal Republic fish-processing workers
at Hamburg get increase; Sept. p. 48.
Puerto Rico:
fishery and food industry, committee appointed
to investigate and recommend minimum
for; Sept. p. 73.
Industry Committee to review for fish
canning and preserving industry; Oct. p. 97.
minimum for tuna canning and processing
raised to U. S. level; Nov. p. 92.

Shrimp, breaded, processing comes under wage-
hour fishery exemptions; May p. 34.

WASHING
Sanitation aboard fishing trawlers improved by using
chlorinated sea water; Jan. p. 19.

WASHINGTON
; Clams, hard, eastern, experimental planting in
Puget Sound waters successful; Mar. p. 34.
Fishermen's association:
charged with restraint of trade by Federal Trade
Commission; June p. 66.
denies charges of unfair competition and restraint
of trade by Federal Trade Commission; Julyp. 78.
Law of Sea Conference, State of concerned
over outcome of; Mar. p. 34.

Salmon:
hatchery, new, under construction; July p. 38.
plantings by hatcheries expected to set record in
1960; Oct. p. 46.
tagging program,
July p. 39.
Shrimp, exploratory fishing off
(1958); Jan. p. 1.

WATER RETENTIVITY |
Frozen and chilled fishery products, drip control j
in; Feb. p. 22.

WEST AFRICA
Norway plans exploratory fishing expedition of
; Nov. p. 80.
Tuna:
Japanese research vessel to explore resources off
; Mar. p. 64, Novy. p. 70.

and Oregon cooperate in;

, results of

WEST AFRICA
Tuna:
survey cruise off , U. S. biologists accom-
panies Norwegian; Nov. p. 42.

WEST EUROPEAN FISHERIES ORGANIZATION
West European Fishery Community proposed; Dec.
p. 60.

WHALE OIL
Antarctic production:
lower for 1959/60 season; June p. 41.
sperm, lower for 1959/60 season; June p. 40.
Sales; May p. 41.
United Kingdom production, imports, and consump-
tion of , 1958 and 1959; Aug. p. 73.

WHALES
Japanese capture pilot

De tn
Temperature and heart beat recorded; Feb. p. 97.

for aquariums; July

WHALING
Antarctic:
catch for 1959/60 season exceeds quota; Dec.p. 61.
quotas, country, for 1959/60 season; Feb. p. 62.
U.S.S.R. fleets return after good season; Julyp. 76.
Argentina ratifies international convention and ad-
heres to amending protocol; Sept. p. 43.
Australian land-based season ends; Jan.p. 61.
Brazilian shore-based station established,
new; Apr. p. 37.
California land stations, operations in 1960 of;
Aug. p. 18.
Canada (British Columbia):
1959 § 19695 fo il.
1960, no in; May p. 41. i
Chilean oil production, foreign trade, and consump-
tion; Sept. p. 47.
Factoryships, two, to be built in West German
shipyards for Soviets; Nov. p. 88.
Gabon Republic industry revived in 1959; Julyp. 59.
International Whaling Commission meets in London;
Dec. p. 61.
Japan:
Antarctic catch higher for 1959/60; June p. 53.
firm requests license for new North Pacific fleet;
June p. 53.
fleets, two, sail for North Pacific; July p. 65.
industry fails to agree on use of former British
fleet; Oct. p. 72.

negotiates for purchase of British fleet;
Sept. p. 69.
North Pacific operations, July 1960; Oct.

Io “2.
Land-based, season for baleen whales changed by
Department of Interior; June p. 68.
Liver-oil imports into United States classifiable as
‘advanced drug; Aug. p. 79.
Livers, whale, processing to prevent loss of vitamin
A; Sept. p: 352
Netherlands:
Antarctic:
catch, 1959/60 season; Sept. p. 61.
expedition completes 1959/60 season; Julyp. 68.
profits from 1958/59 season higher; Apr. p. 53.
fleet departs for Antarctic after settlement of
dispute over wages; Jan. p. 80.

WHALING (cont.)
Netherlands (cont.):
Japanese may purchase vessels from; June p. 57.
Parliament approves withdrawal from con-
vention; Oct. p. 75.
passes bills approving withdrawal from Convention
and regulating Antarctic ; Dec. p. 85.
Second Chamber of Parliament passes two bills
on 3; Oct. p. 75.
tanker sold to Japanese; Nov. p. 79.
Norway:
crews, » receive wage increase; Dec. p. 87.
industry trends, July 1960; Oct. p. 80.

International Convention, conditional re-
adherence to; Dec. p. 87.

land-based station sold by company; Oct.
p. 80.

Production for 1959/60 season; Dec. p. 62.
Union of South Africa land station season in 1959
successful; Feb. p. 95.
United States:
regulations brought up to date; Oct. p. 92.
season changed for land-based for baleen
whales; May p. 71.
U.S.S.R.:
factoryship, new, heads fleet; Mar. p. 81.
withdrawal from International Convention,
asks Norway and Netherlands to reconsider;
Jan. p. 59.

WHALING COMMISSION, INTERNATIONAL
Argentina, ratifies Convention and adheres to
amending protocol; Sept. p. 43.
Meeting in London; Dec.p. 61.
Norway, conditional readherence to
Withdrawal from , Russia asks Norway and
Netherlands to reconsider; Jan. p. 59.

WHITE HOUSE
Halibut regulations for 1960 for North Pacific ap-
proved by President; May p. 73.
Shrimp Commission for Eastern Gulf of Mexico,
appoints U. S. members to; Aug. p. 80.
United States Commissioner appointed to Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission; Aug. p. 80.

WHITE SEA me
Russians claim they caught transplanted Pacific
salmon in ; Nov. p. 89.
WHITING

Atlantic Coast fishery, a review of the; Nov. p. 1.
New England, survey of deep-water abun-
dance in winter off; Feb. p. 40.

; Dec. p. 87.

59

WHITING

Processing chilled and frozen
practices for; May p. 6.

Refrigerated sea water:
fresh, stays longer when held in; Dec. p. 50.
storage life of lengthened by use of; Mar. p. 15.
tank designed for use in studies on holding

in; Aug. p. 13.

Winter distribution studied by M/V ''Delaware";

Apr. p. 24,

WHOLESALERS
Sales contests for
Feb. p. 49.

WILDLIFE
Federal aid funds for sport fish and restora-
tion allotted to states for fiscal year 1960; Jan. p. 34.

,» recommended

described in new leaflet;

WISCONSIN
Otter trawling, experimental, successful; Aug. p. 36.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
Vessel, research, receives grant for; Feb.
p. 40.

WORLD FISHERIES

Fish census for , oceanographers call for;

Jan. p. 58.
Landings increased three million tons in 1958; Feb.
p. 63.

Trade, International, exceededjone billion dollars
in 1957; Feb. p. 63.

YELLOW PERCH
Machine for filleting ocean perch successfully fil-
lets ; Jan. p. 24,

YELLOW PIKE
Lake Erie fish population research indicates short-
age of adult ; July p. 28.

YUGOSLAVIA
Fish meal and oil purchased from South Africa;
Feb. p. 92.
Italy- fishing agreement renewed; Dec. p. 60.
Tuna:
Japan:
frozen:
contracts with, for year's supply; Jan. p. 93.
exports, licensed, to fiscal year April
1959-March 1960; Nov. p. 67.
imports; Mar. p. 84, Nov. pp. 89 and 90.
methods, fishing, taught by; Jan. p. 93.

Issued September 1967

60

DOLPHIN RATED TO BE ACCURATE FISH FINDERS

The general belief that the dolphin and its smaller counterpart, the porpoise, are friendly, in-
telligent, and harmless is not shared by some fishermen who blame them for destroying and dam-
aging their nets, and chasing away schools of fish.

Marine scientists rate dolphin and porpoise as highly intelligent creatures. Tests have been
made that seem to put the dolphin's intelligence on a par with man's, It is pointed out that dolphin
learn more rapidly than man, and that they have a proportionately larger brain than man, And also
that this brain is highly convoluted or fullof wrinkles and folds; a quality which physiological psy-
chologists say is related to intelligence.

Another thing that has been observedis that
dolphin seem to talk to each other. Every fish-
erman knows how playful they are and how they
arealways surrounded by a number oftheir own
kind. If you were to go skin diving among dol-
phin or porpoise you would hear a collection of
odd squeals, burps, and clicks.

A scientist of the Woods Hole Oceanograph-
icInstitute has studied the voice of the porpoise
as intensively as any man. He has made hun-
dreds of recordings of dolphin sounds andana-
lyzed them in many ways. One of his mostin-
teresting discoveries is the way a dolphin finds
fish by sound waves. When a dolphin is fishing
he sends out a series of clicks separated by a
second or two. The instant the dolphin detects
a fish his click rate increases andas he closes
in on his victim, his rep rate speeds up in in-
verse proportion to the distance between him-
selfandhis prey. Just before the dolphin clamps
his jaws on the fish his sonar signal reaches
the pitch of a high buzz--almost a squeak.

mi Fi ns nS a

Adolphin, which most Australians call a porpoise, leapshigh to take food
tossed to it ina marineland at TweedHeads, onthe N.S.W. -Queensland According to the scientist, the dolphin's
Pome. sonar has remarkably accurate directional qual-
ities. He theorizes that the dolphin generates his probing sound pulses deep inside his head and
that the sound is led by a sort of cartilage wave guide to a dish-shaped bone in the upper part of
the dolphin's head. The dish-shaped bone acts like a reflector and the fatty covering tissue called
the melon acts like a lens for sound waves directing and focusing them in’a sharp beam towards
the target. The ears of a dolphin are widely separated and this binaural hearing greatly improves

his directional sense. In this respect the dolphin has got it way over the average mechanical fish
finder,

Another advantage the dolphinhas ishis variable rep rate. Whenhe'snear his target he sounds
on it more rapidly and thus gets more precise information about it. There is some reason tobe-
lieve that the fish-detecting machine of the dolphin is so perfected that its entire operationis au-
tomatic, that each returning echo triggers the next outgoing noise burst, and that the dolphin is

virtually unaware of it happening--much as the iris of your eye adjusts itself to cope with differ-
ent strengths of light.

It is surprising indeed how closely man has imitated the dolphin in his modern fish finders

without realizing that the dolphin had beaten him by millions of years. (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter)

3X U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1967: 301-139/3

ence mamta

——

Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior—America’s
Department of Natural Resources—is concerned with the man-

agement, conservation, and development of the Nation's water.
fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational re-

sources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and
Territorial affairs.

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Depart-
ment works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed
and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con-
served for the future, and that renewable resources make their
full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of
the United States—now and in the future. .

~ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Stewart L. Udall, Secretary
David S. Black, Under Secretary

Stanley A. Cain, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, H. E. Crowther, Director

&

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COMMERCIAE
SISrERTE 5

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|. 22, No.12 ~ DECEMBER 1960

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FI
SHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries. Address correspondence and requests
to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureav of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Tnterio€”
Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an enddrsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

5/31/63
CONTENTS

COVER: The 150-foot Soviet factoryship Beopnxepapop No. 395 illustrates the rapid
advances the Soviets have made in modernizing their fishing industry. This factory-
ship, with a speed of 10-12 knots, was operating in the Bering Sea (south of Nunivak
Island) in the fall of 1960 as part of a large fleet of catcher vessels, factoryships,
and auxiliary vessels.

Page
1 ..Observations of Russia's Far Eastern Fisheries Activities, by Charles Butler
16 . .Down With Rejects--Up With Profits, by R. T. Whiteleather

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments: Fur Seals (Contd.):
20 .. Equipment Note No. 6--Chain Bridles and Accumulators 32 .. Economic Study of Seal Skin Prices Initiated
Increase Effectiveness of ''Fall River'' Clam Dredges 32 .. Prices for Alaska Fur-Seal Skins at Fall 1960 Auction
in Deep Water, by Francis J. Captiva Higher
22 .. Equipment Note No. 7--Space-Saving Chart Table Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:
Installed on Seattle Trawler Sunbeam, by Richard L. 32 .. Seasonal Distribution Studies of Commercial Fish
McNeely : Stocks in Lake Erie Continued (M/V Active Cruise 12)
Alaska: Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
23 .. New Film [llustrates King Crab Fishing Industry of 33 .. Lake Erie Population Survey (M/V Musky IL
Kodiak Region September 1960)
23... Survey of Subsistence Fishing Made on Kuskokwim River 34 .. Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Continued
Antarctica: (M/V Cisco Cruise 8)
24 .. Worm Parasites of Polar Fishes to be Studied 34 .. Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Continued
California: (M/V Siscowet Cruises 6 and 7)
25 .. Recoveries of King Salmon Marked in 1959 to Determine 35 .. Sea Lamprey Control for 1960 Season Ended
Migration Hazards Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
25 .. Trawling Gear Tested on Dungeness Crabs (M/V 36 .. Bottom Formations Surveyed and Variable Pitch
Nautilus Cruise 60N5) Propeller Tested (M/V George M. Bowers
25... Investigation of Abalone Resources Continued (M/V Cruises 29 and 30)
Nautilus and Diving Boat Mollusk Cruises 60N7, 36 .. Mississippi Delta Area Surveyed for Sardine-Like
60M2), and M/V N. B. Scofield and Diving Boat Mol- Species (M/V Oregon Cruise 70)
lusk Cruise 6084, 60M3) Irradiation Preservation:
26 .. Albacore Tuna off Southern California Studied 37... Market Feasibility Study for Irradiated Fishery
(M/V Nautilus Cruise 60N8): Products Under Way
27... Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued (M/V Alaska Maine Herring Investigations:
Cruise 60A7) 37... Recoveries from Tagging Aid Studies
28 .. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January- North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear Research:
August 1960 37... Exploratory Fishing Vessel Delaware Back on Schedule
Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: North Atlantic Fishery Investigations:
28 .. Experimental Net Fishing for Skipjack Tuna 38 .. Survey of Distribution and Abundance of Groundfish in
(M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 49) Inshore Nursery Areas Continued
28 .. Fishery Research Veggel Charles H. Gilbert on 50ti Omaha, Nebraska:
Voyage 38 .. Consumption of Frozen Fish and Shellfish in Restaurants
29 .. Research on Hawaiian Tuna Fishery Bait Problems and Institutions
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Oregon:
30 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- 39 .. New Shrimp Trawling Grounds Found off Coast
September 1960 39 .. Salmon Rearing Lake Construction Begins
Fish Meal: Oysters:
30 .. Research on Nutritive Value 40 .. Maryland Observations én Spawning and Setting as of
Fisheries Loan Fund: October 1, 1960
31 .. Fisheries Loans Approved July 1 to September 30, 1960 41 .. Standards Research Program Shifted from Virginia
Fur Seals: Laboratory
31 .. Alaska Fur-Seal Skin Harvest for 1960 Lower

Contents Continued pages II and II.

II

Page

41
42
42
43
43
44

44
46

46
47
47
49
50

50

* 58
58
59
60
60
61
61

63°
64

64
65

65

66
66

66

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS {Contd.):

Scallops;

Calico Scallop Fishery in Florida

Chemical Composition to be Studied

Landings from Georges Bank to be Lower in 1961
Shrimp;

Louisiana Initiates Marking Program

. Sport Fishing:

Almost Twenty Million Fishermen in 50 States
Tuna;
Progress Made in Studies on Composition
U. S. Fishery Landings, January-August 1960
United States Fishing Fleet Additions, July and
August 1960
U. S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, August 1960
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
July-September 1960

. Wholesale Prices, October 1960

American Samoa;
Tuna Landings, September 1960

: Whiting:

Fish Held in Refrigerated Sea Water Stays Fresh Longer
FOREIGN:

International;
Concurrent OAS and FAO Conferences on Agriculture:
Significant Factors in Fisheries Development
European Common Market:
Effects of EEC and EFTA on Scandinavian Fisheries
European Free Trade Association:
Import Tariffs Reduced
Fishing Limits:
Iceland-United Kingdom Negotiate on Fishing Limits
Britain Agrees to Recognize Norway's Fishing Limits
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Meeting on Fisheries Credit Held in Paris
Plan to Standardize Names of Mediterranean Fish
General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean:
Two New Fishery Projects Urged by Council
Canning and Migration Studies of Mediterranean Tuna
Planned for 1961-62
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission:
Canada Appoints New Commissioner
International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers:
Industry Problems Outlined at Paris Conference
International Conference on Fish in Nutrition:
United States Fishing Industry Pledges Support to
Conference
International Cooperation Administration:
Sponsors Study of Marine Resources off Coasts of
Vietnam and Thailand
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea:
Cold-Water Flow from Arctic Ocean Into Northeast
Atlantic Affects Area's Fisheries
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission:
Seventh Annual Meeting in British Columbia
Italy-Yugoslavia Renew Fishing Agreement
West European Fisheries Organization:
West European Fishery Community Proposed
Whaling:
Antarctic Whale Catch for 1959/60 Season Exceeds
Quota
Commission Meets in London
Angola:
Fisheries Production and Exports, 1958-59
Fish Meal Industry Trends, First Half of 1960
Argentina;
Import Surcharges Removed on New Fishing Vessels
First Two Fishing Vessels Imported Under New
Decree
Australia:
New Spiny Lobster Fishery Regulations for Western
Australia
Bahama Islands:
Fisheries of the Turks and Caicos Islands

; Belgium:

Canned Fish and Shellfish Offering Prices to Antwerp
Importers
British Guiana;
New Policy to Encourage Development of Fishing
Industry

[Page

67

89

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Canada;
British Columbia Vessels Fish for Tuna off California
Coast
Fish Meal and Oil Production, 1958-59
Labeling Requirements for Canned Sardines Announced
Outlook for the Georges Bank Scallop Fishery, by
N, Bourne
12-Mile Fishing Limit Under Consideration
Cuba:
Program to Build 570 New Fishing Vessels Announced
Denmark:
Dispute Over Profit-Sharing Between Vessel Owners!
and Crews at Esbjerg Ends
Foreign Trade in Fish Meal and Marine Oils, 1959
Ecuador: ‘
Fish Meal and Oil Industry
Egypt:
Loan by United States to Aid Shrimp Freezing Firm
Import Licenses for More Japanese Canned Fish Issued
German Federal Republic:
Fish-Meal Production, Foreign Trade, and Consumption
Foreign Trade in Marine-Animal Oils, 1958-1959
Imports, Exports, and Production of Edible Fish Oils,
1957-59
Funds for the Support of the Fishing Industry
New Type Canned Fish Container Developed
Hong Kong;
Shrimp Exports and Re-Exports, 1952-1959 and
January-June 1960
Iceland:
Ex-Vessel Price for South Coast Herring Higher
Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter 1960
India:
Japanese to Aid in Development of Fisheries
Shrimp Production and Foreign Trade, 1959
Israel:
Fishing Industry Suffers Reverses
Italy:
Fish-Body Oil Prices as of September 1960
Tuna Imports and the Common Market
Japan:
Exports of Canned Tuna (Excluding Tuna in Brine),
1956-59
Exports of Canned Fishery Products, January-May
1959-60
Tuna Vessels Operating in the Atlantic Ocean
Import Restrictions Removed on Some Fishery and
Related Products
Marine-Oil Exports and Consumption, 1958-59
Salmon Shark Exports to Italy Increase Sharply
Mexico:
Foreign Trade in Marine Oils
Shrimp Fishery Trends, Mid-September 1960
West Coast Shrimp Fishery Trends
Netherlands:
. Bills Passed Approving Withdrawal from Whaling
Convention and Regulating Antarctic Whaling
Norway:
Fish Meal Production, 1958-60
Foreign Trade and Production of Marine Oils,
1956-1960
Conditional Readherence to International Whaling
Convention Announced
Whaling Crews Receive Wage Increase
Peru:
Exports of Marine Products, January-June 1959 and
1960
Fishing Vessel Fleet as of July 1960
Philippines;
Canned Fish Retail and Wholesale Prices,
May 3-July 1, 1960
Portugal:
Canned Fish Exports, First Half 1960
Canned Fish Pack, First Half 1960
Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter 1960

3 Spain:

Balearic Islands Shrimp Fishery
U.S. S.R.
New Freezer-Factoryship Completed
United Kingdom:
Fish Meal Production and Foreign Trade, 1955-59

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW TIT

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):

United Kingdom (Contd.): Supreme Court:
90 .. Crude Whale and Herring Oil Utilization Increased 95 .. Gulf States Request Reconsideration of Decision on
90 .. Effect of Preservatives on Fish Meal and Oil Quality Offshore Boundaries
90 .. New Freeze-Drying Process Increases Shelf Life of 95 .. Eighty-Sixth Congress (Second Session)

Foods FISHERY INDICATORS:
91 >=. New Plant to Produce Frozen-Fish Dinners 97 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
91 .. Review of Research on Fishery Byproducts 98 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
93 ;. Ultraviolet Light Used for Purification of Oysters 99 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of
: FEDERAL ACTIONS: Fishery Products
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 100 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery
Food and Drug Administration: Products at Principal Distribution Centers

94. Color Additives Regulations Issued 100 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and

Department of the Interior: Alaska

Fish and Wildlife Service: 101 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: 102 .. Chart 7 - U.S, Fishery Products Imports
94... Frozen Ocean Perch and Pacific Ocean Perch Fillets RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Voluntary Grade Standards Proposed 103 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

GR} 5 New Alaska Regional Director Named 105 .. Miscellaneous Publications

SALMON CANNED FIRST IN SCOTLAND .

"One of our most important fish-canning in-
dustries, namely salmon, had its beginning dur-
ing the Civil War period. Salmon is said to have
been canned first in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1824
and it is claimed that the first salmon canned on
the American continent was packed at St. Johns,
N. B., in1839 and in Maine shortly after this time.
However, it was never packed onan extensive scale
as were lobster and oysters. .. The industry had
its real beginning in California, first became im-
portant on the Columbia River and reached full de-
velopment when salmon canning spread to British
Columbia, Alaska, northern Japan and Siberia in

ning of Fishery Products, Research Report No. 7,
page 2, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.)

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Poehner, and Helen Joswick

KK 3K

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Pp. 20 and 42--J. B. Rivers (Brunswick); p. 21, and p. 22, fig. 3--Drawings by
B. O. Knake (Pascagoula); pp. 36 and 37--Basil L. Smith System, Phila., Pa.
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[AL REVIEW

December 1960 Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 22, No. 12

OBSERVATIONS OF RUSSIA’S FAR EASTERN
FISHERIES ACTIVITIES

By Charles Butler*
BACKGROUND

The purpose of the visit of the United States delegation to the Far East of the U.S.S.R.
was to observe the fisheries and to obtain samples of salmon of known history from Russian
sources for the studies under way at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Seattle Bio-
logical Laboratory. The studies are related to the high-seas fishing problems of the North
Pacific Salmon Commission's activities.

The United States delegation was made up of Clarence Pautzke, of the Washington State
Department of Fisheries, an expert on fish hatcheries; W. C. Arnold, of the Canned Salmon
Industry; Wm. Barlow, interpreter; Clinton Atkinson, in charge of the Bureau's biological
research laboratory in Seattle, Wash.; and Charles Butler, head of the delegation, from the
Bureau's Division of Industrial Research, Washington, D. C.

The delegation left Washington, D. C., on August 20, 1959, and arrived in Moscow, via
Paris, on August 22. We conferred with the full Soviet State Scientific Committee (sponsors
of our visit) regarding details of the projected trip and other fishery matters of mutual in-
terest. After a tour of the permanent Moscow exhibit of Science and Agriculture, we left
that evening for the Russian Far East. On the evening of August 23 we arrived at Khabarovsk,
having been delayed en route (at Omsk and Irkutsk) by bad weather. After the welcoming ban-
quet, we met the additional members of the Russian party with whom we were to travel.

Early on August 24, 1959, we left Khabarovsk aboard a two-engine propeller plane. The
flight was approximately north, along the Amur River Valley, then across the Sea of Ohkotsk
to the village of Ohkotsk.

VISIT TO THE OHKOTSK FISHING COMBINE

A welcoming party, including the Director of fishing activities of the area, escorted us to
a nearby house for a breakfast banquet and discussion session. We then went by bus and fer-
ry to the nearby fishing combine headquarters, some two miles from Ohkotsk.

This combine was largely inactive as the salmon season was over. We visited the saltery
facilities, the principal source of fishery products. No canning is done there. Salmon and
herring are salted during a season of about five months. Fixed gear (traps) is used for salm-
on fishing along the ocean front. Salmon processed annually totals about 1,300 tons, half
chum, half pink. The recent decline in salmon catches was blamed on Japanese high-seas
fishing activities.

There is no harbor or in-shore moorage. Vessels anchor offshore and lighter cargo to
and from shore. There was little evidence of other means of livelihood except fishing. The
* Saltonstall-Kennedy Coordinator, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D. C.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1959 p. 71, October 1959 p. 39.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 605

combine operates its own cooperage shop, making tierce
ring, kegs for salmon caviar, and boxes for frozen fish (

oF oe LTS

Fig. 6 - Workers at fish saltry, Ohkotsk Combine. ,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

s and boxes for salt salmon and her-
usually flatfish). The operation was
on a rather large scale, with evidence
of recent upgrading of buildings and
equipment. Type of construction was
planted poles for support members,
hewn timbers for the structure prop-
er, and rough-sawed lumber for roof
and side walls. Floors were of con-
crete, with salting vats built into
them. Good workmanship was’ evi-
dent despite primitive type of struc-
tures. There was some use of mech-
anical conveyors and flumes for mov-

Fig. 7 - Womanworker checking trimmed barrel, Ohkotsk Combine.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

ing the fish. Plenty of labor was in evidence, with women apparently being used for
many of the jobs.

The cold storage was a good one, except for the wood construction, with cork insulation.
There must be considerable difficulty with frosting in the freezer and frozen storage areas.
Most of the area we visited was for chilled storage of salted fish and salmon caviar.

REFRIGERATED CARRIERS PROVIDE OPERATIONAL
BASE AROUND OHKOTSK SEA

Travel between the principal fishing ports around the rim of the Sea of Ohkotsk and to the
southward into the Sea of Japan was by refrigerated carriervessel. We first went aboard such
a vessel, the M/V Tuloma, on the evening of August 24 in the roadstead off the town of Ohkotsk.
This vessel, and a sistership, the M/V Kuloy, served as our floating home away from home
for the better part of 18 days. They were most enjoyable bases of operations.

Re: oe aot S gs

Fig. 10 - View of cargo winches and hatch, M/V Tuloma. Fig. 11 - View of main deck showing cargo boom and winch,
Spa M/V Tuloma.

DESCRIPTION OF REFRIGERATED CARRIERS: There are five refrigerated carriers
in the fleet that plies out of Nakhodka-Vladivostok to the many towns and villages, accessible
only by this means for much of their inbound supplies and for outbound transport of products
prepared for sale. Each vessel makes a swing around an assigned route once a month, in-
cluding about one week of loading and unloading time at Nakhodka.

Total vessel complement is 58, with a Captain and 5 mates on deck, 5 mates in the en-
gineroom (one is a refrigeration engineer), and 3womeninthe steward's department. Some
of the women crew members did the purchasing of the food supplies for the ship, and others
were responsible for checking cargo on and off the vessel.

The vessels have the usual navigational aids--radar, direction finder, radiotelephone
and telegraph, visual and recording depth-sounders, fire-warning system, etc.

Refrigeration is by the compression system, with 4,500 cubic meters of refrigerated
space. There are five cargo hatches. Main propulsion is by slow-speed Diesel, as are the
electric generator auxiliaries. Deck winches and most other powered equipment are electric.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

PLACE OF REFRIGERATED CARRIERS IN FISHING INDUSTRY: The season for hauling
salmon is May to September. Balance of the year's cargo (inbound) is crab, herring, and flat-
fish. The cargo is consigned to cold-storage warehouses along the docks, usually at Nakhod-
ka, but Vladivostok and Khabarovsk are alternative ports. Refrigerated trains take shipments,
via the Trans-Siberian Railroad, to Moscow in 10 days. A mechanical refrigeration car is
put on the line with 10 refrigerator cars on each end of it. Cold air is driven through these
cars via connecting ducts. There were said to be individually-equipped mechanical refrig-
eration cars, but we saw in our visit to Nakhodka only the multiple-car type just described.
Dry ice or salt-ice refrigeration was said to be used for shorter-distance shipments.

THE OCTOBER FISHING COMBINE

On August 28 we landed near Ust Bolsheretsk, at the southwest tip of the Kamchatka Pen-
insula, and conferred with the principal factors of the October Fish Combine. U. C. Kuznet-
zof, the Director, presided at a discussion of the combine's activities.

Canning was one of the principal ac-
tivities, with chunk and pink salmon the
predominant species taken. Recently
those fish have been less abundant. Open-
ocean fishing has had to be initiated for
salmon, herring, cod, and flatfish to main-
tain the combine.

Present facilities include:

1. Cannery for salmon and
"cambala" (flatfish).

Can factory.

3. Freezing and frozen storage
plant.

4. Saltery, for salmon and her-
ring.

Salmon caviar plant.

6. Floating vessel repair and
machine shop.

&

< - 7 - Re Bl 4
Fig. 13 - View of floating vessel repair shop, October Combine. Fig. 14 - Fishing vessel hull repairs under way, October
Combine.

Salmon fishing is conducted along the 35 kilometers of ocean beach assigned each com-
bine. Fixed (floating) gear, not unlike the Alaska salmon trap, is used. In some instances,
the heart or pot is disconnected and towed to the offshore floating pumping station and the
fish are received at the cannery or saltery bins alive. Inother instances, the trapis "brailed"
by the crew of one small boat pulling the web into this boat, thereby working the fish into the
opposite end at which a second boat is moored. The fish are transferred to the second boat
and from there are taken to the factory for processing. At-seme_times, during the season,

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

fishing for salmon is permitted with non-
fixed gear in the river. We saw a haul- or
beach-seining operation at one point (to sup-!
ply us with live fish for blood samples). A
fisherman, engaged in some form of gill-
net operation, was also observed along the
river bank. The latter activity was said to
be "for personal use."

SALMON CANNING PROCEDURES:

The canning operation here annually re-
sulted in 34,500 cases (48 1-lb. cans) of
salmon. Species are not segregated in
their pack reports. Silver salmon is now
the dominant species whereas pink salmon
was formerly the major variety.

Fig. 16 - Ice-crusher, in storage pit, October Combine.

-*

‘es ‘

a
&

Fig. 18 - Netting has been hauled aboard and fishermen are
"drying up" the "heart, ' October Combine.

The raw material is not weighed. An
estimate is made, based on the "pud"
(possibly a vestige of the premetric sys-
tem period), a volume measure equal to ey
36 pounds. Once the product is packed, Fig. 19 - Fish-receiving skitf at “trap, " October Combine.
the case count is used. Each regional

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

Fig. 20 - Fish (salmon) coming aboard receiving skiff. Oc- Fig. 21 - Crew preparing to re-set the "heart" of the trap. October
tober Combine. Combine.

ig. - Fish b t ri bank near October Combine, Kam- Fig. 23 - Fish-delivery conveyor to processing plant, October
ae Bee eet i Combine, Kamchatka.

Fig. 24 - Salmon eviscerating machine, October Combine, Fig. 25 - Woman worker operating barrel lathe, Ohkotsk
Kamchatka. Combine.

agency (the People's Economic Council) is responsible for reporting catch and product sta-

tistics to the Moscow headquarters. These reports appear in the Russian periodical 'Fish-
eries Industries."

An important part of the Russian salmon-canning operation includes the removal of the
roe by hand. Women workers, in "'pits'’ past which the fish are chuted, slit the fish and re-
move the roe. The fish then go to "iron chinks" for butchering. Hand sliming is used. The
fillers seen were Troyer-Fox or Jensen (vintage 1920's) probably installed by United States
companies in the early 1930's. Balance of the canning equipment seen was comparable. A
large amount of hand labor was evident, even for the slow-speed lines in use. Retort capaci-
ty seemed to be the limiting factor for glut processing,

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

CANNED FLATFISH IS IMPORTANT PRODUCT: Flatfish were being processed here, as
elsewhere. The season of major production is October through December. This supplements
the salmon and herring fisheries very nicely and extends the use of canning equipment. Four
flatfish species are used for canning (or for freezing): (1) Limonda aspera; (2) Bilinata;

(3) Pleuronectes quabrituberculatus; and (4) Limonda herzenstein (Jordah-Snyder). Approxi-
mately equal amounts of each of these are taken. Other species (of which we noted several),
together with ''trash'' fish and the trimmings from the canning operation, go to the reduction
plant. Alaska pollock is one of the species taken, but it is not considered suitable for canning
or freezing.

Approximately 32,500 cases of 1-pound flats of cambala (flatfish) are canned annually at
this combine. When a fishing vessel arrives with these species, the fish are pumped from
the trawler's hold to shore pens for sorting. The selected species are then washed and the
head, tail, fins, and the belly cavity area are sawed off in a band-saw operation. The waste
joins the discarded fish en route to the fish-meal factory. Flatfish from frozen storage may
also be used for canning.

PROCEDURE FOR CANNING FLATFISH: The trimmed portion is again washed, then cut
(by a gang band-saw set-up) to fit the [-pound flat when packed on edge. Breading is applied
by hand. The breaded portions are next put in mesh baskets, immersed in a deep-fat-fryer
vat for 3 minutes, then cooled for 1 to 2 hours.

Women next pack the portions into the cans. Spiced tomato sauce is ladled into the cans
as they pass along the conveyor en route to the seaming machine. Retorting is standard. The
product is quite acceptable to the Russian people, especially since this a r@latively inexpen-
sive form of permanently-preserved animal protein.

FREEZING FLATFISH: Flatfish are also frozen. The fish are placed two layers deep,
by hand, in stainless steel pans about 18"'' x 30" x 3" high. Blast units maintained at -30 F.
are used for fast-freezing. The frozen product is removed from the pans and stacked in
frozen storage until shipped or used for canning. No glazing or other protection was ob-
served. The canned flatfish was noted for sale in an inland town at 5 rubles per 1-pound flat,
as compared to 11 rubles for 1-pound canned pink salmon (1 ruble equals US$0.25).

The frozen flatfish and the better-quality mild-salted salmon are boxed for shipment to
market. This salmon and the salmon caviar (in kegs of about 60 pounds each) are kept in re-
frigerated storage until offered for sale. One of the local cold-storage plants had an absorp-
tion-type ammonia system. It was considered quite satisfactory, and seemed to be well-
designed and maintained. The operator-in-charge was a woman of about 25. Since the com-
bine is chronically short of electric power, but can get, as ''fuel'’ for the absorption system,
the waste steam, the system seemed a "natural" for use under these circumstances.

A further canned product was "ragout'' from the trimmings of the salmon-canning opera-
tion. Sometimes a ground sausage-like product was prepared from salmon trimmings, with
seasonings added, then canned.

SALMON CAVIAR: The salmon caviar plant was principally notable for the attempt to
be very Sanitary. We waded through a pan of "antiseptic" solution before entering the
screened plant. White smocks were passed out to each visitor. The processing was the
standard hand sieving, brining, and oil-coating usual for salmon caviar. Several ''qualities"
were prepared, apparently based on species, egg size, and maturity. The final product was
placed in kegs, each about 60 pounds net capacity, and held in chilled storage until shipped.
It was difficult for us to make the Russians understand that United States practices do not
include saving of roe for caviar. They consider this the most valuable product of the salm-
on fishery.

THERE'S "PROFIT" IN RUSSIA, TOO: Some semblance of the profit motive was observed
in the operation of the combine. The fishermen are paid for the raw material. The combine,
using this price as its prime cost, adds the processing cost and "'a little for profit" and offers

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

Fig. 26 - October Combine warehouse where filled and processed Fig. 27 - United States fisheries delegation studies tish-gear types,
salmon cans are being outside-lacquered. Here they emerge October Combine, Kamchatka.
from dip tank.

Fig. 29 - Conveyorfrom raw material pit to grinder in fish-meal
plant, October Combine, Kamchatka.

= Megtiphy peer: PRs eR So Rg

Fig. 30 - Portabl 1-fi i i : ; F
as Pras eae ired steam boiler used at October Com- Fig. 31 - Raw material grinder, fish-meal plant, October Com-

bine, Kamchatka.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

the product for sale to the State distribution agency. The combine contracts to supply to
the transport agency (in this case the refrigerated carrier vessel) a given quality and quan-

tity of products. The carrier, in turn, contracts to pick up and deliver the agreed-upon ship-
ments to railhead storage.

ging equipment. Capacity of the plant was about »
2,000 tons of fish meal per year. Jute bags

(100 pounds) were used. Quality of the meal was
good. Since only flatfish raw material was used,
there was no attempt made at (nor equipment a-
vailable for) oil recovery. The meal was ship-
ped into the more populous areas for use as
poultry or swine feed supplement. Active in-
terest was displayed as to markets for export

of Russian fish meal to the United States. It
may well be, as the Bering Sea trawl fishery and
that along the Pacific Coast of Russia expands,
the United States west coast may become amore
economic market outlet than that via vessel car-
rier and railroad transport 3,000 to 5,000 miles
to the west into European Russia. There was a — ;

mention made of the use of urea as a feed Fig. 32 - Fish waste destined for = meal plant, OctoberCom

bine.

supplement in cattle nutrition, showing that
knowledge of alternative supplements to animal
protein sources is being disseminated.

SALT FISH PLANT: The saltery consisted
of 16-cubic-meter vats of concrete, recessed in-
to the earth. There were 360 of these vats; esti-
mated capacity, 350 metric tons. Annual pro-
duction consisted of 200 tons of salmon, 150 tons
of herring. For salmon, medium-salted grade,
a period of 6 to 7 days for salt-curing was nec-
essary. Hard-salt salmon was processed for
14 days. Half-tierces, boxes, or reed sacks
Fig. 33 - Fish meal sacking and storage, October Combine. were used for packaging of the salted product,
apparently based on: (1) quality, and (2) distance to market.

VISIT TO THE FISHING VILLAGE AT OZERNAYA: The evening of August 31, the group
went ashore from the Tuloma to the fishing combine at Ozernaya, some distance to the south,
but on Kamchatka. Facilities were similar there except that, with a good supply of red salm-
on, the combine had prospered and had, apparently, put back into the town some of the profits
of the fishery. The cannery consisted of two lines of the same style equipment as previously
mentioned, including exhaust boxes, but with 4 Japanese replicas of the Smith iron chink and
two sliming lines. There were being installed two Japanese "high-speed" $-pound salmon
lines. Two Japanesel/ copies of the Smith chink of newer vintage, said to process 120 fish
per minute, were also being installed. The cannery was fairly well laid out for efficient
production. The walls were tiled up about 5 feet from the floor, but the concrete floors were
very rough and poorly-drained. :

The fish were removed from the vessel holds by use of a large centrifugal pump, pow-
ered with an automobile engine (including the transmission). A second such engine supplied
the tangential jet to ''prime'' the main pump. Capacity of the system was 30 tons per hour.
1/ CAN - Tokyo Seikan Kaiska, Ltd.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

Flatfish are also canned as the product ''cambala,'' described earlier in this report. Year- .
round canning of this product is conducted at a daily capacity of 300 cases (1-pound flats).

The large saltery's activities are primarily for processing of herring. Annual produc-
tion is at a level of 12,000 tons of herring, with an, additional 800 tons of line-caught cod.
Salted fish are held in -7 to -6 C. (19.4 to 21.2 F.) cold-storage space.

Freezing activities are for flatfish, with the principal species utilized those listed else-
where in this report. Production is at the annual rate of 800 tons of flatfish, plus 1,000 tons
of line-caught cod. Temperature in the frozen storage rooms visited was -12 C. (10.4 F.).
No glaze was evident on the piles of frozen fish seen.

A new cold-storage building, of pumice block, was under construction. Capacity--for
frozen storage only--was 2,000 tons.

FARM COMBINE COMPLEMENTS FISHING ACTIVITIES: This fishing combine also has,
as an adjunct, a farm combine up the river valley a few miles. The advantages of supplemen-
tation of food supplies were evident in the dietary variety as contrasted to other Far Eastern
localities visited. Natural grass hay was being cut from large areas of the level land; small
herds of beef and milk cows were observed, as well as some swine. Some larger plots of
vegetable crops were noted, in addition to the ''personal'' gardens inthe town proper. Potatoes,
cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, turnips or rutabagas, and onions were among the varieties
noted.

This fishing combine had a population of 5,500, of which 3,000 were workers. Also, of
the 5,500, about 4,000 were permanent residents; 1,500 were transient workers, largely from
Central Asia. A sprinkling of North Koreans was evident here, as elsewhere, in the fishing
villages visited.

PORT OF NEVELSK, SOUTHERN END OF SAHKALIN ISLAND

Our next stop was Nevelsk, on the West Coast of Sahkalin Island near the south end. We
arrived in the roadstead off Nevelsk about 5:00 p.m. on September 7, The usual two tugs, with
the principal fisheries officials of the area aboard to welcome us, ferried us ashore by 6:00
p.m. Nevelsk was the first city we had seen since departure from Khabarovsk. We were
quartered in the local (trawler) fishing industry hostel, at which vessel crewmen put up dur-
ing their free time ashore.

We were permitted little opportunity to wander about this town, possibly because of the
tight schedule, The town was built along the coast, with a steep hillside only 2 or 3 blocks
back from the waterfront. Trawling was the principal activity. We saw possibly 40 trawlers
at sea nearby, and another 40 anchored closer inshore, but not fishing. No local fish-proc-
essing facilities were visited.

ANTONOVO RESEARCH LABORATORY: On September 8 we journeyed, by single-car
Diesel-powered rail car, north along the west coast to the Sahkalin Island headquarters and
research center of TINRO (Pacific Institute for Oceanographic and Marine Research) in the
town called Antonovo. This laboratory is well-staffed, with 42 professional people out of a
total complement of 99. Several types of research are conducted there, and at the four sub-
stations in the Sahkalin-Kurile Island area assigned to the Antonovo laboratory for supervi-
sion by the People's Economic Council. Leionidov, the Director, is also in charge of the
technological research work under way.

Among the projects are:
(1) Hydrobiology

(a) Plankton distribution in Tatar Straits, the Northern part of the Japan
Sea, and the Southern part of the Ohkotsk Sea.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

(b) Seaweed research, especially on Laminaria, Anfestia plicata.
(c) King crab; and other shellfish, including scallops and shrimp.

(2) Gear studies

(a) Improvement in gill nets, purse seines, trawls, fixed nets, and drift
nets.

(3) Technology

(a) Problems of salting and canning herring and salmon, and the recovery
byproducts from them.

(b) Storage and transport of fresh fish. (They had found chilled sea water
not much good after 5 days.

(c) Uses of seaweed.

SAHKALIN ISLAND HATCHERY: Next morning we drove, by auto, along the same route
for about one hour, then turned inland to a hatchery installation. The facility was said to
have been initially built by the Japanese about 1927. The Russians, since about 1951, had
razed the disused facilities and begun
amore extensive program. At the
time of our visit the annual level of
production was said to be about 26
million eggs; ultimate annual capaci-
ty sought--33 million, Fish are
largely chums, with a few pinks, and
some sima (a sixth member of Oncor-
hynchus family found on the Asiatic ’
side of the Pacific). Outstanding ac-
complishments cited were mortali-
ties down to 1.3 percent since new
water-filtering facilities have been
installed. They are able to keep
chums for five months before re-
leasing them.

Fig. 34 - Living quarters of salmon hatchery workers, Sahkalin Island.

The staff of the hatchery seemed
quite capable. Eleven families were in residence. Much of the manpower utilized was young
girls in two categories: 3 engineers in charge of the research and production direction; and
groups of technicians (younger, less trained girls) assigned to the egg-picking and related
manual chores.

NAKHODKA, THE PRINCIPAL WINDOW ON THE PACIFIC

The evening of September 9 we returned to the Kuloy and the vessel departed for Nak-
hodka (the port about 50 miles from Vladivostok), the only Russian Far East port open to
foreign vessels. We arrived off Nakhodka about 10:00 a.m. on September 11. By noon we
had tied up at a wharf, unloaded our belongings, and been taken to a hostel. After lunchina
nearby restaurant we were taken on an auto tour of the docks and warehouses and then to the
principal points of interest around the town.

HARBOR AND WHARF FACILITIES: Nakhodka is only 10 years old. It has an excellent
well-protected harbor, with inner bays available as anchorages. Ocean-going freighters and
tankers were moored at the wharf on which were many railroad cranes for swinging cargo
from ship to shore and vice versa. Several rail sidings paralleled the wharf front. Next to
these were 3-, 4-, and 5-story warehouses, including dry stores and cold-storage installa-
tions. The cold storage shown us was modern and reasonably well-operated, except for the
lack of packaging or other forms of protection for the many frozen products in storage. Hand
labor was evident at all stages.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

Nearby we were shown through a multistory warehouse building in which canned fish was
stored. Samples of several species and products were opened for an impromptu taste-panel
by the group of Russian and United States fishery experts. Some salmon, labeled in English,
was said to be for Western European trade. Interest was expressed in the possibility of an
export market for salmon in the United States.

TOUR OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS: Our tour next included a drive past various schools,
public buildings, and residential areas (largely the garden-court type of apartments). Be-
cause of the rugged terrain, any building or road construction was difficult and expensive.
Hills of solid rock must be cut down; the narrow, winding valleys filled. Nevertheless there
was considerable construction activity for miles along the row of hills just back from the nar-
row strip of level land along the waterfront.

We were shown the entire inside of one of several houses of culture. This structure had
been completed not over two years ago at a cost of about 1 million rubles (US$250,900). It
had a rather large well-equipped stage and seating capacity for possibly 1,000 people. A reg-
ular schedule of events is developed each year by the director, including orchestras, ballet,
singers, lectures, etc. Other parts of the 3-story building were used for such purposes as:
reading and reference library (adults and children), game rooms, child guidance and group
activities, and meeting rooms for local people.

We also drove through areas of new apartment development and of individual residences
further away from the downtown area. As everywhere we travelled in Russia, the principal
problem was lack of any semblance of good roads, or even streets, except on main thorough-
fares in the larger cities.

Highlight of our visit to Nakhodka was a dinner on September 11. After about 3 weeks in
fishing villages and aboard ship we marveled at a well-decorated, spacious restaurant, com-
plete with a 5-piece orchestra playing an excellent variety of dinner music. The food was of
a quality to reflect credit on the management.

TRAIN TRIP TO KHABAROVSK: Our departure from Nakhodka, originally scheduled for
_ early on the morning of September 12, was delayed by flood damage along the route of the
spur from Vladivostok resulting from the heavy rains of a few days earlier. We went aboard
first-class coaches of the Trans-Siberian train at 11:00 a.m. Facilities were comparable to
our Pullman compartments. There were two lower and two upper berths athwartships, with
a small work table near the window. As we had only two persons per compartment, it was
quite a comfortable trip.

and sparsely populated. We were told that certain parts had been set aside as sanctuaries

for the Siberian tiger. Wild boar were also reportedly present. Habitations were almost

exclusively restricted to sporadic farm villages along the railroad. Some coal-mining ac-

tivity was evident, especially on the southern end of the trip. Where the soil was in use, and

judging from areas of natural hay, the area would be a productive one for agricultural sup-
i]

port of Far Eastern needs; this is not to compare it with "'the Virgin Lands, or the Ukraine,
thousands of miles to the westward.

The country through which we passed was apparently quite fertile, wooded where wild, :

As we approached Khabarovsk, the towns were larger. Groups, transported from the
towns, were observed harvesting crops (largely potatoes) from large fields, apparently as
part of a State farm operation. Industrial support activities, observed in the environs, were :
principally impressive for the vast coal piles seen along sidings. Chemical, furniture, and

ry? wood-working plants, and coal-powered electricity-generator plants, were among those
noted. :

KHABAROVSK, METROPOLIS OF THE FAR EAST: Wearrived at Khabarovsk at 1:00 p.m.
on September 13. Brief talks were held with the local TINRO officials regarding all our ob-
servations of Far East activities. Plans were agreed upon for the next day. Our hosts then
treated us to the finals of the intercity "football" (soccer) league of the area. The newly-

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

completed stadium, on filled land along the bank of the Amur River, was impressive. Nearby
a pavillion was being constructed. The crowd was enthusiastic; the soccer contest close. All,
including the United States fisheries delegation, had a pleasant outing.

KHABAROVSK MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH CENTERS: The next morning we went
first to the headquarters of the suburban enforcement division of TINRO. In the afternoon we
moved downtown to the TINRO headquarters for further discussions. The office operates as
a branch of TINRO, with main headquarters at Vladivostok, under Dr. Panin. It is one of four
such stations in the area. Total local professional personnel was 40, of which 34 had ad-
vanced degrees. There are three principal programs of research under way:

1. Salmon, including study of stocks, propagation, and hatchery production expansion.
2. Fresh-water fish biology; study of the resource and the stock.

3. Artificial pond culture for fresh-water fish.

We left Khabarovsk the morning of September 15 in a TU-104 jet and reached Moscow
that evening.

MOSCOW RESEARCH CENTERS

In Moscow we conferred with the principals at the VNIRO (All-Union Institute for. Ocean-
ographic and Marine Research) headquarters about our trip, items of interest which we wish-
ed to follow up, and to discuss background on United States fishery activities of interest to
that Institute's staff. My primary interest was in the technological, statistical, and econom-
ics areas. In addition to these general (group) discussions, sessions were held on Septem-
ber 16 and 17 with the appropriate staff specialists in these fields. A map was supplied us
showing the VNIRO, TINRO, National Academy of Science, and University locations where
fisheries (or related subjects) research is in progress. (See map p. 14.)

The total VNIRO staff at the Moscow headquarters now totals 2,500--about half scien-
tists and half technicians; there are 200 Ph.D's. The areas of work include both theoretical
and practical research. Projects are planned at the Institute, based on industry needs ob-
served at the field level. Local (field) People's Economic Councils recommend the areas
needing research. At present the finances, for approved programs, are supplied by the State.
It is expected, soon, that the local units will supply part of the funds.

The statistical responsibilities are vested in the State Statistical Control Agency in Mos-
cow. This group has all aspects of the economy as its responsibility, with the fishing indus-
try a small part of the whole. There seem to be no standardized indices; for example, all
flatfish are grouped, as are all salmon. Each combine sends information on daily catch to
the Regional People's Economic Council head and to the Central Statistical Agency in Mos-
cow. Other local groups, e.g., cooperatives, must also report, but they are a small part
of the industry. The People's Economic Council reports on catch, manpower, vessels, gear,
etc., but the detail, or accuracy, is not what the scientific personnel would like for research
purposes.

Some concept of the pattern of the industry was obtained. It may be highly inaccurate
and incomplete, but is set down as presented to us.

BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES
Two systems are in use at the fishermen's level:
1. Co-op groups sell catch to 2. State fishermen work on a salary

processors, based on a con- basis and their catch goes to the
tract price. | processors.

Vol. 22, No. 12

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

14

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December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Once the fish is processed, the State processor offers it to the State trade organization
for distribution to the State market centers. State-operated stores are the ultimate outlets
for all the products. At each stage in this process, to the prime cost is added the handling
or processing cost and "a little profit"' in arriving at the asking price for the next stage. How-
ever, the final or retail price is said to have been fixed (and at a fairly constant figure in re-

pe years) by the State. In time, as efficiency builds up, the fixed price is supposed to de-
cline.

There are regional differences in price: these include three zones, based on distance
from the source--Far East, Moscow, and remote areas. Most of the mild-cured salmon
and herring is shipped to local centers where it may be smoked before sale. At nearer points
frozen fish is used for smoking, or for sale.

Preference of the population, as told to us, was salt fish, canned fish, and frozen fish,
in that order. Among the less-expensive and widely used products was ''cambala''--breaded
flatfish, fried, and canned in tomato sauce. Some preference was evident for fresh flatfish
in areas to which it is accessible. Estimates of market patterns were:

60 percent of flatfish, frozen (part for later smoking)
30 percent of flatfish, canned (cambala)
10 percent of flatfish, fresh

Flatfish is mostly sold round, not filleted.

Herring is now, and was predicted to be, continuingly, a salted item ofgready acceptance.
Canned salmon is only recently becoming a more significant domestic item, perhaps as the
standard of living is raised. Salt salmon is still dominant.

Over the long pull, we were advised, especially in Moscow, that fresh and frozen (and
even packaged fish) was expected to gradually replace salt fish on the domestic market.
Meanwhile interest was expressed in possible export opportunities for canned salmon, frozen
flatfish, and fish meal.

OTHER ACTIVITIES IN MOSCOW

Among the other activities of note in Moscow was attendance at the evening performances
of the ballet in the Bolshoi Theatre, and of the Russian Circus. Each was without peer, in
my experience. We also visited the all-Russian Art Gallery, the Kremlin, and the GUM-State
Department Store. Russian ideas of service to customers leave a lot to be desired, even by
standards in the United States during the Christmas rush.

Our activities on September 19 consisted of a close-out session at the offices of the State
Scientific Committee--our sponsor during the tour. The atmosphere of scientific interest--
exhibited during the discussions with the Committee on our outbound visit--was maintained
on this occasion. We got the impression that both sides considered such an exchange helpful
and worth the considerable effort required to|bring it about. I consider our trip constituted
a most far-reaching and significant attempt of the U.S.S.R. to show full accord for further-
ing exchange of scientific personnel in the interest of joint benefit.

On the evening of September 20 we departed Moscow via Air France. Seldom in our ex-
perience were the simple comforts of the West so starkly evident as on this flight after so
many days’ within the "Iron Curtain."

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

DOWN WITH REJECTS--UP WITH PROFITS
R. T. Whiteleather*

What is the U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI) Fishery Products Inspection Service
and what does it mean to producers and processors? This is a voluntary inspection service
which was founded to help the fishing industry and at the same time give the consumer high-
quality fishery products. It is not a policing action! It is a program of assistance in quality
control. Where defects in production processes are found, USDI inspectors try to assist by
recommending corrective measures. Plant management voluntarily defrays the entire cost
of the service. Only four years old, this program is still in the growing stage. Its early
growth has been extremely
gratifying because it demon-
strates the confidence that the
industry has placed in the
Voluntary Federal Inspection
Program. You may be a little
surprised to know that the a-
mount of frozen fishery prod-
ucts under USDI inspection in
the United States is running
well over 100 million pounds
annually.

In the Gulf and South At-
lantic Region specifically,
about 47 million pounds of
that 100 million pounds plus
total are now made up of
shrimp products carrying the
USDI Inspection Shield. This
includes nearly 80 percent of
the breaded shrimp output in
that area. Considering that
breaded shrimp standards
have been in effect barely
two years, the quantity of
shrimp now under inspection : rey. : i
has reached an impressive oa Bee, neat each plant under USDI Inspection, Gulf and South At-
record in volume. The num- a H j
ber of shrimp-processing plants subscribing to the Inspection Service has also grown to 18.

[Lirauction for only a par of the year. ]

All of this might well be called the shiny side of the inspection coin. Now let us turn it
over and look at the other side which is a little less bright. Here, we find statistics on the
amount of shrimp that has been thrown out of grade or rejected by USDI inspectors for vari-
ous reasons. Some significant factors or trends have been revealed by an analysis of the
weekly records on products rejected by USDI inspectors for the 12 months preceding June
1960. Remedial action would put some additional money into industry pocketbooks. Under
today's competitive marketing conditions, everyone will no doubt endorse this idea.

To be exact, 379,112 pounds of shrimp and shrimp products were rejected or thrown out
of grade during the 12 months (May 1959-April 1960) reviewed. Percentage-wise, this is not
a large proportion of the total production; just about 1 percent. Dollar-wise, however, it
eeu bea subsisniial amount, depending entirely on the method of disposal of the rejects.
*sAssistant Regional Director, Region 2, U. S. B £ Co: ial Fi i b 5
Note: Adapted from an address a the Shrimp Aeeciation of ie AmenC is AaeteN Con eae esos cee June 25, 1960.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 606

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

The actual amount of loss in dollars becomes a little cloudy at this point since a product re-
jected or denied a grade shield is not a total loss if sold out of grade. Products merely out
of grade because of certain defects are often sold at lower prices. On the other hand, some
rejects reached a condition beyond salability and, undoubtedly, were or should have been dis-
carded entirely. We have no way of pinpointing the exact dollar values involved. However,
it is safe to say that if all products intended for Grade A remained in grade, their value would
be substantially higher than if sold at a lower grade because of rejection at the time of proc-
essing or packing.

In order to analyze the figures, the various reasons for rejection of products were bro-
ken down into these six categories:

1. Decomposition 4, Excessive breading
2. Dehydration and deterioration 5. Overloaded freezer or defrosting
3. Low net weight 6. Sanitation

Decomposition for inspection purposes is defined as spoiled or unfit for food purposes.
Dehydration is a condition of severe loss of moisture through mishandling. Deterioration is
loss of quality, however, the product is well above the decomposition level and still suitable
for human consumption. Low net weight means exactly that. Excessive breading is the term.

Fig. 2 - An integral part of a USDI inspector's duties--the draw- Fig. 3. - USDI inspector examining contents of package to deter-
ing of official samples and checking blast-room temperatures. mine condition of breading, excessive frost, and loose breading
within package.
used where breading is in excess of 50 percent, including the 5 percent correction factor as
permitted under the standards. Overloaded freezer means slow-freezing rate resulting in
a poor-quality frozen product, and grouped with this is defrosting, a thawed-out product.
Sanitation reflects the sanitary conditions of the product.

A further separation was made to show rejections by types, namely raw headless shrimp.
peeled and deveined shrimp, and breaded shrimp.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

The preponderance of the total pounds rejected stems from decomposition. Of the total
of 379,112 pounds of processed shrimp rejected, 265,600 pounds were rejected because of
decomposition. The rejections were mainly at the point of entry at the plant and show defi-
nitely that management had not been sufficiently cautious in purchasing shrimp for further
processing. Perhaps some of this laxity can be attributed to the realization that raw products
not up to quality can be resold or shunted off elsewhere. From any angle that you look at ube
this is not a desirable practice and the frozen raw headless shrimp standards will furnish a
device for correcting some of this situation. Under the new frozen standards, plant management
will be able to buy domestically on U. S. Grade Standards or specify equivalents on foreign
purchases. Compliance should reduce the reject figure materially and, at the same time,
give management greater peace of mind about the quality of the materials entering the proc-
essing plants.

Fig. 4 - USDI inspector weighing debreaded shrimp to determine Fig. 5 - USDI inspector checking batter temperature to mini-
percentage of shrimp. mize bacterial growth. 5

Because of dehydration and deterioration, 79,022 pounds, representing 21 percent of
the total were rejected. These two factors develop principally because of mishandling either
at the boat level, in transporting, or during storage in the plant. Inspectors have constantly
worked with management in recommending ways of reducing this figure. There are indica-
tions that the trend is moving downward, and the figures on these rejections should be sub-
stantially lower in the future.

Rejection for low net weight was very small--850 pounds. The important point here is
that an inspector called attention to a faulty scale and incorrect weighing operation before
much damage had been done. Alertness of the inspectors in instances such as this often
saves management money. Short-weight charges are serious and costly.

Excessive breading caused 21,900 pounds of the finished product to be thrown out of
grade. This represents 6 percent of the total processed shrimp rejects. While many plants
run close to the maximum breading tolerance, some play the breading percentage too closely

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

with resulting rejections for this reason. Inspectors keep a rather close check on breading
percentages during plant operations, and the inspector always intends to be helpful when ad-
vising management that the percentage of
breading is approaching the limit. Inother
words, he wants to see correction instead
of rejection.

Some of the finished product goes out
of grade because of freezer inadequacies --
7,740 pounds, or 2 percent, were rejected
because of overloaded freezer or defrost-
ing. An overload in the freezer causes
slow and improper freezing resulting in de-
fects and a poor final product. Obviously,
defrosting is damaging and, unless there is
emergency, such as a freezer breakdown,
most other factors can be controlled by
proper handling and storing. Inspectors at-
tempt to make suggestions for better tech-
niques in this respect wherever improve-
ments are indicated.

Finally, under sanitation there is only
a single instance of rejection--4,000 pounds,
or 1 percent. This is an isolated and rare
case where insects had found their way into
the breading material. The product, of
course, was completely unacceptable.

é a NG

Fig. 6 - USDI inspector examining package coding for the pur-
pose of identification.

You might wonder if there is any pat-
tern of distribution in the volume of rejects
among shrimp-processing plants or if they
are spread rather evenly throughout all plants under inspection. Figure 1 shows the percent-
age of rejects for the year as related to the individual output of 16 plants identified by code
letters. It is readily apparent that the heavy burden of rejection falls on about five plants.
The others seem to be consistently more observant of the requirements in meeting grade
standards.

THE FROZEN FOOD CODE AND THE RETAILER

The growth of the frozen food business will only continue if product quality and
valueare maintained. It is generally recognized that an extremely high percentage
of frozen foods are of excellent quality when packed, but sufficient complaints from
consumers are causing concern to the trade. The retailer is largely to blame; the
greatest amount of abuse occurs at the retail level. In 1958 of 7,000 retail display
cases checked, 30 percent were operating at temperatures above 5°F., 5 percent
were from 16° to 25°F., and less than half had the desirable temperatures of 0°F.
or lower.

The Frozen Food Retailers Code is in three main sections; definitions, equip-
ment, and handling practices--each section has subsections. The code is compre-
hensive and covers all aspects from specifying a product temperature of O°F. to the
siting of the show case units, and the provision of backroom storage. In all, some
35 definitions and rules make up this code of practice. (''What the Retailer Must
Know About the Frozen Food Code," article, Quick Frozen Foods, Oct. 1959, pp. 186-
188.)

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO. 6--CHAIN
BRIDLES AND ACCUMULATORS
INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF
"FALL RIVER' CLAM DREDGES
IN DEEP WATER:

Exploratory fishing by State and Federal
research agencies and members of the com-
mercial fishing industry revealed the pres-
ence of hard clams (Venus sp.) in offshore
waters of North Carolina. Several types of

mechanical and hydraulic dredges have been
used in the past ten years in attempts to pro-
duce commercial quantities of the clams, but
these attempts have been unsuccessful owing
to adverse sea conditions, deep water, and
extremely soft mud bottom.

Fig. 1 - Commercial catch (63 bushels) of hard clams (Venus sp.)
taken by the Silver Bay off Beaufort, N. C., in 6 fathoms. The
chain bridle and the accumulator can be seen.

In the fall of 1959, the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries' chartered explora-
tory fishing vessel Silver Bay was assigned

AND

EDEVELOPMEN

Vol. 22, No.12

TS:

to part-time clam-dredging operations off the
North Carolina coast with a 14-tooth ''Fall
River'' dredge. Initial results were compara-
ble to those obtained by previous investigators
in the area. Through experimentation it was
determined that the main cause of the poor
catches lay in the inherent design and action
of the dredge:

1. Efficient dredge operation could only be
accomplished with an extremely small ratio
of towing-warp length to water depth (warp-
scope ratio), because increasing the ratio
served only to tip the dredge forward, there-
by reducing its catching efficiency (fig. 2, A
and B). Efficient operation in deep water,
where a large warp-scope ratio is necessary,
was therefore precluded.

2. Even with a small warp-scope ratio,
the dredge tended to skip or bounce over the
surface of the sea bottom in rough seas, on
uneven bottom, or when the vessel speed was ,
excesSive.

A series of gear studies, undertaken to
correct the observed shortcomings of the
dredge in deep-water operations, resulted in
the adoption of the following modifications
(fig. 2C) which increased the catch efficiency
of the dredge:

1. The tow point was lowered from the
original fixed position on the bail to change
the angle of attack and to allow greater con-
trol over the angle of attack. This was ac-
complished by connecting two 9-foot chain
slings to the bottom of the vertical steel
stiffeners. The chains were shackled togeth-
er at their forward ends to form a bridle. A
third chain was run from the bail to the apex
of the chain bridle for controlling the angle of
attack. By lengthening or shortening this
control chain, the dredge can be made to as-
sume the angle of attack desired for any
warp-scope ratio, including the large ratio
needed for deep-water work. Determination

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 607

December 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

aa

Fig. 2 - Dredge position in relation to the warp-scope ratio: A. Even with a short scope, efficient operation is often precluded be-
cause excessive ground speed or sudden surges from wave action cause the gear to skip out of the bottom. B. When the warp-scope
tatio is increased, the dredge tips forward. Catching efficiency is thus impaired because of the reduced penetration of the teeth into
the bottom. C. Gear modified by the addition of chain bridles (a), control chain (b), and accumulator chain (c) rides at the appar-

ent optimum angle of attack.

of the desired angle of attack was accom-
plished by correlating the catch with observa-
tions of the condition of the runners andteeth
of the dredge after each drag. Optimum ef-
ficiency is apparently attained when the
dredge is on the bottom the full length of the
runners.

2. To reduce the tendency of the dredge
to skip out of the bottom, nylon towing warp
was used in the place of wire, and catches
greater than those obtained using wire warp
resulted--especially in rough seas or when

working uneven bottom. The advantage ob-
tained, however, was offset by the greater
risk to the deck crew, excessive manpower
requirements, and a more time-consuming
operation.

3. A 5-fathom length of #-inch-diameter
chain was then attached between the end of
the tow warp and the chain bridle of the dredge
to act as an accumulator. This markedly re-
duced the skipping action of the dredge, there-
by permitting a return to wire warp and re-
sulting in a safer, more efficient operation.

22

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.12

Fig. 3 - "Fall River" clam dredge with the chain towing bridle (accumulator not shown--see figs. 1 and 2): (1) Tow warp. (2) Tow

ring. (3) Control chain (for changing the angle of attack of the dredge). (4) Chain bridles. (5) Bail.
8) Steel bar--vertical stiffener. (9) Lead weights (approximately 200 lbs. distributed
on both sides). (10) Teeth (7-9 inches in length). (11) Chain bag constructed of F- by 2-inch rings and

bridle connection point (same on both sides).

Pressure plate.

Commercial-size catches, averaging 6
bushels of clams per 30-minute drag, were
taken consistently with the modified ''Fall
River'' dredgeinareas where other types of
gear averaged only 1 to 2 bushels in the
same length of time.

--By Francis J. Captiva,
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
Pascagoula, Miss.

6 OK OK OK 2K

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO. 7--SPACE-
SAVING CHART TABLE INSTALLED
ON SEATTLE TRAWLER '|'SUNBEAM!":

A chart table (fig. 1), mounted on the over-
head and featuring electrically-driven chart-
storage spools, has been installed on the
trawler Sunbeam. Designed by the vessel's

Fuy. 1 - Drive motor and storage spools on Lowerside of the chart table.
The chart table is here shown as fixed to the ceiling of the cabin,

6) Runner (shoe). (7) Chain

ferinch connectors. (12)

skipper, the new system provides quick and
easy access to 25 navigational charts with a

minimum loss of pilothouse space. When not
in use, the hinged table is secured to the over-
head with a cabinet latch.

When reference to a particular chart is
necessary, the skipper unlatches and lowers
the table to an inclined

work position (fig. 2).

Fig. 2 - Use of chart table in an inclined work position.

As the table moves down from the overhead,
a chart lamp is automatically turned on. To
move the needed chart into position, a con-
trol lever, located under the lower edge of
the table, is operated. This turns on the mo-
tor and engages a 2-way friction drive, caus-
ing charts to unroll from one spool and wind
up on the other. Individual charts, fastened
to one another with cellulose tape, move a-
cross the top of the chart table at a steady

December 1960

pace of about 6 inches a second. Direction
of rolling is reversed by changing the posi-
tion of the control lever.

--By Richard L. McNeely, Electronic Scientist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Seattle, Wash.

Note: Appreciation is expressed to Capt. Ward Nickols of the
trawler Sunbeam for his cooperation in providing the opportunity
to describe and photograph the chart table.

CoD

Alaska

NEW FILM ILLUSTRATES KING CRAB
FISHING INDUSTRY OF KODIAK REGION:

National distribution is assured for the
new 30-minute color sound film, The King
Crab Story, recently completed by the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game in collabora-
tion with the Kodiak Chamber of Commerce
and the king crab fishing industry of the Ko-
diak region. The film tells the story of the
king crab and is to be used to stimulate sales
for the industry's products.

The theme of the film emphasizes the con-
tribution the giant king crab has made to the
Kodiak Island area. A very few years back
the Island's fishing potential was limited to
a few months of summer fishing for salmon
and halibut. Now the king crab industry goes
into full swing around September each year
and prospers through the winter providing
work for many fishermen and the workers in
processing plants. A half dozen processing
plants operate on the Island for 8 months of
the year.

The film begins with historical references
to Kodiak as Alaska's oldest community. The
town was established when George Washington
was President. A biological sequence shows
the work being done by a Departmental re-
search biologist in a program designed to
keep the industry functioning on a sustained
yield basis. For the first time a king crab
shedding its shell is recorded on film.

Other scenes depict the fishing fleet dur-
ing winter gales and processing plant opera-
tions showing how the king crab is prepared
for market.

The grand finale of the film is devoted to
the annual King Crab Festival staged by the
citizens of Kodiak during the month of May.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

King crab burgers, skin diving for crabs,
a crab-shaking contest, crowning of the King
Crab Queen, and the king crab banquet are
highlights of the festival. At the banquet in
which all residents and visitors participate,
prizes are awarded to local chefs who pro-
duce the most delectable and original king
crabdishes. The final scenes show the fleet
departing for the king crab fishing grounds.

eK ok OK Xk

SURVEY OF SUBSISTENCE FISHING
MADE ON KUSKOKWIM RIVER:

A 485-mile boat voyage down the Kusko-
kwim River, which flows into the Bering Sea
north of Bristol Bay, to obtain an estimate of
the total number of salmon used for dog food
and personal use by Alaskan natives was com-
pleted this summer, the Commissioner of the
Alaska Department of FishandGame reported
The voyage was made by skiff by members of
the Arctic Commercial Fisheries Division
staff. .

The voyage beganat McGrath and ended at
Napakiak, about 50 miles from the Bering Sea,
visiting all villages andfish camps enroute.

Figures obtained provided a valuable in-
dex to the Kuskokwim catch and the degree of
native dependence on these fishery resources.
The survey, which is the first of its kind on
the Kuskokwim, will be made annually hereafte1

The biologists found that an estimated
2,132 persons were subsistence fishing on
the river. They caught an estimated total of
19,457 king salmon, 70,580 red salmon, and
266,487 chum salmon, Pink salmon, silver
salmon, sheefish, whitefish, and smelt fig-
ured in the catch to a lesser degree.

The largest number of persons fishing and
the largest catches of all species of salmon,
except chums, came from the Bethel area be-
tween Napakiak and Kwethluk. The greatest
chum salmon catch was from the Aniak-Lit-
tle Russian Mission area.

Much useful information was collected
during the trip on the timing of runs and the
spawning areas of the various species.

The District Management Biologist, An-
chorage, who heads the Arctic area projects
said surveys of this kind will provide much
needed data on fluctuations in the salmon
runs on the Kuskokwim River.

3
—

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Antarctica,

WORM PARASITES OF POLAR
FISHES TO BE STUDIED:

A new 30-foot, double-planked research
cruiser, specifically designed and built for
use in exploring the chilly waters of Antarc-
tica, was loaded on the United States cargo
ship Pioneer Isle at Newport News, Va., in
mid-October 1960.

W. Stanley Wilson, special staff member
of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Glouces-
ter Point, will use the vessel during thenext
12 months at Wilkes Station on the fringe of
that ice-covered continent around the South
Pole. To withstand the grueling conditions
of this bleak continent, the Octans (named
for a constellation directly above the South
Pole) was especially designed and constructed
at a cost of over $21,000, including enough
spare parts for a year's operation.

The hull is double-planked and reinforced
against ice with a quarter-inch steel prow
and 1/8" stainless steel sheathing at the
waterline. Although it is only 30 feet long,
the craft weighs about six tons. A special
heating unit will preheat the gasoline marine
engine so that the boat may be operated at
subzero temperatures, which are common

in that part of the world.

Although Wilkes Station is cold when com-
pared to winters in Virginia, it is ice free
about seven months of the year. For the
other five months the water freezes up to
two feet thick, but breaks up periodically
under the impact of winds which sometimes
gust up to 100 miles per hour.

This open water is the reason for going
to Wilkes rather than returning to McMurdo,
where previous fishery explorations were
conducted. In McMurdo it was necessary to
cut through six feet of ice in order to set
the traps and it was impossible to do any
seining. At Wilkes base it will be possible
to operate a trawl net, haul seines, and a
variety of other fishing gear. Even during
the five winter months it will be possible to
collect some material during the period
when the ice is broken up by the winds.

The Octans is equipped with a ship-to-
shore telephone and will at all times tow a
14-foot aluminum boat with an outboard 18
hp. motor. Both boats can be used together
for hauling seines, and the small boat will

Vol. 22, No. 12

serve as a lifeboat if necessary. There is a
four-man rubber raft aboard, hand flares, and
a flare pistol with several hundred rounds of
ammunition.

The boat contains berths for two, an aux-
iliary generator, analcohol stove, three bilge
pumps (one automatic electric, another me-
chanical, and a third hand-operated), a depth-
recorder (fathometer) which records depths
up to 1,200 feet.

A special keel cooling system circulates
antifreeze through the marine motor. A spe-
cial guard around the propeller protects it
from ice damage, and a power winch on deck
will operate trawls, dredges, bottom grabs,
and bottom corers. Deck lights are arranged
for working at night, which will last 24 hours
during the winter months.

One of the problems which will be faced
is the freezing up of the nets as they are
landed on deck. At such low temperatures
the nets become stiff and unpliable almost
as fast as they are taken out of the water.

Wilson will leave Gloucester Point to go
South in early November, and expects to ar-
rive at Wilkes base in mid-January 1961,
which will be early summer in that part of
the world. Only one ship a year brings sup-
plies to the 23 people who operate that sta-
tion. Besides Wilson, who is the only biolo-
gist in the group, there will be meterologists
and glaciologists. Wilson will remain there
for the calendar year.

This expedition to Antarctica is financed
by the National Science Foundation to enable
Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr., Director of the
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester
Point, to study the worm parasites of these
polar fishes. Hargis is sending Wilson to the
Antarctic, Australia, New Zealand, and pos-
sibly Madagascar to collect fish parasites
and parasites from birds and mammals in
these far-flung regions to determine the
world-wide distribution of various species.

In addition to collections of fishes, Wilson
will collect many invertebrate animals, in-
cluding crinoids, starfish, crabs, and mollusks.
These will be distributed to the Smithsonian
Institution and other leading museums in the
United States. =

December 1960

California

RECOVERIES OF KING SALMON
MARKED IN 1959 TO DETERMINE
MIGRATION HAZARDS:

The first marked king salmon released in a Califor-
nia Department of Fish and Game experiment early in
1959 were recovered this year, that Department an-
nounced on October 21, 1960.

Young king salmon were released in four lots of
250,000 fish each at Chico, Rio Vista, and San Francis-
co Bay to determine the effect of downstream migra-
tion hazards.

Two lots were released in the Bay; one was trucked
to Tiburon from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's
Coleman Hatchery, and another lot was trucked to Rio
Vista, where the fish were transferred to a live-bait
boat and delivered to the release site.

As of the fall of 1960, the marked fish were two
years old, weighed 6 to 8 pounds, and were 20 to 26 inches
long. Few of the fish were large enough (26 inches) for
the commercial catch, but one commercially-caught
salmon released at Rio Vista was recovered. In the
ocean sport fishery, more were large enough (22 inches)
to be landed. Six boated fish and one Rio Vista fish
were recovered. In the Sacramento River, two Rio
Vista and two Chico kings were caught.

Fish arriving at Coleman Hatchery during the first
two weeks of the spawning season included 14 boated
fish, 11 from the Rio Vista release, 9 from the Chico
release, and 4 fish trucked to Tiburon.

These results are preliminary, but show that fish
survived all types of releases and should be available
as 3- and 4-year olds in sufficient numbers to make a
valid comparison as to what part of the migration to
the sea is most hazardous.

3K OK OK OK

TRAWLING GEAR TESTED ON
DUNGENESS CRABS:

1960), by the California Department of Fish and Game
research vessel Nautilus in Bodega Bay, Calif., to de-
velop techniques for catching crabs. Other objectives
of the survey were to initiate a standard procedure for
random sampling of the fishing grounds; to obtain crab
measurements for age and-growth studies; and to de-
termine crab shell condition (hard/soft) for life his-
tory studies.

A semi-balloon-type otter trawl of three-inch web-
bing was used in an attempt to catch quantities of Dun-
geness crabs, Cancer magister. Three daylight drags
caught 13 crabs and three night drags yielded 7. Each
drag covered approximately one linear mile of the bot-
tom in a 3-hour period.

To determine the effectiveness of traps as compared
to trawling, two strings of 18 40-inch traps, without
escape ports, were placed in two locations at the sites
of four drags. Each set covered about 4 linear mile
and was fished for a maximum of 24 hours. Since 169
crabs were taken by traps and less than 15 by net, it
was decided to use traps for sampling.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

25

Age and growth data were obtained from trapped
crabs. In all, five strings of 18 traps were set.

OK KK

INVESTIGATION OF ABALONE
RESOURCES CONTINUED:

M/V "Nautilus" and Diving Boat "Mollusk" Cruise
60N7, 60M2-Abalone: Abalone investigations were con
tinued from July 22-31, 1960, by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus and
diving boat Mollusk in waters off Portuguese Bend, Pt.
Dume, and Catalina Island. The objectives were (1) to mal
observations at abalone stations established in 1959; (2) tc
check other areas for commercial diving activities; (3) to
check areas of skin diving; and (4) to collect and photograp
in color various species of abalone.

Water conditions along the mainland were the worst
encountered in years. A red tide made underwater vis:
ibility practically zero. Several dives were made at
Portuguese Bend and Pt. Dume but because of opaque
water, coastal diving was discontinued.

Legend:
e@ - Areas of diving activity.

LOS ANGELES

Santa Monica
Ba:

y

M/V Nautilus and diving boat Mollusk Cruise 60N7, 60M2-Abalone.

Operations were shifted to the Isthmus at Santa Cat-
alina Island where exploratory and inspection dives wer:
made. On the Isthmus Reef the kelp (Macrocystis) had
practically disappeared and the resident pink abalone
(Haliotis corrugata) were small with shrunken meats.
Several red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) from San Mi-
guel Island, tagged and released on the Isthmus Reef
in February 1957, were found at depths of 100 feet.
They had moved from shallow water to the deeper,
colder waters off the reef. Eagle Reef and Indian Rock
areas were also examined and.here, also, the thick
kelp found on previous dives in 1957 had disappeared.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

At Arrow Point, kelp and abalone were in approximate-
ly the same abundance as in 1957. Apparently the kelp
growing along the shoreline of Santa Catalina Island is
thick and healthy, while that on offshore reefs (Isthmus
Reef, Eagle Reef, and Indian Rock) has practically dis -
appeared. No evidence of commercial diving on the
reefs off Santa Catalina Island was found. Several
colored photographs were made of live green abalone
(Haliotis fulgens) and white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni),

M/V _"'N. B. Scofield" and Diving Boat ''Mollusk"
Cruise 6054, 60M3-Abalone. The investigations were
continued (Aug. 3-14 and Aug. 20-30, 1960) by the De-
partment's research vessel N. B. Scofield and diving
boat Mollusk in waters off the islands of Santa Catalina,
San Clemente, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Anacape,
Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel, and Carpenteria
Reef on the mainland coast. The objectives were (1)
to examine established abalone study stations at Santa
Catalina and Santa Barbara Islands; (2) to establish
stations at San Clemente and San Nicolas Islands; (3)
to collect and photograph various species of abalone
in color; (4) to collect and ship black (Haliotis crach-
erodii) and pink abalone (H. corrugata) to the Hawaii
Department of Fish and Game for transplanting on the
island of Oahu; and (5) to establish stations at San Mi-
guel Island and to check areas of commercial diving.

Stations established at Santa Catalina and at Santa
Barbara Islands were inspected. Tagged abalone were
collected and measured for growth rate studies. At
Santa Catalina Island some growth was noted among the
smaller abalone but very little among the larger ones
since 1959. There was less algal growth at these sta-
tions than was observed a year ago. Near shore atSan-
ta Catalina Island the kelp was heavy and in good con-
dition. At Santa Barbara Island kelp growth was good
but the abalone were not abundant nor were the young
present in great numbers.

A station site was selected on San Clemente Islandat
Seal Cove. At this location vegetation and kelp were in
excellent condition, there was an abundance of fish, and
the pink abalone showed evidence of rapid growth. The
abalone there were approaching spawning. Ata second
station, established on the east side of San Clemente Is-
land above Pyramid Cove, algae, abalone, and fish were
less abundant than at Seal Cove.

At San Nicolas Island visibility was restricted be-
cause of heavy sediment carried by wave action. Two,

ioc ie

an
Carpenteria
Reet

Forney's
S. Miguel Cov

Becher'g

Yellow Bank

Gull Rock

San Nicolas

NL

Vol. 22, No. 12

temporary stations were established. At the station on
the south side of the island, the kelp was in poor con-
dition. Great numbers of kelp bass (Paralabrax clath-
ratus) were seen and the few abalone present were in
excellent condition and approaching the spawning sea-
son. At this station red abalone (H. rufescens) predom-
inated.

At the station established on the northeast side of
San Nicolas Island, kelp was very dense. There was
considerable algal growth on the rocky substrate but
only six pink abalone were found.

Many color underwater photographs were taken of
various species of abalone. These pictures illustrate
the differences in color and structure among the eight
Californian abalones.

Young pink and black abalone could not be located in
sufficient numbers to make an adequate shipment to
Hawaii. They were not present in areas where found
previously and high tides and rough waters prevented
their being gathered from other known locations.

A station was established at San Miguel Island in a
location fished by commercial divers. The red abalone
at this station were numerous and in excellent condition.
There was a heavy kelp bed, many invertebrates, and
great numbers of fish at this station. San Miguel Island
is not fished heavily by the commercial fleet because
of rather constant adverse, weather conditions during
all but a few months of the year.

Exploratory dives were made at Anacapa Island, and
at Gull Rock and Forney's Cove on Santa Cruz Island.
Red, pink, and green abalones observed were few in
number and small in size. At Yellow Bank, between
Anacapa and Santa Cruz Islands, pink, red and white
abalone were in close association with each other.
They were large and of excellent quality. The bottom
is rocky, ledge-like and covered with a thick growth of
elk kelp (Pelagophycus porra). Because of the depth
(75 to over 125 ft.) time on the bottom was limited and
only a small part of the area could be examined. Due
to strong winds, diving at Santa Rosa Island was con-
fined to Becher's Bay. Only a few pink abalone were
observed although a large area was inspected. At
Carpenteria Reef, there was a muddy bottom with poor
kelp growth and a few small pink abalone. This entire
area had a ''dead" look.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1960 p. 19.
% OK Ok Ok

ALBACORE TUNA OFF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA STUDIED:

M/V "Nautilus" Cruise 60N8-Albacore: The area
off southern California within the latitudes 32° N. to
35°N. and longitudes 118° W. to 1239 W. was surveyed
by the California Department of Fish and Game research
vessel Nautilus from August 16-29, 1960. The abjec-
tives were (1) to fish for albacore with trolling gear
and to tag, measure, and release all viable ones, using
dart and type-G spaghetti tags alternately; (2) to hang
a light from the stern each night while drifting and to
collect the marine organisms attracted to it; (3) to re-
cord sea-surface temperatures and weather conditions
on the fishing grounds; (4) to obtain blood samples from
albacore unsuitable for tagging; and (5) to preserve
albacore stomachs.

Of the 160 albacore caught 149 were measured, tagged

and released in good condition. All were takenon trolling
gear.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

San Francisco

~
Pioneer (S)
Guide ¢*7,
r “eee?
36° Davidson
qo
35°
34°
San Pedro
aa Legend:
33° @ - Sardines, 1960 year class.
e San Diego © - Sardines, adult.
oo
& - Pacific mackerel.
32° ene O - Jack mackerel.
>< - Northern anchovy.

M/V Nautilus Cruise 60N8-Albacore Tagging (August 16-29, 1960). M/V Alaska Cruise 60A7 -Pelagic Fish (August 11-30, 1960).
Due to adverse weather conditions only 4 nightlight by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Labora-

stations were occupied: 2 on the albacore fishing grounds tory at La Jolla.
1 off Santa Rosa Island, and 1 at Santa Cruz Island.
Of the 78 light stations occupied, sardines were col-
Sea-surface temperatures were taken at least every lected at 13, anchovies at 9, jack mackerel at 22, and
3 hours while scouting, and more frequently when incon- | Pacific mz2ckerel at 14.:
centrations of fish. Weather and sea conditions were
recorded intermittently throughout the day. Sea-surface A total of 362 miles was scouted between stations and
temperatures ranged between 60.8 and 66.4" F. Ama- |67 schools were sighted, most of which were small spots
jority of albacore (154) was caught in waters of 60.8°to | making positive species identification unfeasible.
62.49 F. The remaining 6 were taken in 63.79 to 66.40 F.

water. The largest albacore were caught in the warmer Weather conditions were generally good but a heavy
water. swell hampered operations between Cabo San Quintin
and Punta Banda.
kK ok

Adult sardines (153-225 mm.) were sampled at 12
PELAGIC FISH POPULATION stations from Cabo San Quintin to Santa Catalina Island
SURVEY CONTINUED: and young sardines (105-120 mm.) were taken at three

M/V "Alaska" Cruise 60A7-Pelagic Fish: Thecoast- | Stations between Punta Banda and the U. S.-Mexico

al qaterstron Punta Bejan Baja Calvornias Mexico, border.
to Point Dume and Santa Catalina Island, Calif., were ; 2 :
surveyed (Aug. 11-30, 1960) by the California Depart- Approximately 200 live sardines were delivered to

the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in San Diego,

ment of Fish and Game research vessel Alaska, The 2 y :
TERDOUL for use in blood genetic studies.

objectives were: (1) to survey the sardine population
to determine the amount of recruitment from the 1960
spawning and to measure the density of older fish; (2)
to sample adult sardines, Pacific mackerel, jack mack-
erel and anchovies for age and distribution studies; and
(3) to collect live sardines for genetic studies conducted

Sea-surface temperatures ranged from 53.4° F. at
Santo Tomas anchorage to 70.3° F. off La Jolla Point.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1960 p. 22.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-August 1960

Total shipments of metal cans during Janu-
ary-August 1960 amounted to 87,172 short tons
of steel (based on the a- P
mount of steel consumed
in the manufacture of
cans) as compared
with 79,888 tons in
the same period a
year ago. The in-
crease of about 9.1
percent in the total 1S Le 2
shipments of metal o May Raat
cans January-August OR 150
this year as compared with the same period
of 1959 was probably due to the sharp in-
crease in the Alaska canned salmon pack.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel con-
sumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products
are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base
boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

SS

Central Pacific Fishery Investigations

EXPERIMENTAL NET FISHING
FOR SKIPJACK TUNA:

M/V "Charles H. Gilbert" Cruise 49: Trial sets
were continued (September 12-19, 1960) by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' research vessel
Charles H. Gilbert in experimental gill-net fishing for
skipjack tuna in the waters of Oahu's Waianae coast.
Objectives of this cruise were to (1) determine the
practicability of setting the gill net and retrieving it
with a power block from the vessel; (2) establish pro-
cedures for setting and retrieving the gill net; (3) test
gill net and power block as a device for capturing skip-
jack tuna under a variety of oceanographic conditions:
(4) evaluate data collected by experiments with gill nets
to determine the possibility of using tuna purse seines
in this area; and (5) test sonic equipment and record
various vessel and biological sounds.

The experimental gill net is composed of panels of
webbing of 43-113 inch stretched mesh, measured 304
fathoms long by 50 fathoms deep. The practicability of
handling such a net was demonstrated in the trial set.
The net was set in 3 minutes and 20 seconds on the
first set. Several minor difficulties were encountered
during retrieving but these were easily overcome and
avoided on subsequent sets.

The net was payed out over the stern with the ship
proceeding at 22 degrees starboard rudder and an en-
gine speed of 1,000 r.p.m. The net was set in a circle
as a result of this maneuver. Lines on both ends of the
net were brought together to close the net as much as
possible. During retrieving the net was passed through
the power block and stacked on the main foredeck a-
thwart ship, the leadline to starboard and the corkline
to port. The power block was situated at the end of the
boom just inboard of the starboard rail about 15 feet

Vol. 22, No. 12

158°30' 158°00'

Legend:

GZ - Area scouted.

e - Gill net sets.

21°00!
M/V Charles H. Gilbegt Cruise 49 (September 12-19, 1960).

above the deck. The ship proceeded along the net as
it was being hauled.

Sets were attempted 4 times around schools of skip-
jack in seas less than a foot in height. Two and 8 skip-
jack, 9-12 pounds in weight, were caught in the first two
sets. No fish were caught in the last two sets. It was
impossible to tell whether the skipjack had escaped be-
fore the net was completely set, through the larger
meshes after the net was set, or through the thermo-
cline and under the leadline.

The failure of the gill net to encircle the skipjack
schools indicates that the contemporary purse-seining
method needs to be modified and the direction towards
which it should be modified in order to catch skipjack.
Modifications should be towards (1) increasing the time
between the beginning of the set and detection (and like-
ly escape) of the net by the skipjack, and(2) reducing the
setting time. Lengthening the net so-that the set can be
started farther away from the school and distracting the
school with live bait have been suggested to delay the
detection of the net by the skipjack. One obvious way to
reduce the setting time is to increase the ship's speed
during setting.

A hydrophone from a Sonobuoy and a tape recorder
were found to be a suitable combination for recording
underwater sounds. Ship sounds at 4 knots and at 13
knots, with only auxiliary engines, were recorded. Re-
cordings were also made during the soaking and haul-

ing phases of the qoliaet Oe
s see erc: eries Review, Noy. 1960 p.24.
KOK KK

FISHERY RESEARCH VESSEL
"CHARLES H. GILBERT"
ON 50th VOYAGE:

Half a hundred sailings was the record logged as the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' research ship

December 1960

Charles H. Gilbert left its Hawaiian base on October 12.
Cruise 50 will take the 120-foot, 200-ton vessel south to
Christmas Island, the Marquesas, the Tuamotus, and
Tahiti on a two months' investigation of the biology of
yellowfin and skipjack tuna. The waters along the Equa-!
tor and around the island groups of the South Pacific are
familiar territory to the vessel and its crew, as are the),
stormy albacore tuna grounds of the central North Pa-
cific and the fog-bound waters of the West Coast. Ever
since its delivery to the Bureau's Honolulu Biological
Laboratory in April 1952, the ship has been on the go,
from Adak to Papeete and from Astoria to Manzanillo,
carrying parties of scientists over the central and east-
ern Pacific in search of knowledge about the tunas and
their environment. The vessel has steamed, in the

eight years of its service, more than 173,000 miles.

Originally equipped to do the long-line and live-bait
fishing necessary to fill in the general picture of tuna
distribution in the central Pacific, the ship has been
progressively fitted out with a variety of specialized
instruments and facilities as the interests of the scien-
tists have become more sharply focused on specific as-
pects of the biology of the tunas. As the scope of the
vessel's work has grown, so has the ship itself, with the
addition of 28 feet of length in 1953 providing greater
laboratory space, and the construction of a new bow sec-
tion this year. The new bow contains one of the unique
features of the vessel, an underwater viewing chamber
for directly observing the behavior of tuna in the sea.
With a matching installation of windows in the ship's
bottom at the stern, the biologists are given a complete-
ly new insight into the movements of tuna schools and -
their response to various kinds of bait, fishing gear, and
other stimuli.

The Service's research vessel Charles H. Gilbert.

The vessel's live-bait tank, in addition to its primary
function of holding baitfish for use in pole-and-line fish-
ing of tuna, has played a part in the introduction to Ha-
waiian waters of sardines from the Marquesas, and of
snappers and other useful bottomfish from Tahiti and
Mexico. The ship has been used for operating gill nets,
as well as tuna long lines, and the recent addition of a
power block makes it possible to handle nets of great
size. A new trawl winch was installed this year for the
operation of large midwater trawl nets to collect the
young of the tuna and the variety of small animals on
which tunas feed. This evolution of the Charles H. Gil-
bert to meet the needs of scientific research on elusive,
fast-swimming, far-ranging species of fish has given the
Honolulu Biological Laboratory a mobile marine research
station that is probably as able and versatile as any
vessel of comparable size, Whether the task is the
collection of plankton in the North Pacific, or, as on the
present cruise, taking samples of South Pacific tuna
blood for serological studies, the Charles H. Gilbert

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

has met the demands made upon it in obtaining knowledge
of the world's oceans and the fishery resources that
inhabit them.

KOK KOK

RESEARCH ON HAWAIIAN TUNA
FISHERY BAIT PROBLEMS:

The annual skipjack landings in the State of Hawaii
are frequently limited by an inadequate supply of live
bait. The principal bait is nehu, a small anchovy.

During 1952, the Hawaiian Biological Laboratory of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries began studies
to determine the feasibility of supplementing the supply
of natural bait. These studies included investigations
into the use of artificial baits, introduction of Marque-
San sardines into Hawaiian waters, the introduction of
‘tilapia into various ponds and reservoirs in the State,
the economics of rearing tilapia by hatchery methods,
and the introduction of the threadfin shad. The objec-
tives of these studies have been realized and they have
been terminated.

Artificial Bait: The University of Hawaii, under
contract, investigated the use of artificial bait during -
the period 1952-1953. The reactions of skipjack to
both edible (agar, fish) and inedible (aluminum foil,
mica flakes) materials were investigated. The results
were generally negative or mcon Gigs ive

__Marquesan Sardine: The excellent live-bait qualities
of the Marquesan sardine were demonstrated by Bureau
vessels fishing for skipjack in waters of French Ocean-
ia. Hawaiian waters appeared to provide a suitable
habitat for this species and an introduction of Marque-
san sardines was made into Hawaiian waters in late
1955. Additional releases were made in 1956, 1957,
and 1958. By 1957, adults in spawning condition were
captured near the Island of Oahu and by September 1960,
additional recoveries were reported from Kauai, Maui,
Hawaii, Molokai, and Kahoolawe. Recoveries of young
fish, indicating successful spawning in Hawaiian waters,
were made during late 1958 and 1959. The State Di-
vision of Fish and Game placed restrictions on the cap-
ture of the Marquesan sardines in Hawaiian waters,
pending their establishment. As these fish are now suc-
cessfully established, the restrictions have been lifted,
thus permitting Hawaiian fishermen to capture and use
them as live bait. :

Tilapia: Tilapia were first brought to Hawaii in
1951. From 1954 through 1956, sea tests were conduct-
ed to determine the effectiveness of these fish as a
skipjack tuna bait. They proved to be an adequate bait
fish, especially for the larger (18-24 pound) skipjack.

Investigation into the economics of rearing tilapia
‘were made at a small hatchary near the laboratory
(1956) and at a larger hatchery on the Island of Maui
(1957-1959), Simultaneously with the 1959 operation

30

of the Maui hatchery, experiments were conducted at
the Kewalo Basin Laboratory to test methods for induc-
ing early spawning and to determine optional salinity,
sex ratios, brood stock concentrations, and type and
rate of feeding.

The application of the results of the Kewalo Basin
experiments to the Maui hatchery, coupled with a warm-
er spring, resulted in the 1959 production of 1,293,000
tilapia, exceeding that for 1958 of 1,074,000. Bait-size
tilapia from the Maui plant yielded an average catch of
46-50 pounds of skipjack per pound of tilapia used as
live bait. Comparable figures for nehu were 50-57
pounds of skipjack per pound of nehu.

The favorable results of the investigations, both as
to the success and economics of rearing tilapia byhatch-
ery methods and their use as live bait, encouraged the
Hawaii State Board of Agriculture and Forestry to re-
quest funds from the State Legislature for the construc-
tion and operation of a tilapia hatchery. About $180,000
were appropriated. A site has been selected and con-
struction of the plant is presently under way.

Threadfin Shad: A large shipment of threadfin shad
was received in Hawaii during August 1959. - These fish,
after acclimatization to fresh water, were planted in
various rivers and reservoirs on the islands‘of Maui,
Kauai, and Oahu. The first successful indication of
shad spawning was reported from a reservoir on the
Island of Oahu on May 1, 1960, where 20 small schools
of 1.5-3 inch shad were observed. On June 11, 1960,
more than 200 shad were caught from a reservoir on
the Island of Maui. The average length at time of plant-
ing was 9.5 centimeters (about 3.7 inches). Successful
spawning in the Maui reservoir was evidenced by the
capture of shad as small as 1.9 centimeters (0.7 inch).
With the successful completion of the project to intro-
duce the threadfin shad into Hawaiian waters, this po-
tential bait species (whichis prolific, cantolerate fresh
or sea water, and has been proven by sea tests to be
an excellent bait fish)is now available to the Hawaiian
skipjack tuna fishermen.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1960:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, 1.7 million pounds
(value $0.9 million) of fresh and frozen fish-
ery products were purchased in September
1960 by the Military Subsistence Supply A-
gency. This was lower than the quantity pur-
chased in August by 29.1 percent and was 4.1

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
‘Military Subsistence Supply Agency, September 1960
with Comparisons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

‘Vol. 22, No. 12

percent under the amount purchased in Sep-
tember 1959. The value of the purchases in
September 1960 was lower by 22.0 percent

as compared with August, but was 0.4 percent
higher than for September 1959.

During the first nine months of 1960 pur-
chases totaled 17.7 million pounds (valued at
$9.2 million)--an increase of 1.3 percent in
quantity and 2.4 percent in value as compared
with the similar period in 1959.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
September 1960 averaged 55.0 cents a pound,
about 3.5 cents more than the 51.5 cents
paid in August and 2.4 cents higher than the
52.6 cents paid during September 1959.

Canned Fishery Products: Salmon was the
principal canned fishery product purchased
for the use of the Armed Forces during Sep-

able 2 = Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military

Subsistence Supply Agency, September 1960 with Comparisons

tember this year. The annual requirements
of canned salmon by the Armed Forces are
usually contracted for shortly after the end
of the canned salmon packing season. In

the first nine months of 1960, purchases of
canned fish were up 36.7 percent as com-
pared with the same period in 1959, due
primarily to the heavy purchases of canned
salmon in September of this year.

Note: Armed Forces Installations generally make some local pur-
chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtainable.

Fish Meal

RESEARCH ON NUTRITIVE VALUE:

The research program on fish-meal qual-
ity by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries College Park Technological Laboratory
has revealed some interesting variations in
chick-feeding tests. Over 39 fish-meal sam-
ples have arrived at the Laboratory. Ofthese
19 have been analyzed for proximate compo-
sition and in a series of three different ten-
day chick tests.

’

December 1960

The Laboratory reports that the first se-
ries has just been completed, and the results
have demonstra-
a ted some inter-

esting differ -
ences in the
nutritive qual-
ity of the fish
meals tested.
The nutritive
quality of most
of the fish-meal samples appears to be rather
uniformly good, but a few appear to be consid-:
erably lower in quality than would be expect-
ed from a study of their processing history.

~~ ~

if il =p. a

Fisheries Loan Fund

FISHERIES LOANS APPROVED JULY 1
TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1960:

From the beginning of the Fisheries Loan
Fund program in 1956 through September 30,
1960, a total of 802 applications for $24,818,068
have been received. Of these, 435 ($10,556,897)
have been approved, 286 ($8,094,575) have been
declined or found ineligible, 68 ($4,234,422)
have been withdrawn by applicants before be-
ing processed, and 13 ($796,505) are pending.
Of the applications approved, 162 were ap-
proved for amounts less than applied for.

The total reduction was $1,135,669.

The following loans were approved during
July, August, and September of 1960:

New England Area: Clinton-Serafina, Inc. i
New Bedford, Mass., ae 000 and John S. Cot-
tle, Narragansett, R. ., $24,300.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Captain
Frankie, Inc., Tampa, Fla., $25,000 and
Clarence E. Potter, Marathon, Fla., $6,822.

California: Joe M. Medina, etal, San Diego, |
$120,000; M. Machado Medina, San Diego,
$100,000; Joseph M. Nunez, San Diego, $90,000;
and Frank J, Souza, etal, San Diego, $110,000.

Pacific Northwest Area: Axel Buholm, |
Seattle, Wash., $9,922; Erling E. and Harry
J. Jacobsen, Seattle, Wash., $41,872; and
Robert K. eens oe ‘Angeles, ‘Wash.,

$4,200.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

31

Fur Seals

ALASKA FUR-SEAL SKIN HARVEST
FOR 1960 LOWER:

The 1960 harvesting of fur seals on the

Pribilof Islands, Alaska, was terminated Au-
gust 15, witha crop of 40,616 skins. Included
were 36,304 pelts from male seals and 4,312
pelts from female seals. This compared with
a take of 30,176 male seals and 27,634female
seals in 1959.

The 1960 take of male seals included a-
bout 30,000 3-year-olds and 4,000 4-year-
olds, as well as 2,000 2-year olds. The
small size of the take of 4-year olds lower-
ed the kill considerably below normal; usual-
ly 4-year-old seals contribute 30 to 40 per-
cent of the year's kill. The small size of the
1956 year-class was recognized in 1959 when
a shortage of 3-year-old animals caused a
below-normal take, and the limited harvest
this year had been expected berause of this
deficiency.

Since 1956 the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries has been engaged in a herd
management program. Through maintenance
of the herd at a level of maximum sustainable
productivity, such fluctuations in the herd as
were encountered in the 1956 year-class can
be avoided in the future. It is expected that
the value of the reduction in surplus-breed-
ing stock accomplished since 1956 should
soon be reflected in improvement in the annual
crops of fur-seal skins.

KOK OK OK

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ECONOMIC STUDY OF SEAL
SKIN PRICES INITIATED:

An economic study of prices of Alaska's
fur-seal skins has been started by the Bureau
of Business Research, Boston College. This
is being conducted under a contract awarded
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

The annual harvest of fur-seal skins from
the Pribilof Islands is divided three ways
under an international treaty: the United
States receives 70 percent of the skins, Can-
ada 15 percent, and Japan 15 percent. The
United States' share is now further divided
under the Alaska Statehood Act--70 percent
of the net income from the sale of the skins,
after deduction of costs of administration of
the Pribilofs, is turned over to the State of
Alaska.

For budgetary purposes the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries must estimate the
proceeds of the sales of skins for a period
up to three years in the future. This study
involves the analysis of factors which affect
the price of Alaskan fur skins to provide
methods by which the Bureau may estimate
the prices which may be anticipated for peri-
ods up to three years.

ES Se Se

PRICES FOR ALASKA FUR-SEAL
SKINS AT FALL 1960 AUCTION HIGHER:

At the semi-annual auction sale of Alaska
fur-seal skins held at St. Louis on October 20-
21, 1960, a total of 28,210 United States-own-
ed fur-seal skins was sold for $2,510,890for
the account of the United States Government.
Of these, 6,338 skins were the newly-devel-
oped ' 'sheared" skins which were offered for
sale for the first time. These are known as
"Lakoda,'' a name derived from an Aleutian
word meaning young female fur seal. The
"Lakoda" skins, unlike the familiar 'Matara,"
"Kitovi"' and black Alaska fur seal skins are
not dyed and the guard hairs are not removed
prior to shearing. The new product was re-
ceived enthusiastically by the fur trade. All
skins are the product of the sealing operations
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
on the Pribilof Islands. The 21,872 United
States-owned dyed fur-seal skins (exclusive
of the ''Lakoda" skins) brought $2,282,436 or
about 0.5 percent less than the $2,293,580 re-
ceived for 22,561 such skins at the spring
1960 auction. However, the over-all average
price of $104.35 per skin paid at the fall1960
auction was up about 2.6 percent from the av-

Vol. 22, No. 12

erage of $101.66 paid at the spring auction and
1.1 percent higher than the $103.23 average
price received at the fall 1959 auction. The
"T.akoda"' skins, sold for the first time this
fall, brought $228,464 or an average of
$36.05 per skin.

At the fall 1960 auction, the average prices
for the skins by types were: dust-brown or
"Matara" $103.22 per skin, black $106.83,
and the dark shade ''Kitovi" $101.50. Jap-
anese Government fur-seal skins sold: black
$101.66, ''Matara"' $96.01, average for all
skins $97.81. All South African fur-seal
skins averaged $46.31 and all Uruguayan
skins averaged $51.75.

ote: see Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1960 p. 28,

and December 1959 p. 35.

Great Lakes Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF
COMMERCIAL FISH STOCKS IN
LAKE ERIE CONTINUED:

M/V “Active” Cruise 12: Trawl fishing
and sounding operations were carried out
(Aug. 30-Sept. 23, 1960) from Buffalo, N. Y.,
to Sandusky, Ohio, by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries' exploratory fishing
vessel Active. This survey was designed to
determine seasonal abundance, distribution,
and availability-to-otter trawls of smelt and
other under-utilized species of fish in United
States waters of Lake Erie.

Test trawling was conducted only where
depth-sounder recordings indicated the pres-
ence of fish near the bottom. With exception
of a relatively small area off Erie, Pa., ex-
tensive soundings and 15 subsequent fishing
efforts were not very encouraging. Two 30-
minute drags at a depth of 78 feet, 103 miles
northwest of Erie, produced a total of 2,450
pounds of 17-19 count smelt.

Some 5 additional drags made in 72 to 78
feet of water between Erie and Dunkirk, N.Y.,
caught smelt at rates of 50, 60, 78, 100,.and180
pounds per hour. Sixother drags inthis area
at depths of 50 to 78 feet yielded only trace a-
mounts offish. Three of these 6 drags indica-
ted the presence of large numbers of young-of-
the-year smelt. Two 30-minute drags made
in about 60 feet of water off Vermilion and
Sandusky, Ohio, caught no smelt but the one off
Vermilion took 90 pounds of yellow perch.

ti ieee

December 1960

~180 feet ~

’
we

oe Oo 00g Oi 0

One 30-minute drag, made in Canadian wa-
ters about 20 miles southeast of Wheatly,
Ont., caught 90 pounds of smelt from 66 feet
of water.

The area between Erie and Vermilion and
west of Sandusky revealed no fish near the
bottom.

During the first two days of the cruise,
the Active participated in a lake-wide syn-
optic survey involving 11 vessels and 6 re-
search agencies including the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. Objectives of the
synoptic survey included making simultane-
ous oxygen determinations and related fish
population analysis over all of Lake Erie.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1960 p. 32.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tA Vennilion’” |
OD ¢ a

10s, BQO ue eee
M/V Active, Cruise 12, Lake Erie (August 30 to September 23).

33

-

“Cleveland. '

. Cot
. x ont,

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V "Musky II" September 1960: The U.S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries research vessel M/V Musky
IL has replaced the charted vessel George L. in its op-
erations on Lake Erie. The Musky II is 45 feet long
with a 143-foot beam and is powered by a 671 GMC Die-
sel.

L~te September water temperatures (70° F.) and
turbiaity (Secchi disc 33 feet) in 1960 in the western
basin were almost identical to findings in 1959 at the
same stations. Summer water temperatures in 1960
were much cooler than in 1959.

The September trap- and gill-net catches of yellow
pike from major ports in Ohio consisted almost entire-
ly of yearling fish (hatched in 1959). Commercially-
landed yearling yellow pike averaged about 14.2 inches
long (maximum 16.2 inches) and slightly more than
one pound in weight. Up to 50 pounds of yellow pike per
trap-net lift were observed in some areas in the west-
ern basin. Prices of landed yearling yellow pike (Num-
ber 2's) dropped from about 50 cents per pound in ear-
ly September to about 35-40 cents per pound in late

34

September. Commercial catches of other species in
September have been very low and fishermen oftenare
dependent upon yellow pike for profits.

Yellow pike apparently do not recognize Internation-
al boundaries. Forty-seven percent of the 53 tagged
yellow pike returned in September were from Canadian
waters The returns were from the 4,000 yellow pike
tagged in Ohio waters in the spring of 1960.

Yearling yellow pike fed almost entirely on 33- to
43-inch young-of-the-year alewives and gizzard shad in
September. The young alewives are abundant in most
waters of the western and central basins, but large con-
centrations of gizzard shad appear only in the western
basin. Unless heavy natural mortality occurs, gizzard
shad and alewives in 1961 and 1962 may become a nui-
sance to commercial fishermen. Examination of fish
stomachs indicated that alewives were feeding almost
exclusively on animal plankton and gizzard shad on
plant plankton.

The character of the white bass fishery in September
resembled that of the yellow pike fishery. Most white
bass landed were yearlings. They had grown very rap-
idly; the average yearling was about 10 inches long--
maximum length was 11.3 inches. The relatively great
abundance of both the 1959 and 1960 year classes of
white bass should provide a reasonably strong fishery
for several years.

Fish species listed as "'suckers" in commercial
landing reports have been examined at several ports in
the western basin. Most abundant were the common
white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and central
quillback carpsucker (Carpiodes cypestus hinei). Less
common species were eastern quillback carpsuckers
(Carpiodes cyprinus cyprinus), northern shorthead red-
horse (Moxostoma aureolum); and the spotted sucker
(Minytrema melenops). Six other species of suckers
are known to occur in Lake Erie. Bigmouth buffalo,
although a member of the sucker family, are listed sep-
arately in fish catch reports.

Although experimental trawl, and trap- and gill-net
catches of yellow perch in September generally have
been poor, anglers had phenomenal success in catching
yellow perch along the south shore in the western basin.
Many anglers caught 15-20 yellow perch per hour. An
unusual number of young-of-the-year white crappie
were taken in trawls this summer. Black crappie are
much less abundant than white crappie in Lake Erie.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1960 p. 32.

HK OK OK

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

NN A as

M/V ''Cisco'" Cruise 8: The fish population survey
in southern Lake Michigan was continued (September
20-October 4, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Cisco. Gangs of nylon gill
nets (50 feet each of 14- and 13-, 200 feet of 2-, and 300
feet each of 23 -, 24-,'23-, 3-, 35-, and 4-inch mesh)
were set overnight at 25 and 50 fathoms off Grand Ha-
ven, Mich., and off Racine, Wis. The chub catch was
moderately large at 25 fathoms off Grand Haven, but
light in the other sets. Both 25-fathom sets contained
small numbers of smelt and alewives, and both 50-fath-
om sets had a few deep-water sculpins.

Gangs of linen gill nets were set for 4 nights off
Grand Haven at 25 fathoms (255 feet each of 25 -, 23-,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 12, No. 12

25-, 23-, and 3-inch mesh) and 50 fathoms (510 feet of
eich of the above mesh sizes). Both these nets teok
many more bloaters (L. hoyi) and fewer individuals of
non-bloater species of chubs than did identical nets set
in the same locations on about the same dates in 1954,

A commercial-type 52-foot balloon trawl was fished
at various depths off Grand Haven and Milwaukee, Wis.
The chub catches were the largest in several cruises.
The tows off Grand Haven were 4 to 7 miles south of an
east-west line out of Grand Haven except for the 45-
and 50-fathom tows which were just north of this line.
Off Miliwaukee the 30- and 35-fathom tows were 8-10
miles northeast, and the others 10-12 miles north of
port.

The great difference in chub catches at 14 and 15
fathoms (consecutive tows) may be due to the fact that
the upper limit of the thermocline touched bottom at 14
fathoms, and the bottom temperature at this depth was
appreciably warmer than at 15 fathoms. Yellow perch,
smelt and shiner catches in the two tows were also
strikingly different; at 14 fathoms--1,134 perch (172
pounds), no smelt, 482 spot-tail shiners, 21 emerald
shiners, 21 trout-perch, 171, alewives, 7 whitefish; at
15 fathoms--266 perch (44 pounds), 192 smelt, no shin-
ers of either species, 74 alewives, 4 whitefish. Five
of the 11 whitefish in the two tows were over 17 inches
in length. The catch in the 10-fathom tow was much
like the one at 14 fathoms, except that there were no
whitefish. Catches at the other depths were almost ex-
clusively chubs (95 to 100 percent of which were bloat-
ers), except at 45 and 50 fathoms, where considerable
numbers of deep-water sculpins were taken (181 pounds
at 50 fathoms).

Surface water temperatures averaged about 64° F’,
Extremes recorded were 51.4° and 67.5° F. A well de-
fined thermocline still existed, but the epilimnion has
become thicker. Strong currents to the south prevailed
on the east side of southern Lake Michigan throughout
much of the cruise.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Reyiew, Nov. 1960 p. 32.

KKK RK

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR FISHERY
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V ''Siscowet"' Cruise 6; The third and last cruise
of the season to study the bathymetric and areal distri-
bution of fish stocks in western Lake Superior was con-
ducted (September 12-20, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet.
Standard gangs of experimental gill nets and 30-foot
semi-balloon trawls were fished at various locations
and depths.

The experimental gill nets were fished just southeast
of Gull Island and south of Stockton Igland. Trawling
operations took place southeast of GuW Island, Pike's
Bay, between Outer and Cat Island, east and south of
Cat Island, between Manitou and Otter Island, and be-
tween Ironwood and South Twin Island.

Four gangs of experimental gill nets were fished
southeast of Gull Island at 15 fathoms to determine the
differences in catches from successive 1-night sets and
the differences between catches in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-
night sets. Three gangs were set one day and a fourth
on the following day. On the following 3 days, one each
1- and 2-night, 1- and 3-night, and 1- and 4-night sets
were lifted with one net reset the first two days.

December 1960

The catch increased with the number of nights only
for the lake trout, lake herring, and smelt. There seem-
ed to be little relationship between the duration of set
and number of fish caught for the other species. How-
ever, the total number of fish caught increased with
the duration of the set. The 2-night set took 59 percent
more fish than the average of the 1-night sets; the 3-
night set took 82 percent more fish than the average 1-
night set; and the 4-night set took 153 percent more
than the average 1-night set.

The lake herring taken in this experiment were ex-
tremely large. Two hundred and forty-four lake herring

Lake Herring
(Leucichthys artedi)

were caught in the 25- to 5-inch mesh. These fish
weighed 288.5 pounds, anaverage of 1.2 pounds each.

Experimental gangs of gill nets were set south of
Stockton Island at 5, 15, 25, and 45 fathoms. Trawl
tows took predominately ninespine stickleback, trout-
perch, and slimy muddlers at all stations. Good sam-
ples of pygmy whitefish were taken between Manitou and
Otter Island in 25 fathoms. These fish were nearly
ready to spawn. A few small lake trout and whitefish
were taken around Cat and Outer Island but none were
young-of-the-year. Trawl tows in Pike's Bay at 20
fathoms, and near Cat Island and Outer Island at 25 fath-
oms yielded small lake trout which had the left pectoral
fin clipped. These fish were planted by the Wisconsin
Conservation Department in early May 1960. The dis-
tance from Outer Island to the nearest site of planting
is about 18 miles. These catches give further evidence
that the shore plant was successful.

Surface-water temperatures ranged from 58.7° F.
south of Stockton Island to 56.3 F. southeast of Gull
Island.

M/V "'Siscowet"' Cruise 7: In continuation of a long-
term observation of environmental conditions and fish
populations in western Lake Superior fall environmen-
tal conditions were studied (Sept. 26-Oct. 5, 1960) at in-
dex stations located southeast of Stockton Island, North-
east of Bear Island, and east of Pike's Bay. Standard
gangs of gill nets were fished at each station, and trawl-
ing operations were conducted at the Stockton Island
and Pike's Bay stations. Limnological data and mate-
rials were collected including: records on water tem-
peratures, water samples for chemical analyses, plank-
ton and bottom samples, and Secchi-disc readings.

There was a marked thermocline at the Stockton Is-
land and Bear Island stations. At Bear Island the wa-
ter temperature was about the same (56° F..) from the
surface to 145 feet, at which point there was a rapid
drop in temperature for the next 55 feet (thermocline),
and at 200 feet the temperature was about 42° F.

The temperature at the bottom (260 feet) was 40° F.
Dissolved oxygen was found to be lowest at the surface
(11.0 p. p.m.) and highest on the bottom (13.1 p.p.m.).

In addition to the environmental studies, trawling op:
erations took place between South Twin and Ironwood
Island, and oblique sets were made with bull nets (gill
nets 300 feet long and 20 feet deep) southeast of Gull
Island and northeast of Madeline Island. A standard

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

gang of gill nets was also set northeast of Madeline Is-
land adjacent to the oblique bull net.

Bull nets fished southeast of Gull Island and north-
east of Madeline Island were set from the surface to
the bottom at 120 feet. The float line of the nets was
marked at 20-foot intervals, and, since the depth of the
net from float line to lead line was 20 feet, each section
of the net fished overlapping 40-foot depth intervals.

The catch of lake herring per 1,000 feet of bull net
that fished from the surface to 20 feet at the Gull Island
station was 210 fish weighing 220 pounds. The catch de:
creased as the depth increased.

Trawl tows took predominately slimy muddlers and
ninespine sticklebacks at all locations. Several small
trout (5 to 14 inches)and whitefish were captured. No
young-of-the-year trout have been seen this year. One
15-minute tow at 25 fathoms between Ironwood and
South Twin Island captured 564 "'bloaters" (L. hoyi)
weighing 108 pounds. This was by far the largest catch
made in a trawl by the Siscowet.

Slimy Muddler
Z Le ~ (Cottus cognatus
Surface-water temperatures ranged from 54.5° F.
southeast of Gull Island to 58.2° F. in Pike's Bay.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1960 p. 33.

3K OK OK OK Ok

SEA LAMPREY CONTROL
FOR 1960 SEASON ENDED:

A number of streams tributary to Lakes Superior
and Michigan were treated with chemicals for the de-
struction of lamprey larvae during the 1960 season by
the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fish-
eries Great Lakes
Fishery Investiga-
tions biologists.

It is anticipated
that by the end of
the year all of the
lamprey-producing
streams on Lake
Superior will have been treated by United States and
Canadian biologists. The seasonal change of water
quality that impairs the selective action of the toxi-
cant was more troublesome than usual this year and
persisted longer. Sea lamprey research included bio-
assays at Hammond Bay and in the mobile unit to study
further the seasonal trends of water quality. Surveys
to define the distribution of the lamprey larvae in
Lake Michigan tributaries have now been extended to
tne east shore.

Electrical control on Lake Superior terminated on
September 2, 1960. The 35 barriers captured.39,694
adult sea lampreys; the same barriers took 46,838
adults during 1959 and 60,367 in 1958. The 1960 total
represents a reduction of 15.3 percent from 1959 and
34.2 percent from 1958. However, after 2 consecutive
years of declining numbers, the catch at the installa-
tions on the east half of Lake Superior increased.
These barriers took 24,160 adults in 1960, 17,128 in
1959, and 21,487 in 1958. A drastic drop at the de-

36

vices on the west half of the Lake was great enough to
overcome the increase in the east. The western bar-
riers took 15,534 individuals in 1960: and 29,709 in
1959--a reduction of 14,175 adults or 47.7 percent.
Over half of this drop occurred in the Brule River
which took only 9,755 adult sea lampreys this season
as compared to 19,386 in 1959.

The last of 17 electrical barriers on Lake Michigan
was turned off on August 5, 1960. Two additional de-
vices were operated by the Wisconsin Conservation
Department as part of the network. The 19 devices
killed or captured 16,704 adult sea lampreys. The
1959 network of 37 barriers took 27,552 adults. The
19 barriers operated in both years took 23,076 adults
during 1959. The 1960 catch represents a reduction
of 6,372 individuals, or 27.6 percent. This is the third
consecutive year of a decline in the sea lamprey catches
in streams tributary to Green Bay, Lake Michigan.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

BOTTOM FORMATIONS SURVEYED AND
VARIABLE PITCH PROPELLER TESTED:

M/V "George M. Bowers™ Cruise 29: A
preliminary survey of Middle Ground bottom
formations was conducted between July 29-
August 8, 1960, by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
George M. Bowers operating in the Florida
Middle Grounds approximately 80 to 90 miles
-south-southeast of Cape San Blas, Fla. This
cruise was conducted through a cooperative
agreement between the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries and the University of Flor-
ida Geology Department.

Service's exploratory vessel George M. Bowers.

Four diving stations were made at depths
from 14 to 20 fathoms. Samples were taken
of coral rock, sand, and sedentary organisms.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Viole 225 iNosel2 |

Still photographs and color motion pictures
of the coral reefs were taken to supplement
the observations and collections.

Cruise 30 (October 3-15, 1960): Underwater
motion-picture sutdies of shrimp trawls in
action were scheduled off Panama City, Fla.
Due to heavy algae concentrations along the
entire coastal area, photographic work was
not attempted.

During the period, speed tests were con-
ducted using the controllable pitch propeller
recently installed on the George M. Bowers.
Repeated runs were made over a 13-mile
course in St. Andrews Bay, towing a 40-foot
flat shrimp trawl. Holding the main engine
constant at 800 r.p.m. and setting the propel-
ler pitch at varying angles, accurate ground
speed determinations were made. The infor-
mation gained will be of considerable value
in future shrimp-trawl work.

Ok Kok

MISSISSIPPI DELTA AREA SURVEYED
FOR SARDINE-LIKE SPECIES:

M/V “Oregon” Cruise 70: Experimental
fishing for sardine-like species using sub-
marine lights, trap-lift nets, and a lampara
net, was conducted in the Mississippi Delta
area (September 6-25, 1960) by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
fishing vessel Oregon. Most of the planned
work for this cruise was not accomplished
due to interruptions by hurricanes Donna
and Ethel.

Seven night-light attraction stations were
made using 100- and 250-watt submarine
lights and 500-watt surface lights. Hchograms
showed the reaction of scad and round her-
ring when a 100-watt light was lowered to a
depth of 14 fathoms over bottom schools
which were initially at a depth of 48 fathoms.
On other occasions the schools moved up to
midwater depths of 20 to 25 fathoms, but
would not surface. Lift-net catches contain-
ed either mixed scad and round herring or
round herring only. The highest catch was
about 100 pounds of the mixed species.

Two large tuna schools were observed
off the Mississippi Delta. One school was
sampled with trolling jigs and yielded black-
fin tuna weighing 4 to 10 pounds and skipjack
weighing 3 to 12 pounds. Sea conditions were
too rough to attempt setting the lampara net.

December 1960

A total of 52 bushels of calico scallops
was caught off eastern Alabama in 16 fath-
oms using a 25-foot shrimp trawl. One 30-
minute drag yielded 40 bushels. These scal-
lops were shipped to several concerns that
are engaged in developing and testing me-
chanical shucking devices.

©

Irradiation Preservation

MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR
IRRADIATED FISHERY PRODUCTS
UNDER WAY:

To determine the conditions under which
radiation-processed fishery products should
be marketed in order to provide the greatest
over-all benefits to the fishing industry--pro-
ducer, processor and distributor--and to the
consumer, a study is being conducted by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries for
the Atomic Energy Commission.

A radiation-processing briefing session
was held for Bureau marketing specialists
at the Gloucester, Mass., Technological Lab-
oratory to provide them with necessary back-
ground information for the study.

Bureau marketing specialists will be dis-
cussing the feasibility of marketing fishery
products with fish producers, processors,
and distributors, along with retail food groups
and consumer specialists, such as newspaper
food editors and extension people. A com-
prehensive analytical report on this study will
be ready for submission to the Atomic Energy
Commission on November 1, 1960.

The Atomic Energy Commission is reserv-
ing action on a number of research grants
pending the outcome of this Bureau study on
fish anda similar study onfresh fruits and veg-
etables being conducted by Stanford University.

Maine Herring Investigations

RECOVERIES FROM TAGGING
AID STUDIES:

The Penobscot River-Blue Hill Bay her-
ring tagging program by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Lab-
oratory at Boothbay Harbor, Maine, has been
completed. Recoveries of herring tags from

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ST

the August 23, 1960, tagging at Moores Har-
bor, Isle Au Haut, have been unusually en-

couraging. Of 531 tagged herring released,

18 recoveries have been received.

Records from earlier tagging at Cutler,
Maine, show that herring can move along
the coast at 10 miles a day, the longest knowr
movement having been 50 miles in 5 days.
This knowledge has been used in revising
sampling methods for age and growth studies.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration

and Gear Research

EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL
"DELAWARE" BACK ON SCHEDULE:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies research vessel Delaware is back on its
routine task of carrying out research pro-
jects designed to aid commercial fishing.
The 500-ton vessel had an odd mishap last
July when she became stuck halfway up a
marine railway in a shipyard--she was be-
ing dry-docked for routine maintenance serv—
ice and for the installation of a new under-
water searching device whose purpose is to
locate and track schools of fish as well as
reveal the presence of underwater obstacles
such as sandbars, shoals, sunken vessels,
etc.

The Service's research vessel Delaware.

38

What proved to be a puzzling and complex
problem of refloating the Delaware was over~
come and she sailed from New London late
in October on a cruise to familiarize Bureau
personnel with the use of her new "Seeing as
well as hearing" aid which should permit the
search of two miles of adjacent waters for
the presence of fish.

The Delaware is being assigned to under-
take cruises involving experiments with new
and improved fishing gear, the distribution of
fish populations, and collection of data for the
project on future haddock resources under-
way at the Bureau's Woods Hole Biological
Laboratory.

The Delaware, largest of the Bureau's re-
search vessels, is manned by a crew repre-
senting experience in both commercial fish-
ing and fisheries research and is used to carry
on activities designed to: explore potential
fisheries and fishing grounds; estimate the
seasonal availability and the migrations of
possible commercial species; introduce more
efficient methods of harvesting the resources
either by improvement of existing gear or by
the introduction of fishing gear not customari-
ly used in this area, and to develop, test, and
evaluate electronic and other aids new to the
commercial fishing industry.

e

North Atlantic Fishery Investigations

SURVEY OF DISTRIBUTION AND
ABUNDANCE OF GROUNDFISH IN
INSHORE NURSERY AREAS CONTINUED:
The vessel Capt. Bill III, chartered by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' Bio-
logical Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass.,
completed the third of a series of cruises, to
determine the distribution and abundance of
bottom food fishes found in inshore waters.
Special emphasis was placed on the small
haddock which might be taken by trawlers using
small-mesh gear, and upon the young-of-the-
year haddock which were beginning to settle
to the bottom in September. The survey was
made in the vicinity of Cape Cod and the area
between Cape Ann and the Isles of Shoals.

Haddock, whiting, and herring were found
to be the most abundant of the food fishes.

Dogfish were so numerous and so destruc-
tive to fishing gear that many stations could
not be sampled.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

Two types of drift bottles have been re-
leased on each cruise. The surface drift bot-
tle floats on the top water layer at the whim
of the tide, current, and wind. The bottom
drag bottles, ballasted so as to float just off
the bottom, are moved by the currents onthe
ocean bottom.

These bottles are released in order that
a more thorough understanding of the move-
ment of the water in the Gulf of Maine may
be applied to the movement of fish sought by
the commercial fishermen.

a

Omaha, Nebraska

CONSUMPTION OF FROZEN FISH AND
SHELLFISH IN RESTAURANTS
AND INSTITUTIONS:

Although Nebraska is landlocked, frozen
fishery products are purchased and served
by the many restaurants and institutions in
the city of Omaha, according to a 10-city
survey made by Crossley S-D Surveys, Inc.,
for the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher -
ies.

About nine-tenths of the 174 establishments
surveyed reported buying fishery products
during the 12 months ending November 1958.
About 48 percent of these said they purchased
frozen processed fish in November 1958; 32
percent frozen processed shellfish; and 27
percent bought portions. Institutions (such
as schools and hospitals) made more use of
frozen processed fishery products than did
public eating places.

Haddock fillets were the most popular and
also the leading fish in total quantity purchased.
More than two-fifths of the Omaha users of
frozen processed fish bought haddock fillets
during November 1958. Ocean perch fillets
were the second most popular item, while
cod and halibut fillets scored high on the
list.

Almost half of the shellfish users in Oma-
ha bought breaded shrimp during the survey
month. Many bought frozen raw shrimp,
which was the leader in terms of total quan-
tity purchased.

More than a fourth of all the establish-
ments in Omaha bought portions during No-

December 1960

vember 1958. In this category, Omaha rank-
ed first among the 10 cities, in percentage of

establishments buying portions. The por-
tions most widely purchased were uncooked
and breaded and the quantity purchased was
much greater than that of any other type. In
comparing portion-purchases, more than half
of the establishments bought about the same
amount during November 1958 as the year
before. About one-fourth said they bought
more, while 9 percent said they bought less.
More than 90 percent of the users were sat-
isfied with the present preparation, quality,
and condition of both fish and shellfish. Sat-
isfaction with the same features of frozen
fish portions was unanimous by purchasers
in Omaha.

The major advantages of portions were
convenience and ease of preparation, cited
by 67 percent of users... fast and timesaving,
by 51 percent... size and uniformity, by 36
percent, Frying was the leading method of
cooking frozen processed shellfish, fish, and
portions, The average establishment served
almost two-thirds of its shellfish fried, about
53 percent of its processed fish fried, and 78
percent of its portions fried. Baking was also
a common cooking method for processed fish,
The average establishment served 33 percent
of this type fish baked.

Three-fourths of the profit-making estab-
lishments, which expressed an opinion, con-
sidered frozen processed fishery products
more profitable than other high protein foods.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

Oregon

NEW SHRIMP TRAWLING GROUNDS
FOUND OFF COAST:

The first signs of goqd shrimp trawling
grounds have been reported in waters off-
shore of Bandon (Coquille Point), Oregon, by
biologists aboard the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel, John N.
Cobb, as a result of a cooperative survey _
with the Oregon Fish Commission. Oregon
Fish Commission biologists reported on
October 10, 1960, that more than a week of
exploration for new shrimp grounds off Coos
Bay was not rewarding as the area was too
rocky for trawling. Experimental drags off
Coos Bay made in areas fished by commer-
cial fishermen revealed only small numbers
of shrimp.

South of Coos Bay soundings by electronic
equipment proved the area offshore of Bandon
soft and free of rocks, and subsequent trawl-
ing produced some fair-sized shrimp at a
depth of from 90 to 105 fathoms. The field
party chief on the vessel explained that,
while experiments thus far are inconclusive
as to concentrations of shrimp in sufficient
quantities to establish a commercial fishery,
the Bandon area presented the best grounds
for trawling so far.

The John N. Cobb will continue exploring
for shrimp grounds north to the Umpqua area
(weather and time permitting) and as far
north as Newport. (Fish Commission of
Oregon, October 11, 1960.)

% OK OK OK OK

SALMON REARING
LAKE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS:

A contract for construction of facilities
for the 20-acre Lake Wahkeena fish-rear-
ing experiment was awarded on October 19,
1960, by Oregon's Fish Commission,

Fish-rearing ponds and lakes are rela-
tively new in Pacific Northwest fish culture.
The use of both artificial and natural ponds

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and lakes for salmon rearing is proving to
have merit. The impoundments vary in size
from a few acres to many square miles. The
small fish planted in these basins are expec—
ted to subsist on natural foods, but feeding of
hatchery food may be necessary. Prelimi-
nary results have been encouraging.

The plan is to construct a 20-acre pond
inthe former stream bed between the old and
new U. S. Highway 30 in the Columbia River
Gorge area at Wahkeena Creek, about 15
miles west of Bonneville Dam. Facilities
will be provided to prevent Columbia River
water and scrap fish from entering the lake.
Specified numbers of salmon fry will be ob-
tained from the Bonneville Hatchery and re-
leased in the lake where they will feed nat-
urally. Physical and chemical tests of the
water will be made and biological informa-
tion collected to determine the natural pro-
ductivity of the lake. Release of the fish
will be early in the year, prior to plantings
initiating a new cycle.

On a smaller scale, a similar rearing
lake of 8 acres on the Millicoma River near
Coos Bay is in operation where the fishare
fed artificially instead of naturally. The
Millicoma Lake is owned by a timber com-
pany and the fish rearing is supervised by the
Fish Commission. Early in February 1960,
80,000 silver salmon fingerlings were lib-
erated from this pond into the East Fork of
the Millicoma River which runs into the Coos
River.

The Wahkeena operation will be for the
purpose of determining the most economical
method of rearing large numbers of juvenile
silver salmon in a pond. Current practice
is to stock about 2,000 fish per surface
acre without feeding, but this varies from
pond to pond and year to year. Future tests
may be made to determine whether the pond
production can be increased by fertilizing
the water and by artificial feeding.

In order to maintain the natural produc-
tivity of the water once the pond is filled,
only sufficient stream water for desirable
oxygen levels and temperatures will be al-
lowed to flow into the lake. ° The reminder
will flow down the present channel into the
Columbia River.

Fish will be collected at intervals through-
out the year to study the growth of the young
silver salmon used in rearing studies.

Vol. 22, No. 12

The fish to be used will be planted as yolk-
sac fry in the early part of the year. Length

of rearing time will depend on water conditions

in the Columbia River, consistent with nat-
ural migration time.

Fish will be allowed to migrate at will

and be counted as they move over the spill-

—— way. However,
if a large num-
ber of fish re-
main in the pond,
it will be drained
to enumerate and
liberate these
fish into the Co-
lumbia and then refilled in time to receivea
new crop of young fish.

Wahkeena Creek offers little spawning area
to returning adults. Mature migrants will
be trapped in Wahkeena Creek, spawned by
hatchery personnel, and hatched at Bonne -
ville Hatchery to provide a supply of eggs
to maintain the pond.

It will take four months to complete the
lake which should be ready to accommodate
the small salmon by March 1961.

Oysters

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS ON
SPAWNING AND SETTING AS OF
OCTOBER 1, 1960:

An interesting light oyster set occurred inSt. Marys
River, Maryland, during mid-September 1960. No
heavy late set was found at any of the stations conduc-
ted by the Maryland Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.
While water temperatures generally were still high
enough up to October 1 to permit some spawning, it
seems quite unlikely that further setting will occur this
year. The oysters were spawned out and water tem-
peratures were about due to fall below the level at
which spawning occurs.

Very few observations of the commercial set on
planted shells had been made. A report of counts made
by the Department of Tidewater Fisheries indicated a
valuable set on the dredged-up shells planted in Pig
Cove. The latest count of a composite sample taken
across those shells by a light scrape showed 810 spat
per bushel.

The picture of oyster mortalities is one of major
concern. The organism ''MSX" associated with the
Delaware Bay losses has become more widespread in
the lower Chesapeake. The Virginia Fisheries Lab-
oratory reported substantial oyster losses in June and
again in September in the lower James, the Mobjack

December 1960

Bay area, and at points along the Bay side of the East-
ern Shore of Virginia. The organism has been found in
most tributaries of the lower Eastern Shore as far up
as Pocomoke Sound and in the lower part of the Rappa-
hannock.

At the Maryland sampling stations in Holland Straits,
Pocomoke Sound, and Fishing Bay '"MSX" had not yet
been found but an increased mortality from the fungus
Dermocystidium occurred in late summer and early
fall, especially in Holland Straits. This fungus has been
observed for many years in the lower Bay and is found
generally up to the Solomons area, and to a light extent
in deep water in the Choptank River off Castle Haven
Point. It often causes some mortality at this season
but has not appeared in other portions of the State and
apparently does not thrive in low salinity areas.

Oxygen deficiencies occurred in the Chesapeake dur-
ing August that probably caused losses among oysters
in deep water at locations where mixing of the water is
poor. This condition disappeared after mid-September.
A few reports of deep-water oyster losses, probably a
result of the above condition, were reported this sea-
son.

The spread of ''MSX"' is almost certain to affect
oysters in the lower portions of Maryland in the near
future. An intensive survey of the oyster beds in all
Maryland areas was started early in October 1960 in
cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries and the Department of Tidewater Fisheries.

It is not yet known whether or not stable low salinity
waters, such as occur in the upper Chesapeake, will
serve as a barrier to destructive mortalities of the
Delaware Bay type. Laboratory experiments at Solo-
mons are being started where the development of
"MSX"' infections at low salinities can be determined.

It is extremely important that no transplantings be
made of ''MSX"'-infected oysters to uninfected areas,
either in waters of high or low salinity. In the higher
salinities it is known that such infected oysters will
succumb rapidly and can infect other oysters. In low
salinities a similar but undetermined risk exists.

Continued research by all agencies upon oyster mor-

talities is planned to include: (1) accurate determina-
tion of rates of mortality by all agents under different
environmental conditions; (2) complete knowledge of the
life cycle of the ''MSX" organism; (3) the method of in-
fection of oysters by ''MSX"'; (4) the role in oyster mor-
tality played by bacteria, virus infection, and other
organisms; (5) the effects of changed environmental
conditions upon oyster mortality; and (6) the selection
and development of resistant strains of oysters in af-
fected areas. Much time and painstaking effort is need-
ed to gain adequate knowledge of this nature. ("Third
Report of Spat-fall and Other Oyster Observations -
1960 Season,'' Maryland's Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory, Solomons, Md.)

Kok ok KE

STANDARDS RESEARCH PROGRAM
SHIFTED FROM VIRGINIA LABORATORY:

The Government-Industry Cooperative Oyster Re-
search Program (GICORP) sponsored and financed by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the U. S.
Food and Drug Administration, and the Oyster Institute
of North America, has shifted its research operations
from Gloucester Point, Va., to the U. S. Bureau of Com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

mercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, College
Park, Md. The College Park location will not alter the
research progress, but will allow closer contact with
the research team by the Research Director of
GICORP who is also located nearby on the campus of
the University of Maryland.

Preliminary evaluation of the data collected over
the past two years by the research team indicates that
possibly the work in the Middle Atlantic area can be
completed within a short time. The research team will
then move on to the Gulf and West Coasts to determine
the physical and chemical characteristics of the oysters
when processed under the procedures used in those
areas. Those objective tests developed in the initial
survey in the Chesapeake Bay area will be used to
classify the characteristics of the oysters in the addi-
tional areas. The extension of the work to these other
areas is necessary to provide a basis for the develop-
ment of a single standard of indentity applicable to all
domestically-produced fresh-shucked oystérs.

Scallops

CALICO SCALLOP FISHERY IN FLORIDA:

Supply: Exploration by U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessels in 1960 located extensive
scallop (Pecten gibbus) grounds off the Florida east
coast from Daytona Beach southward to Ft. Pierce in
a depth range from 10 to 32 fathoms. Commercial
concentrations are now known to exist over a 1,200
square mile area, perhaps the largest known scallop
bed in the world. Simulated commercial production,
based on 16 experimental tows by the exploratory fish-
ing vessel Silver Bay along the 20-fathom curve, pro-
duced 135 bushels ranging from 1 to 13 per 30-minute
drag for an average of 8.5 bushels. Highest catch rate
with a 10-foot New England-type dredge was 24 bush-
els per tow. Predominant size range inexperimental
catches was 2 inches to 24 inches diameter shell. Com-
mercial production by industry has not yet been under-
taken.

Other scallop beds had been located off Cape San
Blas, Fla., as early as 1957 in the vicinity of Panama
City. The greatest exploratory catch rates, as high
as 40 bushels per tow, were in 10- to20-fathom depths.
Local producers have periodically utilized scallops in
this area as the price and demand situation warranted.

Other exploration has shown that sizable scallop
concentrations exist in the Core Banks area off North
Carolina. Some commercial fishing of these stocks
started in 1959. Little is known about the biology of
the calico scallop or about the growth rate. Some
studies have recently been started by the Bureau's
Gulf Breeze (Fla.) Biological Laboratory.

Cost of Gear: A modified Georges Bank-type scal-
lop dredge, 10-foot mouth with 2-inch rings and 13-inch
mesh liners, costs approximately $350 (perhaps less
for local construction).

Estimated cost of rigging shrimp vessel for scallop-
ing, including dredges, is $1,000 to $2,000 depending
on vessel design. As far as is known at this time, no
vessels have been converted.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Yield: Florida east coast catches in the spring of
1960 yielded 4 to 5 pints of meats per bushel of shell
stock. Average meats run 900 to 1,100 per gallon. B
There is a definite variation in yield and quality, but
the exact causes are yet undeterminded. Further ex-.
ploratory fishing planned on a seasonal basis should
shed some light on these factors. It is assumed that
these are associated with seasonal conditions of water
temperature, maximum spawning activity, or some
mortality factor.

Fig. 1 - The yield of one drag by the exploratory fishing vessel
Silver Bay on the Florida east coast calico scallop grounds.

Shucking: Hand shucking is comparatively slow be-
cause of small size, shape of shell, and necessity for
separating scallop meats from viscera. Mechanical
shuckers are being investigated. One type of mechani-
cal oyster shucker is reported to open 250 bushels of
scallops per hour, but will not separate meats from
viscera. The blanching of the scallops with steam
causes muscle release on both shells. Scallops are
then tumbled in a cylindrical drum where the shells
exit from the end and meats and viscera fall through.

Fig. 2 -Shucked calico scallop meats aboard the exploratory fish-
ing vessel Silver Bay.

Shell particles are separated from the meats by flota-
tion. Industry members are experimenting with this
method. The Bureau's Technological Laboratory at

Vol. 22, No. 12

Pascagoula is exploring the use of a centrifuge as a
separator. There is a possibility that an egg-spinning
machine can be adapted for this purpose. The Labora-
tory has also developed a prototype combination hot
water and vacuum apparatus to accomplish production-
line mechanical shucking. All developments are still
in the early experimental stages; however, some ma-
chine makers have shown interest in development of
equipment.

Quality: Tender, tasty, appetizing. From limited
observations, keeping quality under refrigeration ap-
pears good. Pascagoula Technological Laboratory is
running some experiments on freezing and storage with
final results unavailable until storage time elapses.

Market Situation: Supply of New England scallops
is now very plentiful. The Florida Development Com-
mission is active in promoting the use of calico scal-
lops and development of beds as well as possible mar-
ket outlets. Any large-scale production of calico scal-
lops will require active market promotion to acquaint
consumers with the product. New product development
with scallop ingredients offers another possibility for
improved market.

Byproduct Possibility: Scallop waste or viscera has
been anoin by Japanese researchers to have unusual
growth rate stimulation when mixed with poultry feed.
Research needs to be done on this for a more definite
determination of scallop waste value as applied specif-
ically to calico scallops.

HK OK OK

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
TO BE STUDIED:

The chemical composition of sea scallops is the ob-
jective of a joint research project by the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory at
Gloucester, Mass., and the Biological Laboratory at
Woods Hole, Mass.

The biologists will collect sea scallops together
with information on maturity and state of sexual devel-
opment and on the area from which they were caught.
The Technological Laboratory will analyze the adductor
muscle (edible portion) and viscera of the samples for
proximate composition, sodium, potassium, and amino
acids. It is hoped through this cooperative program,
to be able to obtain information on some of the basic
factors that contribute to changes in the chemical com-
position of scallops and to provide additional data that
may be useful in biological research on this shellfish.
The study will continue for at least a year, during
which time it is planned to expand this joint effort to
include other species of fish and shellfish.

HK OK KK

LANDINGS FROM GEORGES BANK TO
BE LOWER IN 1961:

The unusual abundance of sea scallops on certain
parts of Georges Bank in 1959-60 was the result of
an unusually heavy set in 1955, according to U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries biologists.

The Bureau's Woods Hole Laboratory biologists
first found the 1955-year classin May 1959, when they
were still too small to be of commercial value, At
that time it was possible to catch up to 3,000 scallops
in a 30-minute drag of a 10-foot scallop dredge.

December 1960

The New Bedford scallop fishing fleet began to fish
on that ground in July 1959. At first, they kept only the
larger individuals of the 1955 age group, but by Novem-
ber 1959 all had grown large enough to be harvested,
and by that time this single age group accounted for
over 90 percent of the landings from that ground.

By May of 1960, the population in the area had been
reduced to the point where it was only possible to catch
about 800 sea scallops in a 30-minute drag. They were,
of course, larger and the fleet continued to work the
ground until September of this year when it was finally
abandoned.

The same situation, although not quite so spectacu-
lar, had prevailed on two other grounds during the same
period. Those grounds also appeared to be about fished
out by September 1960.

Bureau records show that a drop in landings has
always occurred in the fall. About 60 percent of an
average year's landings of sea scallop meats are made
between April and September. The colder, windier
months of October through March account for only a-
bout 40 percent of a year's total. On this basis alone,
landings are expected to decline some.

In addition, the 1956 age group, which is now large
enough to be worth shucking, is not present in as great
numbers as the unusually abundant 1955 age group.
Bureau biologists, therefore, expect that landings of
sea scallop meats will drop somewhat during the last
3 months of 1960 to the level of about 3.5 million pounds
which prevailed during the last quarter of the years
1955-1958.

Landings in 1961 will no doubt be lower than in 1960,
but whether they will be lower than 2 or 3 years ago
depends upon the abundance of the 1957 age group which
will enter the fishery in the summer and fall of 1961.
As part of its investigation of the many factors that
affect the abundance of commercially-important species
of our marine resources, the biologists will sample
the 1959 age group in the spring of 1961.

Shrimp

LOUISIANA INITIATES
MARKING PROGRAM:

The Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries
Commission, Oysters, Water Bottoms, and
Seafood Division, initiated a shrimp-mark-
ing program in the summer of 1960. The
program is part of a cooperative effort of
the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commis-
sion and the U. 8. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries to determine patterns of move-
ment of certain species of shrimp from the
nursery ground, located in the estuarine
areas along the Gulf Coast, to the offshore
fishery where these shrimp are captured
by the commercial shrimp fisheries, accord-
ing to the Commission Director.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

During the second week of June 1960, work
ers of the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries
Commission caught and marked with a bio-
logical stain, 12,000 juvenile brown shrimp,
Penaeus aztecus. These shrimp were taken,
marked, and released in the western portion
of Mississippi Sound.

Under this program, juvenile shrimp will
be stained and released in two additional
areas. The areas are the Barataria Bay Es-
tuarine Composite and the Vermilion Bay Es-
tuarine complex. Over 10,000 brown shrimp
will be marked and released, at each site,
with hope of a good recovery.

A reward is offered for each marked
shrimp returned. By establishing this re-
ward it is hoped that more cooperation and
interest will be stimulated among the shrimp
fishermen, dealers, andprocessors, ''A sur-
veillance and coverage of the shrimp fishery
along with organized advertising of the stain-
ing program will insure aghigher recovery
of marked shrimp. The returns should be of
sufficient quantity to yield valid data which
will be utilized in formulating management
plans to protect, promote, and prolong one
of our most valuable marine resources,"'
the Chief of the Oysters, Water Bottoms and
Seafood Division said.

Fifty cents reward will be paid for each
returned shrimp, stained with a fast green
biological dye. The chemical is harmless
to humans. (Louisiana Conservationist, July-
August-September 1960.)

Cae
Sport Fishing

ALMOST TWENTY MILLION FISHERMEN
IN 50 STATES:

During 1959 a total of 19,914,021 fisher -
men in 50 states purchased one or more li-
censes to fish, the U. S. Department of the
Interior reported on October 30, 1960. This
is a slight decline of 1.3 percent from the
number of fishermen reported during 1958.

Fishermen in 50 states spent a total of
$50,374,832 for fishing licenses, tags, per-
mits, and stamps required by state fish and
game departments to legally fish for sport
or recreation. During 1958 sport fishermen
spent $45,410,462 for the same purposes. Ex-
penditures for 1959 exceeded those for 1958
by $4,964,370.

44

Examination of certified data for 1959 in-
dicates that the number of persons buying
one or more licenses to fish for sport or
recreation varies from year to year. The
number of licenses sold is influenced by types
of licenses available to fishermen, weather
conditions, the relative abundance of fish and
other factors.

Table 1 - Summary of Number of Paid Fishing License Holders,
| License Sales, and the Cost to Fishermen in United States,
uly 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959

Holdersi/ |Stamps Issued2/

84,548.
127, 388.94
567,514.00
1, 205,713.55
6, 230, 229,31
1, 458, 737.50
418, 032.89
22, 395.60
1,052, 795.50
669, 217.25
5, 116.00
948, 750.00
1,512, 636.25
1, 047,068.25
753, 024.87
522, 456.75
969, 836.85
259, 106.00
781, 088. 62
330, 155.75
648, 888.88
3,072, 276.00
2, 110,002.15
559, 782.12
1, 815, 826.75
493,728.50
454, 815.00
253, 175.50
439,959.04
602, 429.90
541, 987.40
2, 205, 416.75
862,562.75
93,752.00
1, 208, 197.50
1, 047,524.50
1, 240,599.75
2, 132, 285.00
52,977.87
540, 752.70
264, 056.00
1, 137, 190.50
1,776, 195.19
558, 881.47
266, 246.25
735, 635.00
1,561, 239.87
455, 187.65
3,051, 755.00
525, 693.00
$50, 374, 8
1/A paid license holder is one individual regardless of the number
of licenses purchased, Data certified by state fish and game
departments,
2/Period covered not identical to period covered by certification
for all states,
Source: Compiled from information furnished by state fish and
game departments,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

Some state fish and game departments re-

quire sportsmen to purchase separate licenses

tags, permits, or stamps for fishing different
species of fish as well as for fishing in differ-
ent areas. Other states issue only one fish-
ing license which is good for all species of
legal fish. Thus, the total number of tags,
licenses, permits, or stamps sold is not an
accurate reflection of the number of persons
holding paid licenses to fish.

Tuna

PROGRESS MADE IN STUDIES
ON COMPOSITION:

A project to determine the composition of
tuna and tuna-like fish has been under way
for more than a year in the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Technological Lab-
oratory in Seattle, Wash. Compared to other
salt-water species, it has been determined
as of August 1960, that tuna and tuna-like
fish are low in moisture and sodium and
high in protein. The oil content varies with-
in the range of 1 percent to 15 percent.

The study involves the collection of two
series of ten fish each, taken each season
over a three-year period. The investigation
of skipjack is in its first year and albacore
in its second year. Some exploratory com-
position work has also been done on both
bluefin and yellowfin tuna.

foe

U. S. Fishery Landings,
January-August 1960

Landings of fish and shellfish in the United States during
the first eight months of 1960 totaled 3.0 billion pounds--a-
bout 3 percent less than for the same period of 1959.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - United States Fishery Landings of Certain Species Table 2 - United States Fishery Lanines States
pedeieve. 8, fOr Periods or Periods Shown, 1960 ai 1960 and19594/ 19591/ for Periods Shown, 1960 and 19591

Ge a Ree ae Sic A]
Species Period 1960 | 1959 | 1959 Aven 1960 | 1959 | 1959

eeeece (1,000 Ibs). eee eleleleterel (ls 000/1DS:)lelelelelete

8,405/Rhode Island 3/.
Boston 2/ see. 712,378 New York 3/..
Gloucexte = 103INew Jersey 3/ .

(cE SU ae

South Carolina 3/
aoe 20,414) 22,537|Georgia... oc
8 00| 16,201 in 908| Florida 3/....
asl atabad 7

Mississippi 3/ .
105,800

Louisiana 3/2...
117,150! Texas 3/ J. so
Oh!

OVEr) seeees 9”
Industrial fish, Me,
_& Mass. 4/ «+ 8%

56,000

30,900

Herring (season
$7,507] over) . oo F
Pacific .. see 37,602) Salmon ...e 147,278
1,528,240/2,193,} °866 Washington ... 155,200

Ocean perch:
Ceccesce

Boston, ceccce

Oregon «seco e 25,974] 51,700
apes California:
iS 280!" Certain s serial Species eyes: 315,600| 293,681 451,089
40 97 31,200] 35,632 339
i |i as Sa fe, Sr eee ca aE
| 4,700] 7,031] 16,570 _|

y 147,278 war ore ea eee ttc
2/ 4,000 | 2/ 5,068

Adlantic, Ceeapealee
South Atlantic, and

ardines, Pacific to Oct,6 | _29,100| _19,775| 74,367] Gulf States (men-
allops, sea meats) ees haden only) |8mos, | 1,466,000|1,499,746
aan eee mos 13,000 12,294] 18,814) Total all above 3.046.00013.146, "63

Saeed

Gulf States...
Wash, cccccee
Oregon ecccee

eo ee%

(Others norlisted |" gy Tg | "a8,aan | sre 0)
aes a a a
1/Preliminary.
a0%8 2/Landed weight.

3 3/Excludes menhaden.

4/Dressed weight.

3/Includes catch of anchovies, jack and Pacific mackerel,
Pacific sardines, squid, and tuna. Data on tuna are through
September 30 and on Pacific sardines through October 6.

6/Data not available.

Note: Data principally represent weight of fish and shellfish

as landed except for mollusks which represent the weight of

meats only,

Maine cecccee
Boston, eeceece
Gloucester

i ee
Total all above items 2,616,000 | 2,657,531|3, 766,371

Preliminary. Ress eiGHe
7am weight. 4/Excludes menhaden. :

45

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The greatest declines occurred in production of fish used
in the manufacture of fish meal and oil. Landings of these
fish in Maine and Massachusetts during the first eight months
of 1960 were down 42 million pounds while the menhaden
catch decreased 46 million pounds compared with the same
period of 1959, Total landings of herring in Alaska dropped
from 107 million pounds in 1959 to 56 million pounds, A-
mong the species used primarily for food, production of
whiting during the first eight months of the year dropped 15
million pounds below that of the comparable period of 1959,

A considerable increase was reported in the Alaska salm=-
on fishery which totaled 203 million pounds in 1960-~a gain
of 56 million pounds over 1959. Compared with the same
period of 1959, landings of Pacific sardines through October
6, 1960 (29 million pounds) were up 9 million pounds; the
catch of California tuna through September 30 (226 million
pounds) remained almost the same; and the production of
jack mackerel during the first eight months increased 28
million pounds,

On the Atlantic Coast the first eight-month’ catch of
Maine herring increased 23 million pounds and ocean perch
landings rose 9 million pounds over the same period of
1959, During the first eight months of 1960, shrimp land-
ings of 130 million pounds=-=-up 10 million pounds over the
comparable period of 1959--were reported in the South At-
lantic and Gulf States,

',

in

United States Fishing FleetAdditions

JULY 1960:

A total of 48 vessels of 5 net tons andover
were issued first documents as fishing craft
during July 1960--a decrease of 12 vessels

Table 1 -U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft |
: ee Areas, Sa ar 1960
Total [ Jan, July | Total
1959 per as} TO 1959

Se aR a
INew England , 7 2 19 10

Middle Atlantic 2
3
7
7
16
2

AMS

a

ite: have been assigned to the various areas on the
basis of their home ports.

as compared with the same month in 1959.
The Pacific area led with 16 vessels, while
the New England, South Atlantic, and Gulf

: areas were next
with 7 each, A-
|__by Tonnage, July 1960 __si| laska followed

the Chesapeake
with 3, and the
Middle Atlantic
and Great Lakes
with 2 each,

oe
i/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft.

Vol. 22, No. 12

1960, a total of 269 vessels were issued first
documents as fishing craft--53 less than were
reported during the same period of 1959.
Most of the decline occurred in the Gulf area--
38 vessels less as compared with the 1960
seven-months period.

HK 4

AUGUST 1960:

During August 1960, 45 vessels of 5 net
‘ons and over were issued first documents
as fishing craft--an increase of 9 vessels

essels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft
by Areas, August 1960

INew England .
Middle Atlantic ,

as compared with the same month of last
year. The Pacific area led with 12 vessels.
The Gulf was second with 10 vessels followed
by the Chesapeake with 7, and the New Eng-
land and South Atlantic areas with 6 each.
The Great Lakes and the Middle Atlantic
areas accounted for the remaining 4vessels.

During the first eight months of 1960, a
total of 314 vessels were issued first docu-
ments as fishing craft--44 less thanthe same

Table 2 - U.S. period of 1959.
Most of the de-
| cline occurred
in the Gulf
area--a drop
of 42 vessels,
as compared
with the eight-
| months period
of last year.

essels Issue

Documents as Fishing Craft
Tonnage, August 1960

250 to 259 .

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
AUGUST 1960:

ports of edible fresh, frozen, and pro-
cessed fish and shellfish into the United States;

December 1960

during August 1960 increased by 6.2 percent
in quantity and 8.7 percent in value as com-
pared with July 1960. The increase was due
primarily to higher imports of frozen alba-
core and other tuna (up 2.5 million pounds),
fresh and frozen salmon (up 1.2 million
pounds), and to a lesser degree, an increase
in the imports of canned tuna in brine, frozen
shrimp, and lobster and spiny lobster. The
increase was partly offset by a 3.8 million-
pound decrease in the imports of groundfish
fillets and blocks.

Compared with August 1959, the imports
in August this year were up by 14.1 percent
in quantity and 21.7 percent in value due to
higher imports of frozen albacore and other
tuna (up 8.4 million pounds), and frozen
shrimp (up 1.3 million pounds), Compensat-
ing, in part, for the increases was a drop of
about 1.0 million pounds in the imports of
fresh swordfish and canned salmon (down
1.0 million pounds).

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
August 1960 with Comparisons

ITY

QUANT.
Bore

[Year| August |
ost 920 et een ED

Imports:
Fish & shellfish:
Fresh, froze ,&
processed,

Processedonly
(excluding fresh &
frozen)
cludes pastes, sauces, clam ch
specialties.

United States exports of processed fish and
shellfish in August 1960 were higher by 9.2
percent in quantity and 50.0 percent in value
as compared with July 1960. Compared with
the same month in 1959, the exports this Au-
gust were lower by 50.0 percent in quantity
and 6.2 percent in value. The lower exports
in August this year as compared with the same
month in 1959 were due mainly to the much
lower exports of California sardines. Hx-
ports of high value fishery products, such as
canned shrimp and both canned and frozen
salmon, were higher this August thanthe same
month of 1959.

se ok te oe ok

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
UNDER QUOTA:
The quantity of tuna canned in brine which

may be imported into the United States dur-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

47

ing the calendar year 1960 at the 124-percent
rate of duty is 53,448,330 pounds. Any im-
ports in excess of the quota will be dutiable
at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-October 1, 1960,
amounted to 37,708,987 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
July-September 1960

The United States production of fish sticks
during the third quarter of 1960 amounted to
13.9 million pounds, while the production of
fish portions totaled 12.0 million pounds.
This was a gain in production of 7 percent
for fish sticks and 40 percent for portions
as compared with the same quarter of 1959.
Most of the increase in fish-stick production
occurred in cooked sticks up almost 1.0
million pounds). The increase in portions
was attributed to a greater production of raw
breaded portions oe 2.5 million eens:

(i, 000 Los sping
317 3,771
4, 246

q 3 325
fotal 3rd quarter 1959 11,789 =n eee

Total first 9 months 1960
Lotal first 9 months 1959

1/Preliminary.
Table 2 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions
Eee coe tad

elt
a7

| 43,344 | 3,392 | 46,736 |
41, 132

Geeta

Cooked fish sticks (12.7 million pounds)
made up 91 percent of the fish stick total.
The remaining 9 percent consisted of raw
fish sticks. A total of 11.4 million pounds
of breaded fish portions (of which 9.5 million
pounds were raw) and 582,000 pounds of un-
breaded (raw) portions was processed during
the third quarter of 1960.

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Atlantic Coast was the principal area
in the production of fish sticks and portions
with a total of 18.8 million pounds. The re-
maining 7.1 million pounds of sticks and por-
tions were packed in inland, Gulf, and Pacific
Coast States.

Table 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
__ July-September 1960 and 1959

19602/ 19592/
; T, 00 ~ | 4,000

Area

Atlantic Coast States
inland and Gulf States

Table 4 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
July -September 1959 and 1960

Table 5 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks
2 Months, 1956-1960

ee

[_- | 60,265 | 61,011 [53,128 | 52,562

mb
Daerallad
i/Preliminary (includes revisions for first six months).
2/Revised.

1/Preliminary (includes revisions for first six months).
2/Revised.

Vol. 22, No. 12

During the first nine months of 1960, a
total of 46.7 million pounds of fish sticks was
produced--an increase of 4 percent com-
pared with the corresponding period of the
previous year. Fish portions(34.2 million
pounds) were 31 percent greater than the
nine-months period of 1959.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1960p. 33.

Wholesale Prices, October 1960

The mid-October 1960 wholesale price
index for edible fishery products (fresh,
frozen, and canned) at 129.4 percent of the
1947-49 average was up slightly (1.0 per-
cent) from the preceding month and up 6.9
percent from the same month of 1959. From
September to October, higher prices for
fresh large haddock, oysters, frozen fillets,
frozen shrimp, and canned fish were just
about balanced out by lower prices for fresh
haddock fillets, fresh shrimp, frozen hali-
but, and the fresh-water varieties. Whole-
sale prices in October 1960 increased over
October 1959, due mainly to higher prices
for fresh and frozen shrimp, oysters, fresh
large haddock, frozen salmon, and canned
fish. These increases more than offset low
er wholesale prices for fresh and frozen
haddock fillets, fresh-water whitefish and
yellow pike, and frozen halibut.

The wholesale price index for the drawn,
dressed, and whole finfish subgroup in Oc-
tober declined 2.0 percent from the preced-
ing month. Normal price declines for fresh-
water whitefish and yellow pike at New York
following the Jewish holidays, plus a slight
drop (1.0 percent) inthe frozen dressed hali-
but price and a drop of 4.0 percent in salmon
prices (due to change-over from fresh to
frozen pricing) accounted for the change.

An increase of about 2 cents a pound (17.5
percent) in large haddock prices at Boston
partially compensated for the decline. From
October 1959 to this October, the wholesale
price index increased 8.2 percent, due to
higherlarge haddock prices (up 10.6 per-
cent) and frozen dressed salmon prices (up
14.1 percent). These increases were offset
in part by lower prices for fresh-water white-
fish and yellow pike, and frozen dressed hali-
but (down 4.2 percent).

The fresh processed fish and shellfish
subgroup wholesale price index in October
declined 1.2 percent from September. A

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

slight drop(1 cent a pound) inthe small had-
dock fillet price at Boston plus a sharper

drop of about 10.0 percent in fresh shrimp
prices at New York more than offset a 7.2-
percent higher shucked oyster price at Nor-
folk, Va. However, from October 1959 to
October 1960, the subgroup price index rose
by 5.0 percent due to a higher (11.1 percent)
oyster price and a 4.1-percent increase in
the fresh shrimp price. These increases
were partly offset by a sharply lower price
(28.2 percent) for fresh small haddock fillets.

In mid-October 1960 the wholesale price
index for the frozen processed fish and shell-
fish subgroup rose by 5.1 percent as com-
pared with September. A jump of about 5
cents a pound or 7.2 percent in the frozen
26-30 count shrimp price at Chicago plus
increases of $-1 cent a pound in the frozen

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

ees ee See

Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh meee
Halibut, Weste, 20/80 Ibs., drsd., fresh or froz.

Fillets, " Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-1b, tins °
Shrimp, Ige, (26=30 count), headless, fresh, . .
Oysters, shucked, standards , . . . « « © e

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): . .. .
Fillets; Flounder, skinless, 1-lb, pkg.. . ©
’ Haddock, smi, skins on, 1-1b, pkg.
Ocean perch, skins on, 1=Ib. pkg. .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. . . «

Canned Fishery Products: . ....«.+++see«
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. . .
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (61/2 oz.),

ISECUYEB SG OO o0000DN og OD A016
Sardines, Calif., tom, pack, No. 1 oval (15 02.),

AB|cans/(CSateileeireMeiioneMclcitcitoit-iel- ii
Sardines, Maine, keyless.oil, 1/4 drawn
(8-3/402,); 100'cans/cs. 6/05 1 ws

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, October 1960 With Comparisons

Boston Ib. | 31] .32 | 103.8 | 108.9 | 90.2] 144.6
New York |1b,| .65| .72 | 109.7 | 114.1 |106.6| 98.7
Norfolk gat! 7.50] 7.00 | 185.6 | 173.2 | 173.2| 167.1

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service *‘Fishery
Products Reports’? should be referred to for actual prices,

fillet items (due in part to healthier invento-
ries) were responsible for the increase.
From October a year ago to October 1960
the subgroup price index increased 8.7 per-
cent. Frozen shrimp prices were up sharply
(19.8 percent). This, plus less pronounced
increases of 3.7 percent in ocean perch and
2.6 percent in flounder fillet prices, more
than offset a drop of 10.8 percent in the fro-
zen small haddock fillet price.

The canned fish subgroup price index con-
tinued to inch upward in October as compared
with the preceding month and the same month
of 1959 due mainly to short supplies of can-
ned pink salmon. The October 1960 index
for canned fish at 109.6 percent of the 1947-
49 average was up 2.9 percent from Septem-
ber and 5.6 percent above October 1959. In
October 1960 the canned pink salmon price

Avg. Prices 1/ Tidexes
mit! ($) (1947=49=100)

Oct, | Sept. Oct. | Sept, | Aug.
1960 1960 |} 1960

129.4 | 128.1

188.5

169.8 | 158.1 | 153.8

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

rose $1.50 a case or 5.9 percent from the
preceding month and was 10.3 percent ($2.50
a case) above October a year earlier. Other
items in the canned fish subgroup were about
unchanged in October 1960 from a month ear-
lier and either unchanged (Maine sardines)
or slightly higher for California sardines

(up 3.3 percent) and light meat tuna (up 2.3
percent). The packing season for Maine sar-
dines was about over at the end of October
with a ‘pack up moderately from the 1959 sea-
son. The catch and pack of southern Cali-
fornia sardines for the first two months of
the September 1-December 31 season were
extremely poor. The California pack of can-
ned tuna, although very good, was falling 1-2
percent behind the good pack of 1959 as Oc-
tober 1960 ended.

American Samoa |

TUNA LANDINGS, SEPTEMBER 1960:
In September 1960, tuna receipts at the
tuna cannery in American Samoa amounted

American Samoa Tuna Landings, September 1960

January -September_|
[960 [555 | |

: Majority of the tuna was landed by Japanese long-line
vessels; a small amount was landed by a South Korean long-
line vessel.

Vol. 22, No. 12

to about 2.5 million pounds, or close to 1.4
percent above the landings in August. Land-
ings for January-September 1960 of 20.6
million pounds were up 5.9 percent from the
19.5 million pounds landed during the first
nine months of 1959.

Tee _

rod

Whiting

FISH HELD IN REFRIGERATED SEA
WATER STAYS FRESH LONGER:

Applied research on methods of extending
the storage life of fresh dressed whiting while
being held for processing has been completed
by the Gloucester Technological Laboratory
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
With the completion of organoleptic tests and
proximate analyses of whiting held in refrig-
erated sea water and in crushed ice, com-
mercial-scale experiments are to be carried
out in a fish plant in Rhode Island. A 3,000-
pound-capacity refrigerated sea-water unit
has been installed in the plant to conduct the
tests in the near future.

Results of the laboratory experiments
have shown that fresh dressed whiting stored
in refrigerated sea water are of good quality
after 11 days of storage. In contrast, fresh
whiting stored in ice (similar to the usual
commercial practice of storage before pro-
cessing) are of good quality only up to 7days
and are of only fair quality after 11 days.

fe

DEEPEST OCEAN DIVE

The recorded depth reported in under this title in the August 1960 issue (p. 13)

of the Commercial Fisheries Review was based on preliminary data.

Later

studies of the data revealed that the bathyscaph Trieste, operated by the United
States Navy Electronics Laboratory, dived 35,805feet to the bottom of the Chal-
lenger Deep in the Marianas Trench, in the Pacific, on January 23, 1960. At
that time a preliminary figure, for the depth of the dive, of 37,800 feet was re-
leased, but it was emphasized that it was an uncorrected figure.

During the first week of February, the depth gauge used on the deep dive
was recalibrated at the Naval Weapons Plant at Washington, D. C. On the basis
of this new calibration, the true depth of the Challenger Deep was recalculated
from assumed density structure and gravity anomalies. Thus the latest depth
computation of the dive is 35,805 feet. To this figure should be added the height
of the pressure sensor above the bottom when the Trieste was at rest on the bot-
tom. The greatest uncertainty in this figure of 35,805 feet is probably in the val-
ue adopted for gravity. The gauge reading may be considered reliable to t 5

fathoms (t 30 feet).

December 1960

International

CONCURRENT OAS AND FAO
CONFERENCES ON AGRICULTURE

SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT:

Development of fisheries in Latin Ameri-
ca was a topic of discussion at the Concur-
rent Organization of American States and the
Food and Agriculture Organization Confer -
ences on Agriculture in Mexico City, August
8-20, 1960. This was the Fifth OAS Confer-
ence on Agriculture and the Sixth FAO Re-
gional Conference for Latin America.

The discussion of the development of fish-
eries revolved primarily around three pro-
posals that had been submitted and which
were approved. These were:

1. A Mexican proposal to encourage
countries to establish agricultural fish-cul-
tural services to convert inland waters into
new sources of food supply.

2. A Mexican resolution recommending
that the Governments pay more attention to
fishery administration and research, to take
into consideration the facilities of FAO and
OAS, and that the Directors of FAO andOAS
give the greatest possible attention to inter-
national conferences, seminars, andscholar-
ships in the fishery sciences and especially
to fishing administration.

3. A Panamanian recommendation to es-
tablish in Panama, in cooperation with other
Governments of the region, a regional fish-
ery institute to undertake studies, investiga-
tions, experiments, training, and extension
in all branches of fisheries. This proposal
asks the Director-General of FAO to assist
the interested Governments in requesting
money from the United Nations Special Fund
for financing and for the preparation of plans
for the institute.

= FOREIGN =

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET

EFFECTS OF EEC AND EFTA ON
SCANDINAVIAN FISHERIES:

Speaking at the Nordic Fisheries Conference, held in
Karlskrona, Sweden, August 16-18, 1960, the Danish
Fisheries Ministry declared that development of the
European Economic community or Common Market (EEC)
and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) posed
many new problems for the European fishing industry. How-
ever, he continued, the interests of the Scandinavian coun-
tries were so closely identified that they should be able to
pursue the common policy necessary to insure satisfactory
competitive conditions for their fisheries.

The Minister focussed his attention on marketing problems
in the new European economic area organizations, while
pointing out that combined fish expomts from Denmark, Ice-
land, Norway, and Sweden during 1959 totaled about 100
million Danish kroner (US$14.5 million) more to EFTA
than to EEC customers. He listed as the principal prob=-
lems: (1) the relationship of Finland and Iceland to the
market formations; (2) a satisfactory solution within EFTA
of the fresh fish question; and (3) the accommodation of
Scandinavian export interests within EEC, where tariff and
quota restrictions loom especially large and where, more-
over, internal fishery policy has not yet been determined,

Without attempting to offer definitive solutions to these
problems, he did point out that the expected general
expansion of trade within EFTA should have a wholesome
effect on the trade in fish products, regardless of whether
or not tariffs are eliminated on fresh fish and related items.
The direct advantages to be derived from the Stockholm
Treaty, he continued, are that tariffs and quotas will be
gradually removed for canned fish, frozen fillets, fish oil,
fish meal, and fish solubles, always allowing for the possi-
bility that this might backfire against Sweden and Denmark,
to the added advantage of Norway. Denmark itself can ex-
pect a substantial increase in imports of canned fish, the
only fish product on which a Danish duty is imposed at pres-
ent, Portugal will probably supply a large portion of this
increase, with higher grades of canned fish coming from
Norway and Sweden, the latter especially furnishing herring
in other than airtight containers,

With regard to opportunities afforded Scandinavian fish-
eries for expansion in EEC markets, the Minister asserted
that there are powerful elements within the EEC coun-
tries striving for protectionism and self-sufficiency in
fishery production, At the same time, however, there are
circles within these countries which understand clearly the
foolishness of such a policy and see the greater benefits of
& common European fishing policy and free trade, such as
have hitherto been striven for in negotiations within the
Organization for European Economic Cooperation.

We must hope, he concluded, that the liberal forces will
prove to be the most influential within EEC and will prevent
the adoption of restrictive fishery policies. However, the
EEC tariffs which will become effective on January 1, 1962,
do not reflect a particularly liberal attitude but on the con-
trary contain certain duty increases which might have an
appreciable effect on some exporting countries.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

At the subsequent annual meeting in Copenhagen of the
Danish Fish Trade and Ocean Fishery Association, the or-
ganization’s president predicted that the formation of the
EEC would force Danish fishermen to bear the cost of a
heavy duty on fish exported to West Germany, thus cutting in-
to the fishermen’s profits. He saw little hope for effecting
a downward revision of the duty by bringing the matter be-
fore GATT.

Speaking at the same meeting, the Danish Fisheries Min-
ister was less pessimistic about the ability of Danish fish-
ermen to find profitable markets for their catches. And he
asserted that the German marketing problem would not have
been completely solved had Denmark refrained from joining
the EFTA or even had she joined the EEC. (United States
Embassy, Copenhagen, September 15, 1960.)

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

IMPORT TARIFFS REDUCED:

On July 1, 1960, seven countries in West-
ern Europe reduced by one-fifththeir protec-
tive import duties on practically all the indus -
trial products coming from each other.

At the same time insofar as these seven
countries still limit imports from each other
by ''quota'' or quantitative import restriction,
these quotas are being relaxed to allow 20
percent more trade.

It is proposed that, by 1970 there will be
free trade in the goods covered by the Con-
vention of the European Free Trade Associa-
_ tion. The full membership makes up a single
market with a population of 90 million. The
seven countries (Austria, Denmark, Norway,
Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United
Kingdom) are among the most important inter
national traders, and these are interesting
facts about them:

1. Three-fifths of their foreign business
is outside Europe altogether. In the case of
Britain 75 percent or more of her trade is
outside Europe; 50 percent of her total trade
is with her Commonwealth partners.

2. The seven countries do about a quarter
of their business with the European six, or
European Common Market countries (Germa-
ny being their main trading partner),

3. The seven countries enjoy a higher
average standard of living than the rest of
Europe.

The high living standards of the 90 million
people in the EFTA have been established by
.the importation of goods; for these countries
are not endowed by nature to be self-suffi-

Vol. 22, No. 12

cient. Their strength has been built up by buy-
ing and selling abroad.

The seven countries need foreign goods,
and as they prosper through freer trade
among themselves, the demand for imported
goods will grow.

They are not likely to fall into a protec-
tive ring. They are pledged in GATT tocon-
sider the reciprocal reduction of tariffs ona
world-wide basis. They are ready to find
common cause with the other European group--
the European Economic Community--in a
United Europe, if terms acceptable to both
groups can be negotiated.

In the meantime EFTA is going ahead--
reducing barriers to trade between its mem-
bers. (British Affairs, September 1960.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1960 p. 47.
FISHING LIMITS

ICELAND-UNITED KINGDOM NEGOTIATE
ON FISHING LIMITS:

The Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Af-
fairs announced September 21, 1960, that
talks with the United Kingdom on the two-
year-old dispute over the Icelandic 12-mile
fishing limit were due to open in Reykjavik
October 1.

Both Icelandic opposition newspapers
greeted the announcement with alarm and
predicted disaster. Both papers called for
popular manifestations against compromise
of the 12-mile limit.

In September, 79 British trawlers were
reported to be operating in waters adjacent
to Iceland, but outside the 12-mile limit in
accordance with the truce being observed by
the British fishing industry. (United States
Embassy, Reykjavik, September 22, 1960.)

OK OK OK OK

BRITAIN AGREES TO RECOGNIZE
NORWAY'S FISHING LIMITS:

Britain and Norway on September 29, 1960,
announced that they had agreed that British
trawlers may fish up to six miles of Norway
for the next ten years (ending October 31,
1970), but after that must keep at least 12
miles off the Norwegian coast.

The agreement was concluded in Oslo,
but it must be ratified by the Parliaments of

December 1960

International (Contd.):

both countries before it becomes final. Until
ratification, British trawlers will continue
to fish up to 4 miles of the Norwegian coast.
The agreement is a compromise between
Norway's claim to territorial and fishing
limits of 12 miles (from which all foreign
trawlers would be excluded) and Britain's
refusal to recognize the claim.

Also, the agreement covers the registra-
tion and identification of vessels, the mark-
ing of fishing gear, and the regulation of fish-
eries as between different types of vessels.
It provides for both parties not to fish in
specified areas in certain seasons. The pur-
pose of the rules is to avoid interference with
fishing and damage to fishing gear. Rules
will apply to the waters off Norway in which
United Kingdom and Norwegian vessels are
fishing, including the 6-12 mile zone during
the transitional period.

Traditionally, the British government has
never recognized the right of any other state
to prohibit fishing beyond a three-mile limit.
Norway was the only country which Britain
had conceded could move the fishing limits
to four miles.

Under the new agreement, British vessels
will be able to fish between six and 12 miles
off the Norwegian coast until October 31,
1970. After that, the British trawlers will be
barred inside 12 miles of Norway's shore.

Four limited areas inthe 6- to12-mile belt
will be prohibited to fishing vessels of ei-
ther Britain or Norway in certain seasons.

The Anglo-Norwegian fishery negotiations
took place in Oslo from September 22-28,
1960, and ended successfully.

In reaching this agreement, bothsides have
had in mind the importance of resolving on a
practical basis the problems which will arise
in the light of Norway's declared intention
to extend the fishing limits aroundits coasts,
and of reconciling, to the greatest possible
extent, the interests of the fishing industries
of both countries that good relations may be
maintained. With this aim it was agreed
that as far as possible the agreement should
be based on the proposal put forward jointly
by the Governments of the United States and
Canada at the second United Nations Confer-
ence on the Law of the Sea in 1960 and which
obtained 54 votes, including those of the
United Kingdom and Norwegian Governments.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

The enforcement of the rules will be a
matter for the fishery protection vessels of
both countries acting in cooperation and
cases of infringement will be a matter for
the flag countries of the vessels concerned to
prosecute in their own courts. It has, how-
ever, also been agreed that in the 6-12 mile
zone during the transitional period, the regu-
lation of the fisheries shall be a matter for
the Norwegian fishery protection vessels
enly, and although they will have no power to
arrest United Kingdom vessels, they will be
able to collect evidence of any infringements
and report them to the United Kingdom au-
thorities.

As soon as acceptance by the respective
Governments has been obtained, the agree-
ment will be signed, subject to approval by
the United Kingdom Parliament and the Nor-
wegian Storting, as soon as possible. (United
States Embassy in London, September 30,
1960.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

MEETING ON FISHERIES
CREDIT HELD IN PARIS:

Participants from 30 nations attended Food and Ag-
riculture Organization (FAO)-sponsored technical meet-
ing on credit for fishery industries, held in Paris,
France, from October 17-22. The meeting was open
to all FAO member countries.

More than 60 participants, representing nations as
globally diverse as Japanand Peru, considered some 34
papers prepared for the meeting.

The meeting was designed to provide an exchange of
views on the solution of problems in the organization
and day-to-day administration of government credit
programs for fisheries. Special attention was paid to
conditions in underdeveloped countries and to how ex-
perience gained elsewhere can be usefully applied in
organizing credit services in those countries.

The Secretary of the Conference pointed out that the
exceptional risks connected with the production and dis-
tribution of fish have made it difficult for the industry
to obtain private credit on acceptable terms. While the
purpose of the meeting was not to discuss whether or
not governments should or should not assist fishery in-
dustries through extending credit, he said much could
be gained by joint study of existing credit policies and
operations.

The agenda included the following principal subjects:

1. Objectives of credit policy in developed countries
and their implications for the general character of cred-
it assistance.

2. Objectives of credit policy in underdeveloped
countries and their implications for the general charac-
ter of credit assistance.

3. Organizational aspects of fisheries credit schemes.

54

International (Contd.):
4, Operational aspects of fisheries credit schemes.

5. Coordination, review, and appraisal of credit
policies,

A list of the papers presented follows:

Sources of Loan Funds for Cooperatives, by FAO
Secretariat, based on a study by Miss M. Digby, Secre-
tary, The Plunkett Foundation for Cooperative Studies,
FAO Consultant. FIFA/WP/1, in English, French
and Spanish.

Government Credit Schemes for Fishery Industries
in the Indo-Pacific Region, by FAO Secretariat.
FIFA/WP72, in English, French, and Spanish.

Ouecnizeiion and Management of Credit Cooperatives,
by FAO Secretariat, based on a study by Miss M. Digby,

Secretary, The Plunkett Foundation for Co-operative
Studies, FAO Consultant. FIFA/WP/3, in English,
French, and Spanish,

Government Credit Facilities for Fishermen in Ma-
dras State, by P. I, Chacko, Deputy Director of Fisher-

ies, Madras State, India, FIFA/WP/4, in English.

Le Régime des Bonifications d'Intérét en faveur de
l'Armement et Le Crédit maritime mutuel en France,
notices presentees par la Direction des Peches mari-
times, Marine marchande, Paris. FIFA/WP/5, in
French.

Le Crédit A l'intention des Industries des Péches

Sources of Credit for Fishery Industries in Denmark,
by B. Dinesen, Fisheries Secretary and Chairman of the
Board of the Royal Danish Fisheries Bank, Copenhagen.
FIFA/WP/7, in English.

Government Credit Facilities for Fishermen in Bom-
bay State, Comments on the FAO Draft Agenda by Gaive
Kulkarni, Director of Fisheries, Bombay, India.
FIFA/WP/8, in English,

Credit Facilities for the British Herring Industry, by
H. H. Goodwin, neral Manager, Herring Industry
Board, Edinburgh. FIFA/WP/9, in English.

Note on Fishery Credit Schemes in West Bengal, by
K. C. Saha, Director of Fisheries, West Bengal, India.
FIFA/WP/10,in English.

Le Crédit & l'intention des Industries des Péches au
Portugal, Projet de Réponse aux Questions a l'Ordre du
Jour, par le Capitaine de Frégate Renato Sequeira de
Brito, Cabinete de Estudos das Pescas, Lisbonne.
FIFA/WP/11, in French.

Government Financing of the Fishing Industry in the
United States of America, by C. Eldred Peterson, Chief,
Branch of Loans and Grants, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U.S. Department of the Interior. FIFA/WP/12,
in English,

Le Crédit dans la Péche Belge, par P, Hovart, Secrée-
taire du Conseil professionnel de la Péche, Ostende.
FIFA/WP/13, in French.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.12

An Examination of Arguments for Special Credit Pol-
icies for Fishing Industries, by J. Wiseman, London

School of Economics and Political Science, FAO Con-
sultant. FIFA/WP/14, in English, French, and Spanish.

Credit Assistance for the Promotion of Fish Market-
ing in the Federal Republic of Germany, by Dr. Hans
Wilhelm Kurjo, Secretary of the Férderungsdienst fiir
den Fischabsatz G.m.b.H., Bremerhaven. FIFA/WP/15,
in English.

The Structure of Fisheries Finance in Japan, by
Kohei Teshima, Data and Statistics Section, Fisheries
Agency, Tokyo. FIFA/WP/16, in English.

Credit for Fishery Industries in the Netherlands, by
Drs. G. J. Lienesch, Director of Fisheries, Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries, The Hague. FIFA/WP/17,

in English.

The Fisheries Development Corporation of South
Africa Limited, Its Establishment, Functions ani era-
tions, by Cecil von Bonde, Ge

neral Manager, and W. H.
Stoops, Secretary. FIFA/WP/18, in English.

The Economic and Social Effects = Public Credit
in the Fishing Industry of Jamaica, by A. J. omas,
Fisheries Olficer, FIFA/WP/19, in English.

Le Crédit destiné aux industries des Péches belges,
par R. H. M. de Graef, Secrétaire d'Administration,
Administration de la Marine et de la Navigation Intér-
ieure, Belgique. FIFA/WP/20, in French.

Proyecto para la administracién de un fondo de
empréstitos destinado a la concesidn de créditos para

equenos pescadores, presentado por el Banco Central
cal Ecuador. FIFA/WP/21, in Spanish.

Reglamentaciones vigentes relacionadas con el
otorgamiento de créditos para la industria pesquera

or parte del Banco Industrial de la Republica Argen-
Bark y del Banco de la Nacioén Argentina, prenenieds

por la Direccion General de Pesca de la Republica
Argentina, FIFA/WP/22, in Spanish.

Organization of Credit and Finance in the Fish In-

dustry of the Federal Republic of Germany.
FIFA/ ; in English.

Pilot Experiment in Changing the Mode of Credit in
a Marine Fishing Village, by G. N. Mitra, Director of

Fisheries, Orissa, India. FIFA/WP/24, in English.

The Provision of Credit to Fishermen in Uganda, by
A. D. Grimmer, Assistant General Manager, Uganda
Credit and Savings Bank, Kampala, FIFA/WP/25, in
English.

Fishery Credit in Japan, by Shinkichi Katayanagi,

President, National Federation of Fisheries Coopera-
tive Associations, Tokyo, FIFA/WP/26, in English.

Economic Information needed for Fishery Loan
She Considerations, by Walter H. Stolting, Chief,

ranch of Economics, Division of Industrial Research,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife
Service, United States Department of the Interior.
FIFA/WP/27, in English.

Small Boat and Gear Insurance for Canadian Fish-
ermen, by I. 8. McArthur, e inistrator, Fisher-
men's Indemnity Fund, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,

Canada, FIFA/WP/28, in English, French, and Spanish.

December 1960

International (Contd.):

Institutional Lending to the Icelandic Fish Indus-
tries, by Gudmundur B. Olafsson, Chief of Administra-
tion, Iceland Bank of Development. FIFA/ WP/29, in
English.

A Fishery-Economist's View on bak Credit for
Fishery Industries, by A. G. U. Hildebrandt, ec.drs.,

hief Fisheries Division of the Agricultural Economics
Research Institute, The Hague, Holland. FIFA/WP/30,
in English.

Credit Aid for the British White Fish Industry, by

E. S. Holliman, Assistant Chief Executive, White Fish
Authority, London, FIFA/WP/31, in English.

The Operation and Administration of Credit Schemes
in the British White Fish Industry, by E.S. Holliman,
Assistant Chief Executive, White Fish Authority, London.
FIFA/WP/32, in English.

Statistical and Economic Review of the Credit Aid
Schemes in the White Fish Industry in Great Britain,
by E. 5. Holliman, Assistant Chief Executive, White

Fish Authority, London, FIFA/WP/33, in English.

Finance to the Fishery-Industry in the Netherlands,
by Drs. R. G. E. Vissers, National Herstel Bank, The
Hague. FIFA/WP/34, in English.

7 OK OK

PLAN TO STANDARDIZE NAMES
OF MEDITERRANEAN FISH:

The first attempt to standardize the names of fish
in order to make fishery statistics comparable among
Mediterranean countries has been undertaken, in the
form of an illustrated draft catalogue issued by the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The cata-
logue, containing the names of fish of commercial im-
portance in the Mediterranean, was distributed tomem-
bers of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediter-
ranean (GFCM) when the councilmetin Rome, Septem-
ber 22-28, 1960.

The book contains sketches of 250 fish, with their
chief characteristics, species, order, and family.
Wherever possible the fish's common name has been
given in each of the languages of the 12 GFCM member
nations.

The need for a catalogue became evident when Medi-
terranean fisheries experts found they had difficulty in
interpreting national statistics for publication, since
the same fish was often designated under different
names. Some fish were not named at all. This made
the assessment of catches and their commercial value
extremely difficult.

For instance, the sturgeon is simply known as ''stur-
geon'' in English and is untitled or may be known by a
multiplicity of names in Egypt, Israel, Tunisia, and
Turkey, as far as FAO's Fisheries Division can deter-
mine. The name of a particular type of sole exists in
Italian, but is unavailable in the languages of the other
11 Mediterranean nations, although the fish probably
exists in the waters off these countries.

The catalogue lists all fish of commercial impor-
tance in the Mediterranean--such as the sea horse--

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

and not just fish that are edible. The sea horse is cur-
rently in vogue for use in costume jewelry.

Fish such as herring, cod, haddock, coalfish, and
halibut, not caught in the Mediterranean but found in
Mediterranean markets, are listed separately in the
catalogue. Eighteen kinds of rays, beginning with the
guitarfish and ending with the devilfish, are listed.
Twenty-eight types of sharks, from the ''Darkie Charlie"
to the six-gilled shark, are depicted in the book.

The catalogue is so bound that its pages may be re-
moved and filed according to the language classification
of each Mediterranean country.

GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCIL FOR
THE MEDITERRANEAN

TWO NEW FISHERY PROJECTS
URGED BY COUNCIL:

Two projects requiring special financial
support by member countries and calling for
studies by the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation (FAO) were recommended on Septem-
ber 26, 1960, by the utilization committee of
the General Fisheries Council for the Medi-
terranean (GFCM). The committee's recom-
mendations, which were subject to approval
by the GFCM at its plenary session on Sep-
tember 28, 1960, deal with standardizing fish
packing and tuna preservation,

The group said that it is extremely advis-
able to standardize fish packing in all of the
12 GFCM member countries. It suggested
that FAO undertake a study on the interna-
tional standardization of fish packing, based
on a limited number of boxes with specific
dimensions and built for a specific species
of fish. The member countries would con-
tribute to the study by making their experts
available and by special financial support.

It was also suggested that FAO begin a
study of tuna preservation using the GFCM
country that offers the best possibilities for
the study. The investigation would deal with
both the supply of raw material and with
manufacturing. The other member countries
would supply data to aid the experiments and
also contribute special financial support.

In outlining part of the program for the
GFCM's Seventh Session, to be held two
years hence, the utilization committee drew
the attention of the Council members to de-
veloping fish-meal production for human con-
sumption. It also suggested standardizing the
process of manufacturing semipreserved fish
with special regard to the European Common
Market.

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

International (Contd.):

The recommendations of the utilization
committee, as well as recommendations
from the four other GFCM committees, will
be used by the GFCM to draw up its program
of work for 1960-62.

Delegates present at the Sixth Session of
the GFCM represented Spain, France, Mona-
co, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Tu-
nisia, Morocco, Israel, and the United King-
dom (Malta), plus an observer from Libya
and observers from nine international organ-
izations.

KOK KK

CANNING AND MIGRATION STUDIES OF
MEDITERRANEAN TUNA
PLANNED FOR 1961-62:

An international attempt to improve the
tagging and canning of Mediterranean tuna
has been mapped out for action by the Gen-
eral Fisheries Council for the Mediterrane-
an (GFCM) during the next two years.

The Council, after ending its sixth ses-
sion held in Rome at the Food and Agricul-
ture Organization (FAO) headquarters,
adopted recommendations and resolutions
put forward by its five working committees.
Among them were resolutions calling for
joint action in the field of tagging tuna, an
oceanographic survey of the eastern part of
the Mediterranean Sea, and a study by FAO
of technical problems related to canning
tuna.

The Council secretary said that the wealth
of tuna known to inhabit the area is likely to
provide a great deal more food fish for the
consumer and more income for the producer
if there is a concerted effort towards ration-
al exploitation.

The program would involve financial sup-
port from the GFCM member countries, and
participation of the members in providing
data necessary to proceed with experiments
and research; one country would be chosen
as the site of the canning studies.

The tuna program was part of the 1961-62
work schedule adopted by the Council. Also
included were several projects to be under-
taken with FAO assistance and with special
financial support from GFCM member coun-
tries.

The Council voted to undertake tagging
tuna in the Mediterranean in cooperation with
an FAO world meeting on tuna and related
species to be held in 1962. Council members
would circulate information on their tagging
programs and return tags to all institutes in-
volved in the program. It agreed to establish
an over-all research program on tuna, based
on oceanographical and biological information.

The Council also asked for the assistance
of FAO's Fisheries Division in testing and
introducing new techniques for finding and
catching fish and in standardizing fish pack-
ing. These programs would require assist-
ance by experts from the member countries
plus special financial support.

The group voted to draw up a catalog of
names of molluscs and crustaceans found in
the Mediterranean and a catalog listing fresh-
water fish found in the Mediterranean area.

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES COMMISSION

CANADA APPOINTS NEW COMMISSIONER:

The Canadian Minister of Fisheries has
announced the appointment of Dr. J. R.
Dymond as one of the Canadian Commis-
sioners administering the Great Lakes Fish-
eries Treaty.

Dr. Dymond's appointment was made to
fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr.
Harkness.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS

INDUSTRY PROBLEMS OUTLINED
AT PARIS CONFERENCE:

The President of the International Association of Fish Meal
Manufacturers, speaking at the first annual conference held in
Paris, France, September 27-30, 1960, outlined some of the
problems facing the fish-meal and oil industry. He stated:

“The outstanding problem which has produced a crisis in
the industry in many countries is the fall in world prices due
to overproduction and this transcends in importance any other
problem, because without prosperity no section of the indus-
try can function properly. In particular is this so with regard
to scientific research where progress in techniques and im-
provements can be seriously affected.

“‘Everyone here knows what has happened. There is no
need to elaborate on it and we are all wondering what is going
to happen next,

“‘Whole industries have ceased functioning, with all the ef-
fects that this has had on ancillary industries such as boat
building, engineering, ice factories, transport, etc., with the
result of unemployment and personal hardship as well as fi-
nancial loss,

“All fish meal producers have been seriously affected=- -
some of those who fish for fish meal find themselves unable

December 1960

International (Contd.):

to pay the fishermen their usual prices for fish and some

have had to reduce prices or cut production altogether. Those
countries who use fish offal almost entirely have had to reduce
their prices to the fish trade so that in both cases the fishing
industry of the country is affected.

“The majority of countries have, however, experienced bad
times in the past and they have sufficient financial resources
by way of reserves or because of the general prosperity of the
fishing industry in their country to weather this storm. Ob-
viously the countries who depend solely on offal will continue
to produce. The fishing trade of their countries must give
them the offal even if necessary without payment.

“It is not impossible to suppose that the governments con-
cerned will cease to remain passive in the light of the threat
to the prosperity of these basic industries and will take steps
to give protection.

“‘Discussions among the fish-meal producing countries, so
that each can have a-fuller appreciation of the others prob-
lems will be of considerable value. The whole subject is so
complex and in a condition of continual change that it cannot
be otherwise than useful to have all the information available.

“‘For a moment let me remind you of some of the condi-
tions which have led to the present state of the market:-

“‘The sudden extraordinary rise in production without
a corresponding increase in demand.

“Accumulation of stocks.

‘Inefficient marketing, i.e. lack of a well-thought-out
system of distribution and marketing designed to pro-
tect both producers and buyers. i

‘‘Substantial quantities of fish meal being produced of
poor quality.

“Reports in certain cases that contracts are not being
properly fulfilled, with the result that buyers are in-
volved in heavy losses and with the resulting lack of
confidence in future business.

“‘Continued price cutting, the result of overproduction
and excessive competition.

““Speculation by large and small people, which has been
the cause of heavy losses.

‘*With regard to overproduction there is no magic formula
for the industry or for any of our countries which will put
things right. Personally, I feel that each country must en=
deavor to work out its own solution and it may be that eventu-
ally some sort of plan may be evolved on which the associa~
tion can take a hand, but one thing that we cannot do is to in-
terfere unasked in any country’s business affairs, All that
we can say is that amongst the members of this association
there is considerable experience, which is at the service of
the entire industry.

‘*I would suggest consideration of two things:-
‘*1, Improvement in standard of quality.

“*2. Consideration of some form of International Con-
tract.

‘‘With regard to the first, quality is of the utmost impor-
tance to the farmer and compourider. Only a very small per-
centage of the ration is supplicd by fish meal and buyers will
not grudge a reasonable premium for quality.

“If, therefore, we can give the buyer any additional guaran-
tee to the usual chemical analysis of protein, oil and minerals,
then we should do so. I am thinking principally of digestibility,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

“‘T would like to ask our scientific advisors how far they
think we can go in giving additional guarantees and I suggest
that manufacturers should concentrate on producing a top-
grade fish meal on which buyers could rely for quality and
manufacturers should take all steps possible to see that sec=
ond-grade fish meals do not compete with first grade, but
are segregated for other uses or carefully marketed where
pen, Moule not affect the marketing of top-grade quality fish
meal,

‘‘With regard to consideration of some form of interna-
tional contract, if it were possible to have ohe form of con-
tract only, I feel that it would help marketing and help stabil-
ity of prices, but I do not mean to imply doubts on old estab-
lished contracts such as are used today. I did, however, re-
fer previously to lack of confidence because of the losses
which were caused by bad performance of contracts and it
is this that I have in mind in suggesting that something be
done to tighten up contracts, so that buyers can place more
reliance on them,

“TI feel that this Association should have all the support
which manufacturers throughout the world can give it... .’
(Fisheries Council of Canada, Bullletin, October 3, 1960.)

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FISH IN NUTRITION

UNITED STATES FISHING INDUSTRY
PLEDGES SUPPORT TO CONFERENCE:

Various segments of the United States commercial fishing
industry, meeting in Washington, C., have pledged their
support in making the coming world nutritional fishery con-
ference a success, the U. S. Department of the Interior re-
ported on October 19, 1960.

The conference will be held in Washington, D. C., Sep-
tember 19-27, 1961, under the auspices of the Food and Ag-
riculture Organization (FAO). It will be officially known as
the International Conference on Fish in Nutrition. About
\400 representatives from more than 50 nations are expected
to attend.

Asuggested agenda for the conference is being prepared
by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Speakers will in-
clude some of the world’s leading scientists in this field.
Numerous other arrangements for the meeting will be handled
by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Initial steps for the conference were taken last year when
the United States delegation to the Tenth Food and Agriculture
Organization Conference in Rome urged the calling of such a
meeting. The State Department accepted the invitation of the
FAO for the United States to be the host country.

The fundamental purpose of the meeting is to assemble the
scattered information on the nutritive value of fish, to assess
this information, and to stimulate future scientific investiga-
tion on this food source.

One result would be to delineate the role of fish and fisher}
products in adding to the supply of protein foods in both de-
veloped and underdeveloped areas of the world.

Other objectives are to stimulate international exchange of
information pertaining to fish as a food and to prevent need-
less duplication of research; to provide the basis for future
conferences on more specific aspects of the nutritional value
of fishery products; to provide technical and economic infor-
mation on available marine food resources to combat present
world-wide nutritional deficiencies and to meet future expand-
ed world food needs; to provide information on present world
production and utilization of fishery products and to determine
factors that may enhance the availability and utilization of
these products.

She conference will consider the nutritive aspects of fish
and fishery products both as they pertain to human needs and
to use in animal feed. It will be a scientific meeting with
scientists from many nations, drawn from the industry, edu-
cational institutions and government, presenting reports.

58

International (Contd.):

Main topics which are being considered include such things
as the role of fish in world nutrition, the chemical composi-
tion of fish and fishery products, contribution of fish and fish-
ery products to the diets of various nations; fishery products
in animal nutrition; possibilities for increasing fish consump~
tion.

Under such main titles would be reports on the amino acid
composition of the protein in fishery products; fats, oils, and
related components; food values of fresh fish compared with
processed fishery products; minerals and vitamins in fish;
incidence of malnutrition, by regions; fish in dietetics, in-
cluding geriatric diets; utilization of fish flour; fish proteins
and their importance in preventing malnutrition; fish deriva~
tives in feed for swine, calves and poultry, and for fur bear-
ing animals; economic and social incentives for increasing
production; and methods of consumer education.

The Washington meeting of the representatives of several
fishery organizations was called by the Bureau of Commerci-
al Fisheries to acquaint the industry with current thinking on
program and arrangements and to solicit suggestions an
comments, The group expressed itself generally in favor of
the proposed program and made several suggestions regard-
ing it.

Bureau officials are working actively with interested
groups in the United States to complete recommendations
on the subject matter for the conference agenda, FAO will
consider these recommendations, and those of the member
nations, in preparing the final agenda. Once the agenda is
firm, FAO will issue to the world’s scientists, active in re-
search that will further the use of fish as food, an invitation
for them to offer reports on their work. These reports will
be screened by an FAO scientific committee and those of per-
tinence and high scientific quality will be presented at the
conference.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION

SPONSORS STUDY OF MARINE RESOURCES
OFF COASTS OF VIETNAM AND THAILAND:
A study of the marine resources in the
Gulf of Thailand and the South China sea, wa-
ters which border many countries of South-

east Asia, is being sponsored by the U.S.
International Cooperation Administration
(ICA) in support of the interest of Thailand
and Vietnam in learning more about the seas
which border their coasts.

As a result of the ICA sponsorship, the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the
University of California and the George
Vanderbilt Foundation at Stanford University
have jointly undertaken a marine biological
and oceanographic survey of this vast area,
The term of the project is for a period of
two years with the possibility that it might
be extended for some additional period.

The investigations are being conducted by
the Scripps research vessel Stranger, a 300-
ton, twin screw, motor vessel. Near-shore
investigations are being conducted along the
Gulf coasts of Thailand and the sea coasts of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

Vietnam from smaller boats provided by a-
gencies of the two countries.

Highlights of the Naga Expedition, as it is
called, were given in a speech by the Captain
of the Stranger at an American Association
Luncheon on July 20, 1960, in Bangkok.

A major reason for the project and the
basis for its stated objectives is that although
the seas adjacent to the borders of Thailand
and Vietnam may well be one of their richest
natural resources, adequate, systematic in-
vestigation and analysis of the scope required
has never been accomplished. Principal
stated objectives are directed toward but are
not necessarily limited to: (a) providing in-
formation and scientific basis for the develop-
ment of marine economic resources of Viet-
nam and of Thailand; (b) preparation of a well-
documented collection of fishes, invertebrates,
and marine plant life; (c) preparation of hand-
books summarizing the features of marine
fauna and ecology in the area and for the iden-
tification of marine species of known and
potential commercial importance; (d) training
of young marine scientists and technicians;

(e) encouragement of the marine sciences in
the general region; and (f) promotion of the
exchange of scientific information in the ma-
rine sciences.

Each of these objectives is worthy of a
full-scale supporting program, but the major
effort should be directed towards carrying
out the kind of basic studies which will lead
to an understanding of the oceanography of
the region, including the circulation, methods
of enrichment, primary productivity, and of
the nature, distribution, and abundance of the
important marine resources, In accomplish-
ing this, it is hoped to recognize and attack
one or more specific problems, in the solu-
tion of which it is possible to demonstrate
the practical application of scientific findings.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE
EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

COLD-WATER FLOW FROM ARCTIC
OCEAN INTO NORTHEAST ATLANTIC
AFFECTS AREA'S FISHERIES:

Findings of "great value” to fishery re-
search have resulted from the international
expedition, completed in mid-1960, which
set out to find the overspill of cold "heavy"
water on the ridge between the Faroe Islands
and Iceland,

December 1960

International (Contd.):

A scientist from the Marine Laboratory,
Torry, Aberdeen, who organized and led the
expedition, stated on his return to Aberdeen
last week that it was''a magnificent example
of international cooperation."

Survey ships of five nations--Britain,
Russia, Germany, Norway, and Iceland--took
part in the three-weeks survey.

The head of the hydrographic section at
Torry, used the Laboratory's research ves-
sel Explorer as flagship, and the research
ships of the nations kept in radio contact with
each other during the three weeks.

The objective was to try to trace the over-
spill of cold ''heavy'' water from the deep
Arctic into the Northeast Atlantic, which is
believed to have highly important after-effects
on Northwest European fisheries.

The idea was to carry out a survey on
each of the three weeks so that the overspill
might be traced and measured. The scien-
tists would have felt that their efforts had
been rewarded had they found the overspill
but once.

Instead they located it on every occasion,
and a great deal of valuable data was col-
lected with instruments operated to the depth
of 2,500 meters (8,200 feet).

This ''overspill'' is believed to affect the
flow of nutrient salts in deep oceanic waters,
these salts being fertilizers of the marine
vegetation on which fish feed. White fishare
dependent on this continental shelf for their
food and the expedition was, therefore, con-
cerned with the question of the fertilization
of the region, which is about 200 miles wide.

"We made a survey three times, with a
week's interval between," the British scien-
tist stated.

He produced charts at a press conference
to show how successful the scientists had
been in gauging the extent and direction of
the overspill.

The expedition was sponsored by the In-
ternational Council for the Exploration of the
Sea and the British scientist is chairman of
the council's hydrographic committee.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING IN
BRITISH COLUMBIA:

The Seventh Annual Meeting of the Interna-
tional North Pacific Fisheries Commission
was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, The
Commission, composed of representatives
from Canada, Japan, and the United States,
held its formal opening session on November
7, 1960. The week-long plenary sessions of
the Commission were preceded by three weeks
of meetings of a number of scientific andtech-
nical committees.

The Commission, established in 1953, is
responsible for developing solutions, ona
scientific basis, for fishing problems which
arise between the three countries in the high-
seas areas of the North Pacific Ocean.

Under the terms of the North Pacific
Treaty, Japan has abstained from fishing
salmon, halibut, and herring along the North
American coast. Canadiamfishermen also
abstain from fishing salmon of United States
origin in the Bering Sea. In order for astock
of fish to qualify for coninued abstention, it
must be demonstrated that it is being fully
and scientifically exploited and properly con-
served by the countries which are allowed to
continue to fish. The Commission is required
to review the conditions for abstention each
year and to determine whether or not the
stocks in question continue to qualify. The
abstention questions, with their broad back-
ground of research and scientific information,
occupied a major part of the Commission's
attention at this annual meeting.

The Commission also concerned itself
with studies of the proper location for the
dividing line for salmon fishing. At present
Japan refrains from fishing for salmon east
of a line which runs north and south along
the 175th west meridian, some 2,000 miles
west of Vancouver. An extensive research
program has been carried out to discover
whether or not this line most equitably di-
vides salmon of Asian and North American
origin.

At the present meeting, action on confirma
tion or adjustment of the dividing line depended
in part on whether or not the Commission re-
ceived from its sponsoring governments an
agreed interpretation of the principles on
which drawing of the line should be based. At

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

its 1959 meeting, held in Seattle, the Com-
mission referred this question of Treaty in-
terpretation back to the sponsoring govern-
ments and, at the present time, was still a-
waiting an agreed interpretation.

Strong emphasis was given to the task of
analyzing and publishing the great volume of
research material which has accumulated
from the Commission's investigations on the
high seas. These investigations, in which all
three countries have taken part, have contrib-
uted a tremendous amount of information a-
bout the fisheries resources of an area that
was largely unknown when the Commission
began its work.

Preliminary committee meetings, partici-
pated in by many prominent fisheries scien-
tists from each of the three countries, were
held in Nanaimo during the week of October
17, at Harrison Hot Springs during the week
of October 24, and in Vancouver during the
week of October 31.

Four Commissioners represented each of
the member nations. They were accompa-
nied by staffs of advisors and experts, bring-
ing the total number of participants in the
meeting to approximately 100. Observers
from a number of other international fisher -
ies organizations and from the U.S. 5S. R.
were expected to attend the sessions.

The United States delegation was led by
Commissioner Milton E. Brooding of San
Francisco with fellow-Commissioners Ed-
ward W. Allen of Seattle, John H. Clawson
of Anchorage, Alaska, and Arnie J. Soumela,
Commissioner of the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service.

Experts and advisors accompanying the
United States delegation included Donald L.
McKernan, Director of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D. C.;
W. C. Herrington, of the U. S. Department
of State, Washington, D. C.; Dr. J. L. Mc-
Hugh, Chief, Division of Biological Research,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washing-
ton, D. C.; C. L. Anderson, Commissioner
of Fisheries of Alaska; Milo Moore, Director
of Fisheries, State of Washington, R. W.
Schoning, Director of Fisheries, State of
Oregon; R. S. Croker, Chief, Marine Fisher-
ies Branch, California State Department of
Fisheries; C. E. Atkinson, Director of the
Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of

Vol. 22, No. 12

Commercial Fisheries, Seattle; and Dr. W.F.
Royce, Director of the Fisheries Research
Institute, University of Washington. A num-
ber of scientists and industry advisors from
Alaska, the Pacific Coast States, and Wash-
ington, D. C., accompanied the United States
delegation.

ITALY -YUGOSLAVIA RENEW FISHING AGREEMENT

On August 16 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia,
representatives of the Italian and Yugoslav
Governments agreed to renew a fishing a-
greement regulating the fishing rights in the

\ Adriatic. The original accord was signed in

November 1958 and has been in effect since

that date. The renewal makes no change in

the existing provisions, will take effect on

September 1, and will be valid for eighteen

months. (United States Embassy, Rome, Au-
st 26, 1960.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1959 p. 40.

WEST EUROPEAN FISHERIES ORGANIZATION

WEST EUROPEAN FISHERY
COMMUNITY PROPOSED:

The West European Fisheries Organization
held its annual convention in Hamburg on Sep-
tember 15 and 16, 1960, attended by delegates
from Sweden, Norway, Denmark, England,
Holland, Belgium, France, Portugal, and West
Germany. Discussions centered around pro-
posals by the British Trawler Association for
the establishment of a West European Fishery
Community.

The Fishery Community would create a
link between the European Economic Com-
munity and the European Free Trade Associ-
ation. Its goals would include the establish-
ment of a common fish market, common ac=
cess to all fishing grounds, the appointment
of authorities to ensure adherence to existing
fishing conventions, and the preservation of
fish stocks. Finally, the West European Fish-
ery Community would be designed to promote
sound development of the fishing trades of the
contracting parties and, if possible, agree-
ment upon a common external tariff.

The delegates also discussed possibilities
for preserving present territorial fishing
limits and the detrimental effects of Peruvian
fish meal exports on their national fisheries.
They stated their desire to have the North-
east Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 1959
ratified as soon as possible.

December 1960

International (Contd.):
WHALING

ANTARCTIC WHALE CATCH FOR
1959/60 SEASON EXCEEDS QUOTA:
Contrary to earlier reports, the catch of
baleen whales in the Antarctic for the 1959/60
pelagic season :
was over, not
under, the ceil-
ing catch of = =(&
15,000 blue- =A
whale units :
fixed by the In-
ternational
Whaling Commission. Thecatch totaled
15,510 units as compared with 15,235 units
taken in the 1958/59 season.

Table 1 - Antarctic Whaling Fleets and Produ
1958/59 and 1959/60

me| oo
Long Tons Long Tons|
217 32,214) 309,343 | 4,165} 32,015
235 30,824] 269,741 5,451] 42,032

During the 1959/60 season the Nether-
lands and Norway operated outside the Inter-
national Whaling Convention from which they
withdrew in 1959, after the five nations which
participate in Antarctic pelagic whaling had
failed to agree on national quotas within the
ceiling.

ction,

oH

The 32,214 baleen whales taken last sea-
son comprised 26,412 fin, 3,234 sei, 1,338
humpback, and 1,230 blue whales.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

COMMISSION MEETS IN LONDON:

Research programs and management prac-
tices covering the world's whale populations,
with particular reference to the Antarctic re-
gion stocks, were thoroughly reviewed at the
twelfth meeting of the International Whaling
Commission, London, England, June 20-24.

Represented at the meeting were the gov-
ernments of Argentina, Australia, Canada,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Japan, New Zea-
land, South Africa, Sweden, the U.S. 5S. R.,
the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Argentina acceded to the Convention on May
18, 1960. There were also present observers
from the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, the International Coun-
cil for the Exploration of the Sea, Norway,
the Netherlands, Italy, and Portugal.

The Commission was addressed by the
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for
Scotland in the United Kingdom Government,
who pointed out that the growing need for the
conservation of marine resources had been
given world recognition in recent years. Two
of the world's leading whaling nations--Nor-
way and the Netherlands--had withdrawn from
the International Whaling Convention as a re-
sult of failure outside the Convention to ration-
alize the fishing efforts of the countries partici-
pating in Antarctic pelagic whaling. Neverthe-
less discussions on the harmonization of claims
were continuing outside the Commission and
their success was earnestly hoped for.

Although Norway and the Netherlands were
no longer party to the Convention, catch limits

Table 2 - Antarctic Pelagic Whaling, 1960

Baleen Oil ie
Catchers Whales | (Bbis.1/) Blue Whale Perea
Unit
70 9,246 588,450 0
69 ,

1/6 barrels of oil equal one long ton or 2,240 pounds.
2/The U.S.S.R. catch excludes 203 minke and 55 killer whales.

Official results of the 1959/60 season, as
compiled by the Committee of International
Whaling Statistics at Sandefjord, Norway,
and subject only to final adjustment are
shown in table 2. (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter, July 1960.)

KOK OR OK OK

Bbls. er Oil
(Bbls.

Sperm
Whales

551,255
237,420
337,903
141,031

for their fleets had been set for the 1959/60
Antarctic season. The three Antarctic pelagic
whaling countries remaining party to the Con-
vention had operated within the ceiling of _
15,000 blue-whale units, which was the maxi-
mum permitted catch established by the Com -
mission for whaling in the Antarctic. Within
that ceiling, Japan and the United Kingdom

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

had set limits for their fleets; the agreement
between the five Antarctic pelagic whaling
countries which had been sought outside the
Commission would have allocated 20 percent
of the total permitted catch for the U.S. S.R.
The Commission is empowered to determine
the size of the Antarctic pelagic whaling
quota, but not how it is split up between the
floating factory expeditions.

During the 1959/60 season 20 expeditions
from these five countries operated in the
Antarctic and caught a total of 15,433 blue-
whale units in a season lasting 99 days, com-
pared with 69 days in the three preceding
seasons. This figure comprised 1,230 blue
whales, 26,415 fin whales, 1,338 humpbacks,
and 3,234 sei whales. The total catch in the
1958/59 season had amounted to 15,301 blue-
whale units, composed of 1,191 blue whales,
25,837 fin whales, 2,394 humpbacks, and
1,402 sei whales. A total of 4,173 sperm
whales was taken by all the Antarctic pelagic
expeditions in the 1959/60 season as com-
pared with 5,451 in the previous season.

The 1959/60 Antarctic pelagic whaling sea-
son produced 2,048,159 barrels of baleen
and sperm oil; in the previous season the
yield was 2,052,010 barrels.

Antarctic land stations in 1959/60 caught
757 blue-whale units, compared with 807 the
year before; the sperm whale catch was 89
against 215 in 1958/59. The oil production
was 97,673 barrels, about 5,000 less than
the previous year.

Outside the Antarctic, 47 land stations
and three floating factories were in opera-
tion in 1959. A total of 21,500 whales was
taken, compared with 24,700 in 1958. The
production of whale oil amounted to 326,700
barrels (at six barrels to the ton), about
12,000 barrels more than in 1958, but the
production of sperm oil at 343,400 barrels
was some 59,000 barrels less.

The unsatisfactory position arising from
the withdrawal from the Convention of two
of the five Antarctic pelagic whaling coun-
tries occupied much of the Commission's
attention. A resolution was finally adopted
appealing to the Netherlands and Norway to
rejoin the Convention in the interests of ef-
fective conservation action, which should in-
clude an arrangement for the sharing of the
total catch and the introduction of an inter-
national system of inspection.

Vol. 22, No. 12

To assist these purposes the Commission
decided by 7 votes against 2 votes with 4 ab-
stentions to suspend for the 1960/61 and
1961/62 seasons the Antarctic blue-whale
unit limit. This action was taken with re-
luctance and on the understanding that if Nor-
way and the Netherlands should not soon re-
join the Convention, the suspension would be
revoked,

In this same context the Commission
adopted a resolution asking their Ad Hoc
Scientific Committee to carry out a detailed
and specified program to improve the collec~
tion and interpretation of data, including the
use of the latest methods of studying animal
populations. The Commission also resolved
to appoint three scientists in the field of pop-
ulation dynamics and drawn from countries
not engaged in pelagic whaling in the Antarc-
tic to assist in the assessment of the condi-
tion of the Antarctic whale stocks and in the
determination of any measures that would in-
crease the sustainable yield. The three
scientists would report to the Commission
within a year of their appointment and would
work with the Ad Hoc Scientific Committee.

In setting up this special group of scien-

tists, the Commission signified their intention

that the Antarctic catch limit should be
brought into line with the scientific findings
not later than July 31, 1964, having regard
to the provisions of Article V(2) of the Con-
vention.

The International Whaling Commission
gives effect to the conservation aims of the
Convention through amendments of a Schedule
to the Convention requiring a three-quarters
majority of those present and voting for their
adoption.

Apart from the suspension of the blue-
whale unit limit, two other amendments
were adopted. .

The first of these forbids pelagic whaling~
expeditions from taking humpback whales in
the Antarctic sector to the south of West
Australia during the next three seasons;
while in the Antarctic sector to the south of
East Australia and New Zealand the present
open season of four days for pelagic whaling
for humpbacks is to be reduced for those
three seasons from 4 days to 3 days: Aus-
tralian and New Zealand land stations catch
humpback whales belonging to the same

| stocks that inhabit those Antarctic sectors

and the Commissioners of their respective

December 1960

International (Contd.):

Governments stated that conservation meas-
ures were in force which were reducing the
catches made by those land stations.

The second amendment shortens the peri-
od during which pelagic whaling expeditions
may take blue whales in the Antarctic. The
season for taking blue whales there will
henceforth open on February 14 instead of
February 1 and willendas before on April 7.
The purpose of this change is to give addi-
tional relief to a species of whale the popula-
tions of which are thought by the Commis-~
Sion's scientific advisers to be in an increas-
ingly serious condition. This amendment
was adopted without opposition.

The Commission considered the report of
an expert Working Party which had been set
up after the Eleventh Meeting to study the
question of the humane slaughter of whales.
It was noted that at present there was nocon-
clusive evidence that killing whales by elec-
trical means was more humane than the pres-
ent method of the explosive harpoon and that
the chief criterion was the speed of killing.
There were no other methods likely to prove
more humane. There was a prospect, how-
ever, of further progress towards the devel-
opment of a satisfactory and effective elec-
tric harpoon, and the Commission agreed
with the suggestion of the Working Party,
which will continue in being, that to this end
there should be consultations at a technical
level between representatives of the whaling

industries.

FISHERIES PRODUCTION
AND EXPORTS, 1958-59:

Fish production in Angola declined dur-
ing 1959, continuing a trend evident since
1957, Landings
dropped from 278054
metric tons in 1958
to 267,170 tons in
1959. The decrease
in sardine landings
was the most marked
from 92,185 tons in
1958 toonly 44,601
tons in 1959. The mackerel landings were
also down about 50 percent. Horse mackerel

Angola

able 1 - Angola's Production
of Processed Fishery Products,
1958-59

Product __|_1959 | 1958 _|

(Metric Tons)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

landings were up a bit and small horse mack-
erel landings increased by 50 percent. These
are the main species used by the fishing in-
dustry to produce fish meal and oil. The spiny
lobster landings quadrupled and shrimp land-
ings in 1959 remained about the same as in
1958, both at high levels.

The decline in the industry by fishing cen-
ters and species of fish was mixed. The main
impact of the lower landings was felt in the
Mocamedes fishing area where the catch
dropped from 171,829 tons in 1958 to 152,245
tons in 1959. The sardine catch of this port
was one-eighth that of the previous year. ,
Fish landings inthe Benguela area actually in-
creased from 98,342 to 107,025 tons, but the
ex-vessel price received declined from 68,856
to 51,088 contos (US$2,383,000-$1,773,000). The
Luanda fishing area was the least affected of
the major producing areas; it had an average
year and benefited from the greatly increased
spiny lobster catch. The spiny lobster fisher-
men there caught 25 tons of lobsters worth
608 contos (US$21,100), as cOmpared with the
previous record catch of 7 tons worth 191
contos (US$6,600) in 1958. The fishermen of
Santo Antonio do Zaire also enjoyed a profit-
able year, but this area is of little importance
to the fishing industry.

The plight of the industry has been caused
by decreased fish catches, many uneconomic
factories using primitive techniques, and
world-wide overproduction of fish meal which
has lowered the international price to a level
below the Angolan cost of production. Studies
were begun during the year which were aimed
at a complete reorganization of the industry
and a concentration of production on such
primary products as dried and canned fish
with a de-emphasis on such products as fish
meal and oil. At present fish meal is the
principal product of the Angolan industry.

By the end of 1959 it was apparent to all that

able 2 - es s Exports of Fish Meal and Dried Fish, 1958-59
ae 1959 1958

Bese =e. Conto: S$ | Contos US$

1,000 1,000
[Fish meal 51, 228] 81, 243] 205, 620) 7, 7, 135 289,599 Be 021
[Dried fish 13, 965 16, 476| 75,900} 2,634} 90,008 3, 114

1/1,000 escudos.

some kind of drastic action was required to
assist the industry over its present financial
crisis:and to begin making preparations to
meet the long-term difficulties. First steps
in these programs were taken by the govern-
ment by suspending the collection of income

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Angola (Contd.):

Vol. 22, No. 12

Table 3 - Average f.0.b. Prices for Angolan Fish Meal Exports, 1950-59

Product

1958 1957

[Fish meal 139.14 123.18 120.76

taxes from the fishing firms in 1959 and the
creation late in December 1959 of the Fund
to Support the Fishing Industry. The capital
for the Fund was to come from a tax on gaso-
line sales and an annual subsidy from the
Government. It would grant loans to fishing
firms. (United States Embassy, Luanda,
September 20, 1960.)

KOK OK KK

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS,
FIRST HALF OF 1960:

A price differential or subsidy on fish
meal exports was authorized by Angolan
Legislative Diploma No. 3054 of August 10,
1960, but this authority had not been exer-
cised up to the end of September 1960.

The ''Fund to Aid the Fishing Industry" is
empowered to grant to the fishing industries
an unspecified amount of money as a subsidy
to cover part of the price differential be-
tween the international market quotations
for fish meal and the local cost of produc-
tion. This subsidy is a reimbursable, in-
terest-free loan. The power to grant the
subsidy is retroactive to July 1, 1960.

Angola's Exports of Fish Meal, January-June 1960

O 4 Average F.O.B.

Valu
Metric 1,000

| 3,000 | 104.87
oe. Escudos converted at rate of 28.6 escudos equal
S$1.

The Angolan Government states that sub-
sidy payments have not yet been made. In-
dustry representatives have been led to be-
lieve that a differential of US$10 a metric
ton will be paid to them. A Luanda fish-
meal producer states that he had recently
exported 200 tons of fish meal at a price of
US$75 per metric tonf.o.b. He believes that
he will receive the $10 subsidy from the
Government, but considers that since his
costs were $100 per ton he was still losing
$15. Since then prices are said to have im-

1956

131.14

INote: Portuguese escudos converted to US$ at rate of 28.9 escudos equal US$1 for 1950-58, and 28.82 escudos equal US$1 for
1959.

proved, a sale allegedly having been made on

1955 1954 | 1953_ [1952 [19511950

139.45 129.07 123.88 |" 112.80 102.77 122.49

September 27 for $92 a ton f.o.b. (United
States Embassy, Luanda, September 28, 1960)

=

IMPORT SURCHARGES REMOVED
ON NEW FISHING VESSELS:

The Argentine Government has issued two
decrees governing the domestic shipbuilding
industry and the importation of vessels, pro-
visions of which affect the fishing industry.
According to Article 1, paragraph b of De-
cree No. 10,032 of August 26, 1960, new ves-
sels of up to 3,000 metric tons gross weight
may be imported free of surcharges for use
as fishing vessels or for refrigerated trans-
portation. This exemptionfrom import sur-
charges will be effective for two years from
the date of issuance of the decree. Article 5
of the same decree specifies that no exemp-
tion is made for used vessels; the import
surcharges remain at 150 percent. The Gov-
ernment will compensate domestic shipbuild=
ers for the loss of these protective surcharges
with a subsidy.

Argentina

Article 5 of Decree No. 10,033 of August
26, 1960, declares that the Government will
pay shipbuilders of vessels under 3,000 met-
ric tons gross weight which are to be used as
fishing vessels or refrigerated transport a
40-percent subsidy based on the average
European cost of such vessels. The com-
plete text of these decrees was published in
the Boletin Oficial of September 1, 1960.

For several years the Argentine Govern-
ment has recognized the necessity of reequip-
ping and expanding the fishing fleets, but un-
til these decrees had been issued nothing con-
crete had been done to achieve that goal.
While the fishing industry awaited eagerly
the publication of these decrees, prior to
their issuance opinion was divided as to the
form they should take. Cannery owners
sought only to lower the import surcharges
on fishing vessels. Owners of fishing ves-
sels, who in most cases operate their own

December 1960

Argentina (Contd.):

boats and upon whom the canneries depend
for supplies, opposed the lowering of sur-
charges without the simultaneous creation of
special credit facilities for their use. They
claim that only the canneries have sufficient
resources to import new vessels. It would
appear that the decrees as issued favor the
canneries in this dispute. In fact, the sur-
charges on less expensive used vessels were
not lowered. It was such used vessels that
the fishermen had intended to purchase. How-
ever, it is reported that the Government is
studying the creation of special long-term,
low-rate credit facilities for the fishermen.
(United States Embassy, Buenos Aires, Sep-
tember 21, 1960.)

KOK KK

FIRST TWO FISHING VESSELS
IMPORTED UNDER NEW DECREE:

The first two fishing trawlers to be im-
ported under the recent Argentine decree re-
moving import surcharges from such vessels
were due to arrive in the Port of Mar del
Plata the week of October 3, 1960, according
to press reports. The vessels were pur-
chased by a cannery in Mar del Plata.

The trawlers (Neptune and Mar del Plata)
were constructed in Denmark. They are
steel-hulled, 25.6 meters (84 feet) in length,
and have 350-hp. motors. Reportedly the
vessels are equipped with modern electronic
equipment, and nylon nets. The holds have a
capacity of 1,000 boxes of 50 kilograms each
(about 110,000 pounds), according to an Octo-
ber 6, 1960, report from the United States
Embassy in Buenos Aires.

we

Australia

NEW SPINY LOBSTER FISHERY
REGULATIONS FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA:
New regulations for the spiny lobster fish-
eries of Western Australia were published in
the Western Australia Government Gazette
of May 20, 1960. These suggestions super-
sede those published June 27, 1958, in the
same publication.

(1) Fishermen and boats engaged in the
taking of crayfish or spiny lobster between
the 30th and 33rd parallels of south latitude

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

may not during the same calendar year be so
engaged anywhere between the 28th and 30th
parallels.

(2) Fishermen and boats so engaged be-
tween the 28th and 30th parallels may not
during the same calendar year be so engaged
anywhere between the 30th and 33rd parallels.

(3) Save as mentioned in clauses (4), (5),
and (6) hereunder, no restrictions in regard
to the operations of fishermen or boats en-
gaged in taking crayfish anywhere between
the 28th and 33rd parallels shall be applied
in relation to waters north of the 28th paral-
lel or south of the 33rd parallel.

(Panulirus penicillatus

(4) Fishermen and boats engaged in the
taking of crayfish in the Abrolhos Islands
area, as defined in clause (5) hereunder,
shall not be permitted during the whole of the
Abrolhos Islands season to engage in the tak-
ing of crayfish elsewhere.

(5) No freezer-boat shall engage in the
taking of crayfish in the Abrolhos Islands
area, or in the Abrolhos Islands area possess,
store, cut up, handle, preserve or treat cray-
fish or portions of crayfish. The Abrolhol
Islands area comprises the whole of the West-
ern Australian waters bounded by lines start-
ing from the intersection of 28 degrees South
Latitude and 113 degrees 50 minutes East
Longitude and extending southeasterly to the
intersection of 30 degrees South Latitude and
114 degrees 40 minutes East Longitude,
thence west to 113 degrees East Longitude,
thence north to 28 degrees South Latitude and
thence east to the starting point.

(6) Freezer-boats shall be permitted to
catch crayfish north of the 28th or south of
the 33rd parallel and to process their own

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia (Contd.):

catch, but shall not be permitted to process
crayfish caught by any other boat or person.

(7) Freezer-boats shall be permitted to
process crayfish caught by other boats or
persons north of the 7th parallel of South
Latitude. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
July 1960.)

*

Bahama Islands

FISHERIES OF THE TURKS

AND CAICOS ISLANDS:

_ The two major fisheries of the Turks and
Caicos Islands in the Bahamas are for spiny
lobsters and conchs. Spiny lobsters are
caught by various means, including "bully"
nets, diving, and traps. The use of spears
and grains has been prohibited since 1958.
In 1959, 62 percent of the catch was made
by using 'bully'' nets, 30 percent by traps,
and 8 percent by divers. Comparative fish-
ing with different traps or pots has indicated
_ that the Jamaica-type traps gave better re-
sults in both shallow and deeper waters than
the Cuba, Florida, and Honduras types.
Most effective bait was two-day-old conch
meat and shark meat.

A United States firm has an exclusive
export license for frozen lobster tails. Ex-
ports have ranged from 35,200 pounds to
128,640 pounds of spiny lobster tails over
the last 9 years (average 90,928 pounds).
The spiny lobster tails are graded for ex-
port into 7 categories, according to weight.
They are shipped by air (3 hours flight) in
40-pound cartons, up to 300 cartons per
flight, from South Caicos to Miami, where
they are loaded into refrigerated trucks for
shipment to New York City. An export duty
of US$0.01 a lobster is levied.

The Caicos Islands have for many dec-
ades shipped dried conch meats to Haiti.
Average shipments between 1941 and 1955
were about 3 million meats, and about 2.2
million meats per year from 1956 to 1959.
The dried meats average 3 ounces each and
their export value is from 6-8 shillings
(US$0.84-1.12) per 100. While in the past
the shells were not utilized, a Florida firm
obtained a 3-year export license in 1960
for 500,000 to 750,000 shells per year. An

Vol. 22, No. 12

export duty of US$0.01 is levied on every 5
shells. Prices paid are 30 shillings ($4.20)
per 100 for large, 21 shillings ($2.94) for
medium, and 14 shillings ($1.94) for small
shells. (West Indies Fisheries Bulletin,
May/June 1960.) wig

CANNED FISH AND SHELLFISH OFFERING
PRICES TO ANTWERP IMPORTERS:

Canned fish and shellfish importers in Antwerp, Belgium,
in early September reported the following c.i.f. offers for im-
ported canned fish and shellfish:

Offering Prices (c.i.f.) to Antwerp Importers’ of Canned Fish

Product Cans/Case & Price c.i.f.
and Origin Contents Weight’ Antwerp
48/16-o0z.

US$ Per Case

18.62
24,67
17.64
38.65

48/16-o0z.

48 /\62 -oz. 40.69-43.26

48/2'3-oz. 22.44
24/13-0z. 40.17
96/7-oz. 55.00
48/63 -oz. 28,80-29.00 .
48/7-oz. 7.00-7.60

48/7-0z. 6.40-6.80
Booth; si(UsiS)) nei rreiere
Customer’s label (Japan) .
Customer’s label (Japan) .
Customer's label (S. Africa

48/15-oz.
96/73 -oz.

100/4-club!/

; 9.20-9.50
100/2-club1/

8.40 _

British Guiana

NEW POLICY TO ENCOURAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF FISHING INDUSTRY:
The Government of British Guiana has
decided on a policy to encourage the devel-
opment, by local or foreign capital, of the
fishing industry. The concessions and con-
ditions for establishment of locally-incor-
porated companies for the purpose of en-
gaging in shrimp trawling, with the employ-
ment of mainly Guianese labor, include: (1)
duty-free import of machinery, etc., and of
fishing vessels with equipment, and (2) the
Government control of disposal of catches

December 1960

British Guiana (Contd.):

on the local market, in accordance with the
Fisheries Ordinance and Regulations, but
without restrictions on imports. Companies
will be subject to local income tax as levied
generally on companies and individuals, but
the Government would be prepared to con-
sider granting an income tax holiday for the
processing and canning of fish, crustaceans,
and all types of seafood and marine products
and the manufacture of fish meal, but will
not grant a tax holiday for fishing and freez-
ing and/or packaging. Imports of supplies,
other than fishing vessels and machinery for
canning or fish meal plants, will be subject
to import duty, and exports of shrimp and
fish to an export duty, which is at present
13 percent ad valorem.

A French company plans to set up a plant
for fish processing and for the manufacture
of fish meal and other products in Berbice.
It is proposed to establish a fishing base,
complete with boats and refrigeration plant
and a shrimp-culture station on approxi-
mately 1,000 acres of swamp land. The Gov-
ernment is expected to participate in the lat-
ter project. (West Indies Fisheries Bulletin,
May/June 1960.)

ve)
<

S

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA VESSELS FISH FOR
TUNA OFF CALIFORNIA COAST:

Fair catches of albacore tuna were landed
during the week ending September 23 by four
British Columbia salmon seiners. It is re-
ported that the fish were caught mainly by
salmon Seines, but in part on trolling lines.
Catching albacore by salmon seines required
fast sets. The vessels, which left Vancouver
early in September, were out 18-21 days but
poor weather made it impossible to seine
for the first 8-9 days, when trolling was
tried with no great success. One vessel
caught 2 tons and another 5 tons by trolling.
A third vessel, Blue Pacific I, with the best
catch (30 tons), made one seine set of about
10 tons. The Pacific Belle was second high
boat with 16 tons, Skardale next with 15
tons, and the Dominator (70-foot steel com-
bination halibut-herring vessel) with 63tons.
In the case of the Dominator, it was re-
ported that the noise of the rings as the
seine net was let out frightened the ''wild''
albacore away. In one set ona "huge body

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

of fish'' they took only a single fish that had
been gilled in the mesh. Most of the fishing
was done 100 miles southwest of the mouth

of the Columbia River.

At the dock the fish were graded out when
unloaded. About 15-20 percent were graded
as Number 2 fish because of splits andbruises.
A British Columbia packing firm bought the
albacore at $300 a ton for Number 1 and $150
a ton for Number 2.

A British Columbia fishermen's union is
asking that the Canadian Government charter
6 British Columbia seiners for exploratory
fishing to develop a Canadian tuna fishery.
(The Fisherman, a fishery trade periodical,
September 23, 1960.)

FISH MEAL AND OIL
PRODUCTION, 1958-59:

Canadian fish-meal production amounted
to 72,393 short tons in 1958 as compared
with 77,177 tons in 1959. @

Canadian fish-oil production during 1959
was estimated at 7,737,000 Imperial gallons.

The price paid to British Columbia fisher-
men for herring, the main species of fish
used for reduction, was C$13 per short ton
during the last few months of 1959. The Ca-
nadian authorities state that most companies
did not resume buying after the Christmas
close-down.

Waste from the fresh fish-processing
(filleting) plants is the chief raw material
used by the fish-meal plants on the Atlantic
Coast.

Most but not all of the producers of fish
meal and oil are members of industry as-
sociations. On the Pacific Coast the group
is known as the Fisheries Association of
British Columbia; for the Atlantic Coast, the
group is the Atlantic Fisheries By-Products
Association. (United States Embassy in Ot-
tawa, July 20, 1960.)

LABELING REQUIREMENTS FOR
CANNED SARDINES ANNOUNCED:

The Canadian Inspection and Consumer
Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada, has issued a ruling on the labeling
of canned fish marked ''Sild" or ''Brisling"
imported into Canada.

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

It is the view of the Department of Fish-
eries that for informative labeling, the word
"Sardines'' should be used in association with
the werds ''Sild'' or ''Brisling.'' Further-
more, the words ''Brisling Sardines" or''Sild
Sardines'' shall be displayed in letters of
equal height and prominence. However,
where the word ''Sardines'' only appears on
the label, it will not be necessary to indicate
whether the contents are ''Sild' or''Brisling!'

In order to give the importers time to
conform to the labeling requirements of
these products, the Department of Fisher-
ies will permit the use of existing stocks of
labels until March 31, 1961. All imports of
"Sild" and 'Brisling" packed after that date
will, however, be required to comply with
these labeling requirements.

Sle sk ose oe
HK OOK OK OK OK

OUTLOOK FOR THE GEORGES BANK
SCALLOP FISHERY:

History of Fishery: Georges Bank sup-
ports the world's largest scallop fishery.
United States boats started extensive com-
mercial fishing on this Bank in the early
1930's and since then there has been a con-
tinuous history of good production. After
World War II, United States landings in-
creased and since 1955 they have remained
in the neighborhood of 18 million pounds of
shucked meats annually.

Canadian boats began scallop fishing on
Georges Bank just after World War II. At
that time few boats were equipped for off-
shore scallop fishing and until 1952 one or
two boats made intermittent trips to the
Bank. Other areas such as St. Pierre Bank
and Port au Port Bay, Newfoundland, were
fished by some boats. Since 1952, however,
the Canadian offshore scallop fleet has con-
centrated almost exclusively on Georges
Bank and has expanded rapidly. Annual
landings have risen steadily and in 1959
reached 4.3 million pounds. So far, 1960
landings have continued this rising trend.

Canadian crews have become much more
efficient at scallop fishing, but the primary
cause of increased Canadian landings is the
build-up of the offshore scallop fleet. From
one or two boats prior to 1952, the fleet has
increased to 20 boats and indications are
that more boats will be constructed. The

Vol. 22, No. 12

United States fleet has also expanded and over
70 boats now sail out of New Bedford. The
result is that steady, increased pressure has
been placed on Georges Bank scallop stocks.

Fluctuating Limits: ‘In any natural popula-
tion, there is a limit to the number of animals
that can be caught. This limit is variable be-
cause variable natural conditions regulate re-
production and abundance. For example, in
the Digby scallop fishery we have found that
great abundance changes are related to water
temperature at spawning time. Georges Bank
scallop stocks also show great year-to-year
changes in success of reproduction. These
changes are usually uncontrollable but some-
times they are predictable.

In the past year there has been a great
abundance of market-size scallops on Georges
Bank. An accurate estimate of their age is
difficult but it appears that almost all the
scallops now being fished were spawned in
the same year--either 1954 or 1955. A few
of these were fishedin early 1959, but by late
1959 they constituted the bulk of the catch
and 1960 large catches depend almost entire-
ly on this single year-class. We do not under-
stand why this one spawning was so success-
ful but with continued research we hope to
find the answer. Even if we can't explain
the situation, we are able to predict the ef-
fects it will have.

Predicted Decline in Landings: Canadian
and United States scientists have been sam-
pling the Georges Bank scallop population on
both commercial and other beds for several
years. Many of the samples have been taken
with a small-mesh drag, which captures both
market-size scallops and small scallops that
must grow for several years before they
reach commercial size. Counts of these
undersize scallops give a fair idea of what
the future holds for the fishery. For instance,
we were able to foresee the 1959-60 increase
in landings from the tremendous number of
scallops just under commercial size which
came up in our early 1959 samples.

Our 1960 samples contain very few small
scallops. The year-class being fished now
is very abundant but the next one or two year-
classes appear to be much below normal.
This means that undoubtedly catches will de-
cline significantly when this abundant year-
class is fished out. From our information
it appears that catches will begin to decrease
by the end of this year and will remain low
for at least two years.

December 1960

Canada (Contd.):

Effects of Decline: It is difficult to pre-
dict the extent and the effect of greatly re-
duced landings from the fished areas. In
most fisheries when production drops in one
area the fleet moves to other grounds. The
scallop fishery is somewhat different than
other fisheries; first, because scallop stocks
do not move about like schools of cod and
haddock; and second, because no other area
has extensive scallop populations like those
found on Georges Bank. Furthermore,
Georges Bank has been well explored and it
appears to have no areas, fished or unfished,
which have extensive quantities of young scal-
lops. It is doubtful if other parts of the Bank
can make up for the big drop in catches from
regularly fished areas.

Our offshore fleet will probably be un-
able to turn to other regions to offset re-
duced catches from Georges Bank. Scallop
beds in the Gulf of St Lawrence are too
small and their production too variable from
year to year. Surveys of other offshore
banks indicate that scallops are too sparse
to make fishing commercially attractive for
an extensive period of time. The fleet will
probably have to be satisfied with the small
catches it will be able to take on Georges
Bank. Total production from our whole
coast as well as from Georges Bank will
probably remain low for at least two years.

Reduced catches may encourage some
Georges Bank fishermen to shuck many of
the small scallops they now throw over-
board, This would be a short-sighted policy.
In the first place it would require more
shucking effort to produce every pound of
meat. Secondly, it would probably delay re-
covery of the stocks of large scallops to
more abundant levels.

Planning Adjustment: It is hoped that

releasing this statement now will aid the
offshore scallop fishery to plan for the
changes we have predicted. Our research
program is continuing and it is planned to
make periodic reports to industry on the
status of the Georges Bank scallop popula-
tion.

--By N. Bourne, Biological Station,
Fisheries Research Boardof Canada,
St. Andrews, N. B.

(September 1960).

eK OK ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

12-MILE FISHING LIMIT
UNDER CONSIDERATION:

Canadian Government authorities have un-
der ''active consideration'' the declaration of
a 12-mile fishing limit off Canada's sea coasts.
according to the October 19, 1960, Ottawa
Journal. But the paper did not indicate when
a decision would be announced. The present
fishing and territorial limit for Canada is
three miles.

Cuba

PROGRAM TO BUILD 570 NEW
FISHING VESSELS ANNOUNCED:

The Cuban press has announced that on
October 1 work was started on the construc-
tion of 570 new fishing vessels from 33-75
feet in length in ten shipbuilding centers lo-
cated from Camaguey to Pinar del Rio under
the supervision of the Naval Construction Of-
fice of the Fisheries Depa ent of the Na-
tional Institute for Agrarian Reform (INRA).

According to the press account, 205 units
of the sigma type, 33 feet in length, will be
constructed in the first stage of the shipbuild-
ing plan, in the following shipbuilding centers:
Puerto Esperanza 40; Surgidero de Batabano
20; Cardenas 40; Caibarien 30; Isabela de
Sagua 30; Cienfuegos 15; Nuevitas 15; and
Santa Cruz del Sur 15.

Later on, other types will be built, includ-
ing the Omicron, 75 feet in length. Thestated
purpose of the fishing vessel program is to
stimulate to the greatest possible extent the
fishing and shipbuilding industries in Cuba in
order to foster economic development. The
shipbuilding plans were said to have been
finalized at a meeting of the heads of work-
shops and provincial delegates of Ship Con-
struction held in the INRA's Fisheries De-

partment on September 16, 1960. (The United

States Embassy in Havana reported on Sep-
tember 26, 1960.)

Denmark

DISPUTE OVER PROFIT-SHARING
BETWEEN VESSEL OWNERS AND
CREWS AT ESBJERG ENDS:

Upwards of 500 fishing vessels were idle
early in September 1960 in the Danish West

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

Jutland fishing port of Esbjerg as a result of
a controversy which began August 22 between
the vessel crews and vessel owners over the
division of profits. Originally affecting only
the herring boats, the tie-up spread to virtu-
ally the entire Esbjerg fleet. As of early
September the controversy had already cost
the fishermen of Esbjerg about ten million
kroner (about US$1.5 million) in shares.
Esbjerg is Denmark's largest fishing port,
the value of the annual catch landed there
topping 75 million kroner (US$10.9 million).

The trouble began when the Esbjerg Fish-
ing Captains' and Vessel Owners' Associa-
tion refused to accede to the demand of the
Fishermen's Union that crew members be
accorded a share in the annual profits of a
vessel. Under terms of the current agree-
ment, crew members share in a portion of
the value from the sale of each trip, but the
remainder of the value is accumulated by the
captains and owners in a reserve fund and
then divided up between themselves on an
annual basis. The crew members now want
a slice of this portion as well.

After many days of refusing to enter into
discussions except each on his own terms,
the Owners! Association and Union repre-

’ sentatives sat down on September 6 and
reached a preliminary agreement to discuss
differences.

The tie-up came to an end on September
15, after the Fisheries Minister had stepped
in to promote peace between vessel owners
and crew members.

Terms of the agreement, worked out by
the vessel owners and crew member repre-
sentatives and ratified by the Fishermen's
Union, provide for those crew members who
are share fishermen to be given shares of
reserve-fund payments as well as shares in
immediate sales. The share fishermen
maintained that the captains were in a posi-
tion to direct an unfair portion of the re-
ceipts into the reserve fund at the expense
of that portion which was shared with crew
members.

Other work and wage conditions under
contention were deferred for later discus-
sion. One specific point not gained by the
Fishermen's Union was its demand that all
vessels fishing for the cooperative herring

Vol. 22, No. 12

oil factory agree to hire only union crewmem-

bers.

Fishing vessels began to put off from Es-
bjerg soon after the agreement was ratified.
(United States Embassy, Copenhagen, Sep-
tember 7, 1960.)

FOREIGN TRADE IN FISH MEAL
AND MARINE OILS, 1959:

Exports: In 1959 Danish exports of fish meal amounted to
58,770 metric tons, valued at US$10.7 million. The United
Kingdom and the Netherlands were the principal buying na-
tions (see table 1).

Table 1 - Denmark’s Exports of Fish Meal by Type and
Destination, 1959

Type and

erring Meal:
Finland. ...cc
Sweden .cccce
Belgium-Lux, .
Czechoslovakia.
France .cscece
Holland. ..cee
Ireland ., cece
tal ygepeteteretetete
Switzerland ...
United Kingdom
West Germany .
East Germany .
Egypt ..ccecce
Mexico ..ccee
Philippines ...

Sweden ...cce
Belgium-Lux, .
Czechoslovakia.
Gibraltar ..ece

Bee

for)
GOA Gn
NORMADOR AE

United Kingdom.
East Germany .
West Germany .

Grand Total 58,770 14,070,0

1/Values converted at rate of one krone equals
US$0,1450,

Bs

re)
2

During the first four months of 1960 Danish fish~meal ex-
ports amounted to 9,841 metric tons, valued at 7 million
kroner (US$1.0 million), compared with 26,000 tons, valued
at 27.5 million kroner (US$4.0 million) for the same period
in 1959, As of June 1960 the average export price was ap-
proximately 60 ¢re a kilogram (US$78 per short ton) as com=
pared with 1.16 kroner a kilogram (US$152 per ton) a year
earlier, Peruvian competition was blamed for the price de-
cline; however, Peruvian prices also declined from US$140
to $70 a metric ton over the same period.

December 1960

Denmark (Contd.):

It was reported that stocks of fish meal and oil were ac-
cumulating in Denmark in July of 1960, with consequent down-
ward pressure on the price of industrial fish for reduction.
Two Esbjerg marine oil factories reduced their prices for
industrial fish to 14 dre per kilogram (US$18 per short ton)
in June 1960. Danish fishermen have attempted to market
their industrial catches abroad, but have found that the prices
in Norway dropped from 17 to 12 ¢re per kilogram (US$22 to
$16 per ton), and in Holland, down to 8 gre per kilogram
(US$10 per ton).

Danish exports of fish solubles amounted to 1.5 million
kroner (US$217,500) in 1957, and increased to almost 7 mil-

Table 2 -Denmark’s Imports of Fish Meal by Type and Origin,
1959

Herring Meal:
Saami eee

INOGWAYiieletelelelotere

48.6
2,218.8

lion kroner (US$1.0 million) in 1958, and to 11 million kroner
(US$1.6 million) in 1959 (of which the United States received
an amount valued at 10 million kroner or US$1.5 million).
But only 129 metric tons were shipped to the United States in
the first four months of 1960 as compared to 23,000 tons for
the year 1959. Whereas in 1959 United States importers paid
prices ranging from US$80-95 per short ton, this year they

Grand Total

Table 3 - Denmark’s Imports of Marine-Animal Oils 1/
By Type and Country of Origin, 1959

Herring Oil:

Norway ccccocce
Sweden. .cccccece
West Germany ....
Portuguese W, Africa

Medicinal and Veteri-
nary Train Oil;
Iceland... .cccce
Norway eccocccece
United Kingdom ...
West Germany .cee

Grand Total,..... |10,374 13,800.0 2,001.0

1/Does not include imports of 7,164 tons of whale oil,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

would not accept shipments priced at $35 per ton freight in-
clusive. It is reported that the United States is now covering
its needs for fish solubles by domestic production, and that
there are large stocks of fish solubles now in storage on the
East Coast. For this reason, Danish producers are storing
fish solubles in the hope that the market will improve in the
future,

Imports: In 1959 Denmark imported 13,438 metric tons of
fish meal, principally from Iceland and Norway; it was valued
at US$2.2 million (see table 2).

Denmark's 1959 imports of marine oils amounted to 8,177
metric tons of herring oil, valued at US$1.5 million, and
2,197 tons of medicinal and veterinary train oil, valued at
US$2.0 million (see table 3). (United States Embassy, Co-
penhagen, June 21, 1960.

Ecuador

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY:

The Ecuadorean fish~meal industry is based principally
on the utilization of waste from tuna canning supplemented
by crudely-processed sun-dried fish, Production of meal
is estimated to be about 500 tons a year. Neither oil nor
stickwater are produced. All meal currently produced in
Ecuador is used within the country for animal feed.

There is only one mechanical dryer in operation. It is
connected with a tuna cannery at Manta. It is a batch dry-
er, using steam, that can handle about 13 tons of cooked
tuna scrap in six hours. However, since the material is
not pressed to extract the oil, it has been found preferable
to process the scrap in the dryer for two hours and then
sun-dry it on the ground for six days before milling and
bagging. Although the protein content is lowered some-
what by this method, the oil content is brought down ap-
preciably.

The tuna heads, since they are removed from the
whole fish before cooking, are processed separately. The
heads are retained until the lot of fish for the day has been
cooked, then they are cooked and placed in the dryer for
two hours, and sun-dried later. The tuna viscera are dis-
carded,

The tuna meal, which comes from skipjack tuna, is re-
ported to run between 50 and 70 percent protein with the
heads yielding the lower values.

There are several small operations near Valdivia and
Salinas that sun-dry thread herring (pinchagua, Opistho-
nema libertate). Processing is simple. The fish are
cooked and then spread on the ground to dry and when dried,
ground into meal.

Before the world-wide drop in fish-meal prices, sever-
al persons were interested in installing fish-meal equip-
ment. But with the break in the market, these projects
have been abandoned.

In Manta there are 25 small bait-boats fishing for skip-
jack and four more under construction. These boats are
all privately owned--mostly by fishermen. They are 40 to
50 feet long and carry crews of 15 to 20 men. Whena
mothership is not available, the boats return to port daily
to unload the catch since the boats are not equipped with
refrigeration nor do they carry ice. The fishermen were
reported to be receiving 1,100 sucres (about US$65) per
short ton for skipjack. The thread herring fishermen are
said to be’ paid 10 to 11’sucres per 100 pounds (about
US$11.24-12.36 per short ton).

Tuna meal, in quantity lots to distributors, was quoted
in October 1960 at 70 sucres per 100 pounds (about
US$78.60 a short ton), f.o.b. plant.

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ecuador (Contd.):

Export charges on meal consist of a tax of 10 sucres
(about 67 U. S. cents) a metric ton (gross weight) plus
port charges of 1/4 of one percent of the f.o0.b. price.

There are no import duties on fish meal imported for
fertilizer. If it is imported for animal feed the duties are
10 centavos a kilo (about US$6.67 a metric ton) specific
plus 3 percent ad valorem. In either case, whether import-
ed as feed or fertilizer, there are certain other charges.
These consist of:

1, 135 sucres per 100 kilos (about $90 a metric ton) for
pier taxes.

2. 9.5 percent of f.o.b. value for consular fees.
3. 2.0 percent of f.0.b. value additional fee.
4, 5.0 percent of c.i.f. value for Comision de Valores.

5. 1.0 percent of c.i.f. value additional fee.

According to the Banco Central del Ecuador no fish meal
was imported in 1958 or 1959, and during the first five months
of 1960 only a sample of about 211 pounds was imported. Ac-
cording to this same source fish-meal exports began in 1957
when 188 metric tons were exported. In 1958 exports were
47 tons and in 1959 they amounted to 295 tons. There have
been no exports of fish meal since October or November 1959.

There are no indications that processing procedures will
be changed in the near future nor are there any plans for uti-
lizing the stickwater or the oil.

Owing to increased poultry production, the consumption
of fish meal in Ecuador has been increasing during the past
2 or 3 years. Annual consumption of fish meal is still quite
small and there is no indication of any great increase in the
immediate future. The fish meal is used chiefly in poultry
feed since it is reported that prepared feeds are still too cost-
ly for pigs. Local production of meal will probably take care
of all immediate requirements.

The principal oil imports of marine origin are whale and
cod oil. During the first five months of 1960, according to the
Banco Central, 83.9 metric tons of whale oil, 10.7 tons of cod
oil, and 4.2 tons of fish oil were imported. There is no indi-
cation that local production will be able to replace these im-
ports in the near future.

It does not appear probable that Ecuador soon will be ina
position to provide any quantities of fish meal or oil for ex-
port. The production of tuna meal is limited to cannery waste
and the country can probably consume all that is produced.

Two other sources of meal and oil appear to be present--
the pinchagua (thread herring) and the anchoveta (Ceten-
graulis), but it is probable that the stocks of these two spe-
cies are limited in abundance since they are reported not to
occur along the entire coast. Their distribution is scattered.
The anchoveta is reported to be most abundant in the Gulf of
Guayaquil while the pinchagua is more prevalent in the vicin-
ity of Salinas and near Esmeraldas. The pinchagua is now be-
ing used for fish meal to some extent but there are no plans
for expansion. (United States Embassy, Mexico City, report
of October 11, 1960.)

Egypt

LOAN BY UNITED STATES TO
AID SHRIMP FREEZING FIRM:

The Development Loan Fund on October
24, 1960, announced the signing of a United

Vol. 22, No. 12

States Government loan of $200,000 to a pri-
vately-owned company of Alexandria, Egypt,
to help expand and improve its present vege-
table and fruit canning and shrimp freezing
operations.

The project involves the procurement in
the United States of a shrimp grader and
shrimp freezing equipment plus equipment
for processing vegetables; boiler and related

equipment; and workshop and laboratory equip-

ment. This equipment will provide the com-
pany with facilities to balance its operations
for year-round production rather than sea-
sonal fluctuations, and the freezer equipment
will allow year-round storage of shrimp.

This is one of the priority projects in the
first Five-Year Industrial Plan of the Egyp-
tian Region of the United Arab Republic. The
Region has sought to establish a sounder
balance between production of food crops and
nonfood market crops, in order to reduce its
dependence upon food imports. All of the
vegetable and citrus fruits are grown locally,
and the shrimp is available from the local
fishing industry. Hitherto lack of facilities
for processing and for deferred merchan-
dising of perishable crops has discouraged
producers.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1959
p. 64.

Kok OK KX

IMPORT LICENSES FOR MORE
JAPANESE CANNED FISH ISSUED:

The Government of the United Arab Re-
public has announced that it would issue im-
port licenses on canned fish from Japan for
the second time this year. The amount of
the licenses will be US$1,000,000--more than
the usual amount of $800,000. In the past,
some 70 percent was for canned mackerel-
pike, about 20 percent for tuna canned in oil,
and about 10 percent for 'horse-mackerel''
and common mackerel. This time, since
light-meat tuna in oil is almost unobtainable
and production of horse mackerel" is short,
possibly about 90 percent of the licensed
amount will be for canned mackerel-pike.

Accordingly, exports of mackerel-pike of
100,000-120,000 cases are expected for Egypt
and the Japanese exporters want to stabilize
sales by putting a quantitative agreement into
practice. If it is impossible, they desire to
conclude a price agreement only and this is
being studied by a committee organized for
that Aaa (Suisan Tsushin, September 7,
1960.

———————

December 1960

German Federal Republic

FISH-MEAL PRODUCTION, FOREIGN
TRADE, AND CONSUMPTION:

Production: Fish-meal production in Western Germany in-
creased from 83,100 metric tons in 1958/59 to 94,000 tons in
1959/60 (July 1959-June 1960), with herring meal showing the
greatest increase.

Foreign Trade: Imports of fish meal increased from
140,800 tons in 1958/59 to 179,200 tons in 1959/60, while ex-
ports remained fairly constant at 9,000 and 9,500 tons, re-
spectively. During 1958/59 Peru supplied 41 percent of the
fish meal imports, but in 1959/60 that country supplied 72
percent. In the first half of 1959, fish meal imports were
79,000 tons; the same amount was imported the second half
of 1959. But in January-June 1960 they climbed to 100,000
tons.

Consumption and Stocks: It is anticipated that fish-meal
consumption will rise sharply by the end of 1960 (see table
1).

The increased domestic production and imports of fish
meal are being absorbed by the large production of hogs

Table 1 = Western Germany’s ‘1/Supply and Distribution of
Fish Meal, 195860

1959/60 1958/59

eee (Metric Tons)....

than 10 employees):
Cod meal 3/,....--+ee+0-
Fish meal 3/ .....0..006
Herring meal 3/......2...

Minimum
{Protein |Ca Phosphate [Fat _|

5/Peru supplied 129,300 tons in 1959/60 and 57,400 tons in
1958/59,
6/End of year.

and increased poultry production, But because fish meal
prices in the first half of 1960.were so low and oil cake
prices high, there no longer is an incentive to substitute
vegetable protein for animal protein. (U. S. Foreign Agri-
cultural Service Report, Bonn, October 4, 1960.)

Kk Kk KOK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

73

FOREIGN TRADE IN MARINE-
ANIMAL OILS, 1958-1959:

Exports: Marine oil exports (fish, fish-
liver, whale, etc.) from West Germany in-
creased from 20,100 metric tons in 1958 to
33,400 tons in 1959. While only 60 percent
of the 1958 exports were edible marine oils
(fish, fish-liver, and whale), 96 percent of
the 1959 exports were edible. °

Table 1 - West Germany's Exports of Marine-Animal Oils,
By Type, 1958-1959

Marine and similar fats .......
Other marine fats & oils

[1,400 |
33, 400
1/Does not include industrial-use marine fatty acid exports--
3, 200 tons in 1959 and 2, 200 tons in 1958.

Norway buys the greater part of Germany's
marine oils, with Denmarkyand Sweden re-
ceiving lesser yet significant amounts. The
United States buys no marine oils from West
Germany.

Imports: Imports of edible marine oils
(fish, fish-liver, whale, etc.) into West Ger-
many decreased from 129,100 metric tons
to 121,900 tons in 1959. Smaller require-

Table 2 - West Germany's Imports of Marine-Animal Oils,
By Type, 1958-1959

Industrial:

Whale oil and fat .....-+.+.-
Other marine oils & fats .
Tota
Grand Total
'1/Does not include industrial-use marine fatty acid imports--

8,500 tons in 1959 and 9,000 tons in 1958.
2/Evidently does not include fish-liver oils and degras (tanning
fat of marine origin).

ments in the margarine industry caused this
decline. Industrial marine-oil imports in-
creased from 14,000 tons in 1958 to 23,000
tons in 1959.

In 1958 West Germany received 21,300
tons of fish oil from the United States out of
a total of 64,300 tons imported. This com-
pared with 22,000 tons from the United States
in 1959 out of a total of 65,000 tons.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

able 3 - West Germany's Imports of Marine-Animal Oils, By
Type and Country of Origin, 1959

[Type andOrign SS SSCSC~*dSCC Quantity
‘Metric Tons

ish-Liver Oils:
Demaedk Gab coo0angc0 Ss oo050000 372
ieGlkenGl so pocondaodaacocboD 402
NOW, cooodDdooOoOsoooDa0 000 466
(OiNerS a Aap in a aia An so dean alo 446
WIT Hik ayia Sh ee 8 ANON EAU ane eas 1, 686

Whale Oil and Whale Fat:

United Kingdom ....2ce+e2e eee 1, 626
lieGlemiGals Arata, qo sale clea G oO o-ctd 507
lene! Gad oebeoedodotao0000 6 3,218
NOMEY ooodoadoo0GgDD DoDD OD 36,068
Roneeell Goonooadond0o0000000 1,219
Union of South Africa, etc. .......-. 310
Wnited| States) <\isis) ls) « ©) =e) =) @) «1 0) sie 871
3, 409
29,785
2,617
341
EES
394
6, 169
689
Hlollandlo mas ccwetosncue ome isvexoiens ois 3, 838
NOME CodoCooUDoO oOo OD OOOO eed
Hoa se eaoaonocoondaecoag5 3,341
SWederuur -Walreitciisitel olicllsiell<lla\islivliehtollsiie 319
Dag Geo dooo 6 6mon0 Gao 00 4, 371
IMOTOCCOMM Rei nCsicn ciel it-M-nalentlt ite 511
Union of South Africa, etc. 1.2.22. 1,198
Cenesh) Goagodgogacnrnanovd00G 1,549
UnitedtStatesmem-ictel-MelairMoM-loiii-melte 21,986
HEM Goobaonddco eo OooDONOD 8, 833
IEBER. Gg ob OOD OOD OOOO OOOO OOD 3,790

147, 002

1/Tanning fat of marine origin.

Norway, Japan, and the United States are
the primary suppliers of marine oils to West
Germany. (U.S. Foreign Agricultural Serv-
ice Report, Bonn, April 14, 1960.)

KOK OK OK OK

IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND PRODUCTION
OF EDIBLE FISH OILS, 1957-59:

The shrinking West German market for
edible fish oil (not including fish-liver oil,
whale oil, etc.) has been accompanied over
the past few years by slowly declining im-
ports and sharply increasing exports. Trade
sources say that lessening domestic demand
has resulted mostly from a growing consum-
er preference for margarine made of vege-
table fats and oils. Prices of imported edi-
ble fish oil dropped an average of 20.3 per-
cent during 1957 through 1959. (See table 1.)

Vol. 22, No. 12

West German production of fish oil, after
declining to 19,193 metric tons in 1958, rose
again to 25,065 tons in 1959. This increase
was attributed primarily to the availability of
more raw material as a result of the higher
percentage of fish declared unfit for human
consumption in 1959. In addition, fish oilpro-
duction aboard West German trawlers con-
tinued to increase. In 1957 production
amounted to 21,155 tons. (It is estimated
that West Germany produced an additional
6,000 tons of cod-liver oil in 1959. Almost
70 percent of that production went into med-
ical and veterinarian uses. The remaining
30 percent was exported, primarily for vita-
min extraction. An insignificant amount was
used for margarine.)

Trade sources estimate that approximate-
ly 95 percent of the West German 1959 pro-
duction of edible fish oil was exported. Ex-
ports increased from 7,236 tons in 1958 to
25,985 tons in 1959. Several reasons have
been given for this development.

In the first place, the Scandinavian coun-
tries and the Netherlands were willing to pay
more for West German fish oil than West
German margarine manufacturers were.
Norway took nearly 56 percent of West Ger-
man fish oil exports in 1959, reportedly be-
cause (a) its own production dropped consid-
erably, and (b) an estimated 60 percent of
the Norwegian output was exported under a
long-term contract to Russia. (See table 2.)

West German imports of edible fish oil
during the past three years declined steadily
but slowly, from 59,383 tons in 1957 to 54,465
tons in 1959. The pattern of imports during
these three years changed significantly. Im-
ports from Iceland, Angola, and the Union of
South Africa dropped considerably, while
Denmark, the Netherlands, Peru, and Japan
developed into volume suppliers. Most of
the change in the import pattern is ascribed
to the relatively lower prices at which edible
fish oil was offered by the latter group of
countries.

Throughout the past three years, the United
States continued to account for the biggest
share in West German imports. After a drop
from 28,527 tons, or 48 percent of total West
German edible fish oil imports in 1957, to
21,294 tons, or 37 percent in 1958, United
States shipments increased again to 21,986
tons or 40.4 percent in 1959. However, United
States fish oil managed to maintain its lead-
ing position in the West German fish oil

a

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

German Federal Republic (Contd.): many is said to have developed a decided

; preference for United States menhaden oil,
market only through a 20 percent reduction to the processing of which it has become ac-
in its prices during the past three years. customed.

(See table 3.)

Table 1 - West Germany's Imports of Edible Fish Oilsl/ by Country of Origin, 1957-59
Quanti Value2/

54 re 57 = 59,383] 39,963 ©) SG 45 375 10 ae 54,700 13 Te

1/Exclusive of fish-liver oil, whale oil, and other marine oils.
2/ Values converted to US$ at rate of DM4.20 equals US$1.

Prospects for imported edible fish oil in From a long term point"ef view, competi-
the West German market are difficult to tion between domestic and foreign fish oil
judge. The marketing potentiality of foreign | suppliers in the West German market is ex-
oil would seem to depend to a considerable pected to become keener, not only because

Table 2 - West Sena Exports of Edible Fish Oils. 1957 -59

1959 1957 1959 1958 1957

eee | 25,985 7336 [42982 [18-690] 4, 419 | 5657 |, 346 3,886] 925]

1/Exclusive of fish- elven oil, whale oil, and other marine oils.
2/Values converted to US$ at tate of DM4, 20 equals US$1.

extent on the possibility of German fish oil
finding a market abroad. This involves such
imponderables as (1) the size of the fish
catches in countries now buying German
edible fish oil, (2) the development of con-
sumer preferences with regard to consump- 729 | 7411 885.
tion of butter and of higher quality vegetable . . 892
margarine, and (3) in the case of Norway, =
continued exports of fish oil to Russia.

Table 3 - Average Imports, Exports, and Ex-Plant Prices in
West Germany for Edible Fish Oils, 1957-59

Average Prices for Imports C.I.F.
German Border Points

German trade sources like to think that,
at least in the coming few years, their sales
of fish oil abroad will continue to be high.
Consequently, they expect West German
needs. for imported fish oil to remain high,
although declining slowly. It is predicted
that United States menhaden oil will continue
to account for a major percentage of over-
all West German fish oil imports. A leading
margarine-producing company in West Ger-

Average Prices for Exports F.
German Border Points

8)
Average Ex-Plant Prices for Domestic Produc

[833 [166.19] 176.19 | 198. 33

pair |
698 | 740

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

the demand for fish oil by the margarine in-
dustries at home and abroad is expected to
decline progressively, but also because for-
eign suppliers will probably step up their
own production. Trade sources have pointed
out that Russia is rapidly expanding its fish-
eries, and that it may ultimately buy less
Norwegian fish oil. In that event, German
producers would try to find a greater outlet
in the home market. Moreover, increased
competition is expected from less developed
countries which cannot easily channel their
growing fish catches into human consumption
because of a lack of processing and distribu-
tion facilities. For these countries, the re-
duction of fish to oil and meal is the easiest
way of utilizing their catches, and, according

Appropriations

and Actual Expenditures by the West German Government for the Support of the Fishing Industry,
Fiscal Year 1959/60 and April-December 1960

Vol. 22, No.12

to local trade sources, their low production
costs can have a depressing effect on edible
fish oil prices. (United States Consulate in
Bremen, May 17, 1960.)

FUNDS FOR THE SUPPORT OF
THE FISHING INDUSTRY:

Appropriations and expenditures by the
West German Federal Government for the
support of the commercial fishing industry
amounted to DM17.2 million (US$4.1 million)
and DM10.7 million (US$2.6 million), respec-
tively, for the fiscal year ending March 31,
1960. Beginning with April 1, 1960, the fiscal
year April-March was changed to a calendar
year and funds amounting to DM13.2 million
(US$3.2 million) were appropriated for a tran-
sitional nine months period.

Fiscal Year 1959/602/ Fiscal Year
Actual 19602/
Expenditures Appropriations

Appropriations
US$1

US$1i, 000 ee 000 | US$1, 000
791 2,625 629

(2 ‘Temporary special support program for the lugger “and cutter’
fisheries in the form of medium term loans

= 2 2 © © oo

evolving loan fund to aid in the construction and moderni-
zation of cutters) 295 <<< ss = =

(4) Loans from the amortization of ERP investments in West Ger-
for the construction of factory trawlers

NA 5,200 1, 247

mam
(5) a. Subsidy of interest rates on commercial loans for the construc -
tion and modernization of luggers, cutters and factory trawlers 400 96 355
b. Subsidy of interest rates on commercial loans for the build-
ing of central freezing and distribution facilities. . .. . 100 24 NA NA
c. Subsidy of interest rates to avoid financial distress to trawl-
er companies forced to convert from interest-free to
interest-bearing commercial loans wos 100 24 NA NA
6 nagement Advice Program for the cutter fishin ing trade . 100
(7) Search for and exploration of new fishing grounds and im-
Le provement of catching techniques Bib a nna las 800 192 NA NA 830 199
(8) Contribution to the German Scientific Commission for the ee
_Exploration of the Seas, Bonn _.........-+..-.-- 150 36 151 36 169
9) Operation and maintenance of the fishery research vessel | aos | tos | oog | es Paes |
eihelitad tenons Matai site elt ctl elfetieiisitselemauells 805 193 688 563
jes Research Institute, Hamburg... ..... 3/3, 318 1,894

| 1,394 |
72) | 3/4, 383 [regen | eee
fe ees ee

ees
1, 339

ore a z
SD ODO OD OS oS aon a OOo OC 6 (ie
am ee (aoe Fee]

1,941
24
b. Overfishing Convention of 1946, London ........ a a
| c, International Council for North Atlantic Fisheries | 1. [10 [| 2) 9 | 2 | 7 |
4s Total Boo sboa condo gb 6 66-0 a8 17, 230 4,132 | 10,697 2,565 | 13,245 | 245
Apri arch
2/April 1-December 31. In 1960 the German Government changed its fiscal year to a calendar-year basis, and the 1960 fiscal year
became a transitional year covering a period of 9 months.
3/Expenditures in excess of appropriations in 1959/60 were made possible by surplus funds from appropriations made in previous years.
4/Total cost of the project: DM4, 449,000 (US$1, 066, 900).
Total cost of the project: DM4, 700,000 (US$1, 127, 090).
[A = Not available.
lote:_ 4.170 Deutsche marks equal US$1.

thereof: a. construction of a new building for the
Institute4/
b. construction of a new building 7) the
Biological Institute, Helgoland2/ Eimear
c. testing of fish products _......... ose
11) Operation and maintenance of the Federal Fisheries Policing
- and Protection Service, consisting of 3 vessels... ... .
(12) Contribution to international organizations:
a. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas,
Copenhagen

3 -2

KKK KX

December 1960

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

NEW TYPE CANNED FISH
CONTAINER DEVELOPED:

A leading fishing and canning firm of
Bremerhaven, West Germany, recently
started selling its canned fishery products
in a new type of container developed by a
firm located in Hannover.

The innovation in this new type of con-
tainer is the lid construction. Rather than
soldering or crimping the lid on top of the
can, the processor places it on a rubber ring
fitted on the rim, and it is held in place by a
partial vacuum. The procedure is similar
to the way housewives preserve food in glass
jars. The can is opened easily by pulling a
small tongue attached to the rubber ring and
protruding from under the top.

Containers of a similar construction have
been on the German market for some time,
but can be used only for fish products pre-
pared with chemical preservatives and per-
mit storage only for a short period. The
Hannover firm succeeded in solving the prob-
lem of adapting the rubber ring to form a
better seal that will last over a long-term
storage period. Reportedly, a patent has been
obtained on this invention.

Some experts were quoted as saying that
the new container will revolutionize canning
procedures, states a dispatch from the United
States Consul in Bremen.

Hong Kong

SHRIMP EXPORTS AND RE-EXPORTS,
1952-1959 AND JANUARY-JUNE 1960:
Shrimp exports by Hong Kong to the United
States reached a peak of about 4.1 million
pounds in 1958 and dropped off rapidily in
1959 following the ban on shrimp imports
from Hong Kong to the United States that be-

able 1 - Hong Kong's Exports!/ and Re-Exports of Shrimp,
1959 and January-June 1960

Re-Exports

ee
Expo {penta to U. S.
bs.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

came effective on June 17, 1959. The ban on
shrimp exported to the United States from
Hong Kong was imposed because the Hong
Kong shrimp e<ports included a large percent-
age of shrimp produced in Communist China.

Table 2 - Hong Kong's Exports and Re-Exports of Shellfish
(Including Shrimp), 1952-1958

ae Sa re aa | 25° 1954
(1,

Note: Prior to January 35 1959, ; exports ‘of shrimp were iucinded
in basket category crustacea and molluses, fresh, chilled, and|
frozen,"

In addition, the ban on shrimp exports
from Hong Kong to the United States has af-
fected the sale of shrimp landings through
the Government Fisheries Marketing Organi-
zation. During April 1958-March 1959 more
than 4.9 million pounds of shrimp were mar-
keted through that Organization in contrast to
only about 1.1 million pounds for the fiscal
year ending March 31, 1960. Due to the ex-
port ban to the United States, most of the
shrimp landed by Hong Konffishermen or
imported from Communist China by-passed
the Marketing Organization and were sold in
various large retail markets in Hong Kong

and Kowloon.
able 3 - Shrimp Sales Through Hong Kong's
Fish ee Organization

June 1957-

It is esti-
mated that
Hong Kong
shrimp fish-
ermen are
capable of landing about 4.5 million pounds
(exclusive of shrimp from the China main-
land). Most of this production is consumed
locally and potential exports of Hong Kong-
caught shrimp are estimated to be about 1 mil-
lionpounds. (U. S. Consulin Hong Kong, Sep-
tember 22, 1960.)

ee oe © © © eo L4,UUU LDS.) « « © © © © ©

Iceland

EX-VESSEL PRICE FOR SOUTH
COAST HERRING HIGHER:

The price to be paid by Icelandic proces-
sors to drift-net herring vessels for the south
coast herring catch was announced September
21, 1960. The price is 1.80 Icelandic kronur
per kilogram (2.15 U. S. cents a pound) for
herring for salting and freezing, compared
with 1.60 kronur (2 U. S. cents a pound) last
year.

This increase will give a greater premi-
um to processing of the catch for salting and

78

Iceland (Contd.):

freezing rather than for rendering into meal
and oil. The Herring Production Board has
been criticized by the Communist press for
not directing a larger proportion of the sum-
mer herring catch for salting. Some salted
herring contracts with Eastern European
countries could not be filled. It may be pos-
sible to complete certain of them with south
coast herring.

se
wv
3

FISHERIES TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1960:

Total landings from the Icelandic cod fish-
eries during the first half of 1960 increased
to 198,246 metric tons from about 180,000
tons for the same period of 1959. The total
catch of all species rose to 296,629 metric
tons during the first half of 1960 from about
259,000 tons for the same period of 1959.

Table 1 - Icelandic Fishery Landings by Principle Species,
January-June 1958-60

Species

. .. . (Metric Tonsl/)....
179,893 | 199,746
10, 403

1 1
296,629 | 258,999 | 280,586

1/Weights are gutted fish with heads on, except herring which
are whole or round.

The value of the catch was up sharply due
to better landings of the more valuable cod,
haddock, and herring. The only notable de-
cline was in the ocean perch landings. Ocean
perch is a less valuable product per pound
and is shipped mostly to the Soviet Union.
The slump in the Summer herring season
was not registered until July, and was not
reflected in landings for the first six months
of 1960. The increase in cod landings was
partly due to concentration on this kind of
fishing and to the failure of the ocean perch
fishery, as well as the good prices received
by some trawlers in selling fresh cod and
haddock on ice in England. The motor fish-
ing vessels had relatively good fishing for
cod in Icelandic waters, partly as a result
of the general absence of foreign and Ice-
landic trawlers from the 12-mile limits area.
Icelandic trawlers and motor boats benefit-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No.12

ed when British trawlers agreed to remain
outside the 12-mile limit from the Law of the
Sea Conference in May 1960 in Geneva until
the middle of July and then until the middle
of October.

During the January-June 1960 periodthere
was a marked trend toward free world mar-
kets. A larger proportion of the catch was
processed by air-drying and salting rather
thanfreezing. The Soviet Unionand satellites
import frozen rather than dried and salted fish.
Based on its estimate of the quality of the
north coast herring catch, the Herring Pro-
duction Board permitted only a relatively
small proportion to be salted. The lion's
share went for fish meal and oil, for which
the world market prices are very low.

Table 2 - Icelandic Fishery Catch by Type of Vessel,
January-June 1958-60

Type Vessel

239, 840
56,789
Total (ee Ee 296,629 | 258,999

ie a ee]
1/All weights are of gutted fish with heads on, except herring
which are whole.

The dramatic decline in the proportion of
the landings by trawlers, as compared with
the motorboats, continued during the first
half of 1960 when the trawlers accounted for
only 19.1 percent of the landings as com-
pared with 29.6 percent during the first half
of 1959, and 39.1 percent during the first
half of 1956. The build-up by delivery ofnew
vessels to both the trawler and motor boat
fishing fleets continued during the quarter.
There was also great activity in equipping
the motor vessels for the north coast herring
fishery with new nylon nets, new retrieving
gear, and new electronic equipment, the U-
nited States Embassy in Reykjavik reported
on September 30, 1960.

182, 257
76,742

India

JAPANESE TO AID IN DEVELOPMENT
OF FISHERIES:

Two fishery development projects to be
undertaken with Japanese collaboration have
been approved by the Indian Government for
inclusion under the US$50 million credit a-
greement between India and Japan signed on
February 4, 1958. A large Japanese fishing
company will collaborate with an Indian com-
pany in shrimp fishery operations at Cochin.

December 1960

India (Contd.):

The second project involves a survey of the
Mangalore coast in Mysore State. Other
Japanese firms are reported to be negoti-
ating with Indian companies for the formation
of joint ventures for fishing operations, ice-
making, cold-storage and canning plants, and
the manufacture of fish nets.

The projects appear to be the direct out-
come of India's increased interest in exploi-
tation of the considerable fishery resources
along the Indian coast and in the Indian Ocean
and the resultant visit to Japan in March1960
of a three-member team of Indian officials.
The Japanese offers indicate that the condi-
tions set down by the Indian Government for
foreign participation in Indian fishery opera-
tions have not seriously handicapped negoti-
ations for foreign collaboration. (United
States Embassy, New Delhi, October 8, 1960.)

* KK KK

SHRIMP PRODUCTION AND
FOREIGN TRADE, 1959:

In 1959, India produced 27,632 metric tons
of penaeid shrimp and 37,805 tons of non-
penaeid shrimp.

The three most important varieties of
fish and shellfish exported by India in 1959
were dry-unsalted ''bomlas," dry-salted
fish, and shrimp (frozen, dried, and canned).
India's total shrimp exports were valued at
15 million rupees (US$3.15 million) in 1959;
the United States received an amount valued
at 4.6 million rupees (US$966,000), or 30.7
percent of the total and Burma came next
with 4.3 million rupees (US$903,000). The
other principal countries buying shrimp
from India in 1959 were Ceylon, Hong Kong,
and France. (United States Embassy, New
Delhi, October 5, 1960.)

Israel

FISHING INDUSTRY SUFFERS REVERSES:
The uncertain situation prevailing in the
Israel's deep-sea fishing industry was under-

lined during August 1960 by the news that
only 12 Israeli trawlers were operating in
1960 in the Mediterranean, as compared
with about 24 in 1959. Several of the trawl-
ers thus displaced were transferred to the
Red Sea, and others were reportedly ear-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

marked for fishing in the Persian Gulf. This
will not prevent, however, at least three of the
vessels from being laid-up entirely.

In view of the large sums invested during
recent years in expanding and improving the
local fishing fleet, and the fact that several
additional trawlers are now on order abroad,
this development calls for some explanation.
A partial one is found in the recent suspen-
sion of fishing near Turkish waters, follow-
ing a number of incidents involving the im-
pounding of Israeli trawlers by Turkish coast-
guard vessels on the grounds of their having
entered Turkish territorial waters. But the
fact must be faced that the Eastern Mediter-
ranean as a whole is not over-endowed with
fishery resources. Any further expansion of
deep-sea fishing will thus be dependent on the
dispatch of Israeli vessels to more distant
grounds. Two large trawlers designed for
ocean fishing on order were expected to ar-
rive late in 1960.

A crucial consideration wuld appear to
be the fact that, despite the large population
increase in the interval, the total quantity of
fish marketed in Israel fell by approximately
18 percent between 1954 and 1959. This
marked decline in per capita consumption
has not, of course, been the result of the de-
velopment of a sudden aversion to fish as
such, but of the improved food situation in
general. In 1954, eggs, meat, poultry, and
milk products were scarce and relatively ex-
pensive. Today the supply position has im-
proved and prices are, with few exceptions,
within the reach of all. The brunt of the de-
cline in fish consumption has been borne by
imports, which declined from some 15,000
tons in 1954 to under 7,000 tons in 1959. Well
over half of these latter imports were her-
ring in brine, i.e. were noncompetitive as
far as the local fish landings are concerned.
The total marketing in 1959 was about 19,500
metric tons and the importance of competi-
tive imports (mainly frozen fillets) is negli-
gible. Any large-scale increase in the local
Israeli's landings will have to be taken up
almost entirely, therefore, by increased per
capita consumption. Whether such an in-
crease in consumption can reasonably be
anticipated must be regarded as at least a
matter of conjecture.

Therefore, before any further decisions
are taken involving the allocation of addition-
al funds for investment in fisheries, athorough
study needs to be made of present and proba-
ble future demand for fish and fish products--

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Israel (Contd.):

against the background of known plans re-
garding agricultural production and the es-
tablishment of new food industries. Should
such an investigation indicate the existence
of potential additional demand, the next step
would be to carry out a survey of likely fish-
ing grounds and to estimate the economic
future of long-range ocean fishing, taking
into account both the transportation costs in-
volved and the prices likely to be realized in
the Israeli market. (The Israel Economist,
August 1960.)

Italy

FISH-BODY OIL PRICES
AS OF SEPTEMBER 1960:

The September 1960 prices of the basic
three types of fish-body oil (excluding whale
oil and seal oil) which are of interest to the
Italian Market are as follows according to a
Genoa importer:

(a) Herring oil, straw-colored, filtered,
0.5 to 1 percent acidity: Norwegian kroner
150 per 100 kilos (about US$210 a metric
ton or 9.53 U. S. cents a pound), net weight
c.i.f. Genoa (no charge for containers, i. e.,
steel drums).

(b) Not specified fish-body oil, light ruby
colored, filtered, 10 percent acidity: Nor-
wegian kroner 130 per 100 kilos (about
US$182 a metricton or 8.26 U. S. cents
a pound), net weight, c.i.f. Genoa (no charge
for containers, i.e., steel drums).

(c) Not specified fish-body oil, dark ruby
colored, filtered, 30 to 40 percent acidity:
Norwegian kroner 90 per 100 kilos (about
US$126 a metric ton or 5.72 U. S. cents a
pound), net weight, c.i.f. Genoa (no charge
for containers, i.e., steel drums).

The Genoa importer stated that there are
a great number of different kinds of fish-
body oil which are imported, but gathering
prices for all of them would be really im-
practical. Importers supply themselves
generally from Norway.

The importer stated that in Italy no cus-
toms duties are levied on fish-body oils;
however, he said that other costs should be
taken into account to obtain the actual cost

Vol. 22, No.12

at the Port of Genoa, for customs-cleared
goods. Other costs are unloading expenses,
freight-forwarder assistance cost, statistical
duties, exchange tax, and other costs. In gen-
eral, importers figure that the c.i.f cost should
be increased by 10 lire per kilo (about $16.11
a metric ton), as an over-all estimate of such
charges, the United States Embassy in Rome
reported September 22, 1960.

% OK OK OK OK

TUNA IMPORTS AND THE
COMMON MARKET:

The present Italian impor't duty on fresh or frozen tuna
is 20 percent on the invoice price. This product is listed
under fresh and frozen fish (Italian Customs Item EX-03.01-
B-Ib). The proposed European Economic Community (EEC)
or Common Market rate is 25 percent, the first step to a-
chieve this rate to be effective December 31, 1960. In apply-
ing the 25-percent duty to each of the Common Market coun=
tries, the following formula is to be used:

1. If the national rate is within 15 percent of EEC’s 25-
percent rate, the national tariff will be increased or de-
creased to 25 percent.

2, If the national tariff is more than 15 percent of EEC’s
25-percent rate, the national tariff shall be reduced or in-
creased by 30 percent of the difference between the EEC duty
and the national duty.

Revisions in national tariffs will be made every four years
until the uniform EEC rate is attained. EEC, however, is
planning to accelerate these revisions.

Italian officials, on the basis of Article 25, paragraph 3, of
the Rome Treaty, had requested of the EEC Commission that
it be given a duty-free quota, no limit, on imports of fresh and
frozen tuna. This request was possible because tuna is listed
in Annex II, G List, of the Treaty under agricultural products.

On March 2, 1960, an Accord was signed at Rome which
would permit Italy to import ‘‘Sea Fish, Fresh, Refrigerated,
or Frozen, whole, headed, or cut into pieces’’ free of duty,
quantities unlimited. This Accord, in accordance with the
Treaty’s definition of customs duties relating to products on
the ‘‘G’’ list, provides that EEC countries may ask authori-
zation to import new lots of fish if it can be justified that the
current trade in a product should be conducted in the tradi-
tional manner to the advantage of consumers and industries.
In the case of tuna, the frozen product is required to provide
Italian canning plants with raw materials.

The March 2 Accord has no termination date and is sup-
posed to be effective December 31, 1960. At first France
objected to the Accord but withdrew its objections and the
Accord was signed. The Accord permits other countries of
the EEC to apply to the Commission for a duty-free quota
but so far no other countries have submitted a request.

Italian officials stated that the Accord cannot come into
force, or the proposed 25-percent tariff applied, until new
provisions for a common agriculture policy have been de-
termined. Therefore, as far as Italy is concerned the 20-
percent national duty on fresh and frozen tuna remains in
force until such policy is determined.

Besides the import duty, Italy has a number of national
taxes applied both to domestically=produced products and to
imports of fresh or frozen tuna. These are as follows:

1. A 0.2-percent tax applied on the invoice price, this tax
to be used for research,

2, A 0.05-percent tax for administration expenses.

December 1960

Italy (Contd.):

3. A 3.3-percent tax applied on all transactions, In ef-
fect this means that every time a product changes hands,
this tax is collected both on imports and on domestically-
produced tuna.

4, In the case of duty-free imports (as would be the case
if the EEC Accord on fresh or frozen sea fish becomes ef-
fective), there would be a tax of 20 percent on the invoice
price, Thus, the proposed duty-free tuna imports would be
subject to a tax equivalent to the present import duty.

In the case of imports of canned tuna into Italy, the gener-
al rate is 40 percent, but this has been temporarily reduced
to 27 percent. The proposed Common Market rate is to be
25 percent. According to a new decision of the EEC Council,
the EEC duty will be reduced to 20 percent in order to foster
increased international trade in this product. This decision
was made May 11, 1960. It is proposed that the first reduc-
tion to achieve the uniform rate will be effective December
31, 1960, providing that (as in the case of fresh and frozen
tuna) provisions for a common agriculture policy will have
been determined,

Table 1 - Italy’s Imports of Fresh and Frozen Fish/,
January-June 1960 and 1957-59

ee A UG uantity eve ne e
Origin

|1/Includes salt-water fish only and not otherwise specified.
2/Believed to be almost entirely frozen tuna.

‘alues in lire converted to US$ at rate of 620.6 lire equal US$1 for January-June 1960
and 1959, 624.0 lire equal US$1 for 1958, and 624.89 lire equal US$1 for 1957.

Since the Italian duty of 27 percent on canned tuna will
eventually be reduced to 20 percent, the first reduction will
be 30 percent of the difference between the present and the
uniform rate, thus bringing the Italian duty down to 24.9 per-
cent on December 31, 1960. The second 30-percent reduction
is planned for four years later, but under the proposed accel-
eration plan it may come sooner.

Besides the research, administrative, and transaction taxes
mentioned above for fresh and frozen tuna, there is a 65-lire
tax on each kilogram (about 0.5 U. S. cents a pound) of oil in
canned tuna.

Italian needs for tuna are estimated to be at least 20,000
metric tons annually. Italian production, however, has aver~
aged only about 2,500 tons annually (2,877 tons in 1957, 2,985
tons in 1958, and 2,064 tons in 1959), The rest of the tuna sup-
ply comes principally from Japanese landings at Italian ports.

The price of the imported tuna, c.i.f. Italy, has ranged be-
tween 160 and 180 lire per kilogram (about US$234-263 a _
short ton). Price as of September was about 177 lire per kil-
ogram (about US$259 a short ton) for frozen tuna.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

Japan

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
(EXCLUDING TUNA IN BRINE), 1956-59:

Exports of canned tuna by Japan, exclusive of canned tuna
in brine, in 1959 totaled 1,400,172 cases or about 25.7 per-
cent higher than the average exports of 1,114,238 cases for
the 1956-59 period. From 1956 to 1959 there was a sharp
increase in exports of canned tuna in oil to, ‘‘other’’ coun-
tries. In 1959, West Germany was Japan’s best customer
for canned tuna in oil, accounting for about 30 percent of the
total, Canada and Switzerland were also important buyers
of Japanese canned tuna in oil during the 1956-59 period.

Japanese Exports of Canned Tuna (Excluding Tuna in Brine)
by Principal Destinations, 1956-59

West Germany 287,729 255,656

Canada ...... 148,888 141,927

Switzerland ... 77,104 111,277

The Netherlands 33,146 51,970

o0000 69,582 73,152

58,051 73,765

50,146 52,082

22,756 59,357

oond0000 37,330 152,486
156,574 249,472] 203,234

941,306 |1,221,144] 894,331

881,437

Erctsiene 1,197,448 | 887,521

Other than oil
or brine...

59,869

Kok ok Kk

EXPORTS OF CANNED
FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MAY 1959-60:

Japanese Exports of Canned Fishery Products,
January-May 1959-60

1960 1959

January May

United
States

953
349,183
154| 236,961] 302,579| 799,543
243,236[ 245,619] 142,931
19,010] 151,168] 136,509

Pesta Gia | 326] ita zz
products

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Exports of canned fishery products by Japan during the
first five months of 1960 amounted to 3,097,151 cases or a-~
bout 1.0 percent less than the 3,129,939 cases exported inthe
similar period of 1959. In the first five months of 1960 ex-
ports of canned tuna (oil, brine, and other) were up 13.2 per-
cent, but canned crab and salmon exports were down sharp-
ly as compared with the January-May 1959 period.

KKK KE

TUNA VESSELS OPERATING IN
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN:

About 50 Japanese tuna vessels were op-
erating in the Atlantic Ocean as of September
1960, and half of them transship their catch-
es to the United States and Italy in addition
to Yugoslavia and other countries. The Jap-
anese Fisheries Agency intends to adjust
tuna exports to Yugoslavia. Accordingly,
future exports to Yugoslavia will be based
on what that country alone can consume or
use. (Fisheries Economic News, Septem-
ber 17, 1960.)

OK OK OK OK

IMPORT RESTRICTIONS REMOVED ON
SOME FISHERY AND
RELATED PRODUCTS:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry on September 22, 1960,
published a list of 74 commodities to be
placed under the Automatic Approval and
Automatic Fund Allocation Systems on Octo-
ber 1, 1960. This new list covers agricul-
tural and aquatic products and is intended
as a supplement to an earlier list of 257
items of a more general nature scheduled
for inclusion on the same date.

Included in the list are the following fish-
ery and related products: frog meat, fresh,
chilled or frozen; breeding fish; fish roe,
live; fish, live, n.e.s.; rainbow trout, fresh,
chilled or frozen; abalone, fresh, chilled or
frozen; abalone, saltedor dried; seed oysters;
oysters, fresh, chilled or frozen; oysters,
salted or dried; crustacea, molluscs and the
like, for breeding purposes (excluding oyster
seed); crustacea, molluscs and the like, live
(excluding for breeding purposes); fish, fish
products, and fish preparations in airtight
containers (including crustacea and molluscs
but excluding salmon eggs); and fish rods of
bamboo. (United States Embassy in Tokyo,
September 28, 1960.)

3 OOK OK OK

Vol. 22, No. 12

MARINE-OIL EXPORTS AND

CONSUMPTION, 1958-59:

Total exports of marine~oils during 1959 by Japan a-
mounted to 103,564 metric tons and are expected to increase
to about 117,460 tons in 1960 (see table 1).

Table 1 - Japan’s Exports of Marine Oils, 1959 and 60

Shark-liver oil
Fish-liver oil

Inedible:
“Sperm oil

The larger part of Japan’s production of marine oils is
exported in the form of whale oil; however, considerable a~
mounts of whale oil and fish oil are used in the domestic pro-

Table 2 - Japan's Utilization of Marine Oils,
April 1, 1959-March 31, 1960

Margarine |Manufac-| Domestic Total
& other tring In- | Consump- Produc
Type Processing] dustry tion Exports} tion

90,370 |106,870
2,850 | 41,250
1,600 | 34,900

40,800 | 47,400 88,200 | 94,820 {183,020

duction of margarine. Inedible sperm oil is used extensive-
ly by other industries (see table 2). (U. S. Foreign Agricul-
tural Service Report, September 28, 1960, Tokyo.)

KOK OK KK

SALMON SHARK EXPORTS TO
ITALY INCREASE SHARPLY:

Japanese salmon shark ("porbeagle") ex-
ports to Italy have increased sharply since
last year. As of mid-September 1960, ex-
ports since January 1, 1960, had reached
more than 1,000 metric tons, almost twice
as much as last year. The price is $320a
metric ton c.i.f., the same as last year. Al-
though there are certain problems with quali-
ty, further expansion is expected if the quali-
ty of the product improves, since demand in
the Italian market is estimated to be 2,000
tons a year.

The exports are used for steaks and the
Japanese industry is said to be expecting
much from this new product of the Kesen-

numa area in Miyagi Prefecture.

December 1960

Japan (Contd.):

When the first order was received from
Italy in1957, exports were limitedto about 50
tons ayear under the agreement to ship salmon
shark in return for Italy's rice and mercury
exports, but later orders gradually increased.

This species of shark is abundant during
the summer months and was previously
bought by the Japanese makers of paste
products almost at the buyer's price. This
year, however, Japanese manufacturers
were forced to pay the same prices that
Italian importers paid and there is evena
tendency for a shortage. More than 50 per-
cent of the salmon shark caught on the Sanri-
ku fishing grounds are landed at Kesennuma,
and freezing the shark has become an im-
portant industry in that area. (Fisheries
Economic News, September 21, 1960.)

Mexico

FOREIGN TRADE IN MARINE OILS:

Table 1 - Mexico’s Imports of Marine Oils,
January-July 1959-60

Jan.-July Jan,-July

United States...
Norway......
Great Britain .

od Oils:

United States ..
Norway......
Great Britain. .
Germany.....

Total...

Whale Oils:
United States ..
Great Britain. .
Germany.....
Norway......
Atalygetel-tolekeehe

UO Ss Sao 0050

ish Oils, Other:

United States ....
Great Britain....
Norway........
Other Countries ..

ARE SG OGD O6

Total all Oils... +++.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

Exports: During the first seven months of 1959 Mexico
exported 75 metric tons of whale oil and 327 tons of fish oil
to the United States, as compared with 68 tons of whale oil
and 33 tons of fish oil for the same period of 1960. This
represents a decline of 25.1 percent in volume of marine
oils exported to the United States. The United States was
the only buyer for Mexico’s whale and fish oil.

Imports: Mexico’s imports of marine oils from all
countries increased from 431 tons during the first seven
months of 1959 to 547 tons for the same period in 1960.
Imports of cod oil and whale oil from the United States in-
creased, while imports of other fish oils from the United
States declined (see table 1). (U. S. Foreign Agricultural
Service Report, Mexico City, September 30, 1960.)

Sh ae dk ch
HK OK OK OK OK

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
MID-SEPTEMBER 1960:

The price dispute between the shrimp fishermen’s coop-
erative and the vessel owners at the Gulf of Mexico port of
Ciudad del Carmen was settled on September 16, 1960. Sep-
arate agreements at other shrimp fishing ports or areas
were reached earlier in the month. The agreements are for
two years and expire on August 31, 1962.

Increases of 160 pesos per metrie ton of headless shrimp
(about 0.58 U. S. cents a pound) were agreed to for the west
coast ports of San Felipe, Baja California, and Mazatlan,
Sinaloa. The Guaymas price increaSed 225 pesos (about
0.82 U. S. cents a pound). In the above ports the increases
cover all sizes of shrimp.

A new system, which has been prevailing in Ciudad del
Carmen and Campeche, was introduced at Salina Cruz, Oaxa-
ca. This consists in paying the fishermen more for large
than for small shrimp. Shrimp counting 30 to the pound head-
less and under are considered large and 31 count and over
are small. The fishermen will receive 3,500 pesos per met-
ric ton (US$280 a ton or 12.7 U.S. cents a pound) for large
shrimp and 2,265 pesos a metric ton for small (US$181.20 a
metric ton or 8.2 cents a pound)!/ . However, if the ex-ves-
sel or price to the boat for small shrimp is more than 9,300
pesos a metric ton ($744 a ton or 33.8 cents a pound), the
same price (3,500 pesos or $280 a ton) will be paid for small
as for large shrimp.

At Cuidad del Carmen and Campeche changes consisted in
the dropping of one deckhand; a lesser amount paid for small
shrimp; an increase in the amount paid for large shrimp; an
increase in food allowance, and fixed daily wages for the
crew while a boat is on the ways for repairs.

The Gulf of California shrimp fleets, on the opening of the
season on September 16, left the various ports and were not
expected back until the latter part of the month.

Salina Cruz landings were reported to have improved
somewhat. Boats were said to be landing around two tons per
trip. Prices to vessel owners dropped during August.

During the last half of August, Carmen and Campeche land-
ings improved, At Carmen they averaged around 2,000 pounds
a trip and about 1,750 pounds at Campeche. This increase in
size of landings reflected a change in species composition.

At Carmen during the first half of the month about 50 percent
of the shrimp were pink, 30 percent white, and 20 percent
brown. This changed during the second half to about 40 per-
cent white, 35 percent pink, and 25 percent brown. At Cam-
peche the landings ran about 90 percent pink, 8 percent brown,
and 2 percent white during the first half of August and about
93 percent pink and 1 percent each white and brown during

the second half of the month.

Shrimp sizes at Carmen did not vary much during August.
They were about equally divided throughout the month between
30 per pound (headless) and under and 31 count and over. At

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Mexico (Contd.):

Vol. 22, No.12

Table 1 - Distribution of Crew’s Share and Cooperative’s Share for Mexican Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels

After September 16, 1960

Prior to September 16, 1960

700
500
350
330

Severance tax
Administration

330
20

4 33,62

17.61 17.61
16,01 16.01

124,09

Table 2 - Payments Other Than Shares by Mexican Gulf
of Mexico Vessel Owners

September 16, 1960 Pe

Pesos US$
per -da’ 0.72 8

Bann 9
Per -boat-per-
th 4/500 4500

while vessel un-
der repair:
Captain 00.
Engineer . oe
Winchman ...
Gook~ cece

1/Cuidad del Carmen boat owners will pay 400 pesos per-
boat-per-month until Social Security is inaugurated
at this port at which time they will pay 500 pesos.
2/Individual arrangements with boat owners.

Carmen-Campeche
(All species)

Salina Cruz
(Brown only)

e ccc e(U.S. Cents Per Lb.)
58-6

51 and over ...

Campeche sizes decreased from about 80 percent 30 count
and under during the first half to about 60 percent during the
second half, (United States Embassy, Mexico City, September
20, 1960.)

1/These payments represent the net share for the crew and not the prices paid the vessel
(ex-vessel prices).

OOK OK XK OK

WEST COAST SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS:
The closed season on shrimp fishing in
the Guaymas area ended on September 1,
1960, for inshore areas and on September 15
for deep-sea fishing. The landings for the
first months following the closed season are
usually good, with production falling off just
prior to the next closed season. First re-
ports indicate that shrimp production this
year will follow the established pattern.

Shortly before the opening of the new
shrimp season the fleet owners and the co-
Operatives reached an understanding and
signed an agreement governing their relation-
ships for the next two years.

The shrimp season in the Mazatlan area
for deep-sea fishing opened on October 1,
1960. The season in shallow-water shrimp
fishing in that area opened early in Septem-
ber with catches in the areas north of Mazat-
lan reported ''good" and the areas to the
south ''fair.'' (United States Consulate in
Nogales, October 3, 1960.)

December 1960

Netherlands

BILLS PASSED APPROVING WITHDRAWAL
FROM WHALING CONVENTION AND
REGULATING ANTARCTIC WHALING:

The Netherlands First Chamber on Sep-
tember 27, 1960, approved bills endorsing
the Netherlands! withdrawal from the Inter-
national Whaling Convention and giving the
Government the authority to issue regulations
governing whaling by Dutch vessels.

During debate on the first bill, the Minis-
ter of Agriculture rejected the suggestion
from a Labor Party member that the Nether-
lands follow Norway's example and rejoin
the Convention. He reportedly said that the
Dutch position of waiting until its conditions
had been met before rejoining was ''more
realistic'’ than the Norwegian course of re-
joining subject to conditions.

Passage of the 1960 Whaling Act enables
the Netherlands Government to ensure that
the Netherlands Whaling Company observes
such provisions of the Convention and Sched-
ule to the Convention as the Government may
desire. (United States Embassy, The Hague,
September 29, 1960.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1960, p. 75.
{fv
eed

Norway

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION, 1958-60:

In 1958, Norway's total fish-meal produc-
tion amounted to 118,900 metric tons of which
100,000 tons were herring meal. In 1959
fish-meal production totaled 128,000 tons, of
which 110,000 tons were herring meal and
18,000 tons of other fish meal. As of July
1960, the Norwegian herring catch had been
poor--total estimated production of herring
meal for 1960 is only 70,000 tons. (U. S.
Foreign Agricultural Service Report, July
27, 1960, Copenhagen).

KOK KKK

FOREIGN TRADE AND PRODUCTION
OF MARINE OILS, 1956-1960:

Production: Norway's total production
of marine-animal oils was 203,720 metric
tons in 1959, or about the same as the
201,981 tons produced in 1958. The esti-
mated production of marine oils in 1960 in-
dicates a drop of about 20 percent to 164,000
tons (table 1).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

Table 1 - Norway's Production of Marine Oils, 1956-60

| Type | 19608] 1959 [1958 | 1957 | 1956 |

ec ecee

Cold-cleared

cod-liveroil ..| 15,000
0

Herringoil ....
4

800} 1, 127 612

Mhale Oil [105, 187 ]126, 607[124, 558]153, 936/122, 547
Grand Total . . [163, 9341203, 720]201, 981]257, 161]278, 513
1/Forecast.

The nine Norwegian Antarctic pelagic ex-
peditions and the one Norwegian shore station
at Husvik Harbor produced 125,480 tons of
whale oil and 15,097 tons of sperm oil during
the 1958/59 season, a decline from the previ-
ous season. Preliminary results from the
1959/60 season indicate a further reduction
of 18 percent in whale oil and sperm oil pro-
duction since only 104,387 tons of whale oil
and 10,947 tons of sperm oil were produced
(table 2). The Norwegian production of whale
and sperm oil from the 1958/59 Antarctic
season was sold, as usual, through the Nor-
wegian whaling companies' common market-
ing pool.

[Table 2 - NorwegianProduction of Whale and Sperm Oil, 1959-60

Whale

.... (Barrelsji/

588, 450
712, 884
732, 106
857, 326
657, 872

63, 438|651, 888
84, 502|797, 386

1959/6027 _..... 3
1958/5038) eS as cena
1957 /584/

cece ec ee eo 8

CC ee

o + 2 © 2 © 6 oo

4/Not in operation.

Herring oil production in 1959, although
not as poor as in 1958, was still far below the
average for preceding years. Only about
40,000 tons of herring oil were produced in

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

1959. In 1960, however, the catches of her-
ring as well as deliveries to the oil and meal
factories were lower than for many years,
and the oil production may only reach 26,000
tons. But since the late start of the 1960
herring fishing suggests a lower fat content,
the 1960 production may be less than 26,000
tons.

Production of fish-liver oils rose from
16,500 tons in 1958 to 17,300 tons in 1959.
On the other hand, seal-oil production (varies
between 4,000 and 5,000 tons annually) drop-
ped slightly in 1959 to about 4,500 tons.

Norwegian whale oil from the 1958/59
Antarctic season was sold at prices varying
from £72 10s. to £78 (US$203 to $218.40) a
long ton. The average price was £73 2s. 4d.
($204.73) a long ton as compared with £72

1/Includes deliveries from Antarctic expeditions.
Note: Values computed at rate of: 1959 - one krone eq

($203) along ton the preceding season. The
average price for the 1958/59 season pro-
duction for sperm oil was £.50 1s. 3d.($140.17)
a long ton as compared with £64 19s. 9d.
($181.96) a long ton for 1957/58 season
production.

Vol. 22, No. 12

Exports: During 1958 and 1959 Western
Germany and the United Kingdom were the
principal receivers of Norwegian Antarctic
whale and sperm oil. Total whale and sperm
oil exports remained relatively stable during
that period (see table 2).

Norway's exports of all marine oils and
byproducts continued stable during 1958-59
(see table 3). The bulk of these exports was
crude whale oil and edible marine-animal
oils.

Imports: Norwegian imports of marine
oils increased from 15,713 metric tons, val-
ued at US$3.4 million, in 1958, to 55,766 tons,
valued at US$10.7 million, in 1959 (see table
4). Increase was due chiefly to larger im-
ports of crude herring oil from Western Ger=
many and menhaden oil from the United States.

Stocks and Utilization: From 1956 to 1959
Norway augmented her lower production of

Table 3 - Norwegian Exports of Marine Oils and Byproducts, 1958-59

[1958 _|

Quantii

marine oils by drawing on stocks (table 5).
Almost all marine oils are consumed in the
form of hardened fats as raw material for the
margarine industry. The use of hardened
marine oils by the Norwegian margarine in-
dustry increased from 52,681 metric tons

Table 4 - Norwegian Imports of Marine Oils, 1958-59

Industrial fish-liver oil

Residual fish -liver oil
Tor

1/Less than one-half ton.
2/Less than US$1, 000.

[i958

39
55, 766 76,438 | 24,312 10 Ti Sees

December 1960

Norway (Conitd.):

Table 5 - Norwegian Stocks of Marine Oils, 1956-59

As of December 31
1958 1956
- - - - (Metric Tons). .

981
439
~ (38, 657]44, 891|72, 119[68, 420

in 1958 to 57,091 tons in 1959. (U.S. For-
eign Agricultural Service Report, July 27,
1960, Copenhagen.)

kK KX

CONDITIONAL READHERENCE TO
INTERNATIONAL WHALING
CONVENTION ANNOUNCED:

On September 23, 1960, the Norwegian
Government announced that it intended to
readhere to the International Whaling Con-
vention but that it would not be able to con-
tinue to adhere to the agreement unless (1)
the Netherlands returns to the Convention;
(2) the U.S.S.R. catch does not exceed 20
percent of the total whale quota; and (3) the
other whaling nations reach agreement on
the distribution of the remaining 80 percent
of the total quota. (United States Embassy
in Oslo, September 30, 1960.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

in their share of the proceeds of whaling op-
erations, and pay for Sunday work. The in-
crease altogether would amount to 7-8 per-
cent. Balloting on the agreement was light,
but a clear majority voted in its favor, the
United States Embassy in Oslo reported on
September 30, 1960.

9

EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS,
JANUARY -JUNE 1959 AND 1960:

Exports of principal marine products by
Peru during January-June 1960, amounted to
322,156 metric tons (valued at US$29.9 mil-
lion)--up almost 109.2 percent in volume and
47.7 percent in value from the 153,975 tons
(valued at US$20.2 million) exported in the
first six months of 1959. Exports of 285,503
tons of fish meal (valued at US$23.9 million)
were higher by 131.0 percentgin quantity and
64.5 percent in value in the first half of 1960
as compared with the same period of 1959.
The average export value of fish meal per
metric ton during the first six months of this
year was only $83.70 a metric ton--down
sharply from the average price of $117.52 a
ton during January-June 1959. Fish oil ex-
ports also increased substantially (up 92.2
percent in quantity and 120.1 percent in value)

Peru

January-June 1960

Value 1,
Million

Fish (frozen, canned, etc.) ...
ImsinGl5 5 Gaq0000000000
SaGnGi so5ogaqgqco0god
Whale meal. occ cccccccee
Fertilizer (guano) ..ccceoe

~ 0. b, values, converted at rate of 27.58
D/F. 0, b, values, converted at rate of 27.'
~ of 1959,

WHALING CREWS RECEIVE
WAGE INCREASE:

Crews of Norwegian whaling vessels have
voted to accept a wage agreement negotiated
on their behalf by the Seamen's Union with
employer representatives, withthe assistance
of voluntary mediators. The crews are to
receive a 5 percent increase in wages and

this January-June from the first six months
of 1959.

eK OK KK

FISHING VESSEL FLEET AS OF JULY 1960:
As of July 1960 some 2,018 Peruvian-
flag vessels and 113 United States-flag ves-

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Peru (Contd.):

sels were engaged in commercial fishing in
Peruvian waters. Excluding rowboats and
vessels with sails from the total number of
vessels, there were 991 motor-powered
Peruvian-flag vessels and 113 United States -
flag vessels engaged in commercial fishing.

Total Number of Vessels Engaged in Commercial
Fishing in Peruvian Waters
Type of

Vessel Number of pNumberof Vessels |
Peruvian p
we U-S- | _ Equipment Used
Purse seiners eae Nya aeS ae ‘
athoms

fathoms in de pth
185 Nets of 20-30 fath-

oms by 5 fathoms

[Bonito vessels

(Boniteros)

4-ton vessels for vari-
ous types of fishing
aa

in depth

Pole-and-line fish-
ing & fishing for
bait

+ Hook-and-line &
trawls
Eases

Bilin Eas

BS er

This number compares with an estimated

700 motor-driven fishing craft in operation
in 1957 and an estimated 800 powered do-
mestic fishing vessels engaged in fishing op-
erations as of December 31, 1958, the United
States Embassy in Lima reported on Septem-
ber 23, 1960.

Philippines

CANNED FISH RETAIL AND WHOLESALE
PRICES, MAY 3-JULY 1, 1960:

Retail and wholesale prices, May 3-July1,
1960, for canned sardines and canned salmon
in Manila were:

Wholesale US$/cs | Retail US¢/Can
FE -(48 15-0z. Cans) .
11.25-12.00 27.5-32.5

10.50-10.90

Vol. 22, No. 12

Portugal

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,
FIRST HALF 1960:

Portugal's exports of canned fish during
the first half of 1960 amounted to 25,994 met-
ric tons. Sardines comprised the bulk of
these exports with 85.6 percent of the total,
followed by anchovy fillets (7.9 percent).

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, First Half 1959 and 1960

Product

In Oil or Sauce:

Anchovy fillets
Mackerel

25,994 | 32, 626 |

1/Case data not available.
2/Probably included in others.

During this period Portugal's most im-
portant canned fish buyers were Germany
with 5,752 tons followed by England with
3,450 tons, the United States with 3,064 tons,
Italy with 2,276 tons, France with 1,947 tons,
and Belgium-Luxembourg with 1,670 tons.
(Conservas de Peixe, July and August, 1960.)

OK OK OK

CANNED FISH PACK, FIRST HALF 1960:

The Portuguese pack of canned fish, in oil
or sauce, for the first half of 1960 amounted
to 11,809 metric tons or 669,000 cases. Sar-
dines accounted for the bulk of the pack with
51.8 percent of the total; tuna and tuna-like
fish followed with 24.8 percent. (Conservas
de Peixe, August 1960.)

Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, First Half 1959 and 1960

In Oil or Sauce:
yp iSandlines'sasns seeaeeae
Sardine -like a coo
Chinchards.. . oo6
IMackerelespeneiemanene
Tuna and tuna-like mae
Anchovy fillets ....

Othersi co awsuesne
[Deel se 12,325

KOK OK x

FISHERIES TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1960:

During the second quarter of 1960, Mata-
sinhos. was the leading sardine fishing port

ee

December 1960

Portugal (Contd.):

in Portugal. Sardine landings improved dur-
ing the early part of the quarter in central
and southern Portuguese coastal cities, such
as Setubal, Lagos, and Portimao. Some con-
cern was expressed by the canners for the
higher sardine ex-vessel prices during May
and June, and a possible adverse effect on
canned fish exports.

Sardine landings for January-June 1960
amounted to 20,479 metric tons. In addition,
there were landings of 1,043 tons of anchovy
and 9,763 tons of chinchard. Other species
landed, for which data are available only for
January-May 1960, were 690 tons of tuna, 89
tons of mackerel, and 32 tons of bonito.

Portuguese canned fish exports declined
by 5,695 metric tons when compared with
the second quarter of 1959, mostly due to a
noticeable drop in sardine exports; likewise,
the canned fish pack declined by 622 tons.
(Conservas de Peixe, June through August
1960.)

Spain

BALEARIC ISLANDS SHRIMP FISHERY:
Many species of shrimp are caught by
Spanish fishermen, mostly by trawling. The

white shrimp (Parapenaeus longirrostus)
constitute the principal source of income

for the smaller vessels that fish in the south-
ern part of Spain. This species is little
known in the Balearic Islands in the Mediter-
ranean,

The pink shrimp (Aristeus antennautus)
and the "'chorizo'' shrimp (Aristeomporpha
foliacea) are the two principal species that
the fishing fleet catches in the Balearic Is-
lands and part of the Levant area. Each
species is found in its own area and depth
zone.

The shrimp fishing fleet of the port of
Palma, in the Balearic Islands, leaves port
early (about 1:00 a.m.) daily. The vessels
stay out fishing until the early afternoon and
usually make two drags.

The shrimp, after being brought aboard,
are sorted from the small fish and trash,
and packed in boxes with ice.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

Since the initiation of shrimp fishing at
greater depths in 1948, shrimp landings in
the Balearic Islands have increased.

Metric Tons
309.4
171 o@)
154.4
145.9

116.9
121.1
94.9
69.5
53.9
18.9

Shrimp landings in the Balearic Islands
are at their peak in late summer, and with
exception of the winter months, landings are
good. g

U. S. S. R.

NEW FREEZER-FACTORYSHIP
COMPLETED:

A Leningrad, U.S. 5S. R., shipyard has de-
livered a new combination freezer -factory-
ship, according to the August 17, 1960, issue
of Leningradskaja Pravda. The 10,000-ton
vessel is named Simferopol and has made its
trial trip. The vessel has a freezing capacity
of 100 metric tons of fish or whale meat per
24 hours and is intended to transport fish or
whale meat. (Fiskets Gang, September 16,

1960.)
f =

United Kingdom

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION AND

FOREIGN TRADE, 1955-59:

Production: From 1955 to 1959 the United Kingdom’s do-
mestic production of white fish meal remained fairly constant,
while imports of white fish meal and herring meal increased
considerably (see table 1). In 1959 the United Kingdom pro-
duced 78,300 long tons of fish meal, 73,700 tons (94 percent)
of which was white fish meal and the balance, 4,600tons, of
herring meal,

The availability of domestically-caught herring for reduc-
tion in Great Britain has been decreasing in recent years,

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United Kingdom (Contd.):

Table 1 - United Kingdom’s Production and Imports of
Certain Fish Meals, 1955-59

Domestic Imports of
Production
of White

Fish Meal

and because of this the Herring Industry Board felt it could
not commit itself to increased offerings of herring meal for
sale during the first nine months of 1959 as compared with
1958. The Herring Industry Board was of the opinion that
Peruvian meal, then offered for sale at 20 percent less,
would not have any immediate harmful effect on the herring
industry, as most buyers were already committed to pur-
chases of domestic meal until March 1960.

Imports: Imports of Peruvian fish meal increased from
11,000 tons in 1958 to over 30,000 tons in 1959--the trend
was still upward during the early months of 1960. There was
also a substantial rise of imports from Norway and Denmark.
Prices of domestic white fish meal in the United Kingdom held
firm until the latter part of 1959, but from then on the increased)
imports began to have a marked effect on prices, to the detri-
ment of the domestic fishing industry. Peruvian fish meal and
oil gave the United Kingdom considerable competition in the
European market.

KOK OK OK OK

CRUDE WHALE AND HERRING OIL
UTILIZATION INCREASED:

Utilization of crude whale and herring oil
in Great Britain increased from 72,600 long
tons during the first half of 1959 to 78,000
tons during the same period of 1960. (U.S.
Foreign Agricultural Service Report, London,
October 5, 1960.)

KK KKK

EFFECT OF PRESERVATIVES ON
FISH MEAL AND OIL QUALITY:

The studies by the British Torry Research
Station on the preservation of whole fish and
fish waste prior to processing into fish meal
and oil were summarized in Food Investiga-
tion Technical Paper No. 6. The report has
been re-issued and brought up to date by the
inclusion of more recent work on the nutri-
tional value of preserved material. The new
publication appears as Torry Technical
Paper No. 2, Preservation of Fish and Fish

It is now clear that, although formaldehyde
or nitrite may be used effectively in the stor-

Vol. 22, No.12

age of whole fish, it would not be advisable
to contemplate storage of minced material
with these preservatives. Valuable flesh and
tissue proteins react with these chemicals,
and the lysine in the protein can be shown to
be rendered partially unavailable by both
chemical and biological methods of testing.

Storage of minced material would be ideal
for production of meal and oil by azeotropic
processes and this therefore is disappointing.
Meals made from whole fish and large pieces
of offal treated with preservatives are of high
biological value as only the skin and surface
proteins react with the chemicals.

The original paper stimulated exchange of
information with other countries, and it has
been possible to reproduce some of their data
in the new report.

It is interesting to note the lengthy periods
for which white fish offal can be stored under

the climatic conditions in Newfoundland and the

the beneficial effectS of preservation for even
a few hours storage as in the United States
menhaden industry.

Formaldehyde with chlortetracycline re-
duced the bacterial count in 48 hours by
250,000 times. The significance of this in
connection with odors from reduction facto-
ries warrants consideration. (The Fishing
News, September 16, 1960.)

NEW FREEZE-DRYING
PROCESS INCREASES
SHELF LIFE OF FOODS:

A new food- preserving process, which reportedly in-
creases the shelf life of foods to approximately two years,
has beencommercially developed by a British company and
is being viewed with interest by several United States food
companies, according to the Food Field Reporter of July 4,
1960. The process, known as Accelerated Freeze-Nrying,
will be used commercially for the first time anywhere by a
British firm for a wide range of vegetables slated for ex-
port. Installation is expected by February 1961.

It is reported that this new process provides a logical ad~
vance in the prepacked food market and an aiternative tq deep-
freeze methods of food preservation.

Technically, the process employs heating and drying of
foods ina vacuum. The food is maintained at temperatures
below freezing while it still has water content. In this way,
the moisture in the frozen state converts to vapor without
passing through the liquid phase. The effect is that all the
natural flavor and color of the food is restored when the wa-
ter is replaced. The process does not collapse the cells of
the food. With the addition of water, the food regains its nat-
ural fresh appearance.

Besides cutting earlier standard freezing process time by
one-third, food processed by Accelerated Freeze~Drying

j
4
:
\

—

December 1960

United Kingdom (Contd.):

weighs less than half the normal weight of food. As a result,
transportation costs are drastically cut.

Foods processed by Accelerated Freeze-Drying have been
subjected to various tests. Numerous tasting panels have
judged the quality of the products to be equal to fresh foods
and superior to foods preserved by other methods.

The British army has been conducting trials using freeze-
dried foods to determine their applicability for use in the
armed forces. Both the decrease in weight of the products
and their compactness were cited as especially important
factors.

Foods subject to freeze-drying could either be cooked
in advance or processed raw. The only thing really required
is to cut them sufficiently to enable the process to work on
the food surface equally.

Originally, extensive research and development on the
new process was carried out by the British Ministry of Ag-
riculture, Fisheries and Food. The new system of dehy-
dration was discovered accidentally about five years ago at
the ministry’s Aberdeen, Scotland, experimental factory.

An accident during experiments with a new vacuum~
drying process actually brought about the discovery of
freeze-drying. The food was first frozen and then placed
between heated metal plates which turned the ice crystals
into vapor without melting them. At this time, someone
accidentally left open a valve in the machinery.

A severe vacuum was set up which froze the food solid
and caused the dehydration process to be cut to one-sixth
the ordinary time. As a result, the drying time was re-
duced from 48 to 8 hours.

KOK KKK

NEW PLANT TO PRODUCE
FROZEN-FISH DINNERS:

A new fish-processing factory at Grims-
by, England, will soon be producing fish
dinners, many of them for countries over-
seas. The factory has an area of 34,000
square feet, is equipped with the most mod-
ern machinery and handling equipment,
much of it specially designed.

Its owners are among Britain's largest
producers of quick-frozen foods, and export
frozen fish, fruits, and vegetables to more
than 40 different countries, among them the
United States and Canada, Australia, Nigeria,
Ghana, Southern Rhodesia, Kenya, Uganda,
Nyasaland, Uruguay, British Honduras, the
Bahamas, Siam, Ceylon, Fiji, Cyprus, Egypt,
and Kuwait.

All conveyors and other equipment have
been designed for easy cleaning and all con-
veyor belts are made of nontoxic materials.

The factory also has a cold-storage ca-
pacity of 300 tons, which operates at atem-
perature of -20° F.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

A unique feature of the factory is a screw
conveyor used to dispose of the fillet waste
which is deposited into the conveyor.

A 20-inch screw conveyor passes under
each filleting line below floor level, driving
the offal forward into a 24-inch transverse
screw conveyor carrying it across the factory
floor and transferring it to an inclined screw
conveyor. This takes the offal 85 feet to the
top of a six-ton hopper from which it is dis-
charged into waiting trailers.

There are 360 feet of conveyors and the
type used has several advantages, among them
the ability to force the offal towards the dis-
posal point in a regular flow. The conveyor's
are completely enclosed for safety reasons
and, while the offal cannot overflow, the sys-
tem can easily be cleaned.

The conveyors are cleaned out thoroughly
by steam at the end of each day's work. Ade-
quate inspection plates are igcluded on each
conveyor to facilitate cleaning, but access to
the screws cannot be gained while the con-
veyors are in motion.

All fish trunks and trays are thoroughly
washed before use and another unusual fea-
ture of the factory is that the washing ma-
chine has been installed in the roof so that
production space at floor level is used to
maximum advantage.

The washing machine tank holds 1,500
gallons of water heated to a temperature of
200° F.

There are separate compartments for the
cleaning of fish trunks and trays which are
taken to and from their compartments by
overhead conveyors. (The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
June 1960.)

REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON
FISHERY BYPRODUCTS:

The United Kingdom is presently conduct-
ing extensive research directly concerned
with fishery byproducts. Descriptions of
work undertaken in the fields of the preser-
vation of the raw material, the capacity of
steam-jacketed fish-meal dryers, and con-
cerning odors, follow:

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No.12

United Kingdom (Contd.):

Preservation of Raw Material: Re-in-
festation by blow-fly larvae of herring other-
wise satisfactorily preserved with nitrite-
formaldehyde, despite the initial kill, is a
serious practical problem in summer.
Spraying the surface of the mass of pre-
served fish with a 0.25 percent aqueous
emulsion of pyrethrum has been found to be
a promising alternative to the use of unde-
sirably high levels of nitrite-formaldehyde.
Further work is necessary to determine the
frequency of pyrethrum spraying which may
be necessary. It will depend on the duration
of residual activity after spraying and on
how long the surface of the mass of fish re-
mains unbroken (e.g. by addition or with-
drawal of fish).

Experiments with preservatives are be-
ing extended to material at present discarded
at sea from fishing vessels. This would in-
clude viscera and unsalable species of fish.
Facilities aboard existing vessels would be
limited and two possibilities are envisaged:
(a) dumping the material into a tank contain-
ing enough preservative solution to cover a
full load, or (b) spraying a prescribed a-
mount of a much stronger solution of pre-
servative on to each standard measure (e.g.
‘bucketful) of fish or viscera before tipping

it into a tank. Preliminary experiments
have shown both methods to be feasible, but
the choice and amount of preservative re-
quire further consideration and experiment.
Nitrite is more toxic than formaldehyde, looks
innocuous, andhasno odor. The objectionable
odor of formaldehyde might afforda desirable
safeguard against inadvertent contamination
of food or drinking water onthe trawler. Used
alone, formaldehyde above a certain level
causes somuch toughening of fish that it does
not break down adequately in the cook-and-
press stage of the fish-mealplant. The amount
of preservative should be varied according to
the prevailing temperature. Thus, under
British summer conditions, formaldehyde
alone at 0.6 percent of the weight of the fish,
applied as a spray, would be marginal for a
3-weeks! fishing trip, but would be exces-
Sive in winter.

Both formaldehyde and nitrite can react
with the free amino group of the lysine com-
ponent of the fish proteins. Lysine which
has so reacted and is thus excluded from the
chemically-determined ''available'' lysine
has now been found to be unavailable to

chicks. Hence the chemical test is signifi-
cant when applied to meals made from pre-
served fish. These findings further empha-
size the desirability of preserving fish whole,
or in large pieces, where only the surface
layer will react with the'preservative.

Fish Meal Pilot Plant: Studies are con-
tinuing concerning the factors that influence
the capacity of steam-jacketed fish-meal
dryers. Previous work showed that a straight-
line relationship exists between capacity and
the cube of the shaft speed, in the range 6-14
r.p.m. Although this simple relationship is
not maintained at higher speeds, an increase
of 50 percent in plant capacity can be achieved
by increasing the shaft speed from the cus-
tomary 10 to 30 r.p.m.

Experiments involving the introduction of
heated air into the dryer have been post-
poned following difficulties due to bones
choking a rotary air lock fitted to the meal
outlet. However, capacity has been shown
to increase when increased amounts of venti-
lating air are drawn through the dryer. The
limit to this is just below the air velocity at
which meal hold-up occurs. To obtain the
fullest use of this ventilating air it is recom-
mended that the exhaust vapor off-take duct
should be as near as possible to the raw ma-
terial inlet. This would necessitate the pro-
vision of some form of air seal at the inlet,
e.g. a hopper of fish waste.

Odors: Pilot-scale tests at a commercial
herring-meal factory with a venturi scrubber
have been followed by experiments on a simi-
lar scale with a specially-built scrubber.
One primary consideration was the necessity
of ensuring only a low-pressure drop with a
high gas-flow rate. At the same time the
scrubber was designed to test combinations
of water and chemical treatments, with a
variety of packings, i.e. it was a flexible re-
search tool. Although it has provided a mass
of useful information, there are still many
problems in the economical deodorization of
the enormous volumes of gaseous effluent
from pneumatic dryers.

Deodorization of a steam-heated or other
type of indirect dryer is a potentially simpler
problem. Pilot-scale experiments involving
a completely closed cycle, with total recircu-
lation of the scrubbed air, must await the
fitting of a satisfactory air lock on the meal
outlet. Tests with both water and chemical
scrubbers are continuing. (Torry Research

December 1960

United Kingdom (Contd.):

Station, Annual Report 1959, Department of
Scientific and Industrial Research.)

OK OK OK OK

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT USED FOR
PURIFICATION OF OYSTERS:

Scientific use of ultraviolet light is playing a vital part in
extensive plans to restore to Poole Harbour, Dorset, Eng-
land, part of its lost importance in British fisheries. Two
groups are trying to re-establish the harbor as one of the
country’s leading sources of oysters-~a position it enjoyed
in past centuries.

One of the keys on which success may possibly rest is an
installation using germicidal lamps, a system which has been
the subject of experiments by the British Ministry of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries. It is also in use in Cornwall and Wales
and is being considered by a firm in Colchester, a town re-
nowned for its oysters.

The group consists of part-time oystermen. To meet
Ministry of Health requirements concerning bacteriological
levels in oysters, leaders of the group worked out details of
an ultraviolet lighting purification system, The result has
been the installation of a purification plant, built by the group,
of three 30-watt germicidal tubes.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

All the oysters gathered by the group of part-time oyster-
men and also by the second group (formed of local profession-
al fishermen) are now being passed through the plant, the fish-
ermen’s group using it under an agreement.

The group of ‘‘amateurs’’ started their oyster project in
1953. In September 1958, they formed themselves into a com-
pany, with 42 shareholders, and now have more than 500,000
oysters laid in three beds, each of 30 acres, in the harbor.

Oysters gathered from the beds in the harbor are placed
in one of two purification tanks--40 feet x,10 feet, and two
feet deep--built by the group members at a small headquart-
ers on the harbor foreshore, Then, over a period of 12 hours,
the water in the tanks is circulated under the germicidal
tubes.

The three-foot lamps are housed just above the water
level.in a 60-gallon tank, through which the sea water from
the main purification tank is passed at the rate of 50 gallons
per minute,

To ensure that the ultraviolet light focuses directly on
all the water, this is passed at a wafer~-thin depth, over a
weir, which divides the 60-gallon tank into two sections.
Then as the sea water is being returned in the main tank, it
is passed through an aeration system.

An official of the amateur group says: ‘‘Our calculations
show that we need leave the oysters in the main tank for only
12 hours. In that time, with the constant purification of the
water, they pass out sufficient impurities to bring them well
within the limits allowed by the Mimlistry of Health.’’ (The
South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
June 1960.)

IMPORTANCE OF CHILLING FISH

If fish is kept at an indoors summer temperature, say, 75° F., the number
of bacteria will increase at a rapid rate, and the meat will be spoiled in a very
short time indeed. Fortunately, however, the rate of multiplication of bacteria
canbe reduced bycooling. While it takes only half an hour for a young bacteri-
um to grow and divide into two at summer temperatures, the process takes sev-
eral hours at the temperature of melting ice (32° F.). At 77° F., 500 bacteria
grow to the enormous number of several hundred millions in two days. At 32° F.
(ice temperature) the same initial number of bacteriarequire 14 days to become
several hundred millions. In practice spoilage begins to become obvious in fish
like cod and haddock only after the numbers of bacteria have gone up to several
million bacteria per sq. in. of skin surface.

For practical purposes the quickest, safest and easiest way to cool fish to
about 32° F. and keep them at that temperature is to surround them and mix with
them liberal amounts of crushed ice. Simply putting fish without ice into a chill
room at 32° F. will cool them down very much more slowly even if the fish are
laidout singly. Fish contained in wooden boxes put into a chill room without ice
will cool down even more slowly since wood is a good heat insulator. Direct and
intimate icing, therefore, because of its superior cooling action ensures that
spoilage of the fish during the cooling down period is reduced to a minimum.
Once fishhas been cooled to 32° F. by icing, it can be kept at that temperature
only by ensuring that sufficient ice envelops it to absorb heat coming in from its

surroundings.

94

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

COLOR ADDITIVES REGULATIONS ISSUED:

The Food and Drug Administration on Oc-
tober 12, 1960, issued the first of new regu-
lations under the Color Additives Amendment
to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
They became effective immediately upon pub-
lication in the Federal Register of October
12, 1960.

The regulations:

1. List the previously permitted coal tar
eolors which may continue to be used in foods,
drugs and in cosmetics without any restric-
tion on the amounts used until the necessary
retesting is accomplished. The law allows
24 years (from July 11, 1960) for the comple-
tion of any tests which may be necessary to
establish safe limitations on the amounts of
any of these colors which are found not com-
pletely "harmless." This may be further ex-
tended if scientific work completed in the 2$-
year period justifies it.

2. Terminate the listing for any use in
foods, drugs or cosmetics of the colors Ex-
ternal D & C Yellows Nos. 9 and 10. These
colors under other designations (FD&C Yel-
lows Nos. 3 & 4) had previously been de-
listed for all food, drug and cosmetic uses
except external uses in drugs and cosmetics.

3. Terminate the listing for unrestricted
use of 13 coal tar colors, largely lipstick col-
ors, previously used without any limitation
on the amount used. (Four other colors were
automatically dropped from the listing be-
cause they had never been certified for use.)

4. Establish temporary tolerances for
colors used in lipsticks, mouth washes, denti-
frices and/or drugs for Il of the 13 colors
delisted for unrestricted use.

5. List color additives other than coal tar
colors which were known to have been in use
in foods, drugs and/or cosmetics prior to en-
actment of the law on July 13, 1960, and which
may therefore continue in use for the 24-year
grace period, or unless and until data are a-
vailable on which to establish a tolerance or
to revoke the provisional listing.

There may be other non-coal tar colors
not listed which were in use prior to July 11.
The Agency urged manufacturers of such
colors to bring them to its attention promptly
so that they may be added to the provisional
list if it appears that they may be safely used

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

FROZEN OCEAN PERCH AND
PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH FILLETS
VOLUNTARY GRADE STANDARDS PROPOSED:
Frozen ocean perch fillets (Atlantic) and
Pacific ocean perch fillets voluntary grade
standards were proposed by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. The regulations
are proposed for adoption in accordance with
the authority contained in Title IL of the Ag-
ricultural Marketing Act of August 14, 1946,
as amended. Functions under that Act per-
taining to fish, shellfish, and any products
thereof were transferred to the Department
of the Interior by section 6(a) of the Fish and
Wildlife Act of August 8, 1956.

The proposed standards, if recommended
to the Secretary of the Interior for adoption
and made effective, will be the first issued
by the Department prescribing voluntary grade
standards for frozen ocean perch fillets and
Pacific ocean perch fillets.

December 1960

Prior to the final adoption of the proposed
regulations as published in the October 21,
1960, Federal Register, consideration willbe
given to written comments, suggestions, or
objections relating thereto which are re-
ceived by the Director, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries.

The proposed standards include product
description, grades, recommended weights
and dimensions, factors of quality and grade
(including ascertaining the grade); defini-
tions, lot certification tolerance, and score
sheet.

The frozen ocean perch fillets under the
standards are described as clean, whole,
wholesome fillets cut away from either side
of the Atlantic ocean perch (Sebastes marinus)
or the Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus)
which are packaged and frozen in accordance
with good commercial practice and are main-
tained at temperatures necessary for the pre-
servation of the product.

KOK OK OK OK

NEW ALASKA
REGIONAL DIRECTOR NAMED:

The appointment of Harry L. Rietze as
Regional Director for the Bureau of Commer-
ical Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, in Alaska, was announced October 12,
1960, by Assistant Secretary of the Interior
Ross Leffler. Rietze replaces John T.
Gharrett, who earlier this year was trans-
ferred to Gloucester, Mass., as Regional
Director of the Bureau's North Atlantic Re-
gion. Rietze joined the Bureau in Alaska in
1958. Prior to that time he was employed
with the Oregon State Fish Commission and
was in charge of Columbia River Investiga-
tions. In 1958, Rietze was appointed Assist-
ant Regional Director for the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries' Alaska Region and he
served in that capacity since that time.

re

Sy Ba

Supreme Court

GULF STATES REQUEST
RECONSIDERATION OF DECISION
ON OFFSHORE BOUNDARIES:

The United States Supreme Court on Sep-
tember 26, 1960, was asked to reconsider its
decision limiting the offshore boundaries of
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama to 35
miles from their shores into the Gulf of Mex-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

95

ico, in a brief submitted by the Attorneys
General of 12 states. The brief referred to
the Gourt's May 31, 1960, decision which also
ruled that Texas and Florida were entitled to
submerged lands and resources extending for
103 miles into the Gulf.

The brief said that the Submerged Lands
Act of 1953 which the Court interpreted in its
May 31 decision was not "justified by the his-
tory of the region" or the constitutional his-
tory of the Nation.

The 12 Attorneys General represented
Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, In-
diana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, and
Virginia. The brief was submitted in sup-
port of one filed earlier hy Alabama, Loui-
siana, and Mise tes 1DDy

Eighty -Sixth Congress
(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may di-
rectly or indirectly affect fisheries and allied
industries are reported. In- Pees :
troduction, referral to com- i
mittees, pertinent legisla-
tive actions by the House
and Senate, as well as sig-
nature into law or other fi-
nal disposition are covered.

FISH AND WILDLIFE LEGISLATION (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Con-
servation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries, House of Representatives, Eighty-sixth Con-
gress, Second Session, on H.R. 7386 and S. 2053, bills
to provide for the acceptance by the United States of a
fish hatchery in the State of South Carolina; H.R. 5959,
H.R. 6115, H.R. 6184, H.R. 11298, and S. 1262, bills to
direct the Secretary tary of the Interior to establish a re-
search program in order to determine means of im-
proving the conservation of game fish in dam reser-
voirs; H.R. 8613 and S. 2481, bills to continue the ap-
plication of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, as a-
mended, to certain functions relating to fishing vessels
transferred to the Secretary of the Interior, and for
other purposes; H.R. 2777 and H.R. 3348 to amend the
Fisheries Cooperative Marketing Act; and H.R. 9917
and S. 2867, to give effect to the convention between
the United States of America and Cuba for the conser-
vation of shrimp, signed at Habana, August 15, 1958,
March 22, 23, June 7 and 30, 1960), 120 pp., printed.
Contains ‘text and purpose of each bill mentioned; and
statements, letters, and testimony by various Con-
gressmen; government and industry officials; and fish
canning associations.

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

MERCHANT MARINE LEGISLATION (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee on Merchant Marine of the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of
Representatives, Eighty-sixth Congress, Second Ses-
sion, on S. 2185, a bill to provide appropriate public
recognition of the gallant action of the steamship Mer-
edith Victory in the December 1950 evacuation of
Hungnam, Korea; H.R. 3900, a bill to permit the use
of foreign-built hydrofoil vessels in the coastwise
trade of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; H.R. 9599,
a bill to provide transportation on Canadian vessels
between ports in southeastern Alaska, and between
Hyder, Alaska, and other points in southeastern Alaska,
and between Hyder, Alaska, and other points in the U-
nited States outside Alaska, either directly or via a

Vol. 22, No. 12

foreign port, or for any part of the transportation; H.R.
7102, a bill to amend the Merchant Marine Act, 1936,
for the purpose of providing with respect to the re-
quirements for the operation of subsidy constructed
vessels that certain vessels shall be considered as
operating in foreign trade; H.R. 10470, to authorize
the Maritime Administration to make advances on gov-
ernment-insured ship mortgages; H.R. 11199, to fur-
ther amend the shipping laws to prohibit operation in
the coastwise trade of a rebuilt vessel unless the en-
tire rebuilding is effected within the United States, and
for other purposes, February 3, March 1, June 10, 17,
21, and 22, 1960), 194 pp., printed. Contains text and
purpose of each bill; and statements, letters, and tes-
timony of various Congressmen, government officials,
and union and industry representatives.

wings are 123 feet long, 10 inches
wide, and ginch thick. Each wing
has two rows of holes (finch in
diameter, 4 inches apart). Nylon
and plastic strings with experi-
mentaloysters attached are hung
from theseholes. A hole 1 inch
in diameter is drilled at each end
for the attachment of a mooring
line. Total cost of the raft was
$225.

The raft weighs about 70
pounds and can easily be carried
by two men. It is so designed
that either the topor the bottom
can rest in the water. Annually
the raft is turned over and all
fouling organisms are scraped
off.

The Fiberglas rafthas been
moored in 10 feet of water at
Taylors Pond, South Chatham,
Mass., since August 18, 1958.
During this time it has been sub-

A FIBERGLAS RAFT FOR GROWING OYSTERS OFF THE BOTTOM

During studies on the growth of oysters off the bottom, a Fiberglas
raft was designed and built to support the weight of 25 bushels of market-
able oysters. This raftis a rectangular box with horizontal wings on each
long side. The box is 123feetlong, 16 inches wide, and 8 inches high. The

&

9 er

jected to strong winds and winter icing without any damaging effects to the
structure. To date, use of the craft has proved successfulas a method of
Seca oysters off the bottom. (The Progressive Fish-Culturist, October
1960.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

INDICATORS

CHART ir FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

9 Hgs. 1960

1959
12

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MQS. 1960 - 127.9
O05 1959 - 173.8

12 1959 - 383.3

8 - 1960 - 778.6
8 MiP 1959 - 674.8
12 1959 - 924.6

OCTAN TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 mgs. 1960
oO 1959 e ME 1960 15.5

12 1959 1959 - 16.7
2 1959 - 18.6

CUMULATIVE DATA
10 Mgs. 1960
1959

+ 1960
1959
1959

12

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
U/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH

JAN FEB MAR _APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

97

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

= K LEGEND: OCEAN PERCH
regis Sea ES aa hs (Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA
9 Ms. 1960 - 684.3

9 , 1959 - 84.3
12 1959 - 99.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEG
In Millions of

1/. SHRIMP WHITING
(Gulf States— including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

8 Mgs. 1960 - 119.5
8 4 1959 - 107
12 1959 - 193.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OST NOV DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- .

POFEES In Thousands of Tons

MENH/ADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)

<A
JAN FEB MAR*‘APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
In Thousands of

PILCHARD
(California)
CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,

AUG . -OCT . - 21.8
1959/60 SEASON,

AUG. -OCT . - 20.6
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 35.0

a1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC, JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

December 1960 , COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U.S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SFPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS! MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2!

5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
“I/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS!

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
S/OHIO, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

99

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS ay AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGs2!

Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

10 « 1960 - 143.6
TO 5 1959 - 138.1
12 1959 - 163.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960 - 74.0
10 | 1959 - 77.0
1959 - 92.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE BOSTON

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

10 MgS. 1960 - 86.2
10 , 1959 - 93.6
12 1959 - 106.7

LEGEND:

1960
1959

FISH OIL
In Millions of Gallons)

CUMULATIVE DAT CUMULATIVE DATA

housa
CUMULATIVE DATA
9 « 1960 - 216.4 9 - 1960 - 21,
9 * 1959 - 231.6 9 en 1959 - joy
12 1959 - 262.2 12 1959 - 24,9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN FEB MAR. APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND: 2/
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL ~ - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA
10 mg: 1960 - 713.7

lol 1959 401.4
12 1959 - 586.8

g JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT_NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

10 mgs. 1960 - 20.0 1960 SEASON,
10 1959 - 2.2 TOTAL - 2,549.5
12." 1959 - 4.3 1959 SEASON,

TOTAL - 1,778.3

0 soy or
JAN _FEB_MAR_APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.
SARDINES + drawn 32 oz.

a 5 oz.

#4 tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... # 1 oval 15

SALMON...... 1-lb. tall 16

ANCHOVEES... 8

v JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING.

LEGEND:
SARDINES - CALIFORNIA ssseneeee 1960/61 SHRIMP - GULF STATES

—-_ 1959/60)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON,

AUG. -OCT . - 502.6 AUG. -OCT . - 294.3
1959/60 SEASON, 1959/60 SEASON,

AUG. -OCT. - 443.9 AUG.-OCT. - 214.1
1959/60 SEASON, 1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL 754.6 TOTAL - 812.5

aa eee

ra ft) =
rsUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

101

102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS !MPORTS

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS /

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A
DIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM-
PARABLE WITH 1958.

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER
esh d n

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 -« 1960 - 44.0
9 MP 1959 - 40.8
12 1959 - 68.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA 2

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 - 1960
8 ae 1959
12 1959

CUMULATIVE DATA

BA 9 mgs. 1960 - 178
9 1 1

959
12 1959 - 235.9

S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oil)

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MgS. 1960 - 20,9
9 = 1959
12 1959 -

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 Ngs. 1960 - 45.9
9 oy 1959 - 47.7
12 1959 - 69.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP7 OCT NOV DEC

December 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

A,
==

ee

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES oF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS
OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS-FISHERIES (LIMITED
DISTRIBUTION).

SEP.- SEPARATES(REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

SSR.-

Number Title

CFS-2388 - Fish Meal and Oil, July 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2388 (Supplement) - U. S. Fish Meal and Scrap
Production, 1929-1959 (HS No. 2), 4 pp.

CFS-2390 - Frozen Fish Report, August 1960, 8 pp.

CFS-2393 - New York Landings, July 1960, 4 pp.

CFS-2394 - Alabama Landings, May 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2395 - Alabama Landings, June 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2396 - Ohio Landings, July 1960, 2 pp.

CFS-2397 - Louisiana Landings, February and March
1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2399 - Shrimp Landings, July 1960, 6 pp.

CFS-2400 - North Carolina Landings, August 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2401 - Texas Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2402 - Maine Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2403 - Maryland Landings, August 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2404 - New Jersey Landings, July 1960, 3 pp.

CFS-2405 - Florida Landings, August 1960, 7 pp.
CFS-2407 - Georgia Landings, August 1960, 2 pp. _
CFS-2408 - South Carolina Landings, Bugust 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2409 - Mississippi Landings, June 1960, 2 pp.
CFS-2410 - Texas Landings August 1960, 3 pp.

~ FL-432 (Revised) - Fishery Statistical Publications of
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, by E. A. Power
and Francis Riley, 31 pp., illus., processed. Con-
tains a descriptive listing of all current fishery
statistical publications released by the U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. Also contains listings of fish-
ery statistical reports released by other Federal
agencies, International Commissions, Interstate
Compact Commissions, and non-Government fishery
agencies. The leaflet catalogs in detail publications
in the Current Fishery Statistical series; daily,
monthly, and annual Fishery Market News Service
reports; Commercial Fisheries Review; and statis-
tical digests. These contain data relating to the
volume and value of the catch by area and species;
the volume and value of processed products; freez-
ings and cold-storage holdings; foreign-trade data;
compilations of landings and distribution and market-
ing conditions; prices; current data on foreign fish-
eries; and other pertinent data.

Z FISHERY PUBLICATIONS =

ie et Chae BOS 8 APs 2? = 0-0 p commer = Sat seas st DEA.

FL-449 (Revised) - Organizations and Officials Con-
cerned with the Commercial Fisheries, 1960, 17 pp.,
April 1960. Lists officials and organizations con-
cerned with the commercial fisheries in the United
States Government, interstate compact commissions,
international and related commissions, foreign
embassies and consulates with fisheries represen-
tation, and industry and related organizations in-
terested in the fisheries. Also lists selected in-
stitutions offering courses in fisheries and related
sciences, and congressional committees.

FL-492 - Sea Turtles of the United ee by David K.~
Caldwell, 20 pp., illus., March 1

FL-496 - The True Pikes, by John Van Oosten, 9 pp.,
illus., April 1960.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1959 (Revised):
SL- 8 - Pennsylvania.

SL-25 - Wisconsin (Great Lakes Area).

SL-34 - Wisconsin (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SSR-Fish. No. 322 - Temperatures of Lake Michigan,
1930-32, by John Van Oosten, 36 pp., illus., March
1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 330 - A Photoelectric Current Meter, by
H. C. Boyar and F. E. Schueler, 9 pp., illus., March
1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 334 - Limnological Survey of Eastern
and Central Lake Erie, 1928-1929, 202 pp., illus.,
June 1960.

SSR-Fish. No. 345 - Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Observations in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
Scot Expedition, April-June 1958, by Robert W.
Holmes and Maurice Blackburn, 109 pp., 1960.

Sep. No. 602 - A Review of the Atlantic Coast Whiting
Fishery.

Sep. No. 603 - Rapid Objective Freshness Test for Blue-
Crab Meat and Observations on Spoilage Character-
istics.

Sep. No. 604 - Equipment Note No. 5 - Sink Gill-Net
Fishing in New England.

Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol.
54, 1952 and 1954, Bulletins 75 to 88, 7 pp., printed.
Title page, table of contents, and index to be used for
binding a set of bulletins issued during 1953 and 1954.

Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol.
56, 1954-56, Bulletins 90 to 106, 7 pp., printed.

104

Title page, table of contents, and index to be used for
binding a set of bulletins issued during 1954-56.

Fish and the Fishing Industry, by Andrew W. Anderson,
18 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Agricultural
Year Book, 1960, pp. 353-370.) This article dis-
cusses the chemical and nutritional attributes of fish
and shellfish; adoption of standards and voluntary
inspection by the fishing industry; statistical data
available; Market News Service publications; mar-
ket development and technological services of the
Bureau; species of fish and shellfish available on
the market; and an economic analysis of problems
of the fishing industry. It also covers the Fish and
Wildlife Act of 1956 and the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act;
biological research work of the Bureau; work of the
Division of Resource Management; and exploratory
fishing investigations.

Who Buys Canned Tuna, and Why? Circular 88, 66 pp.,
illus., June 1960.

Who Buys Canned Salmon, and Why? Circular 89,52

pp., illus., June 1960.

Who Buys Canned Sardines, and Why? Circular 90, 73
pp., illus., June 1960. This and the other tworeports
describe the results of surveys of the motivational fac-
tors whichinfluence the buying habits of household
consumers of canned tuna, canned salmon, and canned
sardines. The prime objective of the studies is toaid
the domestic canned fish industries to expand markets
for their products. Results and findings of the
studies are especially directed toward the improve-
ment of promotional and merchandising techniques.
However, they have also a direct bearing on other
important aspects of canned fish marketing such as
the adaptation of the product to meet specific cqn-
sumer preferences.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL-33 - Marine Habitat Improvement in Japan.
MNL-34 - Greek Fisheries, 1959.

MNL-35 - Reduction Plants in Newfoundland.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED,

Alaska Fur Seal Investigations, Pribilof Islands, Alaska
(Report of Field Activities, June-September 1959),
by Carl E. Abegglen, Alton Y. Roppel, and Ford
Wilke, 139 pp., illus., processed, limited distribu-
tion. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Marine Mammal Research,
Seattle, Wash.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, May

1960, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lombard St., Baltimore 2,
Md.) Receipts at Baltimore by species and by states
and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish; total receipts by species and comparisons
with previous years; and wholesale prices on the
Baltimore market; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part Il - Fishing Information, August and Septem-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

ber 1960, 13 and 7 pp., respectively, illus. (U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Lab-
oratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San
Diego 6, Calif.) Topographic chart; sea-surface
temperature charts, Eastern Pacific Ocean; and
other pertinent data; for the months indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, September 1960, 15 pp. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565
W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at
Chicago by species and by states and provinces for
fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and whole-
sale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products;
for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, September 1960, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and pro-
duction for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads,
Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City;
and the North Carolina aréas of Atlantic, Beaufort,
and Morehead City; together with cumulative and
comparative data; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, August
1960, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston
10, Mass.) Reviews the prinicpal New England
fishery ports, and presents food fish landings by
ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-
vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fish-
ery products in New England warehouses; fishery
landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa-
chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prev-
incetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and
Rockland), Rhode ‘Island (Point Judith), and Con-
necticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices
to primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and
New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for
fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through
the New England Fish Exchange; for the month in-
dicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
5 18 and

Summary for August 1960; September 196
19 pp., respectively. (Market News Service, 155

John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries
and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale
Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New York
City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products,
and marketing trends; for the months indicated.

Pelagic Fur Seal Investigations, California, Oregon, and
Washington, 1959, by Karl Niggol, Clifford H. Fiscus,
Jr., and Ford Wilke, 100 pp., illus., processed,
limited distribution. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Marine
Mammal Research, Seattle, Wash.)

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and
Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas
and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, September 1960.
10 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) In-
cludes landings and local receipts, with ex-vessel
and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported
by Seattle and Astoria (Ore.) wholesale dealers;
receipts and vessel prices of troll salmon; also

December 1960

Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Washington
shrimp landings; for the month indicated.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUREAU OF COMMER-
CIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

“== On the Difference of the Stomach Contents of Tuna and

"Black Marlin in the South Equatorial Pacific Ocean,
by Sigeyuki Koga, 11 pp., processed. (Translated
from Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki

University, no. 7, 1958, pp. 31-40.)

s=-On the Stomach Contents of Tuna in the West Indian

~ Ocean, by Sigeyuki Koga, 11 pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries,
Nagasaki University, no. 6, 1958, pp. 85-92.)

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,

Soviet Russian Discontent and the Japanese Fishery
Today, by Yoshinosuke Yamazaki, 1 p., processed.
(Translated from Suisan Keizai Shimbun, no 2419,

March 19, 1959.)

Third Japan-Soviet Fishery Conference - Protect the
Salmon Resources from Predation - The Catch
Phrase of the Japanese Representatives, 16 pp., pro-
cessed, March 1959. (Translated from The Fishing

Industry Weekly, no. 232, January 15, 1959.)

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, TECHNOLOGICAL LABO-
RATORY, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON,

Carbonyl Compounds in Fish as Related to Deteriora-
tion. I--Detection of Volatile Carbonyl Compounds
Formed in Fish Flesh, by F. Ota, 9 pp., illus., pro-
cessed. (Translated from Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 5, 1958,
pp. 334-337.

Lipids of the Muscle of Tuna, THUNNUS ORIENTALL.
I--Acetone-Soluble Lipids of the Ordinary Muscle;
TI--Acetone-Soluble Lipids of the Dark-Colored
Muscle, by Hisanao Igarashi, 8 pp., processed.
(Translated from Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 22, no. 12, 1957, pp.
787-794.)

Z2oMIDENCTM ai)enl he bya ae

Japanese Summer Fishery for Albacore (GERMO AL-
ALUNGA), by Wilvan G. Van Campen, Research Re-
port 52, 31 pp., illus., printed, 1960, 15 cents. The
important albacore fishery carried on by a fleet of
Japanese live-bait tuna boats in the spring andearly
summer in the northwestern Pacific is described.
An account is given of the historical background of
the fishery, and the magnitude of its production is
compared with other Japanese albacore fisheries
and with the United States west coast tuna fishery.
The seasonal trends in landings, geographical dis-
tribution of bases and fishing grounds, and the mar-
keting and utilization of the catch are discussed.
The fishery is shown to be the largest in the world
for this species, although a recent outgrowth of, and
still subsidiary to, the Japanese skipjack fishery,
and to be largely dependent on foreign markets for
its support.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

"A Portable Conductivity Meter for Use with Electro-
fishing Gear,"' by Richard B. Thompson and Richard
H. Van Haagen, article, Progressive Fish-Culturist,
vol. 22, April 1960, p. 63, processed, single copy
25 cents.

Relation Between Fish Condition and Population Size in
the Sardine (SARDINOPS CAERULEA), by John S. __
MacGregor, Fishery Bulletin 166 (from Fishery
Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service vol. 60),
pp. 215-230, illus., printed, 20 cents, 1959.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE Fld AND WILD-
LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORG="I| ZATION
ISSUING THEM.

AGAR AGAR:

"Studies on the Chemical Constitution of Agar-Agar.
XXI--Re-Investigation o° Methylated Agarose of
Gelidium amansii," by Choji Araki and Susumu Hi-
rase, article, Bulletio o: the Chemical Society of
Japan, vol. 33, March 1960, pp..291-295, printed.
Chemical Society of Japan, No.5, 1-Chome, Suruga-
dai Kanda Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ALGAE:

"New Delhi Symposium on Algae," by G. E. Fogg, ar-
ticle, Nature, vol. 185, March 19, 1960, pp. 820-821,
printed. Nature, MacMillan & Co., Ltd., St. Martin's
St., London WC 2, England.

ANTIBIOTICS:

"The Application of Chlortetracycline in Extending
the Storage Life of Chilled Fish Fillets," by F. Ba-
bin and T. Sakharova, article, Kholodil'naia Tekh-
nika, no. 4, 1960, pp. 35-37, illus., printed in Rus-
sian with short summary in English. Kholodil'naia
Tekhnika, c/o Four Continent Book Corp., 822 Broad-
way, New York 3, N. Y.

"Effectiveness of Tetracycline Treatment on Quality
Improvement of Processed Foods. I1--Quality Im-
provement and Chlortetracycline Residue of Salt
Salmon Due to CTC-Treatment," by Tetuo Tomiy-
ama and Yasuo Yone, article, Bulletin of the Japan-
ese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, no. 1,
1959, pp. 67-71, illus., printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Penetration of Tetracycline Antibiotics into Tuna,
Sole, and Rockfish Flesh and Their Stability during
Steaming and Retorting,"' by Peter A. Lerke and
Lionel Farber, article, Food Technology, vol. 14,
May 1960, pp. 217-221, printed. Food Technology,
The Garrard Press, 510 No. Hickory St., Champaign,
fl.

AUSTRALIA:
Third Annual Report on the Operation of the Fishing

Industry Act 1956 During the Year Ended 30th June
1959, 5 pp., processed. Department of Primary

106

Industry, Canberra, Australia. This report outlines
the operations of the Fisheries Development Trust
Account, established for the purpose of financing ac-
tivities designed to foster the development of the
Australian fishing industry, for the year ended June
30, 1959. It discusses the shrimp trawling survey;
exploratory trawling in the Great Australian Bight;
and investigations of the barracuda and spiny lobster
industries.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"The Amino Acid Composition of Some Fish Collagens:
The Relation Between Composition and Structure,"
by Karl A. Piez and Jerome Gross article, Journal
of Biological Chemistry, no. 235, April 1960, pp. 995-
998, printed. The American Society of Biological
Chemists, Inc., Mt. Royal and Guilford Aves., Balti-
more, Md.

"Determination of Actomyosin in Fish Muscles," by L. I.
Pershina, article, Izvestia Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zave-
denii, Pishchevaya Tekhnologiya, no. 5, 1958, pp. 157-
161, printed in Russian. Izdanie Krashodarskogo Insti-
tuta Pishchevoi Promyshlennosti, ul. Krasnaya, 135,

a Krasnodar, U.S. S. R.
“BIOLOGY:

=

The Biology of Marine Animals, by J. A. Colin Nicol,
718 pp., printed, 95s. (about US$13.30). Sir Isaac
Pitman and Sons, Ltd., London, England, 1960.

BRAZIL:
Lista dos SCIAENIDAE Marinhos Brasileiros, Con-

tendo Chave de Identificacao e Proposta de ''Nomes

Vulgares Oficiais, (List of the Brazillian Marine
Sciaenidae, Containing a Key for Identification and
a List of Proposed "Official Common Names"), by
Haroldo Travassos and Melquiades Pinto Paiva, 31

pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. (Reprinted from
Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, vol. 8,nos. land
2, 1957, pp. 139-165.) Boletim do Instituto Oceano-

grafico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

CALIFORNIA:

California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investiga-
tions Reports (January 1, 1958, to June 30, 1959}
vol. 7, 217 pp., illus., printed. California Dept. of

Fish and Game, Marine Research Committee, Sac-
ramento, Calif., January 1960. This report consists
of two sections. The first section contains a review
of the present operational organization of the inves-
tigations, a brief review of the research under way
during the period reported on, a description of the
partial resurgence of the sardine fishery during the
1958/59 season, and a list of publications arising
from the program. The second section is a report
on a symposium held in June 1958 to review the
unusual changes in the ocean circulation off Cali-
fornia during 1957 and 1958. The cooperating agen-
cies are: .California Academy of Sciences; Califor-
nia Department of Fish and Game; Stanford Univer-
sity, Hopkins Marine Station; U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries; University of California, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (Ontario, Prairie
Provinces, and Northwest Territories), 67 Pp., print-
ed in French and English, C$1. Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, September
1960. Contains tables giving the value of the princi-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

pal species of inland fish landed, 1951-58; quantity
and value of landings by species and fisheries dis-
tricts, 1957-58; capital equipment used in the pri-
mary fisheries operations; and the number of per-
sons engaged in the fisheries. This information

is presented separately for the provinces of Ontario,
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest
Territories.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (Prince Edward
Island), 20 pp., printed, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Can-
ada, September 1960. Contains tables showing the
quantity and value of fishery products landed in
Prince Edward Island, 1939-1958, by species; quan-
tity and value by species and fisheries districts;
quantity and value of manufactured fishery products
by species, 1957-1958; capital equipment in the
primary fisheries operations; and the number of
fishermen engaged in the primary fisheries opera-
tions.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (Quebec), 61 pp.,
illus., printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Can-
ada, September 1960. Consists of statistical tables
giving the quantity and value of the principal species
of fish and shellfish landed in'Quebec in 1939-58;
quantity and value of landings by species and fish-
eries districts, 1957-58; capital equipment employ-
ed in the primary operations by fisheries districts,
1957-58; and number of persons engaged in primary
operations by fisheries districts, 1957-58.

vol. 17, no. 4, July 1960, 149 pp., illus., printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada. Contains, among others these articles:
"The Effect of Impoundment on the Population and
Movement of Atlantic Salmon in Ellerslie Brook,
Prince Edward Island," by J. W. Saunders; Assess-
ment of the Progressive Spoilage of Ice-Stored
Shrimp," by J. R. Iyengar and others; "Facilities
for Anadromous Fish Passage, Passamaquoddy
Project," by M. C. Bell and C. H. Clay; "Possible
Effects of Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Structures
on the Canadian Lobster Industry," by D. G. Wilder;
and "The Role of Electrical Conductivity of Water
in Shocking Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus)," by
R. W. McCauley.

Report of the Royal Commission on Price Spreads of
Food Products, vol. III, 570 pp., illus., processed,
C$2. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada, March 1960. Consists of research
documents, statistical data, and extended studies of
the marketing of particular commodities, including
fishery products. The sectiononfisheries prices
includes an introduction to studies of fisheries com-
modities, and information on canned sockeye salmon;
Pacific halibut; lobsters; cod and haddock fillets; and
whitefish fillets and dressed whitefish. Contains a num-
ber of statistical tables showing the Fisheries Prices
Support Board operations, 1948/49 to 1957/58; British
Columbia canned salmon pack by species and by years,
1949 to 1958; freight rates on canned fish and boxed fish
from British Columbia to eastern Canadian destinations;
landings of Pacific halibut, 1949-58; annual Canadian
landings and landed values of lobsters, by Provinces,
1949 to 1958; and other pertinent data.

December 1960 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

CARIBBEAN COMMISSION:

Report of the Third Caribbean Fisheries Seminar (St.
Maarten, Netherland Antilles, July 3-9, 1959), 45
pp., processed. Central Secretariat, Caribbean
Commission, Kent House, Trinidad, W. I., 1959.
Covers the agenda and reports presented at the Third
Caribbean Fisheries Seminar attended by delegates
and observers from Governments in the Caribbean
area. Specific problems related to the fishery in-
dustry included fisheries statistics, marketing and
economics of the fishery industry, fishing boat de-
Sign including engine selection, improvement of
fishing gear, fish farming, and regional training.

The Seminar considered a proposal for the setting up
of some regional association of fisheries officers
for the Caribbean.

COD:

"Animal Physiology Water Content of Cod (Gadus cal-
larias L.) Muscle," by R. M. Love, article, Nature,
vol. 185, March 5, 1960, p. 692, printed. Nature, Mac
Millan & Co., Ltd., St. Martin's St., London WC 2,
England.

"Free and Combined Amino Acids in the Flesh and
Liver of Baltic Cod," by Teofil Dabrowski and Zenon
Ganowiak, article, Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu
Higieny, vol. 9, 1958, pp. 549-556, printed in Polish
with English summary. Panstwowy Zaklad Wydaw-
nictw Lekarskich, ul. Chocimska, 22, Warsaw, Poland

"The Identity of the Larval Nematodes Found in the
Body Muscles of the Cod (Gadus callarias L.)," by
J. N. R. Grainger, article, Parasitology, vol. 49,
May 1959, pp. 121-131, printed. Parasitology, Cam-
bridge University Press, 32 E. 37th St., New York
22, N. Y.

COMMISSIONS:

cific Marine Fisheries Commission, 741 State Office
Bidg., 1400 S. W. Fifth Ave., Portland 1, Oreg. Re-
ports briefly the specific activities of the Pacific
Marine Fisheries Commission during 1959 and pre-
sents a review of long-term developments in the
fields of research, regulation, and coordination. Rec-
ommends the admission to membership on the Com-
mission of the States of Alaska and Hawaii and any
other state having streams tributary to waters drain-
ing into the Pacific Ocean. Presents sections on
commercial and sport salmon fisheries, the otter-
trawl fishery, the Pacific Coast crab industry, and
the shrimp and albacore fisheries.

CORAL REEFS:

"Our First Underseas Park," by Gilbert L. Voss, ar-
ticle, National Parks Magazine, vol. 34, no. 157,
October 1960, pp. 12-14, illus., printed. National
Parks Association, 1300 New Hampshire Ave., NW.,
Washington 6, D. C. The Key Largo Coral Reef
Preserve, laying entirely under water,was estab-
lished by presidential proclamation on March 15, 1960.
This preservation, about 75 square miles in area,
is situated south of Miami and east of the northern
Florida Keys. It encompasses both lagoon and bar-
rier reefs and contains two lighthouses. The reefs
give shelter to scores of species of fish, including
sponges, turtles, grouper, snapper, spiny lobster,
and conch. The idea of establishing the park origi-

nated with conservationists interested in preserva -
tion of the area from commercial and other depre-
dations, and was realized with the aid of the State
of Florida and the U. S. Department of the Interior.

CUBA:
Ictiologia Cubana (Cuban Ichthyology), by Don Felipe

Poey y Aloy, vol. 1, 373 pp., illus., printed in Span-
ish. Ministerio de Educacion, Republica de Cuba,
Havana, Cuba, 1955.

EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET:
"Common Market Speeds Ahead,'

' article, Foreign
Commerce Weekly, vol. 64, no. 11, September 12,

1960, pp. 5-6, printed, single copy 15 cents. Bureau
of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D. C. (Available from the Su-
perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Print-
ing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:
"Completely Free Trade for Members EFTA's Goal

by 1970," article, Foreign Commerce Weekly, vol.
64, no. 11,September 12, 1960, pp. 9, 24, printed,
single copy 15 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. (G5
(Available from the Superintendent of Documents,

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25,

D. C.)

FAROES ISLANDS:
Development of the Faroese Fishing Fleet, Faroes in

Figures no. 11, September 1960, 6 pp., printed.
Faroes in Figures, Faero Amts Sparekasse, Co-
penhagen, Denmark. Summarizes the renewal and
enlargement of the Faroese fishing fleet to date and
the purchase and intended purchase of new vessels.
Discusses Government and private financing for the
building of new vessels and the rebuilding of old
ones and the present composition of the fleet. In-
cludes several statistical tables showing types of
vessels utilized, operation of the Faroese Fishing
Vessel Mortgage Finance Corporation, and pro-
duction and export of salted fish and dried cod.

FISH CULTURE:
Fish Culture, for Fun, for Profit, by Wayne Seaman
and Gene Cook, Mducational Pamphlet No. 6, 16 pp.,

illus., printed. Education Division, Colorado Game
and Fish Department, 1530 Sherman St., Denver 1,
Colo., revised April 1960. A handbook for those in-
terested in fish culture for sport, food, or economic
gain in the Rocky Mountain area. Discusses the
basic requirements for fish culture--proper water
supplies and suitable construction; trout culture;
and warm water fish--water and food, pond and fish,
and pond management. A list of reference books on
fish culture is included.

pp., processed. GFCM Secretariat, Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
Italy, June 1960. Part I, which contains a brief sum-
mary of the various methods of treating the bottoms
of fish ponds and their effects on productivity, dis-
cusses the treatment of the ground at the bottom of

108

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

the ponds, with or without crop growing. The author
states that "the drying out of the bottom of fish ponds
is indispensable in order to obtain high fish produc-

tion.'' Part II gives an account of fish-pond cultural

practices and piscicultural research in certain Euro-
pean countries.

FISH FLOUR:

"Biological Quality of Dilis Fish Flour Used asSource
of Protein for Growing Rats," by Angelina Alcaraz-
Bayan and Ruth M. Leverton, article, Philippine Jour-
nal of Science, no. 86, 1957, pp. 259-271, printed.
Institute of Science, Manila, Philippines.

FISH MEAL:

"Acceptability of Fish Meal to Young Turkey Poults,"
by B. A. Krautman and C. D. Caskey, article, Feed-
stuffs, vol. 32, March 26, 1960, pp. 74-75, printed.
Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 118 So. 6th St.,
Minneapolis 2, Minn.

"Quality of Protein in Different Kinds of Fish Powder
(Meal),"" by A. Vinokurova, article, Sbornik Studii
Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Rabot Moskova Sel'skokhoz.

printed in Russian.
Moskova Sek'skokhoz. Akademii im. Timiryazeva,
Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

"Relation of Residual Oil and Menhaden Fish Meal
Quality,"' by Thomas L. Meade and Russell T. Mc-
bean Fisheries Institute, vol. 10, 1958, pp. 86-91,
printed. The Marine Laboratory, University of
Maimi, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

plus postage, or subscription per volume of 12 parts
L9 (US$27) post free. Fisheries Biology Branch,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome, Italy, 1960. (Available from Sub-
scription Dept., Taylor & Francis, Ltd., Red Lion
Court, Fleet St., London EC4, England.) Lists doc-
uments (including films and filmstrips) referring to
studies of living aquatic resources and their envi-
ronments, or to methods of research applicable in
that field. References on fishing craft, gear and
methods, and on primary fishery industries gener-
ally are included where their contents seem relevant
to appraisal and use of resources. In addition, refer-
ences to fisheries legislation concerning secondary
and tertiary, as well as primary fishery industries,
and relating to economic and technological as well’
as biological fields, are included.

Different Countries, FAO Fisheries Papers No. 15,
14 pp., processed, limited distribution. Fisheries
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy, August 1959. The text of a paper pre-
sented at the United Nations Conference on the Law
of the Sea, held in Geneva, Switzerland, from Feb-
ruary to April 1958. The most general statistical
indicator of the importance of sea fisheries in the
economy of a country is the proportion of the nation-
al income derived from them. This report includes
statistical tables showing the product of the sea fish-
eries as percentage of aggregate domestic product
and other indicators of the economic importance of
the sea fisheries in selected countries; indicators

of the economic importance of the sea fisheries in

different countries; and disposition of the catch by
countries, 1955.

FISH OIL:

"Preparation of a Coating Material by Chlorination of
FishOil. V--Aeration Velocity of Chlorine," by Kos-
aku Suzuki, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 25, July 1959, pp. 218-221,
illus., printed in Japanese with Englishabstract. Ja-
panese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Uni-
versity of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo,
Japan.

FLORIDA:

Ichthyological Surveys of the Lower St. Lucie and Indian
Rivers, Florida East Coast, by Victor G. Springer, 19
pp., processed. Florida State Board of Conservation,
W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla., June 23, 1960.

Mediterranean Brackish Water Lagoons and Their
Exploitation, by Ruggero de Angelis, GFCM Studies
and Reviews No. 12, 66 pp., illus., processed. Gen-
eral Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean Sec-
retariat, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Rome, Italy, August 1960. This is
the third and final study in a series on brackish-
water fisheries. In the first section of this study,
the author discusses the principles of exploitation:
history and operation of the ''valli,"' a barricade for
trapping lagoonward migrating pelagic fish; charac-
teristics of the lagoons; and gear used in landing
the fish found in lagoons. In the second section, he
covers the Mediterranean lagoons. Physical charac-
teristics of the various lakes and lagoons are dis-
cussed together with the gear used and species of
fish found in each locality.

processed. Florida State Board of Conservation,

W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla., June 1960.
Presents a summary of Florida's commercial land-
ings of marine products for 1959. The fisheries for
shrimp, mullet, Spanish mackerel, menhaden, and
other species are covered. For the second consecu-
tive year, data for individual fishing trips were col-
lected from a sample of fish dealers. Includes a
number of statistical tables giving data on landings
and value of catches by species and by counties dur-
ing 1959.

Anthony Scott, FAO Fisheries Papers No. 16,12 pp.,
processed, limited distribution. Fisheries Division,
Food and Agriculutre Organization of the United Na-
tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy,
March 1960. The text of a paper presented at the
Expert Meeting on Fishery Statistics in the North
Atlantic Area, held in Edinburgh, Scotland, in Sep-
tember 1959. Discusses the need for measuring

the costs of fishing, examples of cost statistics,
relation between output and cost, the use of cost and
value estimates, and fishing in relation to connected
industries.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fish-
eries, vol.3, Parts 1 and 2, 192 pp. and 120 pp., re-
spectively, printed, each part 17s. 6d. (US$2.60),

ce ml Ta ct a ek a et ee li eae Ll TELE NE SLO ALIEN DAL AEDS

December 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION J[SSU[NG THEM.

agement of Philippine Fisheries,'"' by Bayani Ong-
changco, 13 pp., processed. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, March 1952.

, Doc. No. 16--''The Statistical Work
of the International Council for the Exploration of the
Sea in Retrospect,'' by Nils Rosen, 6 pp., April 1952.

, Doc. No. 23--"The Collection of Pe-
lagic Fish Statistics,’ by B. B. Parrish, 4 pp., May
1952.

, Doc. No. 29--"Swedish Fisheries
Statistics - Existing Organization and Planned Im-
provements,'' by Otto Zetterberg, 5 pp., July 1952.

Some Economic Aspects of Fish Pond Operations, b
Wylie D. Goodsell, FAO Fisheries Papers No. 14, z
49 pp., processed, limited distribution. Fisheries
Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,
Italy, February 1959. A brief report of a tour of in-
land fisheries in ten important European, Mid-East-
ern and Far-Eastern countries. The object of the
tour was to study the economic aspects of fish-pond
culture, especially the practices and methods of
production, financing, and distribution, and their
bearing on costs of operation and income of owners.
The tour was connected with anda part of the Third
International Inland Fisheries Training Centre held
at Bogor, Indonesia, from October 31 to December
10, 1955. The report is divided into sections on
pond culture and on general observations on the pond
fisheries in the countries visited.

TILAPIA MOSSAMBICA (Peters), Preliminary Find-
ings in Netherlands New Guinea, by G. A. Reeskamp
Jr., IPFC Occasional Paper 60/1, 3 pp., processed.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Far East,
Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.

The Use of Fishery Statistics by Government and Busi-
ness in North America, by John B. Rutherford, FAO
Fisheries Papers No. 18, 14 pp., processed, limited
distribution. Fisheries Division, Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle
Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, July 1960. The
text of a paper presented at the Expert Meeting on
Fishery Statistics in the North Atlantic Area, which
was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, in September 1959.
Discusses the position of business and role of govern-
ments; classification of uses of fishery statistics;
the "action," "immediate," or "short-term" use in
marketing by both business and government, in cur-
rent fisheries. management, and in current economic:
indicators; and the "planning," "research," or ''long-
term" use in research by business, in biological and
economic research by governments and universities,
in analyzing and describing industry structure, in
general economic investigations, and by governments
and international fisheries management.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under
the Expanded Technical Assistance Program for de-
veloping the fisheries of many countries. These re-

ports have not been published on a sales basis, but
have been processed only for limited distribution
to governments, libraries,‘and universities. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Report to the Government of:

Chile on Increasing Fish Consumption, by John Frid-
thjof, FAO Report No. 271, April 1954.

Ceylon on the Mechanization of Fishing Operations,
by Alan Glanville, FAO Report No. 284, July 1954.

Liberia on the Handling, Processing, and Marketing
of Fish, by Jan van Pel, FAO Report No. 286, July

1954.

Italy as the Administering Authority for the Trust
Territory of Somalia on the Exploratory Fishery
Survey in Somalia, 1952/53, by H. W. Ogilvie, A.
Fraser-Brunner, and D. L. Byrd, FAO Report No.
288, August 1954.

FRANCE:

"Ila Peche et le Marche des Crustaces au Cours des
Cinq Dernieres Annees'"' (The Fishery and the Mar-
ket for Crustaceans during the Last Five Years),
by L. Plouas, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 398
no. 989, August 1960, pp. 453-457, printed in French.
La Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann,
Paris, France.

"Le Rapport sur la Production du Comite Central
des Peches Maritimes--La Production Francaise
en 1959: 476,000 Tonnes pour Plus de 62: Milliards
d'Anciens Francs" (The Production Report by the
‘Central Committee on Maritime Fisheries--French
Production in 1959: 476,000 Metric Tons Valued at
more than 62 Billion Old Francs), article, La Peche
Maritime, vol. 39, no. 989, August 1960, pp. 463-
469, printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190,
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

FREEZER TRAWLERS:

"Recent Developments in Propulsion Machinery and
Freezing Equipment for Deep-Sea Trawlers," by
G. C. Eddie, article, Shipbuilder and Marine Engine
Builder, May 1958, pp. 3-8, printed. Shipbuilder
and Marine Engine Builder, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
London, England.

FREEZERS:

"Mew Vertical-Plate Freezer Steps Up Performance,"
by Arthur V. Gemmill, article, Food Engineering,
vol. 32, April 1960, pp. 66-68, printed. Food Engineer -
ing, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd
St., New York 36, N. Y.

FRENCH ANTILLES:

"La Peche aux Antilles et en Guyane Francaise" (The
Fishery in the Antilles and French Guiana), by Jean
Morice, article, pour 1'Expansion Economique des"
Departements d'Outre-Mer, no. 1, July 1960, pp.
19-22, illus., printed in French. Societe d'Assist-
ance Technique et de Credit Social d'Outre-Mer,
235, Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris (VII®),- France.

110

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

FRENCH POLYNESIA:

"The Utilization of Marine Resources in French Poly-
nesia,'' by Michel Angot, article, South Pacific Bul-
letin, vol. 10, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 46-50, illus.,
printed. South Pacific Commission, Box5254,G. P.O.,
Sydney, Australia. Reviews fishery and other marine
resources of the Windward Islands, Leeward Islands,

the Tuamoto Group, and the Marquesas, and discusses

methods and problems of exploiting them. Covers
the type of vessel used, method of fishing, and species
landed in the lagoons, on reefs, outside the reefs but
within sight of land, and in the deep-sea fisheries.
Describes the marketing systems within and outside
the Society Islands and mother-of-pearl shell--the
one marine export product.

FROZEN STORAGE:

"Odor Transference from Fish to Butter and Fried
Chicken During Frozen Storage," by Ernest A. Fieger
and Arthur F. Novak, article, Quick Frozen Foods,
vol. 23, no. 1, August 1960, pp. 94-96, printed. Quick
Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publishing, Inc., 82
Wall St., New York 5, N. Y. A study was conducted
over a three-year period to determine if odors from
fish would be transferred to fried chicken and butter
during frozen storage. Results showed that proper
packaging can prevent transfer of odors from one
food to another.

GREAT LAKES:

"Canada's Great Lakes Research Program," by D. V.
Anderson, article, The Conservationist, August-Sep-
tember 1960, pp. 2-5, 34, illus., printed. The Con-
servationist, Rm. 335, State Campus, Albany, N. Y.
The author reports on a long-range, comprehensive
study of Canada's Great Lakes. The program re-
ceived a great boost in 1958 with the loan from the
Royal Canadian Navy of the Porte Dauphine, a 125-
foot, 400-ton vessel, easily adapted to research work.
From April 1959 to March 1960, this vessel covered
17,000 miles, concentrating on Lake Ontario but
cruising in the other lakes as well. Valuable hydru-
graphic, biological, and meteorological data were
collected. The vessel was sponsored by the Univer-
sity of Toronto and cooperatively supported by Fed-
eral and provincial agencies.

HALIBUT:

"Variations in Chemical Composition of Different
Parts of Halibut Flesh," by Claude E. Thurston and
Patricia P. MacMaster, article, Food Research,
vol. 25, March-April 1960, pp. 229-236, printed.
Food Research, The Garrard Press, 510 No. Hickory
St., Champaign, 111.

IRRADIATION PRESERVATION:

Food Irradiation Quarterly International Newsletter,
vol. 1, no. 1, July-September 1960, 39 Pp., processed.
O.E.E.C. Mission, Publications Office, Suite 1223,
1346 Connecticut Ave., N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
The first issue of a new quarterly published by the
European Information Center for Food Irradiation.
Contains, among others, an article entitled: "U.S.
Government Increases Activity in Radiation Pro-
cessing of Foods," by Eugene W. Scott. Also dis-
cusses the inauguration of the European information
center for food irradiation; study of O.E.E.C. for
a European Food Irradiation Center; and threshold
for induced radioactivity in irradiated foods. The
publication also contains reports on meetings, schol-

arship and study opportunities, and a selected bibliog-
raphy.

"Tooling Up for Low Dose Irradiation Processing of
Fresh Foods," by Warren W. Eukel and Wolfgang
Huber, article, Food Technology, vol. 14, April 1960,
pp. 198-203, printed. Food Technology, The Garrard
Press, 510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, Il.

LABOR LEGISLATION:

Supplement to Federal Labor Laws and Agencies (1960
Supplement to Bulletin 123), 75 pp., printed, 30 cents.
Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of
Labor, Washington, D. C. (Available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This booklet will serve
as a guide to the layman on matters pertaining to
labor-management relations, social security, employ-
ment security, and working conditions. It discusses
in detail the Labor-Management Relations Act (Taft-
Hartley Act); Labor-Management Reporting and Dis-
closure Act of 1959; Welfare and Pension Plans Dis-
closure Act; Social Security Act; Railroad Retirement
Act; unemployment insurance legislation; Safety
Amendment to Section 41 of the Longshoremen's and
Harbor Workers' Compensation Act; and other labor
legislation.

LAKE TROUT:

printed from The Canadian Fish Culturist, no. 26,
March 1960, pp. 7-13.) The Queen's Printer and
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

Survival and Growth of Tagged Lake Trout in South
Bay, Lake Huron, by John C. Budd, 2 pp., printed.
Reprinted from Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol, 89, no. 3, 1960, pp. 308-309.)
The American Fisheries Society, Librarian, Colorado
A. and M. College, Fort Collins, Colo.

MADAGASCAR:

Bulletin de Madagascar, vol. 10, no. 171, August 1960,
80 pp., illus., printed in French. Service General
de 1'Information, Place Colbert, Tananarive, Mada-
gascar. Includes, among others, an article on the
inland fisheries entitled, ''Monographie du Lac de
Tampolo-Fenerive" (Monograph on the Lake of
Tampolo-Fenerive), by A. Kiener. With the grant-
ing of self-governing status to this former French
colony, Madagascar is now known as the Malagasy
Republic.

MARINE BORERS:

Marine Borer Investigations, Final Report 60-1, May
1960, 37 pp., illus., processed. The Marine Labora-
tory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Cause-
way, Miami 49, Fla.

MARKING FISH:

The Use of Lead Versenate to Place a Time Mark on
Fish Scales, by F. E. J. Fry and others, 5 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Transactions of the A-
merican Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 149-153.) The American Fisheries Society,
Librarian, Colorado A. and M. College, Fort Col-
lins, Colo.

December 1960

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH

MELANESIA:
"SPC Fisheries Investigations in Melanesia," by H.
van Pel, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 10, no.
3, July 1960, pp. 25-28, illus., printed. South Pacif-
a Commission, Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney, Austra-
ia.

MIDWATER TRAWLING:

Midwater Trawling Studies in the North Pacific, by
William Aron, i6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 4, no. 4,
October 1959, pp. 409-418.) Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Summarizes
the results of midwater trawling studies conducted
in the North Pacific by the research vessel Brown
Bear of the University of Washington, Department
of Oceanography, during the summer of 1957. The
trawl studies were made on a cruise devoted pri-
marily to research for the International Geophysical
Yearprogram. The trawling studies were primari-
ly exploratory--to find out what animals inhabit the
depths under study and also to obtain some idea of
their relative abundance. Within these two major
objectives, information was desired regarding the
horizontal and vertical distribution of trawl-caught
animals and the relationship between these distri-
butions and the oceanographic data which were ob-
tained during the course of the work.

NETHERLANDS:

Jaarcijfers over de Visserij Gedurende het Jaar 1959
(Annual Fisheries Statistics, 1959), No. 51, 163 pp.,
illus., printed in Dutch with English titles and sum-
maries, and statistical tables in both Dutch and
English. Directie van de Visserijen, 's-Gravenhage,
Netherlands, 1960. A review of Dutch fisheries dur-
ing 1959 covering the sea, inshore, and river and
inland fisheries; Government regulations; whaling;
export of salted and smoked herring; fisheries re-
search; and fishing vessels. The second half of the
report is devoted to statistical tables showing num-
ber and tonnage of fishing vessels of various types;
quantity and value of fish and shellfish landed at
each port by Dutch and foreign vessels; extent and
outcome of the drift-net, trawl, and Danish seine
fisheries; landings in the various coastal and in-
land fisheries; whaling results; outcome of the salm-
on and other pelagic fisheries; and other pertinent
data.

NORWAY:

"Fiskernes Inntektsniva i 1958"'' (Investigation of Fish-
ermen's Income in 1958), article, Fiskets Gang,
vol. 46, no. 28, July 14, 1960, pp. 417-422, printed
in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro Nr. 691 81,
Bergen, Norway.

NYASALAND:

1959, 32 pp., printed. The Government Printer,
Zomba, Nyasaland, 1960. The section of fisheries
discusses the state of the fish stocks, the non-Af-
rican fishery, the African fishery, the fish trade,
developmental and experimental work, fisheries
research organizations, trout fishing, and fish
farming. Also includes tables showing results of
experimental work done with various types of floats,
different colors of nets, and other similar data.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 111

AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SUT USUALLY MAY BE

ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COOPERATION:
Fishery Policies in Western Europe and North Amer-

ica, 302 pp., illus., printed $3. OEEC Mission, Pub-
lications Office, Suite 1223, 1346 Connecticut Ave.,
NW., Washington 6, D. C. September 1960. A report
describing the fishery policies of the 18 Western
European member countries of the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation. The members are
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The
United States and Canada participated in the work as
associate members. Yugoslavia is represented by
an observer but since July 1959 has participated on
an equal basis with member countries in work on
agriculture and food. The report covers: conditions
in the fisheries of each country--size of fleet and
vessels, production, utilization, consumption, im-
ports, and exports; and policies pursued in an ef-
fort to improve the condition of the fisheries--duties,
quotas, price stabilization schemes, subsidies, low-
interest loans, grants, landing bans, and other govern-
ment programs. The member countries operate fish-
eries which in 1958 accounted for one-third of the world's
totalfish production. The increas@in the fish produc-
tion of OEEC countries since the end of World War IIhas
been achieved by the introduction of bigger and more
efficient vessels and by improved fishing techniques.
While catches per man have risen considerably, catches
per ton of fishing vessel have showna decline. A wide
range of fishery policies is employed in the various
countries. Measures ranging from general services

to schemes for direct financial support have encour -
aged an expansion of production and a high degree of
self-sufficiency infish supplies in most countries.
OEEC countries could, however, by coordinating their
fishery policies, make substantial progress in improv-
ing the economic position of their fisheries.

"Les Travaux de 1'O.E.C.E. sur les Pecheries Europe-

ennes" (The Work of the O.E.E.C. on European Fish-
eries), by R. Lagrade, article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 39, no. 989, August 1960, pp. 459-460, printed

in French. \La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard
Haussmann, Paris, France.

OYSTER DRILLS:
"Copper, a Possible Barrier to Oyster Drills," by

John B. Glude, article, Proceedings of the National

Shellfisheries Association, vol. 47, 1958, pp. 73-82,
printed. National Shellfisheries Association, U. S._
Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C.

OYSTERS:
"Microbiology of Shellfish. Bacteriological Study of

the Natural Flora of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea
gigas),'' by R. R. Colwell and J. Liston, article,
Applied Microbiology, vol. 8, March 1960, pp. 104-
109, printed. Applied Microbiology, Williams and
Wilkins, Mt. Royal and Guilford Aves., Baltimore
2, Md.

ster Mortality Studies by the Chesapeake Biological
Laboratory (Preliminary Progress Report), by G.
Francis Beaven, L. Eugene Cronin, and Elgin A.
Dunnington, Ref. No. 60-25, 6 pp., processed. Mary-

112

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 22, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

land Dept. of Research and Education, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory. Solomons, Md., June 30,1960.

"Studies on Freshness Determination of Fish Meal by
the Distillation Ratio of Volatile Acids. IX--On the
Applicability of D. R. Value to the Determination of
the Freshness.of Oyster," by Suezo Asakawa, arti-
cle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 9, 1959, pp. 714-718, printed
in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Soci-
ety of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan.

PERU:

La Industria Peruana de Pesca en 1959 (The Peruvian
Fishery Industry in 1959), by Javier Iparraguirre
Cortez, Serie de Divulgacion Cientifica No. 13, 21

pp., processed in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura,

Direccion de Pesqueria y Caza, Lima, Peru. The
annual report on the Peruvian fisheries for 1959 by
the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. Covers

the position of Peru in the world fisheries; fish land- | Sobre a Prospeccao Algologica com Fins Industriais

ings by species; utilization of the catch; freezing and
canning of fishery products; and manufacture of fish
meal and fish oil. Includes a number of statistical
tables showing the quantity and value of fishery pro-
ducts consumed in the greater Lima area; landings
of fish and their utilization; foreign trade in fishery
products; world production of canned fish and fish
meal; and landings of whales. ‘

suyoshi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 9, 1959, pp. -750,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori
6-Chome, Tokyo, Japan.

RED TIDE:

"The Effect of Salinity on Growth of Gymnodinium
breve Davis," by David V. Aldrich and William B.
Wilson, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 119,
no. 1, August 1960, pp. 57-64, illus., printed. The
Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory,
Woods Hole, Mass.

SEA HORSE:

House Pty. Ltd., 296 Beaconsfield Parade, Middle
Park, Melbourne S. C. 6, Australia.

SEAWEEDS:

i
i
'
i
i

Efectuada no Arquipelago de Cabo Verde (Availability
of Agar-Bearing Seaweeds in the Cape Verde Islands),
by F. Palminha, Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria 11, 8 pp., processed. Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

SHARKS:
"Shark Attacks During 1959," by Perry W. Gilbert,
Leonard P. Schultz, and Stewart Springer, article,

PESTICIDES: Science, vol. 132, no. 3423, August 5, 1960, pp. 323-
Some Effects of Pesticides on Marine Arthropods and 326, printed. American Association for the Advance-
Mollusks, by Victor L. Loosanoff, 5 pp., processed. ment of Science, National Publishing Co., 1515 Mas-
(Reprinted from the Transactions of the Second Sem- sachusetts Ave., N. W., Washington 5, D. C.
inar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution,
April 20-24, 1959.) Public Health Sérvice, U. S. De- | SHRIMP:
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Wash- "Ia Industria Mexicana del Camaron en el Pacifico"
ington 25, D. C. (The Mexican Shrimp Industry in the Pacific), by
Hugo Loredo Hernandez, article, Industrias Pesquer-
PORTUGAL: | as, vol. 34, nos. 793 and 794, May 15, 1960, pp. 154-
Boletim da Pesca, vol. 13, no. 68, September 1960, 155, 157-158, printed in Spanish. Industrias Pes-
100 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de queras, Policarpo Sanz, 21-22, Vigo, Spain.

Estudos das Pescas, R. S. Bento, 644, 4°-Esq.,
Lisbon, Portugal. Contains these articles: 'Doc-
umentos sobre Higiene de Farinhas de Peixe em
Angola" (Papers on Sanitation of Angolan Fish Meal),
by E. Tropa and J. Brito Guiterres; ''Deficiencias

e Potencialidade Economica do Camarao, em Lou-
renco Marques" (Deficienctesand Economic Poten-
tiality of the Shrimp of Lourenco Marques), by Luis
Marques Neto; ''Algumas Consideracoes sobre os
Elementos de Base para a Exploracao Nacional

das Pescas'' (Some Considerations on the Basic
Elements for a National Fisheries Exploration Pro-
gram), by F. Marques da Silva; ''Teoria e Pratica
sobre a Industria da Pesca" (Theory and Practice in
the Fishery Industry), by Pompilio da Cruz; and "Os
Pescadores de S. Tome" (The FishermenofS. Tome),
by Jose Marques Elpidio.

QUALITY:

"Correlation of Taste Panel Gradings with Salt-Ex-
tractable Protein of Frozen Fish Fillets," by M. N.
Moorjani, W. A. Montgomery, and G. G. Coote, ar-
ticle, Food Research, vol. 25, March-April 1960,
pp. 263-269, printed. Food Research, The Garrard
Press, 510 N. Hickory St., Champaign, Il.

"A New Method for Estimating the Freshness of Fish,"
by Tsuneyuki Saito, Arai Ken-ichi, and Minoru Mat-

SMELT:

"Canada's Atlantic Smelt Fishery,'' by R. A. McKenzie,
article, Trade News, vol. 13, no. 2, August 1960, pp.
3-8, illus., processed. Informational and Education
Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada.
Discusses the landings and value of the smelt fish-
ery in Canada's Maritime Provinces and Quebec dur-
ing the past 40 years. Also covers the commercial
catch in the Miramichi River area, results of tag re-
coveries, and the nature of the smelt. Included are
several charts showing distribution of smelt landings;
size, age, and commercial grades in Miramichi
smelt, kinds of smelt fishing nets used in various
areas of the Maritime Provinces; and other pertinent
data. During the last 40 years, the smelt landings on
the Atlantic coast of Canada have averaged about 7
million pounds a year, and from 1952 to 1955 the
average value was about $825,000. There are var-
ious points in the life history of the smelt where
management might benefit the survival, abundance,
and usefulness of the stock.

SPAIN:
"Un Ensayo sobre Productividad y Reorganizacion de
la Industria Conservera" (An Essay on Production |
and Reorganization of the Canning Industry), by

December 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Alevin, article, Industria Conservera, vol. 26, no.
252, June 1960, p. 153, printed in Spanish. Industria
Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo,
Spain.

SPONGES:
Sponges, by Senji Tanita, Biological Results of the Ja-
panese Antarctic Research Expedition No. 1, 10 pp.,
illus., printed, 50 yen (about 14 U. S. cents). Seto

Marine Biological Laboratory, Sirahama, Wakayama-

Ken, Japan, May 1959.

SWORDFISH:

"The Moisture Distribution in Frozen Meat of Sword-
fish During Cold Storage," by Yasuhiko Tsuchiya and
Shizuo Uchimi, article, Tohoku Journal of Agricul-
tural Research, vol. 10, March 1959, pp. 71-73,
printed. Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research,
The Faculty of Agriculture, Sendai, Japan.

TAIWAN:

Fisheries of Taiwan, by T. P. Chen, 14 pp., illus.,
printed. Chinese-American Joint Commission on
Rural Reconstruction, Taipei, Taiwan, July 1960.
Describes briefly the geography of Taiwan, impor-
tant commercial fish, administration and research
institutions, fisheries training facilities, and fisher-
men's organizations. Also covers the deep-sea, in-
shore, and coastal fisheries; fish culture; fish pro-
cessing; fisheries landings, 1952-59; and market-
ing of fisheries products.

TILAPIA:
"The Effect of Sexual Maturity on the Length-Weight
Relationship of Tilapia mossambica (Peters)," by
J. S. Kenny, article West Indies Fisheries Bulletin,
no. 3, May/June 1960, pp. 1-16, illus., processed.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture,
Federal House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, W. I.

TUNA:
"Albacore Migration and Growth in the North Pacific

Ocean ds Estimated from Tag Recoveries,'' by Tamio

Otsu, article, Pacific Science, vol. 14, no. 3, July
1960, printed. Pacific Science, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu 14, Hawaii,

TURKEY:

Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. 8, nos.
1-2, January-February 1960, 48 pp., illus., printed
in Turkish with English table of contents. Balik ve
Balikcilik, Kat 5, Yeni Valde Han, Sirkeci, Istanbul,
Turkey. Includes, among others, these articles:
"The Different Uses of Sharks (Part 1),"" by Fehmi
Ersan; and "Anchovy and Its Catch," by Sitki Uner.

, vol. 8,no. 3, March 1960, 32 pp.; "The
Different Uses of Sharks (Part II),""by Fehmi Ersan;
and "Methods of Extraction of Oils from Fish Livers
(Part I),"" by Hikmet Akgunes.

, vol. 8, no. 4, April 1960, 32 pp.;
The Possibilities of Canning Various Types of
Shark Meat," by Fehmi Ersan; "Methods of Extrac-
tion of Oils from Fish Livers (Part II),"' by H. Ak-
gunes; "Anchovy and Its Catch (Part I),"' by Sitki
Uner; and "On Fish Living in Hot Seas (Part I)."

, vol. 8, no. 5, May 1960, 32 pp.; "On
the Use of Fish Oils in Industry," by Fehmi Ersan;
"On the Industrial Use of Raw Materials Extracted

from Fish,"' by Hikmet Gunes; "Preservation of Lob-
sters,'' by Sait Akgun; ''On the Biology of the Shark,"
by Huseyin Uysal; and ''On,Fish Living in Hot Seas
(Part II)."

, vol. 8, no. 6, June 1960, 32 pp.; "Fish-
ing Economy and the Importance of Fish Meals," by
Fehmi Ersan; "Economic and Technical Aspects of
Our Fish Canning Industry (Part I),"' by A. Baki Ugur;
"On Our Demersal and Pelagic Fishes," by Huseyin
Uysal; "Tuna and Its Catch,with Hook and Line (Part
1);" and "A Short Survey of the History of Mackerel
Canning Industry," by Sait Akgun.

, vol. 8, no. 7, July 1960, 32 pp.; "Tuna
and Its Catch with Hook and Line (Part II)," by Sitki
Uner; and ''On Fish Traps in the Bosphorus and Sur-
roundings (Part I)," by S. Aydinyazici and A. Oker.

, vol. 8, no. 8, August 1960, 32 pp.; "On
Fish Traps in the Bosphorus and Surroundings (Part
II),"" "Food Poisoning and Sea Products," by Dr.
Orhan Demirhindi; and ''The Role of Atomic Energy
on Fish Biology."

UNESCO

Marine Sciences Newsletter, no. November 1959,
23 pp., processed. UNESCO Sciénce Cooperation
Office for Southeast Asia, Djl. Diponegoro 76, Box
2313, Djakarta, Indonesia. A new publication of the
UNESCO Science Cooperation Office for Southeast
Asia, published irregularly. One important aim of
UNESCO's program in the natural sciences is to
contribute to improving living conditions of mankind
by the promotion of scientific knowledge in order that
a greater and better use may be made of natural re-
sources. In Southeast Asia, of course, where there
is an extremely extended coastline, development of
marine sciences is of the greatest importance. To
aid in this work, UNESCO established in 1956 the
International Advisory Committee on Marine Sciences,
whose task is to advise it on its program of research
in the marine sciences. This issue of the News-
letter includes, among others, these articles: 'Inter-
national Oceanographic Congress and 4th Session of
International Advisory Committee on Marine Sciences,"
"Symposium on Aloglogy," and ''Films on Fisheries
and Marine Science."

, no. 2, March 1960, 29 pp., processed.

Includes, among others, articles on: "Report on
Marine Biology in the Central Indo-Pacific Region,"
by R. Serene; ''Preparatory Meeting of the Inter-
governmental Conference on Oceanographic Research;'

Regional Training Course in Marine Sciences;"
"Scientific Conference on Disposal of Radio-Active
Wastes;" and "International Indian Ocean Expedition."

UNITED KINGDOM:

Fisheries of Scotland Report for 1959, 100 pp., printed,
5s. 6d. (about 77 U.S. cents). Department of Agri-
culture and Fisheries for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scot-
land, July 1960. (Available from Her Majesty's Sta-
tionery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland.)
This report discusses the changes which took place
in the Scottish fishing fleet during 1959 as well as
details of the catch. It also includes inthe appendices
reports onfisheries research andharbors. A num-
ber of statistical tables are included in the report
which deal with quantities and values of fish landed,

114 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 22, No. 12

number of vessels and fishermen engaged in thefish-
eries, and production of fishery byproducts. The
Marine Laboratory at Aberdeen continued its inves-
tigations of herring, brown trout, and salmon. Em-
phasis in research was placed on the environmental
aspects--hydrography, nutrients in the sea, and
plankton and bottom fauna--and on chemical work--
fertilization of lochs, phosphorus content of bottom
deposits and macrophytes, and chemical changes in
unpolluted rivers.

Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, 1959, 48 pp.,
printed, 5s. (about 70 U. S. cents). Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh
1, Scotland, July 15, 1960. (Available from Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edin-
burgh 2, Scotland.) Contains 24 statistical tables
showing fish landed and cured, vessels and fisher-
men, and creek returns. Tables 1 through 17 cover
quantity and value of fish landed by British and for-
eign vessels; landings of British vessels according
to method of fishing, 1938-59; quantity, value, and
average value of each kind of fish landed by British
vessels in 1913, 1938, and 1952-59; and quantity and
value of each kind of fish landed in specific districts
by British vessels of various types. They also cover
quantity of each kind of fish landed and expenditure
of fishing effort in each fishing region by British
vessels; quantity of each kind of fish landed by for-
eign vessels from each fishing region and quantity
and value of fish landed by each nationality; and
seasonal landings of herring. Tables 18 through 20
show quantity of herring cured, 1913-59 and quantity
and value of white fish cured and herring cured in
each district, according to method of cure. Tables

~of the Pink Salmon ONCORHYNCHUS

HYNCHUS NERKA (Walbaum), by A. I. Smirnov,
Translation Series No. 229, 4 pp., processed, 1959.
(Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol.
123, no. 2, 1958, pp. 371-374.) The

The Effect of Mechanical Agitation on Developing Eggs
: {US GORBUSCH

(Walbaum), Salmonidae, by A. I. Smirnov. Transla-
tion Series No. 231, 5 pp., processed, 1959. (Trans-
lated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 97,

no. 2, 1954, pp. 365-368.)

The Effect of Mechanical’ Agitation at Different Peri-

ods of Development on the Eggs of Autumn Chum
Salmon (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA infrasp. AUTUM-
NALIS Berg, Salmonidae), by A. I. Smirnov, Trans-
lation Series No. 230, 5 pp., processed. (Trans-—

lated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 105,

no. 4, 1955, pp. 873-876.)

Hydro Construction in Siberia and, Problems of the
Fishing Industry, by B. G. loganzen and A. V. Podle-
snyi, Translation Series No. 227, 6 pp., processed,
1959. (Translated from Rybone Khoziaistva, vol.

11, November 1958, pp. 21-26.)

Intergeneric Hybridization of Pacific Salmon, by A. I.
Smirnov, 2 pp., illus., processed 1960. (Translated

from Priroda, vol. 6, June 1959, pp. 98-100.

The Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Station, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada.

ents Sea, by N. S. Grinkevich, Translation Series No.
223, 21 pp., processed, 1959. (Translated from Trudy

Poliarnovo N. -I. Institut Morskovo Rybnovo Khoziaistva
i Okeanografii (PINRO), no. 10, 1957, pp. 88-105.)

VENEZUELA:

21 through 23 show fishing vessels; fishermen em-
ployed; and greatest number of vessels and persons

employed in each district in any week. Table 24
shows number of vessels and fishermen and quantity
and value of fish landed in creeks.

UNITED NATIONS:

U. S. Participation in the UN (Report by the President
to the Congress for the Year 1959, 86th Congress, 2d
Session), House Document No. 378, 298 pp., illus.,
printed. superiitendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., August
1960. The fourteenth annual report covering United
States participation in the United Nations during the
year 1959. Contains sections on maintenance of
peace and security; economic and social cooperation
and human rights; dependent territories; legal and

constitutional developments; and budgetary, financial,

and administrative matters. Includes a discussion

of the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization,

such as the holding of three international fisheries
conferences, the aid of an FAO fisheries expert

in developing a fish-farming research station in
Arkansas, and the publication of a number of techni-
cal bulletins and reports on fisheries.

U.S. S. R.
The following English translations of foreign language
articles are available only from:

The Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada.

Certain Peculiarities in the Biology of Propagation and
Development of the Salmonid Fish Nerka--ONCOR-

"27,000 Tonelados de Sardinas al Ano Son Pescadas
en Venezuela" (27,000 Tons of Sardines a Year are
Landed in Venezuela), article, El Agricultor Ven-
ezolano, vol. 23, no. 217, March-April 1960, pp.
21-23, illus., printed in Spanish. El Agricultor Ven-
ezolano, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Caracas,
Venezuela.

VESSELS:
Standard Specifications for the Construction of Scot-

tish Wooden Fishing Vessels, Overall Length 30
Feet to 90 Feet, Inclusive, 37 pp., illus., printed.
White Fish Authority, 5 Forres St., Edinburgh 3,
Scotland, September 1960. The specifications de-
scribed were drawn up by a working party of special-
ists appointed by the White Fish Authority's Commit-
tee for Scotland and Northern Ireland in 1956 after
discussions with the Scottish inshore fishing indus-
try and fishing vessel builders. They contain pre-
cise rules for the construction of various ranges of
vessels within the over-all length, and prescribe
standards for electrical equipment and the general
outfitting of the vessels. Tables of dimensions and
drawings are provided. Anar -ndix sets out a rec-
ommended style for a detailed specification. Com-
pliance with these specifications is to be a condi-
tion for grant and loan assistance by the Authority
for wooden fishing vessels built in Scotland for
Scottish owners.

WEATHER CHARTS:

Coastal Warning Facilities Charts, 1960, 12 charts,
2 pp. each, processed, 10 cents each, 1960. (For

December 1960

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Weath-
er Bureau, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton 25, D. C. Charts show stations displaying storm
warnings, small craft, storm and hurricane warnings
and explanations, and schedules of AM and FMradio
and TV stations that broadcast weather forecasts and
warnings: 8P--Canadian Border to Eureka, Calif.;
9P--Cape Hatteras to Brunswick, Ga.; 10P--East-

WHALE OIL:
"Epoxidation of Whale Oil,"' by N. A. Dybakova, E. N.
Zilberman, and A. A. Berlin, article, Trudy po Khimii
i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, vol. 1, 1958, pp. 679-
681, printed in Russian. Nauchno-Issledovetel'skii
Institut Khimii, Naberezhnaya im. Zhdanova, d. No.
11, Gorki, U.S. S. R.

WHALES:

"Amino-Acid Composition of Whale Meat," by Tetsuo
Ogawa, Toshinao Tsunoda, and Makio Osawa, arti-
cle, Scientific Reports of the Whales Research In-
stitute, no. 13, 1958, pp. 303-307, printed. Whales
Research Institute, Geirui Kenkyusho, 12-4, Tsuki-
shima-Nishigashi-dori, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

WHALING:

“Whaling Operations in the Antarctic, Season 1959/60,"
article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende (Norwegian Whal-
ing Gazette), vol. 49, no. 8, August 1960, pp. 351-380,
illus., printed in Norwegian and English. Norsk
Havlfangst-Tidende, Sandefjord, Norway. A survey
of the whaling operations in the Antarctic in the sea-
son 1959/60 prepared for and submitted at the meet-
ing of the International Whaling Commission in Lon-
don in June 1960. Covers the withdrawal of Norway
and the Netherlands from the International Whaling
Convention in July 1959, the most important regula-
tions of the Convention, the number of factoryships
and catching boats engaged in pelagic whaling since
1934/35, and their average gross tonnage, and the du-
ration of the whaling period. Also discusses the catch
and oil production of the individual expeditions, the
catch results in relation to the vessels engaged in whal-
ing and catching time spent, oil yield per blue- whale
unit, sexually mature and immature whales, and ratio
of blue and fin whales inthecatch. Includes a number
of statistical tables showing data on these topics.

COMMERCIAL-SCALE CANNING FIRST
DEVELOPED IN THE UNITED STATES

"Canning was first developed on an extensive
commercial scale in the United States and most of
our pioneer canners were primarily packers of
fish and seafoods; packing fruits, vegetables, and

preserves as secondary or incidental items.
Strangely enough, the packing of fishery products
presents more difficulties than processing other
types of foods."' (Principles and Methods in the
Canning of Fishery Products, Research Report No.
7, page 2, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.)

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